- rl_redisplay: make sure not to display any standout mode if the
region is zero-length (rl_point == rl_mark)
Report and fix from kurku <sandovin@mail.ru>
+
+ 8/5
+ ---
+syntax.h
+ - CNAMESTART, CNAME: add flags for characters that are valid shell
+ variable name starters and characters, respectively
+
+mksyntax.c
+ - set CNAMESTART and CNAME for the appropriate characters from the
+ portable character set in sh_syntaxtab[]
+
+ 8/6
+ ---
+lib/readline/vi_mode.c
+ - _rl_vi_set_mark,_rl_vi_goto_mark: if we read ESC for the mark
+ identifier, and we're reading from the terminal, check for queued
+ input and assume we have something like an arrow key sequence if
+ there is input available to be read. In this case, we push the
+ ESC back so we can read the entire arrow key or CSI sequence.
+ Report from kurku <sandovin@mail.ru>
+
+general.h
+ - legal_variable_starter,legal_variable_char: change to use the
+ appropriate CNAME and CNAMESTART flags from sh_syntaxtab[]
+ Report from zheng <charname@qq.com>
+
MAILCHECK How often, in seconds, Bash checks for new mail.
MAILPATH A colon-separated list of filenames which Bash checks
for new mail.
-OSTYPE The version of Unix this version of Bash is running on.
+OSTYPE The version of the operating system this version of Bash is running on.
PATH A colon-separated list of directories to search when
looking for commands.
PROMPT_COMMAND A command to be executed before the printing of each
-_\bB_\bA_\bS_\bH(1) General Commands Manual _\bB_\bA_\bS_\bH(1)
+_\bB_\bA_\bS_\bH(1) General Commands Manual _\bB_\bA_\bS_\bH(1)
N\bNA\bAM\bME\bE
- bash - GNU Bourne-Again SHell
+ bash - GNU Bourne-Again SHell
S\bSY\bYN\bNO\bOP\bPS\bSI\bIS\bS
- b\bba\bas\bsh\bh [options] [command_string | file]
+ b\bba\bas\bsh\bh [options] [command_string | file]
C\bCO\bOP\bPY\bYR\bRI\bIG\bGH\bHT\bT
- Bash is Copyright (C) 1989-2026 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+ Bash is Copyright (C) 1989-2026 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc.
D\bDE\bES\bSC\bCR\bRI\bIP\bPT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
- B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh is a command language interpreter that executes commands read from
- the standard input, from a string, or from a file. It is a reimplemen-
- tation and extension of the Bourne shell, the historical Unix command
- language interpreter. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh also incorporates useful features from the
- _\bK_\bo_\br_\bn and _\bC shells (k\bks\bsh\bh and c\bcs\bsh\bh).
-
- POSIX is the name for a family of computing standards based on Unix.
- B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh is intended to be a conformant implementation of the Shell and
- Utilities portion of the IEEE POSIX specification (IEEE Standard
- 1003.1). B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh POSIX mode (hereafter referred to as _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be) changes
- the shell's behavior where its default operation differs from the stan-
- dard to strictly conform to the standard. See S\bSE\bEE\bE A\bAL\bLS\bSO\bO below for a
- reference to a document that details how posix mode affects b\bba\bas\bsh\bh's be-
- havior. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh can be configured to be POSIX-conformant by default.
+ B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh is a command language interpreter that executes commands read from the
+ standard input, from a string, or from a file. It is a reimplementation
+ and extension of the Bourne shell, the historical Unix command language in-
+ terpreter. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh also incorporates useful features from the _\bK_\bo_\br_\bn and _\bC
+ shells (k\bks\bsh\bh and c\bcs\bsh\bh).
+
+ POSIX is the name for a family of computing standards based on Unix. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh
+ is intended to be a conformant implementation of the Shell and Utilities
+ portion of the IEEE POSIX specification (IEEE Standard 1003.1). B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh POSIX
+ mode (hereafter referred to as _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be) changes the shell's behavior
+ where its default operation differs from the standard to strictly conform
+ to the standard. See S\bSE\bEE\bE A\bAL\bLS\bSO\bO below for a reference to a document that de-
+ tails how posix mode affects b\bba\bas\bsh\bh's behavior. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh can be configured to be
+ POSIX-conformant by default.
O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS
- All of the single-character shell options documented in the description
- of the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command, including -\b-o\bo, can be used as options when
- the shell is invoked. In addition, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh interprets the following op-
- tions when it is invoked:
-
- -\b-c\bc If the -\b-c\bc option is present, then commands are read from the
- first non-option argument _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b__\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg. If there are argu-
- ments after the _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b__\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg, the first argument is as-
- signed to $\b$0\b0 and any remaining arguments are assigned to the
- positional parameters. The assignment to $\b$0\b0 sets the name of
- the shell, which is used in warning and error messages.
-
- -\b-i\bi If the -\b-i\bi option is present, the shell is _\bi_\bn_\bt_\be_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bv_\be.
-
- -\b-l\bl Make b\bba\bas\bsh\bh act as if it had been invoked as a login shell (see
- I\bIN\bNV\bVO\bOC\bCA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN below).
-
- -\b-r\br If the -\b-r\br option is present, the shell becomes _\br_\be_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bc_\bt_\be_\bd
- (see R\bRE\bES\bST\bTR\bRI\bIC\bCT\bTE\bED\bD S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL below).
-
- -\b-s\bs If the -\b-s\bs option is present, or if no arguments remain after
- option processing, the shell reads commands from the standard
- input. This option allows the positional parameters to be
- set when invoking an interactive shell or when reading input
- through a pipe.
-
- -\b-D\bD Print a list of all double-quoted strings preceded by $\b$ on
- the standard output. These are the strings that are subject
- to language translation when the current locale is not C\bC or
- P\bPO\bOS\bSI\bIX\bX. This implies the -\b-n\bn option; no commands will be exe-
- cuted.
-
- [\b[-\b-+\b+]\b]O\bO [\b[_\bs_\bh_\bo_\bp_\bt_\b__\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn]\b]
- _\bs_\bh_\bo_\bp_\bt_\b__\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is one of the shell options accepted by the
- s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below). If
- _\bs_\bh_\bo_\bp_\bt_\b__\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is present, -\b-O\bO sets the value of that option; +\b+O\bO
- unsets it. If _\bs_\bh_\bo_\bp_\bt_\b__\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is not supplied, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh prints the
- names and values of the shell options accepted by s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt on
- the standard output. If the invocation option is +\b+O\bO, the
- output is displayed in a format that may be reused as input.
-
- -\b--\b- A -\b--\b- signals the end of options and disables further option
- processing. Any arguments after the -\b--\b- are treated as a
- shell script filename (see below) and arguments passed to
- that script. An argument of -\b- is equivalent to -\b--\b-.
-
- B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh also interprets a number of multi-character options. These op-
- tions must appear on the command line before the single-character op-
- tions to be recognized.
-
- -\b--\b-d\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bgg\bge\ber\br
- Arrange for the debugger profile to be executed before the shell
- starts. Turns on extended debugging mode (see the description
- of the e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg option to the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin below).
-
- -\b--\b-d\bdu\bum\bmp\bp-\b-p\bpo\bo-\b-s\bst\btr\bri\bin\bng\bgs\bs
- Equivalent to -\b-D\bD, but the output is in the GNU _\bg_\be_\bt_\bt_\be_\bx_\bt "po"
- (portable object) file format.
-
- -\b--\b-d\bdu\bum\bmp\bp-\b-s\bst\btr\bri\bin\bng\bgs\bs
- Equivalent to -\b-D\bD.
-
- -\b--\b-h\bhe\bel\blp\bp Display a usage message on standard output and exit success-
- fully.
-
- -\b--\b-i\bin\bni\bit\bt-\b-f\bfi\bil\ble\be _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
- -\b--\b-r\brc\bcf\bfi\bil\ble\be _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
- Execute commands from _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be instead of the standard personal ini-
- tialization file _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\br_\bc if the shell is interactive (see I\bIN\bN-\b-
- V\bVO\bOC\bCA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN below).
-
- -\b--\b-l\blo\bog\bgi\bin\bn
- Equivalent to -\b-l\bl.
-
- -\b--\b-n\bno\boe\bed\bdi\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg
- Do not use the GNU r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be library to read command lines when
- the shell is interactive.
-
- -\b--\b-n\bno\bop\bpr\bro\bof\bfi\bil\ble\be
- Do not read either the system-wide startup file _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bp_\br_\bo_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be or
- any of the personal initialization files _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b__\bp_\br_\bo_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be,
- _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b__\bl_\bo_\bg_\bi_\bn, or _\b~_\b/_\b._\bp_\br_\bo_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be. By default, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh reads these
- files when it is invoked as a login shell (see I\bIN\bNV\bVO\bOC\bCA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN be-
- low).
-
- -\b--\b-n\bno\bor\brc\bc Do not read and execute the personal initialization file
- _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\br_\bc if the shell is interactive. This option is on by de-
- fault if the shell is invoked as s\bsh\bh.
-
- -\b--\b-p\bpo\bos\bsi\bix\bx
- Enable posix mode; change the behavior of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh where the default
- operation differs from the POSIX standard to match the standard.
-
- -\b--\b-r\bre\bes\bst\btr\bri\bic\bct\bte\bed\bd
- The shell becomes restricted (see R\bRE\bES\bST\bTR\bRI\bIC\bCT\bTE\bED\bD S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL below).
-
- -\b--\b-v\bve\ber\brb\bbo\bos\bse\be
- Equivalent to -\b-v\bv.
-
- -\b--\b-v\bve\ber\brs\bsi\bio\bon\bn
- Show version information for this instance of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh on the stan-
- dard output and exit successfully.
+ All of the single-character shell options documented in the description of
+ the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command, including -\b-o\bo, can be used as options when the
+ shell is invoked. In addition, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh interprets the following options when
+ it is invoked:
+
+ -\b-c\bc If the -\b-c\bc option is present, then commands are read from the
+ first non-option argument _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b__\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg. If there are arguments
+ after the _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b__\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg, the first argument is assigned to $\b$0\b0
+ and any remaining arguments are assigned to the positional para-
+ meters. The assignment to $\b$0\b0 sets the name of the shell, which
+ is used in warning and error messages.
+
+ -\b-i\bi If the -\b-i\bi option is present, the shell is _\bi_\bn_\bt_\be_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bv_\be.
+
+ -\b-l\bl Make b\bba\bas\bsh\bh act as if it had been invoked as a login shell (see I\bIN\bN-\b-
+ V\bVO\bOC\bCA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN below).
+
+ -\b-r\br If the -\b-r\br option is present, the shell becomes _\br_\be_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bc_\bt_\be_\bd (see
+ R\bRE\bES\bST\bTR\bRI\bIC\bCT\bTE\bED\bD S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL below).
+
+ -\b-s\bs If the -\b-s\bs option is present, or if no arguments remain after op-
+ tion processing, the shell reads commands from the standard in-
+ put. This option allows the positional parameters to be set when
+ invoking an interactive shell or when reading input through a
+ pipe.
+
+ -\b-D\bD Print a list of all double-quoted strings preceded by $\b$ on the
+ standard output. These are the strings that are subject to lan-
+ guage translation when the current locale is not C\bC or P\bPO\bOS\bSI\bIX\bX.
+ This implies the -\b-n\bn option; no commands will be executed.
+
+ [\b[-\b-+\b+]\b]O\bO [\b[_\bs_\bh_\bo_\bp_\bt_\b__\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn]\b]
+ _\bs_\bh_\bo_\bp_\bt_\b__\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is one of the shell options accepted by the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt
+ builtin (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below). If _\bs_\bh_\bo_\bp_\bt_\b__\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is
+ present, -\b-O\bO sets the value of that option; +\b+O\bO unsets it. If
+ _\bs_\bh_\bo_\bp_\bt_\b__\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is not supplied, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh prints the names and values of
+ the shell options accepted by s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt on the standard output. If
+ the invocation option is +\b+O\bO, the output is displayed in a format
+ that may be reused as input.
+
+ -\b--\b- A -\b--\b- signals the end of options and disables further option pro-
+ cessing. Any arguments after the -\b--\b- are treated as a shell
+ script filename (see below) and arguments passed to that script.
+ An argument of -\b- is equivalent to -\b--\b-.
+
+ B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh also interprets a number of multi-character options. These options
+ must appear on the command line before the single-character options to be
+ recognized.
+
+ -\b--\b-d\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bgg\bge\ber\br
+ Arrange for the debugger profile to be executed before the shell
+ starts. Turns on extended debugging mode (see the description of
+ the e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg option to the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin below).
+
+ -\b--\b-d\bdu\bum\bmp\bp-\b-p\bpo\bo-\b-s\bst\btr\bri\bin\bng\bgs\bs
+ Equivalent to -\b-D\bD, but the output is in the GNU _\bg_\be_\bt_\bt_\be_\bx_\bt "po"
+ (portable object) file format.
+
+ -\b--\b-d\bdu\bum\bmp\bp-\b-s\bst\btr\bri\bin\bng\bgs\bs
+ Equivalent to -\b-D\bD.
+
+ -\b--\b-h\bhe\bel\blp\bp
+ Display a usage message on standard output and exit successfully.
+
+ -\b--\b-i\bin\bni\bit\bt-\b-f\bfi\bil\ble\be _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
+ -\b--\b-r\brc\bcf\bfi\bil\ble\be _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
+ Execute commands from _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be instead of the standard personal initial-
+ ization file _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\br_\bc if the shell is interactive (see I\bIN\bNV\bVO\bOC\bCA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
+ below).
+
+ -\b--\b-l\blo\bog\bgi\bin\bn
+ Equivalent to -\b-l\bl.
+
+ -\b--\b-n\bno\boe\bed\bdi\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg
+ Do not use the GNU r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be library to read command lines when the
+ shell is interactive.
+
+ -\b--\b-n\bno\bop\bpr\bro\bof\bfi\bil\ble\be
+ Do not read either the system-wide startup file _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bp_\br_\bo_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be or any
+ of the personal initialization files _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b__\bp_\br_\bo_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be, _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b__\bl_\bo_\bg_\bi_\bn,
+ or _\b~_\b/_\b._\bp_\br_\bo_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be. By default, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh reads these files when it is in-
+ voked as a login shell (see I\bIN\bNV\bVO\bOC\bCA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN below).
+
+ -\b--\b-n\bno\bor\brc\bc
+ Do not read and execute the personal initialization file _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\br_\bc
+ if the shell is interactive. This option is on by default if the
+ shell is invoked as s\bsh\bh.
+
+ -\b--\b-p\bpo\bos\bsi\bix\bx
+ Enable posix mode; change the behavior of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh where the default op-
+ eration differs from the POSIX standard to match the standard.
+
+ -\b--\b-r\bre\bes\bst\btr\bri\bic\bct\bte\bed\bd
+ The shell becomes restricted (see R\bRE\bES\bST\bTR\bRI\bIC\bCT\bTE\bED\bD S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL below).
+
+ -\b--\b-v\bve\ber\brb\bbo\bos\bse\be
+ Equivalent to -\b-v\bv.
+
+ -\b--\b-v\bve\ber\brs\bsi\bio\bon\bn
+ Show version information for this instance of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh on the standard
+ output and exit successfully.
A\bAR\bRG\bGU\bUM\bME\bEN\bNT\bTS\bS
- If arguments remain after option processing, and neither the -\b-c\bc nor the
- -\b-s\bs option has been supplied, the first argument is treated as the name
- of a file containing shell commands (a _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl _\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt). When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is in-
- voked in this fashion, $\b$0\b0 is set to the name of the file, and the posi-
- tional parameters are set to the remaining arguments. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh reads and
- executes commands from this file, then exits. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh's exit status is
- the exit status of the last command executed in the script. If no com-
- mands are executed, the exit status is 0. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh first attempts to open
- the file in the current directory, and, if no file is found, searches
- the directories in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH for the script.
+ If arguments remain after option processing, and neither the -\b-c\bc nor the -\b-s\bs
+ option has been supplied, the first argument is treated as the name of a
+ file containing shell commands (a _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl _\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt). When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is invoked in
+ this fashion, $\b$0\b0 is set to the name of the file, and the positional parame-
+ ters are set to the remaining arguments. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh reads and executes commands
+ from this file, then exits. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh's exit status is the exit status of the
+ last command executed in the script. If no commands are executed, the exit
+ status is 0. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh first attempts to open the file in the current direc-
+ tory, and, if no file is found, searches the directories in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH for the
+ script.
I\bIN\bNV\bVO\bOC\bCA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
- A _\bl_\bo_\bg_\bi_\bn _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl is one whose first character of argument zero is a -\b-, or
- one started with the -\b--\b-l\blo\bog\bgi\bin\bn option.
-
- An _\bi_\bn_\bt_\be_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bv_\be _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl is one started without non-option arguments (un-
- less -\b-s\bs is specified) and without the -\b-c\bc option, and whose standard in-
- put and standard error are both connected to terminals (as determined
- by _\bi_\bs_\ba_\bt_\bt_\by(3)), or one started with the -\b-i\bi option. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh sets P\bPS\bS1\b1 and $\b$-\b-
- includes i\bi if the shell is interactive, so a shell script or a startup
- file can test this state.
-
- A _\bn_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bi_\bn_\bt_\be_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bv_\be _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl is, not surprisingly, one that does not satisfy
- the tests for interactivity given above. A non-interactive shell is
- usually started to run commands from a script file supplied as an argu-
- ment (a _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl _\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt) or from a string supplied with the -\b-c\bc option.
-
- The following paragraphs describe how b\bba\bas\bsh\bh executes its startup files.
- If any of the files exist but cannot be read, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh reports an error.
- Tildes in filenames are expanded as described below under T\bTi\bil\bld\bde\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bn-\b-
- s\bsi\bio\bon\bn in the E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN section.
-
- When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-inter-
- active shell with the -\b--\b-l\blo\bog\bgi\bin\bn option, it first reads and executes com-
- mands from the file _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bp_\br_\bo_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be, if that file exists. After reading
- that file, it looks for _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b__\bp_\br_\bo_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be, _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b__\bl_\bo_\bg_\bi_\bn, and _\b~_\b/_\b._\bp_\br_\bo_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be,
- in that order, and reads and executes commands from the first one that
- exists and is readable. The -\b--\b-n\bno\bop\bpr\bro\bof\bfi\bil\ble\be option may be used when the
- shell is started to inhibit this behavior.
-
- When an interactive login shell exits, or a non-interactive login shell
- executes the e\bex\bxi\bit\bt builtin command, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh reads and executes commands
- from the file _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b__\bl_\bo_\bg_\bo_\bu_\bt, if it exists.
-
- When an interactive shell that is not a login shell is started, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
- reads and executes commands from _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\br_\bc, if that file exists. The
- -\b--\b-n\bno\bor\brc\bc option inhibits this behavior. The -\b--\b-r\brc\bcf\bfi\bil\ble\be _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be option causes
- b\bba\bas\bsh\bh to use _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be instead of _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\br_\bc.
-
- When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is started non-interactively, it looks for the variable
- B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEN\bNV\bV in the environment, expands its value if it appears there, and
- uses the expanded value as the name of a file to read and execute.
- B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh behaves as if the following command were executed:
-
- if [ -n "$BASH_ENV" ]; then . "$BASH_ENV"; fi
-
- but does not use the value of the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH variable to search for the file-
- name.
-
- If b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is invoked with the name s\bsh\bh, it tries to mimic the startup be-
- havior of historical versions of s\bsh\bh as closely as possible, while con-
- forming to the POSIX standard as well. When invoked as an interactive
- login shell, or a non-interactive shell with the -\b--\b-l\blo\bog\bgi\bin\bn option, it
- first attempts to read and execute commands from _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bp_\br_\bo_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be and
- _\b~_\b/_\b._\bp_\br_\bo_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be, in that order. The -\b--\b-n\bno\bop\bpr\bro\bof\bfi\bil\ble\be option inhibits this behav-
- ior. When invoked as an interactive shell with the name s\bsh\bh, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh looks
- for the variable E\bEN\bNV\bV, expands its value if it is defined, and uses the
- expanded value as the name of a file to read and execute. Since a
- shell invoked as s\bsh\bh does not attempt to read and execute commands from
- any other startup files, the -\b--\b-r\brc\bcf\bfi\bil\ble\be option has no effect. A non-in-
- teractive shell invoked with the name s\bsh\bh does not attempt to read any
- other startup files.
-
- When invoked as s\bsh\bh, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh enters posix mode after reading the startup
- files.
-
- When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is started in posix mode, as with the -\b--\b-p\bpo\bos\bsi\bix\bx command line
- option, it follows the POSIX standard for startup files. In this mode,
- interactive shells expand the E\bEN\bNV\bV variable and read and execute com-
- mands from the file whose name is the expanded value. A posix-mode
- shell does not attempt to read any other startup files, even when in-
- voked as a login shell.
-
- B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard input
- connected to a network connection, as when executed by the secure shell
- daemon _\bs_\bs_\bh_\bd or the historical and rarely-seen remote shell daemon, usu-
- ally _\br_\bs_\bh_\bd. If b\bba\bas\bsh\bh determines it is being run non-interactively in
- this fashion, it reads and executes commands from _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\br_\bc, if that
- file exists and is readable. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh does not read this file if invoked
- as s\bsh\bh. The -\b--\b-n\bno\bor\brc\bc option inhibits this behavior, and the -\b--\b-r\brc\bcf\bfi\bil\ble\be op-
- tion makes b\bba\bas\bsh\bh use a different file instead of _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\br_\bc, but neither
- _\bs_\bs_\bh_\bd nor _\br_\bs_\bh_\bd generally invoke the shell with those options or allow
- them to be specified.
-
- If the shell is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to
- the real user (group) id, and the -\b-p\bp option is not supplied, bash does
- not attempt to read any startup files or _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b__\bl_\bo_\bg_\bo_\bu_\bt, does not in-
- herit shell functions from the environment, ignores the S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS,
- B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bHO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS, C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, and G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE variables, if they appear in the envi-
- ronment, and sets the effective user id to the real user id. If the -\b-p\bp
- option is supplied at invocation, the startup behavior is the same, but
- b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not reset the effective user id.
+ A _\bl_\bo_\bg_\bi_\bn _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl is one whose first character of argument zero is a -\b-, or one
+ started with the -\b--\b-l\blo\bog\bgi\bin\bn option.
+
+ An _\bi_\bn_\bt_\be_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bv_\be _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl is one started without non-option arguments (unless -\b-s\bs
+ is specified) and without the -\b-c\bc option, and whose standard input and stan-
+ dard error are both connected to terminals (as determined by _\bi_\bs_\ba_\bt_\bt_\by(3)), or
+ one started with the -\b-i\bi option. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh sets P\bPS\bS1\b1 and $\b$-\b- includes i\bi if the
+ shell is interactive, so a shell script or a startup file can test this
+ state.
+
+ A _\bn_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bi_\bn_\bt_\be_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bv_\be _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl is, not surprisingly, one that does not satisfy the
+ tests for interactivity given above. A non-interactive shell is usually
+ started to run commands from a script file supplied as an argument (a _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl
+ _\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt) or from a string supplied with the -\b-c\bc option.
+
+ The following paragraphs describe how b\bba\bas\bsh\bh executes its startup files. If
+ any of the files exist but cannot be read, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh reports an error. Tildes
+ in filenames are expanded as described below under T\bTi\bil\bld\bde\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn in the
+ E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN section.
+
+ When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-interactive
+ shell with the -\b--\b-l\blo\bog\bgi\bin\bn option, it first reads and executes commands from
+ the file _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bp_\br_\bo_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be, if that file exists. After reading that file, it
+ looks for _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b__\bp_\br_\bo_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be, _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b__\bl_\bo_\bg_\bi_\bn, and _\b~_\b/_\b._\bp_\br_\bo_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be, in that order,
+ and reads and executes commands from the first one that exists and is read-
+ able. The -\b--\b-n\bno\bop\bpr\bro\bof\bfi\bil\ble\be option may be used when the shell is started to in-
+ hibit this behavior.
+
+ When an interactive login shell exits, or a non-interactive login shell ex-
+ ecutes the e\bex\bxi\bit\bt builtin command, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh reads and executes commands from the
+ file _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b__\bl_\bo_\bg_\bo_\bu_\bt, if it exists.
+
+ When an interactive shell that is not a login shell is started, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh reads
+ and executes commands from _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\br_\bc, if that file exists. The -\b--\b-n\bno\bor\brc\bc op-
+ tion inhibits this behavior. The -\b--\b-r\brc\bcf\bfi\bil\ble\be _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be option causes b\bba\bas\bsh\bh to use
+ _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be instead of _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\br_\bc.
+
+ When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is started non-interactively, it looks for the variable B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEN\bNV\bV
+ in the environment, expands its value if it appears there, and uses the ex-
+ panded value as the name of a file to read and execute. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh behaves as if
+ the following command were executed:
+
+ if [ -n "$BASH_ENV" ]; then . "$BASH_ENV"; fi
+
+ but does not use the value of the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH variable to search for the filename.
+
+ If b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is invoked with the name s\bsh\bh, it tries to mimic the startup behavior
+ of historical versions of s\bsh\bh as closely as possible, while conforming to
+ the POSIX standard as well. When invoked as an interactive login shell, or
+ a non-interactive shell with the -\b--\b-l\blo\bog\bgi\bin\bn option, it first attempts to read
+ and execute commands from _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bp_\br_\bo_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be and _\b~_\b/_\b._\bp_\br_\bo_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be, in that order. The
+ -\b--\b-n\bno\bop\bpr\bro\bof\bfi\bil\ble\be option inhibits this behavior. When invoked as an interactive
+ shell with the name s\bsh\bh, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh looks for the variable E\bEN\bNV\bV, expands its value
+ if it is defined, and uses the expanded value as the name of a file to read
+ and execute. Since a shell invoked as s\bsh\bh does not attempt to read and exe-
+ cute commands from any other startup files, the -\b--\b-r\brc\bcf\bfi\bil\ble\be option has no ef-
+ fect. A non-interactive shell invoked with the name s\bsh\bh does not attempt to
+ read any other startup files.
+
+ When invoked as s\bsh\bh, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh enters posix mode after reading the startup files.
+
+ When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is started in posix mode, as with the -\b--\b-p\bpo\bos\bsi\bix\bx command line op-
+ tion, it follows the POSIX standard for startup files. In this mode, in-
+ teractive shells expand the E\bEN\bNV\bV variable and read and execute commands from
+ the file whose name is the expanded value. A posix-mode shell does not at-
+ tempt to read any other startup files, even when invoked as a login shell.
+
+ B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard input
+ connected to a network connection, as when executed by the secure shell
+ daemon _\bs_\bs_\bh_\bd or the historical and rarely-seen remote shell daemon, usually
+ _\br_\bs_\bh_\bd. If b\bba\bas\bsh\bh determines it is being run non-interactively in this fash-
+ ion, it reads and executes commands from _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\br_\bc, if that file exists and
+ is readable. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh does not read this file if invoked as s\bsh\bh. The -\b--\b-n\bno\bor\brc\bc
+ option inhibits this behavior, and the -\b--\b-r\brc\bcf\bfi\bil\ble\be option makes b\bba\bas\bsh\bh use a
+ different file instead of _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\br_\bc, but neither _\bs_\bs_\bh_\bd nor _\br_\bs_\bh_\bd generally
+ invoke the shell with those options or allow them to be specified.
+
+ If the shell is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the
+ real user (group) id, and the -\b-p\bp option is not supplied, bash does not at-
+ tempt to read any startup files or _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b__\bl_\bo_\bg_\bo_\bu_\bt, does not inherit shell
+ functions from the environment, ignores the S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bHO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS, C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH,
+ and G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE variables, if they appear in the environment, and sets the
+ effective user id to the real user id. If the -\b-p\bp option is supplied at in-
+ vocation, the startup behavior is the same, but b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not reset the ef-
+ fective user id.
D\bDE\bEF\bFI\bIN\bNI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS
- The following definitions are used throughout the rest of this docu-
- ment.
- b\bbl\bla\ban\bnk\bk A space or tab.
- w\bwh\bhi\bit\bte\bes\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be
- A character belonging to the s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be character class in the cur-
- rent locale, or for which _\bi_\bs_\bs_\bp_\ba_\bc_\be(3) returns true.
- w\bwo\bor\brd\bd A sequence of characters considered as a single unit by the
- shell. Also known as a t\bto\bok\bke\ben\bn.
- n\bna\bam\bme\be A _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd consisting only of alphanumeric characters and under-
- scores, and beginning with an alphabetic character or an under-
- score. Also referred to as an i\bid\bde\ben\bnt\bti\bif\bfi\bie\ber\br.
- m\bme\bet\bta\bac\bch\bha\bar\bra\bac\bct\bte\ber\br
- A character that, when unquoted, separates words. One of the
- following:
- |\b| &\b& ;\b; (\b( )\b) <\b< >\b> s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be t\bta\bab\bb n\bne\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be
- c\bco\bon\bnt\btr\bro\bol\bl o\bop\bpe\ber\bra\bat\bto\bor\br
- A _\bt_\bo_\bk_\be_\bn that performs a control function. It is one of the fol-
- lowing symbols:
- |\b||\b| &\b& &\b&&\b& ;\b; ;\b;;\b; ;\b;&\b& ;\b;;\b;&\b& (\b( )\b) |\b| |\b|&\b& <\b<n\bne\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be>\b>
+ The following definitions are used throughout the rest of this document.
+ b\bbl\bla\ban\bnk\bk A space or tab.
+ w\bwh\bhi\bit\bte\bes\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be
+ A character belonging to the s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be character class in the current
+ locale, or for which _\bi_\bs_\bs_\bp_\ba_\bc_\be(3) returns true.
+ w\bwo\bor\brd\bd A sequence of characters considered as a single unit by the shell.
+ Also known as a t\bto\bok\bke\ben\bn.
+ n\bna\bam\bme\be A _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd consisting only of alphanumeric characters and underscores,
+ and beginning with an alphabetic character or an underscore. Also
+ referred to as an i\bid\bde\ben\bnt\bti\bif\bfi\bie\ber\br.
+ m\bme\bet\bta\bac\bch\bha\bar\bra\bac\bct\bte\ber\br
+ A character that, when unquoted, separates words. One of the fol-
+ lowing:
+ |\b| &\b& ;\b; (\b( )\b) <\b< >\b> s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be t\bta\bab\bb n\bne\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be
+ c\bco\bon\bnt\btr\bro\bol\bl o\bop\bpe\ber\bra\bat\bto\bor\br
+ A _\bt_\bo_\bk_\be_\bn that performs a control function. It is one of the follow-
+ ing symbols:
+ |\b||\b| &\b& &\b&&\b& ;\b; ;\b;;\b; ;\b;&\b& ;\b;;\b;&\b& (\b( )\b) |\b| |\b|&\b& <\b<n\bne\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be>\b>
R\bRE\bES\bSE\bER\bRV\bVE\bED\bD W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDS\bS
- _\bR_\be_\bs_\be_\br_\bv_\be_\bd _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bs are words that have a special meaning to the shell. The
- following words are recognized as reserved when unquoted and either
+ _\bR_\be_\bs_\be_\br_\bv_\be_\bd _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bs are words that have a special meaning to the shell. The
+ following words are recognized as reserved when unquoted and either
- +\bo the first word of a command (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR below);
+ * the first word of a command (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR below);
- +\bo the first word following a reserved word other than c\bca\bas\bse\be, f\bfo\bor\br,
- s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt, or i\bin\bn;
+ * the first word following a reserved word other than c\bca\bas\bse\be, f\bfo\bor\br, s\bse\be-\b-
+ l\ble\bec\bct\bt, or i\bin\bn;
- +\bo the third word of a c\bca\bas\bse\be command (only i\bin\bn is valid);
+ * the third word of a c\bca\bas\bse\be command (only i\bin\bn is valid);
- +\bo the third word of a f\bfo\bor\br or s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt command (only i\bin\bn and d\bdo\bo are
- valid);
+ * the third word of a f\bfo\bor\br or s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt command (only i\bin\bn and d\bdo\bo are
+ valid);
- +\bo following a control operator.
+ * following a control operator.
- The shell will also recognize reserved words where the syntax of a com-
- mand specifically requires the reserved word as the only correct token.
+ The shell will also recognize reserved words where the syntax of a command
+ specifically requires the reserved word as the only correct token.
- The following are reserved words:
+ The following are reserved words:
- !\b! c\bca\bas\bse\be c\bco\bop\bpr\bro\boc\bc d\bdo\bo d\bdo\bon\bne\be e\bel\bli\bif\bf e\bel\bls\bse\be e\bes\bsa\bac\bc f\bfi\bi f\bfo\bor\br f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\bti\bio\bon\bn i\bif\bf i\bin\bn s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt
- t\bth\bhe\ben\bn u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be {\b{ }\b} t\bti\bim\bme\be [\b[[\b[ ]\b]]\b]
+ !\b! c\bca\bas\bse\be c\bco\bop\bpr\bro\boc\bc d\bdo\bo d\bdo\bon\bne\be e\bel\bli\bif\bf e\bel\bls\bse\be e\bes\bsa\bac\bc f\bfi\bi f\bfo\bor\br f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\bti\bio\bon\bn i\bif\bf i\bin\bn s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt t\bth\bhe\ben\bn
+ u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be {\b{ }\b} t\bti\bim\bme\be [\b[[\b[ ]\b]]\b]
S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR
- This section describes the syntax of the various forms of shell com-
- mands.
+ This section describes the syntax of the various forms of shell commands.
S\bSi\bim\bmp\bpl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bds\bs
- A _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is a sequence of optional variable assignments fol-
- lowed by b\bbl\bla\ban\bnk\bk-separated words and redirections, and terminated by a
- _\bc_\bo_\bn_\bt_\br_\bo_\bl _\bo_\bp_\be_\br_\ba_\bt_\bo_\br. The first word specifies the command to be executed,
- and is passed as argument zero. The remaining words are passed as ar-
- guments to the invoked command.
+ A _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is a sequence of optional variable assignments followed by
+ b\bbl\bla\ban\bnk\bk-separated words and redirections, and terminated by a _\bc_\bo_\bn_\bt_\br_\bo_\bl _\bo_\bp_\be_\br_\ba_\b-
+ _\bt_\bo_\br. The first word specifies the command to be executed, and is passed as
+ argument zero. The remaining words are passed as arguments to the invoked
+ command.
- The return value of a _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is its exit status, or 128+_\bn if
- the command is terminated by signal _\bn.
+ The return value of a _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is its exit status, or 128+_\bn if the
+ command is terminated by signal _\bn.
P\bPi\bip\bpe\bel\bli\bin\bne\bes\bs
- A _\bp_\bi_\bp_\be_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be is a sequence of one or more commands separated by one of
- the control operators |\b| or |\b|&\b&. The format for a pipeline is:
-
- [t\bti\bim\bme\be [-\b-p\bp]] [ ! ] _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b1 [ [|\b|||\b|&\b&] _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b2 ... ]
-
- The standard output of _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b1 is connected via a pipe to the standard
- input of _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b2. This connection is performed before any redirec-
- tions specified by the _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b1(see R\bRE\bED\bDI\bIR\bRE\bEC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN below). If |\b|&\b& is the
- pipeline operator, _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b1's standard error, in addition to its stan-
- dard output, is connected to _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b2's standard input through the
- pipe; it is shorthand for 2\b2>\b>&\b&1\b1 |\b|. This implicit redirection of the
- standard error to the standard output is performed after any redirec-
- tions specified by _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b1.
-
- The return status of a pipeline is the exit status of the last command,
- unless the p\bpi\bip\bpe\bef\bfa\bai\bil\bl option is enabled. If p\bpi\bip\bpe\bef\bfa\bai\bil\bl is enabled, the
- pipeline's return status is the value of the last (rightmost) command
- to exit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands exit success-
- fully. If the reserved word !\b! precedes a pipeline, the exit status of
- that pipeline is the logical negation of the exit status as described
- above. If a pipeline is executed synchronously, the shell waits for
- all commands in the pipeline to terminate before returning a value.
-
- If the t\bti\bim\bme\be reserved word precedes a pipeline, the shell reports the
- elapsed as well as user and system time consumed by its execution when
- the pipeline terminates. The -\b-p\bp option changes the output format to
- that specified by POSIX. When the shell is in posix mode, it does not
- recognize t\bti\bim\bme\be as a reserved word if the next token begins with a "-".
- The value of the T\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT variable is a format string that specifies
- how the timing information should be displayed; see the description of
- T\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT below under S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs.
-
- When the shell is in posix mode, t\bti\bim\bme\be may appear by itself as the only
- word in a simple command. In this case, the shell displays the total
- user and system time consumed by the shell and its children. The T\bTI\bIM\bME\bE-\b-
- F\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT variable specifies the format of the time information.
-
- Each command in a multi-command pipeline, where pipes are created, is
- executed in a _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl, which is a separate process. See C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXE\bE-\b-
- C\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN E\bEN\bNV\bVI\bIR\bRO\bON\bNM\bME\bEN\bNT\bT for a description of subshells and a subshell envi-
- ronment. If the l\bla\bas\bst\btp\bpi\bip\bpe\be option is enabled using the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin
- (see the description of s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt below), and job control is not active,
- the last element of a pipeline may be run by the shell process.
+ A _\bp_\bi_\bp_\be_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be is a sequence of one or more commands separated by one of the
+ control operators |\b| or |\b|&\b&. The format for a pipeline is:
+
+ [t\bti\bim\bme\be [-\b-p\bp]] [ ! ] _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b1 [ [|\b|||\b|&\b&] _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b2 ... ]
+
+ The standard output of _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b1 is connected via a pipe to the standard in-
+ put of _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b2. This connection is performed before any redirections
+ specified by the _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b1(see R\bRE\bED\bDI\bIR\bRE\bEC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN below). If |\b|&\b& is the pipeline
+ operator, _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b1's standard error, in addition to its standard output, is
+ connected to _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b2's standard input through the pipe; it is shorthand
+ for 2\b2>\b>&\b&1\b1 |\b|. This implicit redirection of the standard error to the stan-
+ dard output is performed after any redirections specified by _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b1.
+
+ The return status of a pipeline is the exit status of the last command, un-
+ less the p\bpi\bip\bpe\bef\bfa\bai\bil\bl option is enabled. If p\bpi\bip\bpe\bef\bfa\bai\bil\bl is enabled, the
+ pipeline's return status is the value of the last (rightmost) command to
+ exit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands exit successfully. If
+ the reserved word !\b! precedes a pipeline, the exit status of that pipeline
+ is the logical negation of the exit status as described above. If a
+ pipeline is executed synchronously, the shell waits for all commands in the
+ pipeline to terminate before returning a value.
+
+ If the t\bti\bim\bme\be reserved word precedes a pipeline, the shell reports the
+ elapsed as well as user and system time consumed by its execution when the
+ pipeline terminates. The -\b-p\bp option changes the output format to that spec-
+ ified by POSIX. When the shell is in posix mode, it does not recognize
+ t\bti\bim\bme\be as a reserved word if the next token begins with a "-". The value of
+ the T\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT variable is a format string that specifies how the timing
+ information should be displayed; see the description of T\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT below
+ under S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs.
+
+ When the shell is in posix mode, t\bti\bim\bme\be may appear by itself as the only word
+ in a simple command. In this case, the shell displays the total user and
+ system time consumed by the shell and its children. The T\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT vari-
+ able specifies the format of the time information.
+
+ Each command in a multi-command pipeline, where pipes are created, is exe-
+ cuted in a _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl, which is a separate process. See C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
+ E\bEN\bNV\bVI\bIR\bRO\bON\bNM\bME\bEN\bNT\bT for a description of subshells and a subshell environment. If
+ the l\bla\bas\bst\btp\bpi\bip\bpe\be option is enabled using the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin (see the description
+ of s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt below), and job control is not active, the last element of a
+ pipeline may be run by the shell process.
L\bLi\bis\bst\bts\bs
- A _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is a sequence of one or more AND or OR lists separated by one of
- the operators ;\b;, &\b&, or <\b<n\bne\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be>\b>, and optionally terminated by one of
- those three characters.
+ A _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is a sequence of one or more AND or OR lists separated by one of the
+ operators ;\b;, &\b&, or <\b<n\bne\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be>\b>, and optionally terminated by one of those
+ three characters.
- AND and OR lists are sequences of one or more pipelines separated by
- the &\b&&\b& and |\b||\b| control operators, respectively. AND and OR lists are
- executed with left associativity.
+ AND and OR lists are sequences of one or more pipelines separated by the &\b&&\b&
+ and |\b||\b| control operators, respectively. AND and OR lists are executed with
+ left associativity.
- An AND list has the form
+ An AND list has the form
- _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b1 &\b&&\b& _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b2
+ _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b1 &\b&&\b& _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b2
- _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b2 is executed if, and only if, _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b1 returns an exit status
- of zero (success).
+ _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b2 is executed if, and only if, _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b1 returns an exit status of
+ zero (success).
- An OR list has the form
+ An OR list has the form
- _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b1 |\b||\b| _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b2
+ _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b1 |\b||\b| _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b2
- _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b2 is executed if, and only if, _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b1 returns a non-zero exit
- status. The return status of AND and OR lists is the exit status of
- the last command executed in the list.
+ _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b2 is executed if, and only if, _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b1 returns a non-zero exit sta-
+ tus. The return status of AND and OR lists is the exit status of the last
+ command executed in the list.
- Of these list operators, &\b&&\b& and |\b||\b| have equal precedence, followed by ;\b;
- and &\b&, which have equal precedence.
+ Of these list operators, &\b&&\b& and |\b||\b| have equal precedence, followed by ;\b; and
+ &\b&, which have equal precedence.
- A sequence of one or more newlines may appear in a _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt instead of a
- semicolon to delimit commands.
+ A sequence of one or more newlines may appear in a _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt instead of a semi-
+ colon to delimit commands.
- If a command is terminated by the control operator &\b&, the shell exe-
- cutes the command asynchronously in a subshell. This is known as exe-
- cuting a command in the _\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd, and these are referred to as _\ba_\bs_\by_\bn_\b-
- _\bc_\bh_\br_\bo_\bn_\bo_\bu_\bs commands. The shell does not wait for the command to finish,
- and the return status is 0. When job control is not active, the stan-
- dard input for asynchronous commands, in the absence of any explicit
- redirections involving the standard input, is redirected from
- _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bn_\bu_\bl_\bl.
+ If a command is terminated by the control operator &\b&, the shell executes
+ the command asynchronously in a subshell. This is known as executing a
+ command in the _\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd, and these are referred to as _\ba_\bs_\by_\bn_\bc_\bh_\br_\bo_\bn_\bo_\bu_\bs com-
+ mands. The shell does not wait for the command to finish, and the return
+ status is 0. When job control is not active, the standard input for asyn-
+ chronous commands, in the absence of any explicit redirections involving
+ the standard input, is redirected from _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bn_\bu_\bl_\bl.
- Commands separated or terminated by ;\b; (or an equivalent <\b<n\bne\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be>\b>) are
- executed sequentially; the shell waits for each command to terminate in
- turn.
+ Commands separated or terminated by ;\b; (or an equivalent <\b<n\bne\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be>\b>) are exe-
+ cuted sequentially; the shell waits for each command to terminate in turn.
- The return status of a list is the exit status of the last command exe-
- cuted.
+ The return status of a list is the exit status of the last command exe-
+ cuted.
C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpo\bou\bun\bnd\bd C\bCo\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bds\bs
- A _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is one of the following. In most cases a _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt in a
- command's description may be separated from the rest of the command by
- one or more newlines, and may be followed by a newline in place of a
- semicolon.
-
- (_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt) _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is executed in a subshell (see C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN E\bEN\bNV\bVI\bIR\bRO\bON\bN-\b-
- M\bME\bEN\bNT\bT below for a description of a subshell environment). Vari-
- able assignments and builtin commands that affect the shell's
- environment do not remain in effect after the command completes.
- The return status is the exit status of _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt.
-
- { _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt; }
- _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is executed in the current shell environment. _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt must be
- terminated with a newline or semicolon. This is known as a
- _\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bp _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd. The return status is the exit status of _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt.
-
- Note that unlike the metacharacters (\b( and )\b), {\b{ and }\b} are _\br_\be_\b-
- _\bs_\be_\br_\bv_\be_\bd _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bs and must occur where a reserved word is permitted
- to be recognized. Since they do not cause a word break, they
- must be separated from _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt by whitespace or another shell
- metacharacter.
-
- ((_\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn))
- The arithmetic _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn is evaluated according to the rules
- described below under A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN. If the value of
- the expression is non-zero, the return status is 0; otherwise
- the return status is 1. The _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn undergoes the same ex-
- pansions as if it were within double quotes, but unescaped dou-
- ble quote characters in _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn are not treated specially and
- are removed. Since this can potentially result in empty
- strings, this command treats those as expressions that evaluate
- to 0.
-
- [\b[[\b[ _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn ]\b]]\b]
- Evaluate the conditional expression _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn and return a sta-
- tus of zero (true) or non-zero (false). Expressions are com-
- posed of the primaries described below under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bS-\b-
- S\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS. The words between the [\b[[\b[ and ]\b]]\b] do not undergo word
- splitting and pathname expansion. The shell performs tilde ex-
- pansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion,
- command substitution, process substitution, and quote removal on
- those words. Conditional operators such as -\b-f\bf must be unquoted
- to be recognized as primaries.
-
- When used with [\b[[\b[, the <\b< and >\b> operators sort lexicographically
- using the current locale.
-
- When the =\b==\b= and !\b!=\b= operators are used, the string to the right
- of the operator is considered a pattern and matched according to
- the rules described below under P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg, as if the e\bex\bxt\bt-\b-
- g\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell option were enabled. The =\b= operator is equivalent to
- =\b==\b=. If the n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\bem\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh shell option is enabled, the match is
- performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters.
- The return value is 0 if the string matches (=\b==\b=) or does not
- match (!\b!=\b=) the pattern, and 1 otherwise. If any part of the
- pattern is quoted, the quoted portion is matched as a string:
- every character in the quoted portion matches itself, instead of
- having any special pattern matching meaning.
-
- An additional binary operator, =\b=~\b~, is available, with the same
- precedence as =\b==\b= and !\b!=\b=. When it is used, the string to the
- right of the operator is considered a POSIX extended regular ex-
- pression and matched accordingly (using the POSIX _\br_\be_\bg_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp and
- _\br_\be_\bg_\be_\bx_\be_\bc interfaces usually described in _\br_\be_\bg_\be_\bx(3)). The return
- value is 0 if the string matches the pattern, and 1 otherwise.
- If the regular expression is syntactically incorrect, the condi-
- tional expression's return value is 2. If the n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\bem\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh shell
- option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the
- case of alphabetic characters.
-
- If any part of the pattern is quoted, the quoted portion is
- matched literally, as above. If the pattern is stored in a
- shell variable, quoting the variable expansion forces the entire
- pattern to be matched literally. Treat bracket expressions in
- regular expressions carefully, since normal quoting and pattern
- characters lose their meanings between brackets.
-
- The match succeeds if the pattern matches any part of the
- string. Anchor the pattern using the ^\b^ and $\b$ regular expression
- operators to force it to match the entire string.
-
- The array variable B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_R\bRE\bEM\bMA\bAT\bTC\bCH\bH records which parts of the
- string matched the pattern. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh unsets B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_R\bRE\bEM\bMA\bAT\bTC\bCH\bH before at-
- tempting the match, so if there is no match, it remains unset.
- The element of B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_R\bRE\bEM\bMA\bAT\bTC\bCH\bH with index 0 contains the portion of
- the string matching the entire regular expression. Substrings
- matched by parenthesized subexpressions within the regular ex-
- pression are saved in the remaining B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_R\bRE\bEM\bMA\bAT\bTC\bCH\bH indices. The
- element of B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_R\bRE\bEM\bMA\bAT\bTC\bCH\bH with index _\bn is the portion of the
- string matching the _\bnth parenthesized subexpression. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh sets
- B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_R\bRE\bEM\bMA\bAT\bTC\bCH\bH in the global scope if it is not set; if it is de-
- clared as a local variable before running [\b[[\b[, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh keeps it a
- local variable.
-
- Expressions may be combined using the following operators,
- listed in decreasing order of precedence:
-
- (\b( _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn )\b)
- Returns the value of _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn. This may be used to
- override the normal precedence of operators.
- !\b! _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn
- True if _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn is false.
- _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b1 &\b&&\b& _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b2
- True if both _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b1 and _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b2 are true.
- _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b1 |\b||\b| _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b2
- True if either _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b1 or _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b2 is true.
-
- The &\b&&\b& and |\b||\b| operators do not evaluate _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b2 if the value
- of _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b1 is sufficient to determine the return value of
- the entire conditional expression.
-
- f\bfo\bor\br _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [ [ i\bin\bn _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd _\b._\b._\b. ] ; ] d\bdo\bo _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt ; d\bdo\bon\bne\be
- First, expand the list of words following i\bin\bn, generating a list
- of items. Then, the variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set to each element of
- this list in turn, and _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is executed each time. If the i\bin\bn
- _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is omitted, the f\bfo\bor\br command executes _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt once for each po-
- sitional parameter that is set (see P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bET\bTE\bER\bRS\bS below). The re-
- turn status is the exit status of the last command that exe-
- cutes. If the expansion of the items following i\bin\bn results in an
- empty list, no commands are executed, and the return status is
- 0.
-
- f\bfo\bor\br (( _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b1 ; _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2 ; _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b3 )) [;] d\bdo\bo _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt ; d\bdo\bon\bne\be
- First, evaluate the arithmetic expression _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b1 according to the
- rules described below under A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN. Then, re-
- peatedly evaluate the arithmetic expression _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2 until it eval-
- uates to zero. Each time _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2 evaluates to a non-zero value,
- execute _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt and evaluate the arithmetic expression _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b3. If
- any expression is omitted, it behaves as if it evaluates to 1.
- The return value is the exit status of the last command in _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt
- that is executed, or non-zero if any of the expressions is in-
- valid.
-
- Use the b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk and c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be builtins (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS
- below) to control loop execution.
-
- s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [ [ i\bin\bn _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd _\b._\b._\b. ] ; ] d\bdo\bo _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt ; d\bdo\bon\bne\be
- First, expand the list of words following i\bin\bn, generating a list
- of items, and print the set of expanded words the standard er-
- ror, each preceded by a number. If the i\bin\bn _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is omitted,
- print the positional parameters (see P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bET\bTE\bER\bRS\bS below). s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt
- then displays the P\bPS\bS3\b3 prompt and reads a line from the standard
- input. If the line consists of a number corresponding to one of
- the displayed words, then s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt sets the value of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to that
- word. If the line is empty, s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt displays the words and
- prompt again. If EOF is read, s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt completes and returns 1.
- Any other value sets _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to null. The line read is saved in
- the variable R\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY. The _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is executed after each selection
- until a b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk command is executed. The exit status of s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt is
- the exit status of the last command executed in _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt, or zero if
- no commands were executed.
-
- c\bca\bas\bse\be _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd i\bin\bn [ [(] _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn [ |\b| _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn ] ... ) _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt ;; ] ... e\bes\bsa\bac\bc
- A c\bca\bas\bse\be command first expands _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, and tries to match it against
- each _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn in turn, proceeding from first to last, using the
- matching rules described under P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg below. The _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
- is expanded using tilde expansion, parameter and variable expan-
- sion, arithmetic expansion, command substitution, process sub-
- stitution and quote removal. Each _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn examined is expanded
- using tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arith-
- metic expansion, command substitution, process substitution, and
- quote removal. If the n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\bem\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh shell option is enabled, the
- match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic
- characters.
-
- A _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is a set of one or more patterns separated by |\b|,
- and terminated by the )\b) operator. A case _\bc_\bl_\ba_\bu_\bs_\be is a pattern
- list and an associated _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt, terminated by ;\b;;\b;, ;\b;&\b&, or ;\b;;\b;&\b&. The
- terminator is optional for the last clause preceding e\bes\bsa\bac\bc.
- There may be an arbitrary number of case clauses. The first
- pattern that matches determines the _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt that is executed.
-
- When a match is found, c\bca\bas\bse\be executes the corresponding _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt. If
- the ;\b;;\b; operator terminates the case clause, the c\bca\bas\bse\be command
- completes after the first match. Using the ;\b;&\b& terminator con-
- tinues execution with the _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt associated with the next clause,
- if any. Using the ;\b;;\b;&\b& terminator causes the shell to test the
- pattern list in the next clause, if any, and execute any associ-
- ated _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt if the match succeeds, continuing the case statement
- execution as if the pattern list had not matched.
-
- The exit status is zero if no pattern matches. Otherwise, it is
- the exit status of the last command executed in the last _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt
- executed.
-
- i\bif\bf _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt; t\bth\bhe\ben\bn _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt; [ e\bel\bli\bif\bf _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt; t\bth\bhe\ben\bn _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt; ] ... [ e\bel\bls\bse\be _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt; ] f\bfi\bi
- The i\bif\bf _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is executed. If its exit status is zero, the t\bth\bhe\ben\bn
- _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is executed. Otherwise, each e\bel\bli\bif\bf _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is executed in
- turn, and if its exit status is zero, the corresponding t\bth\bhe\ben\bn
- _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is executed and the command completes. Otherwise, the e\bel\bls\bse\be
- _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is executed, if present. The exit status is the exit sta-
- tus of the last command executed, or zero if no condition tested
- true.
-
- w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt_\b-_\b1; d\bdo\bo _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt_\b-_\b2; d\bdo\bon\bne\be
- u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt_\b-_\b1; d\bdo\bo _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt_\b-_\b2; d\bdo\bon\bne\be
- The w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be command continuously executes the list _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt_\b-_\b2 as long
- as the last command in the list _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt_\b-_\b1 returns an exit status of
- zero. The u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl command is identical to the w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be command, ex-
- cept that the test is negated: _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt_\b-_\b2 is executed as long as the
- last command in _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt_\b-_\b1 returns a non-zero exit status. The exit
- status of the w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be and u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl commands is the exit status of the
- last command executed in _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt_\b-_\b2, or zero if none was executed.
+ A _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is one of the following. In most cases a _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt in a com-
+ mand's description may be separated from the rest of the command by one or
+ more newlines, and may be followed by a newline in place of a semicolon.
+
+ (_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)
+ _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is executed in a subshell (see C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN E\bEN\bNV\bVI\bIR\bRO\bON\bNM\bME\bEN\bNT\bT
+ below for a description of a subshell environment). Variable as-
+ signments and builtin commands that affect the shell's environment
+ do not remain in effect after the command completes. The return
+ status is the exit status of _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt.
+
+ { _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt; }
+ _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is executed in the current shell environment. _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt must be
+ terminated with a newline or semicolon. This is known as a _\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bp
+ _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd. The return status is the exit status of _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt.
+
+ Note that unlike the metacharacters (\b( and )\b), {\b{ and }\b} are _\br_\be_\bs_\be_\br_\bv_\be_\bd
+ _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bs and must occur where a reserved word is permitted to be recog-
+ nized. Since they do not cause a word break, they must be separated
+ from _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt by whitespace or another shell metacharacter.
+
+ ((_\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn))
+ The arithmetic _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn is evaluated according to the rules de-
+ scribed below under A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN. If the value of the ex-
+ pression is non-zero, the return status is 0; otherwise the return
+ status is 1. The _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn undergoes the same expansions as if it
+ were within double quotes, but unescaped double quote characters in
+ _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn are not treated specially and are removed. Since this
+ can potentially result in empty strings, this command treats those
+ as expressions that evaluate to 0.
+
+ [\b[[\b[ _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn ]\b]]\b]
+ Evaluate the conditional expression _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn and return a status
+ of zero (true) or non-zero (false). Expressions are composed of the
+ primaries described below under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS. The words
+ between the [\b[[\b[ and ]\b]]\b] do not undergo word splitting and pathname ex-
+ pansion. The shell performs tilde expansion, parameter and variable
+ expansion, arithmetic expansion, command substitution, process sub-
+ stitution, and quote removal on those words. Conditional operators
+ such as -\b-f\bf must be unquoted to be recognized as primaries.
+
+ When used with [\b[[\b[, the <\b< and >\b> operators sort lexicographically us-
+ ing the current locale.
+
+ When the =\b==\b= and !\b!=\b= operators are used, the string to the right of
+ the operator is considered a pattern and matched according to the
+ rules described below under P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg, as if the e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
+ shell option were enabled. The =\b= operator is equivalent to =\b==\b=. If
+ the n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\bem\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh shell option is enabled, the match is performed
+ without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. The return
+ value is 0 if the string matches (=\b==\b=) or does not match (!\b!=\b=) the
+ pattern, and 1 otherwise. If any part of the pattern is quoted, the
+ quoted portion is matched as a string: every character in the quoted
+ portion matches itself, instead of having any special pattern match-
+ ing meaning.
+
+ An additional binary operator, =\b=~\b~, is available, with the same
+ precedence as =\b==\b= and !\b!=\b=. When it is used, the string to the right
+ of the operator is considered a POSIX extended regular expression
+ and matched accordingly (using the POSIX _\br_\be_\bg_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp and _\br_\be_\bg_\be_\bx_\be_\bc inter-
+ faces usually described in _\br_\be_\bg_\be_\bx(3)). The return value is 0 if the
+ string matches the pattern, and 1 otherwise. If the regular expres-
+ sion is syntactically incorrect, the conditional expression's return
+ value is 2. If the n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\bem\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh shell option is enabled, the match
+ is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters.
+
+ If any part of the pattern is quoted, the quoted portion is matched
+ literally, as above. If the pattern is stored in a shell variable,
+ quoting the variable expansion forces the entire pattern to be
+ matched literally. Treat bracket expressions in regular expressions
+ carefully, since normal quoting and pattern characters lose their
+ meanings between brackets.
+
+ The match succeeds if the pattern matches any part of the string.
+ Anchor the pattern using the ^\b^ and $\b$ regular expression operators to
+ force it to match the entire string.
+
+ The array variable B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_R\bRE\bEM\bMA\bAT\bTC\bCH\bH records which parts of the string
+ matched the pattern. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh unsets each element of B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_R\bRE\bEM\bMA\bAT\bTC\bCH\bH be-
+ fore attempting the match, so if there is no match, it remains
+ empty. The element of B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_R\bRE\bEM\bMA\bAT\bTC\bCH\bH with index 0 contains the por-
+ tion of the string matching the entire regular expression. Sub-
+ strings matched by parenthesized subexpressions within the regular
+ expression are saved in the remaining B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_R\bRE\bEM\bMA\bAT\bTC\bCH\bH indices. The el-
+ ement of B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_R\bRE\bEM\bMA\bAT\bTC\bCH\bH with index _\bn is the portion of the string
+ matching the _\bnth parenthesized subexpression. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh sets B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_R\bRE\bE-\b-
+ M\bMA\bAT\bTC\bCH\bH in the global scope if it is not set; if it is declared as a
+ local variable before running [\b[[\b[, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh keeps it a local variable.
+
+ Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed in
+ decreasing order of precedence:
+
+ (\b( _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn )\b)
+ Returns the value of _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn. This may be used to over-
+ ride the normal precedence of operators.
+ !\b! _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn
+ True if _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn is false.
+ _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b1 &\b&&\b& _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b2
+ True if both _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b1 and _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b2 are true.
+ _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b1 |\b||\b| _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b2
+ True if either _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b1 or _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b2 is true.
+
+ The &\b&&\b& and |\b||\b| operators do not evaluate _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b2 if the value of
+ _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b1 is sufficient to determine the return value of the en-
+ tire conditional expression.
+
+ f\bfo\bor\br _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [ [ i\bin\bn _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd _\b._\b._\b. ] ; ] d\bdo\bo _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt ; d\bdo\bon\bne\be
+ First, expand the list of words following i\bin\bn, generating a list of
+ items. Then, the variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set to each element of this list
+ in turn, and _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is executed each time. If the i\bin\bn _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is omitted,
+ the f\bfo\bor\br command executes _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt once for each positional parameter
+ that is set (see P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bET\bTE\bER\bRS\bS below). The return status is the exit
+ status of the last command that executes. If the expansion of the
+ items following i\bin\bn results in an empty list, no commands are exe-
+ cuted, and the return status is 0.
+
+ f\bfo\bor\br (( _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b1 ; _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2 ; _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b3 )) [;] d\bdo\bo _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt ; d\bdo\bon\bne\be
+ First, evaluate the arithmetic expression _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b1 according to the
+ rules described below under A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN. Then, repeatedly
+ evaluate the arithmetic expression _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2 until it evaluates to zero.
+ Each time _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2 evaluates to a non-zero value, execute _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt and
+ evaluate the arithmetic expression _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b3. If any expression is
+ omitted, it behaves as if it evaluates to 1. The return value is
+ the exit status of the last command in _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt that is executed, or
+ non-zero if any of the expressions is invalid.
+
+ Use the b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk and c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be builtins (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS be-
+ low) to control loop execution.
+
+ s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [ [ i\bin\bn _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd _\b._\b._\b. ] ; ] d\bdo\bo _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt ; d\bdo\bon\bne\be
+ First, expand the list of words following i\bin\bn, generating a list of
+ items, and print the set of expanded words the standard error, each
+ preceded by a number. If the i\bin\bn _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is omitted, print the posi-
+ tional parameters (see P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bET\bTE\bER\bRS\bS below). s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt then displays the
+ P\bPS\bS3\b3 prompt and reads a line from the standard input. If the line
+ consists of a number corresponding to one of the displayed words,
+ then s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt sets the value of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to that word. If the line is
+ empty, s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt displays the words and prompt again. If EOF is read,
+ s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt completes and returns 1. Any other value sets _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to null.
+ The line read is saved in the variable R\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY. The _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is executed
+ after each selection until a b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk command is executed. The exit
+ status of s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt is the exit status of the last command executed in
+ _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt, or zero if no commands were executed.
+
+ c\bca\bas\bse\be _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd i\bin\bn [ [(] _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn [ |\b| _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn ] ... ) _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt ;; ] ... e\bes\bsa\bac\bc
+ A c\bca\bas\bse\be command first expands _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, and tries to match it against
+ each _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn in turn, proceeding from first to last, using the
+ matching rules described under P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg below. The _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is
+ expanded using tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
+ arithmetic expansion, command substitution, process substitution and
+ quote removal. Each _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn examined is expanded using tilde expan-
+ sion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, com-
+ mand substitution, process substitution, and quote removal. If the
+ n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\bem\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh shell option is enabled, the match is performed without
+ regard to the case of alphabetic characters.
+
+ A _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is a set of one or more patterns separated by |\b|, and
+ terminated by the )\b) operator. A case _\bc_\bl_\ba_\bu_\bs_\be is a pattern list and
+ an associated _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt, terminated by ;\b;;\b;, ;\b;&\b&, or ;\b;;\b;&\b&. The terminator is
+ optional for the last clause preceding e\bes\bsa\bac\bc. There may be an arbi-
+ trary number of case clauses. The first pattern that matches deter-
+ mines the _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt that is executed.
+
+ When a match is found, c\bca\bas\bse\be executes the corresponding _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt. If the
+ ;\b;;\b; operator terminates the case clause, the c\bca\bas\bse\be command completes
+ after the first match. Using the ;\b;&\b& terminator continues execution
+ with the _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt associated with the next clause, if any. Using the
+ ;\b;;\b;&\b& terminator causes the shell to test the pattern list in the next
+ clause, if any, and execute any associated _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt if the match suc-
+ ceeds, continuing the case statement execution as if the pattern
+ list had not matched.
+
+ The exit status is zero if no pattern matches. Otherwise, it is the
+ exit status of the last command executed in the last _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt executed.
+
+ i\bif\bf _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt; t\bth\bhe\ben\bn _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt; [ e\bel\bli\bif\bf _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt; t\bth\bhe\ben\bn _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt; ] ... [ e\bel\bls\bse\be _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt; ] f\bfi\bi
+ The i\bif\bf _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is executed. If its exit status is zero, the t\bth\bhe\ben\bn _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt
+ is executed. Otherwise, each e\bel\bli\bif\bf _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is executed in turn, and if
+ its exit status is zero, the corresponding t\bth\bhe\ben\bn _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is executed and
+ the command completes. Otherwise, the e\bel\bls\bse\be _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is executed, if
+ present. The exit status is the exit status of the last command ex-
+ ecuted, or zero if no condition tested true.
+
+ w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt_\b-_\b1; d\bdo\bo _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt_\b-_\b2; d\bdo\bon\bne\be
+ u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt_\b-_\b1; d\bdo\bo _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt_\b-_\b2; d\bdo\bon\bne\be
+ The w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be command continuously executes the list _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt_\b-_\b2 as long as
+ the last command in the list _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt_\b-_\b1 returns an exit status of zero.
+ The u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl command is identical to the w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be command, except that the
+ test is negated: _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt_\b-_\b2 is executed as long as the last command in
+ _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt_\b-_\b1 returns a non-zero exit status. The exit status of the w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be
+ and u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl commands is the exit status of the last command executed
+ in _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt_\b-_\b2, or zero if none was executed.
C\bCo\bop\bpr\bro\boc\bce\bes\bss\bse\bes\bs
- A _\bc_\bo_\bp_\br_\bo_\bc_\be_\bs_\bs is a shell command preceded by the c\bco\bop\bpr\bro\boc\bc reserved word. A
- coprocess is executed asynchronously in a subshell, as if the command
- had been terminated with the &\b& control operator, with a two-way pipe
- established between the executing shell and the coprocess.
-
- The syntax for a coprocess is:
-
- c\bco\bop\bpr\bro\boc\bc [_\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE] _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd [_\br_\be_\bd_\bi_\br_\be_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\bs]
-
- This creates a coprocess named _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE. _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd may be either a simple
- command or a compound command (see above). _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE is a shell variable
- name. If _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE is not supplied, the default name is C\bCO\bOP\bPR\bRO\bOC\bC.
-
- The recommended form to use for a coprocess is
-
- c\bco\bop\bpr\bro\boc\bc _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE { _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd [_\br_\be_\bd_\bi_\br_\be_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\bs]; }
-
- This form is preferred because simple commands result in the coprocess
- always being named C\bCO\bOP\bPR\bRO\bOC\bC, and it is simpler to use and more complete
- than the other compound commands.
-
- If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is a compound command, _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE is optional. The word following
- c\bco\bop\bpr\bro\boc\bc determines whether that word is interpreted as a variable name:
- it is interpreted as _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE if it is not a reserved word that introduces
- a compound command. If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is a simple command, _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE is not al-
- lowed; this is to avoid confusion between _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE and the first word of
- the simple command.
-
- When the coprocess is executed, the shell creates an array variable
- (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs below) named _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE in the context of the executing shell.
- The standard output of _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is connected via a pipe to a file de-
- scriptor in the executing shell, and that file descriptor is assigned
- to _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE[0]. The standard input of _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is connected via a pipe to a
- file descriptor in the executing shell, and that file descriptor is as-
- signed to _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE[1]. This pipe is established before any redirections
- specified by the command (see R\bRE\bED\bDI\bIR\bRE\bEC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN below). The file descriptors
- can be utilized as arguments to shell commands and redirections using
- standard word expansions. Other than those created to execute command
- and process substitutions, the file descriptors are not available in
- subshells.
-
- The process ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is avail-
- able as the value of the variable _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE_PID. The w\bwa\bai\bit\bt builtin may be
- used to wait for the coprocess to terminate.
-
- Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command, the c\bco\bop\bpr\bro\boc\bc
- command always returns success. The return status of a coprocess is
- the exit status of _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd.
+ A _\bc_\bo_\bp_\br_\bo_\bc_\be_\bs_\bs is a shell command preceded by the c\bco\bop\bpr\bro\boc\bc reserved word. A co-
+ process is executed asynchronously in a subshell, as if the command had
+ been terminated with the &\b& control operator, with a two-way pipe estab-
+ lished between the executing shell and the coprocess.
+
+ The syntax for a coprocess is:
+
+ c\bco\bop\bpr\bro\boc\bc [_\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE] _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd [_\br_\be_\bd_\bi_\br_\be_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\bs]
+
+ This creates a coprocess named _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE. _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd may be either a simple com-
+ mand or a compound command (see above). _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE is a shell variable name. If
+ _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE is not supplied, the default name is C\bCO\bOP\bPR\bRO\bOC\bC.
+
+ The recommended form to use for a coprocess is
+
+ c\bco\bop\bpr\bro\boc\bc _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE { _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd [_\br_\be_\bd_\bi_\br_\be_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\bs]; }
+
+ This form is preferred because simple commands result in the coprocess al-
+ ways being named C\bCO\bOP\bPR\bRO\bOC\bC, and it is simpler to use and more complete than
+ the other compound commands.
+
+ If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is a compound command, _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE is optional. The word following c\bco\bo-\b-
+ p\bpr\bro\boc\bc determines whether that word is interpreted as a variable name: it is
+ interpreted as _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE if it is not a reserved word that introduces a compound
+ command. If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is a simple command, _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE is not allowed; this is to
+ avoid confusion between _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE and the first word of the simple command.
+
+ When the coprocess is executed, the shell creates an array variable (see
+ A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs below) named _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE in the context of the executing shell. The stan-
+ dard output of _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is connected via a pipe to a file descriptor in the
+ executing shell, and that file descriptor is assigned to _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE[0]. The
+ standard input of _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is connected via a pipe to a file descriptor in
+ the executing shell, and that file descriptor is assigned to _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE[1]. This
+ pipe is established before any redirections specified by the command (see
+ R\bRE\bED\bDI\bIR\bRE\bEC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN below). The file descriptors can be utilized as arguments to
+ shell commands and redirections using standard word expansions. Other than
+ those created to execute command and process substitutions, the file de-
+ scriptors are not available in subshells.
+
+ The process ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is available
+ as the value of the variable _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE_PID. The w\bwa\bai\bit\bt builtin may be used to
+ wait for the coprocess to terminate.
+
+ Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command, the c\bco\bop\bpr\bro\boc\bc com-
+ mand always returns success. The return status of a coprocess is the exit
+ status of _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd.
S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl F\bFu\bun\bnc\bct\bti\bio\bon\bn D\bDe\bef\bfi\bin\bni\bit\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs
- A shell function is an object that is called like a simple command and
- executes a compound command with a new set of positional parameters.
- Shell functions are declared as follows:
-
- _\bf_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be () _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd [_\br_\be_\bd_\bi_\br_\be_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn]
- f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\bti\bio\bon\bn _\bf_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [()] _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd [_\br_\be_\bd_\bi_\br_\be_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn]
- This defines a function named _\bf_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. The reserved word f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\bti\bio\bon\bn
- is optional. If the f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\bti\bio\bon\bn reserved word is supplied, the
- parentheses are optional. The _\bb_\bo_\bd_\by of the function is the com-
- pound command _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd (see C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpo\bou\bun\bnd\bd C\bCo\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bds\bs above).
- That command is usually a _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt of commands between { and }, but
- may be any command listed under C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpo\bou\bun\bnd\bd C\bCo\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bds\bs above. If the
- f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\bti\bio\bon\bn reserved word is used, but the parentheses are not sup-
- plied, the braces are recommended. _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is executed
- whenever _\bf_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is specified as the name of a simple command.
- When in posix mode, _\bf_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be must be a valid shell _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be and may not
- be the name of one of the POSIX _\bs_\bp_\be_\bc_\bi_\ba_\bl _\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn_\bs. In default
- mode, a function name can be any unquoted shell word that does
- not contain $\b$.
-
- Any redirections (see R\bRE\bED\bDI\bIR\bRE\bEC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN below) specified when a function is
- defined are performed when the function is executed.
-
- The exit status of a function definition is zero unless a syntax error
- occurs or a readonly function with the same name already exists. When
- executed, the exit status of a function is the exit status of the last
- command executed in the body. (See F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS below.)
+ A shell function is an object that is called like a simple command and exe-
+ cutes a compound command with a new set of positional parameters. Shell
+ functions are declared as follows:
+
+ _\bf_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be () _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd [_\br_\be_\bd_\bi_\br_\be_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn]
+ f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\bti\bio\bon\bn _\bf_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [()] _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd [_\br_\be_\bd_\bi_\br_\be_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn]
+ This defines a function named _\bf_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. The reserved word f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\bti\bio\bon\bn is
+ optional. If the f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\bti\bio\bon\bn reserved word is supplied, the parenthe-
+ ses are optional. The _\bb_\bo_\bd_\by of the function is the compound command
+ _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd (see C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpo\bou\bun\bnd\bd C\bCo\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bds\bs above). That command is
+ usually a _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt of commands between { and }, but may be any command
+ listed under C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpo\bou\bun\bnd\bd C\bCo\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bds\bs above. If the f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\bti\bio\bon\bn reserved word
+ is used, but the parentheses are not supplied, the braces are recom-
+ mended. _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is executed whenever _\bf_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is specified as
+ the name of a simple command. When in posix mode, _\bf_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be must be a
+ valid shell _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be and may not be the name of one of the POSIX _\bs_\bp_\be_\bc_\bi_\ba_\bl
+ _\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn_\bs. In default mode, a function name can be any unquoted
+ shell word that does not contain $\b$.
+
+ Any redirections (see R\bRE\bED\bDI\bIR\bRE\bEC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN below) specified when a function is de-
+ fined are performed when the function is executed.
+
+ The exit status of a function definition is zero unless a syntax error oc-
+ curs or a readonly function with the same name already exists. When exe-
+ cuted, the exit status of a function is the exit status of the last command
+ executed in the body. (See F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS below.)
C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bME\bEN\bNT\bTS\bS
- In a non-interactive shell, or an interactive shell in which the i\bin\bnt\bte\ber\br-\b-
- a\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be_\b_c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bts\bs option to the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin is enabled (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL
- B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below), a word beginning with #\b# introduces a comment.
- A word begins at the beginning of a line, after unquoted whitespace, or
- after an operator. The comment causes that word and all remaining
- characters on that line to be ignored. An interactive shell without
- the i\bin\bnt\bte\ber\bra\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be_\b_c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bts\bs option enabled does not allow comments. The
- i\bin\bnt\bte\ber\bra\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be_\b_c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bts\bs option is enabled by default in interactive
- shells.
+ In a non-interactive shell, or an interactive shell in which the i\bin\bnt\bte\ber\bra\bac\bc-\b-
+ t\bti\biv\bve\be_\b_c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bts\bs option to the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin is enabled (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN
+ C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below), a word beginning with #\b# introduces a comment. A word be-
+ gins at the beginning of a line, after unquoted whitespace, or after an op-
+ erator. The comment causes that word and all remaining characters on that
+ line to be ignored. An interactive shell without the i\bin\bnt\bte\ber\bra\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be_\b_c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bts\bs
+ option enabled does not allow comments. The i\bin\bnt\bte\ber\bra\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be_\b_c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bts\bs option is
+ enabled by default in interactive shells.
Q\bQU\bUO\bOT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG
- _\bQ_\bu_\bo_\bt_\bi_\bn_\bg is used to remove the special meaning of certain characters or
- words to the shell. Quoting can be used to disable special treatment
- for special characters, to prevent reserved words from being recognized
- as such, and to prevent parameter expansion.
-
- Each of the _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\be_\br_\bs listed above under D\bDE\bEF\bFI\bIN\bNI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS has special
- meaning to the shell and must be quoted if it is to represent itself.
-
- When the command history expansion facilities are being used (see H\bHI\bIS\bS-\b-
- T\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN below), the _\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn character, usually !\b!, must
- be quoted to prevent history expansion.
-
- There are four quoting mechanisms: the _\be_\bs_\bc_\ba_\bp_\be _\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\be_\br, single quotes,
- double quotes, and dollar-single quotes.
-
- A non-quoted backslash (\\b\) is the _\be_\bs_\bc_\ba_\bp_\be _\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\be_\br. It preserves the
- literal value of the next character that follows, removing any special
- meaning it has, with the exception of <newline>. If a \\b\<newline> pair
- appears, and the backslash is not itself quoted, the \\b\<newline> is
- treated as a line continuation (that is, it is removed from the input
- stream and effectively ignored).
-
- Enclosing characters in single quotes preserves the literal value of
- each character within the quotes. A single quote may not occur between
- single quotes, even when preceded by a backslash.
-
- Enclosing characters in double quotes preserves the literal value of
- all characters within the quotes, with the exception of $\b$, `\b`, \\b\, and,
- when history expansion is enabled, !\b!. When the shell is in posix mode,
- the !\b! has no special meaning within double quotes, even when history
- expansion is enabled. The characters $\b$ and `\b` retain their special
- meaning within double quotes. The backslash retains its special mean-
- ing only when followed by one of the following characters: $\b$, `\b`, "\b", \\b\,
- or <\b<n\bne\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be>\b>. Backslashes preceding characters without a special mean-
- ing are left unmodified.
-
- A double quote may be quoted within double quotes by preceding it with
- a backslash. If enabled, history expansion will be performed unless an
- !\b! appearing in double quotes is escaped using a backslash. The back-
- slash preceding the !\b! is not removed.
-
- The special parameters *\b* and @\b@ have special meaning when in double
- quotes (see P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bET\bTE\bER\bRS\bS below).
-
- Character sequences of the form $\b$'_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg' are treated as a special
- variant of single quotes. The sequence expands to _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg, with back-
- slash-escaped characters in _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg replaced as specified by the ANSI C
- standard. Backslash escape sequences, if present, are decoded as fol-
- lows:
- \\b\a\ba alert (bell)
- \\b\b\bb backspace
- \\b\e\be
- \\b\E\bE an escape character
- \\b\f\bf form feed
- \\b\n\bn new line
- \\b\r\br carriage return
- \\b\t\bt horizontal tab
- \\b\v\bv vertical tab
- \\b\\\b\ backslash
- \\b\'\b' single quote
- \\b\"\b" double quote
- \\b\?\b? question mark
- \\b\_\bn_\bn_\bn The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value
- _\bn_\bn_\bn (one to three octal digits).
- \\b\x\bx_\bH_\bH The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal
- value _\bH_\bH (one or two hex digits).
- \\b\u\bu_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
- hexadecimal value _\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH (one to four hex digits).
- \\b\U\bU_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH
- The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
- hexadecimal value _\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH (one to eight hex digits).
- \\b\c\bc_\bx A control-_\bx character.
-
- The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not
- been present.
+ _\bQ_\bu_\bo_\bt_\bi_\bn_\bg is used to remove the special meaning of certain characters or
+ words to the shell. Quoting can be used to disable special treatment for
+ special characters, to prevent reserved words from being recognized as
+ such, and to prevent parameter expansion.
+
+ Each of the _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\be_\br_\bs listed above under D\bDE\bEF\bFI\bIN\bNI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS has special mean-
+ ing to the shell and must be quoted if it is to represent itself.
+
+ When the command history expansion facilities are being used (see H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY
+ E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN below), the _\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn character, usually !\b!, must be
+ quoted to prevent history expansion.
+
+ There are four quoting mechanisms: the _\be_\bs_\bc_\ba_\bp_\be _\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\be_\br, single quotes,
+ double quotes, and dollar-single quotes.
+
+ A non-quoted backslash (\\b\) is the _\be_\bs_\bc_\ba_\bp_\be _\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\be_\br. It preserves the lit-
+ eral value of the next character that follows, removing any special meaning
+ it has, with the exception of <newline>. If a \\b\<newline> pair appears, and
+ the backslash is not itself quoted, the \\b\<newline> is treated as a line
+ continuation (that is, it is removed from the input stream and effectively
+ ignored).
+
+ Enclosing characters in single quotes preserves the literal value of each
+ character within the quotes. A single quote may not occur between single
+ quotes, even when preceded by a backslash.
+
+ Enclosing characters in double quotes preserves the literal value of all
+ characters within the quotes, with the exception of $\b$, `\b`, \\b\, and, when his-
+ tory expansion is enabled, !\b!. When the shell is in posix mode, the !\b! has
+ no special meaning within double quotes, even when history expansion is en-
+ abled. The characters $\b$ and `\b` retain their special meaning within double
+ quotes. The backslash retains its special meaning only when followed by
+ one of the following characters: $\b$, `\b`, "\b", \\b\, or <\b<n\bne\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be>\b>. Backslashes
+ preceding characters without a special meaning are left unmodified.
+
+ A double quote may be quoted within double quotes by preceding it with a
+ backslash. If enabled, history expansion will be performed unless an !\b!
+ appearing in double quotes is escaped using a backslash. The backslash
+ preceding the !\b! is not removed.
+
+ The special parameters *\b* and @\b@ have special meaning when in double quotes
+ (see P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bET\bTE\bER\bRS\bS below).
+
+ Character sequences of the form $\b$'_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg' are treated as a special variant
+ of single quotes. The sequence expands to _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg, with backslash-escaped
+ characters in _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg replaced as specified by the ANSI C standard. Back-
+ slash escape sequences, if present, are decoded as follows:
+ \\b\a\ba alert (bell)
+ \\b\b\bb backspace
+ \\b\e\be
+ \\b\E\bE an escape character
+ \\b\f\bf form feed
+ \\b\n\bn new line
+ \\b\r\br carriage return
+ \\b\t\bt horizontal tab
+ \\b\v\bv vertical tab
+ \\b\\\b\ backslash
+ \\b\'\b' single quote
+ \\b\"\b" double quote
+ \\b\?\b? question mark
+ \\b\_\bn_\bn_\bn The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value _\bn_\bn_\bn
+ (one to three octal digits).
+ \\b\x\bx_\bH_\bH The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+ _\bH_\bH (one or two hex digits).
+ \\b\u\bu_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH
+ The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
+ hexadecimal value _\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH (one to four hex digits).
+ \\b\U\bU_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH
+ The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
+ hexadecimal value _\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH (one to eight hex digits).
+ \\b\c\bc_\bx A control-_\bx character.
+
+ The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not been
+ present.
T\bTr\bra\ban\bns\bsl\bla\bat\bti\bin\bng\bg S\bSt\btr\bri\bin\bng\bgs\bs
- A double-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign ($\b$"_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg") causes the
- string to be translated according to the current locale. The _\bg_\be_\bt_\bt_\be_\bx_\bt
- infrastructure performs the lookup and translation, using the L\bLC\bC_\b_M\bME\bES\bS-\b-
- S\bSA\bAG\bGE\bES\bS, T\bTE\bEX\bXT\bTD\bDO\bOM\bMA\bAI\bIN\bND\bDI\bIR\bR, and T\bTE\bEX\bXT\bTD\bDO\bOM\bMA\bAI\bIN\bN shell variables. If the current
- locale is C\bC or P\bPO\bOS\bSI\bIX\bX, if there are no translations available, or if the
- string is not translated, the dollar sign is ignored, and the string is
- treated as double-quoted as described above. This is a form of double
- quoting, so the string remains double-quoted by default, whether or not
- it is translated and replaced. If the n\bno\boe\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_t\btr\bra\ban\bns\bsl\bla\bat\bti\bio\bon\bn option is
- enabled using the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin, translated strings are single-quoted
- instead of double-quoted. See the description of s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt below under
- S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS.
+ A double-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign ($\b$"_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg") causes the
+ string to be translated according to the current locale. The _\bg_\be_\bt_\bt_\be_\bx_\bt in-
+ frastructure performs the lookup and translation, using the L\bLC\bC_\b_M\bME\bES\bSS\bSA\bAG\bGE\bES\bS,
+ T\bTE\bEX\bXT\bTD\bDO\bOM\bMA\bAI\bIN\bND\bDI\bIR\bR, and T\bTE\bEX\bXT\bTD\bDO\bOM\bMA\bAI\bIN\bN shell variables. If the current locale is C\bC
+ or P\bPO\bOS\bSI\bIX\bX, if there are no translations available, or if the string is not
+ translated, the dollar sign is ignored, and the string is treated as dou-
+ ble-quoted as described above. This is a form of double quoting, so the
+ string remains double-quoted by default, whether or not it is translated
+ and replaced. If the n\bno\boe\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_t\btr\bra\ban\bns\bsl\bla\bat\bti\bio\bon\bn option is enabled using the
+ s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin, translated strings are single-quoted instead of double-
+ quoted. See the description of s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt below under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS.
P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bET\bTE\bER\bRS\bS
- A _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an entity that stores values. It can be a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, a num-
- ber, or one of the special characters listed below under S\bSp\bpe\bec\bci\bia\bal\bl P\bPa\bar\bra\ba-\b-
- m\bme\bet\bte\ber\brs\bs. A _\bv_\ba_\br_\bi_\ba_\bb_\bl_\be is a parameter denoted by a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. A variable has a
- _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be and zero or more _\ba_\bt_\bt_\br_\bi_\bb_\bu_\bt_\be_\bs. Attributes are assigned using the
- d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin command (see d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be below in S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS).
- The e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt and r\bre\bea\bad\bdo\bon\bnl\bly\by builtins assign specific attributes.
-
- A parameter is set if it has been assigned a value. The null string is
- a valid value. Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using
- the u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt builtin command (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
-
- A _\bv_\ba_\br_\bi_\ba_\bb_\bl_\be is assigned to using a statement of the form
-
- _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be=[_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be]
-
- If _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be is not given, the variable is assigned the null string. All
- _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be_\bs undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, com-
- mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal (see E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bN-\b-
- S\bSI\bIO\bON\bN below). If the variable has its i\bin\bnt\bte\beg\bge\ber\br attribute set, then _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be
- is evaluated as an arithmetic expression even if the $\b$(\b((\b(...)\b))\b) expansion
- is not used (see A\bAr\bri\bit\bth\bhm\bme\bet\bti\bic\bc E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn below). Word splitting and path-
- name expansion are not performed. Assignment statements may also ap-
- pear as arguments to the a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs, d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be, t\bty\byp\bpe\bes\bse\bet\bt, e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt, r\bre\bea\bad\bdo\bon\bnl\bly\by, and
- l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl builtin commands (_\bd_\be_\bc_\bl_\ba_\br_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn commands). When in posix mode,
- these builtins may appear in a command after one or more instances of
- the c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd builtin and retain these assignment statement properties.
-
- In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value to a
- shell variable or array index, the "+=" operator appends to or adds to
- the variable's previous value. This includes arguments to _\bd_\be_\bc_\bl_\ba_\br_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn
- commands such as d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be that accept assignment statements. When "+="
- is applied to a variable for which the i\bin\bnt\bte\beg\bge\ber\br attribute has been set,
- the variable's current value and _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be are each evaluated as arithmetic
- expressions, and the sum of the results is assigned as the variable's
- value. The current value is usually an integer constant, but may be an
- expression. When "+=" is applied to an array variable using compound
- assignment (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs below), the variable's value is not unset (as it
- is when using "="), and new values are appended to the array beginning
- at one greater than the array's maximum index (for indexed arrays) or
- added as additional key-value pairs in an associative array. When ap-
- plied to a string-valued variable, _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be is expanded and appended to
- the variable's value.
-
- A variable can be assigned the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf attribute using the -\b-n\bn option to
- the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be or l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl builtin commands (see the descriptions of d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be
- and l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl below) to create a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf, or a reference to another vari-
- able. This allows variables to be manipulated indirectly. Whenever
- the nameref variable is referenced, assigned to, unset, or has its at-
- tributes modified (other than using or changing the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf attribute
- itself), the operation is actually performed on the variable specified
- by the nameref variable's value. A nameref is commonly used within
- shell functions to refer to a variable whose name is passed as an argu-
- ment to the function. For instance, if a variable name is passed to a
- shell function as its first argument, running
-
- declare -n ref=$1
-
- inside the function creates a local nameref variable r\bre\bef\bf whose value is
- the variable name passed as the first argument. References and assign-
- ments to r\bre\bef\bf, and changes to its attributes, are treated as references,
- assignments, and attribute modifications to the variable whose name was
- passed as $\b$1\b1. If the control variable in a f\bfo\bor\br loop has the nameref
- attribute, the list of words can be a list of shell variables, and a
- name reference is established for each word in the list, in turn, when
- the loop is executed. Array variables cannot be given the n\bna\bam\bme\ber\bre\bef\bf at-
- tribute. However, nameref variables can reference array variables and
- subscripted array variables. Namerefs can be unset using the -\b-n\bn option
- to the u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt builtin. Otherwise, if u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt is executed with the name of
- a nameref variable as an argument, the variable referenced by the
- nameref variable is unset.
-
- When the shell starts, it reads its environment and creates a shell
- variable from each environment variable that has a valid name, as de-
- scribed below (see E\bEN\bNV\bVI\bIR\bRO\bON\bNM\bME\bEN\bNT\bT).
+ A _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an entity that stores values. It can be a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, a number,
+ or one of the special characters listed below under S\bSp\bpe\bec\bci\bia\bal\bl P\bPa\bar\bra\bam\bme\bet\bte\ber\brs\bs. A
+ _\bv_\ba_\br_\bi_\ba_\bb_\bl_\be is a parameter denoted by a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. A variable has a _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be and zero
+ or more _\ba_\bt_\bt_\br_\bi_\bb_\bu_\bt_\be_\bs. Attributes are assigned using the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin com-
+ mand (see d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be below in S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS). The e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt and r\bre\bea\bad\bd-\b-
+ o\bon\bnl\bly\by builtins assign specific attributes.
+
+ A parameter is set if it has been assigned a value. The null string is a
+ valid value. Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using the u\bun\bn-\b-
+ s\bse\bet\bt builtin command (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
+
+ A _\bv_\ba_\br_\bi_\ba_\bb_\bl_\be is assigned to using a statement of the form
+
+ _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be=[_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be]
+
+ If _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be is not given, the variable is assigned the null string. All _\bv_\ba_\bl_\b-
+ _\bu_\be_\bs undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, command sub-
+ stitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal (see E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN below).
+ If the variable has its i\bin\bnt\bte\beg\bge\ber\br attribute set, then _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be is evaluated as
+ an arithmetic expression even if the $\b$(\b((\b(...)\b))\b) expansion is not used (see
+ A\bAr\bri\bit\bth\bhm\bme\bet\bti\bic\bc E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn below). Word splitting and pathname expansion are not
+ performed. Assignment statements may also appear as arguments to the
+ a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs, d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be, t\bty\byp\bpe\bes\bse\bet\bt, e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt, r\bre\bea\bad\bdo\bon\bnl\bly\by, and l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl builtin commands (_\bd_\be_\bc_\b-
+ _\bl_\ba_\br_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn commands). When in posix mode, these builtins may appear in a
+ command after one or more instances of the c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd builtin and retain these
+ assignment statement properties.
+
+ In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value to a
+ shell variable or array index, the "+=" operator appends to or adds to the
+ variable's previous value. This includes arguments to _\bd_\be_\bc_\bl_\ba_\br_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn commands
+ such as d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be that accept assignment statements. When "+=" is applied to
+ a variable for which the i\bin\bnt\bte\beg\bge\ber\br attribute has been set, the variable's
+ current value and _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be are each evaluated as arithmetic expressions, and
+ the sum of the results is assigned as the variable's value. The current
+ value is usually an integer constant, but may be an expression. When "+="
+ is applied to an array variable using compound assignment (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs be-
+ low), the variable's value is not unset (as it is when using "="), and new
+ values are appended to the array beginning at one greater than the array's
+ maximum index (for indexed arrays) or added as additional key-value pairs
+ in an associative array. When applied to a string-valued variable, _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be
+ is expanded and appended to the variable's value.
+
+ A variable can be assigned the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf attribute using the -\b-n\bn option to the
+ d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be or l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl builtin commands (see the descriptions of d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be and l\blo\bo-\b-
+ c\bca\bal\bl below) to create a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf, or a reference to another variable. This
+ allows variables to be manipulated indirectly. Whenever the nameref vari-
+ able is referenced, assigned to, unset, or has its attributes modified
+ (other than using or changing the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf attribute itself), the operation
+ is actually performed on the variable specified by the nameref variable's
+ value. A nameref is commonly used within shell functions to refer to a
+ variable whose name is passed as an argument to the function. For in-
+ stance, if a variable name is passed to a shell function as its first argu-
+ ment, running
+
+ declare -n ref=$1
+
+ inside the function creates a local nameref variable r\bre\bef\bf whose value is the
+ variable name passed as the first argument. References and assignments to
+ r\bre\bef\bf, and changes to its attributes, are treated as references, assignments,
+ and attribute modifications to the variable whose name was passed as $\b$1\b1.
+ If the control variable in a f\bfo\bor\br loop has the nameref attribute, the list
+ of words can be a list of shell variables, and a name reference is estab-
+ lished for each word in the list, in turn, when the loop is executed. Ar-
+ ray variables cannot be given the n\bna\bam\bme\ber\bre\bef\bf attribute. However, nameref
+ variables can reference array variables and subscripted array variables.
+ Namerefs can be unset using the -\b-n\bn option to the u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt builtin. Otherwise,
+ if u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt is executed with the name of a nameref variable as an argument,
+ the variable referenced by the nameref variable is unset.
+
+ When the shell starts, it reads its environment and creates a shell vari-
+ able from each environment variable that has a valid name, as described be-
+ low (see E\bEN\bNV\bVI\bIR\bRO\bON\bNM\bME\bEN\bNT\bT).
P\bPo\bos\bsi\bit\bti\bio\bon\bna\bal\bl P\bPa\bar\bra\bam\bme\bet\bte\ber\brs\bs
- A _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\ba_\bl _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is a parameter denoted by one or more digits,
- other than the single digit 0. Positional parameters are assigned from
- the shell's arguments when it is invoked, and may be reassigned using
- the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command. Positional parameters may not be assigned to
- with assignment statements. The positional parameters are temporarily
- replaced when a shell function is executed (see F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS below).
-
- When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single digit is
- expanded, it must be enclosed in braces (see E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN below). Without
- braces, a digit following $ can only refer to one of the first nine po-
- sitional parameters ($\b$1\b1-\b-$\b$9\b9) or the special parameter $\b$0\b0 (see the next
- section).
+ A _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\ba_\bl _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is a parameter denoted by one or more digits, other
+ than the single digit 0. Positional parameters are assigned from the
+ shell's arguments when it is invoked, and may be reassigned using the s\bse\bet\bt
+ builtin command. Positional parameters may not be assigned to with assign-
+ ment statements. The positional parameters are temporarily replaced when a
+ shell function is executed (see F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS below).
+
+ When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single digit is ex-
+ panded, it must be enclosed in braces (see E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN below). Without
+ braces, a digit following $ can only refer to one of the first nine posi-
+ tional parameters ($\b$1\b1-\b-$\b$9\b9) or the special parameter $\b$0\b0 (see the next sec-
+ tion).
S\bSp\bpe\bec\bci\bia\bal\bl P\bPa\bar\bra\bam\bme\bet\bte\ber\brs\bs
- The shell treats several parameters specially. These parameters may
- only be referenced; assignment to them is not allowed. Special parame-
- ters are denoted by one of the following characters.
-
- *\b* ($\b$*\b*) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.
- When the expansion is not within double quotes, each positional
- parameter expands to a separate word. In contexts where word
- expansions are performed, those words are subject to further
- word splitting and pathname expansion. When the expansion oc-
- curs within double quotes, it expands to a single word with the
- value of each parameter separated by the first character of the
- I\bIF\bFS\bS variable. That is, "\b"$\b$*\b*"\b" is equivalent to "\b"$\b$1\b1_\bc$\b$2\b2_\bc.\b..\b..\b."\b", where
- _\bc is the first character of the value of the I\bIF\bFS\bS variable. If
- I\bIF\bFS\bS is unset, the parameters are separated by spaces. If I\bIF\bFS\bS is
- null, the parameters are joined without intervening separators.
- @\b@ ($\b$@\b@) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.
- In contexts where word splitting is performed, this expands each
- positional parameter to a separate word; if not within double
- quotes, these words are subject to word splitting. In contexts
- where word splitting is not performed, such as the value portion
- of an assignment statement, this expands to a single word with
- each positional parameter separated by a space. When the expan-
- sion occurs within double quotes, and word splitting is per-
- formed, each parameter expands to a separate word. That is,
- "\b"$\b$@\b@"\b" is equivalent to "\b"$\b$1\b1"\b" "\b"$\b$2\b2"\b" .\b..\b..\b. If the double-quoted expan-
- sion occurs within a word, the expansion of the first parameter
- is joined with the expansion of the beginning part of the origi-
- nal word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with
- the expansion of the last part of the original word. When there
- are no positional parameters, "\b"$\b$@\b@"\b" and $\b$@\b@ expand to nothing
- (i.e., they are removed).
- #\b# ($\b$#\b#) Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal.
- ?\b? ($\b$?\b?) Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed
- command.
- -\b- ($\b$-\b-) Expands to the current option flags as specified upon invo-
- cation, by the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command, or those set by the shell
- itself (such as the -\b-i\bi option).
- $\b$ ($\b$$\b$) Expands to the process ID of the shell. In a subshell, it
- expands to the process ID of the parent shell, not the subshell.
- !\b! ($\b$!\b!)Expands to the process ID of the job most recently placed
- into the background, whether executed as an asynchronous command
- or using the b\bbg\bg builtin (see J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL below).
- 0\b0 ($\b$0\b0) Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is
- set at shell initialization. If b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is invoked with a file of
- commands, $\b$0\b0 is set to the name of that file. If b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is
- started with the -\b-c\bc option, then $\b$0\b0 is set to the first argument
- after the string to be executed, if one is present. Otherwise,
- it is set to the filename used to invoke b\bba\bas\bsh\bh, as given by argu-
- ment zero.
+ The shell treats several parameters specially. These parameters may only
+ be referenced; assignment to them is not allowed. Special parameters are
+ denoted by one of the following characters.
+
+ *\b* ($\b$*\b*) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When
+ the expansion is not within double quotes, each positional parameter
+ expands to a separate word. In contexts where word expansions are
+ performed, those words are subject to further word splitting and
+ pathname expansion. When the expansion occurs within double quotes,
+ it expands to a single word with the value of each parameter sepa-
+ rated by the first character of the I\bIF\bFS\bS variable. That is, "\b"$\b$*\b*"\b" is
+ equivalent to "\b"$\b$1\b1_\bc$\b$2\b2_\bc.\b..\b..\b."\b", where _\bc is the first character of the
+ value of the I\bIF\bFS\bS variable. If I\bIF\bFS\bS is unset, the parameters are sep-
+ arated by spaces. If I\bIF\bFS\bS is null, the parameters are joined without
+ intervening separators.
+ @\b@ ($\b$@\b@) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. In
+ contexts where word splitting is performed, this expands each posi-
+ tional parameter to a separate word; if not within double quotes,
+ these words are subject to word splitting. In contexts where word
+ splitting is not performed, such as the value portion of an assign-
+ ment statement, this expands to a single word with each positional
+ parameter separated by a space. When the expansion occurs within
+ double quotes, and word splitting is performed, each parameter ex-
+ pands to a separate word. That is, "\b"$\b$@\b@"\b" is equivalent to
+ "\b"$\b$1\b1"\b" "\b"$\b$2\b2"\b" .\b..\b..\b. If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word,
+ the expansion of the first parameter is joined with the expansion of
+ the beginning part of the original word, and the expansion of the
+ last parameter is joined with the expansion of the last part of the
+ original word. When there are no positional parameters, "\b"$\b$@\b@"\b" and $\b$@\b@
+ expand to nothing (i.e., they are removed).
+ #\b# ($\b$#\b#) Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal.
+ ?\b? ($\b$?\b?) Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed com-
+ mand.
+ -\b- ($\b$-\b-) Expands to the current option flags as specified upon invoca-
+ tion, by the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command, or those set by the shell itself
+ (such as the -\b-i\bi option).
+ $\b$ ($\b$$\b$) Expands to the process ID of the shell. In a subshell, it ex-
+ pands to the process ID of the parent shell, not the subshell.
+ !\b! ($\b$!\b!)Expands to the process ID of the job most recently placed into
+ the background, whether executed as an asynchronous command or using
+ the b\bbg\bg builtin (see J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL below).
+ 0\b0 ($\b$0\b0) Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is set
+ at shell initialization. If b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is invoked with a file of com-
+ mands, $\b$0\b0 is set to the name of that file. If b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is started with
+ the -\b-c\bc option, then $\b$0\b0 is set to the first argument after the string
+ to be executed, if one is present. Otherwise, it is set to the
+ filename used to invoke b\bba\bas\bsh\bh, as given by argument zero.
S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs
- The shell sets following variables:
-
- _\b_ ($\b$_\b_, an underscore) This has a number of meanings depending on
- context. At shell startup, _\b_ is set to the pathname used to in-
- voke the shell or shell script being executed as passed in the
- environment or argument list. Subsequently, it expands to the
- last argument to the previous simple command executed in the
- foreground, after expansion. It is also set to the full path-
- name used to invoke each command executed and placed in the en-
- vironment exported to that command. When checking mail, $\b$_\b_ ex-
- pands to the name of the mail file currently being checked.
- B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH Expands to the full filename used to invoke this instance of
- b\bba\bas\bsh\bh.
- B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bHO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS
- A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in
- the list is a valid argument for the -\b-s\bs option to the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt
- builtin command (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below). The options
- appearing in B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bHO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS are those reported as _\bo_\bn by s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt. If
- this variable is in the environment when b\bba\bas\bsh\bh starts up, the
- shell enables each option in the list before reading any startup
- files. If this variable is exported, child shells will enable
- each option in the list. This variable is read-only.
- B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bHP\bPI\bID\bD
- Expands to the process ID of the current b\bba\bas\bsh\bh process. This
- differs from $\b$$\b$ under certain circumstances, such as subshells
- that do not require b\bba\bas\bsh\bh to be re-initialized. Assignments to
- B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bHP\bPI\bID\bD have no effect. If B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bHP\bPI\bID\bD is unset, it loses its spe-
- cial properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
- B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAL\bLI\bIA\bAS\bSE\bES\bS
- An associative array variable whose members correspond to the
- internal list of aliases as maintained by the a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs builtin.
- Elements added to this array appear in the alias list; however,
- unsetting array elements currently does not remove aliases from
- the alias list. If B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAL\bLI\bIA\bAS\bSE\bES\bS is unset, it loses its special
- properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
- B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGC\bC
- An array variable whose values are the number of parameters in
- each frame of the current b\bba\bas\bsh\bh execution call stack. The number
- of parameters to the current subroutine (shell function or
- script executed with .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be) is at the top of the stack.
- When a subroutine is executed, the number of parameters passed
- is pushed onto B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGC\bC. The shell sets B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGC\bC only when in
- extended debugging mode (see the description of the e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg op-
- tion to the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin below). Setting e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg after the
- shell has started to execute a script, or referencing this vari-
- able when e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg is not set, may result in inconsistent val-
- ues. Assignments to B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGC\bC have no effect, and it may not be
- unset.
- B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV
- An array variable containing all of the parameters in the cur-
- rent b\bba\bas\bsh\bh execution call stack. The final parameter of the last
- subroutine call is at the top of the stack; the first parameter
- of the initial call is at the bottom. When a subroutine is exe-
- cuted, the shell pushes the supplied parameters onto B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV.
- The shell sets B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV only when in extended debugging mode
- (see the description of the e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg option to the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin
- below). Setting e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg after the shell has started to execute
- a script, or referencing this variable when e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg is not set,
- may result in inconsistent values. Assignments to B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV
- have no effect, and it may not be unset.
- B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV0\b0
- When referenced, this variable expands to the name of the shell
- or shell script (identical to $\b$0\b0; see the description of special
- parameter 0 above). Assigning a value to B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV0\b0 sets $\b$0\b0 to
- the same value. If B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV0\b0 is unset, it loses its special
- properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
- B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCM\bMD\bDS\bS
- An associative array variable whose members correspond to the
- internal hash table of commands as maintained by the h\bha\bas\bsh\bh
- builtin. Adding elements to this array makes them appear in the
- hash table; however, unsetting array elements currently does not
- remove command names from the hash table. If B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCM\bMD\bDS\bS is un-
- set, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently
- reset.
- B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD
- Expands to the command currently being executed or about to be
- executed, unless the shell is executing a command as the result
- of a trap, in which case it is the command executing at the time
- of the trap. If B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD is unset, it loses its special
- properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
- B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN_\b_S\bST\bTR\bRI\bIN\bNG\bG
- The command argument to the -\b-c\bc invocation option.
- B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO
- An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source
- files where each corresponding member of F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE was invoked.
- $\b${\b{B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO[\b[_\b$_\bi]\b]}\b} is the line number in the source file
- ($\b${\b{B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSO\bOU\bUR\bRC\bCE\bE[\b[_\b$_\bi_\b+_\b1]\b]}\b}) where $\b${\b{F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE[\b[_\b$_\bi]\b]}\b} was called (or
- $\b${\b{B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO[\b[_\b$_\bi_\b-_\b1]\b]}\b} if referenced within another shell func-
- tion). Use L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO to obtain the current line number. Assign-
- ments to B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO have no effect, and it may not be unset.
- B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLO\bOA\bAD\bDA\bAB\bBL\bLE\bES\bS_\b_P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH
- A colon-separated list of directories in which the e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be com-
- mand looks for dynamically loadable builtins.
- B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_M\bMO\bON\bNO\bOS\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS
- Each time this variable is referenced, it expands to the value
- returned by the system's monotonic clock, if one is available.
- If there is no monotonic clock, this is equivalent to E\bEP\bPO\bOC\bCH\bHS\bSE\bEC\bC-\b-
- O\bON\bND\bDS\bS. If B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_M\bMO\bON\bNO\bOS\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS is unset, it loses its special prop-
- erties, even if it is subsequently reset.
- B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_R\bRE\bEM\bMA\bAT\bTC\bCH\bH
- An array variable whose members are assigned by the =\b=~\b~ binary
- operator to the [\b[[\b[ conditional command. The element with index
- 0 is the portion of the string matching the entire regular ex-
- pression. The element with index _\bn is the portion of the string
- matching the _\bnth parenthesized subexpression.
- B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSO\bOU\bUR\bRC\bCE\bE
- An array variable whose members are the source filenames where
- the corresponding shell function names in the F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE array
- variable are defined. The shell function $\b${\b{F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE[\b[_\b$_\bi]\b]}\b} is de-
- fined in the file $\b${\b{B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSO\bOU\bUR\bRC\bCE\bE[\b[_\b$_\bi]\b]}\b} and called from
- $\b${\b{B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSO\bOU\bUR\bRC\bCE\bE[\b[_\b$_\bi_\b+_\b1]\b]}\b}. Assignments to B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSO\bOU\bUR\bRC\bCE\bE have no ef-
- fect, and it may not be unset.
- B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSU\bUB\bBS\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL
- Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell environment
- when the shell begins executing in that environment. The ini-
- tial value is 0. If B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSU\bUB\bBS\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL is unset, it loses its spe-
- cial properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
- B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_T\bTR\bRA\bAP\bPS\bSI\bIG\bG
- Set to the signal number corresponding to the trap action being
- executed during its execution. See the description of t\btr\bra\bap\bp un-
- der S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below for information about signal
- numbers and trap execution.
- B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_V\bVE\bER\bRS\bSI\bIN\bNF\bFO\bO
- A readonly array variable whose members hold version information
- for this instance of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. The values assigned to the array
- members are as follows:
- B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_V\bVE\bER\bRS\bSI\bIN\bNF\bFO\bO[\b[0]\b] The major version number (the _\br_\be_\bl_\be_\ba_\bs_\be).
- B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_V\bVE\bER\bRS\bSI\bIN\bNF\bFO\bO[\b[1]\b] The minor version number (the _\bv_\be_\br_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn).
- B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_V\bVE\bER\bRS\bSI\bIN\bNF\bFO\bO[\b[2]\b] The patch level.
- B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_V\bVE\bER\bRS\bSI\bIN\bNF\bFO\bO[\b[3]\b] The build version.
- B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_V\bVE\bER\bRS\bSI\bIN\bNF\bFO\bO[\b[4]\b] The release status (e.g., _\bb_\be_\bt_\ba).
- B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_V\bVE\bER\bRS\bSI\bIN\bNF\bFO\bO[\b[5]\b] The value of M\bMA\bAC\bCH\bHT\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE.
- B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_V\bVE\bER\bRS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN
- Expands to a string describing the version of this instance of
- b\bba\bas\bsh\bh (e.g., 5.2.37(3)-release).
- C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_C\bCW\bWO\bOR\bRD\bD
- An index into $\b${\b{C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDS\bS}\b} of the word containing the current
- cursor position. This variable is available only in shell func-
- tions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see
- P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn below).
- C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_K\bKE\bEY\bY
- The key (or final key of a key sequence) used to invoke the cur-
- rent completion function. This variable is available only in
- shell functions and external commands invoked by the programma-
- ble completion facilities (see P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn below).
- C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
- The current command line. This variable is available only in
- shell functions and external commands invoked by the programma-
- ble completion facilities (see P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn below).
- C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_P\bPO\bOI\bIN\bNT\bT
- The index of the current cursor position relative to the begin-
- ning of the current command. If the current cursor position is
- at the end of the current command, the value of this variable is
- equal to $\b${\b{#\b#C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE}\b}. This variable is available only in
- shell functions and external commands invoked by the programma-
- ble completion facilities (see P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn below).
- C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_T\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE
- Set to an integer value corresponding to the type of attempted
- completion that caused a completion function to be called: _\bT_\bA_\bB,
- for normal completion, _\b?, for listing completions after succes-
- sive tabs, _\b!, for listing alternatives on partial word comple-
- tion, _\b@, to list completions if the word is not unmodified, or
- _\b%, for menu completion. This variable is available only in
- shell functions and external commands invoked by the programma-
- ble completion facilities (see P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn below).
- C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDB\bBR\bRE\bEA\bAK\bKS\bS
- The set of characters that the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be library treats as word
- separators when performing word completion. If C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDB\bBR\bRE\bEA\bAK\bKS\bS
- is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse-
- quently reset.
- C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDS\bS
- An array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs below) consisting of the individ-
- ual words in the current command line. The line is split into
- words as r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be would split it, using C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDB\bBR\bRE\bEA\bAK\bKS\bS as de-
- scribed above. This variable is available only in shell func-
- tions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see
- P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn below).
- C\bCO\bOP\bPR\bRO\bOC\bC An array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs below) created to hold the file
- descriptors for output from and input to an unnamed coprocess
- (see C\bCo\bop\bpr\bro\boc\bce\bes\bss\bse\bes\bs above).
- D\bDI\bIR\bRS\bST\bTA\bAC\bCK\bK
- An array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs below) containing the current con-
- tents of the directory stack. Directories appear in the stack
- in the order they are displayed by the d\bdi\bir\brs\bs builtin. Assigning
- to members of this array variable may be used to modify directo-
- ries already in the stack, but the p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd and p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd builtins must
- be used to add and remove directories. Assigning to this vari-
- able does not change the current directory. If D\bDI\bIR\bRS\bST\bTA\bAC\bCK\bK is un-
- set, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently
- reset.
- E\bEP\bPO\bOC\bCH\bHR\bRE\bEA\bAL\bLT\bTI\bIM\bME\bE
- Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number
- of seconds since the Unix Epoch (see _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3)) as a floating-
- point value with micro-second granularity. Assignments to
- E\bEP\bPO\bOC\bCH\bHR\bRE\bEA\bAL\bLT\bTI\bIM\bME\bE are ignored. If E\bEP\bPO\bOC\bCH\bHR\bRE\bEA\bAL\bLT\bTI\bIM\bME\bE is unset, it loses
- its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
- E\bEP\bPO\bOC\bCH\bHS\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS
- Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number
- of seconds since the Unix Epoch (see _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3)). Assignments to
- E\bEP\bPO\bOC\bCH\bHS\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS are ignored. If E\bEP\bPO\bOC\bCH\bHS\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS is unset, it loses
- its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
- E\bEU\bUI\bID\bD Expands to the effective user ID of the current user, initial-
- ized at shell startup. This variable is readonly.
- F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE
- An array variable containing the names of all shell functions
- currently in the execution call stack. The element with index 0
- is the name of any currently-executing shell function. The bot-
- tom-most element (the one with the highest index) is "main".
- This variable exists only when a shell function is executing.
- Assignments to F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE have no effect. If F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE is unset,
- it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently re-
- set.
-
- This variable can be used with B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO and B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSO\bOU\bUR\bRC\bCE\bE.
- Each element of F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE has corresponding elements in
- B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO and B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSO\bOU\bUR\bRC\bCE\bE to describe the call stack. For in-
- stance, $\b${\b{F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE[\b[_\b$_\bi]\b]}\b} was called from the file
- $\b${\b{B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSO\bOU\bUR\bRC\bCE\bE[\b[_\b$_\bi_\b+_\b1]\b]}\b} at line number $\b${\b{B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO[\b[_\b$_\bi]\b]}\b}. The
- c\bca\bal\bll\ble\ber\br builtin displays the current call stack using this infor-
- mation.
- G\bGR\bRO\bOU\bUP\bPS\bS An array variable containing the list of groups of which the
- current user is a member. Assignments to G\bGR\bRO\bOU\bUP\bPS\bS have no effect.
- If G\bGR\bRO\bOU\bUP\bPS\bS is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it
- is subsequently reset.
- H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCM\bMD\bD
- The history number, or index in the history list, of the current
- command. Assignments to H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCM\bMD\bD have no effect. If H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCM\bMD\bD is
- unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse-
- quently reset.
- H\bHO\bOS\bST\bTN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE
- Automatically set to the name of the current host.
- H\bHO\bOS\bST\bTT\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE
- Automatically set to a string that uniquely describes the type
- of machine on which b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is executing. The default is system-
- dependent.
- L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO Each time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes a
- decimal number representing the current sequential line number
- (starting with 1) within a script or function. When not in a
- script or function, the value substituted is not guaranteed to
- be meaningful. If L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO is unset, it loses its special proper-
- ties, even if it is subsequently reset.
- M\bMA\bAC\bCH\bHT\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE
- Automatically set to a string that fully describes the system
- type on which b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is executing, in the standard GNU _\bc_\bp_\bu_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\b-
- _\bp_\ba_\bn_\by_\b-_\bs_\by_\bs_\bt_\be_\bm format. The default is system-dependent.
- M\bMA\bAP\bPF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE
- An array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs below) created to hold the text
- read by the m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be builtin when no variable name is supplied.
- O\bOL\bLD\bDP\bPW\bWD\bD The previous working directory as set by the c\bcd\bd command.
- O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG The value of the last option argument processed by the g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs
- builtin command (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
- O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD The index of the next argument to be processed by the g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs
- builtin command (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
- O\bOS\bST\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE Automatically set to a string that describes the operating sys-
- tem on which b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is executing. The default is system-depen-
- dent.
- P\bPI\bIP\bPE\bES\bST\bTA\bAT\bTU\bUS\bS
- An array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs below) containing a list of exit
- status values from the commands in the most-recently-executed
- foreground pipeline, which may consist of only a simple command
- (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR above). B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh sets P\bPI\bIP\bPE\bES\bST\bTA\bAT\bTU\bUS\bS after executing
- multi-element pipelines, timed and negated pipelines, simple
- commands, subshells created with the ( operator, the [\b[[\b[ and (\b((\b(
- compound commands, and after error conditions that result in the
- shell aborting command execution.
- P\bPP\bPI\bID\bD The process ID of the shell's parent. This variable is read-
- only.
- P\bPW\bWD\bD The current working directory as set by the c\bcd\bd command.
- R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to a random
- integer between 0 and 32767. Assigning a value to R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM ini-
- tializes (seeds) the sequence of random numbers. Seeding the
- random number generator with the same constant value produces
- the same sequence of values. If R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM is unset, it loses its
- special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
- R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGU\bUM\bME\bEN\bNT\bT
- Any numeric argument given to a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be command that was de-
- fined using "bind -x" (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below) when it
- was invoked.
- R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
- The contents of the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be line buffer, for use with "bind -x"
- (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
- R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_M\bMA\bAR\bRK\bK
- The position of the mark (saved insertion point) in the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
- line buffer, for use with "bind -x" (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS
- below). The characters between the insertion point and the mark
- are often called the _\br_\be_\bg_\bi_\bo_\bn.
- R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_P\bPO\bOI\bIN\bNT\bT
- The position of the insertion point in the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be line buffer,
- for use with "bind -x" (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
- R\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY Set to the line of input read by the r\bre\bea\bad\bd builtin command when
- no arguments are supplied.
- S\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS
- Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number
- of seconds since shell invocation. If a value is assigned to
- S\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS, the value returned upon subsequent references is the
- number of seconds since the assignment plus the value assigned.
- The number of seconds at shell invocation and the current time
- are always determined by querying the system clock at one-second
- resolution. If S\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS is unset, it loses its special proper-
- ties, even if it is subsequently reset.
- S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS
- A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in
- the list is a valid argument for the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt
- builtin command (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below). The options
- appearing in S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS are those reported as _\bo_\bn by s\bse\bet\bt -\b-o\bo. If
- this variable is in the environment when b\bba\bas\bsh\bh starts up, the
- shell enables each option in the list before reading any startup
- files. If this variable is exported, child shells will enable
- each option in the list. This variable is read-only.
- S\bSH\bHL\bLV\bVL\bL Incremented by one each time an instance of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is started.
- S\bSR\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM
- Each time it is referenced, this variable expands to a 32-bit
- pseudo-random number. The random number generator is not linear
- on systems that support _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bu_\br_\ba_\bn_\bd_\bo_\bm or _\ba_\br_\bc_\b4_\br_\ba_\bn_\bd_\bo_\bm(3), so each
- returned number has no relationship to the numbers preceding it.
- The random number generator cannot be seeded, so assignments to
- this variable have no effect. If S\bSR\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM is unset, it loses its
- special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
- U\bUI\bID\bD Expands to the user ID of the current user, initialized at shell
- startup. This variable is readonly.
-
- The shell uses the following variables. In some cases, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh assigns a
- default value to a variable; these cases are noted below.
-
- B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT
- The value is used to set the shell's compatibility level. See
- S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bTI\bIB\bBI\bIL\bLI\bIT\bTY\bY M\bMO\bOD\bDE\bE below for a description of the various
- compatibility levels and their effects. The value may be a dec-
- imal number (e.g., 4.2) or an integer (e.g., 42) corresponding
- to the desired compatibility level. If B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT is unset or
- set to the empty string, the compatibility level is set to the
- default for the current version. If B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT is set to a
- value that is not one of the valid compatibility levels, the
- shell prints an error message and sets the compatibility level
- to the default for the current version. A subset of the valid
- values correspond to the compatibility levels described below
- under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bTI\bIB\bBI\bIL\bLI\bIT\bTY\bY M\bMO\bOD\bDE\bE. For example, 4.2 and 42 are
- valid values that correspond to the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b42\b2 s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt option and
- set the compatibility level to 42. The current version is also
- a valid value.
- B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEN\bNV\bV
- If this parameter is set when b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is executing a shell script,
- its expanded value is interpreted as a filename containing com-
- mands to initialize the shell before it reads and executes com-
- mands from the script. The value of B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEN\bNV\bV is subjected to
- parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expan-
- sion before being interpreted as a filename. P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is not used
- to search for the resultant filename.
- B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_X\bXT\bTR\bRA\bAC\bCE\bEF\bFD\bD
- If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor,
- b\bba\bas\bsh\bh writes the trace output generated when "set -x" is enabled
- to that file descriptor, instead of the standard error. The
- file descriptor is closed when B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_X\bXT\bTR\bRA\bAC\bCE\bEF\bFD\bD is unset or as-
- signed a new value. Unsetting B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_X\bXT\bTR\bRA\bAC\bCE\bEF\bFD\bD or assigning it the
- empty string causes the trace output to be sent to the standard
- error. Note that setting B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_X\bXT\bTR\bRA\bAC\bCE\bEF\bFD\bD to 2 (the standard error
- file descriptor) and then unsetting it will result in the stan-
- dard error being closed.
- C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH The search path for the c\bcd\bd command. This is a colon-separated
- list of directories where the shell looks for directories speci-
- fied as arguments to the c\bcd\bd command. A sample value is
- ".:~:/usr".
- C\bCH\bHI\bIL\bLD\bD_\b_M\bMA\bAX\bX
- Set the number of exited child status values for the shell to
- remember. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh will not allow this value to be decreased below
- a POSIX-mandated minimum, and there is a maximum value (cur-
- rently 8192) that this may not exceed. The minimum value is
- system-dependent.
- C\bCO\bOL\bLU\bUM\bMN\bNS\bS
- Used by the s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt compound command to determine the terminal
- width when printing selection lists. Automatically set if the
- c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkw\bwi\bin\bns\bsi\biz\bze\be option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon
- receipt of a S\bSI\bIG\bGW\bWI\bIN\bNC\bCH\bH.
- C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPR\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY
- An array variable from which b\bba\bas\bsh\bh reads the possible completions
- generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable com-
- pletion facility (see P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn below). Each ar-
- ray element contains one possible completion.
- E\bEM\bMA\bAC\bCS\bS If b\bba\bas\bsh\bh finds this variable in the environment when the shell
- starts with value "t", it assumes that the shell is running in
- an Emacs shell buffer and disables line editing.
- E\bEN\bNV\bV Expanded and executed similarly to B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEN\bNV\bV (see I\bIN\bNV\bVO\bOC\bCA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
- above) when an interactive shell is invoked in posix mode.
- E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE
- A colon-separated list of shell patterns (see P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg)
- defining the set of filenames to be ignored by command search
- using P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH. Files whose full pathnames match one of these pat-
- terns are not considered executable files for the purposes of
- completion and command execution via P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH lookup. This does not
- affect the behavior of the [\b[, t\bte\bes\bst\bt, and [\b[[\b[ commands. Full path-
- names in the command hash table are not subject to E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE.
- Use this variable to ignore shared library files that have the
- executable bit set, but are not executable files. The pattern
- matching honors the setting of the e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell option.
- F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT The default editor for the f\bfc\bc builtin command.
- F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE
- A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing
- filename completion (see R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE below). A filename whose suf-
- fix matches one of the entries in F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is excluded from the
- list of matched filenames. A sample value is ".o:~". Since
- tilde expansion takes place after ":" in assignment statements,
- make sure to quote assignments appropriately to avoid it as ap-
- propriate.
- F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNE\bES\bST\bT
- If set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a maximum
- function nesting level. Function invocations that exceed this
- nesting level cause the current command to abort.
- G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE
- A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of file
- names to be ignored by pathname expansion. If a file name
- matched by a pathname expansion pattern also matches one of the
- patterns in G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE, it is removed from the list of matches.
- The pattern matching honors the setting of the e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell op-
- tion.
- G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBS\bSO\bOR\bRT\bT
- Controls how the results of pathname expansion are sorted. The
- value of this variable specifies the sort criteria and sort or-
- der for the results of pathname expansion. If this variable is
- unset or set to the null string, pathname expansion uses the
- historical behavior of sorting by name, in ascending lexico-
- graphic order as determined by the L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCO\bOL\bLL\bLA\bAT\bTE\bE shell variable.
-
- If set, a valid value begins with an optional _\b+, which is ig-
- nored, or _\b-, which reverses the sort order from ascending to de-
- scending, followed by a sort specifier. The valid sort speci-
- fiers are _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, _\bn_\bu_\bm_\be_\br_\bi_\bc, _\bs_\bi_\bz_\be, _\bm_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be, _\ba_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be, _\bc_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be, and _\bb_\bl_\bo_\bc_\bk_\bs,
- which sort the files on name, names in numeric rather than lexi-
- cographic order, file size, modification time, access time, in-
- ode change time, and number of blocks, respectively. If any of
- the non-name keys compare as equal (e.g., if two files are the
- same size), sorting uses the name as a secondary sort key.
-
- For example, a value of _\b-_\bm_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be sorts the results in descending
- order by modification time (newest first).
-
- The _\bn_\bu_\bm_\be_\br_\bi_\bc specifier treats names consisting solely of digits
- as numbers and sorts them using their numeric value (so "2"
- sorts before "10", for example). When using _\bn_\bu_\bm_\be_\br_\bi_\bc, names con-
- taining non-digits sort after all the all-digit names and are
- sorted by name using the traditional behavior.
-
- A sort specifier of _\bn_\bo_\bs_\bo_\br_\bt disables sorting completely; b\bba\bas\bsh\bh re-
- turns the results in the order they are read from the file sys-
- tem, ignoring any leading _\b-.
-
- If the sort specifier is missing, it defaults to _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, so a
- value of _\b+ is equivalent to the null string, and a value of _\b-
- sorts by name in descending order. Any invalid value restores
- the historical sorting behavior.
- H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL
- A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are
- saved on the history list. If the list of values includes
- _\bi_\bg_\bn_\bo_\br_\be_\bs_\bp_\ba_\bc_\be, lines which begin with a s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be character are not
- saved in the history list. A value of _\bi_\bg_\bn_\bo_\br_\be_\bd_\bu_\bp_\bs causes lines
- matching the previous history entry not to be saved. A value of
- _\bi_\bg_\bn_\bo_\br_\be_\bb_\bo_\bt_\bh is shorthand for _\bi_\bg_\bn_\bo_\br_\be_\bs_\bp_\ba_\bc_\be and _\bi_\bg_\bn_\bo_\br_\be_\bd_\bu_\bp_\bs. A value
- of _\be_\br_\ba_\bs_\be_\bd_\bu_\bp_\bs causes all previous lines matching the current line
- to be removed from the history list before that line is saved.
- Any value not in the above list is ignored. If H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL is
- unset, or does not include a valid value, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh saves all lines
- read by the shell parser on the history list, subject to the
- value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE. If the first line of a multi-line compound
- command was saved, the second and subsequent lines are not
- tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of
- H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL. If the first line was not saved, the second and
- subsequent lines of the command are not saved either.
- H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE
- The name of the file in which command history is saved (see H\bHI\bIS\bS-\b-
- T\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY below). B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh assigns a default value of _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b__\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by.
- If H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is unset or null, the shell does not save the com-
- mand history when it exits.
- H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bES\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE
- The maximum number of lines contained in the history file. When
- this variable is assigned a value, the history file is trun-
- cated, if necessary, to contain no more than the number of his-
- tory entries that total no more than that number of lines by re-
- moving the oldest entries. If the history list contains multi-
- line entries, the history file may contain more lines than this
- maximum to avoid leaving partial history entries. The history
- file is also truncated to this size after writing it when a
- shell exits or by the h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by builtin. If the value is 0, the
- history file is truncated to zero size. Non-numeric values and
- numeric values less than zero inhibit truncation. The shell
- sets the default value to the value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTS\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE after reading
- any startup files.
- H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE
- A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command
- lines should be saved on the history list. If a command line
- matches one of the patterns in the value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE, it is
- not saved on the history list. Each pattern is anchored at the
- beginning of the line and must match the complete line (b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
- does not implicitly append a "*\b*"). Each pattern is tested
- against the line after the checks specified by H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL are
- applied. In addition to the normal shell pattern matching char-
- acters, "&\b&" matches the previous history line. A backslash es-
- capes the "&\b&"; the backslash is removed before attempting a
- match. If the first line of a multi-line compound command was
- saved, the second and subsequent lines are not tested, and are
- added to the history regardless of the value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE. If
- the first line was not saved, the second and subsequent lines of
- the command are not saved either. The pattern matching honors
- the setting of the e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell option.
- H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE subsumes some of the function of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL. A pat-
- tern of "&" is identical to "ignoredups", and a pattern of "[
- ]*" is identical to "ignorespace". Combining these two pat-
- terns, separating them with a colon, provides the functionality
- of "ignoreboth".
- H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTS\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE
- The number of commands to remember in the command history (see
- H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY below). If the value is 0, commands are not saved in
- the history list. Numeric values less than zero result in every
- command being saved on the history list (there is no limit).
- The shell sets the default value to 500 after reading any
- startup files.
- H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT
- If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a
- format string for _\bs_\bt_\br_\bf_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3) to print the time stamp associated
- with each history entry displayed by the h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by builtin. If
- this variable is set, the shell writes time stamps to the his-
- tory file so they may be preserved across shell sessions. This
- uses the history comment character to distinguish timestamps
- from other history lines.
- H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE The home directory of the current user; the default argument for
- the c\bcd\bd builtin command. The value of this variable is also used
- when performing tilde expansion.
- H\bHO\bOS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE
- Contains the name of a file in the same format as _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bh_\bo_\bs_\bt_\bs
- that should be read when the shell needs to complete a hostname.
- The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while
- the shell is running; the next time hostname completion is at-
- tempted after the value is changed, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh adds the contents of
- the new file to the existing list. If H\bHO\bOS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is set, but has
- no value, or does not name a readable file, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to
- read _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bh_\bo_\bs_\bt_\bs to obtain the list of possible hostname comple-
- tions. When H\bHO\bOS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is unset, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh clears the hostname list.
- I\bIF\bFS\bS The _\bI_\bn_\bt_\be_\br_\bn_\ba_\bl _\bF_\bi_\be_\bl_\bd _\bS_\be_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bt_\bo_\br that is used for word splitting af-
- ter expansion and to split lines into words with the r\bre\bea\bad\bd
- builtin command. Word splitting is described below under E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bN-\b-
- S\bSI\bIO\bON\bN. The default value is "<space><tab><newline>".
- I\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bEE\bEO\bOF\bF
- Controls the action of an interactive shell on receipt of an E\bEO\bOF\bF
- character as the sole input. If set, the value is the number of
- consecutive E\bEO\bOF\bF characters which must be typed as the first
- characters on an input line before b\bba\bas\bsh\bh exits. If the variable
- is set but does not have a numeric value, or the value is null,
- the default value is 10. If it is unset, E\bEO\bOF\bF signifies the end
- of input to the shell.
- I\bIN\bNP\bPU\bUT\bTR\bRC\bC
- The filename for the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be startup file, overriding the de-
- fault of _\b~_\b/_\b._\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc (see R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE below).
- I\bIN\bNS\bSI\bID\bDE\bE_\b_E\bEM\bMA\bAC\bCS\bS
- If this variable appears in the environment when the shell
- starts, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh assumes that it is running inside an Emacs shell
- buffer and may disable line editing, depending on the value of
- T\bTE\bER\bRM\bM.
- L\bLA\bAN\bNG\bG Used to determine the locale category for any category not
- specifically selected with a variable starting with L\bLC\bC_\b_.
- L\bLC\bC_\b_A\bAL\bLL\bL This variable overrides the value of L\bLA\bAN\bNG\bG and any other L\bLC\bC_\b_
- variable specifying a locale category.
- L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCO\bOL\bLL\bLA\bAT\bTE\bE
- This variable determines the collation order used when sorting
- the results of pathname expansion, and determines the behavior
- of range expressions, equivalence classes, and collating se-
- quences within pathname expansion and pattern matching.
- L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCT\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE
- This variable determines the interpretation of characters and
- the behavior of character classes within pathname expansion and
- pattern matching.
- L\bLC\bC_\b_M\bME\bES\bSS\bSA\bAG\bGE\bES\bS
- This variable determines the locale used to translate double-
- quoted strings preceded by a $\b$.
- L\bLC\bC_\b_N\bNU\bUM\bME\bER\bRI\bIC\bC
- This variable determines the locale category used for number
- formatting.
- L\bLC\bC_\b_T\bTI\bIM\bME\bE
- This variable determines the locale category used for data and
- time formatting.
- L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bES\bS Used by the s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt compound command to determine the column
- length for printing selection lists. Automatically set if the
- c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkw\bwi\bin\bns\bsi\biz\bze\be option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon
- receipt of a S\bSI\bIG\bGW\bWI\bIN\bNC\bCH\bH.
- M\bMA\bAI\bIL\bL If the value is set to a file or directory name and the M\bMA\bAI\bIL\bLP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH
- variable is not set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh informs the user of the arrival of
- mail in the specified file or Maildir-format directory.
- M\bMA\bAI\bIL\bLC\bCH\bHE\bEC\bCK\bK
- Specifies how often (in seconds) b\bba\bas\bsh\bh checks for mail. The de-
- fault is 60 seconds. When it is time to check for mail, the
- shell does so before displaying the primary prompt. If this
- variable is unset, or set to a value that is not a number
- greater than or equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking.
- M\bMA\bAI\bIL\bLP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH
- A colon-separated list of filenames to be checked for mail. The
- message to be printed when mail arrives in a particular file may
- be specified by separating the filename from the message with a
- "?". When used in the text of the message, $\b$_\b_ expands to the
- name of the current mailfile. For example:
- M\bMA\bAI\bIL\bLP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH='/var/mail/bfox?"You have mail":~/shell-mail?"$_ has mail!"'
- B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh can be configured to supply a default value for this vari-
- able (there is no value by default), but the location of the
- user mail files that it uses is system dependent (e.g.,
- /var/mail/$\b$U\bUS\bSE\bER\bR).
- O\bOP\bPT\bTE\bER\bRR\bR If set to the value 1, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh displays error messages generated by
- the g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs builtin command (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
- O\bOP\bPT\bTE\bER\bRR\bR is initialized to 1 each time the shell is invoked or a
- shell script is executed.
- P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH The search path for commands. It is a colon-separated list of
- directories in which the shell looks for commands (see C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD
- E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN below). A zero-length (null) directory name in the
- value of P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH indicates the current directory. A null directory
- name may appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial or
- trailing colon. The default path is system-dependent, and is
- set by the administrator who installs b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. A common value is
- /usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin
- P\bPO\bOS\bSI\bIX\bXL\bLY\bY_\b_C\bCO\bOR\bRR\bRE\bEC\bCT\bT
- If this variable is in the environment when b\bba\bas\bsh\bh starts, the
- shell enters posix mode before reading the startup files, as if
- the -\b--\b-p\bpo\bos\bsi\bix\bx invocation option had been supplied. If it is set
- while the shell is running, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh enables posix mode, as if the
- command "set -o posix" had been executed. When the shell enters
- posix mode, it sets this variable if it was not already set.
- P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bT_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD
- If this variable is set, and is an array, the value of each set
- element is executed as a command prior to issuing each primary
- prompt. If this is set but not an array variable, its value is
- used as a command to execute instead.
- P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bT_\b_D\bDI\bIR\bRT\bTR\bRI\bIM\bM
- If set to a number greater than zero, the value is used as the
- number of trailing directory components to retain when expanding
- the \\b\w\bw and \\b\W\bW prompt string escapes (see P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG below).
- Characters removed are replaced with an ellipsis.
- P\bPS\bS0\b0 The value of this parameter is expanded (see P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG below)
- and displayed by interactive shells after reading a command and
- before the command is executed.
- P\bPS\bS1\b1 The value of this parameter is expanded (see P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG below)
- and used as the primary prompt string. The default value is
- "\s-\v\$ ".
- P\bPS\bS2\b2 The value of this parameter is expanded as with P\bPS\bS1\b1 and used as
- the secondary prompt string. The default is "> ".
- P\bPS\bS3\b3 The value of this parameter is used as the prompt for the s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt
- command (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR above).
- P\bPS\bS4\b4 The value of this parameter is expanded as with P\bPS\bS1\b1 and the
- value is printed before each command b\bba\bas\bsh\bh displays during an ex-
- ecution trace. The first character of the expanded value of P\bPS\bS4\b4
- is replicated multiple times, as necessary, to indicate multiple
- levels of indirection. The default is "+ ".
- S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL This variable expands to the full pathname to the shell. If it
- is not set when the shell starts, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh assigns to it the full
- pathname of the current user's login shell.
- T\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT
- The value of this parameter is used as a format string specify-
- ing how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the
- t\bti\bim\bme\be reserved word should be displayed. The %\b% character intro-
- duces an escape sequence that is expanded to a time value or
- other information. The escape sequences and their meanings are
- as follows; the brackets denote optional portions.
- %\b%%\b% A literal %\b%.
- %\b%[\b[_\bp]\b][\b[l\bl]\b]R\bR The elapsed time in seconds.
- %\b%[\b[_\bp]\b][\b[l\bl]\b]U\bU The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode.
- %\b%[\b[_\bp]\b][\b[l\bl]\b]S\bS The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.
- %\b%P\bP The CPU percentage, computed as (%U + %S) / %R.
-
- The optional _\bp is a digit specifying the _\bp_\br_\be_\bc_\bi_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn, the number
- of fractional digits after a decimal point. A value of 0 causes
- no decimal point or fraction to be output. t\bti\bim\bme\be prints at most
- six digits after the decimal point; values of _\bp greater than 6
- are changed to 6. If _\bp is not specified, t\bti\bim\bme\be prints three dig-
- its after the decimal point.
-
- The optional l\bl specifies a longer format, including minutes, of
- the form _\bM_\bMm_\bS_\bS._\bF_\bFs. The value of _\bp determines whether or not
- the fraction is included.
-
- If this variable is not set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh acts as if it had the value
- $\b$'\b'\\b\n\bnr\bre\bea\bal\bl\\b\t\bt%\b%3\b3l\blR\bR\\b\n\bnu\bus\bse\ber\br\\b\t\bt%\b%3\b3l\blU\bU\\b\n\bns\bsy\bys\bs\\b\t\bt%\b%3\b3l\blS\bS'\b'. If the value is null,
- b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not display any timing information. A trailing new-
- line is added when the format string is displayed.
- T\bTM\bMO\bOU\bUT\bT If set to a value greater than zero, the r\bre\bea\bad\bd builtin uses the
- value as its default timeout. The s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt command terminates if
- input does not arrive after T\bTM\bMO\bOU\bUT\bT seconds when input is coming
- from a terminal. In an interactive shell, the value is inter-
- preted as the number of seconds to wait for a line of input af-
- ter issuing the primary prompt. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh terminates after waiting
- for that number of seconds if a complete line of input does not
- arrive.
- T\bTM\bMP\bPD\bDI\bIR\bR If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh uses its value as the name of a directory in which
- b\bba\bas\bsh\bh creates temporary files for the shell's use.
- a\bau\but\bto\bo_\b_r\bre\bes\bsu\bum\bme\be
- This variable controls how the shell interacts with the user and
- job control. If this variable is set, simple commands consist-
- ing of only a single word, without redirections, are treated as
- candidates for resumption of an existing stopped job. There is
- no ambiguity allowed; if there is more than one job beginning
- with or containing the word, this selects the most recently ac-
- cessed job. The _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be of a stopped job, in this context, is the
- command line used to start it, as displayed by j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs. If set to
- the value _\be_\bx_\ba_\bc_\bt, the word must match the name of a stopped job
- exactly; if set to _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg, the word needs to match a sub-
- string of the name of a stopped job. The _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg value pro-
- vides functionality analogous to the %\b%?\b? job identifier (see J\bJO\bOB\bB
- C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL below). If set to any other value (e.g., _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx), the
- word must be a prefix of a stopped job's name; this provides
- functionality analogous to the %\b%_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg job identifier.
- h\bhi\bis\bst\btc\bch\bha\bar\brs\bs
- The two or three characters which control history expansion,
- quick substitution, and tokenization (see H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN be-
- low). The first character is the _\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn character,
- the character which begins a history expansion, normally "!\b!".
- The second character is the _\bq_\bu_\bi_\bc_\bk _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\bi_\bt_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn character, nor-
- mally "^\b^". When it appears as the first character on the line,
- history substitution repeats the previous command, replacing one
- string with another. The optional third character is the _\bh_\bi_\bs_\b-
- _\bt_\bo_\br_\by _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt character, normally "#\b#", which indicates that the
- remainder of the line is a comment when it appears as the first
- character of a word. The history comment character disables
- history substitution for the remaining words on the line. It
- does not necessarily cause the shell parser to treat the rest of
- the line as a comment.
+ The shell sets following variables:
+
+ _\b_ ($\b$_\b_, an underscore) This has a number of meanings depending on con-
+ text. At shell startup, _\b_ is set to the pathname used to invoke the
+ shell or shell script being executed as passed in the environment or
+ argument list. Subsequently, it expands to the last argument to the
+ previous simple command executed in the foreground, after expansion.
+ It is also set to the full pathname used to invoke each command exe-
+ cuted and placed in the environment exported to that command. When
+ checking mail, $\b$_\b_ expands to the name of the mail file currently be-
+ ing checked.
+ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH Expands to the full filename used to invoke this instance of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh.
+ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bHO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS
+ A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in the
+ list is a valid argument for the -\b-s\bs option to the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin com-
+ mand (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below). The options appearing in
+ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bHO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS are those reported as _\bo_\bn by s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt. If this variable is in
+ the environment when b\bba\bas\bsh\bh starts up, the shell enables each option
+ in the list before reading any startup files. If this variable is
+ exported, child shells will enable each option in the list. This
+ variable is read-only.
+ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bHP\bPI\bID\bD
+ Expands to the process ID of the current b\bba\bas\bsh\bh process. This differs
+ from $\b$$\b$ under certain circumstances, such as subshells that do not
+ require b\bba\bas\bsh\bh to be re-initialized. Assignments to B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bHP\bPI\bID\bD have no
+ effect. If B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bHP\bPI\bID\bD is unset, it loses its special properties, even
+ if it is subsequently reset.
+ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAL\bLI\bIA\bAS\bSE\bES\bS
+ An associative array variable whose members correspond to the inter-
+ nal list of aliases as maintained by the a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs builtin. Elements
+ added to this array appear in the alias list; however, unsetting ar-
+ ray elements currently does not remove aliases from the alias list.
+ If B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAL\bLI\bIA\bAS\bSE\bES\bS is unset, it loses its special properties, even if
+ it is subsequently reset.
+ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGC\bC
+ An array variable whose values are the number of parameters in each
+ frame of the current b\bba\bas\bsh\bh execution call stack. The number of para-
+ meters to the current subroutine (shell function or script executed
+ with .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be) is at the top of the stack. When a subroutine is
+ executed, the number of parameters passed is pushed onto B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGC\bC.
+ The shell sets B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGC\bC only when in extended debugging mode (see
+ the description of the e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg option to the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin below).
+ Setting e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg after the shell has started to execute a script, or
+ referencing this variable when e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg is not set, may result in
+ inconsistent values. Assignments to B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGC\bC have no effect, and
+ it may not be unset.
+ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV
+ An array variable containing all of the parameters in the current
+ b\bba\bas\bsh\bh execution call stack. The final parameter of the last subrou-
+ tine call is at the top of the stack; the first parameter of the
+ initial call is at the bottom. When a subroutine is executed, the
+ shell pushes the supplied parameters onto B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV. The shell sets
+ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV only when in extended debugging mode (see the description
+ of the e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg option to the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin below). Setting e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\be-\b-
+ b\bbu\bug\bg after the shell has started to execute a script, or referencing
+ this variable when e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg is not set, may result in inconsistent
+ values. Assignments to B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV have no effect, and it may not be
+ unset.
+ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV0\b0
+ When referenced, this variable expands to the name of the shell or
+ shell script (identical to $\b$0\b0; see the description of special para-
+ meter 0 above). Assigning a value to B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV0\b0 sets $\b$0\b0 to the same
+ value. If B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV0\b0 is unset, it loses its special properties,
+ even if it is subsequently reset.
+ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCM\bMD\bDS\bS
+ An associative array variable whose members correspond to the inter-
+ nal hash table of commands as maintained by the h\bha\bas\bsh\bh builtin.
+ Adding elements to this array makes them appear in the hash table;
+ however, unsetting array elements currently does not remove command
+ names from the hash table. If B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCM\bMD\bDS\bS is unset, it loses its spe-
+ cial properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
+ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD
+ Expands to the command currently being executed or about to be exe-
+ cuted, unless the shell is executing a command as the result of a
+ trap, in which case it is the command executing at the time of the
+ trap. If B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD is unset, it loses its special properties,
+ even if it is subsequently reset.
+ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN_\b_S\bST\bTR\bRI\bIN\bNG\bG
+ The command argument to the -\b-c\bc invocation option.
+ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO
+ An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source files
+ where each corresponding member of F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE was invoked.
+ $\b${\b{B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO[\b[_\b$_\bi]\b]}\b} is the line number in the source file
+ ($\b${\b{B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSO\bOU\bUR\bRC\bCE\bE[\b[_\b$_\bi_\b+_\b1]\b]}\b}) where $\b${\b{F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE[\b[_\b$_\bi]\b]}\b} was called (or
+ $\b${\b{B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO[\b[_\b$_\bi_\b-_\b1]\b]}\b} if referenced within another shell function).
+ Use L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO to obtain the current line number. Assignments to
+ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO have no effect, and it may not be unset.
+ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLO\bOA\bAD\bDA\bAB\bBL\bLE\bES\bS_\b_P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH
+ A colon-separated list of directories in which the e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be command
+ looks for dynamically loadable builtins.
+ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_M\bMO\bON\bNO\bOS\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS
+ Each time this variable is referenced, it expands to the value re-
+ turned by the system's monotonic clock, if one is available. If
+ there is no monotonic clock, this is equivalent to E\bEP\bPO\bOC\bCH\bHS\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS. If
+ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_M\bMO\bON\bNO\bOS\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS is unset, it loses its special properties, even if
+ it is subsequently reset.
+ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_R\bRE\bEM\bMA\bAT\bTC\bCH\bH
+ An array variable whose members are assigned by the =\b=~\b~ binary opera-
+ tor to the [\b[[\b[ conditional command. The element with index 0 is the
+ portion of the string matching the entire regular expression. The
+ element with index _\bn is the portion of the string matching the _\bnth
+ parenthesized subexpression.
+ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSO\bOU\bUR\bRC\bCE\bE
+ An array variable whose members are the source filenames where the
+ corresponding shell function names in the F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE array variable
+ are defined. The shell function $\b${\b{F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE[\b[_\b$_\bi]\b]}\b} is defined in the
+ file $\b${\b{B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSO\bOU\bUR\bRC\bCE\bE[\b[_\b$_\bi]\b]}\b} and called from $\b${\b{B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSO\bOU\bUR\bRC\bCE\bE[\b[_\b$_\bi_\b+_\b1]\b]}\b}. As-
+ signments to B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSO\bOU\bUR\bRC\bCE\bE have no effect, and it may not be unset.
+ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSU\bUB\bBS\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL
+ Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell environment when
+ the shell begins executing in that environment. The initial value
+ is 0. If B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSU\bUB\bBS\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL is unset, it loses its special properties,
+ even if it is subsequently reset.
+ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_T\bTR\bRA\bAP\bPS\bSI\bIG\bG
+ Set to the signal number corresponding to the trap action being exe-
+ cuted during its execution. See the description of t\btr\bra\bap\bp under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL
+ B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below for information about signal numbers and trap
+ execution.
+ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_V\bVE\bER\bRS\bSI\bIN\bNF\bFO\bO
+ A readonly array variable whose members hold version information for
+ this instance of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. The values assigned to the array members are
+ as follows:
+ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_V\bVE\bER\bRS\bSI\bIN\bNF\bFO\bO[\b[0]\b] The major version number (the _\br_\be_\bl_\be_\ba_\bs_\be).
+ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_V\bVE\bER\bRS\bSI\bIN\bNF\bFO\bO[\b[1]\b] The minor version number (the _\bv_\be_\br_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn).
+ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_V\bVE\bER\bRS\bSI\bIN\bNF\bFO\bO[\b[2]\b] The patch level.
+ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_V\bVE\bER\bRS\bSI\bIN\bNF\bFO\bO[\b[3]\b] The build version.
+ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_V\bVE\bER\bRS\bSI\bIN\bNF\bFO\bO[\b[4]\b] The release status (e.g., _\bb_\be_\bt_\ba).
+ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_V\bVE\bER\bRS\bSI\bIN\bNF\bFO\bO[\b[5]\b] The value of M\bMA\bAC\bCH\bHT\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE.
+ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_V\bVE\bER\bRS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN
+ Expands to a string describing the version of this instance of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
+ (e.g., 5.2.37(3)-release).
+ C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_C\bCW\bWO\bOR\bRD\bD
+ An index into $\b${\b{C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDS\bS}\b} of the word containing the current cur-
+ sor position. This variable is available only in shell functions
+ invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be
+ C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn below).
+ C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_K\bKE\bEY\bY
+ The key (or final key of a key sequence) used to invoke the current
+ completion function. This variable is available only in shell func-
+ tions and external commands invoked by the programmable completion
+ facilities (see P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn below).
+ C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
+ The current command line. This variable is available only in shell
+ functions and external commands invoked by the programmable comple-
+ tion facilities (see P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn below).
+ C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_P\bPO\bOI\bIN\bNT\bT
+ The index of the current cursor position relative to the beginning
+ of the current command. If the current cursor position is at the
+ end of the current command, the value of this variable is equal to
+ $\b${\b{#\b#C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE}\b}. This variable is available only in shell functions
+ and external commands invoked by the programmable completion facili-
+ ties (see P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn below).
+ C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_T\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE
+ Set to an integer value corresponding to the type of attempted com-
+ pletion that caused a completion function to be called: _\bT_\bA_\bB, for
+ normal completion, _\b?, for listing completions after successive tabs,
+ _\b!, for listing alternatives on partial word completion, _\b@, to list
+ completions if the word is not unmodified, or _\b%, for menu comple-
+ tion. This variable is available only in shell functions and exter-
+ nal commands invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see
+ P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn below).
+ C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDB\bBR\bRE\bEA\bAK\bKS\bS
+ The set of characters that the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be library treats as word sepa-
+ rators when performing word completion. If C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDB\bBR\bRE\bEA\bAK\bKS\bS is un-
+ set, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently re-
+ set.
+ C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDS\bS
+ An array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs below) consisting of the individual
+ words in the current command line. The line is split into words as
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be would split it, using C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDB\bBR\bRE\bEA\bAK\bKS\bS as described above.
+ This variable is available only in shell functions invoked by the
+ programmable completion facilities (see P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn be-
+ low).
+ C\bCO\bOP\bPR\bRO\bOC\bC
+ An array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs below) created to hold the file de-
+ scriptors for output from and input to an unnamed coprocess (see C\bCo\bo-\b-
+ p\bpr\bro\boc\bce\bes\bss\bse\bes\bs above).
+ D\bDI\bIR\bRS\bST\bTA\bAC\bCK\bK
+ An array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs below) containing the current contents
+ of the directory stack. Directories appear in the stack in the or-
+ der they are displayed by the d\bdi\bir\brs\bs builtin. Assigning to members of
+ this array variable may be used to modify directories already in the
+ stack, but the p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd and p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd builtins must be used to add and re-
+ move directories. Assigning to this variable does not change the
+ current directory. If D\bDI\bIR\bRS\bST\bTA\bAC\bCK\bK is unset, it loses its special prop-
+ erties, even if it is subsequently reset.
+ E\bEP\bPO\bOC\bCH\bHR\bRE\bEA\bAL\bLT\bTI\bIM\bME\bE
+ Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number of
+ seconds since the Unix Epoch (see _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3)) as a floating-point value
+ with micro-second granularity. Assignments to E\bEP\bPO\bOC\bCH\bHR\bRE\bEA\bAL\bLT\bTI\bIM\bME\bE are ig-
+ nored. If E\bEP\bPO\bOC\bCH\bHR\bRE\bEA\bAL\bLT\bTI\bIM\bME\bE is unset, it loses its special properties,
+ even if it is subsequently reset.
+ E\bEP\bPO\bOC\bCH\bHS\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS
+ Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number of
+ seconds since the Unix Epoch (see _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3)). Assignments to
+ E\bEP\bPO\bOC\bCH\bHS\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS are ignored. If E\bEP\bPO\bOC\bCH\bHS\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS is unset, it loses its
+ special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
+ E\bEU\bUI\bID\bD Expands to the effective user ID of the current user, initialized at
+ shell startup. This variable is readonly.
+ F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE
+ An array variable containing the names of all shell functions cur-
+ rently in the execution call stack. The element with index 0 is the
+ name of any currently-executing shell function. The bottom-most el-
+ ement (the one with the highest index) is "main". This variable ex-
+ ists only when a shell function is executing. Assignments to F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bC-\b-
+ N\bNA\bAM\bME\bE have no effect. If F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE is unset, it loses its special
+ properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
+
+ This variable can be used with B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO and B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSO\bOU\bUR\bRC\bCE\bE. Each
+ element of F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE has corresponding elements in B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO and
+ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSO\bOU\bUR\bRC\bCE\bE to describe the call stack. For instance,
+ $\b${\b{F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE[\b[_\b$_\bi]\b]}\b} was called from the file $\b${\b{B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSO\bOU\bUR\bRC\bCE\bE[\b[_\b$_\bi_\b+_\b1]\b]}\b} at
+ line number $\b${\b{B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO[\b[_\b$_\bi]\b]}\b}. The c\bca\bal\bll\ble\ber\br builtin displays the
+ current call stack using this information.
+ G\bGR\bRO\bOU\bUP\bPS\bS
+ An array variable containing the list of groups of which the current
+ user is a member. Assignments to G\bGR\bRO\bOU\bUP\bPS\bS have no effect. If G\bGR\bRO\bOU\bUP\bPS\bS
+ is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse-
+ quently reset.
+ H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCM\bMD\bD
+ The history number, or index in the history list, of the current
+ command. Assignments to H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCM\bMD\bD have no effect. If H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCM\bMD\bD is un-
+ set, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently re-
+ set.
+ H\bHO\bOS\bST\bTN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE
+ Automatically set to the name of the current host.
+ H\bHO\bOS\bST\bTT\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE
+ Automatically set to a string that uniquely describes the type of
+ machine on which b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is executing. The default is system-depen-
+ dent.
+ L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO
+ Each time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes a dec-
+ imal number representing the current sequential line number (start-
+ ing with 1) within a script or function. When not in a script or
+ function, the value substituted is not guaranteed to be meaningful.
+ If L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+ subsequently reset.
+ M\bMA\bAC\bCH\bHT\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE
+ Automatically set to a string that fully describes the system type
+ on which b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is executing, in the standard GNU _\bc_\bp_\bu_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\ba_\bn_\by_\b-_\bs_\by_\bs_\bt_\be_\bm
+ format. The default is system-dependent.
+ M\bMA\bAP\bPF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE
+ An array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs below) created to hold the text read
+ by the m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be builtin when no variable name is supplied.
+ O\bOL\bLD\bDP\bPW\bWD\bD
+ The previous working directory as set by the c\bcd\bd command.
+ O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG
+ The value of the last option argument processed by the g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs
+ builtin command (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
+ O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD
+ The index of the next argument to be processed by the g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs
+ builtin command (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
+ O\bOS\bST\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE
+ Automatically set to a string that describes the operating system on
+ which b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is executing. The default is system-dependent.
+ P\bPI\bIP\bPE\bES\bST\bTA\bAT\bTU\bUS\bS
+ An array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs below) containing a list of exit sta-
+ tus values from the commands in the most-recently-executed fore-
+ ground pipeline, which may consist of only a simple command (see
+ S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR above). B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh sets P\bPI\bIP\bPE\bES\bST\bTA\bAT\bTU\bUS\bS after executing multi-
+ element pipelines, timed and negated pipelines, simple commands,
+ subshells created with the ( operator, the [\b[[\b[ and (\b((\b( compound com-
+ mands, and after error conditions that result in the shell aborting
+ command execution.
+ P\bPP\bPI\bID\bD The process ID of the shell's parent. This variable is readonly.
+ P\bPW\bWD\bD The current working directory as set by the c\bcd\bd command.
+ R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM
+ Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to a random inte-
+ ger between 0 and 32767. Assigning a value to R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM initializes
+ (seeds) the sequence of random numbers. Seeding the random number
+ generator with the same constant value produces the same sequence of
+ values. If R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM is unset, it loses its special properties, even
+ if it is subsequently reset.
+ R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGU\bUM\bME\bEN\bNT\bT
+ Any numeric argument given to a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be command that was defined
+ using "bind -x" (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below) when it was in-
+ voked.
+ R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
+ The contents of the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be line buffer, for use with "bind -x"
+ (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
+ R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_M\bMA\bAR\bRK\bK
+ The position of the mark (saved insertion point) in the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
+ line buffer, for use with "bind -x" (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS be-
+ low). The characters between the insertion point and the mark are
+ often called the _\br_\be_\bg_\bi_\bo_\bn.
+ R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_P\bPO\bOI\bIN\bNT\bT
+ The position of the insertion point in the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be line buffer, for
+ use with "bind -x" (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
+ R\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY Set to the line of input read by the r\bre\bea\bad\bd builtin command when no
+ arguments are supplied.
+ S\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS
+ Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number of
+ seconds since shell invocation. If a value is assigned to S\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS,
+ the value returned upon subsequent references is the number of sec-
+ onds since the assignment plus the value assigned. The number of
+ seconds at shell invocation and the current time are always deter-
+ mined by querying the system clock at one-second resolution. If
+ S\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+ subsequently reset.
+ S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS
+ A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in the
+ list is a valid argument for the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin com-
+ mand (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below). The options appearing in
+ S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS are those reported as _\bo_\bn by s\bse\bet\bt -\b-o\bo. If this variable is
+ in the environment when b\bba\bas\bsh\bh starts up, the shell enables each op-
+ tion in the list before reading any startup files. If this variable
+ is exported, child shells will enable each option in the list. This
+ variable is read-only.
+ S\bSH\bHL\bLV\bVL\bL Incremented by one each time an instance of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is started.
+ S\bSR\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM
+ Each time it is referenced, this variable expands to a 32-bit
+ pseudo-random number. The random number generator is not linear on
+ systems that support _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bu_\br_\ba_\bn_\bd_\bo_\bm or _\ba_\br_\bc_\b4_\br_\ba_\bn_\bd_\bo_\bm(3), so each returned
+ number has no relationship to the numbers preceding it. The random
+ number generator cannot be seeded, so assignments to this variable
+ have no effect. If S\bSR\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM is unset, it loses its special proper-
+ ties, even if it is subsequently reset.
+ U\bUI\bID\bD Expands to the user ID of the current user, initialized at shell
+ startup. This variable is readonly.
+
+ The shell uses the following variables. In some cases, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh assigns a de-
+ fault value to a variable; these cases are noted below.
+
+ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT
+ The value is used to set the shell's compatibility level. See S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL
+ C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bTI\bIB\bBI\bIL\bLI\bIT\bTY\bY M\bMO\bOD\bDE\bE below for a description of the various compati-
+ bility levels and their effects. The value may be a decimal number
+ (e.g., 4.2) or an integer (e.g., 42) corresponding to the desired
+ compatibility level. If B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT is unset or set to the empty
+ string, the compatibility level is set to the default for the cur-
+ rent version. If B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT is set to a value that is not one of
+ the valid compatibility levels, the shell prints an error message
+ and sets the compatibility level to the default for the current ver-
+ sion. A subset of the valid values correspond to the compatibility
+ levels described below under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bTI\bIB\bBI\bIL\bLI\bIT\bTY\bY M\bMO\bOD\bDE\bE. For example,
+ 4.2 and 42 are valid values that correspond to the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b42\b2 s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt
+ option and set the compatibility level to 42. The current version
+ is also a valid value.
+ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEN\bNV\bV
+ If this parameter is set when b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is executing a shell script, its
+ expanded value is interpreted as a filename containing commands to
+ initialize the shell before it reads and executes commands from the
+ script. The value of B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEN\bNV\bV is subjected to parameter expansion,
+ command substitution, and arithmetic expansion before being inter-
+ preted as a filename. P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is not used to search for the resultant
+ filename.
+ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_X\bXT\bTR\bRA\bAC\bCE\bEF\bFD\bD
+ If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
+ writes the trace output generated when "set -x" is enabled to that
+ file descriptor, instead of the standard error. The file descriptor
+ is closed when B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_X\bXT\bTR\bRA\bAC\bCE\bEF\bFD\bD is unset or assigned a new value. Un-
+ setting B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_X\bXT\bTR\bRA\bAC\bCE\bEF\bFD\bD or assigning it the empty string causes the
+ trace output to be sent to the standard error. Note that setting
+ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_X\bXT\bTR\bRA\bAC\bCE\bEF\bFD\bD to 2 (the standard error file descriptor) and then un-
+ setting it will result in the standard error being closed.
+ C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH
+ The search path for the c\bcd\bd command. This is a colon-separated list
+ of directories where the shell looks for directories specified as
+ arguments to the c\bcd\bd command. A sample value is ".:~:/usr".
+ C\bCH\bHI\bIL\bLD\bD_\b_M\bMA\bAX\bX
+ Set the number of exited child status values for the shell to remem-
+ ber. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh will not allow this value to be decreased below a POSIX-
+ mandated minimum, and there is a maximum value (currently 8192) that
+ this may not exceed. The minimum value is system-dependent.
+ C\bCO\bOL\bLU\bUM\bMN\bNS\bS
+ Used by the s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt compound command to determine the terminal width
+ when printing selection lists. Automatically set if the c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkw\bwi\bin\bn-\b-
+ s\bsi\biz\bze\be option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon receipt of a
+ S\bSI\bIG\bGW\bWI\bIN\bNC\bCH\bH.
+ C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPR\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY
+ An array variable from which b\bba\bas\bsh\bh reads the possible completions
+ generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable completion
+ facility (see P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn below). Each array element
+ contains one possible completion.
+ E\bEM\bMA\bAC\bCS\bS If b\bba\bas\bsh\bh finds this variable in the environment when the shell starts
+ with value "t", it assumes that the shell is running in an Emacs
+ shell buffer and disables line editing.
+ E\bEN\bNV\bV Expanded and executed similarly to B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEN\bNV\bV (see I\bIN\bNV\bVO\bOC\bCA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above)
+ when an interactive shell is invoked in posix mode.
+ E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE
+ A colon-separated list of shell patterns (see P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg)
+ defining the set of filenames to be ignored by command search using
+ P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH. Files whose full pathnames match one of these patterns are
+ not considered executable files for the purposes of completion and
+ command execution via P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH lookup. This does not affect the behav-
+ ior of the [\b[, t\bte\bes\bst\bt, and [\b[[\b[ commands. Full pathnames in the command
+ hash table are not subject to E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE. Use this variable to ig-
+ nore shared library files that have the executable bit set, but are
+ not executable files. The pattern matching honors the setting of
+ the e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell option.
+ F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT
+ The default editor for the f\bfc\bc builtin command.
+ F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE
+ A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing file-
+ name completion (see R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE below). A filename whose suffix
+ matches one of the entries in F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is excluded from the list of
+ matched filenames. A sample value is ".o:~". Since tilde expansion
+ takes place after ":" in assignment statements, make sure to quote
+ assignments appropriately to avoid it as appropriate.
+ F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNE\bES\bST\bT
+ If set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a maximum function
+ nesting level. Function invocations that exceed this nesting level
+ cause the current command to abort.
+ G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE
+ A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of file names to
+ be ignored by pathname expansion. If a file name matched by a path-
+ name expansion pattern also matches one of the patterns in G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bG-\b-
+ N\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE, it is removed from the list of matches. The pattern matching
+ honors the setting of the e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell option.
+ G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBS\bSO\bOR\bRT\bT
+ Controls how the results of pathname expansion are sorted. The
+ value of this variable specifies the sort criteria and sort order
+ for the results of pathname expansion. If this variable is unset or
+ set to the null string, pathname expansion uses the historical be-
+ havior of sorting by name, in ascending lexicographic order as de-
+ termined by the L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCO\bOL\bLL\bLA\bAT\bTE\bE shell variable.
+
+ If set, a valid value begins with an optional _\b+, which is ignored,
+ or _\b-, which reverses the sort order from ascending to descending,
+ followed by a sort specifier. The valid sort specifiers are _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be,
+ _\bn_\bu_\bm_\be_\br_\bi_\bc, _\bs_\bi_\bz_\be, _\bm_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be, _\ba_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be, _\bc_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be, and _\bb_\bl_\bo_\bc_\bk_\bs, which sort the files
+ on name, names in numeric rather than lexicographic order, file
+ size, modification time, access time, inode change time, and number
+ of blocks, respectively. If any of the non-name keys compare as
+ equal (e.g., if two files are the same size), sorting uses the name
+ as a secondary sort key.
+
+ For example, a value of _\b-_\bm_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be sorts the results in descending order
+ by modification time (newest first).
+
+ The _\bn_\bu_\bm_\be_\br_\bi_\bc specifier treats names consisting solely of digits as
+ numbers and sorts them using their numeric value (so "2" sorts be-
+ fore "10", for example). When using _\bn_\bu_\bm_\be_\br_\bi_\bc, names containing non-
+ digits sort after all the all-digit names and are sorted by name us-
+ ing the traditional behavior.
+
+ A sort specifier of _\bn_\bo_\bs_\bo_\br_\bt disables sorting completely; b\bba\bas\bsh\bh returns
+ the results in the order they are read from the file system, ignor-
+ ing any leading _\b-.
+
+ If the sort specifier is missing, it defaults to _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, so a value of
+ _\b+ is equivalent to the null string, and a value of _\b- sorts by name
+ in descending order. Any invalid value restores the historical
+ sorting behavior.
+ H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL
+ A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are saved
+ on the history list. If the list of values includes _\bi_\bg_\bn_\bo_\br_\be_\bs_\bp_\ba_\bc_\be,
+ lines which begin with a s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be character are not saved in the his-
+ tory list. A value of _\bi_\bg_\bn_\bo_\br_\be_\bd_\bu_\bp_\bs causes lines matching the previous
+ history entry not to be saved. A value of _\bi_\bg_\bn_\bo_\br_\be_\bb_\bo_\bt_\bh is shorthand
+ for _\bi_\bg_\bn_\bo_\br_\be_\bs_\bp_\ba_\bc_\be and _\bi_\bg_\bn_\bo_\br_\be_\bd_\bu_\bp_\bs. A value of _\be_\br_\ba_\bs_\be_\bd_\bu_\bp_\bs causes all
+ previous lines matching the current line to be removed from the his-
+ tory list before that line is saved. Any value not in the above
+ list is ignored. If H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL is unset, or does not include a
+ valid value, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh saves all lines read by the shell parser on the
+ history list, subject to the value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE. If the first line
+ of a multi-line compound command was saved, the second and subse-
+ quent lines are not tested, and are added to the history regardless
+ of the value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL. If the first line was not saved, the
+ second and subsequent lines of the command are not saved either.
+ H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE
+ The name of the file in which command history is saved (see H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY
+ below). B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh assigns a default value of _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b__\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by. If H\bHI\bIS\bST\bT-\b-
+ F\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is unset or null, the shell does not save the command history
+ when it exits.
+ H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bES\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE
+ The maximum number of lines contained in the history file. When
+ this variable is assigned a value, the history file is truncated, if
+ necessary, to contain no more than the number of history entries
+ that total no more than that number of lines by removing the oldest
+ entries. If the history list contains multi-line entries, the his-
+ tory file may contain more lines than this maximum to avoid leaving
+ partial history entries. The history file is also truncated to this
+ size after writing it when a shell exits or by the h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by builtin.
+ If the value is 0, the history file is truncated to zero size. Non-
+ numeric values and numeric values less than zero inhibit truncation.
+ The shell sets the default value to the value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTS\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE after
+ reading any startup files.
+ H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE
+ A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command
+ lines should be saved on the history list. If a command line
+ matches one of the patterns in the value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE, it is not
+ saved on the history list. Each pattern is anchored at the begin-
+ ning of the line and must match the complete line (b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not
+ implicitly append a "*\b*"). Each pattern is tested against the line
+ after the checks specified by H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL are applied. In addition
+ to the normal shell pattern matching characters, "&\b&" matches the
+ previous history line. A backslash escapes the "&\b&"; the backslash
+ is removed before attempting a match. If the first line of a multi-
+ line compound command was saved, the second and subsequent lines are
+ not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of
+ H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE. If the first line was not saved, the second and subse-
+ quent lines of the command are not saved either. The pattern match-
+ ing honors the setting of the e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell option.
+ H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE subsumes some of the function of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL. A pattern
+ of "&" is identical to "ignoredups", and a pattern of "[ ]*" is
+ identical to "ignorespace". Combining these two patterns, separat-
+ ing them with a colon, provides the functionality of "ignoreboth".
+ H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTS\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE
+ The number of commands to remember in the command history (see H\bHI\bIS\bS-\b-
+ T\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY below). If the value is 0, commands are not saved in the his-
+ tory list. Numeric values less than zero result in every command
+ being saved on the history list (there is no limit). The shell sets
+ the default value to 500 after reading any startup files.
+ H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT
+ If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a format
+ string for _\bs_\bt_\br_\bf_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3) to print the time stamp associated with each
+ history entry displayed by the h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by builtin. If this variable is
+ set, the shell writes time stamps to the history file so they may be
+ preserved across shell sessions. This uses the history comment
+ character to distinguish timestamps from other history lines.
+ H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE The home directory of the current user; the default argument for the
+ c\bcd\bd builtin command. The value of this variable is also used when
+ performing tilde expansion.
+ H\bHO\bOS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE
+ Contains the name of a file in the same format as _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bh_\bo_\bs_\bt_\bs that
+ should be read when the shell needs to complete a hostname. The
+ list of possible hostname completions may be changed while the shell
+ is running; the next time hostname completion is attempted after the
+ value is changed, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh adds the contents of the new file to the ex-
+ isting list. If H\bHO\bOS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is set, but has no value, or does not name
+ a readable file, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to read _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bh_\bo_\bs_\bt_\bs to obtain the list
+ of possible hostname completions. When H\bHO\bOS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is unset, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
+ clears the hostname list.
+ I\bIF\bFS\bS The _\bI_\bn_\bt_\be_\br_\bn_\ba_\bl _\bF_\bi_\be_\bl_\bd _\bS_\be_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bt_\bo_\br that is used for word splitting after
+ expansion and to split lines into words with the r\bre\bea\bad\bd builtin com-
+ mand. Word splitting is described below under E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN. The de-
+ fault value is "<space><tab><newline>".
+ I\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bEE\bEO\bOF\bF
+ Controls the action of an interactive shell on receipt of an E\bEO\bOF\bF
+ character as the sole input. If set, the value is the number of
+ consecutive E\bEO\bOF\bF characters which must be typed as the first charac-
+ ters on an input line before b\bba\bas\bsh\bh exits. If the variable is set but
+ does not have a numeric value, or the value is null, the default
+ value is 10. If it is unset, E\bEO\bOF\bF signifies the end of input to the
+ shell.
+ I\bIN\bNP\bPU\bUT\bTR\bRC\bC
+ The filename for the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be startup file, overriding the default
+ of _\b~_\b/_\b._\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc (see R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE below).
+ I\bIN\bNS\bSI\bID\bDE\bE_\b_E\bEM\bMA\bAC\bCS\bS
+ If this variable appears in the environment when the shell starts,
+ b\bba\bas\bsh\bh assumes that it is running inside an Emacs shell buffer and may
+ disable line editing, depending on the value of T\bTE\bER\bRM\bM.
+ L\bLA\bAN\bNG\bG Used to determine the locale category for any category not specifi-
+ cally selected with a variable starting with L\bLC\bC_\b_.
+ L\bLC\bC_\b_A\bAL\bLL\bL
+ This variable overrides the value of L\bLA\bAN\bNG\bG and any other L\bLC\bC_\b_ variable
+ specifying a locale category.
+ L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCO\bOL\bLL\bLA\bAT\bTE\bE
+ This variable determines the collation order used when sorting the
+ results of pathname expansion, and determines the behavior of range
+ expressions, equivalence classes, and collating sequences within
+ pathname expansion and pattern matching.
+ L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCT\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE
+ This variable determines the interpretation of characters and the
+ behavior of character classes within pathname expansion and pattern
+ matching.
+ L\bLC\bC_\b_M\bME\bES\bSS\bSA\bAG\bGE\bES\bS
+ This variable determines the locale used to translate double-quoted
+ strings preceded by a $\b$.
+ L\bLC\bC_\b_N\bNU\bUM\bME\bER\bRI\bIC\bC
+ This variable determines the locale category used for number format-
+ ting.
+ L\bLC\bC_\b_T\bTI\bIM\bME\bE
+ This variable determines the locale category used for data and time
+ formatting.
+ L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bES\bS Used by the s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt compound command to determine the column length
+ for printing selection lists. Automatically set if the c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkw\bwi\bin\bns\bsi\biz\bze\be
+ option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon receipt of a S\bSI\bIG\bG-\b-
+ W\bWI\bIN\bNC\bCH\bH.
+ M\bMA\bAI\bIL\bL If the value is set to a file or directory name and the M\bMA\bAI\bIL\bLP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH
+ variable is not set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh informs the user of the arrival of mail in
+ the specified file or Maildir-format directory.
+ M\bMA\bAI\bIL\bLC\bCH\bHE\bEC\bCK\bK
+ Specifies how often (in seconds) b\bba\bas\bsh\bh checks for mail. The default
+ is 60 seconds. When it is time to check for mail, the shell does so
+ before displaying the primary prompt. If this variable is unset, or
+ set to a value that is not a number greater than or equal to zero,
+ the shell disables mail checking.
+ M\bMA\bAI\bIL\bLP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH
+ A colon-separated list of filenames to be checked for mail. The
+ message to be printed when mail arrives in a particular file may be
+ specified by separating the filename from the message with a "?".
+ When used in the text of the message, $\b$_\b_ expands to the name of the
+ current mailfile. For example:
+ M\bMA\bAI\bIL\bLP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH='/var/mail/bfox?"You have mail":~/shell-mail?"$_ has mail!"'
+ B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh can be configured to supply a default value for this variable
+ (there is no value by default), but the location of the user mail
+ files that it uses is system dependent (e.g., /var/mail/$\b$U\bUS\bSE\bER\bR).
+ O\bOP\bPT\bTE\bER\bRR\bR
+ If set to the value 1, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh displays error messages generated by the
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs builtin command (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below). O\bOP\bPT\bTE\bER\bRR\bR
+ is initialized to 1 each time the shell is invoked or a shell script
+ is executed.
+ P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH The search path for commands. It is a colon-separated list of di-
+ rectories in which the shell looks for commands (see C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bU-\b-
+ T\bTI\bIO\bON\bN below). A zero-length (null) directory name in the value of
+ P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH indicates the current directory. A null directory name may ap-
+ pear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial or trailing colon.
+ The default path is system-dependent, and is set by the administra-
+ tor who installs b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. A common value is
+ /usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin
+ P\bPO\bOS\bSI\bIX\bXL\bLY\bY_\b_C\bCO\bOR\bRR\bRE\bEC\bCT\bT
+ If this variable is in the environment when b\bba\bas\bsh\bh starts, the shell
+ enters posix mode before reading the startup files, as if the
+ -\b--\b-p\bpo\bos\bsi\bix\bx invocation option had been supplied. If it is set while the
+ shell is running, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh enables posix mode, as if the command "set -o
+ posix" had been executed. When the shell enters posix mode, it sets
+ this variable if it was not already set.
+ P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bT_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD
+ If this variable is set, and is an array, the value of each set ele-
+ ment is executed as a command prior to issuing each primary prompt.
+ If this is set but not an array variable, its value is used as a
+ command to execute instead.
+ P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bT_\b_D\bDI\bIR\bRT\bTR\bRI\bIM\bM
+ If set to a number greater than zero, the value is used as the num-
+ ber of trailing directory components to retain when expanding the \\b\w\bw
+ and \\b\W\bW prompt string escapes (see P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG below). Characters re-
+ moved are replaced with an ellipsis.
+ P\bPS\bS0\b0 The value of this parameter is expanded (see P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG below) and
+ displayed by interactive shells after reading a command and before
+ the command is executed.
+ P\bPS\bS1\b1 The value of this parameter is expanded (see P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG below) and
+ used as the primary prompt string. The default value is "\s-\v\$ ".
+ P\bPS\bS2\b2 The value of this parameter is expanded as with P\bPS\bS1\b1 and used as the
+ secondary prompt string. The default is "> ".
+ P\bPS\bS3\b3 The value of this parameter is used as the prompt for the s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt
+ command (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR above).
+ P\bPS\bS4\b4 The value of this parameter is expanded as with P\bPS\bS1\b1 and the value is
+ printed before each command b\bba\bas\bsh\bh displays during an execution trace.
+ The first character of the expanded value of P\bPS\bS4\b4 is replicated mul-
+ tiple times, as necessary, to indicate multiple levels of indirec-
+ tion. The default is "+ ".
+ S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL This variable expands to the full pathname to the shell. If it is
+ not set when the shell starts, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh assigns to it the full pathname
+ of the current user's login shell.
+ T\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT
+ The value of this parameter is used as a format string specifying
+ how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the t\bti\bim\bme\be re-
+ served word should be displayed. The %\b% character introduces an es-
+ cape sequence that is expanded to a time value or other information.
+ The escape sequences and their meanings are as follows; the brackets
+ denote optional portions.
+ %\b%%\b% A literal %\b%.
+ %\b%[\b[_\bp]\b][\b[l\bl]\b]R\bR The elapsed time in seconds.
+ %\b%[\b[_\bp]\b][\b[l\bl]\b]U\bU The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode.
+ %\b%[\b[_\bp]\b][\b[l\bl]\b]S\bS The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.
+ %\b%P\bP The CPU percentage, computed as (%U + %S) / %R.
+
+ The optional _\bp is a digit specifying the _\bp_\br_\be_\bc_\bi_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn, the number of
+ fractional digits after a decimal point. A value of 0 causes no
+ decimal point or fraction to be output. t\bti\bim\bme\be prints at most six
+ digits after the decimal point; values of _\bp greater than 6 are
+ changed to 6. If _\bp is not specified, t\bti\bim\bme\be prints three digits after
+ the decimal point.
+
+ The optional l\bl specifies a longer format, including minutes, of the
+ form _\bM_\bMm_\bS_\bS._\bF_\bFs. The value of _\bp determines whether or not the frac-
+ tion is included.
+
+ If this variable is not set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh acts as if it had the value
+ $\b$'\b'\\b\n\bnr\bre\bea\bal\bl\\b\t\bt%\b%3\b3l\blR\bR\\b\n\bnu\bus\bse\ber\br\\b\t\bt%\b%3\b3l\blU\bU\\b\n\bns\bsy\bys\bs\\b\t\bt%\b%3\b3l\blS\bS'\b'. If the value is null, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
+ does not display any timing information. A trailing newline is
+ added when the format string is displayed.
+ T\bTM\bMO\bOU\bUT\bT If set to a value greater than zero, the r\bre\bea\bad\bd builtin uses the value
+ as its default timeout. The s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt command terminates if input does
+ not arrive after T\bTM\bMO\bOU\bUT\bT seconds when input is coming from a terminal.
+ In an interactive shell, the value is interpreted as the number of
+ seconds to wait for a line of input after issuing the primary
+ prompt. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh terminates after waiting for that number of seconds if
+ a complete line of input does not arrive.
+ T\bTM\bMP\bPD\bDI\bIR\bR
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh uses its value as the name of a directory in which b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
+ creates temporary files for the shell's use.
+ a\bau\but\bto\bo_\b_r\bre\bes\bsu\bum\bme\be
+ This variable controls how the shell interacts with the user and job
+ control. If this variable is set, simple commands consisting of
+ only a single word, without redirections, are treated as candidates
+ for resumption of an existing stopped job. There is no ambiguity
+ allowed; if there is more than one job beginning with or containing
+ the word, this selects the most recently accessed job. The _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be of
+ a stopped job, in this context, is the command line used to start
+ it, as displayed by j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs. If set to the value _\be_\bx_\ba_\bc_\bt, the word must
+ match the name of a stopped job exactly; if set to _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg, the
+ word needs to match a substring of the name of a stopped job. The
+ _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg value provides functionality analogous to the %\b%?\b? job
+ identifier (see J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL below). If set to any other value
+ (e.g., _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx), the word must be a prefix of a stopped job's name;
+ this provides functionality analogous to the %\b%_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg job identifier.
+ h\bhi\bis\bst\btc\bch\bha\bar\brs\bs
+ The two or three characters which control history expansion, quick
+ substitution, and tokenization (see H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN below). The
+ first character is the _\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn character, the character
+ which begins a history expansion, normally "!\b!". The second charac-
+ ter is the _\bq_\bu_\bi_\bc_\bk _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\bi_\bt_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn character, normally "^\b^". When it ap-
+ pears as the first character on the line, history substitution re-
+ peats the previous command, replacing one string with another. The
+ optional third character is the _\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt character, normally
+ "#\b#", which indicates that the remainder of the line is a comment
+ when it appears as the first character of a word. The history com-
+ ment character disables history substitution for the remaining words
+ on the line. It does not necessarily cause the shell parser to
+ treat the rest of the line as a comment.
A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs
- B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables.
- Any variable may be used as an indexed array; the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin ex-
- plicitly declares an array. There is no maximum limit on the size of
- an array, nor any requirement that members be indexed or assigned con-
- tiguously. Indexed arrays are referenced using arithmetic expressions
- that must expand to an integer (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN below) and
- are zero-based; associative arrays are referenced using arbitrary
- strings. Unless otherwise noted, indexed array indices must be non-
- negative integers.
-
- The shell performs parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expan-
- sion, command substitution, and quote removal on indexed array sub-
- scripts. Since this can potentially result in empty strings, subscript
- indexing treats those as expressions that evaluate to 0.
-
- The shell performs tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
- arithmetic expansion, command substitution, and quote removal on asso-
- ciative array subscripts. Empty strings cannot be used as associative
- array keys.
-
- B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh automatically creates an indexed array if any variable is assigned
- to using the syntax
- _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be .
- The _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate
- to a number greater than or equal to zero. To explicitly declare an
- indexed array, use
- d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be -\b-a\ba _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
- (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
- d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be -\b-a\ba _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]
- is also accepted; the _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt is ignored.
-
- Associative arrays are created using
- d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be -\b-A\bA _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
- .
-
- Attributes may be specified for an array variable using the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be and
- r\bre\bea\bad\bdo\bon\bnl\bly\by builtins. Each attribute applies to all members of an array.
-
- Arrays are assigned using compound assignments of the form _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be=(\b(value_\b1
- ... value_\bn)\b), where each _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be may be of the form [_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]=_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg.
- Indexed array assignments do not require anything but _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg. Each
- _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be in the list is expanded using the shell expansions described be-
- low under E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN, but _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\bes that are valid variable assignments in-
- cluding the brackets and subscript do not undergo brace expansion and
- word splitting, as with individual variable assignments.
-
- When assigning to indexed arrays, if the optional brackets and sub-
- script are supplied, that index is assigned to; otherwise the index of
- the element assigned is the last index assigned to by the statement
- plus one. Indexing starts at zero.
-
- When assigning to an associative array, the words in a compound assign-
- ment may be either assignment statements, for which the subscript is
- required, or a list of words that is interpreted as a sequence of al-
- ternating keys and values: _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be=(\b( _\bk_\be_\by_\b1 _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be_\b1 _\bk_\be_\by_\b2 _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be_\b2 ...)\b). These
- are treated identically to _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be=(\b( [_\bk_\be_\by_\b1]=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be_\b1 [_\bk_\be_\by_\b2]=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be_\b2 ...)\b).
- The first word in the list determines how the remaining words are in-
- terpreted; all assignments in a list must be of the same type. When
- using key/value pairs, the keys may not be missing or empty; a final
- missing value is treated like the empty string.
-
- This syntax is also accepted by the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin. Individual array
- elements may be assigned to using the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be syntax in-
- troduced above.
-
- When assigning to an indexed array, if _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is subscripted by a nega-
- tive number, that number is interpreted as relative to one greater than
- the maximum index of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, so negative indices count back from the end
- of the array, and an index of -1 references the last element.
-
- The "+=" operator appends to an array variable when assigning using the
- compound assignment syntax; see P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bET\bTE\bER\bRS\bS above.
-
- If one of the word expansions in a compound array assignment unsets the
- variable, the results are unspecified.
-
- An array element is referenced using ${_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]}. The braces
- are required to avoid conflicts with pathname expansion. If _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt
- is @\b@ or *\b*, the word expands to all members of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, unless noted in the
- description of a builtin or word expansion. These subscripts differ
- only when the word appears within double quotes. If the word is dou-
- ble-quoted, ${_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[*]} expands to a single word with the value of each
- array member separated by the first character of the I\bIF\bFS\bS special vari-
- able, and ${_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[@]} expands each element of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to a separate word.
- When there are no array members, ${_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[@]} expands to nothing. If the
- double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of the
- first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the expansion of
- the original word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined
- with the last part of the expansion of the original word. This is
- analogous to the expansion of the special parameters *\b* and @\b@ (see S\bSp\bpe\be-\b-
- c\bci\bia\bal\bl P\bPa\bar\bra\bam\bme\bet\bte\ber\brs\bs above).
-
- ${#_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]} expands to the length of ${_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]}. If
- _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt is *\b* or @\b@, the expansion is the number of elements in the ar-
- ray.
-
- If the _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt used to reference an element of an indexed array eval-
- uates to a number less than zero, it is interpreted as relative to one
- greater than the maximum index of the array, so negative indices count
- back from the end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last
- element.
-
- Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to ref-
- erencing the array with a subscript of 0. Any reference to a variable
- using a valid subscript is valid; b\bba\bas\bsh\bh creates an array if necessary.
-
- An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a
- value. The null string is a valid value.
-
- It is possible to obtain the keys (indices) of an array as well as the
- values. ${!\b!_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\b@]} and ${!\b!_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\b*]} expand to the indices assigned in
- array variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. The treatment when in double quotes is similar to
- the expansion of the special parameters _\b@ and _\b* within double quotes.
-
- The u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt builtin is used to destroy arrays. u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt] un-
- sets the array element at index _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt, for both indexed and asso-
- ciative arrays. Negative subscripts to indexed arrays are interpreted
- as described above. Unsetting the last element of an array variable
- does not unset the variable. u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, where _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an array, re-
- moves the entire array. u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt] behaves differently de-
- pending on whether _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an indexed or associative array when _\bs_\bu_\bb_\b-
- _\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt is *\b* or @\b@. If _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an associative array, this unsets the el-
- ement with subscript *\b* or @\b@. If _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an indexed array, unset re-
- moves all of the elements but does not remove the array itself.
-
- When using a variable name with a subscript as an argument to a com-
- mand, such as with u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt, without using the word expansion syntax de-
- scribed above, (e.g., unset a[4]), the argument is subject to pathname
- expansion. Quote the argument if pathname expansion is not desired
- (e.g., unset 'a[4]').
-
- The d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be, l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdo\bon\bnl\bly\by builtins each accept a -\b-a\ba option to
- specify an indexed array and a -\b-A\bA option to specify an associative ar-
- ray. If both options are supplied, -\b-A\bA takes precedence. The r\bre\bea\bad\bd
- builtin accepts a -\b-a\ba option to assign a list of words read from the
- standard input to an array. The s\bse\bet\bt and d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtins display array
- values in a way that allows them to be reused as assignments. Other
- builtins accept array name arguments as well (e.g., m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be); see the
- descriptions of individual builtins below for details. The shell pro-
- vides a number of builtin array variables.
+ B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables. Any
+ variable may be used as an indexed array; the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin explicitly
+ declares an array. There is no maximum limit on the size of an array, nor
+ any requirement that members be indexed or assigned contiguously. Indexed
+ arrays are referenced using arithmetic expressions that must expand to an
+ integer (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN below) and are zero-based; associative
+ arrays are referenced using arbitrary strings. Unless otherwise noted, in-
+ dexed array indices must be non-negative integers.
+
+ The shell performs parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion,
+ command substitution, and quote removal on indexed array subscripts. Since
+ this can potentially result in empty strings, subscript indexing treats
+ those as expressions that evaluate to 0.
+
+ The shell performs tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
+ arithmetic expansion, command substitution, and quote removal on associa-
+ tive array subscripts. Empty strings cannot be used as associative array
+ keys.
+
+ B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh automatically creates an indexed array if any variable is assigned to
+ using the syntax
+ _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be .
+ The _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to
+ a number greater than or equal to zero. To explicitly declare an indexed
+ array, use
+ d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be -\b-a\ba _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
+ (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
+ d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be -\b-a\ba _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]
+ is also accepted; the _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt is ignored.
+
+ Associative arrays are created using
+ d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be -\b-A\bA _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
+ .
+
+ Attributes may be specified for an array variable using the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be and
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bdo\bon\bnl\bly\by builtins. Each attribute applies to all members of an array.
+
+ Arrays are assigned using compound assignments of the form _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be=(\b(value_\b1 ...
+ value_\bn)\b), where each _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be may be of the form [_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]=_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg. Indexed
+ array assignments do not require anything but _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg. Each _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be in the
+ list is expanded using the shell expansions described below under E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bN-\b-
+ S\bSI\bIO\bON\bN, but _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\bes that are valid variable assignments including the brackets
+ and subscript do not undergo brace expansion and word splitting, as with
+ individual variable assignments.
+
+ When assigning to indexed arrays, if the optional brackets and subscript
+ are supplied, that index is assigned to; otherwise the index of the element
+ assigned is the last index assigned to by the statement plus one. Indexing
+ starts at zero.
+
+ When assigning to an associative array, the words in a compound assignment
+ may be either assignment statements, for which the subscript is required,
+ or a list of words that is interpreted as a sequence of alternating keys
+ and values: _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be=(\b( _\bk_\be_\by_\b1 _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be_\b1 _\bk_\be_\by_\b2 _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be_\b2 ...)\b). These are treated identi-
+ cally to _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be=(\b( [_\bk_\be_\by_\b1]=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be_\b1 [_\bk_\be_\by_\b2]=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be_\b2 ...)\b). The first word in the
+ list determines how the remaining words are interpreted; all assignments in
+ a list must be of the same type. When using key/value pairs, the keys may
+ not be missing or empty; a final missing value is treated like the empty
+ string.
+
+ This syntax is also accepted by the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin. Individual array ele-
+ ments may be assigned to using the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be syntax introduced
+ above.
+
+ When assigning to an indexed array, if _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is subscripted by a negative
+ number, that number is interpreted as relative to one greater than the max-
+ imum index of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, so negative indices count back from the end of the ar-
+ ray, and an index of -1 references the last element.
+
+ The "+=" operator appends to an array variable when assigning using the
+ compound assignment syntax; see P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bET\bTE\bER\bRS\bS above.
+
+ If one of the word expansions in a compound array assignment unsets the
+ variable, the results are unspecified.
+
+ An array element is referenced using ${_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]}. The braces are
+ required to avoid conflicts with pathname expansion. If _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt is @\b@ or
+ *\b*, the word expands to all members of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, unless noted in the description
+ of a builtin or word expansion. These subscripts differ only when the word
+ appears within double quotes. If the word is double-quoted, ${_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[*]} ex-
+ pands to a single word with the value of each array member separated by the
+ first character of the I\bIF\bFS\bS special variable, and ${_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[@]} expands each
+ element of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to a separate word. When there are no array members,
+ ${_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[@]} expands to nothing. If the double-quoted expansion occurs
+ within a word, the expansion of the first parameter is joined with the be-
+ ginning part of the expansion of the original word, and the expansion of
+ the last parameter is joined with the last part of the expansion of the
+ original word. This is analogous to the expansion of the special parame-
+ ters *\b* and @\b@ (see S\bSp\bpe\bec\bci\bia\bal\bl P\bPa\bar\bra\bam\bme\bet\bte\ber\brs\bs above).
+
+ ${#_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]} expands to the length of ${_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]}. If _\bs_\bu_\bb_\b-
+ _\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt is *\b* or @\b@, the expansion is the number of elements in the array.
+
+ If the _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt used to reference an element of an indexed array evaluates
+ to a number less than zero, it is interpreted as relative to one greater
+ than the maximum index of the array, so negative indices count back from
+ the end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last element.
+
+ Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to refer-
+ encing the array with a subscript of 0. Any reference to a variable using
+ a valid subscript is valid; b\bba\bas\bsh\bh creates an array if necessary.
+
+ An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a
+ value. The null string is a valid value.
+
+ It is possible to obtain the keys (indices) of an array as well as the val-
+ ues. ${!\b!_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\b@]} and ${!\b!_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\b*]} expand to the indices assigned in array
+ variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. The treatment when in double quotes is similar to the ex-
+ pansion of the special parameters _\b@ and _\b* within double quotes.
+
+ The u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt builtin is used to destroy arrays. u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt] unsets
+ the array element at index _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt, for both indexed and associative ar-
+ rays. Negative subscripts to indexed arrays are interpreted as described
+ above. Unsetting the last element of an array variable does not unset the
+ variable. u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, where _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an array, removes the entire array.
+ u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt] behaves differently depending on whether _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an
+ indexed or associative array when _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt is *\b* or @\b@. If _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an asso-
+ ciative array, this unsets the element with subscript *\b* or @\b@. If _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is
+ an indexed array, unset removes all of the elements but does not remove the
+ array itself.
+
+ When using a variable name with a subscript as an argument to a command,
+ such as with u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt, without using the word expansion syntax described
+ above, (e.g., unset a[4]), the argument is subject to pathname expansion.
+ Quote the argument if pathname expansion is not desired (e.g., unset
+ 'a[4]').
+
+ The d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be, l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdo\bon\bnl\bly\by builtins each accept a -\b-a\ba option to spec-
+ ify an indexed array and a -\b-A\bA option to specify an associative array. If
+ both options are supplied, -\b-A\bA takes precedence. The r\bre\bea\bad\bd builtin accepts a
+ -\b-a\ba option to assign a list of words read from the standard input to an ar-
+ ray. The s\bse\bet\bt and d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtins display array values in a way that al-
+ lows them to be reused as assignments. Other builtins accept array name
+ arguments as well (e.g., m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be); see the descriptions of individual
+ builtins below for details. The shell provides a number of builtin array
+ variables.
E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN
- Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been split into
- words. The shell performs these expansions: _\bb_\br_\ba_\bc_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\bt_\bi_\bl_\bd_\be _\be_\bx_\b-
- _\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br _\ba_\bn_\bd _\bv_\ba_\br_\bi_\ba_\bb_\bl_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\bi_\bt_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\ba_\br_\bi_\bt_\bh_\b-
- _\bm_\be_\bt_\bi_\bc _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd _\bs_\bp_\bl_\bi_\bt_\bt_\bi_\bn_\bg, _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bh_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn, and _\bq_\bu_\bo_\bt_\be _\br_\be_\bm_\bo_\bv_\ba_\bl.
-
- The order of expansions is: brace expansion; tilde expansion, parameter
- and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, and command substitution
- (done in a left-to-right fashion); word splitting; pathname expansion;
- and quote removal.
-
- On systems that can support it, there is an additional expansion avail-
- able: _\bp_\br_\bo_\bc_\be_\bs_\bs _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\bi_\bt_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn. This is performed at the same time as
- tilde, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and command sub-
- stitution.
-
- _\bQ_\bu_\bo_\bt_\be _\br_\be_\bm_\bo_\bv_\ba_\bl is always performed last. It removes quote characters
- present in the original word, not ones resulting from one of the other
- expansions, unless they have been quoted themselves.
-
- Only brace expansion, word splitting, and pathname expansion can in-
- crease the number of words of the expansion; other expansions expand a
- single word to a single word. The only exceptions to this are the ex-
- pansions of "\b"$\b$@\b@"\b" and "\b"$\b${\b{_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[\b[@\b@]\b]}\b}"\b", and, in most cases, $\b$*\b* and
- $\b${\b{_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[\b[*\b*]\b]}\b} as explained above (see P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bET\bTE\bER\bRS\bS).
+ Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been split into
+ words. The shell performs these expansions: _\bb_\br_\ba_\bc_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\bt_\bi_\bl_\bd_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\b-
+ _\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br _\ba_\bn_\bd _\bv_\ba_\br_\bi_\ba_\bb_\bl_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\bi_\bt_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\ba_\br_\bi_\bt_\bh_\bm_\be_\bt_\bi_\bc
+ _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd _\bs_\bp_\bl_\bi_\bt_\bt_\bi_\bn_\bg, _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bh_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn, and _\bq_\bu_\bo_\bt_\be _\br_\be_\bm_\bo_\bv_\ba_\bl.
+
+ The order of expansions is: brace expansion; tilde expansion, parameter and
+ variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, and command substitution (done in
+ a left-to-right fashion); word splitting; pathname expansion; and quote re-
+ moval.
+
+ On systems that can support it, there is an additional expansion available:
+ _\bp_\br_\bo_\bc_\be_\bs_\bs _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\bi_\bt_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn. This is performed at the same time as tilde, parame-
+ ter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and command substitution.
+
+ _\bQ_\bu_\bo_\bt_\be _\br_\be_\bm_\bo_\bv_\ba_\bl is always performed last. It removes quote characters
+ present in the original word, not ones resulting from one of the other ex-
+ pansions, unless they have been quoted themselves.
+
+ Only brace expansion, word splitting, and pathname expansion can increase
+ the number of words of the expansion; other expansions expand a single word
+ to a single word. The only exceptions to this are the expansions of "\b"$\b$@\b@"\b"
+ and "\b"$\b${\b{_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[\b[@\b@]\b]}\b}"\b", and, in most cases, $\b$*\b* and $\b${\b{_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[\b[*\b*]\b]}\b} as explained above
+ (see P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bET\bTE\bER\bRS\bS).
B\bBr\bra\bac\bce\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
- _\bB_\br_\ba_\bc_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn is a mechanism to generate arbitrary strings sharing a
- common prefix and suffix, either of which can be empty. This mechanism
- is similar to _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bh_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn, but the filenames generated need not
- exist. Patterns to be brace expanded are formed from an optional _\bp_\br_\be_\b-
- _\ba_\bm_\bb_\bl_\be, followed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a se-
- quence expression between a pair of braces, followed by an optional
- _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bt_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt. The preamble is prefixed to each string contained within
- the braces, and the postscript is then appended to each resulting
- string, expanding left to right.
-
- Brace expansions may be nested. The results of each expanded string
- are not sorted; brace expansion preserves left to right order. For ex-
- ample, a{\b{d,c,b}\b}e expands into "ade ace abe".
-
- A sequence expression takes the form _\bx.\b..\b._\by[\b[.\b..\b._\bi_\bn_\bc_\br]\b], where _\bx and _\by are
- either integers or single letters, and _\bi_\bn_\bc_\br, an optional increment, is
- an integer. When integers are supplied, the expression expands to each
- number between _\bx and _\by, inclusive. If either _\bx or _\by begins with a
- zero, each generated term will contain the same number of digits, zero-
- padding where necessary. When letters are supplied, the expression ex-
- pands to each character lexicographically between _\bx and _\by, inclusive,
- using the C locale. Note that both _\bx and _\by must be of the same type
- (integer or letter). When the increment is supplied, it is used as the
- difference between each term. The default increment is 1 or -1 as ap-
- propriate.
-
- Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions, and any char-
- acters special to other expansions are preserved in the result. It is
- strictly textual. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh does not apply any syntactic interpretation to
- the context of the expansion or the text between the braces.
-
- A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening and
- closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma or a valid sequence ex-
- pression. Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged.
-
- A "{" or Q , may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its being con-
- sidered part of a brace expression. To avoid conflicts with parameter
- expansion, the string "${" is not considered eligible for brace expan-
- sion, and inhibits brace expansion until the closing "}".
-
- This construct is typically used as shorthand when the common prefix of
- the strings to be generated is longer than in the above example:
-
- mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,new,dist,bugs}
- or
- chown root /usr/{ucb/{ex,edit},lib/{ex?.?*,how_ex}}
-
- Brace expansion introduces a slight incompatibility with historical
- versions of s\bsh\bh. s\bsh\bh does not treat opening or closing braces specially
- when they appear as part of a word, and preserves them in the output.
- B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh removes braces from words as a consequence of brace expansion.
- For example, a word entered to s\bsh\bh as "file{1,2}" appears identically in
- the output. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh outputs that word as "file1 file2" after brace expan-
- sion. Start b\bba\bas\bsh\bh with the +\b+B\bB option or disable brace expansion with
- the +\b+B\bB option to the s\bse\bet\bt command (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below) for
- strict s\bsh\bh compatibility.
+ _\bB_\br_\ba_\bc_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn is a mechanism to generate arbitrary strings sharing a com-
+ mon prefix and suffix, either of which can be empty. This mechanism is
+ similar to _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bh_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn, but the filenames generated need not exist.
+ Patterns to be brace expanded are formed from an optional _\bp_\br_\be_\ba_\bm_\bb_\bl_\be, fol-
+ lowed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a sequence expres-
+ sion between a pair of braces, followed by an optional _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bt_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt. The
+ preamble is prefixed to each string contained within the braces, and the
+ postscript is then appended to each resulting string, expanding left to
+ right.
+
+ Brace expansions may be nested. The results of each expanded string are
+ not sorted; brace expansion preserves left to right order. For example,
+ a{\b{d,c,b}\b}e expands into "ade ace abe".
+
+ A sequence expression takes the form _\bx.\b..\b._\by[\b[.\b..\b._\bi_\bn_\bc_\br]\b], where _\bx and _\by are either
+ integers or single letters, and _\bi_\bn_\bc_\br, an optional increment, is an integer.
+ When integers are supplied, the expression expands to each number between _\bx
+ and _\by, inclusive. If either _\bx or _\by begins with a zero, each generated term
+ will contain the same number of digits, zero-padding where necessary. When
+ letters are supplied, the expression expands to each character lexicograph-
+ ically between _\bx and _\by, inclusive, using the C locale. Note that both _\bx
+ and _\by must be of the same type (integer or letter). When the increment is
+ supplied, it is used as the difference between each term. The default in-
+ crement is 1 or -1 as appropriate.
+
+ Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions, and any charac-
+ ters special to other expansions are preserved in the result. It is
+ strictly textual. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh does not apply any syntactic interpretation to the
+ context of the expansion or the text between the braces.
+
+ A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening and clos-
+ ing braces, and at least one unquoted comma or a valid sequence expression.
+ Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged.
+
+ A "{" or Q , may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its being considered
+ part of a brace expression. To avoid conflicts with parameter expansion,
+ the string "${" is not considered eligible for brace expansion, and in-
+ hibits brace expansion until the closing "}".
+
+ This construct is typically used as shorthand when the common prefix of the
+ strings to be generated is longer than in the above example:
+
+ mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,new,dist,bugs}
+ or
+ chown root /usr/{ucb/{ex,edit},lib/{ex?.?*,how_ex}}
+
+ Brace expansion introduces a slight incompatibility with historical ver-
+ sions of s\bsh\bh. s\bsh\bh does not treat opening or closing braces specially when
+ they appear as part of a word, and preserves them in the output. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh re-
+ moves braces from words as a consequence of brace expansion. For example,
+ a word entered to s\bsh\bh as "file{1,2}" appears identically in the output.
+ B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh outputs that word as "file1 file2" after brace expansion. Start b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
+ with the +\b+B\bB option or disable brace expansion with the +\b+B\bB option to the s\bse\bet\bt
+ command (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below) for strict s\bsh\bh compatibility.
T\bTi\bil\bld\bde\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
- If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character ("~\b~"), all of the
- characters preceding the first unquoted slash (or all characters, if
- there is no unquoted slash) are considered a _\bt_\bi_\bl_\bd_\be_\b-_\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx. If none of
- the characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the characters in the
- tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a possible _\bl_\bo_\bg_\bi_\bn _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
- If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the
- value of the shell parameter H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE. If H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE is unset, the tilde expands
- to the home directory of the user executing the shell instead. Other-
- wise, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory associated
- with the specified login name.
-
- If the tilde-prefix is a "~+", the value of the shell variable P\bPW\bWD\bD re-
- places the tilde-prefix. If the tilde-prefix is a "~-", the shell sub-
- stitutes the value of the shell variable O\bOL\bLD\bDP\bPW\bWD\bD, if it is set. If the
- characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a number
- _\bN, optionally prefixed by a "+" or a "-", the tilde-prefix is replaced
- with the corresponding element from the directory stack, as it would be
- displayed by the d\bdi\bir\brs\bs builtin invoked with the characters following the
- tilde in the tilde-prefix as an argument. If the characters following
- the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a number without a leading "+"
- or "-", tilde expansion assumes "+".
-
- The results of tilde expansion are treated as if they were quoted, so
- the replacement is not subject to word splitting and pathname expan-
- sion.
-
- If the login name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the tilde-
- prefix is unchanged.
-
- B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh checks each variable assignment for unquoted tilde-prefixes imme-
- diately following a :\b: or the first =\b=, and performs tilde expansion in
- these cases. Consequently, one may use filenames with tildes in as-
- signments to P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, M\bMA\bAI\bIL\bLP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, and C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, and the shell assigns the ex-
- panded value.
-
- B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh also performs tilde expansion on words satisfying the conditions
- of variable assignments (as described above under P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bET\bTE\bER\bRS\bS) when they
- appear as arguments to simple commands. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh does not do this, except
- for the _\bd_\be_\bc_\bl_\ba_\br_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn commands listed above, when in posix mode.
+ If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character ("~\b~"), all of the charac-
+ ters preceding the first unquoted slash (or all characters, if there is no
+ unquoted slash) are considered a _\bt_\bi_\bl_\bd_\be_\b-_\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx. If none of the characters
+ in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the characters in the tilde-prefix follow-
+ ing the tilde are treated as a possible _\bl_\bo_\bg_\bi_\bn _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If this login name is
+ the null string, the tilde is replaced with the value of the shell parame-
+ ter H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE. If H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE is unset, the tilde expands to the home directory of the
+ user executing the shell instead. Otherwise, the tilde-prefix is replaced
+ with the home directory associated with the specified login name.
+
+ If the tilde-prefix is a "~+", the value of the shell variable P\bPW\bWD\bD replaces
+ the tilde-prefix. If the tilde-prefix is a "~-", the shell substitutes the
+ value of the shell variable O\bOL\bLD\bDP\bPW\bWD\bD, if it is set. If the characters fol-
+ lowing the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a number _\bN, optionally pre-
+ fixed by a "+" or a "-", the tilde-prefix is replaced with the correspond-
+ ing element from the directory stack, as it would be displayed by the d\bdi\bir\brs\bs
+ builtin invoked with the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix
+ as an argument. If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix
+ consist of a number without a leading "+" or "-", tilde expansion assumes
+ "+".
+
+ The results of tilde expansion are treated as if they were quoted, so the
+ replacement is not subject to word splitting and pathname expansion.
+
+ If the login name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the tilde-pre-
+ fix is unchanged.
+
+ B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh checks each variable assignment for unquoted tilde-prefixes immedi-
+ ately following a :\b: or the first =\b=, and performs tilde expansion in these
+ cases. Consequently, one may use filenames with tildes in assignments to
+ P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, M\bMA\bAI\bIL\bLP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, and C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, and the shell assigns the expanded value.
+
+ B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh also performs tilde expansion on words satisfying the conditions of
+ variable assignments (as described above under P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bET\bTE\bER\bRS\bS) when they appear
+ as arguments to simple commands. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh does not do this, except for the _\bd_\be_\b-
+ _\bc_\bl_\ba_\br_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn commands listed above, when in posix mode.
P\bPa\bar\bra\bam\bme\bet\bte\ber\br E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
- The "$\b$" character introduces parameter expansion, command substitution,
- or arithmetic expansion. The parameter name or symbol to be expanded
- may be enclosed in braces, which are optional but serve to protect the
- variable to be expanded from characters immediately following it which
- could be interpreted as part of the name.
-
- When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first "}\b}" not
- escaped by a backslash or within a quoted string, and not within an em-
- bedded arithmetic expansion, command substitution, or parameter expan-
- sion.
-
- The basic form of parameter expansion is
-
- ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br}
-
- which substitutes the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br. The braces are required when
- _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is a positional parameter with more than one digit, or when
- _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is followed by a character which is not to be interpreted as
- part of its name. The _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is a shell parameter as described
- above (P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bET\bTE\bER\bRS\bS) or an array reference (A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs).
-
- If the first character of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an exclamation point (!\b!), and
- _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is not a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf, it introduces a level of indirection. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh
- uses the value formed by expanding the rest of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br as the new _\bp_\ba_\b-
- _\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br; this new parameter is then expanded and that value is used in
- the rest of the expansion, rather than the expansion of the original
- _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br. This is known as _\bi_\bn_\bd_\bi_\br_\be_\bc_\bt _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn. The value is subject
- to tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, and
- arithmetic expansion. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is a nameref, this expands to the
- name of the parameter referenced by _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br instead of performing the
- complete indirect expansion, for compatibility. The exceptions to this
- are the expansions of ${!\b!_\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx*\b*} and ${!\b!_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\b@]} described below. The
- exclamation point must immediately follow the left brace in order to
- introduce indirection.
-
- In each of the cases below, _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is subject to tilde expansion, parame-
- ter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion.
-
- When performing the first four expansions documented below (:\b:-\b-, :\b:=\b=, :\b:?\b?,
- and :\b:+\b+), including the colon, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh tests for a parameter that is unset
- or null. Omitting the colon tests only for a parameter that is unset.
-
- ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br:\b:-\b-_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd}
- U\bUs\bse\be D\bDe\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt V\bVa\bal\blu\bue\bes\bs. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is unset or null, or unset if
- the colon is not present, the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is substituted.
- Otherwise, the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is substituted.
-
- ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br:\b:=\b=_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd}
- A\bAs\bss\bsi\big\bgn\bn D\bDe\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt V\bVa\bal\blu\bue\bes\bs. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is unset or null, or unset
- if the colon is not present, the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is assigned
- to _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br, and the expansion is the final value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br.
- Positional parameters and special parameters may not be assigned
- in this way.
-
- ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br:\b:?\b?_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd}
- D\bDi\bis\bsp\bpl\bla\bay\by E\bEr\brr\bro\bor\br i\bif\bf N\bNu\bul\bll\bl o\bor\br U\bUn\bns\bse\bet\bt. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is unset or null,
- or unset if the colon is not present, the shell writes the ex-
- pansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd (or a message to that effect if _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is not
- present) to the standard error and, if it is not interactive,
- exits with a non-zero status. An interactive shell does not
- exit, but does not execute the command associated with the ex-
- pansion. Otherwise, the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is substituted.
-
- ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br:\b:+\b+_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd}
- U\bUs\bse\be A\bAl\blt\bte\ber\brn\bna\bat\bte\be V\bVa\bal\blu\bue\be. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is unset or null, or unset if
- the colon is not present, nothing is substituted, otherwise the
- expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is substituted. The value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is not
- used.
-
- ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br:\b:_\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt}
- ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br:\b:_\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt:\b:_\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh}
- S\bSu\bub\bbs\bst\btr\bri\bin\bng\bg E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn. Expands to up to _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh characters of the
- value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br starting at the character specified by _\bo_\bf_\bf_\b-
- _\bs_\be_\bt. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is @\b@ or *\b*, an indexed array subscripted by @\b@
- or *\b*, or an associative array name, the results differ as de-
- scribed below. If :\b:_\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh is omitted (the first form above),
- this expands to the substring of the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br starting
- at the character specified by _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt and extending to the end of
- the value. If _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt is omitted, it is treated as 0. If _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh
- is omitted, but the colon after _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt is present, it is treated
- as 0. _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh and _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt are arithmetic expressions (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bH-\b-
- M\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN below).
-
- If _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt evaluates to a number less than zero, the value is
- used as an offset in characters from the end of the value of _\bp_\ba_\b-
- _\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br. If _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh evaluates to a number less than zero, it is
- interpreted as an offset in characters from the end of the value
- of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br rather than a number of characters, and the expan-
- sion is the characters between _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt and that result. Note
- that a negative offset must be separated from the colon by at
- least one space to avoid being confused with the :\b:-\b- expansion.
-
- If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is @\b@ or *\b*, the result is _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh positional parame-
- ters beginning at _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt. A negative _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt is taken relative
- to one greater than the greatest positional parameter, so an
- offset of -1 evaluates to the last positional parameter (or 0 if
- there are no positional parameters). It is an expansion error
- if _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh evaluates to a number less than zero.
-
- If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an indexed array name subscripted by @ or *, the
- result is the _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh members of the array beginning with ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\b-
- _\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br[_\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt]}. A negative _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt is taken relative to one
- greater than the maximum index of the specified array. It is an
- expansion error if _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh evaluates to a number less than zero.
-
- Substring expansion applied to an associative array produces un-
- defined results.
-
- Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parame-
- ters are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by de-
- fault. If _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt is 0, and the positional parameters are used,
- $\b$0\b0 is prefixed to the list.
-
- ${!\b!_\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx*\b*}
- ${!\b!_\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx@\b@}
- N\bNa\bam\bme\bes\bs m\bma\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg p\bpr\bre\bef\bfi\bix\bx. Expands to the names of variables whose
- names begin with _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx, separated by the first character of the
- I\bIF\bFS\bS special variable. When _\b@ is used and the expansion appears
- within double quotes, each variable name expands to a separate
- word.
-
- ${!\b!_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\b@]}
- ${!\b!_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\b*]}
- L\bLi\bis\bst\bt o\bof\bf a\bar\brr\bra\bay\by k\bke\bey\bys\bs. If _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an array variable, expands to
- the list of array indices (keys) assigned in _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is
- not an array, expands to 0 if _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set and null otherwise.
- When _\b@ is used and the expansion appears within double quotes,
- each key expands to a separate word.
-
- ${#\b#_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br}
- P\bPa\bar\bra\bam\bme\bet\bte\ber\br l\ble\ben\bng\bgt\bth\bh. Substitutes the length in characters of the
- expanded value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is *\b* or @\b@, the value
- substituted is the number of positional parameters. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\b-
- _\bt_\be_\br is an array name subscripted by *\b* or @\b@, the value substi-
- tuted is the number of elements in the array. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is
- an indexed array name subscripted by a negative number, that
- number is interpreted as relative to one greater than the maxi-
- mum index of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br, so negative indices count back from the
- end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last ele-
- ment.
-
- ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br#\b#_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd}
- ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br#\b##\b#_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd}
- R\bRe\bem\bmo\bov\bve\be m\bma\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg p\bpr\bre\bef\bfi\bix\bx p\bpa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn. The _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is expanded to produce
- a pattern just as in pathname expansion, and matched against the
- expanded value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br using the rules described under P\bPa\bat\bt-\b-
- t\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg below. If the pattern matches the beginning of
- the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br, then the result of the expansion is the
- expanded value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br with the shortest matching pattern
- (the "#" case) or the longest matching pattern (the "##" case)
- deleted. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is @\b@ or *\b*, the pattern removal operation
- is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the expan-
- sion is the resultant list. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an array variable
- subscripted with @\b@ or *\b*, the pattern removal operation is ap-
- plied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is
- the resultant list.
-
- ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br%\b%_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd}
- ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br%\b%%\b%_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd}
- R\bRe\bem\bmo\bov\bve\be m\bma\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg s\bsu\buf\bff\bfi\bix\bx p\bpa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn. The _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is expanded to produce
- a pattern just as in pathname expansion, and matched against the
- expanded value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br using the rules described under P\bPa\bat\bt-\b-
- t\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg below. If the pattern matches a trailing portion
- of the expanded value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br, then the result of the ex-
- pansion is the expanded value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br with the shortest
- matching pattern (the "%" case) or the longest matching pattern
- (the "%%" case) deleted. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is @\b@ or *\b*, the pattern
- removal operation is applied to each positional parameter in
- turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is
- an array variable subscripted with @\b@ or *\b*, the pattern removal
- operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and
- the expansion is the resultant list.
-
- ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br/\b/_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn/\b/_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg}
- ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br/\b//\b/_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn/\b/_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg}
- ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br/\b/#\b#_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn/\b/_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg}
- ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br/\b/%\b%_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn/\b/_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg}
- P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn s\bsu\bub\bbs\bst\bti\bit\btu\but\bti\bio\bon\bn. The _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn is expanded to produce a pat-
- tern and matched against the expanded value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br as de-
- scribed under P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg below. The longest match of _\bp_\ba_\bt_\b-
- _\bt_\be_\br_\bn in the expanded value is replaced with _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg. _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg un-
- dergoes tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
- arithmetic expansion, command and process substitution, and
- quote removal.
-
- In the first form above, only the first match is replaced. If
- there are two slashes separating _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br and _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn (the sec-
- ond form above), all matches of _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn are replaced with
- _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg. If _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn is preceded by #\b# (the third form above), it
- must match at the beginning of the expanded value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br.
- If _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn is preceded by %\b% (the fourth form above), it must
- match at the end of the expanded value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br.
-
- If the expansion of _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is null, matches of _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn are
- deleted and the /\b/ following _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn may be omitted.
-
- If the p\bpa\bat\bts\bsu\bub\bb_\b_r\bre\bep\bpl\bla\bac\bce\bem\bme\ben\bnt\bt shell option is enabled using s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt,
- any unquoted instances of &\b& in _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg are replaced with the
- matching portion of _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn.
-
- Quoting any part of _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg inhibits replacement in the expansion
- of the quoted portion, including replacement strings stored in
- shell variables. Backslash escapes &\b& in _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg; the backslash
- is removed in order to permit a literal &\b& in the replacement
- string. Backslash can also be used to escape a backslash; \\b\\\b\
- results in a literal backslash in the replacement. Users should
- take care if _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is double-quoted to avoid unwanted interac-
- tions between the backslash and double-quoting, since backslash
- has special meaning within double quotes. Pattern substitution
- performs the check for unquoted &\b& after expanding _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg; shell
- programmers should quote any occurrences of &\b& they want to be
- taken literally in the replacement and ensure any instances of &\b&
- they want to be replaced are unquoted.
-
- Like the pattern removal operators, double quotes surrounding
- the replacement string quote the expanded characters, while dou-
- ble quotes enclosing the entire parameter substitution do not,
- since the expansion is performed in a context that doesn't take
- any enclosing double quotes into account.
-
- If the n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\bem\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh shell option is enabled, the match is per-
- formed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters.
-
- If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is @\b@ or *\b*, the substitution operation is applied to
- each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the re-
- sultant list. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an array variable subscripted
- with @\b@ or *\b*, the substitution operation is applied to each mem-
- ber of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant
- list.
-
- ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br^\b^_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn}
- ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br^\b^^\b^_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn}
- ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br,\b,_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn}
- ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br,\b,,\b,_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn}
- C\bCa\bas\bse\be m\bmo\bod\bdi\bif\bfi\bic\bca\bat\bti\bio\bon\bn. This expansion modifies the case of alpha-
- betic characters in _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br. First, the _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn is expanded
- to produce a pattern as described below under P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg.
- B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh then examines characters in the expanded value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br
- against _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn as described below. If a character matches the
- pattern, its case is converted. The pattern should not attempt
- to match more than one character.
-
- Using "^" converts lowercase letters matching _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn to upper-
- case; "," converts matching uppercase letters to lowercase. The
- ^\b^ and ,\b, variants examine the first character in the expanded
- value and convert its case if it matches _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn; the ^\b^^\b^ and ,\b,,\b,
- variants examine all characters in the expanded value and con-
- vert each one that matches _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn. If _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn is omitted, it
- is treated like a ?\b?, which matches every character.
-
- If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is @\b@ or *\b*, the case modification operation is ap-
- plied to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is
- the resultant list. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an array variable sub-
- scripted with @\b@ or *\b*, the case modification operation is applied
- to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the
- resultant list.
-
- ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br@\b@_\bo_\bp_\be_\br_\ba_\bt_\bo_\br}
- P\bPa\bar\bra\bam\bme\bet\bte\ber\br t\btr\bra\ban\bns\bsf\bfo\bor\brm\bma\bat\bti\bio\bon\bn. The expansion is either a transforma-
- tion of the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br or information about _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br
- itself, depending on the value of _\bo_\bp_\be_\br_\ba_\bt_\bo_\br. Each _\bo_\bp_\be_\br_\ba_\bt_\bo_\br is a
- single letter:
- U\bU The expansion is a string that is the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br
- with lowercase alphabetic characters converted to upper-
- case.
- u\bu The expansion is a string that is the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br
- with the first character converted to uppercase, if it is
- alphabetic.
- L\bL The expansion is a string that is the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br
- with uppercase alphabetic characters converted to lower-
- case.
- Q\bQ The expansion is a string that is the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br
- quoted in a format that can be reused as input.
- E\bE The expansion is a string that is the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br
- with backslash escape sequences expanded as with the
- $\b$'\b'...'\b' quoting mechanism.
- P\bP The expansion is a string that is the result of expanding
- the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br as if it were a prompt string (see
- P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG below).
- A\bA The expansion is a string in the form of an assignment
- statement or d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be command that, if evaluated, recre-
- ates _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br with its attributes and value.
- K\bK Produces a possibly-quoted version of the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\b-
- _\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br, except that it prints the values of indexed and
- associative arrays as a sequence of quoted key-value
- pairs (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs above). The keys and values are quoted
- in a format that can be reused as input.
- a\ba The expansion is a string consisting of flag values rep-
- resenting _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br's attributes.
- k\bk Like the K transformation, but expands the keys and val-
- ues of indexed and associative arrays to separate words
- after word splitting.
-
- If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is @\b@ or *\b*, the operation is applied to each posi-
- tional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant
- list. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an array variable subscripted with @\b@ or
- *\b*, the operation is applied to each member of the array in turn,
- and the expansion is the resultant list.
-
- The result of the expansion is subject to word splitting and
- pathname expansion as described below.
+ The "$\b$" character introduces parameter expansion, command substitution, or
+ arithmetic expansion. The parameter name or symbol to be expanded may be
+ enclosed in braces, which are optional but serve to protect the variable to
+ be expanded from characters immediately following it which could be inter-
+ preted as part of the name.
+
+ When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first "}\b}" not es-
+ caped by a backslash or within a quoted string, and not within an embedded
+ arithmetic expansion, command substitution, or parameter expansion.
+
+ The basic form of parameter expansion is
+
+ ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br}
+
+ which substitutes the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br. The braces are required when _\bp_\ba_\b-
+ _\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is a positional parameter with more than one digit, or when _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\b-
+ _\bt_\be_\br is followed by a character which is not to be interpreted as part of
+ its name. The _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is a shell parameter as described above (P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bE-\b-
+ T\bTE\bER\bRS\bS) or an array reference (A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs).
+
+ If the first character of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an exclamation point (!\b!), and _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\b-
+ _\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is not a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf, it introduces a level of indirection. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh uses
+ the value formed by expanding the rest of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br as the new _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br;
+ this new parameter is then expanded and that value is used in the rest of
+ the expansion, rather than the expansion of the original _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br. This
+ is known as _\bi_\bn_\bd_\bi_\br_\be_\bc_\bt _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn. The value is subject to tilde expansion,
+ parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. If
+ _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is a nameref, this expands to the name of the parameter refer-
+ enced by _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br instead of performing the complete indirect expansion,
+ for compatibility. The exceptions to this are the expansions of ${!\b!_\bp_\br_\be_\b-
+ _\bf_\bi_\bx*\b*} and ${!\b!_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\b@]} described below. The exclamation point must immedi-
+ ately follow the left brace in order to introduce indirection.
+
+ In each of the cases below, _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is subject to tilde expansion, parameter
+ expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion.
+
+ When performing the first four expansions documented below (:\b:-\b-, :\b:=\b=, :\b:?\b?, and
+ :\b:+\b+), including the colon, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh tests for a parameter that is unset or null.
+ Omitting the colon tests only for a parameter that is unset.
+
+ ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br:\b:-\b-_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd}
+ U\bUs\bse\be D\bDe\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt V\bVa\bal\blu\bue\bes\bs. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is unset or null, or unset if the
+ colon is not present, the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is substituted. Other-
+ wise, the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is substituted.
+
+ ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br:\b:=\b=_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd}
+ A\bAs\bss\bsi\big\bgn\bn D\bDe\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt V\bVa\bal\blu\bue\bes\bs. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is unset or null, or unset if
+ the colon is not present, the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is assigned to _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\b-
+ _\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br, and the expansion is the final value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br. Posi-
+ tional parameters and special parameters may not be assigned in this
+ way.
+
+ ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br:\b:?\b?_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd}
+ D\bDi\bis\bsp\bpl\bla\bay\by E\bEr\brr\bro\bor\br i\bif\bf N\bNu\bul\bll\bl o\bor\br U\bUn\bns\bse\bet\bt. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is unset or null, or
+ unset if the colon is not present, the shell writes the expansion of
+ _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd (or a message to that effect if _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is not present) to the
+ standard error and, if it is not interactive, exits with a non-zero
+ status. An interactive shell does not exit, but does not execute
+ the command associated with the expansion. Otherwise, the value of
+ _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is substituted.
+
+ ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br:\b:+\b+_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd}
+ U\bUs\bse\be A\bAl\blt\bte\ber\brn\bna\bat\bte\be V\bVa\bal\blu\bue\be. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is unset or null, or unset if the
+ colon is not present, nothing is substituted, otherwise the expan-
+ sion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is substituted. The value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is not used.
+
+ ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br:\b:_\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt}
+ ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br:\b:_\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt:\b:_\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh}
+ S\bSu\bub\bbs\bst\btr\bri\bin\bng\bg E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn. Expands to up to _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh characters of the
+ value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br starting at the character specified by _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt.
+ If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is @\b@ or *\b*, an indexed array subscripted by @\b@ or *\b*, or
+ an associative array name, the results differ as described below.
+ If :\b:_\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh is omitted (the first form above), this expands to the
+ substring of the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br starting at the character speci-
+ fied by _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt and extending to the end of the value. If _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt is
+ omitted, it is treated as 0. If _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh is omitted, but the colon
+ after _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt is present, it is treated as 0. _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh and _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt are
+ arithmetic expressions (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN below).
+
+ If _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt evaluates to a number less than zero, the value is used as
+ an offset in characters from the end of the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br. If
+ _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh evaluates to a number less than zero, it is interpreted as an
+ offset in characters from the end of the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br rather
+ than a number of characters, and the expansion is the characters be-
+ tween _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt and that result. Note that a negative offset must be
+ separated from the colon by at least one space to avoid being con-
+ fused with the :\b:-\b- expansion.
+
+ If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is @\b@ or *\b*, the result is _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh positional parameters
+ beginning at _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt. A negative _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt is taken relative to one
+ greater than the greatest positional parameter, so an offset of -1
+ evaluates to the last positional parameter (or 0 if there are no po-
+ sitional parameters). It is an expansion error if _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh evaluates
+ to a number less than zero.
+
+ If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an indexed array name subscripted by @ or *, the re-
+ sult is the _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh members of the array beginning with ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\b-
+ _\bt_\be_\br[_\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt]}. A negative _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt is taken relative to one greater
+ than the maximum index of the specified array. It is an expansion
+ error if _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh evaluates to a number less than zero.
+
+ Substring expansion applied to an associative array produces unde-
+ fined results.
+
+ Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parameters
+ are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by default. If
+ _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt is 0, and the positional parameters are used, $\b$0\b0 is prefixed
+ to the list.
+
+ ${!\b!_\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx*\b*}
+ ${!\b!_\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx@\b@}
+ N\bNa\bam\bme\bes\bs m\bma\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg p\bpr\bre\bef\bfi\bix\bx. Expands to the names of variables whose
+ names begin with _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx, separated by the first character of the I\bIF\bFS\bS
+ special variable. When _\b@ is used and the expansion appears within
+ double quotes, each variable name expands to a separate word.
+
+ ${!\b!_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\b@]}
+ ${!\b!_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\b*]}
+ L\bLi\bis\bst\bt o\bof\bf a\bar\brr\bra\bay\by k\bke\bey\bys\bs. If _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an array variable, expands to the
+ list of array indices (keys) assigned in _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not an
+ array, expands to 0 if _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set and null otherwise. When _\b@ is
+ used and the expansion appears within double quotes, each key ex-
+ pands to a separate word.
+
+ ${#\b#_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br}
+ P\bPa\bar\bra\bam\bme\bet\bte\ber\br l\ble\ben\bng\bgt\bth\bh. Substitutes the length in characters of the ex-
+ panded value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is *\b* or @\b@, the value sub-
+ stituted is the number of positional parameters. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an
+ array name subscripted by *\b* or @\b@, the value substituted is the num-
+ ber of elements in the array. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an indexed array name
+ subscripted by a negative number, that number is interpreted as rel-
+ ative to one greater than the maximum index of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br, so nega-
+ tive indices count back from the end of the array, and an index of
+ -1 references the last element.
+
+ ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br#\b#_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd}
+ ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br#\b##\b#_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd}
+ R\bRe\bem\bmo\bov\bve\be m\bma\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg p\bpr\bre\bef\bfi\bix\bx p\bpa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn. The _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is expanded to produce a
+ pattern just as in pathname expansion, and matched against the ex-
+ panded value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br using the rules described under P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn
+ M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg below. If the pattern matches the beginning of the value
+ of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br, then the result of the expansion is the expanded value
+ of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br with the shortest matching pattern (the "#" case) or
+ the longest matching pattern (the "##" case) deleted. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br
+ is @\b@ or *\b*, the pattern removal operation is applied to each posi-
+ tional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+ If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an array variable subscripted with @\b@ or *\b*, the pat-
+ tern removal operation is applied to each member of the array in
+ turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+
+ ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br%\b%_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd}
+ ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br%\b%%\b%_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd}
+ R\bRe\bem\bmo\bov\bve\be m\bma\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg s\bsu\buf\bff\bfi\bix\bx p\bpa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn. The _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is expanded to produce a
+ pattern just as in pathname expansion, and matched against the ex-
+ panded value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br using the rules described under P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn
+ M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg below. If the pattern matches a trailing portion of the
+ expanded value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br, then the result of the expansion is the
+ expanded value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br with the shortest matching pattern (the
+ "%" case) or the longest matching pattern (the "%%" case) deleted.
+ If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is @\b@ or *\b*, the pattern removal operation is applied to
+ each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resul-
+ tant list. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an array variable subscripted with @\b@ or
+ *\b*, the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the
+ array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+
+ ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br/\b/_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn/\b/_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg}
+ ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br/\b//\b/_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn/\b/_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg}
+ ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br/\b/#\b#_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn/\b/_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg}
+ ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br/\b/%\b%_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn/\b/_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg}
+ P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn s\bsu\bub\bbs\bst\bti\bit\btu\but\bti\bio\bon\bn. The _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn is expanded to produce a pattern
+ and matched against the expanded value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br as described un-
+ der P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg below. The longest match of _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn in the ex-
+ panded value is replaced with _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg. _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg undergoes tilde expan-
+ sion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, com-
+ mand and process substitution, and quote removal.
+
+ In the first form above, only the first match is replaced. If there
+ are two slashes separating _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br and _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn (the second form
+ above), all matches of _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn are replaced with _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg. If _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn
+ is preceded by #\b# (the third form above), it must match at the begin-
+ ning of the expanded value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br. If _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn is preceded by
+ %\b% (the fourth form above), it must match at the end of the expanded
+ value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br.
+
+ If the expansion of _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is null, matches of _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn are deleted
+ and the /\b/ following _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn may be omitted.
+
+ If the p\bpa\bat\bts\bsu\bub\bb_\b_r\bre\bep\bpl\bla\bac\bce\bem\bme\ben\bnt\bt shell option is enabled using s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt, any
+ unquoted instances of &\b& in _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg are replaced with the matching
+ portion of _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn.
+
+ Quoting any part of _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg inhibits replacement in the expansion of
+ the quoted portion, including replacement strings stored in shell
+ variables. Backslash escapes &\b& in _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg; the backslash is removed
+ in order to permit a literal &\b& in the replacement string. Backslash
+ can also be used to escape a backslash; \\b\\\b\ results in a literal
+ backslash in the replacement. Users should take care if _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is
+ double-quoted to avoid unwanted interactions between the backslash
+ and double-quoting, since backslash has special meaning within dou-
+ ble quotes. Pattern substitution performs the check for unquoted &\b&
+ after expanding _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg; shell programmers should quote any occur-
+ rences of &\b& they want to be taken literally in the replacement and
+ ensure any instances of &\b& they want to be replaced are unquoted.
+
+ Like the pattern removal operators, double quotes surrounding the
+ replacement string quote the expanded characters, while double
+ quotes enclosing the entire parameter substitution do not, since the
+ expansion is performed in a context that doesn't take any enclosing
+ double quotes into account.
+
+ If the n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\bem\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh shell option is enabled, the match is performed
+ without regard to the case of alphabetic characters.
+
+ If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is @\b@ or *\b*, the substitution operation is applied to
+ each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resul-
+ tant list. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an array variable subscripted with @\b@ or
+ *\b*, the substitution operation is applied to each member of the array
+ in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+
+ ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br^\b^_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn}
+ ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br^\b^^\b^_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn}
+ ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br,\b,_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn}
+ ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br,\b,,\b,_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn}
+ C\bCa\bas\bse\be m\bmo\bod\bdi\bif\bfi\bic\bca\bat\bti\bio\bon\bn. This expansion modifies the case of alphabetic
+ characters in _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br. First, the _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn is expanded to produce
+ a pattern as described below under P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh then ex-
+ amines characters in the expanded value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br against _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn
+ as described below. If a character matches the pattern, its case is
+ converted. The pattern should not attempt to match more than one
+ character.
+
+ Using "^" converts lowercase letters matching _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn to uppercase;
+ "," converts matching uppercase letters to lowercase. The ^\b^ and ,\b,
+ variants examine the first character in the expanded value and con-
+ vert its case if it matches _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn; the ^\b^^\b^ and ,\b,,\b, variants examine
+ all characters in the expanded value and convert each one that
+ matches _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn. If _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn is omitted, it is treated like a ?\b?,
+ which matches every character.
+
+ If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is @\b@ or *\b*, the case modification operation is applied
+ to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the re-
+ sultant list. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an array variable subscripted with @\b@
+ or *\b*, the case modification operation is applied to each member of
+ the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+
+ ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br@\b@_\bo_\bp_\be_\br_\ba_\bt_\bo_\br}
+ P\bPa\bar\bra\bam\bme\bet\bte\ber\br t\btr\bra\ban\bns\bsf\bfo\bor\brm\bma\bat\bti\bio\bon\bn. The expansion is either a transformation
+ of the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br or information about _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br itself, de-
+ pending on the value of _\bo_\bp_\be_\br_\ba_\bt_\bo_\br. Each _\bo_\bp_\be_\br_\ba_\bt_\bo_\br is a single letter:
+ U\bU The expansion is a string that is the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br with
+ lowercase alphabetic characters converted to uppercase.
+ u\bu The expansion is a string that is the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br with
+ the first character converted to uppercase, if it is alpha-
+ betic.
+ L\bL The expansion is a string that is the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br with
+ uppercase alphabetic characters converted to lowercase.
+ Q\bQ The expansion is a string that is the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br
+ quoted in a format that can be reused as input.
+ E\bE The expansion is a string that is the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br with
+ backslash escape sequences expanded as with the $\b$'\b'...'\b' quot-
+ ing mechanism.
+ P\bP The expansion is a string that is the result of expanding the
+ value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br as if it were a prompt string (see P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bT-\b-
+ I\bIN\bNG\bG below).
+ A\bA The expansion is a string in the form of an assignment state-
+ ment or d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be command that, if evaluated, recreates _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\b-
+ _\bt_\be_\br with its attributes and value.
+ K\bK Produces a possibly-quoted version of the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br,
+ except that it prints the values of indexed and associative
+ arrays as a sequence of quoted key-value pairs (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs
+ above). The keys and values are quoted in a format that can
+ be reused as input.
+ a\ba The expansion is a string consisting of flag values repre-
+ senting _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br's attributes.
+ k\bk Like the K transformation, but expands the keys and values of
+ indexed and associative arrays to separate words after word
+ splitting.
+
+ If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is @\b@ or *\b*, the operation is applied to each positional
+ parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If _\bp_\ba_\b-
+ _\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an array variable subscripted with @\b@ or *\b*, the operation
+ is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is
+ the resultant list.
+
+ The result of the expansion is subject to word splitting and path-
+ name expansion as described below.
C\bCo\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd S\bSu\bub\bbs\bst\bti\bit\btu\but\bti\bio\bon\bn
- _\bC_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\bi_\bt_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn allows the output of a command to replace the com-
- mand itself. There are two standard forms:
-
- $\b$(\b(_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd)\b)
- or (deprecated)
- `\b`_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd`\b`.
-
- B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh performs the expansion by executing _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd in a subshell environ-
- ment and replacing the command substitution with the standard output of
- the command, with any trailing newlines deleted. Embedded newlines are
- not deleted, but they may be removed during word splitting. The com-
- mand substitution $\b$(\b(c\bca\bat\bt _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be)\b) can be replaced by the equivalent but
- faster $\b$(\b(<\b< _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be)\b).
-
- With the old-style backquote form of substitution, backslash retains
- its literal meaning except when followed by $\b$, `\b`, or \\b\. The first
- backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the command substitu-
- tion. When using the $(_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd) form, all characters between the
- parentheses make up the command; none are treated specially.
-
- There is an alternate form of command substitution:
-
- $\b${\b{_\bc _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd;\b;}\b}
-
- which executes _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd in the current execution environment and cap-
- tures its output, again with trailing newlines removed.
-
- The character _\bc following the open brace must be a space, tab, newline,
- "|", or ";"; and the close brace must be in a position where a reserved
- word may appear (i.e., preceded by a command terminator such as semi-
- colon). B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh allows the close brace to be joined to the remaining
- characters in the word without being followed by a shell metacharacter
- as a reserved word would usually require.
-
- Any side effects of _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd take effect immediately in the current exe-
- cution environment and persist in the current environment after the
- command completes (e.g., the e\bex\bxi\bit\bt builtin exits the shell).
-
- This type of command substitution superficially resembles executing an
- unnamed shell function: local variables are created as when a shell
- function is executing, and the r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn builtin forces _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd to com-
- plete; however, the rest of the execution environment, including the
- positional parameters, is shared with the caller.
-
- If the first character following the open brace is a ";", the construct
- behaves like the form above but preserves any trailing newlines in the
- output of _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd instead of removing them. This form is useful when
- the trailing newlines are significant and should not be stripped from
- the command's output.
-
- If the first character following the open brace is a "|", the construct
- expands to the value of the R\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY shell variable after _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd exe-
- cutes, without removing any trailing newlines, and the standard output
- of _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd remains the same as in the calling shell. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh creates R\bRE\bE-\b-
- P\bPL\bLY\bY as an initially-unset local variable when _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd executes, and re-
- stores R\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY to the value it had before the command substitution after
- _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd completes, as with any local variable.
-
- Command substitutions may be nested. To nest when using the backquoted
- form, escape the inner backquotes with backslashes.
-
- If the substitution appears within double quotes, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not perform
- word splitting and pathname expansion on the results.
+ _\bC_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\bi_\bt_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn allows the output of a command to replace the command
+ itself. There are two standard forms:
+
+ $\b$(\b(_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd)\b)
+ or (deprecated)
+ `\b`_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd`\b`.
+
+ B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh performs the expansion by executing _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd in a subshell environment
+ and replacing the command substitution with the standard output of the com-
+ mand, with any trailing newlines deleted. Embedded newlines are not
+ deleted, but they may be removed during word splitting. The command sub-
+ stitution $\b$(\b(c\bca\bat\bt _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be)\b) can be replaced by the equivalent but faster $\b$(\b(<\b<
+ _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be)\b).
+
+ With the old-style backquote form of substitution, backslash retains its
+ literal meaning except when followed by $\b$, `\b`, or \\b\. The first backquote
+ not preceded by a backslash terminates the command substitution. When us-
+ ing the $(_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd) form, all characters between the parentheses make up the
+ command; none are treated specially.
+
+ There is an alternate form of command substitution:
+
+ $\b${\b{_\bc _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd;\b;}\b}
+
+ which executes _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd in the current execution environment and captures
+ its output, again with trailing newlines removed.
+
+ The character _\bc following the open brace must be a space, tab, newline,
+ "|", or ";"; and the close brace must be in a position where a reserved
+ word may appear (i.e., preceded by a command terminator such as semicolon).
+ B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh allows the close brace to be joined to the remaining characters in the
+ word without being followed by a shell metacharacter as a reserved word
+ would usually require.
+
+ Any side effects of _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd take effect immediately in the current execu-
+ tion environment and persist in the current environment after the command
+ completes (e.g., the e\bex\bxi\bit\bt builtin exits the shell).
+
+ This type of command substitution superficially resembles executing an un-
+ named shell function: local variables are created as when a shell function
+ is executing, and the r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn builtin forces _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd to complete; however,
+ the rest of the execution environment, including the positional parameters,
+ is shared with the caller.
+
+ If the first character following the open brace is a ";", the construct be-
+ haves like the form above but preserves any trailing newlines in the output
+ of _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd instead of removing them. This form is useful when the trailing
+ newlines are significant and should not be stripped from the command's out-
+ put.
+
+ If the first character following the open brace is a "|", the construct ex-
+ pands to the value of the R\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY shell variable after _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd executes,
+ without removing any trailing newlines, and the standard output of _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
+ remains the same as in the calling shell. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh creates R\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY as an ini-
+ tially-unset local variable when _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd executes, and restores R\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY to
+ the value it had before the command substitution after _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd completes,
+ as with any local variable.
+
+ Command substitutions may be nested. To nest when using the backquoted
+ form, escape the inner backquotes with backslashes.
+
+ If the substitution appears within double quotes, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not perform
+ word splitting and pathname expansion on the results.
A\bAr\bri\bit\bth\bhm\bme\bet\bti\bic\bc E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
- Arithmetic expansion evaluates an arithmetic expression and substitutes
- the result. The format for arithmetic expansion is:
-
- $\b$(\b((\b(_\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn)\b))\b)
-
- The _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn undergoes the same expansions as if it were within dou-
- ble quotes, but unescaped double quote characters in _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn are not
- treated specially and are removed. All tokens in the expression un-
- dergo parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and quote
- removal. The result is treated as the arithmetic expression to be
- evaluated. Since the way Bash handles double quotes can potentially
- result in empty strings, arithmetic expansion treats those as expres-
- sions that evaluate to 0. Arithmetic expansions may be nested.
-
- The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below under
- A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN. If _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn is invalid, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh prints a message
- to standard error indicating failure, does not perform the substitu-
- tion, and does not continue to execute the command in which the error
- occurs.
+ Arithmetic expansion evaluates an arithmetic expression and substitutes the
+ result. The format for arithmetic expansion is:
+
+ $\b$(\b((\b(_\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn)\b))\b)
+
+ The _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn undergoes the same expansions as if it were within double
+ quotes, but unescaped double quote characters in _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn are not treated
+ specially and are removed. All tokens in the expression undergo parameter
+ and variable expansion, command substitution, and quote removal. The re-
+ sult is treated as the arithmetic expression to be evaluated. Since the
+ way Bash handles double quotes can potentially result in empty strings,
+ arithmetic expansion treats those as expressions that evaluate to 0.
+ Arithmetic expansions may be nested.
+
+ The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below under
+ A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN. If _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn is invalid, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh prints a message to
+ standard error indicating failure, does not perform the substitution, and
+ does not continue to execute the command in which the error occurs.
P\bPr\bro\boc\bce\bes\bss\bs S\bSu\bub\bbs\bst\bti\bit\btu\but\bti\bio\bon\bn
- _\bP_\br_\bo_\bc_\be_\bs_\bs _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\bi_\bt_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn allows a process's input or output to be referred
- to using a filename. It takes the form of <\b<(\b(_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b) or >\b>(\b(_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b). The
- process _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt, as long as it is not a null command without redirections,
- is run asynchronously, and its input or output appears as a filename.
- This filename is passed as an argument to the current command as the
- result of the expansion.
+ _\bP_\br_\bo_\bc_\be_\bs_\bs _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\bi_\bt_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn allows a process's input or output to be referred to
+ using a filename. It takes the form of <\b<(\b(_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b) or >\b>(\b(_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b). The process
+ _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt, as long as it is not a null command without redirections, is run
+ asynchronously, and its input or output appears as a filename. This file-
+ name is passed as an argument to the current command as the result of the
+ expansion.
- If the >\b>(\b(_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b) form is used, writing to the file provides input for
- _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt. If the <\b<(\b(_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b) form is used, reading the file obtains the output
- of _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt. No space may appear between the <\b< or >\b> and the left parenthe-
- sis, otherwise the construct would be interpreted as a redirection.
+ If the >\b>(\b(_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b) form is used, writing to the file provides input for _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt.
+ If the <\b<(\b(_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b) form is used, reading the file obtains the output of _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt.
+ No space may appear between the <\b< or >\b> and the left parenthesis, otherwise
+ the construct would be interpreted as a redirection.
- Process substitution is supported on systems that support named pipes
- (_\bF_\bI_\bF_\bO_\bs) or the _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bf_\bd method of naming open files.
+ Process substitution is supported on systems that support named pipes (_\bF_\bI_\b-
+ _\bF_\bO_\bs) or the _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bf_\bd method of naming open files.
- When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with
- parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic
- expansion.
+ When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with para-
+ meter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expan-
+ sion.
W\bWo\bor\brd\bd S\bSp\bpl\bli\bit\btt\bti\bin\bng\bg
- The shell scans the results of parameter expansion, command substitu-
- tion, and arithmetic expansion that did not occur within double quotes
- for _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd _\bs_\bp_\bl_\bi_\bt_\bt_\bi_\bn_\bg. Words that were not expanded are not split.
-
- The shell treats each character of I\bIF\bFS\bS as a delimiter, and splits the
- results of the other expansions into words using these characters as
- field terminators.
-
- An _\bI_\bF_\bS _\bw_\bh_\bi_\bt_\be_\bs_\bp_\ba_\bc_\be character is whitespace as defined above (see D\bDe\bef\bfi\bin\bni\bi-\b-
- t\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs) that appears in the value of I\bIF\bFS\bS. Space, tab, and newline are
- always considered IFS whitespace, even if they don't appear in the lo-
- cale's s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be category.
-
- If I\bIF\bFS\bS is unset, field splitting acts as if its value were
- <\b<s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be>\b><\b<t\bta\bab\bb>\b><\b<n\bne\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be>\b>, and treats these characters as IFS whitespace.
- If the value of I\bIF\bFS\bS is null, no word splitting occurs, but implicit
- null arguments (see below) are still removed.
-
- Word splitting begins by removing sequences of IFS whitespace charac-
- ters from the beginning and end of the results of the previous expan-
- sions, then splits the remaining words.
-
- If the value of I\bIF\bFS\bS consists solely of IFS whitespace, any sequence of
- IFS whitespace characters delimits a field, so a field consists of
- characters that are not unquoted IFS whitespace, and null fields result
- only from quoting.
-
- If I\bIF\bFS\bS contains a non-whitespace character, then any character in the
- value of I\bIF\bFS\bS that is not IFS whitespace, along with any adjacent IFS
- whitespace characters, delimits a field. This means that adjacent non-
- IFS-whitespace delimiters produce a null field. A sequence of IFS
- whitespace characters also delimits a field.
-
- Explicit null arguments ("\b""\b" or '\b''\b') are retained and passed to commands
- as empty strings. Unquoted implicit null arguments, resulting from the
- expansion of parameters that have no values, are removed. Expanding a
- parameter with no value within double quotes produces a null field,
- which is retained and passed to a command as an empty string.
-
- When a quoted null argument appears as part of a word whose expansion
- is non-null, word splitting removes the null argument portion, leaving
- the non-null expansion. That is, the word "-d''" becomes "-d" after
- word splitting and null argument removal.
+ The shell scans the results of parameter expansion, command substitution,
+ and arithmetic expansion that did not occur within double quotes for _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
+ _\bs_\bp_\bl_\bi_\bt_\bt_\bi_\bn_\bg. Words that were not expanded are not split.
+
+ The shell treats each character of I\bIF\bFS\bS as a delimiter, and splits the re-
+ sults of the other expansions into words using these characters as field
+ terminators.
+
+ An _\bI_\bF_\bS _\bw_\bh_\bi_\bt_\be_\bs_\bp_\ba_\bc_\be character is whitespace as defined above (see D\bDe\bef\bfi\bin\bni\bi-\b-
+ t\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs) that appears in the value of I\bIF\bFS\bS. Space, tab, and newline are al-
+ ways considered IFS whitespace, even if they don't appear in the locale's
+ s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be category.
+
+ If I\bIF\bFS\bS is unset, field splitting acts as if its value were
+ <\b<s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be>\b><\b<t\bta\bab\bb>\b><\b<n\bne\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be>\b>, and treats these characters as IFS whitespace. If
+ the value of I\bIF\bFS\bS is null, no word splitting occurs, but implicit null argu-
+ ments (see below) are still removed.
+
+ Word splitting begins by removing sequences of IFS whitespace characters
+ from the beginning and end of the results of the previous expansions, then
+ splits the remaining words.
+
+ If the value of I\bIF\bFS\bS consists solely of IFS whitespace, any sequence of IFS
+ whitespace characters delimits a field, so a field consists of characters
+ that are not unquoted IFS whitespace, and null fields result only from
+ quoting.
+
+ If I\bIF\bFS\bS contains a non-whitespace character, then any character in the value
+ of I\bIF\bFS\bS that is not IFS whitespace, along with any adjacent IFS whitespace
+ characters, delimits a field. This means that adjacent non-IFS-whitespace
+ delimiters produce a null field. A sequence of IFS whitespace characters
+ also delimits a field.
+
+ Explicit null arguments ("\b""\b" or '\b''\b') are retained and passed to commands as
+ empty strings. Unquoted implicit null arguments, resulting from the expan-
+ sion of parameters that have no values, are removed. Expanding a parameter
+ with no value within double quotes produces a null field, which is retained
+ and passed to a command as an empty string.
+
+ When a quoted null argument appears as part of a word whose expansion is
+ non-null, word splitting removes the null argument portion, leaving the
+ non-null expansion. That is, the word "-d''" becomes "-d" after word
+ splitting and null argument removal.
P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
- After word splitting, unless the -\b-f\bf option has been set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh scans
- each word for the characters *\b*, ?\b?, and [\b[. If one of these characters
- appears, and is not quoted, then the word is regarded as a _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn, and
- replaced with a sorted list of filenames matching the pattern (see P\bPa\bat\bt-\b-
- t\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg below) subject to the value of the G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBS\bSO\bOR\bRT\bT shell vari-
- able.
-
- If no matching filenames are found, and the shell option n\bnu\bul\bll\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb is
- not enabled, the word is left unchanged. If the n\bnu\bul\bll\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb option is
- set, and no matches are found, the word is removed. If the f\bfa\bai\bil\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
- shell option is set, and no matches are found, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh prints an error
- message and does not execute the command. If the shell option n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\be-\b-
- g\bgl\blo\bob\bb is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of
- alphabetic characters.
-
- When a pattern is used for pathname expansion, the character "." at the
- start of a name or immediately following a slash must be matched ex-
- plicitly, unless the shell option d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb is set. In order to match
- the filenames _\b. and _\b._\b., the pattern must begin with "." (for example,
- ".?"), even if d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb is set. If the g\bgl\blo\bob\bbs\bsk\bki\bip\bpd\bdo\bot\bts\bs shell option is en-
- abled, the filenames _\b. and _\b._\b. never match, even if the pattern begins
- with a ".". When not matching pathnames, the "." character is not
- treated specially.
-
- When matching a pathname, the slash character must always be matched
- explicitly by a slash in the pattern, but in other matching contexts it
- can be matched by a special pattern character as described below under
- P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg.
-
- See the description of s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt below under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS for a
- description of the n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\beg\bgl\blo\bob\bb, n\bnu\bul\bll\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb, g\bgl\blo\bob\bbs\bsk\bki\bip\bpd\bdo\bot\bts\bs, f\bfa\bai\bil\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb, and
- d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell options.
-
- The G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE shell variable may be used to restrict the set of file
- names matching a _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn. If G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is set, each matching file
- name that also matches one of the patterns in G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is removed
- from the list of matches. If the n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\beg\bgl\blo\bob\bb option is set, the match-
- ing against the patterns in G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is performed without regard to
- case. The filenames _\b. and _\b._\b. are always ignored when G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is set
- and not null. However, setting G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE to a non-null value has the
- effect of enabling the d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell option, so all other filenames be-
- ginning with a "." match. To get the old behavior of ignoring file-
- names beginning with a ".", make ".*" one of the patterns in G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bG-\b-
- N\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE. The d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb option is disabled when G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is unset. The
- G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE pattern matching honors the setting of the e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell op-
- tion.
-
- The value of the G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBS\bSO\bOR\bRT\bT shell variable controls how the results of
- pathname expansion are sorted, as described above under S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl V\bVa\bar\bri\bi-\b-
- a\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs.
-
- P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg
-
- Any character that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern
- characters described below, matches itself. The NUL character may not
- occur in a pattern. A backslash escapes the following character; the
- escaping backslash is discarded when matching. The special pattern
- characters must be quoted if they are to be matched literally.
-
- The special pattern characters have the following meanings:
-
- *\b* Matches any string, including the null string. When the
- g\bgl\blo\bob\bbs\bst\bta\bar\br shell option is enabled, and *\b* is used in a
- pathname expansion context, two adjacent *\b*s used as a
- single pattern match all files and zero or more directo-
- ries and subdirectories. If followed by a /\b/, two adja-
- cent *\b*s match only directories and subdirectories.
- ?\b? Matches any single character.
- [\b[...]\b] Matches any one of the characters enclosed between the
- brackets. This is known as a _\bb_\br_\ba_\bc_\bk_\be_\bt _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn and
- matches a single character. A pair of characters sepa-
- rated by a hyphen denotes a _\br_\ba_\bn_\bg_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn; any charac-
- ter that falls between those two characters, inclusive,
- using the current locale's collating sequence and charac-
- ter set, matches. If the first character following the [\b[
- is a !\b! or a ^\b^ then any character not within the range
- matches. To match a -\b-, include it as the first or last
- character in the set. To match a ]\b], include it as the
- first character in the set.
-
- The sorting order of characters in range expressions, and
- the characters included in the range, are determined by
- the collating sequence of the current locale and the val-
- ues of the L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCO\bOL\bLL\bLA\bAT\bTE\bE or L\bLC\bC_\b_A\bAL\bLL\bL shell variables, if set.
-
- For example, in the C locale, [\b[a\ba-\b-d\bd]\b] is equivalent to
- [\b[a\bab\bbc\bcd\bd]\b]. Many locales sort characters in dictionary or-
- der, and in these locales [\b[a\ba-\b-d\bd]\b] is typically not equiva-
- lent to [\b[a\bab\bbc\bcd\bd]\b]; it might be equivalent to [\b[a\baB\bBb\bbC\bCc\bcD\bDd\bd]\b] or
- [\b[a\baA\bAb\bbB\bBc\bcC\bCd\bd]\b]. To obtain the traditional interpretation of
- range expressions, where [\b[a\ba-\b-d\bd]\b] is equivalent to [\b[a\bab\bbc\bcd\bd]\b],
- set the value of the L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCO\bOL\bLL\bLA\bAT\bTE\bE or L\bLC\bC_\b_A\bAL\bLL\bL shell variables
- to C\bC, or enable the g\bgl\blo\bob\bba\bas\bsc\bci\bii\bir\bra\ban\bng\bge\bes\bs shell option.
-
- Within a bracket expression, _\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\be_\br _\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs_\be_\bs can be
- specified using the syntax [\b[:\b:_\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs:\b:]\b], where _\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs is one
- of the following classes defined in the POSIX standard:
-
- a\bal\bln\bnu\bum\bm a\bal\blp\bph\bha\ba a\bas\bsc\bci\bii\bi b\bbl\bla\ban\bnk\bk c\bcn\bnt\btr\brl\bl d\bdi\big\bgi\bit\bt g\bgr\bra\bap\bph\bh l\blo\bow\bwe\ber\br p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\bt
- p\bpu\bun\bnc\bct\bt s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be u\bup\bpp\bpe\ber\br w\bwo\bor\brd\bd x\bxd\bdi\big\bgi\bit\bt
-
- A character class matches any character belonging to that
- class. The w\bwo\bor\brd\bd character class matches letters, digits,
- and the character _.
-
- Within a bracket expression, an _\be_\bq_\bu_\bi_\bv_\ba_\bl_\be_\bn_\bc_\be _\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs can be
- specified using the syntax [\b[=\b=_\bc=\b=]\b], which matches all char-
- acters with the same collation weight (as defined by the
- current locale) as the character _\bc.
-
- Within a bracket expression, the syntax [\b[.\b._\bs_\by_\bm_\bb_\bo_\bl.\b.]\b]
- matches the collating symbol _\bs_\by_\bm_\bb_\bo_\bl.
-
- If the e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell option is enabled using the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin, the
- shell recognizes several extended pattern matching operators. In the
- following description, a _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn_\b-_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is a list of one or more patterns
- separated by a |\b|. Composite patterns may be formed using one or more
- of the following sub-patterns:
-
- ?\b?(\b(_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn_\b-_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b)
- Matches zero or one occurrence of the given patterns.
- *\b*(\b(_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn_\b-_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b)
- Matches zero or more occurrences of the given patterns.
- +\b+(\b(_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn_\b-_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b)
- Matches one or more occurrences of the given patterns.
- @\b@(\b(_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn_\b-_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b)
- Matches one of the given patterns.
- !\b!(\b(_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn_\b-_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b)
- Matches anything except one of the given patterns.
-
- The e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb option changes the behavior of the parser, since the paren-
- theses are normally treated as operators with syntactic meaning. To
- ensure that extended matching patterns are parsed correctly, make sure
- that e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb is enabled before parsing constructs containing the pat-
- terns, including shell functions and command substitutions.
-
- When matching filenames, the d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell option determines the set of
- filenames that are tested: when d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb is enabled, the set of file-
- names includes all files beginning with ".", but _\b. and _\b._\b. must be
- matched by a pattern or sub-pattern that begins with a dot; when it is
- disabled, the set does not include any filenames beginning with "." un-
- less the pattern or sub-pattern begins with a ".". If the g\bgl\blo\bob\bbs\bsk\bki\bip\bpd\bdo\bot\bts\bs
- shell option is enabled, the filenames _\b. and _\b._\b. never appear in the
- set. As above, "." only has a special meaning when matching filenames.
-
- Complicated extended pattern matching against long strings is slow, es-
- pecially when the patterns contain alternations and the strings contain
- multiple matches. Using separate matches against shorter strings, or
- using arrays of strings instead of a single long string, may be faster.
+ After word splitting, unless the -\b-f\bf option has been set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh scans each
+ word for the characters *\b*, ?\b?, and [\b[. If one of these characters appears,
+ and is not quoted, then the word is regarded as a _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn, and replaced
+ with a sorted list of filenames matching the pattern (see P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg
+ below) subject to the value of the G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBS\bSO\bOR\bRT\bT shell variable.
+
+ If no matching filenames are found, and the shell option n\bnu\bul\bll\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb is not
+ enabled, the word is left unchanged. If the n\bnu\bul\bll\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb option is set, and no
+ matches are found, the word is removed. If the f\bfa\bai\bil\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell option is
+ set, and no matches are found, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh prints an error message and does not
+ execute the command. If the shell option n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\beg\bgl\blo\bob\bb is enabled, the match
+ is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters.
+
+ When a pattern is used for pathname expansion, the character "." at the
+ start of a name or immediately following a slash must be matched explic-
+ itly, unless the shell option d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb is set. In order to match the file-
+ names _\b. and _\b._\b., the pattern must begin with "." (for example, ".?"), even
+ if d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb is set. If the g\bgl\blo\bob\bbs\bsk\bki\bip\bpd\bdo\bot\bts\bs shell option is enabled, the file-
+ names _\b. and _\b._\b. never match, even if the pattern begins with a ".". When
+ not matching pathnames, the "." character is not treated specially.
+
+ When matching a pathname, the slash character must always be matched ex-
+ plicitly by a slash in the pattern, but in other matching contexts it can
+ be matched by a special pattern character as described below under P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn
+ M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg.
+
+ See the description of s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt below under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS for a de-
+ scription of the n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\beg\bgl\blo\bob\bb, n\bnu\bul\bll\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb, g\bgl\blo\bob\bbs\bsk\bki\bip\bpd\bdo\bot\bts\bs, f\bfa\bai\bil\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb, and d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
+ shell options.
+
+ The G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE shell variable may be used to restrict the set of file names
+ matching a _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn. If G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is set, each matching file name that
+ also matches one of the patterns in G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is removed from the list of
+ matches. If the n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\beg\bgl\blo\bob\bb option is set, the matching against the pat-
+ terns in G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is performed without regard to case. The filenames _\b.
+ and _\b._\b. are always ignored when G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is set and not null. However,
+ setting G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE to a non-null value has the effect of enabling the d\bdo\bot\bt-\b-
+ g\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell option, so all other filenames beginning with a "." match. To
+ get the old behavior of ignoring filenames beginning with a ".", make ".*"
+ one of the patterns in G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE. The d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb option is disabled when
+ G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is unset. The G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE pattern matching honors the setting of
+ the e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell option.
+
+ The value of the G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBS\bSO\bOR\bRT\bT shell variable controls how the results of path-
+ name expansion are sorted, as described above under S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs.
+
+ P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg
+
+ Any character that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern
+ characters described below, matches itself. The NUL character may not oc-
+ cur in a pattern. A backslash escapes the following character; the escap-
+ ing backslash is discarded when matching. The special pattern characters
+ must be quoted if they are to be matched literally.
+
+ The special pattern characters have the following meanings:
+
+ *\b* Matches any string, including the null string. When the
+ g\bgl\blo\bob\bbs\bst\bta\bar\br shell option is enabled, and *\b* is used in a pathname
+ expansion context, two adjacent *\b*s used as a single pattern
+ match all files and zero or more directories and subdirecto-
+ ries. If followed by a /\b/, two adjacent *\b*s match only direc-
+ tories and subdirectories.
+ ?\b? Matches any single character.
+ [\b[...]\b] Matches any one of the characters enclosed between the brack-
+ ets. This is known as a _\bb_\br_\ba_\bc_\bk_\be_\bt _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn and matches a
+ single character. A pair of characters separated by a hyphen
+ denotes a _\br_\ba_\bn_\bg_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn; any character that falls between
+ those two characters, inclusive, using the current locale's
+ collating sequence and character set, matches. If the first
+ character following the [\b[ is a !\b! or a ^\b^ then any character
+ not within the range matches. To match a -\b-, include it as
+ the first or last character in the set. To match a ]\b], in-
+ clude it as the first character in the set.
+
+ The sorting order of characters in range expressions, and the
+ characters included in the range, are determined by the col-
+ lating sequence of the current locale and the values of the
+ L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCO\bOL\bLL\bLA\bAT\bTE\bE or L\bLC\bC_\b_A\bAL\bLL\bL shell variables, if set.
+
+ For example, in the C locale, [\b[a\ba-\b-d\bd]\b] is equivalent to [\b[a\bab\bbc\bcd\bd]\b].
+ Many locales sort characters in dictionary order, and in
+ these locales [\b[a\ba-\b-d\bd]\b] is typically not equivalent to [\b[a\bab\bbc\bcd\bd]\b]; it
+ might be equivalent to [\b[a\baB\bBb\bbC\bCc\bcD\bDd\bd]\b] or [\b[a\baA\bAb\bbB\bBc\bcC\bCd\bd]\b]. To obtain the
+ traditional interpretation of range expressions, where [\b[a\ba-\b-d\bd]\b]
+ is equivalent to [\b[a\bab\bbc\bcd\bd]\b], set the value of the L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCO\bOL\bLL\bLA\bAT\bTE\bE or
+ L\bLC\bC_\b_A\bAL\bLL\bL shell variables to C\bC, or enable the g\bgl\blo\bob\bba\bas\bsc\bci\bii\bir\bra\ban\bng\bge\bes\bs
+ shell option.
+
+ Within a bracket expression, _\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\be_\br _\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs_\be_\bs can be speci-
+ fied using the syntax [\b[:\b:_\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs:\b:]\b], where _\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs is one of the
+ following classes defined in the POSIX standard:
+
+ a\bal\bln\bnu\bum\bm a\bal\blp\bph\bha\ba a\bas\bsc\bci\bii\bi b\bbl\bla\ban\bnk\bk c\bcn\bnt\btr\brl\bl d\bdi\big\bgi\bit\bt g\bgr\bra\bap\bph\bh l\blo\bow\bwe\ber\br p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\bt p\bpu\bun\bnc\bct\bt
+ s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be u\bup\bpp\bpe\ber\br w\bwo\bor\brd\bd x\bxd\bdi\big\bgi\bit\bt
+
+ A character class matches any character belonging to that
+ class. The w\bwo\bor\brd\bd character class matches letters, digits, and
+ the character _.
+
+ Within a bracket expression, an _\be_\bq_\bu_\bi_\bv_\ba_\bl_\be_\bn_\bc_\be _\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs can be
+ specified using the syntax [\b[=\b=_\bc=\b=]\b], which matches all charac-
+ ters with the same collation weight (as defined by the cur-
+ rent locale) as the character _\bc.
+
+ Within a bracket expression, the syntax [\b[.\b._\bs_\by_\bm_\bb_\bo_\bl.\b.]\b] matches
+ the collating symbol _\bs_\by_\bm_\bb_\bo_\bl.
+
+ If the e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell option is enabled using the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin, the shell
+ recognizes several extended pattern matching operators. In the following
+ description, a _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn_\b-_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is a list of one or more patterns separated by
+ a |\b|. Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the following
+ sub-patterns:
+
+ ?\b?(\b(_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn_\b-_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b)
+ Matches zero or one occurrence of the given patterns.
+ *\b*(\b(_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn_\b-_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b)
+ Matches zero or more occurrences of the given patterns.
+ +\b+(\b(_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn_\b-_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b)
+ Matches one or more occurrences of the given patterns.
+ @\b@(\b(_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn_\b-_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b)
+ Matches one of the given patterns.
+ !\b!(\b(_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn_\b-_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b)
+ Matches anything except one of the given patterns.
+
+ The e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb option changes the behavior of the parser, since the parenthe-
+ ses are normally treated as operators with syntactic meaning. To ensure
+ that extended matching patterns are parsed correctly, make sure that e\bex\bxt\bt-\b-
+ g\bgl\blo\bob\bb is enabled before parsing constructs containing the patterns, includ-
+ ing shell functions and command substitutions.
+
+ When matching filenames, the d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell option determines the set of
+ filenames that are tested: when d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb is enabled, the set of filenames
+ includes all files beginning with ".", but _\b. and _\b._\b. must be matched by a
+ pattern or sub-pattern that begins with a dot; when it is disabled, the set
+ does not include any filenames beginning with "." unless the pattern or
+ sub-pattern begins with a ".". If the g\bgl\blo\bob\bbs\bsk\bki\bip\bpd\bdo\bot\bts\bs shell option is en-
+ abled, the filenames _\b. and _\b._\b. never appear in the set. As above, "." only
+ has a special meaning when matching filenames.
+
+ Complicated extended pattern matching against long strings is slow, espe-
+ cially when the patterns contain alternations and the strings contain mul-
+ tiple matches. Using separate matches against shorter strings, or using
+ arrays of strings instead of a single long string, may be faster.
Q\bQu\buo\bot\bte\be R\bRe\bem\bmo\bov\bva\bal\bl
- After the preceding expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the charac-
- ters \\b\, '\b', and "\b" that did not result from one of the above expansions
- are removed.
+ After the preceding expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the characters
+ \\b\, '\b', and "\b" that did not result from one of the above expansions are re-
+ moved.
R\bRE\bED\bDI\bIR\bRE\bEC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
- Before a command is executed, its input and output may be _\br_\be_\bd_\bi_\br_\be_\bc_\bt_\be_\bd
- using a special notation interpreted by the shell. _\bR_\be_\bd_\bi_\br_\be_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn allows
- commands' file handles to be duplicated, opened, closed, made to refer
- to different files, and can change the files the command reads from and
- writes to. When used with the e\bex\bxe\bec\bc builtin, redirections modify file
- handles in the current shell execution environment. The following
- redirection operators may precede or appear anywhere within a _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be
- _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd or may follow a _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd. Redirections are processed in the or-
- der they appear, from left to right.
-
- Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number may
- instead be preceded by a word of the form {_\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be}. In this case, for
- each redirection operator except >\b>&\b&-\b- and <\b<&\b&-\b-, the shell allocates a
- file descriptor greater than or equal to 10 and assigns it to _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
- If {_\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be} precedes >\b>&\b&-\b- or <\b<&\b&-\b-, the value of _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be defines the file
- descriptor to close. If {_\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be} is supplied, the redirection per-
- sists beyond the scope of the command, which allows the shell program-
- mer to manage the file descriptor's lifetime manually without using the
- e\bex\bxe\bec\bc builtin. The v\bva\bar\brr\bre\bed\bdi\bir\br_\b_c\bcl\blo\bos\bse\be shell option manages this behavior.
-
- In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is omit-
- ted, and the first character of the redirection operator is "<", the
- redirection refers to the standard input (file descriptor 0). If the
- first character of the redirection operator is ">", the redirection
- refers to the standard output (file descriptor 1).
-
- The _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd following the redirection operator in the following descrip-
- tions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion, tilde
- expansion, parameter and variable expansion, command substitution,
- arithmetic expansion, quote removal, pathname expansion, and word
- splitting. If it expands to more than one word, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh reports an error.
-
- The order of redirections is significant. For example, the command
-
- ls >\b> dirlist 2>\b>&\b&1
-
- directs both standard output and standard error to the file _\bd_\bi_\br_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt,
- while the command
-
- ls 2>\b>&\b&1 >\b> dirlist
-
- directs only the standard output to file _\bd_\bi_\br_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt, because the standard
- error was directed to the standard output before the standard output
- was redirected to _\bd_\bi_\br_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt.
-
- B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh handles several filenames specially when they are used in redirec-
- tions, as described in the following table. If the operating system on
- which b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is running provides these special files, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh uses them;
- otherwise it emulates them internally with the behavior described be-
- low.
-
- /\b/d\bde\bev\bv/\b/f\bfd\bd/\b/_\bf_\bd
- If _\bf_\bd is a valid integer, duplicate file descriptor _\bf_\bd.
- /\b/d\bde\bev\bv/\b/s\bst\btd\bdi\bin\bn
- File descriptor 0 is duplicated.
- /\b/d\bde\bev\bv/\b/s\bst\btd\bdo\bou\but\bt
- File descriptor 1 is duplicated.
- /\b/d\bde\bev\bv/\b/s\bst\btd\bde\ber\brr\br
- File descriptor 2 is duplicated.
- /\b/d\bde\bev\bv/\b/t\btc\bcp\bp/\b/_\bh_\bo_\bs_\bt/\b/_\bp_\bo_\br_\bt
- If _\bh_\bo_\bs_\bt is a valid hostname or Internet address, and _\bp_\bo_\br_\bt
- is an integer port number or service name, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts
- to open the corresponding TCP socket.
- /\b/d\bde\bev\bv/\b/u\bud\bdp\bp/\b/_\bh_\bo_\bs_\bt/\b/_\bp_\bo_\br_\bt
- If _\bh_\bo_\bs_\bt is a valid hostname or Internet address, and _\bp_\bo_\br_\bt
- is an integer port number or service name, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts
- to open the corresponding UDP socket.
-
- A failure to open or create a file causes the redirection to fail.
-
- Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used with
- care, as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses inter-
- nally.
+ Before a command is executed, its input and output may be _\br_\be_\bd_\bi_\br_\be_\bc_\bt_\be_\bd using
+ a special notation interpreted by the shell. _\bR_\be_\bd_\bi_\br_\be_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn allows commands'
+ file handles to be duplicated, opened, closed, made to refer to different
+ files, and can change the files the command reads from and writes to. When
+ used with the e\bex\bxe\bec\bc builtin, redirections modify file handles in the current
+ shell execution environment. The following redirection operators may pre-
+ cede or appear anywhere within a _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd or may follow a _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd.
+ Redirections are processed in the order they appear, from left to right.
+
+ Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number may in-
+ stead be preceded by a word of the form {_\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be}. In this case, for each
+ redirection operator except >\b>&\b&-\b- and <\b<&\b&-\b-, the shell allocates a file de-
+ scriptor greater than or equal to 10 and assigns it to _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If {_\bv_\ba_\br_\b-
+ _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be} precedes >\b>&\b&-\b- or <\b<&\b&-\b-, the value of _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be defines the file descriptor
+ to close. If {_\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be} is supplied, the redirection persists beyond the
+ scope of the command, which allows the shell programmer to manage the file
+ descriptor's lifetime manually without using the e\bex\bxe\bec\bc builtin. The
+ v\bva\bar\brr\bre\bed\bdi\bir\br_\b_c\bcl\blo\bos\bse\be shell option manages this behavior.
+
+ In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is omitted,
+ and the first character of the redirection operator is "<", the redirection
+ refers to the standard input (file descriptor 0). If the first character
+ of the redirection operator is ">", the redirection refers to the standard
+ output (file descriptor 1).
+
+ The _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd following the redirection operator in the following descriptions,
+ unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion, tilde expansion,
+ parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expan-
+ sion, quote removal, pathname expansion, and word splitting. If it expands
+ to more than one word, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh reports an error.
+
+ The order of redirections is significant. For example, the command
+
+ ls >\b> dirlist 2>\b>&\b&1
+
+ directs both standard output and standard error to the file _\bd_\bi_\br_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt, while
+ the command
+
+ ls 2>\b>&\b&1 >\b> dirlist
+
+ directs only the standard output to file _\bd_\bi_\br_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt, because the standard er-
+ ror was directed to the standard output before the standard output was
+ redirected to _\bd_\bi_\br_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt.
+
+ B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh handles several filenames specially when they are used in redirec-
+ tions, as described in the following table. If the operating system on
+ which b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is running provides these special files, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh uses them; other-
+ wise it emulates them internally with the behavior described below.
+
+ /\b/d\bde\bev\bv/\b/f\bfd\bd/\b/_\bf_\bd
+ If _\bf_\bd is a valid integer, duplicate file descriptor _\bf_\bd.
+ /\b/d\bde\bev\bv/\b/s\bst\btd\bdi\bin\bn
+ File descriptor 0 is duplicated.
+ /\b/d\bde\bev\bv/\b/s\bst\btd\bdo\bou\but\bt
+ File descriptor 1 is duplicated.
+ /\b/d\bde\bev\bv/\b/s\bst\btd\bde\ber\brr\br
+ File descriptor 2 is duplicated.
+ /\b/d\bde\bev\bv/\b/t\btc\bcp\bp/\b/_\bh_\bo_\bs_\bt/\b/_\bp_\bo_\br_\bt
+ If _\bh_\bo_\bs_\bt is a valid hostname or Internet address, and _\bp_\bo_\br_\bt is
+ an integer port number or service name, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to open
+ the corresponding TCP socket.
+ /\b/d\bde\bev\bv/\b/u\bud\bdp\bp/\b/_\bh_\bo_\bs_\bt/\b/_\bp_\bo_\br_\bt
+ If _\bh_\bo_\bs_\bt is a valid hostname or Internet address, and _\bp_\bo_\br_\bt is
+ an integer port number or service name, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to open
+ the corresponding UDP socket.
+
+ A failure to open or create a file causes the redirection to fail.
+
+ Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used with
+ care, as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses internally.
R\bRe\bed\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bti\bin\bng\bg I\bIn\bnp\bpu\but\bt
- Redirecting input opens the file whose name results from the expansion
- of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd for reading on file descriptor _\bn, or the standard input (file
- descriptor 0) if _\bn is not specified.
+ Redirecting input opens the file whose name results from the expansion of
+ _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd for reading on file descriptor _\bn, or the standard input (file descrip-
+ tor 0) if _\bn is not specified.
- The general format for redirecting input is:
+ The general format for redirecting input is:
- [_\bn]<\b<_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
+ [_\bn]<\b<_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
R\bRe\bed\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bti\bin\bng\bg O\bOu\but\btp\bpu\but\bt
- Redirecting output opens the file whose name results from the expansion
- of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd for writing on file descriptor _\bn, or the standard output (file
- descriptor 1) if _\bn is not specified. If the file does not exist it is
- created; if it does exist it is truncated to zero size.
+ Redirecting output opens the file whose name results from the expansion of
+ _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd for writing on file descriptor _\bn, or the standard output (file de-
+ scriptor 1) if _\bn is not specified. If the file does not exist it is cre-
+ ated; if it does exist it is truncated to zero size.
- The general format for redirecting output is:
+ The general format for redirecting output is:
- [_\bn]>\b>_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
+ [_\bn]>\b>_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
- If the redirection operator is >\b>, and the n\bno\boc\bcl\blo\bob\bbb\bbe\ber\br option to the s\bse\bet\bt
- builtin command has been enabled, the redirection fails if the file
- whose name results from the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd exists and is a regular
- file. If the redirection operator is >\b>|\b|, or the redirection operator
- is >\b> and the n\bno\boc\bcl\blo\bob\bbb\bbe\ber\br option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin is not enabled, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
- attempts the redirection even if the file named by _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd exists.
+ If the redirection operator is >\b>, and the n\bno\boc\bcl\blo\bob\bbb\bbe\ber\br option to the s\bse\bet\bt
+ builtin command has been enabled, the redirection fails if the file whose
+ name results from the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd exists and is a regular file. If
+ the redirection operator is >\b>|\b|, or the redirection operator is >\b> and the
+ n\bno\boc\bcl\blo\bob\bbb\bbe\ber\br option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin is not enabled, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts the redi-
+ rection even if the file named by _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd exists.
A\bAp\bpp\bpe\ben\bnd\bdi\bin\bng\bg R\bRe\bed\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bte\bed\bd O\bOu\but\btp\bpu\but\bt
- Redirecting output in this fashion opens the file whose name results
- from the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd for appending on file descriptor _\bn, or the
- standard output (file descriptor 1) if _\bn is not specified. If the file
- does not exist it is created.
+ Redirecting output in this fashion opens the file whose name results from
+ the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd for appending on file descriptor _\bn, or the standard
+ output (file descriptor 1) if _\bn is not specified. If the file does not ex-
+ ist it is created.
- The general format for appending output is:
+ The general format for appending output is:
- [_\bn]>\b>>\b>_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
+ [_\bn]>\b>>\b>_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
R\bRe\bed\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bti\bin\bng\bg S\bSt\bta\ban\bnd\bda\bar\brd\bd O\bOu\but\btp\bpu\but\bt a\ban\bnd\bd S\bSt\bta\ban\bnd\bda\bar\brd\bd E\bEr\brr\bro\bor\br
- This construct redirects both the standard output (file descriptor 1)
- and the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to the file whose
- name is the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd.
+ This construct redirects both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and
+ the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to the file whose name is the
+ expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd.
- There are two formats for redirecting standard output and standard er-
- ror:
+ There are two formats for redirecting standard output and standard error:
- &\b&>\b>_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
- and
- >\b>&\b&_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
+ &\b&>\b>_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
+ and
+ >\b>&\b&_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
- Of the two forms, the first is preferred. This is semantically equiva-
- lent to
+ Of the two forms, the first is preferred. This is semantically equivalent
+ to
- >\b>_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd 2>\b>&\b&1
+ >\b>_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd 2>\b>&\b&1
- When using the second form, _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd may not expand to a number or -\b-. If
- it does, other redirection operators apply (see D\bDu\bup\bpl\bli\bic\bca\bat\bti\bin\bng\bg F\bFi\bil\ble\be D\bDe\be-\b-
- s\bsc\bcr\bri\bip\bpt\bto\bor\brs\bs below) for compatibility reasons.
+ When using the second form, _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd may not expand to a number or -\b-. If it
+ does, other redirection operators apply (see D\bDu\bup\bpl\bli\bic\bca\bat\bti\bin\bng\bg F\bFi\bil\ble\be D\bDe\bes\bsc\bcr\bri\bip\bpt\bto\bor\brs\bs
+ below) for compatibility reasons.
A\bAp\bpp\bpe\ben\bnd\bdi\bin\bng\bg S\bSt\bta\ban\bnd\bda\bar\brd\bd O\bOu\but\btp\bpu\but\bt a\ban\bnd\bd S\bSt\bta\ban\bnd\bda\bar\brd\bd E\bEr\brr\bro\bor\br
- This construct appends both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and
- the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to the file whose name is
- the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd.
+ This construct appends both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and the
+ standard error output (file descriptor 2) to the file whose name is the ex-
+ pansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd.
- The format for appending standard output and standard error is:
+ The format for appending standard output and standard error is:
- &\b&>\b>>\b>_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
+ &\b&>\b>>\b>_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
- This is semantically equivalent to
+ This is semantically equivalent to
- >\b>>\b>_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd 2>\b>&\b&1
+ >\b>>\b>_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd 2>\b>&\b&1
- (see D\bDu\bup\bpl\bli\bic\bca\bat\bti\bin\bng\bg F\bFi\bil\ble\be D\bDe\bes\bsc\bcr\bri\bip\bpt\bto\bor\brs\bs below).
+ (see D\bDu\bup\bpl\bli\bic\bca\bat\bti\bin\bng\bg F\bFi\bil\ble\be D\bDe\bes\bsc\bcr\bri\bip\bpt\bto\bor\brs\bs below).
H\bHe\ber\bre\be D\bDo\boc\bcu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bts\bs
- This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the
- current source until it reads a line containing only _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt_\be_\br (with no
- trailing blanks). All of the lines read up to that point then become
- the standard input (or file descriptor _\bn if _\bn is specified) for a com-
- mand.
-
- The format of here-documents is:
-
- [_\bn]<\b<<\b<[-\b-]_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
- _\bh_\be_\br_\be_\b-_\bd_\bo_\bc_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt
- _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt_\be_\br
-
- The shell does not perform parameter and variable expansion, command
- substitution, arithmetic expansion, or pathname expansion on _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd.
-
- If any part of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is quoted, the _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt_\be_\br is the result of quote re-
- moval on _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, and the lines in the here-document are not expanded. If
- _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is unquoted, the _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt_\be_\br is _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd itself, and the here-document
- text is treated similarly to a double-quoted string: all lines of the
- here-document are subjected to parameter expansion, command substitu-
- tion, and arithmetic expansion, the character sequence \\b\<\b<n\bne\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be>\b> is
- treated as a line continuation, and \\b\ must be used to quote the charac-
- ters \\b\, $\b$, and `\b`; however, double quote characters have no special
- meaning.
-
- If the redirection operator is <\b<<\b<-\b-, then the shell strips all leading
- tab characters from input lines and the line containing _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt_\be_\br.
- This allows here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a
- natural fashion.
-
- If the delimiter is not quoted, the shell treats the \\b\<\b<n\bne\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be>\b> se-
- quence as a line continuation: the two lines are joined and the back-
- slash-newline is removed. This happens while reading the here-docu-
- ment, before the check for the ending delimiter, so joined lines can
- form the end delimiter.
+ This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the current
+ source until it reads a line containing only _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt_\be_\br (with no trailing
+ blanks). All of the lines read up to that point then become the standard
+ input (or file descriptor _\bn if _\bn is specified) for a command.
+
+ The format of here-documents is:
+
+ [_\bn]<\b<<\b<[-\b-]_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
+ _\bh_\be_\br_\be_\b-_\bd_\bo_\bc_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt
+ _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt_\be_\br
+
+ The shell does not perform parameter and variable expansion, command sub-
+ stitution, arithmetic expansion, or pathname expansion on _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd.
+
+ If any part of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is quoted, the _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt_\be_\br is the result of quote removal
+ on _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, and the lines in the here-document are not expanded. If _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is
+ unquoted, the _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt_\be_\br is _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd itself, and the here-document text is
+ treated similarly to a double-quoted string: all lines of the here-document
+ are subjected to parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic
+ expansion, the character sequence \\b\<\b<n\bne\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be>\b> is treated as a line continua-
+ tion, and \\b\ must be used to quote the characters \\b\, $\b$, and `\b`; however, dou-
+ ble quote characters have no special meaning.
+
+ If the redirection operator is <\b<<\b<-\b-, then the shell strips all leading tab
+ characters from input lines and the line containing _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt_\be_\br. This allows
+ here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural fashion.
+
+ If the delimiter is not quoted, the shell treats the \\b\<\b<n\bne\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be>\b> sequence as
+ a line continuation: the two lines are joined and the backslash-newline is
+ removed. This happens while reading the here-document, before the check
+ for the ending delimiter, so joined lines can form the end delimiter.
H\bHe\ber\bre\be S\bSt\btr\bri\bin\bng\bgs\bs
- A variant of here documents, the format is:
+ A variant of here documents, the format is:
- [_\bn]<\b<<\b<<\b<_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
+ [_\bn]<\b<<\b<<\b<_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
- The _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd undergoes tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
- command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal. Path-
- name expansion and word splitting are not performed. The result is
- supplied as a single string, with a newline appended, to the command on
- its standard input (or file descriptor _\bn if _\bn is specified).
+ The _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd undergoes tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, com-
+ mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal. Pathname ex-
+ pansion and word splitting are not performed. The result is supplied as a
+ single string, with a newline appended, to the command on its standard in-
+ put (or file descriptor _\bn if _\bn is specified).
D\bDu\bup\bpl\bli\bic\bca\bat\bti\bin\bng\bg F\bFi\bil\ble\be D\bDe\bes\bsc\bcr\bri\bip\bpt\bto\bor\brs\bs
- The redirection operator
+ The redirection operator
- [_\bn]<\b<&\b&_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
+ [_\bn]<\b<&\b&_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
- is used to duplicate input file descriptors. If _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd expands to one or
- more digits, file descriptor _\bn is made to be a copy of that file de-
- scriptor. It is a redirection error if the digits in _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd do not spec-
- ify a file descriptor open for input. If _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd evaluates to -\b-, file de-
- scriptor _\bn is closed. If _\bn is not specified, this uses the standard
- input (file descriptor 0).
+ is used to duplicate input file descriptors. If _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd expands to one or
+ more digits, file descriptor _\bn is made to be a copy of that file descrip-
+ tor. It is a redirection error if the digits in _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd do not specify a file
+ descriptor open for input. If _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd evaluates to -\b-, file descriptor _\bn is
+ closed. If _\bn is not specified, this uses the standard input (file descrip-
+ tor 0).
- The operator
+ The operator
- [_\bn]>\b>&\b&_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
+ [_\bn]>\b>&\b&_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
- is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If _\bn is not
- specified, this uses the standard output (file descriptor 1). It is a
- redirection error if the digits in _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd do not specify a file descrip-
- tor open for output. If _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd evaluates to -\b-, file descriptor _\bn is
- closed. As a special case, if _\bn is omitted, and _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd does not expand
- to one or more digits or -\b-, this redirects the standard output and
- standard error as described previously.
+ is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If _\bn is not speci-
+ fied, this uses the standard output (file descriptor 1). It is a redirec-
+ tion error if the digits in _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd do not specify a file descriptor open for
+ output. If _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd evaluates to -\b-, file descriptor _\bn is closed. As a special
+ case, if _\bn is omitted, and _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd does not expand to one or more digits or -\b-,
+ this redirects the standard output and standard error as described previ-
+ ously.
M\bMo\bov\bvi\bin\bng\bg F\bFi\bil\ble\be D\bDe\bes\bsc\bcr\bri\bip\bpt\bto\bor\brs\bs
- The redirection operator
+ The redirection operator
- [_\bn]<\b<&\b&_\bd_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bt-\b-
+ [_\bn]<\b<&\b&_\bd_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bt-\b-
- moves the file descriptor _\bd_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bt to file descriptor _\bn, or the standard
- input (file descriptor 0) if _\bn is not specified. _\bd_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bt is closed after
- being duplicated to _\bn.
+ moves the file descriptor _\bd_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bt to file descriptor _\bn, or the standard input
+ (file descriptor 0) if _\bn is not specified. _\bd_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bt is closed after being du-
+ plicated to _\bn.
- Similarly, the redirection operator
+ Similarly, the redirection operator
- [_\bn]>\b>&\b&_\bd_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bt-\b-
+ [_\bn]>\b>&\b&_\bd_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bt-\b-
- moves the file descriptor _\bd_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bt to file descriptor _\bn, or the standard
- output (file descriptor 1) if _\bn is not specified.
+ moves the file descriptor _\bd_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bt to file descriptor _\bn, or the standard out-
+ put (file descriptor 1) if _\bn is not specified.
O\bOp\bpe\ben\bni\bin\bng\bg F\bFi\bil\ble\be D\bDe\bes\bsc\bcr\bri\bip\bpt\bto\bor\brs\bs f\bfo\bor\br R\bRe\bea\bad\bdi\bin\bng\bg a\ban\bnd\bd W\bWr\bri\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg
- The redirection operator
+ The redirection operator
- [_\bn]<\b<>\b>_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
+ [_\bn]<\b<>\b>_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
- opens the file whose name is the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd for both reading and
- writing on file descriptor _\bn, or on file descriptor 0 if _\bn is not spec-
- ified. If the file does not exist, it is created.
+ opens the file whose name is the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd for both reading and
+ writing on file descriptor _\bn, or on file descriptor 0 if _\bn is not speci-
+ fied. If the file does not exist, it is created.
A\bAL\bLI\bIA\bAS\bSE\bES\bS
- _\bA_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs_\be_\bs allow a string to be substituted for a word that is in a posi-
- tion in the input where it can be the first word of a simple command.
- Aliases have names and corresponding values that are set and unset us-
- ing the a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs and u\bun\bna\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs builtin commands (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS
- below).
-
- If the shell reads an unquoted word in the right position, it checks
- the word to see if it matches an alias name. If it matches, the shell
- replaces the word with the alias value, and reads that value as if it
- had been read instead of the word. The shell doesn't look at any char-
- acters following the word before attempting alias substitution.
-
- The characters /\b/, $\b$, `\b`, and =\b= and any of the shell _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\be_\br_\bs or
- quoting characters listed above may not appear in an alias name. The
- replacement text may contain any valid shell input, including shell
- metacharacters. The first word of the replacement text is tested for
- aliases, but a word that is identical to an alias being expanded is not
- expanded a second time. This means that one may alias l\bls\bs to l\bls\bs -\b-F\bF, for
- instance, and b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not try to recursively expand the replacement
- text.
-
- If the last character of the alias value is a _\bb_\bl_\ba_\bn_\bk, the shell checks
- the next command word following the alias for alias expansion.
-
- Aliases are created and listed with the a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs command, and removed with
- the u\bun\bna\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs command.
-
- There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text. If
- arguments are needed, use a shell function (see F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS below) in-
- stead.
-
- Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless the
- e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bse\bes\bs shell option is set using s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt (see the description of
- s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
-
- The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are somewhat
- confusing. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh always reads at least one complete line of input, and
- all lines that make up a compound command, before executing any of the
- commands on that line or the compound command. Aliases are expanded
- when a command is read, not when it is executed. Therefore, an alias
- definition appearing on the same line as another command does not take
- effect until the shell reads the next line of input, and an alias defi-
- nition in a compound command does not take effect until the shell
- parses and executes the entire compound command. The commands follow-
- ing the alias definition on that line, or in the rest of a compound
- command, are not affected by the new alias. This behavior is also an
- issue when functions are executed. Aliases are expanded when a func-
- tion definition is read, not when the function is executed, because a
- function definition is itself a command. As a consequence, aliases de-
- fined in a function are not available until after that function is exe-
- cuted. To be safe, always put alias definitions on a separate line,
- and do not use a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs in compound commands.
-
- For almost every purpose, shell functions are preferable to aliases.
+ _\bA_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs_\be_\bs allow a string to be substituted for a word that is in a position
+ in the input where it can be the first word of a simple command. Aliases
+ have names and corresponding values that are set and unset using the a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs
+ and u\bun\bna\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs builtin commands (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
+
+ If the shell reads an unquoted word in the right position, it checks the
+ word to see if it matches an alias name. If it matches, the shell replaces
+ the word with the alias value, and reads that value as if it had been read
+ instead of the word. The shell doesn't look at any characters following
+ the word before attempting alias substitution.
+
+ The characters /\b/, $\b$, `\b`, and =\b= and any of the shell _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\be_\br_\bs or quot-
+ ing characters listed above may not appear in an alias name. The replace-
+ ment text may contain any valid shell input, including shell metacharac-
+ ters. The first word of the replacement text is tested for aliases, but a
+ word that is identical to an alias being expanded is not expanded a second
+ time. This means that one may alias l\bls\bs to l\bls\bs -\b-F\bF, for instance, and b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
+ does not try to recursively expand the replacement text.
+
+ If the last character of the alias value is a _\bb_\bl_\ba_\bn_\bk, the shell checks the
+ next command word following the alias for alias expansion.
+
+ Aliases are created and listed with the a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs command, and removed with the
+ u\bun\bna\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs command.
+
+ There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text. If ar-
+ guments are needed, use a shell function (see F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS below) instead.
+
+ Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless the e\bex\bx-\b-
+ p\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bse\bes\bs shell option is set using s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt (see the description of s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt
+ under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
+
+ The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are somewhat confus-
+ ing. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh always reads at least one complete line of input, and all lines
+ that make up a compound command, before executing any of the commands on
+ that line or the compound command. Aliases are expanded when a command is
+ read, not when it is executed. Therefore, an alias definition appearing on
+ the same line as another command does not take effect until the shell reads
+ the next line of input, and an alias definition in a compound command does
+ not take effect until the shell parses and executes the entire compound
+ command. The commands following the alias definition on that line, or in
+ the rest of a compound command, are not affected by the new alias. This
+ behavior is also an issue when functions are executed. Aliases are ex-
+ panded when a function definition is read, not when the function is exe-
+ cuted, because a function definition is itself a command. As a conse-
+ quence, aliases defined in a function are not available until after that
+ function is executed. To be safe, always put alias definitions on a sepa-
+ rate line, and do not use a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs in compound commands.
+
+ For almost every purpose, shell functions are preferable to aliases.
F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS
- A shell function, defined as described above under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR,
- stores a series of commands for later execution. When the name of a
- shell function is used as a simple command name, the shell executes the
- list of commands associated with that function name. Functions are ex-
- ecuted in the context of the calling shell; there is no new process
- created to interpret them (contrast this with the execution of a shell
- script).
-
- When a function is executed, the arguments to the function become the
- positional parameters during its execution. The special parameter #\b# is
- updated to reflect the new positional parameters. Special parameter 0\b0
- is unchanged. The first element of the F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE variable is set to the
- name of the function while the function is executing.
-
- All other aspects of the shell execution environment are identical be-
- tween a function and its caller with these exceptions: the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and
- R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN traps (see the description of the t\btr\bra\bap\bp builtin under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL
- B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below) are not inherited unless the function has been
- given the t\btr\bra\bac\bce\be attribute (see the description of the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin
- below) or the -\b-o\bo f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\btr\bra\bac\bce\be shell option has been enabled with the s\bse\bet\bt
- builtin (in which case all functions inherit the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN
- traps), and the E\bER\bRR\bR trap is not inherited unless the -\b-o\bo e\ber\brr\brt\btr\bra\bac\bce\be shell
- option has been enabled.
-
- Variables local to the function are declared with the l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl builtin
- command (_\bl_\bo_\bc_\ba_\bl _\bv_\ba_\br_\bi_\ba_\bb_\bl_\be_\bs). Ordinarily, variables and their values are
- shared between the function and its caller. If a variable is declared
- l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl, the variable's visible scope is restricted to that function and
- its children (including the functions it calls).
-
- In the following description, the _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bs_\bc_\bo_\bp_\be is a currently- execut-
- ing function. Previous scopes consist of that function's caller and so
- on, back to the "global" scope, where the shell is not executing any
- shell function. A local variable at the current scope is a variable
- declared using the l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl or d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtins in the function that is
- currently executing.
-
- Local variables "shadow" variables with the same name declared at pre-
- vious scopes. For instance, a local variable declared in a function
- hides variables with the same name declared at previous scopes, includ-
- ing global variables: references and assignments refer to the local
- variable, leaving the variables at previous scopes unmodified. When
- the function returns, the global variable is once again visible.
-
- The shell uses _\bd_\by_\bn_\ba_\bm_\bi_\bc _\bs_\bc_\bo_\bp_\bi_\bn_\bg to control a variable's visibility
- within functions. With dynamic scoping, visible variables and their
- values are a result of the sequence of function calls that caused exe-
- cution to reach the current function. The value of a variable that a
- function sees depends on its value within its caller, if any, whether
- that caller is the global scope or another shell function. This is
- also the value that a local variable declaration shadows, and the value
- that is restored when the function returns.
-
- For example, if a variable _\bv_\ba_\br is declared as local in function _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\b1,
- and _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\b1 calls another function _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\b2, references to _\bv_\ba_\br made from
- within _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\b2 resolve to the local variable _\bv_\ba_\br from _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\b1, shadowing
- any global variable named _\bv_\ba_\br.
-
- The u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt builtin also acts using the same dynamic scope: if a variable
- is local to the current scope, u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt unsets it; otherwise the unset
- will refer to the variable found in any calling scope as described
- above. If a variable at the current local scope is unset, it remains
- so (appearing as unset) until it is reset in that scope or until the
- function returns. Once the function returns, any instance of the vari-
- able at a previous scope becomes visible. If the unset acts on a vari-
- able at a previous scope, any instance of a variable with that name
- that had been shadowed becomes visible (see below how the l\blo\boc\bca\bal\blv\bva\bar\br_\b_u\bun\bn-\b-
- s\bse\bet\bt shell option changes this behavior).
-
- The F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNE\bES\bST\bT variable, if set to a numeric value greater than 0, de-
- fines a maximum function nesting level. Function invocations that ex-
- ceed the limit cause the entire command to abort.
-
- If the builtin command r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is executed in a function, the function
- completes and execution resumes with the next command after the func-
- tion call. If r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is supplied a numeric argument, that is the func-
- tion's return status; otherwise the function's return status is the
- exit status of the last command executed before the r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn. Any com-
- mand associated with the R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN trap is executed before execution re-
- sumes. When a function completes, the values of the positional parame-
- ters and the special parameter #\b# are restored to the values they had
- prior to the function's execution.
-
- The -\b-f\bf option to the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be or t\bty\byp\bpe\bes\bse\bet\bt builtin commands lists function
- names and definitions. The -\b-F\bF option to d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be or t\bty\byp\bpe\bes\bse\bet\bt lists the
- function names only (and optionally the source file and line number, if
- the e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg shell option is enabled). Functions may be exported so
- that child shell processes (those created when executing a separate
- shell invocation) automatically have them defined with the -\b-f\bf option to
- the e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt builtin. The -\b-f\bf option to the u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt builtin deletes a func-
- tion definition.
-
- Functions may be recursive. The F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNE\bES\bST\bT variable may be used to limit
- the depth of the function call stack and restrict the number of func-
- tion invocations. By default, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh imposes no limit on the number of
- recursive calls.
+ A shell function, defined as described above under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR, stores a
+ series of commands for later execution. When the name of a shell function
+ is used as a simple command name, the shell executes the list of commands
+ associated with that function name. Functions are executed in the context
+ of the calling shell; there is no new process created to interpret them
+ (contrast this with the execution of a shell script).
+
+ When a function is executed, the arguments to the function become the posi-
+ tional parameters during its execution. The special parameter #\b# is updated
+ to reflect the new positional parameters. Special parameter 0\b0 is un-
+ changed. The first element of the F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE variable is set to the name of
+ the function while the function is executing.
+
+ All other aspects of the shell execution environment are identical between
+ a function and its caller with these exceptions: the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN traps
+ (see the description of the t\btr\bra\bap\bp builtin under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS be-
+ low) are not inherited unless the function has been given the t\btr\bra\bac\bce\be at-
+ tribute (see the description of the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin below) or the -\b-o\bo f\bfu\bun\bnc\bc-\b-
+ t\btr\bra\bac\bce\be shell option has been enabled with the s\bse\bet\bt builtin (in which case all
+ functions inherit the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN traps), and the E\bER\bRR\bR trap is not in-
+ herited unless the -\b-o\bo e\ber\brr\brt\btr\bra\bac\bce\be shell option has been enabled.
+
+ Variables local to the function are declared with the l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl builtin command
+ (_\bl_\bo_\bc_\ba_\bl _\bv_\ba_\br_\bi_\ba_\bb_\bl_\be_\bs). Ordinarily, variables and their values are shared be-
+ tween the function and its caller. If a variable is declared l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl, the
+ variable's visible scope is restricted to that function and its children
+ (including the functions it calls).
+
+ In the following description, the _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bs_\bc_\bo_\bp_\be is a currently- executing
+ function. Previous scopes consist of that function's caller and so on,
+ back to the "global" scope, where the shell is not executing any shell
+ function. A local variable at the current scope is a variable declared us-
+ ing the l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl or d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtins in the function that is currently execut-
+ ing.
+
+ Local variables "shadow" variables with the same name declared at previous
+ scopes. For instance, a local variable declared in a function hides vari-
+ ables with the same name declared at previous scopes, including global
+ variables: references and assignments refer to the local variable, leaving
+ the variables at previous scopes unmodified. When the function returns,
+ the global variable is once again visible.
+
+ The shell uses _\bd_\by_\bn_\ba_\bm_\bi_\bc _\bs_\bc_\bo_\bp_\bi_\bn_\bg to control a variable's visibility within
+ functions. With dynamic scoping, visible variables and their values are a
+ result of the sequence of function calls that caused execution to reach the
+ current function. The value of a variable that a function sees depends on
+ its value within its caller, if any, whether that caller is the global
+ scope or another shell function. This is also the value that a local vari-
+ able declaration shadows, and the value that is restored when the function
+ returns.
+
+ For example, if a variable _\bv_\ba_\br is declared as local in function _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\b1, and
+ _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\b1 calls another function _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\b2, references to _\bv_\ba_\br made from within
+ _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\b2 resolve to the local variable _\bv_\ba_\br from _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\b1, shadowing any global
+ variable named _\bv_\ba_\br.
+
+ The u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt builtin also acts using the same dynamic scope: if a variable is
+ local to the current scope, u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt unsets it; otherwise the unset will refer
+ to the variable found in any calling scope as described above. If a vari-
+ able at the current local scope is unset, it remains so (appearing as un-
+ set) until it is reset in that scope or until the function returns. Once
+ the function returns, any instance of the variable at a previous scope be-
+ comes visible. If the unset acts on a variable at a previous scope, any
+ instance of a variable with that name that had been shadowed becomes visi-
+ ble (see below how the l\blo\boc\bca\bal\blv\bva\bar\br_\b_u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt shell option changes this behavior).
+
+ The F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNE\bES\bST\bT variable, if set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a
+ maximum function nesting level. Function invocations that exceed the limit
+ cause the entire command to abort.
+
+ If the builtin command r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is executed in a function, the function com-
+ pletes and execution resumes with the next command after the function call.
+ If r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is supplied a numeric argument, that is the function's return
+ status; otherwise the function's return status is the exit status of the
+ last command executed before the r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn. Any command associated with the
+ R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN trap is executed before execution resumes. When a function com-
+ pletes, the values of the positional parameters and the special parameter #\b#
+ are restored to the values they had prior to the function's execution.
+
+ The -\b-f\bf option to the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be or t\bty\byp\bpe\bes\bse\bet\bt builtin commands lists function
+ names and definitions. The -\b-F\bF option to d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be or t\bty\byp\bpe\bes\bse\bet\bt lists the func-
+ tion names only (and optionally the source file and line number, if the
+ e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg shell option is enabled). Functions may be exported so that child
+ shell processes (those created when executing a separate shell invocation)
+ automatically have them defined with the -\b-f\bf option to the e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt builtin.
+ The -\b-f\bf option to the u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt builtin deletes a function definition.
+
+ Functions may be recursive. The F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNE\bES\bST\bT variable may be used to limit the
+ depth of the function call stack and restrict the number of function invo-
+ cations. By default, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh imposes no limit on the number of recursive
+ calls.
A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
- The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, under certain
- circumstances (see the l\ble\bet\bt and d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin commands, the (\b((\b( com-
- pound command, the arithmetic f\bfo\bor\br command, the [\b[[\b[ conditional command,
- and A\bAr\bri\bit\bth\bhm\bme\bet\bti\bic\bc E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn).
-
- Evaluation is done in the largest fixed-width integers available, with
- no check for overflow, though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as
- an error. The operators and their precedence, associativity, and val-
- ues are the same as in the C language. The following list of operators
- is grouped into levels of equal-precedence operators. The levels are
- listed in order of decreasing precedence.
-
- _\bi_\bd+\b++\b+ _\bi_\bd-\b--\b-
- variable post-increment and post-decrement
- +\b++\b+_\bi_\bd -\b--\b-_\bi_\bd
- variable pre-increment and pre-decrement
- -\b- +\b+ unary minus and plus
- !\b! ~\b~ logical and bitwise negation
- *\b**\b* exponentiation
- *\b* /\b/ %\b% multiplication, division, remainder
- +\b+ -\b- addition, subtraction
- <\b<<\b< >\b>>\b> left and right bitwise shifts
- <\b<=\b= >\b>=\b= <\b< >\b>
- comparison
- =\b==\b= !\b!=\b= equality and inequality
- &\b& bitwise AND
- ^\b^ bitwise exclusive OR
- |\b| bitwise OR
- &\b&&\b& logical AND
- |\b||\b| logical OR
- _\be_\bx_\bp_\br?\b?_\be_\bx_\bp_\br:\b:_\be_\bx_\bp_\br
- conditional operator
- =\b= *\b*=\b= /\b/=\b= %\b%=\b= +\b+=\b= -\b-=\b= <\b<<\b<=\b= >\b>>\b>=\b= &\b&=\b= ^\b^=\b= |\b|=\b=
- assignment
- _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b1 ,\b, _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2
- comma
-
- Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is per-
- formed before the expression is evaluated. Within an expression, shell
- variables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter
- expansion syntax. This means you can use "x", where _\bx is a shell vari-
- able name, in an arithmetic expression, and the shell will evaluate its
- value as an expression and use the result. A shell variable that is
- null or unset evaluates to 0 when referenced by name in an expression.
-
- The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression when
- it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the _\bi_\bn_\bt_\be_\bg_\be_\br
- attribute using d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be -\b-i\bi is assigned a value. A null value evaluates
- to 0. A shell variable need not have its _\bi_\bn_\bt_\be_\bg_\be_\br attribute enabled to
- be used in an expression.
-
- Integer constants follow the C language definition, without suffixes or
- character constants. Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as oc-
- tal numbers. A leading 0x or 0X denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, num-
- bers take the form [_\bb_\ba_\bs_\be_\b#]n, where the optional _\bb_\ba_\bs_\be is a decimal num-
- ber between 2 and 64 representing the arithmetic base, and _\bn is a num-
- ber in that base. If _\bb_\ba_\bs_\be_\b# is omitted, then base 10 is used. When
- specifying _\bn, if a non-digit is required, the digits greater than 9 are
- represented by the lowercase letters, the uppercase letters, @, and _,
- in that order. If _\bb_\ba_\bs_\be is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and up-
- percase letters may be used interchangeably to represent numbers be-
- tween 10 and 35.
-
- Operators are evaluated in precedence order. Sub-expressions in paren-
- theses are evaluated first and may override the precedence rules above.
+ The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, under certain cir-
+ cumstances (see the l\ble\bet\bt and d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin commands, the (\b((\b( compound com-
+ mand, the arithmetic f\bfo\bor\br command, the [\b[[\b[ conditional command, and A\bAr\bri\bit\bth\bh-\b-
+ m\bme\bet\bti\bic\bc E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn).
+
+ Evaluation is done in the largest fixed-width integers available, with no
+ check for overflow, though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as an er-
+ ror. The operators and their precedence, associativity, and values are the
+ same as in the C language. The following list of operators is grouped into
+ levels of equal-precedence operators. The levels are listed in order of
+ decreasing precedence.
+
+ _\bi_\bd+\b++\b+ _\bi_\bd-\b--\b-
+ variable post-increment and post-decrement
+ +\b++\b+_\bi_\bd -\b--\b-_\bi_\bd
+ variable pre-increment and pre-decrement
+ -\b- +\b+ unary minus and plus
+ !\b! ~\b~ logical and bitwise negation
+ *\b**\b* exponentiation
+ *\b* /\b/ %\b% multiplication, division, remainder
+ +\b+ -\b- addition, subtraction
+ <\b<<\b< >\b>>\b> left and right bitwise shifts
+ <\b<=\b= >\b>=\b= <\b< >\b>
+ comparison
+ =\b==\b= !\b!=\b= equality and inequality
+ &\b& bitwise AND
+ ^\b^ bitwise exclusive OR
+ |\b| bitwise OR
+ &\b&&\b& logical AND
+ |\b||\b| logical OR
+ _\be_\bx_\bp_\br?\b?_\be_\bx_\bp_\br:\b:_\be_\bx_\bp_\br
+ conditional operator
+ =\b= *\b*=\b= /\b/=\b= %\b%=\b= +\b+=\b= -\b-=\b= <\b<<\b<=\b= >\b>>\b>=\b= &\b&=\b= ^\b^=\b= |\b|=\b=
+ assignment
+ _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b1 ,\b, _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2
+ comma
+
+ Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is performed
+ before the expression is evaluated. Within an expression, shell variables
+ may also be referenced by name without using the parameter expansion syn-
+ tax. This means you can use "x", where _\bx is a shell variable name, in an
+ arithmetic expression, and the shell will evaluate its value as an expres-
+ sion and use the result. A shell variable that is null or unset evaluates
+ to 0 when referenced by name in an expression.
+
+ The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression when it is
+ referenced, or when a variable which has been given the _\bi_\bn_\bt_\be_\bg_\be_\br attribute
+ using d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be -\b-i\bi is assigned a value. A null value evaluates to 0. A
+ shell variable need not have its _\bi_\bn_\bt_\be_\bg_\be_\br attribute enabled to be used in an
+ expression.
+
+ Integer constants follow the C language definition, without suffixes or
+ character constants. Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal
+ numbers. A leading 0x or 0X denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, numbers take
+ the form [_\bb_\ba_\bs_\be_\b#]n, where the optional _\bb_\ba_\bs_\be is a decimal number between 2
+ and 64 representing the arithmetic base, and _\bn is a number in that base.
+ If _\bb_\ba_\bs_\be_\b# is omitted, then base 10 is used. When specifying _\bn, if a non-
+ digit is required, the digits greater than 9 are represented by the lower-
+ case letters, the uppercase letters, @, and _, in that order. If _\bb_\ba_\bs_\be is
+ less than or equal to 36, lowercase and uppercase letters may be used in-
+ terchangeably to represent numbers between 10 and 35.
+
+ Operators are evaluated in precedence order. Sub-expressions in parenthe-
+ ses are evaluated first and may override the precedence rules above.
C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS
- Conditional expressions are used by the [\b[[\b[ compound command and the
- t\bte\bes\bst\bt and [\b[ builtin commands to test file attributes and perform string
- and arithmetic comparisons. The t\bte\bes\bst\bt and [\b[ commands determine their
- behavior based on the number of arguments; see the descriptions of
- those commands for any other command-specific actions.
-
- Expressions are formed from the unary or binary primaries listed below.
- Unary expressions are often used to examine the status of a file or
- shell variable. Binary operators are used for string, numeric, and
- file attribute comparisons.
-
- B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh handles several filenames specially when they are used in expres-
- sions. If the operating system on which b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is running provides these
- special files, bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them in-
- ternally with this behavior: If any _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be argument to one of the pri-
- maries is of the form _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bf_\bd_\b/_\bn, then b\bba\bas\bsh\bh checks file descriptor _\bn.
- If the _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be argument to one of the primaries is one of _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bs_\bt_\bd_\bi_\bn,
- _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bs_\bt_\bd_\bo_\bu_\bt, or _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bs_\bt_\bd_\be_\br_\br, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh checks file descriptor 0, 1, or 2,
- respectively.
-
- Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow sym-
- bolic links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the link
- itself.
-
- When used with [\b[[\b[, or when the shell is in posix mode, the <\b< and >\b> op-
- erators sort lexicographically using the current locale. When the
- shell is not in posix mode, the t\bte\bes\bst\bt command sorts using ASCII order-
- ing.
-
- -\b-a\ba _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
- True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists.
- -\b-b\bb _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
- True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists and is a block special file.
- -\b-c\bc _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
- True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists and is a character special file.
- -\b-d\bd _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
- True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists and is a directory.
- -\b-e\be _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
- True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists.
- -\b-f\bf _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
- True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists and is a regular file.
- -\b-g\bg _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
- True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists and is set-group-id.
- -\b-h\bh _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
- True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists and is a symbolic link.
- -\b-k\bk _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
- True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists and its "sticky" bit is set.
- -\b-p\bp _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
- True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists and is a named pipe (FIFO).
- -\b-r\br _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
- True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists and is readable.
- -\b-s\bs _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
- True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists and has a size greater than zero.
- -\b-t\bt _\bf_\bd True if file descriptor _\bf_\bd is open and refers to a terminal.
- -\b-u\bu _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
- True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists and its set-user-id bit is set.
- -\b-w\bw _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
- True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists and is writable.
- -\b-x\bx _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
- True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists and is executable.
- -\b-G\bG _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
- True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists and is owned by the effective group id.
- -\b-L\bL _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
- True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists and is a symbolic link.
- -\b-N\bN _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
- True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists and has been modified since it was last ac-
- cessed.
- -\b-O\bO _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
- True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists and is owned by the effective user id.
- -\b-S\bS _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
- True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists and is a socket.
- -\b-o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
- True if the shell option _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is enabled. See the list of
- options under the description of the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt
- builtin below.
- -\b-v\bv _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
- True if the shell variable _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set (has been assigned a
- value). If _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an indexed array variable name sub-
- scripted by _\b@ or _\b*, this returns true if the array has any set
- elements. If _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an associative array variable name sub-
- scripted by _\b@ or _\b*, this returns true if an element with that
- key is set.
- -\b-R\bR _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
- True if the shell variable _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set and is a name refer-
- ence.
- -\b-z\bz _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg
- True if the length of _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is zero.
- _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg
- -\b-n\bn _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg
- True if the length of _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is non-zero.
-
- _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1 =\b==\b= _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2
- _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1 =\b= _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2
- True if the strings are equal. =\b= should be used with the t\bte\bes\bst\bt
- command for POSIX conformance. When used with the [\b[[\b[ command,
- this performs pattern matching as described above (C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpo\bou\bun\bnd\bd C\bCo\bom\bm-\b-
- m\bma\ban\bnd\bds\bs).
- _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1 !\b!=\b= _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2
- True if the strings are not equal.
- _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1 <\b< _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2
- True if _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1 sorts before _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2 lexicographically.
- _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1 >\b> _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2
- True if _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1 sorts after _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2 lexicographically.
-
- _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 -\b-e\bef\bf _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2
- True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 and _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2 refer to the same device and inode num-
- bers.
- _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 -n\bnt\bt _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2
- True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 is newer (according to modification date) than
- _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2, or if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 exists and _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2 does not.
- _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 -o\bot\bt _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2
- True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 is older than _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2, or if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2 exists and _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1
- does not.
-
- _\ba_\br_\bg_\b1 O\bOP\bP _\ba_\br_\bg_\b2
- O\bOP\bP is one of -\b-e\beq\bq, -\b-n\bne\be, -\b-l\blt\bt, -\b-l\ble\be, -\b-g\bgt\bt, or -\b-g\bge\be. These arithmetic
- binary operators return true if _\ba_\br_\bg_\b1 is equal to, not equal to,
- less than, less than or equal to, greater than, or greater than
- or equal to _\ba_\br_\bg_\b2, respectively. _\ba_\br_\bg_\b1 and _\ba_\br_\bg_\b2 may be positive
- or negative integers. When used with the [\b[[\b[ command, _\ba_\br_\bg_\b1 and
- _\ba_\br_\bg_\b2 are evaluated as arithmetic expressions (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC
- E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above). Since the expansions the [\b[[\b[ command performs
- on _\ba_\br_\bg_\b1 and _\ba_\br_\bg_\b2 can potentially result in empty strings, arith-
- metic expression evaluation treats those as expressions that
- evaluate to 0.
+ Conditional expressions are used by the [\b[[\b[ compound command and the t\bte\bes\bst\bt
+ and [\b[ builtin commands to test file attributes and perform string and
+ arithmetic comparisons. The t\bte\bes\bst\bt and [\b[ commands determine their behavior
+ based on the number of arguments; see the descriptions of those commands
+ for any other command-specific actions.
+
+ Expressions are formed from the unary or binary primaries listed below.
+ Unary expressions are often used to examine the status of a file or shell
+ variable. Binary operators are used for string, numeric, and file at-
+ tribute comparisons.
+
+ B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh handles several filenames specially when they are used in expressions.
+ If the operating system on which b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is running provides these special
+ files, bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them internally with
+ this behavior: If any _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be argument to one of the primaries is of the form
+ _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bf_\bd_\b/_\bn, then b\bba\bas\bsh\bh checks file descriptor _\bn. If the _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be argument to one
+ of the primaries is one of _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bs_\bt_\bd_\bi_\bn, _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bs_\bt_\bd_\bo_\bu_\bt, or _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bs_\bt_\bd_\be_\br_\br, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
+ checks file descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively.
+
+ Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow symbolic
+ links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the link itself.
+
+ When used with [\b[[\b[, or when the shell is in posix mode, the <\b< and >\b> opera-
+ tors sort lexicographically using the current locale. When the shell is
+ not in posix mode, the t\bte\bes\bst\bt command sorts using ASCII ordering.
+
+ -\b-a\ba _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
+ True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists.
+ -\b-b\bb _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
+ True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists and is a block special file.
+ -\b-c\bc _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
+ True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists and is a character special file.
+ -\b-d\bd _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
+ True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists and is a directory.
+ -\b-e\be _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
+ True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists.
+ -\b-f\bf _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
+ True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists and is a regular file.
+ -\b-g\bg _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
+ True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists and is set-group-id.
+ -\b-h\bh _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
+ True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists and is a symbolic link.
+ -\b-k\bk _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
+ True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists and its "sticky" bit is set.
+ -\b-p\bp _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
+ True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists and is a named pipe (FIFO).
+ -\b-r\br _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
+ True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists and is readable.
+ -\b-s\bs _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
+ True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists and has a size greater than zero.
+ -\b-t\bt _\bf_\bd True if file descriptor _\bf_\bd is open and refers to a terminal.
+ -\b-u\bu _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
+ True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists and its set-user-id bit is set.
+ -\b-w\bw _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
+ True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists and is writable.
+ -\b-x\bx _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
+ True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists and is executable.
+ -\b-G\bG _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
+ True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists and is owned by the effective group id.
+ -\b-L\bL _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
+ True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists and is a symbolic link.
+ -\b-N\bN _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
+ True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists and has been modified since it was last ac-
+ cessed.
+ -\b-O\bO _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
+ True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists and is owned by the effective user id.
+ -\b-S\bS _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
+ True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists and is a socket.
+ -\b-o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
+ True if the shell option _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is enabled. See the list of op-
+ tions under the description of the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin be-
+ low.
+ -\b-v\bv _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
+ True if the shell variable _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set (has been assigned a
+ value). If _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an indexed array variable name subscripted by
+ _\b@ or _\b*, this returns true if the array has any set elements. If
+ _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an associative array variable name subscripted by _\b@ or _\b*,
+ this returns true if an element with that key is set.
+ -\b-R\bR _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
+ True if the shell variable _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set and is a name reference.
+ -\b-z\bz _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg
+ True if the length of _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is zero.
+ _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg
+ -\b-n\bn _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg
+ True if the length of _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is non-zero.
+
+ _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1 =\b==\b= _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2
+ _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1 =\b= _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2
+ True if the strings are equal. =\b= should be used with the t\bte\bes\bst\bt com-
+ mand for POSIX conformance. When used with the [\b[[\b[ command, this
+ performs pattern matching as described above (C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpo\bou\bun\bnd\bd C\bCo\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bds\bs).
+ _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1 !\b!=\b= _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2
+ True if the strings are not equal.
+ _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1 <\b< _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2
+ True if _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1 sorts before _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2 lexicographically.
+ _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1 >\b> _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2
+ True if _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1 sorts after _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2 lexicographically.
+
+ _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 -\b-e\bef\bf _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2
+ True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 and _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2 refer to the same device and inode numbers.
+ _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 -n\bnt\bt _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2
+ True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 is newer (according to modification date) than _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2,
+ or if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 exists and _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2 does not.
+ _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 -o\bot\bt _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2
+ True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 is older than _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2, or if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2 exists and _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 does
+ not.
+
+ _\ba_\br_\bg_\b1 O\bOP\bP _\ba_\br_\bg_\b2
+ O\bOP\bP is one of -\b-e\beq\bq, -\b-n\bne\be, -\b-l\blt\bt, -\b-l\ble\be, -\b-g\bgt\bt, or -\b-g\bge\be. These arithmetic bi-
+ nary operators return true if _\ba_\br_\bg_\b1 is equal to, not equal to, less
+ than, less than or equal to, greater than, or greater than or equal
+ to _\ba_\br_\bg_\b2, respectively. _\ba_\br_\bg_\b1 and _\ba_\br_\bg_\b2 may be positive or negative
+ integers. When used with the [\b[[\b[ command, _\ba_\br_\bg_\b1 and _\ba_\br_\bg_\b2 are evalu-
+ ated as arithmetic expressions (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above).
+ Since the expansions the [\b[[\b[ command performs on _\ba_\br_\bg_\b1 and _\ba_\br_\bg_\b2 can
+ potentially result in empty strings, arithmetic expression evalua-
+ tion treats those as expressions that evaluate to 0.
S\bSI\bIM\bMP\bPL\bLE\bE C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN
- When the shell executes a simple command, it performs the following ex-
- pansions, assignments, and redirections, from left to right, in the
- following order.
-
- 1. The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments
- (those preceding the command name) and redirections are saved
- for later processing.
-
- 2. The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are
- expanded. If any words remain after expansion, the first word
- is taken to be the name of the command and the remaining words
- are the arguments.
-
- 3. Redirections are performed as described above under R\bRE\bED\bDI\bIR\bRE\bEC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN.
-
- 4. The text after the =\b= in each variable assignment undergoes tilde
- expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
- expansion, and quote removal before being assigned to the vari-
- able.
-
- If no command name results, the variable assignments affect the current
- shell environment. In the case of such a command (one that consists
- only of assignment statements and redirections), assignment statements
- are performed before redirections. Otherwise, the variables are added
- to the environment of the executed command and do not affect the cur-
- rent shell environment. If any of the assignments attempts to assign a
- value to a readonly variable, an error occurs, and the command exits
- with a non-zero status.
-
- If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not af-
- fect the current shell environment. A redirection error causes the
- command to exit with a non-zero status.
-
- If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as
- described below. Otherwise, the command exits. If one of the expan-
- sions contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command
- is the exit status of the last command substitution performed. If
- there were no command substitutions, the command exits with a zero sta-
- tus.
+ When the shell executes a simple command, it performs the following expan-
+ sions, assignments, and redirections, from left to right, in the following
+ order.
+
+ 1. The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments (those
+ preceding the command name) and redirections are saved for later
+ processing.
+
+ 2. The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are ex-
+ panded. If any words remain after expansion, the first word is
+ taken to be the name of the command and the remaining words are the
+ arguments.
+
+ 3. Redirections are performed as described above under R\bRE\bED\bDI\bIR\bRE\bEC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN.
+
+ 4. The text after the =\b= in each variable assignment undergoes tilde ex-
+ pansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic ex-
+ pansion, and quote removal before being assigned to the variable.
+
+ If no command name results, the variable assignments affect the current
+ shell environment. In the case of such a command (one that consists only
+ of assignment statements and redirections), assignment statements are per-
+ formed before redirections. Otherwise, the variables are added to the en-
+ vironment of the executed command and do not affect the current shell envi-
+ ronment. If any of the assignments attempts to assign a value to a read-
+ only variable, an error occurs, and the command exits with a non-zero sta-
+ tus.
+
+ If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not affect
+ the current shell environment. A redirection error causes the command to
+ exit with a non-zero status.
+
+ If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as de-
+ scribed below. Otherwise, the command exits. If one of the expansions
+ contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command is the
+ exit status of the last command substitution performed. If there were no
+ command substitutions, the command exits with a zero status.
C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
- After a command has been split into words, if it results in a simple
- command and an optional list of arguments, the shell performs the fol-
- lowing actions.
-
- If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to locate
- it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that function is
- invoked as described above in F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS. If the name does not match a
- function, the shell searches for it in the list of shell builtins. If
- a match is found, that builtin is invoked.
-
- If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, and contains no
- slashes, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh searches each element of the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH for a directory con-
- taining an executable file by that name. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh uses a hash table to re-
- member the full pathnames of executable files (see h\bha\bas\bsh\bh under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL
- B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below). Bash performs a full search of the directo-
- ries in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH only if the command is not found in the hash table. If
- the search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for a defined shell
- function named c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd_\b_n\bno\bot\bt_\b_f\bfo\bou\bun\bnd\bd_\b_h\bha\ban\bnd\bdl\ble\be. If that function exists, it
- is invoked in a separate execution environment with the original com-
- mand and the original command's arguments as its arguments, and the
- function's exit status becomes the exit status of that subshell. If
- that function is not defined, the shell prints an error message and re-
- turns an exit status of 127.
-
- If the search is successful, or if the command name contains one or
- more slashes, the shell executes the named program in a separate execu-
- tion environment. Argument 0 is set to the name given, and the remain-
- ing arguments to the command are set to the arguments given, if any.
-
- If this execution fails because the file is not in executable format,
- and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl _\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt, a
- file containing shell commands, and the shell creates a new instance of
- itself to execute it. Bash tries to determine whether the file is a
- text file or a binary, and will not execute files it determines to be
- binaries. This subshell reinitializes itself, so that the effect is as
- if a new shell had been invoked to handle the script, with the excep-
- tion that the locations of commands remembered by the parent (see h\bha\bas\bsh\bh
- below under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS are retained by the child.
-
- If the program is a file beginning with #\b#!\b!, the remainder of the first
- line specifies an interpreter for the program. The shell executes the
- specified interpreter on operating systems that do not handle this exe-
- cutable format themselves. The arguments to the interpreter consist of
- a single optional argument following the interpreter name on the first
- line of the program, followed by the name of the program, followed by
- the command arguments, if any.
+ After a command has been split into words, if it results in a simple com-
+ mand and an optional list of arguments, the shell performs the following
+ actions.
+
+ If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to locate it.
+ If there exists a shell function by that name, that function is invoked as
+ described above in F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS. If the name does not match a function, the
+ shell searches for it in the list of shell builtins. If a match is found,
+ that builtin is invoked.
+
+ If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, and contains no
+ slashes, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh searches each element of the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH for a directory containing
+ an executable file by that name. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh uses a hash table to remember the
+ full pathnames of executable files (see h\bha\bas\bsh\bh under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS
+ below). Bash performs a full search of the directories in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH only if the
+ command is not found in the hash table. If the search is unsuccessful, the
+ shell searches for a defined shell function named c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd_\b_n\bno\bot\bt_\b_f\bfo\bou\bun\bnd\bd_\b_h\bha\ban\bnd\bdl\ble\be.
+ If that function exists, it is invoked in a separate execution environment
+ with the original command and the original command's arguments as its argu-
+ ments, and the function's exit status becomes the exit status of that sub-
+ shell. If that function is not defined, the shell prints an error message
+ and returns an exit status of 127.
+
+ If the search is successful, or if the command name contains one or more
+ slashes, the shell executes the named program in a separate execution envi-
+ ronment. Argument 0 is set to the name given, and the remaining arguments
+ to the command are set to the arguments given, if any.
+
+ If this execution fails because the file is not in executable format, and
+ the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl _\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt, a file
+ containing shell commands, and the shell creates a new instance of itself
+ to execute it. Bash tries to determine whether the file is a text file or
+ a binary, and will not execute files it determines to be binaries. This
+ subshell reinitializes itself, so that the effect is as if a new shell had
+ been invoked to handle the script, with the exception that the locations of
+ commands remembered by the parent (see h\bha\bas\bsh\bh below under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bM-\b-
+ M\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS are retained by the child.
+
+ If the program is a file beginning with #\b#!\b!, the remainder of the first line
+ specifies an interpreter for the program. The shell executes the specified
+ interpreter on operating systems that do not handle this executable format
+ themselves. The arguments to the interpreter consist of a single optional
+ argument following the interpreter name on the first line of the program,
+ followed by the name of the program, followed by the command arguments, if
+ any.
C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN E\bEN\bNV\bVI\bIR\bRO\bON\bNM\bME\bEN\bNT\bT
- The shell has an _\be_\bx_\be_\bc_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn _\be_\bn_\bv_\bi_\br_\bo_\bn_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt, which consists of the follow-
- ing:
+ The shell has an _\be_\bx_\be_\bc_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn _\be_\bn_\bv_\bi_\br_\bo_\bn_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt, which consists of the following:
- +\bo Open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by
- redirections supplied to the e\bex\bxe\bec\bc builtin.
+ * Open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by
+ redirections supplied to the e\bex\bxe\bec\bc builtin.
- +\bo The current working directory as set by c\bcd\bd, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd, or p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd, or
- inherited by the shell at invocation.
+ * The current working directory as set by c\bcd\bd, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd, or p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd, or in-
+ herited by the shell at invocation.
- +\bo The file creation mode mask as set by u\bum\bma\bas\bsk\bk or inherited from
- the shell's parent.
+ * The file creation mode mask as set by u\bum\bma\bas\bsk\bk or inherited from the
+ shell's parent.
- +\bo Current traps set by t\btr\bra\bap\bp.
+ * Current traps set by t\btr\bra\bap\bp.
- +\bo Shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with s\bse\bet\bt
- or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment.
+ * Shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with s\bse\bet\bt or
+ inherited from the shell's parent in the environment.
- +\bo Shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the
- shell's parent in the environment.
+ * Shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the
+ shell's parent in the environment.
- +\bo Options enabled at invocation (either by default or with com-
- mand-line arguments) or by s\bse\bet\bt.
+ * Options enabled at invocation (either by default or with command-
+ line arguments) or by s\bse\bet\bt.
- +\bo Options enabled by s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt.
+ * Options enabled by s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt.
- +\bo Shell aliases defined with a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs.
+ * Shell aliases defined with a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs.
- +\bo Various process IDs, including those of background jobs, the
- value of $\b$$\b$, and the value of P\bPP\bPI\bID\bD.
+ * Various process IDs, including those of background jobs, the value
+ of $\b$$\b$, and the value of P\bPP\bPI\bID\bD.
- When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function is to be
- executed, it is invoked in a separate execution environment that con-
- sists of the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are inher-
- ited from the shell.
+ When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function is to be exe-
+ cuted, it is invoked in a separate execution environment that consists of
+ the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are inherited from the
+ shell.
- +\bo The shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions
- specified by redirections to the command.
+ * The shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions speci-
+ fied by redirections to the command.
- +\bo The current working directory.
+ * The current working directory.
- +\bo The file creation mode mask.
+ * The file creation mode mask.
- +\bo Shell variables and functions marked for export, along with
- variables exported for the command, passed in the environment.
+ * Shell variables and functions marked for export, along with vari-
+ ables exported for the command, passed in the environment.
- +\bo Traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from
- the shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored.
+ * Traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from the
+ shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored.
- A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the
- shell's execution environment.
+ A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the shell's
+ execution environment.
- A _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl is a copy of the shell process.
+ A _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl is a copy of the shell process.
- Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, and asynchro-
- nous commands are invoked in a subshell environment that is a duplicate
- of the shell environment, except that traps caught by the shell are re-
- set to the values that the shell inherited from its parent at invoca-
- tion. Builtin commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline, except
- possibly in the last element depending on the value of the l\bla\bas\bst\btp\bpi\bip\bpe\be
- shell option, are also executed in a subshell environment. Changes
- made to the subshell environment cannot affect the shell's execution
- environment.
+ Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, and asynchronous
+ commands are invoked in a subshell environment that is a duplicate of the
+ shell environment, except that traps caught by the shell are reset to the
+ values that the shell inherited from its parent at invocation. Builtin
+ commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline, except possibly in the
+ last element depending on the value of the l\bla\bas\bst\btp\bpi\bip\bpe\be shell option, are also
+ executed in a subshell environment. Changes made to the subshell environ-
+ ment cannot affect the shell's execution environment.
- When the shell is in posix mode, subshells spawned to execute command
- substitutions inherit the value of the -\b-e\be option from their parent
- shell. When not in posix mode, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh clears the -\b-e\be option in such sub-
- shells. See the description of the i\bin\bnh\bhe\ber\bri\bit\bt_\b_e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt shell option below
- for how to control this behavior when not in posix mode.
+ When the shell is in posix mode, subshells spawned to execute command sub-
+ stitutions inherit the value of the -\b-e\be option from their parent shell.
+ When not in posix mode, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh clears the -\b-e\be option in such subshells. See
+ the description of the i\bin\bnh\bhe\ber\bri\bit\bt_\b_e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt shell option below for how to con-
+ trol this behavior when not in posix mode.
- If a command is followed by a &\b& and job control is not active, the de-
- fault standard input for the command is the empty file _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bn_\bu_\bl_\bl, un-
- less the command has an explicit redirection involving the standard in-
- put. Otherwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of
- the calling shell as modified by redirections.
+ If a command is followed by a &\b& and job control is not active, the default
+ standard input for the command is the empty file _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bn_\bu_\bl_\bl, unless the com-
+ mand has an explicit redirection involving the standard input. Otherwise,
+ the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the calling shell as
+ modified by redirections.
E\bEN\bNV\bVI\bIR\bRO\bON\bNM\bME\bEN\bNT\bT
- When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings called the
- _\be_\bn_\bv_\bi_\br_\bo_\bn_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt. This is a list of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be-_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be pairs, of the form
- _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be.
-
- The shell provides several ways to manipulate the environment. On in-
- vocation, the shell scans its own environment and creates a parameter
- for each name found, automatically marking it for _\be_\bx_\bp_\bo_\br_\bt to child
- processes. Executed commands inherit the environment. The e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt, d\bde\be-\b-
- c\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be -\b-x\bx, and u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt commands modify the environment by adding and
- deleting parameters and functions. If the value of a parameter in the
- environment is modified, the new value automatically becomes part of
- the environment, replacing the old. The environment inherited by any
- executed command consists of the shell's initial environment, whose
- values may be modified in the shell, less any pairs removed by the u\bun\bn-\b-
- s\bse\bet\bt or e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt -\b-n\bn commands, plus any additions via the e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt and d\bde\be-\b-
- c\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be -\b-x\bx commands.
-
- If any parameter assignments, as described above in P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bET\bTE\bER\bRS\bS, appear
- before a _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, the variable assignments are part of that com-
- mand's environment for as long as it executes. These assignment state-
- ments affect only the environment seen by that command. If these as-
- signments precede a call to a shell function, the variables are local
- to the function and exported to that function's children.
-
- If the -\b-k\bk option is set (see the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command below), then _\ba_\bl_\bl
- parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command, not
- just those that precede the command name.
-
- When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh invokes an external command, the variable _\b_ is set to the
- full pathname of the command and passed to that command in its environ-
- ment.
+ When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings called the _\be_\bn_\bv_\bi_\b-
+ _\br_\bo_\bn_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt. This is a list of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be-_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be pairs, of the form _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be.
+
+ The shell provides several ways to manipulate the environment. On invoca-
+ tion, the shell scans its own environment and creates a parameter for each
+ name found, automatically marking it for _\be_\bx_\bp_\bo_\br_\bt to child processes. Exe-
+ cuted commands inherit the environment. The e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt, d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be -\b-x\bx, and u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt
+ commands modify the environment by adding and deleting parameters and func-
+ tions. If the value of a parameter in the environment is modified, the new
+ value automatically becomes part of the environment, replacing the old.
+ The environment inherited by any executed command consists of the shell's
+ initial environment, whose values may be modified in the shell, less any
+ pairs removed by the u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt or e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt -\b-n\bn commands, plus any additions via
+ the e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt and d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be -\b-x\bx commands.
+
+ If any parameter assignments, as described above in P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bET\bTE\bER\bRS\bS, appear be-
+ fore a _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, the variable assignments are part of that command's
+ environment for as long as it executes. These assignment statements affect
+ only the environment seen by that command. If these assignments precede a
+ call to a shell function, the variables are local to the function and ex-
+ ported to that function's children.
+
+ If the -\b-k\bk option is set (see the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command below), then _\ba_\bl_\bl para-
+ meter assignments are placed in the environment for a command, not just
+ those that precede the command name.
+
+ When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh invokes an external command, the variable _\b_ is set to the full
+ pathname of the command and passed to that command in its environment.
E\bEX\bXI\bIT\bT S\bST\bTA\bAT\bTU\bUS\bS
- The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the
- _\bw_\ba_\bi_\bt_\bp_\bi_\bd system call or equivalent function. Exit statuses fall between
- 0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may use values above
- 125 specially. Exit statuses from shell builtins and compound commands
- are also limited to this range. Under certain circumstances, the shell
- will use special values to indicate specific failure modes.
+ The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the _\bw_\ba_\bi_\bt_\bp_\bi_\bd
+ system call or equivalent function. Exit statuses fall between 0 and 255,
+ though, as explained below, the shell may use values above 125 specially.
+ Exit statuses from shell builtins and compound commands are also limited to
+ this range. Under certain circumstances, the shell will use special values
+ to indicate specific failure modes.
- For the shell's purposes, a command which exits with a zero exit status
- has succeeded. So while an exit status of zero indicates success, a
- non-zero exit status indicates failure.
+ For the shell's purposes, a command which exits with a zero exit status has
+ succeeded. So while an exit status of zero indicates success, a non-zero
+ exit status indicates failure.
- When a command terminates on a fatal signal _\bN, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh uses the value of
- 128+_\bN as the exit status.
+ When a command terminates on a fatal signal _\bN, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh uses the value of 128+_\bN
+ as the exit status.
- If a command is not found, the child process created to execute it re-
- turns a status of 127. If a command is found but is not executable,
- the return status is 126.
+ If a command is not found, the child process created to execute it returns
+ a status of 127. If a command is found but is not executable, the return
+ status is 126.
- If a command fails because of an error during expansion or redirection,
- the exit status is greater than zero.
+ If a command fails because of an error during expansion or redirection, the
+ exit status is greater than zero.
- Shell builtin commands return a status of 0 (_\bt_\br_\bu_\be) if successful, and
- non-zero (_\bf_\ba_\bl_\bs_\be) if an error occurs while they execute. All builtins
- return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage, generally in-
- valid options or missing arguments.
+ Shell builtin commands return a status of 0 (_\bt_\br_\bu_\be) if successful, and non-
+ zero (_\bf_\ba_\bl_\bs_\be) if an error occurs while they execute. All builtins return an
+ exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage, generally invalid options or
+ missing arguments.
- The exit status of the last command is available in the special parame-
- ter $?.
+ The exit status of the last command is available in the special parameter
+ $?.
- B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh itself returns the exit status of the last command executed, un-
- less a syntax error occurs, in which case it exits with a non-zero
- value. See also the e\bex\bxi\bit\bt builtin command below.
+ B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh itself returns the exit status of the last command executed, unless a
+ syntax error occurs, in which case it exits with a non-zero value. See
+ also the e\bex\bxi\bit\bt builtin command below.
S\bSI\bIG\bGN\bNA\bAL\bLS\bS
- When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores
- S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTE\bER\bRM\bM (so that k\bki\bil\bll\bl 0\b0 does not kill an interactive shell), and
- catches and handles S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT (so that the w\bwa\bai\bit\bt builtin is interruptible).
- When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh receives S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT, it breaks out of any executing loops and
- command lists. In all cases, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh ignores S\bSI\bIG\bGQ\bQU\bUI\bIT\bT. If job control is
- in effect, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh ignores S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTT\bTI\bIN\bN, S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTT\bTO\bOU\bU, and S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTS\bST\bTP\bP.
-
- The t\btr\bra\bap\bp builtin modifies the shell's signal handling, as described be-
- low.
-
- Non-builtin commands b\bba\bas\bsh\bh executes have signal handlers set to the val-
- ues inherited by the shell from its parent, unless t\btr\bra\bap\bp sets them to be
- ignored, in which case the child process will ignore them as well.
- When job control is not in effect, asynchronous commands ignore S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT
- and S\bSI\bIG\bGQ\bQU\bUI\bIT\bT in addition to these inherited handlers. Commands run as a
- result of command substitution ignore the keyboard-generated job con-
- trol signals S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTT\bTI\bIN\bN, S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTT\bTO\bOU\bU, and S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTS\bST\bTP\bP.
-
- The shell exits by default upon receipt of a S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP. Before exiting,
- an interactive shell resends the S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP to all jobs, running or
- stopped. The shell sends S\bSI\bIG\bGC\bCO\bON\bNT\bT to stopped jobs to ensure that they
- receive the S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP (see J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL below for more information about
- running and stopped jobs). To prevent the shell from sending the sig-
- nal to a particular job, remove it from the jobs table with the d\bdi\bis\bso\bow\bwn\bn
- builtin (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below) or mark it not to receive
- S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP using d\bdi\bis\bso\bow\bwn\bn -\b-h\bh.
-
- If the h\bhu\bup\bpo\bon\bne\bex\bxi\bit\bt shell option has been set using s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh sends a
- S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP to all jobs when an interactive login shell exits.
-
- If b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal for
- which a trap has been set, it will not execute the trap until the com-
- mand completes. If b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is waiting for an asynchronous command via the
- w\bwa\bai\bit\bt builtin, and it receives a signal for which a trap has been set,
- the w\bwa\bai\bit\bt builtin will return immediately with an exit status greater
- than 128, immediately after which the shell executes the trap.
-
- When job control is not enabled, and b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is waiting for a foreground
- command to complete, the shell receives keyboard-generated signals such
- as S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT (usually generated by ^\b^C\bC) that users commonly intend to send
- to that command. This happens because the shell and the command are in
- the same process group as the terminal, and ^\b^C\bC sends S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT to all
- processes in that process group. Since b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not enable job con-
- trol by default when the shell is not interactive, this scenario is
- most common in non-interactive shells.
-
- When job control is enabled, and b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is waiting for a foreground com-
- mand to complete, the shell does not receive keyboard-generated sig-
- nals, because it is not in the same process group as the terminal.
- This scenario is most common in interactive shells, where b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts
- to enable job control by default. See J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL below for more in-
- formation about process groups.
-
- When job control is not enabled, and b\bba\bas\bsh\bh receives S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT while waiting
- for a foreground command, it waits until that foreground command termi-
- nates and then decides what to do about the S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT:
-
- 1. If the command terminates due to the S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh concludes that
- the user meant to send the S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT to the shell as well, and acts
- on the S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT (e.g., by running a S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT trap, exiting a non-in-
- teractive shell, or returning to the top level to read a new
- command).
-
- 2. If the command does not terminate due to S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT, the program
- handled the S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT itself and did not treat it as a fatal sig-
- nal. In that case, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not treat S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT as a fatal sig-
- nal, either, instead assuming that the S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT was used as part
- of the program's normal operation (e.g., emacs uses it to abort
- editing commands) or deliberately discarded. However, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh will
- run any trap set on S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT, as it does with any other trapped
- signal it receives while it is waiting for the foreground com-
- mand to complete, for compatibility.
-
- When job control is enabled, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not receive keyboard-generated
- signals such as S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT while it is waiting for a foreground command.
- An interactive shell does not pay attention to the S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT, even if the
- foreground command terminates as a result, other than noting its exit
- status. If the shell is not interactive, and the foreground command
- terminates due to the S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh pretends it received the S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT it-
- self (scenario 1 above), for compatibility.
+ When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTE\bER\bRM\bM
+ (so that k\bki\bil\bll\bl 0\b0 does not kill an interactive shell), and catches and han-
+ dles S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT (so that the w\bwa\bai\bit\bt builtin is interruptible). When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh re-
+ ceives S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT, it breaks out of any executing loops and command lists. In
+ all cases, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh ignores S\bSI\bIG\bGQ\bQU\bUI\bIT\bT. If job control is in effect, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh ignores
+ S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTT\bTI\bIN\bN, S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTT\bTO\bOU\bU, and S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTS\bST\bTP\bP.
+
+ The t\btr\bra\bap\bp builtin modifies the shell's signal handling, as described below.
+
+ Non-builtin commands b\bba\bas\bsh\bh executes have signal handlers set to the values
+ inherited by the shell from its parent, unless t\btr\bra\bap\bp sets them to be ig-
+ nored, in which case the child process will ignore them as well. When job
+ control is not in effect, asynchronous commands ignore S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT and S\bSI\bIG\bGQ\bQU\bUI\bIT\bT
+ in addition to these inherited handlers. Commands run as a result of com-
+ mand substitution ignore the keyboard-generated job control signals S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bT-\b-
+ T\bTI\bIN\bN, S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTT\bTO\bOU\bU, and S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTS\bST\bTP\bP.
+
+ The shell exits by default upon receipt of a S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP. Before exiting, an
+ interactive shell resends the S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP to all jobs, running or stopped. The
+ shell sends S\bSI\bIG\bGC\bCO\bON\bNT\bT to stopped jobs to ensure that they receive the S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP
+ (see J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL below for more information about running and stopped
+ jobs). To prevent the shell from sending the signal to a particular job,
+ remove it from the jobs table with the d\bdi\bis\bso\bow\bwn\bn builtin (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN
+ C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below) or mark it not to receive S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP using d\bdi\bis\bso\bow\bwn\bn -\b-h\bh.
+
+ If the h\bhu\bup\bpo\bon\bne\bex\bxi\bit\bt shell option has been set using s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh sends a S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP
+ to all jobs when an interactive login shell exits.
+
+ If b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal for
+ which a trap has been set, it will not execute the trap until the command
+ completes. If b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is waiting for an asynchronous command via the w\bwa\bai\bit\bt
+ builtin, and it receives a signal for which a trap has been set, the w\bwa\bai\bit\bt
+ builtin will return immediately with an exit status greater than 128, imme-
+ diately after which the shell executes the trap.
+
+ When job control is not enabled, and b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is waiting for a foreground com-
+ mand to complete, the shell receives keyboard-generated signals such as
+ S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT (usually generated by ^\b^C\bC) that users commonly intend to send to that
+ command. This happens because the shell and the command are in the same
+ process group as the terminal, and ^\b^C\bC sends S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT to all processes in that
+ process group. Since b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not enable job control by default when the
+ shell is not interactive, this scenario is most common in non-interactive
+ shells.
+
+ When job control is enabled, and b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is waiting for a foreground command
+ to complete, the shell does not receive keyboard-generated signals, because
+ it is not in the same process group as the terminal. This scenario is most
+ common in interactive shells, where b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to enable job control by
+ default. See J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL below for more information about process groups.
+
+ When job control is not enabled, and b\bba\bas\bsh\bh receives S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT while waiting for
+ a foreground command, it waits until that foreground command terminates and
+ then decides what to do about the S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT:
+
+ 1. If the command terminates due to the S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh concludes that the
+ user meant to send the S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT to the shell as well, and acts on the
+ S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT (e.g., by running a S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT trap, exiting a non-interactive
+ shell, or returning to the top level to read a new command).
+
+ 2. If the command does not terminate due to S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT, the program handled
+ the S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT itself and did not treat it as a fatal signal. In that
+ case, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not treat S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT as a fatal signal, either, instead
+ assuming that the S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT was used as part of the program's normal
+ operation (e.g., emacs uses it to abort editing commands) or delib-
+ erately discarded. However, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh will run any trap set on S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT,
+ as it does with any other trapped signal it receives while it is
+ waiting for the foreground command to complete, for compatibility.
+
+ When job control is enabled, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not receive keyboard-generated sig-
+ nals such as S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT while it is waiting for a foreground command. An in-
+ teractive shell does not pay attention to the S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT, even if the fore-
+ ground command terminates as a result, other than noting its exit status.
+ If the shell is not interactive, and the foreground command terminates due
+ to the S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh pretends it received the S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT itself (scenario 1
+ above), for compatibility.
J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL
- _\bJ_\bo_\bb _\bc_\bo_\bn_\bt_\br_\bo_\bl refers to the ability to selectively stop (_\bs_\bu_\bs_\bp_\be_\bn_\bd) the ex-
- ecution of processes and continue (_\br_\be_\bs_\bu_\bm_\be) their execution at a later
- point. A user typically employs this facility via an interactive in-
- terface supplied jointly by the operating system kernel's terminal dri-
- ver and b\bba\bas\bsh\bh.
-
- The shell associates a _\bj_\bo_\bb with each pipeline. It keeps a table of
- currently executing jobs, which the j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs command will display. Each
- job has a _\bj_\bo_\bb _\bn_\bu_\bm_\bb_\be_\br, which j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs displays between brackets. Job num-
- bers start at 1. When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh starts a job asynchronously (in the _\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk_\b-
- _\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd), it prints a line that looks like:
-
- [1] 25647
-
- indicating that this job is job number 1 and that the process ID of the
- last process in the pipeline associated with this job is 25647. All of
- the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh
- uses the _\bj_\bo_\bb abstraction as the basis for job control.
-
- To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job control,
- each process has a _\bp_\br_\bo_\bc_\be_\bs_\bs _\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bp _\bI_\bD, and the operating system maintains
- the notion of a _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bt_\be_\br_\bm_\bi_\bn_\ba_\bl _\bp_\br_\bo_\bc_\be_\bs_\bs _\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bp _\bI_\bD. This terminal
- process group ID is associated with the _\bc_\bo_\bn_\bt_\br_\bo_\bl_\bl_\bi_\bn_\bg _\bt_\be_\br_\bm_\bi_\bn_\ba_\bl.
-
- Processes that have the same process group ID are said to be part of
- the same _\bp_\br_\bo_\bc_\be_\bs_\bs _\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bp. Members of the _\bf_\bo_\br_\be_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd process group
- (processes whose process group ID is equal to the current terminal
- process group ID) receive keyboard-generated signals such as S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT.
- Processes in the foreground process group are said to be _\bf_\bo_\br_\be_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd
- processes. _\bB_\ba_\bc_\bk_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd processes are those whose process group ID dif-
- fers from the controlling terminal's; such processes are immune to key-
- board-generated signals. Only foreground processes are allowed to read
- from or, if the user so specifies with "stty tostop", write to the con-
- trolling terminal. The system sends a S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTT\bTI\bIN\bN (\b(S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTT\bTO\bOU\bU)\b) signal to
- background processes which attempt to read from (write to when "tostop"
- is in effect) the terminal, which, unless caught, suspends the process.
-
- If the operating system on which b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is running supports job control,
- b\bba\bas\bsh\bh contains facilities to use it. Typing the _\bs_\bu_\bs_\bp_\be_\bn_\bd character (typ-
- ically ^\b^Z\bZ, Control-Z) while a process is running stops that process and
- returns control to b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. Typing the _\bd_\be_\bl_\ba_\by_\be_\bd _\bs_\bu_\bs_\bp_\be_\bn_\bd character (typi-
- cally ^\b^Y\bY, Control-Y) causes the process stop when it attempts to read
- input from the terminal, and returns control to b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. The user then
- manipulates the state of this job, using the b\bbg\bg command to continue it
- in the background, the f\bfg\bg command to continue it in the foreground, or
- the k\bki\bil\bll\bl command to kill it. The suspend character takes effect imme-
- diately, and has the additional side effect of discarding any pending
- output and typeahead. To force a background process to stop, or stop a
- process that's not associated with the current terminal session, send
- it the S\bSI\bIG\bGS\bST\bTO\bOP\bP signal using k\bki\bil\bll\bl.
-
- There are a number of ways to refer to a job in the shell. The %\b% char-
- acter introduces a job specification (jobspec).
-
- Job number _\bn may be referred to as %\b%n\bn. A job may also be referred to
- using a prefix of the name used to start it, or using a substring that
- appears in its command line. For example, %\b%c\bce\be refers to a job whose
- command name begins with c\bce\be. Using %\b%?\b?c\bce\be, on the other hand, refers to
- any job containing the string c\bce\be in its command line. If the prefix or
- substring matches more than one job, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh reports an error.
-
- The symbols %\b%%\b% and %\b%+\b+ refer to the shell's notion of the _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bj_\bo_\bb.
- A single % (with no accompanying job specification) also refers to the
- current job. %\b%-\b- refers to the _\bp_\br_\be_\bv_\bi_\bo_\bu_\bs _\bj_\bo_\bb. When a job starts in the
- background, a job stops while in the foreground, or a job is resumed in
- the background, it becomes the current job. The job that was the cur-
- rent job becomes the previous job. When the current job terminates,
- the previous job becomes the current job. If there is only a single
- job, %\b%+\b+ and %\b%-\b- can both be used to refer to that job. In output per-
- taining to jobs (e.g., the output of the j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs command), the current job
- is always marked with a +\b+, and the previous job with a -\b-.
-
- Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground: %\b%1\b1 is
- a synonym for "fg %1", bringing job 1 from the background into the
- foreground. Similarly, "%1 &" resumes job 1 in the background, equiva-
- lent to "bg %1".
-
- The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state. Normally,
- b\bba\bas\bsh\bh waits until it is about to print a prompt before notifying the
- user about changes in a job's status so as to not interrupt any other
- output, though it will notify of changes in a job's status after a
- foreground command in a list completes, before executing the next com-
- mand in the list. If the -\b-b\bb option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command is en-
- abled, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh reports status changes immediately. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh executes any trap
- on S\bSI\bIG\bGC\bCH\bHL\bLD\bD for each child that terminates.
-
- When a job terminates and b\bba\bas\bsh\bh notifies the user about it, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh removes
- the job from the table. It will not appear in j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs output, but w\bwa\bai\bit\bt
- will report its exit status, as long as it's supplied the process ID
- associated with the job as an argument. When the table is empty, job
- numbers start over at 1.
-
- If a user attempts to exit b\bba\bas\bsh\bh while jobs are stopped (or, if the
- c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkj\bjo\bob\bbs\bs shell option has been enabled using the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin, run-
- ning), the shell prints a warning message, and, if the c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkj\bjo\bob\bbs\bs option
- is enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses. The j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs command may
- then be used to inspect their status. If the user immediately attempts
- to exit again, without an intervening command, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not print an-
- other warning, and terminates any stopped jobs.
-
- When the shell is waiting for a job or process using the w\bwa\bai\bit\bt builtin,
- and job control is enabled, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt will return when the job changes
- state. The -\b-f\bf option causes w\bwa\bai\bit\bt to wait until the job or process ter-
- minates before returning.
+ _\bJ_\bo_\bb _\bc_\bo_\bn_\bt_\br_\bo_\bl refers to the ability to selectively stop (_\bs_\bu_\bs_\bp_\be_\bn_\bd) the execu-
+ tion of processes and continue (_\br_\be_\bs_\bu_\bm_\be) their execution at a later point.
+ A user typically employs this facility via an interactive interface sup-
+ plied jointly by the operating system kernel's terminal driver and b\bba\bas\bsh\bh.
+
+ The shell associates a _\bj_\bo_\bb with each pipeline. It keeps a table of cur-
+ rently executing jobs, which the j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs command will display. Each job has a
+ _\bj_\bo_\bb _\bn_\bu_\bm_\bb_\be_\br, which j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs displays between brackets. Job numbers start at 1.
+ When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh starts a job asynchronously (in the _\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd), it prints a line
+ that looks like:
+
+ [1] 25647
+
+ indicating that this job is job number 1 and that the process ID of the
+ last process in the pipeline associated with this job is 25647. All of the
+ processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh uses the
+ _\bj_\bo_\bb abstraction as the basis for job control.
+
+ To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job control, each
+ process has a _\bp_\br_\bo_\bc_\be_\bs_\bs _\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bp _\bI_\bD, and the operating system maintains the no-
+ tion of a _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bt_\be_\br_\bm_\bi_\bn_\ba_\bl _\bp_\br_\bo_\bc_\be_\bs_\bs _\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bp _\bI_\bD. This terminal process group
+ ID is associated with the _\bc_\bo_\bn_\bt_\br_\bo_\bl_\bl_\bi_\bn_\bg _\bt_\be_\br_\bm_\bi_\bn_\ba_\bl.
+
+ Processes that have the same process group ID are said to be part of the
+ same _\bp_\br_\bo_\bc_\be_\bs_\bs _\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bp. Members of the _\bf_\bo_\br_\be_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd process group (processes
+ whose process group ID is equal to the current terminal process group ID)
+ receive keyboard-generated signals such as S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT. Processes in the fore-
+ ground process group are said to be _\bf_\bo_\br_\be_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd processes. _\bB_\ba_\bc_\bk_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd
+ processes are those whose process group ID differs from the controlling
+ terminal's; such processes are immune to keyboard-generated signals. Only
+ foreground processes are allowed to read from or, if the user so specifies
+ with "stty tostop", write to the controlling terminal. The system sends a
+ S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTT\bTI\bIN\bN (\b(S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTT\bTO\bOU\bU)\b) signal to background processes which attempt to read from
+ (write to when "tostop" is in effect) the terminal, which, unless caught,
+ suspends the process.
+
+ If the operating system on which b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is running supports job control, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
+ contains facilities to use it. Typing the _\bs_\bu_\bs_\bp_\be_\bn_\bd character (typically ^\b^Z\bZ,
+ Control-Z) while a process is running stops that process and returns con-
+ trol to b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. Typing the _\bd_\be_\bl_\ba_\by_\be_\bd _\bs_\bu_\bs_\bp_\be_\bn_\bd character (typically ^\b^Y\bY, Control-
+ Y) causes the process stop when it attempts to read input from the termi-
+ nal, and returns control to b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. The user then manipulates the state of
+ this job, using the b\bbg\bg command to continue it in the background, the f\bfg\bg
+ command to continue it in the foreground, or the k\bki\bil\bll\bl command to kill it.
+ The suspend character takes effect immediately, and has the additional side
+ effect of discarding any pending output and typeahead. To force a back-
+ ground process to stop, or stop a process that's not associated with the
+ current terminal session, send it the S\bSI\bIG\bGS\bST\bTO\bOP\bP signal using k\bki\bil\bll\bl.
+
+ There are a number of ways to refer to a job in the shell. The %\b% character
+ introduces a job specification (jobspec).
+
+ Job number _\bn may be referred to as %\b%n\bn. A job may also be referred to using
+ a prefix of the name used to start it, or using a substring that appears in
+ its command line. For example, %\b%c\bce\be refers to a job whose command name be-
+ gins with c\bce\be. Using %\b%?\b?c\bce\be, on the other hand, refers to any job containing
+ the string c\bce\be in its command line. If the prefix or substring matches more
+ than one job, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh reports an error.
+
+ The symbols %\b%%\b% and %\b%+\b+ refer to the shell's notion of the _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bj_\bo_\bb. A
+ single % (with no accompanying job specification) also refers to the cur-
+ rent job. %\b%-\b- refers to the _\bp_\br_\be_\bv_\bi_\bo_\bu_\bs _\bj_\bo_\bb. When a job starts in the back-
+ ground, a job stops while in the foreground, or a job is resumed in the
+ background, it becomes the current job. The job that was the current job
+ becomes the previous job. When the current job terminates, the previous
+ job becomes the current job. If there is only a single job, %\b%+\b+ and %\b%-\b- can
+ both be used to refer to that job. In output pertaining to jobs (e.g., the
+ output of the j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs command), the current job is always marked with a +\b+, and
+ the previous job with a -\b-.
+
+ Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground: %\b%1\b1 is a
+ synonym for "fg %1", bringing job 1 from the background into the fore-
+ ground. Similarly, "%1 &" resumes job 1 in the background, equivalent to
+ "bg %1".
+
+ The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state. Normally, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
+ waits until it is about to print a prompt before notifying the user about
+ changes in a job's status so as to not interrupt any other output, though
+ it will notify of changes in a job's status after a foreground command in a
+ list completes, before executing the next command in the list. If the -\b-b\bb
+ option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command is enabled, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh reports status changes
+ immediately. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh executes any trap on S\bSI\bIG\bGC\bCH\bHL\bLD\bD for each child that termi-
+ nates.
+
+ When a job terminates and b\bba\bas\bsh\bh notifies the user about it, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh removes the
+ job from the table. It will not appear in j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs output, but w\bwa\bai\bit\bt will re-
+ port its exit status, as long as it's supplied the process ID associated
+ with the job as an argument. When the table is empty, job numbers start
+ over at 1.
+
+ If a user attempts to exit b\bba\bas\bsh\bh while jobs are stopped (or, if the c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bk-\b-
+ j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs shell option has been enabled using the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin, running), the
+ shell prints a warning message, and, if the c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkj\bjo\bob\bbs\bs option is enabled,
+ lists the jobs and their statuses. The j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs command may then be used to
+ inspect their status. If the user immediately attempts to exit again,
+ without an intervening command, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not print another warning, and
+ terminates any stopped jobs.
+
+ When the shell is waiting for a job or process using the w\bwa\bai\bit\bt builtin, and
+ job control is enabled, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt will return when the job changes state. The
+ -\b-f\bf option causes w\bwa\bai\bit\bt to wait until the job or process terminates before
+ returning.
P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG
- When executing interactively, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh displays the primary prompt P\bPS\bS1\b1 when
- it is ready to read a command, and the secondary prompt P\bPS\bS2\b2 when it
- needs more input to complete a command.
-
- B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh examines the value of the array variable P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bT_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD just be-
- fore printing each primary prompt. If any elements in P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bT_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD
- are set and non-null, Bash executes each value, in numeric order, just
- as if it had been typed on the command line. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh displays P\bPS\bS0\b0 after
- it reads a command but before executing it.
-
- B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh displays P\bPS\bS4\b4 as described above before tracing each command when
- the -\b-x\bx option is enabled.
-
- B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh allows the prompt strings P\bPS\bS0\b0, P\bPS\bS1\b1, P\bPS\bS2\b2, and P\bPS\bS4\b4, to be customized
- by inserting a number of backslash-escaped special characters that are
- decoded as follows:
-
- \\b\a\ba An ASCII bell character (07).
- \\b\d\bd The date in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May
- 26").
- \\b\D\bD{\b{_\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt}\b}
- The _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is passed to _\bs_\bt_\br_\bf_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3) and the result is in-
- serted into the prompt string; an empty _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt results in
- a locale-specific time representation. The braces are
- required.
- \\b\e\be An ASCII escape character (033).
- \\b\h\bh The hostname up to the first ".".
- \\b\H\bH The hostname.
- \\b\j\bj The number of jobs currently managed by the shell.
- \\b\l\bl The basename of the shell's terminal device name (e.g.,
- "ttys0").
- \\b\n\bn A newline.
- \\b\r\br A carriage return.
- \\b\s\bs The name of the shell: the basename of $\b$0\b0 (the portion
- following the final slash).
- \\b\t\bt The current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format.
- \\b\T\bT The current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format.
- \\b\@\b@ The current time in 12-hour am/pm format.
- \\b\A\bA The current time in 24-hour HH:MM format.
- \\b\u\bu The username of the current user.
- \\b\v\bv The b\bba\bas\bsh\bh version (e.g., 2.00).
- \\b\V\bV The b\bba\bas\bsh\bh release, version + patch level (e.g., 2.00.0)
- \\b\w\bw The value of the P\bPW\bWD\bD shell variable ($\b$P\bPW\bWD\bD), with $\b$H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE
- abbreviated with a tilde (uses the value of the
- P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bT_\b_D\bDI\bIR\bRT\bTR\bRI\bIM\bM variable).
- \\b\W\bW The basename of $\b$P\bPW\bWD\bD, with $\b$H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE abbreviated with a
- tilde.
- \\b\!\b! The history number of this command.
- \\b\#\b# The command number of this command.
- \\b\$\b$ If the effective UID is 0, a #\b#, otherwise a $\b$.
- \\b\_\bn_\bn_\bn The character corresponding to the octal number _\bn_\bn_\bn.
- \\b\\\b\ A backslash.
- \\b\[\b[ Begin a sequence of non-printing characters, which could
- be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the
- prompt. This escape is only useful when the prompt will
- be supplied to r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be, and is ignored and removed oth-
- erwise, so it shouldn't be used in P\bPS\bS0\b0 or P\bPS\bS4\b4 or when
- line editing is not enabled.
- \\b\]\b] End a sequence of non-printing characters begun with \\b\[\b[.
-
- The command number and the history number are usually different: the
- history number of a command is its position in the history list, which
- may include commands restored from the history file (see H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY be-
- low), while the command number is the position in the sequence of com-
- mands executed during the current shell session. After the string is
- decoded, it is expanded via parameter expansion, command substitution,
- arithmetic expansion, and quote removal, subject to the value of the
- p\bpr\bro\bom\bmp\bpt\btv\bva\bar\brs\bs shell option (see the description of the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt command under
- S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below). This can have unwanted side effects if
- escaped portions of the string appear within command substitution or
- contain characters special to word expansion.
+ When executing interactively, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh displays the primary prompt P\bPS\bS1\b1 when it
+ is ready to read a command, and the secondary prompt P\bPS\bS2\b2 when it needs more
+ input to complete a command.
+
+ B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh examines the value of the array variable P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bT_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD just before
+ printing each primary prompt. If any elements in P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bT_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD are set
+ and non-null, Bash executes each value, in numeric order, just as if it had
+ been typed on the command line. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh displays P\bPS\bS0\b0 after it reads a command
+ but before executing it.
+
+ B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh displays P\bPS\bS4\b4 as described above before tracing each command when the
+ -\b-x\bx option is enabled.
+
+ B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh allows the prompt strings P\bPS\bS0\b0, P\bPS\bS1\b1, P\bPS\bS2\b2, and P\bPS\bS4\b4, to be customized by
+ inserting a number of backslash-escaped special characters that are decoded
+ as follows:
+
+ \\b\a\ba An ASCII bell character (07).
+ \\b\d\bd The date in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May 26").
+ \\b\D\bD{\b{_\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt}\b}
+ The _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is passed to _\bs_\bt_\br_\bf_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3) and the result is in-
+ serted into the prompt string; an empty _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt results in a
+ locale-specific time representation. The braces are re-
+ quired.
+ \\b\e\be An ASCII escape character (033).
+ \\b\h\bh The hostname up to the first ".".
+ \\b\H\bH The hostname.
+ \\b\j\bj The number of jobs currently managed by the shell.
+ \\b\l\bl The basename of the shell's terminal device name (e.g.,
+ "ttys0").
+ \\b\n\bn A newline.
+ \\b\r\br A carriage return.
+ \\b\s\bs The name of the shell: the basename of $\b$0\b0 (the portion fol-
+ lowing the final slash).
+ \\b\t\bt The current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format.
+ \\b\T\bT The current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format.
+ \\b\@\b@ The current time in 12-hour am/pm format.
+ \\b\A\bA The current time in 24-hour HH:MM format.
+ \\b\u\bu The username of the current user.
+ \\b\v\bv The b\bba\bas\bsh\bh version (e.g., 2.00).
+ \\b\V\bV The b\bba\bas\bsh\bh release, version + patch level (e.g., 2.00.0)
+ \\b\w\bw The value of the P\bPW\bWD\bD shell variable ($\b$P\bPW\bWD\bD), with $\b$H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE abbre-
+ viated with a tilde (uses the value of the P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bT_\b_D\bDI\bIR\bRT\bTR\bRI\bIM\bM
+ variable).
+ \\b\W\bW The basename of $\b$P\bPW\bWD\bD, with $\b$H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE abbreviated with a tilde.
+ \\b\!\b! The history number of this command.
+ \\b\#\b# The command number of this command.
+ \\b\$\b$ If the effective UID is 0, a #\b#, otherwise a $\b$.
+ \\b\_\bn_\bn_\bn The character corresponding to the octal number _\bn_\bn_\bn.
+ \\b\\\b\ A backslash.
+ \\b\[\b[ Begin a sequence of non-printing characters, which could be
+ used to embed a terminal control sequence into the prompt.
+ This escape is only useful when the prompt will be supplied
+ to r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be, and is ignored and removed otherwise, so it
+ shouldn't be used in P\bPS\bS0\b0 or P\bPS\bS4\b4 or when line editing is not
+ enabled.
+ \\b\]\b] End a sequence of non-printing characters begun with \\b\[\b[.
+
+ The command number and the history number are usually different: the his-
+ tory number of a command is its position in the history list, which may in-
+ clude commands restored from the history file (see H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY below), while
+ the command number is the position in the sequence of commands executed
+ during the current shell session. After the string is decoded, it is ex-
+ panded via parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion,
+ and quote removal, subject to the value of the p\bpr\bro\bom\bmp\bpt\btv\bva\bar\brs\bs shell option (see
+ the description of the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt command under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
+ This can have unwanted side effects if escaped portions of the string ap-
+ pear within command substitution or contain characters special to word ex-
+ pansion.
R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
- This is the library that handles reading input when using an interac-
- tive shell, unless the -\b--\b-n\bno\boe\bed\bdi\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg option is supplied at shell invoca-
- tion. Line editing is also used when using the -\b-e\be option to the r\bre\bea\bad\bd
- builtin. By default, the line editing commands are similar to those of
- emacs; a vi-style line editing interface is also available. Line edit-
- ing can be enabled at any time using the -\b-o\bo e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs or -\b-o\bo v\bvi\bi options to
- the s\bse\bet\bt builtin (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below). To turn off line
- editing after the shell is running, use the +\b+o\bo e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs or +\b+o\bo v\bvi\bi options
- to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin.
+ This is the library that handles reading input when using an interactive
+ shell, unless the -\b--\b-n\bno\boe\bed\bdi\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg option is supplied at shell invocation. Line
+ editing is also used when using the -\b-e\be option to the r\bre\bea\bad\bd builtin. By de-
+ fault, the line editing commands are similar to those of emacs; a vi-style
+ line editing interface is also available. Line editing can be enabled at
+ any time using the -\b-o\bo e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs or -\b-o\bo v\bvi\bi options to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL
+ B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below). To turn off line editing after the shell is run-
+ ning, use the +\b+o\bo e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs or +\b+o\bo v\bvi\bi options to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin.
R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be N\bNo\bot\bta\bat\bti\bio\bon\bn
- This section uses Emacs-style editing concepts and uses its notation
- for keystrokes. Control keys are denoted by C-_\bk_\be_\by, e.g., C-n means
- Control-N. Similarly, _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba keys are denoted by M-_\bk_\be_\by, so M-x means
- Meta-X. The Meta key is often labeled "Alt" or "Option".
-
- On keyboards without a _\bM_\be_\bt_\ba key, M-_\bx means ESC _\bx, i.e., press and re-
- lease the Escape key, then press and release the _\bx key, in sequence.
- This makes ESC the _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx. The combination M-C-_\bx means ESC Con-
- trol-_\bx: press and release the Escape key, then press and hold the Con-
- trol key while pressing the _\bx key, then release both.
-
- On some keyboards, the Meta key modifier produces characters with the
- eighth bit (0200) set. You can use the e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba-\b-k\bke\bey\by variable to
- control whether or not it does this, if the keyboard allows it. On
- many others, the terminal or terminal emulator converts the metafied
- key to a key sequence beginning with ESC as described in the preceding
- paragraph.
-
- If your _\bM_\be_\bt_\ba key produces a key sequence with the ESC meta prefix, you
- can make M-_\bk_\be_\by key bindings you specify (see R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be K\bKe\bey\by B\bBi\bin\bnd\bdi\bin\bng\bgs\bs be-
- low) do the same thing by setting the f\bfo\bor\brc\bce\be-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba-\b-p\bpr\bre\bef\bfi\bix\bx variable.
-
- R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be commands may be given numeric _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs, which normally act as
- a repeat count. Sometimes, however, it is the sign of the argument
- that is significant. Passing a negative argument to a command that
- acts in the forward direction (e.g., k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be) makes that command act
- in a backward direction. Commands whose behavior with arguments devi-
- ates from this are noted below.
-
- The _\bp_\bo_\bi_\bn_\bt is the current cursor position, and _\bm_\ba_\br_\bk refers to a saved
- cursor position. The text between the point and mark is referred to as
- the _\br_\be_\bg_\bi_\bo_\bn. R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be has the concept of an _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bv_\be _\br_\be_\bg_\bi_\bo_\bn: when the re-
- gion is active, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be redisplay highlights the region using the
- value of the a\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be-\b-r\bre\beg\bgi\bio\bon\bn-\b-s\bst\bta\bar\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bol\blo\bor\br variable. The e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-a\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be-\b-r\bre\be-\b-
- g\bgi\bio\bon\bn variable turns this on and off. Several commands set the region
- to active; those are noted below.
-
- When a command is described as _\bk_\bi_\bl_\bl_\bi_\bn_\bg text, the text deleted is saved
- for possible future retrieval (_\by_\ba_\bn_\bk_\bi_\bn_\bg). The killed text is saved in a
- _\bk_\bi_\bl_\bl _\br_\bi_\bn_\bg. Consecutive kills accumulate the deleted text into one
- unit, which can be yanked all at once. Commands which do not kill text
- separate the chunks of text on the kill ring.
+ This section uses Emacs-style editing concepts and uses its notation for
+ keystrokes. Control keys are denoted by C-_\bk_\be_\by, e.g., C-n means Control-N.
+ Similarly, _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba keys are denoted by M-_\bk_\be_\by, so M-x means Meta-X. The Meta
+ key is often labeled "Alt" or "Option".
+
+ On keyboards without a _\bM_\be_\bt_\ba key, M-_\bx means ESC _\bx, i.e., press and release
+ the Escape key, then press and release the _\bx key, in sequence. This makes
+ ESC the _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx. The combination M-C-_\bx means ESC Control-_\bx: press and
+ release the Escape key, then press and hold the Control key while pressing
+ the _\bx key, then release both.
+
+ On some keyboards, the Meta key modifier produces characters with the
+ eighth bit (0200) set. You can use the e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba-\b-k\bke\bey\by variable to control
+ whether or not it does this, if the keyboard allows it. On many others,
+ the terminal or terminal emulator converts the metafied key to a key se-
+ quence beginning with ESC as described in the preceding paragraph.
+
+ If your _\bM_\be_\bt_\ba key produces a key sequence with the ESC meta prefix, you can
+ make M-_\bk_\be_\by key bindings you specify (see R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be K\bKe\bey\by B\bBi\bin\bnd\bdi\bin\bng\bgs\bs below) do
+ the same thing by setting the f\bfo\bor\brc\bce\be-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba-\b-p\bpr\bre\bef\bfi\bix\bx variable.
+
+ R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be commands may be given numeric _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs, which normally act as a
+ repeat count. Sometimes, however, it is the sign of the argument that is
+ significant. Passing a negative argument to a command that acts in the
+ forward direction (e.g., k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be) makes that command act in a backward
+ direction. Commands whose behavior with arguments deviates from this are
+ noted below.
+
+ The _\bp_\bo_\bi_\bn_\bt is the current cursor position, and _\bm_\ba_\br_\bk refers to a saved cursor
+ position. The text between the point and mark is referred to as the _\br_\be_\b-
+ _\bg_\bi_\bo_\bn. R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be has the concept of an _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bv_\be _\br_\be_\bg_\bi_\bo_\bn: when the region is ac-
+ tive, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be redisplay highlights the region using the value of the a\bac\bc-\b-
+ t\bti\biv\bve\be-\b-r\bre\beg\bgi\bio\bon\bn-\b-s\bst\bta\bar\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bol\blo\bor\br variable. The e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-a\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be-\b-r\bre\beg\bgi\bio\bon\bn variable turns
+ this on and off. Several commands set the region to active; those are
+ noted below.
+
+ When a command is described as _\bk_\bi_\bl_\bl_\bi_\bn_\bg text, the text deleted is saved for
+ possible future retrieval (_\by_\ba_\bn_\bk_\bi_\bn_\bg). The killed text is saved in a _\bk_\bi_\bl_\bl
+ _\br_\bi_\bn_\bg. Consecutive kills accumulate the deleted text into one unit, which
+ can be yanked all at once. Commands which do not kill text separate the
+ chunks of text on the kill ring.
R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be I\bIn\bni\bit\bti\bia\bal\bli\biz\bza\bat\bti\bio\bon\bn
- R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is customized by putting commands in an initialization file
- (the _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file). The name of this file is taken from the value of
- the I\bIN\bNP\bPU\bUT\bTR\bRC\bC shell variable. If that variable is unset, the default is
- _\b~_\b/_\b._\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc. If that file does not exist or cannot be read, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
- looks for _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc. When a program that uses the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be library
- starts up, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be reads the initialization file and sets the key
- bindings and variables found there, before reading any user input.
+ R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is customized by putting commands in an initialization file (the
+ _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file). The name of this file is taken from the value of the
+ I\bIN\bNP\bPU\bUT\bTR\bRC\bC shell variable. If that variable is unset, the default is
+ _\b~_\b/_\b._\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc. If that file does not exist or cannot be read, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be looks
+ for _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc. When a program that uses the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be library starts up,
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be reads the initialization file and sets the key bindings and vari-
+ ables found there, before reading any user input.
- There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the inputrc file.
- Blank lines are ignored. Lines beginning with a #\b# are comments. Lines
- beginning with a $\b$ indicate conditional constructs. Other lines denote
- key bindings and variable settings.
+ There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the inputrc file. Blank
+ lines are ignored. Lines beginning with a #\b# are comments. Lines beginning
+ with a $\b$ indicate conditional constructs. Other lines denote key bindings
+ and variable settings.
- The default key-bindings in this section may be changed using key bind-
- ing commands in the _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file. Programs that use the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be li-
- brary, including b\bba\bas\bsh\bh, may add their own commands and bindings.
+ The default key-bindings in this section may be changed using key binding
+ commands in the _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file. Programs that use the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be library, in-
+ cluding b\bba\bas\bsh\bh, may add their own commands and bindings.
- For example, placing
+ For example, placing
- M-Control-u: universal-argument
- or
- C-Meta-u: universal-argument
+ M-Control-u: universal-argument
+ or
+ C-Meta-u: universal-argument
- into the _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc would make M-C-u execute the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be command _\bu_\bn_\bi_\bv_\be_\br_\b-
- _\bs_\ba_\bl_\b-_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt.
+ into the _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc would make M-C-u execute the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be command _\bu_\bn_\bi_\bv_\be_\br_\b-
+ _\bs_\ba_\bl_\b-_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt.
- Key bindings may contain the following symbolic character names: _\bD_\bE_\bL,
- _\bE_\bS_\bC, _\bE_\bS_\bC_\bA_\bP_\bE, _\bL_\bF_\bD, _\bN_\bE_\bW_\bL_\bI_\bN_\bE, _\bR_\bE_\bT, _\bR_\bE_\bT_\bU_\bR_\bN, _\bR_\bU_\bB_\bO_\bU_\bT (a destructive back-
- space), _\bS_\bP_\bA_\bC_\bE, _\bS_\bP_\bC, and _\bT_\bA_\bB.
+ Key bindings may contain the following symbolic character names: _\bD_\bE_\bL, _\bE_\bS_\bC,
+ _\bE_\bS_\bC_\bA_\bP_\bE, _\bL_\bF_\bD, _\bN_\bE_\bW_\bL_\bI_\bN_\bE, _\bR_\bE_\bT, _\bR_\bE_\bT_\bU_\bR_\bN, _\bR_\bU_\bB_\bO_\bU_\bT (a destructive backspace), _\bS_\bP_\bA_\bC_\bE,
+ _\bS_\bP_\bC, and _\bT_\bA_\bB.
- In addition to command names, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be allows keys to be bound to a
- string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a _\bm_\ba_\bc_\br_\bo). The differ-
- ence between a macro and a command is that a macro is enclosed in sin-
- gle or double quotes.
+ In addition to command names, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be allows keys to be bound to a string
+ that is inserted when the key is pressed (a _\bm_\ba_\bc_\br_\bo). The difference between
+ a macro and a command is that a macro is enclosed in single or double
+ quotes.
R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be K\bKe\bey\by B\bBi\bin\bnd\bdi\bin\bng\bgs\bs
- The syntax for controlling key bindings in the _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file is simple.
- All that is required is the name of the command or the text of a macro
- and a key sequence to which it should be bound. The key sequence may
- be specified in one of two ways: as a symbolic key name, possibly with
- _\bM_\be_\bt_\ba_\b- or _\bC_\bo_\bn_\bt_\br_\bo_\bl_\b- prefixes, or as a key sequence composed of one or
- more characters enclosed in double quotes. The key sequence and name
- are separated by a colon. There can be no whitespace between the name
- and the colon.
-
- When using the form k\bke\bey\byn\bna\bam\bme\be:_\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be or _\bm_\ba_\bc_\br_\bo, _\bk_\be_\by_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is the name
- of a key spelled out in English. For example:
-
- Control-u: universal-argument
- Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word
- Control-o: "> output"
-
- In the above example, _\bC_\b-_\bu is bound to the function u\bun\bni\biv\bve\ber\brs\bsa\bal\bl-\b-a\bar\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bt,
- _\bM_\b-_\bD_\bE_\bL is bound to the function b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd, and _\bC_\b-_\bo is bound to
- run the macro expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the
- text "> output" into the line).
-
- In the second form, "\b"k\bke\bey\bys\bse\beq\bq"\b":_\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be or _\bm_\ba_\bc_\br_\bo, k\bke\bey\bys\bse\beq\bq differs
- from k\bke\bey\byn\bna\bam\bme\be above in that strings denoting an entire key sequence may
- be specified by placing the sequence within double quotes. Some GNU
- Emacs style key escapes can be used, as in the following example, but
- none of the symbolic character names are recognized.
-
- "\C-u": universal-argument
- "\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file
- "\e[11~": "Function Key 1"
-
- In this example, _\bC_\b-_\bu is again bound to the function u\bun\bni\biv\bve\ber\brs\bsa\bal\bl-\b-a\bar\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bt.
- _\bC_\b-_\bx _\bC_\b-_\br is bound to the function r\bre\be-\b-r\bre\bea\bad\bd-\b-i\bin\bni\bit\bt-\b-f\bfi\bil\ble\be, and _\bE_\bS_\bC _\b[ _\b1 _\b1 _\b~ is
- bound to insert the text "Function Key 1".
-
- The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences available when speci-
- fying key sequences is
- \\b\C\bC-\b- A control prefix.
- \\b\M\bM-\b- Adding the meta prefix or converting the following char-
- acter to a meta character, as described below under
- f\bfo\bor\brc\bce\be-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba-\b-p\bpr\bre\bef\bfi\bix\bx.
- \\b\e\be An escape character.
- \\b\\\b\ Backslash.
- \\b\"\b" Literal ", a double quote.
- \\b\'\b' Literal ', a single quote.
-
- In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set of
- backslash escapes is available:
- \\b\a\ba alert (bell)
- \\b\b\bb backspace
- \\b\d\bd delete
- \\b\f\bf form feed
- \\b\n\bn newline
- \\b\r\br carriage return
- \\b\t\bt horizontal tab
- \\b\v\bv vertical tab
- \\b\_\bn_\bn_\bn The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value
- _\bn_\bn_\bn (one to three digits).
- \\b\x\bx_\bH_\bH The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal
- value _\bH_\bH (one or two hex digits).
-
- When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must be used
- to indicate a macro definition. Unquoted text is assumed to be a func-
- tion name. The backslash escapes described above are expanded in the
- macro body. Backslash quotes any other character in the macro text,
- including " and '.
-
- B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh will display or modify the current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key bindings with the
- b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd builtin command. The -\b-o\bo e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs or -\b-o\bo v\bvi\bi options to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin
- (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below) change the editing mode during in-
- teractive use.
+ The syntax for controlling key bindings in the _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file is simple. All
+ that is required is the name of the command or the text of a macro and a
+ key sequence to which it should be bound. The key sequence may be speci-
+ fied in one of two ways: as a symbolic key name, possibly with _\bM_\be_\bt_\ba_\b- or
+ _\bC_\bo_\bn_\bt_\br_\bo_\bl_\b- prefixes, or as a key sequence composed of one or more characters
+ enclosed in double quotes. The key sequence and name are separated by a
+ colon. There can be no whitespace between the name and the colon.
+
+ When using the form k\bke\bey\byn\bna\bam\bme\be:_\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be or _\bm_\ba_\bc_\br_\bo, _\bk_\be_\by_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is the name of
+ a key spelled out in English. For example:
+
+ Control-u: universal-argument
+ Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word
+ Control-o: "> output"
+
+ In the above example, _\bC_\b-_\bu is bound to the function u\bun\bni\biv\bve\ber\brs\bsa\bal\bl-\b-a\bar\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bt,
+ _\bM_\b-_\bD_\bE_\bL is bound to the function b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd, and _\bC_\b-_\bo is bound to run
+ the macro expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the text ">
+ output" into the line).
+
+ In the second form, "\b"k\bke\bey\bys\bse\beq\bq"\b":_\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be or _\bm_\ba_\bc_\br_\bo, k\bke\bey\bys\bse\beq\bq differs from
+ k\bke\bey\byn\bna\bam\bme\be above in that strings denoting an entire key sequence may be speci-
+ fied by placing the sequence within double quotes. Some GNU Emacs style
+ key escapes can be used, as in the following example, but none of the sym-
+ bolic character names are recognized.
+
+ "\C-u": universal-argument
+ "\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file
+ "\e[11~": "Function Key 1"
+
+ In this example, _\bC_\b-_\bu is again bound to the function u\bun\bni\biv\bve\ber\brs\bsa\bal\bl-\b-a\bar\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bt.
+ _\bC_\b-_\bx _\bC_\b-_\br is bound to the function r\bre\be-\b-r\bre\bea\bad\bd-\b-i\bin\bni\bit\bt-\b-f\bfi\bil\ble\be, and _\bE_\bS_\bC _\b[ _\b1 _\b1 _\b~ is
+ bound to insert the text "Function Key 1".
+
+ The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences available when specifying
+ key sequences is
+ \\b\C\bC-\b- A control prefix.
+ \\b\M\bM-\b- Adding the meta prefix or converting the following character
+ to a meta character, as described below under f\bfo\bor\brc\bce\be-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba-\b-p\bpr\bre\be-\b-
+ f\bfi\bix\bx.
+ \\b\e\be An escape character.
+ \\b\\\b\ Backslash.
+ \\b\"\b" Literal ", a double quote.
+ \\b\'\b' Literal ', a single quote.
+
+ In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set of back-
+ slash escapes is available:
+ \\b\a\ba alert (bell)
+ \\b\b\bb backspace
+ \\b\d\bd delete
+ \\b\f\bf form feed
+ \\b\n\bn newline
+ \\b\r\br carriage return
+ \\b\t\bt horizontal tab
+ \\b\v\bv vertical tab
+ \\b\_\bn_\bn_\bn The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value _\bn_\bn_\bn
+ (one to three digits).
+ \\b\x\bx_\bH_\bH The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+ _\bH_\bH (one or two hex digits).
+
+ When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must be used to
+ indicate a macro definition. Unquoted text is assumed to be a function
+ name. The backslash escapes described above are expanded in the macro
+ body. Backslash quotes any other character in the macro text, including "
+ and '.
+
+ B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh will display or modify the current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key bindings with the b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd
+ builtin command. The -\b-o\bo e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs or -\b-o\bo v\bvi\bi options to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin (see
+ S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below) change the editing mode during interactive
+ use.
R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs
- R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be has variables that can be used to further customize its behav-
- ior. A variable may be set in the _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file with a statement of the
- form
-
- s\bse\bet\bt _\bv_\ba_\br_\bi_\ba_\bb_\bl_\be_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be
-
- or using the b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd builtin command (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
-
- Except where noted, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be variables can take the values O\bOn\bn or O\bOf\bff\bf
- (without regard to case). Unrecognized variable names are ignored.
- When r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be reads a variable value, empty or null values, "on" (case-
- insensitive), and "1" are equivalent to O\bOn\bn. All other values are
- equivalent to O\bOf\bff\bf.
-
- The b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd -\b-V\bV command lists the current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be variable names and val-
- ues (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
-
- The variables and their default values are:
-
- a\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be-\b-r\bre\beg\bgi\bio\bon\bn-\b-s\bst\bta\bar\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bol\blo\bor\br
- A string variable that controls the text color and background
- when displaying the text in the active region (see the descrip-
- tion of e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-a\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be-\b-r\bre\beg\bgi\bio\bon\bn below). This string must not take
- up any physical character positions on the display, so it should
- consist only of terminal escape sequences. It is output to the
- terminal before displaying the text in the active region. This
- variable is reset to the default value whenever the terminal
- type changes. The default value is the string that puts the
- terminal in standout mode, as obtained from the terminal's ter-
- minfo description. A sample value might be "\e[01;33m".
- a\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be-\b-r\bre\beg\bgi\bio\bon\bn-\b-e\ben\bnd\bd-\b-c\bco\bol\blo\bor\br
- A string variable that "undoes" the effects of a\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be-\b-r\bre\be-\b-
- g\bgi\bio\bon\bn-\b-s\bst\bta\bar\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bol\blo\bor\br and restores "normal" terminal display appear-
- ance after displaying text in the active region. This string
- must not take up any physical character positions on the dis-
- play, so it should consist only of terminal escape sequences.
- It is output to the terminal after displaying the text in the
- active region. This variable is reset to the default value
- whenever the terminal type changes. The default value is the
- string that restores the terminal from standout mode, as ob-
- tained from the terminal's terminfo description. A sample value
- might be "\e[0m".
- b\bbe\bel\bll\bl-\b-s\bst\bty\byl\ble\be (\b(a\bau\bud\bdi\bib\bbl\ble\be)\b)
- Controls what happens when r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be wants to ring the terminal
- bell. If set to n\bno\bon\bne\be, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be never rings the bell. If set to
- v\bvi\bis\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be uses a visible bell if one is available. If
- set to a\bau\bud\bdi\bib\bbl\ble\be, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be attempts to ring the terminal's bell.
- b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd-\b-t\btt\bty\by-\b-s\bsp\bpe\bec\bci\bia\bal\bl-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\brs\bs (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be attempts to bind the control characters
- that are treated specially by the kernel's terminal driver to
- their r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be equivalents. These override the default r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
- bindings described here. Type "stty -a" at a b\bba\bas\bsh\bh prompt to see
- your current terminal settings, including the special control
- characters (usually c\bcc\bch\bha\bar\brs\bs). This binding takes place on each
- call to r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be, so changes made by "stty" can take effect.
- b\bbl\bli\bin\bnk\bk-\b-m\bma\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg-\b-p\bpa\bar\bre\ben\bn (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be attempts to briefly move the cursor to an
- opening parenthesis when a closing parenthesis is inserted.
- c\bco\bol\blo\bor\bre\bed\bd-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn-\b-p\bpr\bre\bef\bfi\bix\bx (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, when listing completions, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be displays the
- common prefix of the set of possible completions using a differ-
- ent color. The color definitions are taken from the value of
- the L\bLS\bS_\b_C\bCO\bOL\bLO\bOR\bRS\bS environment variable. If there is a color defini-
- tion in $\b$L\bLS\bS_\b_C\bCO\bOL\bLO\bOR\bRS\bS for the custom suffix ".readline-colored-com-
- pletion-prefix", r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be uses this color for the common prefix
- instead of its default.
- c\bco\bol\blo\bor\bre\bed\bd-\b-s\bst\bta\bat\bts\bs (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be displays possible completions using dif-
- ferent colors to indicate their file type. The color defini-
- tions are taken from the value of the L\bLS\bS_\b_C\bCO\bOL\bLO\bOR\bRS\bS environment
- variable.
- c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn (\b("#\b#")\b)
- The string that the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt command inserts.
- This command is bound to M\bM-\b-#\b# in emacs mode and to #\b# in vi com-
- mand mode.
- c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn-\b-d\bdi\bis\bsp\bpl\bla\bay\by-\b-w\bwi\bid\bdt\bth\bh (\b(-\b-1\b1)\b)
- The number of screen columns used to display possible matches
- when performing completion. The value is ignored if it is less
- than 0 or greater than the terminal screen width. A value of 0
- causes matches to be displayed one per line. The default value
- is -1.
- c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn-\b-i\big\bgn\bno\bor\bre\be-\b-c\bca\bas\bse\be (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be performs filename matching and completion
- in a case-insensitive fashion.
- c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn-\b-m\bma\bap\bp-\b-c\bca\bas\bse\be (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, and c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn-\b-i\big\bgn\bno\bor\bre\be-\b-c\bca\bas\bse\be is enabled, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
- treats hyphens (_\b-) and underscores (_\b_) as equivalent when per-
- forming case-insensitive filename matching and completion.
- c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn-\b-p\bpr\bre\bef\bfi\bix\bx-\b-d\bdi\bis\bsp\bpl\bla\bay\by-\b-l\ble\ben\bng\bgt\bth\bh (\b(0\b0)\b)
- The maximum length in characters of the common prefix of a list
- of possible completions that is displayed without modification.
- When set to a value greater than zero, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be replaces common
- prefixes longer than this value with an ellipsis when displaying
- possible completions. If a completion begins with a period, and
- e\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is completing filenames, it uses three underscores in-
- stead of an ellipsis.
- c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn-\b-q\bqu\bue\ber\bry\by-\b-i\bit\bte\bem\bms\bs (\b(1\b10\b00\b0)\b)
- This determines when the user is queried about viewing the num-
- ber of possible completions generated by the p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\be-\b-
- t\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs command. It may be set to any integer value greater than
- or equal to zero. If the number of possible completions is
- greater than or equal to the value of this variable, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
- asks whether or not the user wishes to view them; otherwise
- r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be simply lists them on the terminal. A zero value means
- r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be should never ask; negative values are treated as zero.
- c\bco\bon\bnv\bve\ber\brt\bt-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be converts characters it reads that have
- the eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by clearing the
- eighth bit and prefixing it with an escape character (converting
- the character to have the meta prefix). The default is _\bO_\bn, but
- r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be sets it to _\bO_\bf_\bf if the locale contains characters whose
- encodings may include bytes with the eighth bit set. This vari-
- able is dependent on the L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCT\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE locale category, and may
- change if the locale changes. This variable also affects key
- bindings; see the description of f\bfo\bor\brc\bce\be-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba-\b-p\bpr\bre\bef\bfi\bix\bx below.
- d\bdi\bis\bsa\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be inhibits word completion. Completion
- characters are inserted into the line as if they had been mapped
- to s\bse\bel\blf\bf-\b-i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt.
- e\bec\bch\bho\bo-\b-c\bco\bon\bnt\btr\bro\bol\bl-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\bra\bac\bct\bte\ber\brs\bs (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
- When set to O\bOn\bn, on operating systems that indicate they support
- it, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be echoes a character corresponding to a signal gener-
- ated from the keyboard.
- e\bed\bdi\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be (\b(e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs)\b)
- Controls whether r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be uses a set of key bindings similar to
- _\bE_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs or _\bv_\bi. e\bed\bdi\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be can be set to either e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs or v\bvi\bi.
- e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be-\b-s\bst\btr\bri\bin\bng\bg (\b(@\b@)\b)
- If the _\bs_\bh_\bo_\bw_\b-_\bm_\bo_\bd_\be_\b-_\bi_\bn_\b-_\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt variable is enabled, this string is
- displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt
- when emacs editing mode is active. The value is expanded like a
- key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control- prefixes
- and backslash escape sequences is available. The \1 and \2 es-
- capes begin and end sequences of non-printing characters, which
- can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode
- string.
- e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-a\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be-\b-r\bre\beg\bgi\bio\bon\bn (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
- When this variable is set to _\bO_\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be allows certain com-
- mands to designate the region as _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bv_\be. When the region is ac-
- tive, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be highlights the text in the region using the value
- of the a\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be-\b-r\bre\beg\bgi\bio\bon\bn-\b-s\bst\bta\bar\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bol\blo\bor\br variable, which defaults to the
- string that enables the terminal's standout mode. The active
- region shows the text inserted by bracketed-paste and any match-
- ing text found by incremental and non-incremental history
- searches.
- e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-b\bbr\bra\bac\bck\bke\bet\bte\bed\bd-\b-p\bpa\bas\bst\bte\be (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
- When set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be configures the terminal to insert each
- paste into the editing buffer as a single string of characters,
- instead of treating each character as if it had been read from
- the keyboard. This is called _\bb_\br_\ba_\bc_\bk_\be_\bt_\be_\bd_\b-_\bp_\ba_\bs_\bt_\be _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be; it prevents
- r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be from executing any editing commands bound to key se-
- quences appearing in the pasted text.
- e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-k\bke\bey\byp\bpa\bad\bd (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- When set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be tries to enable the application keypad
- when it is called. Some systems need this to enable the arrow
- keys.
- e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba-\b-k\bke\bey\by (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
- When set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be tries to enable any meta modifier key
- the terminal claims to support. On many terminals, the Meta key
- is used to send eight-bit characters; this variable checks for
- the terminal capability that indicates the terminal can enable
- and disable a mode that sets the eighth bit of a character
- (0200) if the Meta key is held down when the character is typed
- (a meta character).
- e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-t\bti\bil\bld\bde\be (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be performs tilde expansion when it attempts
- word completion.
- f\bfo\bor\brc\bce\be-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba-\b-p\bpr\bre\bef\bfi\bix\bx (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be modifies its behavior when binding key
- sequences containing \M- or Meta- (see K\bKe\bey\by B\bBi\bin\bnd\bdi\bin\bng\bgs\bs above) by
- converting a key sequence of the form \M-_\bC or Meta-_\bC to the two-
- character sequence E\bES\bSC\bC _\bC (adding the meta prefix). If
- f\bfo\bor\brc\bce\be-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba-\b-p\bpr\bre\bef\bfi\bix\bx is set to O\bOf\bff\bf (the default), r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be uses the
- value of the c\bco\bon\bnv\bve\ber\brt\bt-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba variable to determine whether to per-
- form this conversion: if c\bco\bon\bnv\bve\ber\brt\bt-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba is O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be performs
- the conversion described above; if it is O\bOf\bff\bf, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be converts
- _\bC to a meta character by setting the eighth bit (0200).
- h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by-\b-p\bpr\bre\bes\bse\ber\brv\bve\be-\b-p\bpo\boi\bin\bnt\bt (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, the history code attempts to place point at the
- same location on each history line retrieved with p\bpr\bre\bev\bvi\bio\bou\bus\bs-\b-h\bhi\bis\bs-\b-
- t\bto\bor\bry\by or n\bne\bex\bxt\bt-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by.
- h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by-\b-s\bsi\biz\bze\be (\b(u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt)\b)
- Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history
- list. If set to zero, any existing history entries are deleted
- and no new entries are saved. If set to a value less than zero,
- the number of history entries is not limited. By default, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
- sets the maximum number of history entries to the value of the
- H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTS\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE shell variable. Setting _\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by_\b-_\bs_\bi_\bz_\be to a non-numeric
- value will set the maximum number of history entries to 500.
- h\bho\bor\bri\biz\bzo\bon\bnt\bta\bal\bl-\b-s\bsc\bcr\bro\bol\bll\bl-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- Setting this variable to O\bOn\bn makes r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be use a single line for
- display, scrolling the input horizontally on a single screen
- line when it becomes longer than the screen width rather than
- wrapping to a new line. This setting is automatically enabled
- for terminals of height 1.
- i\bin\bnp\bpu\but\bt-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be enables eight-bit input (that is, it does
- not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads), regardless
- of what the terminal claims it can support. The default is _\bO_\bf_\bf,
- but r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be sets it to _\bO_\bn if the locale contains characters
- whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth bit set. This
- variable is dependent on the L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCT\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE locale category, and its
- value may change if the locale changes. The name m\bme\bet\bta\ba-\b-f\bfl\bla\bag\bg is a
- synonym for i\bin\bnp\bpu\but\bt-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba.
- i\bis\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-t\bte\ber\brm\bmi\bin\bna\bat\bto\bor\brs\bs (\b("C\bC-\b-[\b[C\bC-\b-j\bj")\b)
- The string of characters that should terminate an incremental
- search without subsequently executing the character as a com-
- mand. If this variable has not been given a value, the charac-
- ters _\bE_\bS_\bC and C\bC-\b-j\bj terminate an incremental search.
- k\bke\bey\bym\bma\bap\bp (\b(e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs)\b)
- Set the current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be keymap. The set of valid keymap names
- is _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\bd_\ba_\br_\bd_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bc_\bt_\bl_\bx_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\b-
- _\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, and _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bi_\bn_\bs_\be_\br_\bt. _\bv_\bi is equivalent to _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd; _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs is
- equivalent to _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\bd_\ba_\br_\bd. The default value is _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs; the
- value of e\bed\bdi\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be also affects the default keymap.
- k\bke\bey\bys\bse\beq\bq-\b-t\bti\bim\bme\beo\bou\but\bt (\b(5\b50\b00\b0)\b)
- Specifies the duration r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be will wait for a character when
- reading an ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a complete
- key sequence using the input read so far, or can take additional
- input to complete a longer key sequence). If r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be does not
- receive any input within the timeout, it uses the shorter but
- complete key sequence. The value is specified in milliseconds,
- so a value of 1000 means that r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be will wait one second for
- additional input. If this variable is set to a value less than
- or equal to zero, or to a non-numeric value, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be waits un-
- til another key is pressed to decide which key sequence to com-
- plete.
- m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-d\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bri\bie\bes\bs (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, completed directory names have a slash appended.
- m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-m\bmo\bod\bdi\bif\bfi\bie\bed\bd-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\bes\bs (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be displays history lines that have been
- modified with a preceding asterisk (*\b*).
- m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-s\bsy\bym\bml\bli\bin\bnk\bke\bed\bd-\b-d\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bri\bie\bes\bs (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, completed names which are symbolic links to direc-
- tories have a slash appended, subject to the value of m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-d\bdi\bi-\b-
- r\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bri\bie\bes\bs.
- m\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh-\b-h\bhi\bid\bdd\bde\ben\bn-\b-f\bfi\bil\ble\bes\bs (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
- This variable, when set to O\bOn\bn, forces r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be to match files
- whose names begin with a "." (hidden files) when performing
- filename completion. If set to O\bOf\bff\bf, the user must include the
- leading "." in the filename to be completed.
- m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-d\bdi\bis\bsp\bpl\bla\bay\by-\b-p\bpr\bre\bef\bfi\bix\bx (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, menu completion displays the common prefix of the
- list of possible completions (which may be empty) before cycling
- through the list.
- o\bou\but\btp\bpu\but\bt-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be displays characters with the eighth bit
- set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape sequence.
- The default is _\bO_\bf_\bf, but r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be sets it to _\bO_\bn if the locale
- contains characters whose encodings may include bytes with the
- eighth bit set. This variable is dependent on the L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCT\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE lo-
- cale category, and its value may change if the locale changes.
- p\bpa\bag\bge\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be uses an internal pager resembling _\bm_\bo_\br_\be(1)
- to display a screenful of possible completions at a time.
- p\bpr\bre\bef\bfe\ber\br-\b-v\bvi\bis\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-b\bbe\bel\bll\bl
- See b\bbe\bel\bll\bl-\b-s\bst\bty\byl\ble\be.
- p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\bt-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs-\b-h\bho\bor\bri\biz\bzo\bon\bnt\bta\bal\bll\bly\by (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be displays completions with matches sorted
- horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the screen.
- r\bre\bev\bve\ber\brt\bt-\b-a\bal\bll\bl-\b-a\bat\bt-\b-n\bne\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be will undo all changes to history lines
- before returning when executing a\bac\bcc\bce\bep\bpt\bt-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be. By default, his-
- tory lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists
- across calls to r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be.
- s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-i\big\bgn\bno\bor\bre\be-\b-c\bca\bas\bse\be (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be performs incremental and non-incremental
- history list searches in a case-insensitive fashion.
- s\bsh\bho\bow\bw-\b-a\bal\bll\bl-\b-i\bif\bf-\b-a\bam\bmb\bbi\big\bgu\buo\bou\bus\bs (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- This alters the default behavior of the completion functions.
- If set to O\bOn\bn, words which have more than one possible completion
- cause the matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing
- the bell.
- s\bsh\bho\bow\bw-\b-a\bal\bll\bl-\b-i\bif\bf-\b-u\bun\bnm\bmo\bod\bdi\bif\bfi\bie\bed\bd (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- This alters the default behavior of the completion functions in
- a fashion similar to s\bsh\bho\bow\bw-\b-a\bal\bll\bl-\b-i\bif\bf-\b-a\bam\bmb\bbi\big\bgu\buo\bou\bus\bs. If set to O\bOn\bn, words
- which have more than one possible completion without any possi-
- ble partial completion (the possible completions don't share a
- common prefix) cause the matches to be listed immediately in-
- stead of ringing the bell.
- s\bsh\bho\bow\bw-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be-\b-i\bin\bn-\b-p\bpr\bro\bom\bmp\bpt\bt (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, add a string to the beginning of the prompt indi-
- cating the editing mode: emacs, vi command, or vi insertion.
- The mode strings are user-settable (e.g., _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bm_\bo_\bd_\be_\b-_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg).
- s\bsk\bki\bip\bp-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\bed\bd-\b-t\bte\bex\bxt\bt (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, this alters the default completion behavior when
- inserting a single match into the line. It's only active when
- performing completion in the middle of a word. If enabled,
- r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be does not insert characters from the completion that
- match characters after point in the word being completed, so
- portions of the word following the cursor are not duplicated.
- v\bvi\bi-\b-c\bcm\bmd\bd-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be-\b-s\bst\btr\bri\bin\bng\bg (\b((\b(c\bcm\bmd\bd)\b))\b)
- If the _\bs_\bh_\bo_\bw_\b-_\bm_\bo_\bd_\be_\b-_\bi_\bn_\b-_\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt variable is enabled, this string is
- displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt
- when vi editing mode is active and in command mode. The value
- is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of meta- and
- control- prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available.
- The \1 and \2 escapes begin and end sequences of non-printing
- characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control se-
- quence into the mode string.
- v\bvi\bi-\b-i\bin\bns\bs-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be-\b-s\bst\btr\bri\bin\bng\bg (\b((\b(i\bin\bns\bs)\b))\b)
- If the _\bs_\bh_\bo_\bw_\b-_\bm_\bo_\bd_\be_\b-_\bi_\bn_\b-_\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt variable is enabled, this string is
- displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt
- when vi editing mode is active and in insertion mode. The value
- is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of meta- and
- control- prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available.
- The \1 and \2 escapes begin and end sequences of non-printing
- characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control se-
- quence into the mode string.
- v\bvi\bis\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-s\bst\bta\bat\bts\bs (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, a character denoting a file's type as reported by
- _\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt(2) is appended to the filename when listing possible com-
- pletions.
+ R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be has variables that can be used to further customize its behavior.
+ A variable may be set in the _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file with a statement of the form
+
+ s\bse\bet\bt _\bv_\ba_\br_\bi_\ba_\bb_\bl_\be_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be
+
+ or using the b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd builtin command (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
+
+ Except where noted, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be variables can take the values O\bOn\bn or O\bOf\bff\bf (with-
+ out regard to case). Unrecognized variable names are ignored. When r\bre\bea\bad\bd-\b-
+ l\bli\bin\bne\be reads a variable value, empty or null values, "on" (case-insensitive),
+ and "1" are equivalent to O\bOn\bn. All other values are equivalent to O\bOf\bff\bf.
+
+ The b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd -\b-V\bV command lists the current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be variable names and values
+ (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
+
+ The variables and their default values are:
+
+ a\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be-\b-r\bre\beg\bgi\bio\bon\bn-\b-s\bst\bta\bar\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bol\blo\bor\br
+ A string variable that controls the text color and background when
+ displaying the text in the active region (see the description of e\ben\bn-\b-
+ a\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-a\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be-\b-r\bre\beg\bgi\bio\bon\bn below). This string must not take up any physi-
+ cal character positions on the display, so it should consist only of
+ terminal escape sequences. It is output to the terminal before dis-
+ playing the text in the active region. This variable is reset to
+ the default value whenever the terminal type changes. The default
+ value is the string that puts the terminal in standout mode, as ob-
+ tained from the terminal's terminfo description. A sample value
+ might be "\e[01;33m".
+ a\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be-\b-r\bre\beg\bgi\bio\bon\bn-\b-e\ben\bnd\bd-\b-c\bco\bol\blo\bor\br
+ A string variable that "undoes" the effects of a\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be-\b-r\bre\be-\b-
+ g\bgi\bio\bon\bn-\b-s\bst\bta\bar\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bol\blo\bor\br and restores "normal" terminal display appearance
+ after displaying text in the active region. This string must not
+ take up any physical character positions on the display, so it
+ should consist only of terminal escape sequences. It is output to
+ the terminal after displaying the text in the active region. This
+ variable is reset to the default value whenever the terminal type
+ changes. The default value is the string that restores the terminal
+ from standout mode, as obtained from the terminal's terminfo de-
+ scription. A sample value might be "\e[0m".
+ b\bbe\bel\bll\bl-\b-s\bst\bty\byl\ble\be (\b(a\bau\bud\bdi\bib\bbl\ble\be)\b)
+ Controls what happens when r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be wants to ring the terminal bell.
+ If set to n\bno\bon\bne\be, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be never rings the bell. If set to v\bvi\bis\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be,
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be uses a visible bell if one is available. If set to a\bau\bud\bdi\bi-\b-
+ b\bbl\ble\be, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be attempts to ring the terminal's bell.
+ b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd-\b-t\btt\bty\by-\b-s\bsp\bpe\bec\bci\bia\bal\bl-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\brs\bs (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be attempts to bind the control characters that
+ are treated specially by the kernel's terminal driver to their r\bre\bea\bad\bd-\b-
+ l\bli\bin\bne\be equivalents. These override the default r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be bindings de-
+ scribed here. Type "stty -a" at a b\bba\bas\bsh\bh prompt to see your current
+ terminal settings, including the special control characters (usually
+ c\bcc\bch\bha\bar\brs\bs). This binding takes place on each call to r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be, so
+ changes made by "stty" can take effect.
+ b\bbl\bli\bin\bnk\bk-\b-m\bma\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg-\b-p\bpa\bar\bre\ben\bn (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be attempts to briefly move the cursor to an
+ opening parenthesis when a closing parenthesis is inserted.
+ c\bco\bol\blo\bor\bre\bed\bd-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn-\b-p\bpr\bre\bef\bfi\bix\bx (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, when listing completions, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be displays the common
+ prefix of the set of possible completions using a different color.
+ The color definitions are taken from the value of the L\bLS\bS_\b_C\bCO\bOL\bLO\bOR\bRS\bS en-
+ vironment variable. If there is a color definition in $\b$L\bLS\bS_\b_C\bCO\bOL\bLO\bOR\bRS\bS
+ for the custom suffix ".readline-colored-completion-prefix", r\bre\bea\bad\bd-\b-
+ l\bli\bin\bne\be uses this color for the common prefix instead of its default.
+ c\bco\bol\blo\bor\bre\bed\bd-\b-s\bst\bta\bat\bts\bs (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be displays possible completions using different
+ colors to indicate their file type. The color definitions are taken
+ from the value of the L\bLS\bS_\b_C\bCO\bOL\bLO\bOR\bRS\bS environment variable.
+ c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn (\b("#\b#")\b)
+ The string that the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt command inserts. This
+ command is bound to M\bM-\b-#\b# in emacs mode and to #\b# in vi command mode.
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn-\b-d\bdi\bis\bsp\bpl\bla\bay\by-\b-w\bwi\bid\bdt\bth\bh (\b(-\b-1\b1)\b)
+ The number of screen columns used to display possible matches when
+ performing completion. The value is ignored if it is less than 0 or
+ greater than the terminal screen width. A value of 0 causes matches
+ to be displayed one per line. The default value is -1.
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn-\b-i\big\bgn\bno\bor\bre\be-\b-c\bca\bas\bse\be (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be performs filename matching and completion in
+ a case-insensitive fashion.
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn-\b-m\bma\bap\bp-\b-c\bca\bas\bse\be (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, and c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn-\b-i\big\bgn\bno\bor\bre\be-\b-c\bca\bas\bse\be is enabled, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be treats
+ hyphens (_\b-) and underscores (_\b_) as equivalent when performing
+ case-insensitive filename matching and completion.
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn-\b-p\bpr\bre\bef\bfi\bix\bx-\b-d\bdi\bis\bsp\bpl\bla\bay\by-\b-l\ble\ben\bng\bgt\bth\bh (\b(0\b0)\b)
+ The maximum length in characters of the common prefix of a list of
+ possible completions that is displayed without modification. When
+ set to a value greater than zero, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be replaces common prefixes
+ longer than this value with an ellipsis when displaying possible
+ completions. If a completion begins with a period, and e\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is
+ completing filenames, it uses three underscores instead of an ellip-
+ sis.
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn-\b-q\bqu\bue\ber\bry\by-\b-i\bit\bte\bem\bms\bs (\b(1\b10\b00\b0)\b)
+ This determines when the user is queried about viewing the number of
+ possible completions generated by the p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs command.
+ It may be set to any integer value greater than or equal to zero.
+ If the number of possible completions is greater than or equal to
+ the value of this variable, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be asks whether or not the user
+ wishes to view them; otherwise r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be simply lists them on the
+ terminal. A zero value means r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be should never ask; negative
+ values are treated as zero.
+ c\bco\bon\bnv\bve\ber\brt\bt-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be converts characters it reads that have the
+ eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by clearing the eighth bit
+ and prefixing it with an escape character (converting the character
+ to have the meta prefix). The default is _\bO_\bn, but r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be sets it
+ to _\bO_\bf_\bf if the locale contains characters whose encodings may include
+ bytes with the eighth bit set. This variable is dependent on the
+ L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCT\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE locale category, and may change if the locale changes.
+ This variable also affects key bindings; see the description of
+ f\bfo\bor\brc\bce\be-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba-\b-p\bpr\bre\bef\bfi\bix\bx below.
+ d\bdi\bis\bsa\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be inhibits word completion. Completion charac-
+ ters are inserted into the line as if they had been mapped to s\bse\bel\blf\bf-\b-
+ i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt.
+ e\bec\bch\bho\bo-\b-c\bco\bon\bnt\btr\bro\bol\bl-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\bra\bac\bct\bte\ber\brs\bs (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
+ When set to O\bOn\bn, on operating systems that indicate they support it,
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be echoes a character corresponding to a signal generated from
+ the keyboard.
+ e\bed\bdi\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be (\b(e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs)\b)
+ Controls whether r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be uses a set of key bindings similar to
+ _\bE_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs or _\bv_\bi. e\bed\bdi\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be can be set to either e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs or v\bvi\bi.
+ e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be-\b-s\bst\btr\bri\bin\bng\bg (\b(@\b@)\b)
+ If the _\bs_\bh_\bo_\bw_\b-_\bm_\bo_\bd_\be_\b-_\bi_\bn_\b-_\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt variable is enabled, this string is dis-
+ played immediately before the last line of the primary prompt when
+ emacs editing mode is active. The value is expanded like a key
+ binding, so the standard set of meta- and control- prefixes and
+ backslash escape sequences is available. The \1 and \2 escapes be-
+ gin and end sequences of non-printing characters, which can be used
+ to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string.
+ e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-a\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be-\b-r\bre\beg\bgi\bio\bon\bn (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
+ When this variable is set to _\bO_\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be allows certain commands to
+ designate the region as _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bv_\be. When the region is active, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
+ highlights the text in the region using the value of the a\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be-\b-r\bre\be-\b-
+ g\bgi\bio\bon\bn-\b-s\bst\bta\bar\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bol\blo\bor\br variable, which defaults to the string that enables
+ the terminal's standout mode. The active region shows the text in-
+ serted by bracketed-paste and any matching text found by incremental
+ and non-incremental history searches.
+ e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-b\bbr\bra\bac\bck\bke\bet\bte\bed\bd-\b-p\bpa\bas\bst\bte\be (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
+ When set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be configures the terminal to insert each
+ paste into the editing buffer as a single string of characters, in-
+ stead of treating each character as if it had been read from the
+ keyboard. This is called _\bb_\br_\ba_\bc_\bk_\be_\bt_\be_\bd_\b-_\bp_\ba_\bs_\bt_\be _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be; it prevents r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
+ from executing any editing commands bound to key sequences appearing
+ in the pasted text.
+ e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-k\bke\bey\byp\bpa\bad\bd (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
+ When set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be tries to enable the application keypad
+ when it is called. Some systems need this to enable the arrow keys.
+ e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba-\b-k\bke\bey\by (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
+ When set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be tries to enable any meta modifier key the
+ terminal claims to support. On many terminals, the Meta key is used
+ to send eight-bit characters; this variable checks for the terminal
+ capability that indicates the terminal can enable and disable a mode
+ that sets the eighth bit of a character (0200) if the Meta key is
+ held down when the character is typed (a meta character).
+ e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-t\bti\bil\bld\bde\be (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be performs tilde expansion when it attempts
+ word completion.
+ f\bfo\bor\brc\bce\be-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba-\b-p\bpr\bre\bef\bfi\bix\bx (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be modifies its behavior when binding key se-
+ quences containing \M- or Meta- (see K\bKe\bey\by B\bBi\bin\bnd\bdi\bin\bng\bgs\bs above) by convert-
+ ing a key sequence of the form \M-_\bC or Meta-_\bC to the two-character
+ sequence E\bES\bSC\bC _\bC (adding the meta prefix). If f\bfo\bor\brc\bce\be-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba-\b-p\bpr\bre\bef\bfi\bix\bx is
+ set to O\bOf\bff\bf (the default), r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be uses the value of the c\bco\bon\bn-\b-
+ v\bve\ber\brt\bt-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba variable to determine whether to perform this conversion:
+ if c\bco\bon\bnv\bve\ber\brt\bt-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba is O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be performs the conversion described
+ above; if it is O\bOf\bff\bf, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be converts _\bC to a meta character by set-
+ ting the eighth bit (0200).
+ h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by-\b-p\bpr\bre\bes\bse\ber\brv\bve\be-\b-p\bpo\boi\bin\bnt\bt (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, the history code attempts to place point at the same
+ location on each history line retrieved with p\bpr\bre\bev\bvi\bio\bou\bus\bs-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by or
+ n\bne\bex\bxt\bt-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by.
+ h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by-\b-s\bsi\biz\bze\be (\b(u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt)\b)
+ Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history list.
+ If set to zero, any existing history entries are deleted and no new
+ entries are saved. If set to a value less than zero, the number of
+ history entries is not limited. By default, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh sets the maximum
+ number of history entries to the value of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTS\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE shell vari-
+ able. Setting _\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by_\b-_\bs_\bi_\bz_\be to a non-numeric value will set the max-
+ imum number of history entries to 500.
+ h\bho\bor\bri\biz\bzo\bon\bnt\bta\bal\bl-\b-s\bsc\bcr\bro\bol\bll\bl-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
+ Setting this variable to O\bOn\bn makes r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be use a single line for
+ display, scrolling the input horizontally on a single screen line
+ when it becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to
+ a new line. This setting is automatically enabled for terminals of
+ height 1.
+ i\bin\bnp\bpu\but\bt-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be enables eight-bit input (that is, it does not
+ clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads), regardless of what
+ the terminal claims it can support. The default is _\bO_\bf_\bf, but r\bre\bea\bad\bd-\b-
+ l\bli\bin\bne\be sets it to _\bO_\bn if the locale contains characters whose encodings
+ may include bytes with the eighth bit set. This variable is depen-
+ dent on the L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCT\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE locale category, and its value may change if
+ the locale changes. The name m\bme\bet\bta\ba-\b-f\bfl\bla\bag\bg is a synonym for i\bin\bnp\bpu\but\bt-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba.
+ i\bis\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-t\bte\ber\brm\bmi\bin\bna\bat\bto\bor\brs\bs (\b("C\bC-\b-[\b[C\bC-\b-j\bj")\b)
+ The string of characters that should terminate an incremental search
+ without subsequently executing the character as a command. If this
+ variable has not been given a value, the characters _\bE_\bS_\bC and C\bC-\b-j\bj ter-
+ minate an incremental search.
+ k\bke\bey\bym\bma\bap\bp (\b(e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs)\b)
+ Set the current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be keymap. The set of valid keymap names is
+ _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\bd_\ba_\br_\bd_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bc_\bt_\bl_\bx_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, and
+ _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bi_\bn_\bs_\be_\br_\bt. _\bv_\bi is equivalent to _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd; _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs is equivalent to
+ _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\bd_\ba_\br_\bd. The default value is _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs; the value of e\bed\bdi\bit\bt-\b-
+ i\bin\bng\bg-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be also affects the default keymap.
+ k\bke\bey\bys\bse\beq\bq-\b-t\bti\bim\bme\beo\bou\but\bt (\b(5\b50\b00\b0)\b)
+ Specifies the duration r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be will wait for a character when read-
+ ing an ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a complete key se-
+ quence using the input read so far, or can take additional input to
+ complete a longer key sequence). If r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be does not receive any
+ input within the timeout, it uses the shorter but complete key se-
+ quence. The value is specified in milliseconds, so a value of 1000
+ means that r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be will wait one second for additional input. If
+ this variable is set to a value less than or equal to zero, or to a
+ non-numeric value, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be waits until another key is pressed to
+ decide which key sequence to complete.
+ m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-d\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bri\bie\bes\bs (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, completed directory names have a slash appended.
+ m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-m\bmo\bod\bdi\bif\bfi\bie\bed\bd-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\bes\bs (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be displays history lines that have been modi-
+ fied with a preceding asterisk (*\b*).
+ m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-s\bsy\bym\bml\bli\bin\bnk\bke\bed\bd-\b-d\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bri\bie\bes\bs (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, completed names which are symbolic links to directo-
+ ries have a slash appended, subject to the value of m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-d\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bto\bo-\b-
+ r\bri\bie\bes\bs.
+ m\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh-\b-h\bhi\bid\bdd\bde\ben\bn-\b-f\bfi\bil\ble\bes\bs (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
+ This variable, when set to O\bOn\bn, forces r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be to match files whose
+ names begin with a "." (hidden files) when performing filename com-
+ pletion. If set to O\bOf\bff\bf, the user must include the leading "." in
+ the filename to be completed.
+ m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-d\bdi\bis\bsp\bpl\bla\bay\by-\b-p\bpr\bre\bef\bfi\bix\bx (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, menu completion displays the common prefix of the list
+ of possible completions (which may be empty) before cycling through
+ the list.
+ o\bou\but\btp\bpu\but\bt-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be displays characters with the eighth bit set
+ directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape sequence. The de-
+ fault is _\bO_\bf_\bf, but r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be sets it to _\bO_\bn if the locale contains
+ characters whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth bit
+ set. This variable is dependent on the L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCT\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE locale category,
+ and its value may change if the locale changes.
+ p\bpa\bag\bge\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be uses an internal pager resembling _\bm_\bo_\br_\be(1) to
+ display a screenful of possible completions at a time.
+ p\bpr\bre\bef\bfe\ber\br-\b-v\bvi\bis\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-b\bbe\bel\bll\bl
+ See b\bbe\bel\bll\bl-\b-s\bst\bty\byl\ble\be.
+ p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\bt-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs-\b-h\bho\bor\bri\biz\bzo\bon\bnt\bta\bal\bll\bly\by (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be displays completions with matches sorted hor-
+ izontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the screen.
+ r\bre\bev\bve\ber\brt\bt-\b-a\bal\bll\bl-\b-a\bat\bt-\b-n\bne\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be will undo all changes to history lines before
+ returning when executing a\bac\bcc\bce\bep\bpt\bt-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be. By default, history lines may
+ be modified and retain individual undo lists across calls to r\bre\bea\bad\bd-\b-
+ l\bli\bin\bne\be.
+ s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-i\big\bgn\bno\bor\bre\be-\b-c\bca\bas\bse\be (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be performs incremental and non-incremental his-
+ tory list searches in a case-insensitive fashion.
+ s\bsh\bho\bow\bw-\b-a\bal\bll\bl-\b-i\bif\bf-\b-a\bam\bmb\bbi\big\bgu\buo\bou\bus\bs (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
+ This alters the default behavior of the completion functions. If
+ set to O\bOn\bn, words which have more than one possible completion cause
+ the matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell.
+ s\bsh\bho\bow\bw-\b-a\bal\bll\bl-\b-i\bif\bf-\b-u\bun\bnm\bmo\bod\bdi\bif\bfi\bie\bed\bd (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
+ This alters the default behavior of the completion functions in a
+ fashion similar to s\bsh\bho\bow\bw-\b-a\bal\bll\bl-\b-i\bif\bf-\b-a\bam\bmb\bbi\big\bgu\buo\bou\bus\bs. If set to O\bOn\bn, words which
+ have more than one possible completion without any possible partial
+ completion (the possible completions don't share a common prefix)
+ cause the matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing the
+ bell.
+ s\bsh\bho\bow\bw-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be-\b-i\bin\bn-\b-p\bpr\bro\bom\bmp\bpt\bt (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, add a string to the beginning of the prompt indicating
+ the editing mode: emacs, vi command, or vi insertion. The mode
+ strings are user-settable (e.g., _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bm_\bo_\bd_\be_\b-_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg).
+ s\bsk\bki\bip\bp-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\bed\bd-\b-t\bte\bex\bxt\bt (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, this alters the default completion behavior when in-
+ serting a single match into the line. It's only active when per-
+ forming completion in the middle of a word. If enabled, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
+ does not insert characters from the completion that match characters
+ after point in the word being completed, so portions of the word
+ following the cursor are not duplicated.
+ v\bvi\bi-\b-c\bcm\bmd\bd-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be-\b-s\bst\btr\bri\bin\bng\bg (\b((\b(c\bcm\bmd\bd)\b))\b)
+ If the _\bs_\bh_\bo_\bw_\b-_\bm_\bo_\bd_\be_\b-_\bi_\bn_\b-_\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt variable is enabled, this string is dis-
+ played immediately before the last line of the primary prompt when
+ vi editing mode is active and in command mode. The value is ex-
+ panded like a key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control-
+ prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available. The \1 and \2
+ escapes begin and end sequences of non-printing characters, which
+ can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode
+ string.
+ v\bvi\bi-\b-i\bin\bns\bs-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be-\b-s\bst\btr\bri\bin\bng\bg (\b((\b(i\bin\bns\bs)\b))\b)
+ If the _\bs_\bh_\bo_\bw_\b-_\bm_\bo_\bd_\be_\b-_\bi_\bn_\b-_\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt variable is enabled, this string is dis-
+ played immediately before the last line of the primary prompt when
+ vi editing mode is active and in insertion mode. The value is ex-
+ panded like a key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control-
+ prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available. The \1 and \2
+ escapes begin and end sequences of non-printing characters, which
+ can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode
+ string.
+ v\bvi\bis\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-s\bst\bta\bat\bts\bs (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, a character denoting a file's type as reported by
+ _\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt(2) is appended to the filename when listing possible comple-
+ tions.
R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be C\bCo\bon\bnd\bdi\bit\bti\bio\bon\bna\bal\bl C\bCo\bon\bns\bst\btr\bru\buc\bct\bts\bs
- R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional
- compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings
- and variable settings to be performed as the result of tests. There
- are four parser directives available.
-
- $\b$i\bif\bf The $\b$i\bif\bf construct allows bindings to be made based on the edit-
- ing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using
- r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be. The text of the test, after any comparison operator,
- extends to the end of the line; unless otherwise noted, no char-
- acters are required to isolate it.
-
- m\bmo\bod\bde\be The m\bmo\bod\bde\be=\b= form of the $\b$i\bif\bf directive is used to test
- whether r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is in emacs or vi mode. This may be
- used in conjunction with the s\bse\bet\bt k\bke\bey\bym\bma\bap\bp command, for in-
- stance, to set bindings in the _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\bd_\ba_\br_\bd and
- _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bc_\bt_\bl_\bx keymaps only if r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is starting out in
- emacs mode.
-
- t\bte\ber\brm\bm The t\bte\ber\brm\bm=\b= form may be used to include terminal-specific
- key bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by
- the terminal's function keys. The word on the right side
- of the =\b= is tested against both the full name of the ter-
- minal and the portion of the terminal name before the
- first -\b-. This allows _\bx_\bt_\be_\br_\bm to match both _\bx_\bt_\be_\br_\bm and
- _\bx_\bt_\be_\br_\bm_\b-_\b2_\b5_\b6_\bc_\bo_\bl_\bo_\br, for instance.
-
- v\bve\ber\brs\bsi\bio\bon\bn
- The v\bve\ber\brs\bsi\bio\bon\bn test may be used to perform comparisons
- against specific r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be versions. The v\bve\ber\brs\bsi\bio\bon\bn expands
- to the current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be version. The set of comparison
- operators includes =\b=, (and =\b==\b=), !\b!=\b=, <\b<=\b=, >\b>=\b=, <\b<, and >\b>.
- The version number supplied on the right side of the op-
- erator consists of a major version number, an optional
- decimal point, and an optional minor version (e.g., 7\b7.\b.1\b1).
- If the minor version is omitted, it defaults to 0\b0. The
- operator may be separated from the string v\bve\ber\brs\bsi\bio\bon\bn and
- from the version number argument by whitespace.
-
- _\ba_\bp_\bp_\bl_\bi_\bc_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn
- The _\ba_\bp_\bp_\bl_\bi_\bc_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn construct is used to include application-
- specific settings. Each program using the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be li-
- brary sets the _\ba_\bp_\bp_\bl_\bi_\bc_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, and an initialization
- file can test for a particular value. This could be used
- to bind key sequences to functions useful for a specific
- program. For instance, the following command adds a key
- sequence that quotes the current or previous word in
- b\bba\bas\bsh\bh:
-
- $\b$i\bif\bf Bash
- # Quote the current or previous word
- "\C-xq": "\eb\"\ef\""
- $\b$e\ben\bnd\bdi\bif\bf
-
- _\bv_\ba_\br_\bi_\ba_\bb_\bl_\be
- The _\bv_\ba_\br_\bi_\ba_\bb_\bl_\be construct provides simple equality tests for
- r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be variables and values. The permitted comparison
- operators are _\b=, _\b=_\b=, and _\b!_\b=. The variable name must be
- separated from the comparison operator by whitespace; the
- operator may be separated from the value on the right
- hand side by whitespace. String and boolean variables
- may be tested. Boolean variables must be tested against
- the values _\bo_\bn and _\bo_\bf_\bf.
-
- $\b$e\bel\bls\bse\be Commands in this branch of the $\b$i\bif\bf directive are executed if the
- test fails.
-
- $\b$e\ben\bnd\bdi\bif\bf This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an $\b$i\bif\bf
- command.
-
- $\b$i\bin\bnc\bcl\blu\bud\bde\be
- This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads
- commands and key bindings from that file. For example, the fol-
- lowing directive would read _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc:
-
- $\b$i\bin\bnc\bcl\blu\bud\bde\be _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc
+ R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional compi-
+ lation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings and vari-
+ able settings to be performed as the result of tests. There are four
+ parser directives available.
+
+ $\b$i\bif\bf The $\b$i\bif\bf construct allows bindings to be made based on the editing
+ mode, the terminal being used, or the application using r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be.
+ The text of the test, after any comparison operator, extends to the
+ end of the line; unless otherwise noted, no characters are required
+ to isolate it.
+
+ m\bmo\bod\bde\be The m\bmo\bod\bde\be=\b= form of the $\b$i\bif\bf directive is used to test whether
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is in emacs or vi mode. This may be used in con-
+ junction with the s\bse\bet\bt k\bke\bey\bym\bma\bap\bp command, for instance, to set
+ bindings in the _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\bd_\ba_\br_\bd and _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bc_\bt_\bl_\bx keymaps only if
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is starting out in emacs mode.
+
+ t\bte\ber\brm\bm The t\bte\ber\brm\bm=\b= form may be used to include terminal-specific key
+ bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by the
+ terminal's function keys. The word on the right side of the
+ =\b= is tested against both the full name of the terminal and
+ the portion of the terminal name before the first -\b-. This
+ allows _\bx_\bt_\be_\br_\bm to match both _\bx_\bt_\be_\br_\bm and _\bx_\bt_\be_\br_\bm_\b-_\b2_\b5_\b6_\bc_\bo_\bl_\bo_\br, for in-
+ stance.
+
+ v\bve\ber\brs\bsi\bio\bon\bn
+ The v\bve\ber\brs\bsi\bio\bon\bn test may be used to perform comparisons against
+ specific r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be versions. The v\bve\ber\brs\bsi\bio\bon\bn expands to the cur-
+ rent r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be version. The set of comparison operators in-
+ cludes =\b=, (and =\b==\b=), !\b!=\b=, <\b<=\b=, >\b>=\b=, <\b<, and >\b>. The version number
+ supplied on the right side of the operator consists of a ma-
+ jor version number, an optional decimal point, and an op-
+ tional minor version (e.g., 7\b7.\b.1\b1). If the minor version is
+ omitted, it defaults to 0\b0. The operator may be separated
+ from the string v\bve\ber\brs\bsi\bio\bon\bn and from the version number argument
+ by whitespace.
+
+ _\ba_\bp_\bp_\bl_\bi_\bc_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn
+ The _\ba_\bp_\bp_\bl_\bi_\bc_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn construct is used to include application-spe-
+ cific settings. Each program using the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be library sets
+ the _\ba_\bp_\bp_\bl_\bi_\bc_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, and an initialization file can test for
+ a particular value. This could be used to bind key sequences
+ to functions useful for a specific program. For instance,
+ the following command adds a key sequence that quotes the
+ current or previous word in b\bba\bas\bsh\bh:
+
+ $\b$i\bif\bf Bash
+ # Quote the current or previous word
+ "\C-xq": "\eb\"\ef\""
+ $\b$e\ben\bnd\bdi\bif\bf
+
+ _\bv_\ba_\br_\bi_\ba_\bb_\bl_\be
+ The _\bv_\ba_\br_\bi_\ba_\bb_\bl_\be construct provides simple equality tests for
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be variables and values. The permitted comparison op-
+ erators are _\b=, _\b=_\b=, and _\b!_\b=. The variable name must be sepa-
+ rated from the comparison operator by whitespace; the opera-
+ tor may be separated from the value on the right hand side by
+ whitespace. String and boolean variables may be tested.
+ Boolean variables must be tested against the values _\bo_\bn and
+ _\bo_\bf_\bf.
+
+ $\b$e\bel\bls\bse\be Commands in this branch of the $\b$i\bif\bf directive are executed if the
+ test fails.
+
+ $\b$e\ben\bnd\bdi\bif\bf
+ This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an $\b$i\bif\bf
+ command.
+
+ $\b$i\bin\bnc\bcl\blu\bud\bde\be
+ This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads com-
+ mands and key bindings from that file. For example, the following
+ directive would read _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc:
+
+ $\b$i\bin\bnc\bcl\blu\bud\bde\be _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc
S\bSe\bea\bar\brc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg
- R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be provides commands for searching through the command history
- (see H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY below) for lines containing a specified string. There are
- two search modes: _\bi_\bn_\bc_\br_\be_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\ba_\bl and _\bn_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bi_\bn_\bc_\br_\be_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\ba_\bl.
-
- Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the
- search string. As each character of the search string is typed, r\bre\bea\bad\bd-\b-
- l\bli\bin\bne\be displays the next entry from the history matching the string typed
- so far. An incremental search requires only as many characters as
- needed to find the desired history entry. When using emacs editing
- mode, type C\bC-\b-r\br to search backward in the history for a particular
- string. Typing C\bC-\b-s\bs searches forward through the history. The charac-
- ters present in the value of the i\bis\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-t\bte\ber\brm\bmi\bin\bna\bat\bto\bor\brs\bs variable are used
- to terminate an incremental search. If that variable has not been as-
- signed a value, _\bE_\bS_\bC and C\bC-\b-j\bj terminate an incremental search. C\bC-\b-g\bg
- aborts an incremental search and restores the original line. When the
- search is terminated, the history entry containing the search string
- becomes the current line.
-
- To find other matching entries in the history list, type C\bC-\b-r\br or C\bC-\b-s\bs as
- appropriate. This searches backward or forward in the history for the
- next entry matching the search string typed so far. Any other key se-
- quence bound to a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be command terminates the search and executes
- that command. For instance, a newline terminates the search and ac-
- cepts the line, thereby executing the command from the history list. A
- movement command will terminate the search, make the last line found
- the current line, and begin editing.
-
- R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be remembers the last incremental search string. If two C\bC-\b-r\brs are
- typed without any intervening characters defining a new search string,
- r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be uses any remembered search string.
-
- Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting
- to search for matching history entries. The search string may be typed
- by the user or be part of the contents of the current line.
+ R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be provides commands for searching through the command history (see
+ H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY below) for lines containing a specified string. There are two
+ search modes: _\bi_\bn_\bc_\br_\be_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\ba_\bl and _\bn_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bi_\bn_\bc_\br_\be_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\ba_\bl.
+
+ Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the search
+ string. As each character of the search string is typed, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be displays
+ the next entry from the history matching the string typed so far. An in-
+ cremental search requires only as many characters as needed to find the de-
+ sired history entry. When using emacs editing mode, type C\bC-\b-r\br to search
+ backward in the history for a particular string. Typing C\bC-\b-s\bs searches for-
+ ward through the history. The characters present in the value of the
+ i\bis\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-t\bte\ber\brm\bmi\bin\bna\bat\bto\bor\brs\bs variable are used to terminate an incremental search.
+ If that variable has not been assigned a value, _\bE_\bS_\bC and C\bC-\b-j\bj terminate an
+ incremental search. C\bC-\b-g\bg aborts an incremental search and restores the
+ original line. When the search is terminated, the history entry containing
+ the search string becomes the current line.
+
+ To find other matching entries in the history list, type C\bC-\b-r\br or C\bC-\b-s\bs as ap-
+ propriate. This searches backward or forward in the history for the next
+ entry matching the search string typed so far. Any other key sequence
+ bound to a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be command terminates the search and executes that com-
+ mand. For instance, a newline terminates the search and accepts the line,
+ thereby executing the command from the history list. A movement command
+ will terminate the search, make the last line found the current line, and
+ begin editing.
+
+ R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be remembers the last incremental search string. If two C\bC-\b-r\brs are
+ typed without any intervening characters defining a new search string,
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be uses any remembered search string.
+
+ Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting to
+ search for matching history entries. The search string may be typed by the
+ user or be part of the contents of the current line.
R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be C\bCo\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd N\bNa\bam\bme\bes\bs
- The following is a list of the names of the commands and the default
- key sequences to which they are bound. Command names without an accom-
- panying key sequence are unbound by default.
-
- In the following descriptions, _\bp_\bo_\bi_\bn_\bt refers to the current cursor posi-
- tion, and _\bm_\ba_\br_\bk refers to a cursor position saved by the s\bse\bet\bt-\b-m\bma\bar\brk\bk com-
- mand. The text between the point and mark is referred to as the _\br_\be_\b-
- _\bg_\bi_\bo_\bn. R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be has the concept of an _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bv_\be _\br_\be_\bg_\bi_\bo_\bn: when the region is
- active, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be redisplay highlights the region using the value of the
- a\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be-\b-r\bre\beg\bgi\bio\bon\bn-\b-s\bst\bta\bar\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bol\blo\bor\br variable. The e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-a\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be-\b-r\bre\beg\bgi\bio\bon\bn r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
- variable turns this on and off. Several commands set the region to ac-
- tive; those are noted below.
+ The following is a list of the names of the commands and the default key
+ sequences to which they are bound. Command names without an accompanying
+ key sequence are unbound by default.
+
+ In the following descriptions, _\bp_\bo_\bi_\bn_\bt refers to the current cursor position,
+ and _\bm_\ba_\br_\bk refers to a cursor position saved by the s\bse\bet\bt-\b-m\bma\bar\brk\bk command. The
+ text between the point and mark is referred to as the _\br_\be_\bg_\bi_\bo_\bn. R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be has
+ the concept of an _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bv_\be _\br_\be_\bg_\bi_\bo_\bn: when the region is active, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be redis-
+ play highlights the region using the value of the a\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be-\b-r\bre\beg\bgi\bio\bon\bn-\b-s\bst\bta\bar\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bol\blo\bor\br
+ variable. The e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-a\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be-\b-r\bre\beg\bgi\bio\bon\bn r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be variable turns this on and
+ off. Several commands set the region to active; those are noted below.
C\bCo\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bds\bs f\bfo\bor\br M\bMo\bov\bvi\bin\bng\bg
- b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bnn\bni\bin\bng\bg-\b-o\bof\bf-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be (\b(C\bC-\b-a\ba)\b)
- Move to the start of the current line. This may also be bound
- to the Home key on some keyboards.
- e\ben\bnd\bd-\b-o\bof\bf-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be (\b(C\bC-\b-e\be)\b)
- Move to the end of the line. This may also be bound to the End
- key on some keyboards.
- f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br (\b(C\bC-\b-f\bf)\b)
- Move forward a character. This may also be bound to the right
- arrow key on some keyboards.
- b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br (\b(C\bC-\b-b\bb)\b)
- Move back a character. This may also be bound to the left arrow
- key on some keyboards.
- f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-f\bf)\b)
- Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are composed of
- alphanumeric characters (letters and digits).
- b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-b\bb)\b)
- Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words
- are composed of alphanumeric characters (letters and digits).
- s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-C\bC-\b-f\bf)\b)
- Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are delimited
- by non-quoted shell metacharacters.
- s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-C\bC-\b-b\bb)\b)
- Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words
- are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters.
- p\bpr\bre\bev\bvi\bio\bou\bus\bs-\b-s\bsc\bcr\bre\bee\ben\bn-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be
- Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the
- previous physical screen line. This will not have the desired
- effect if the current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be line does not take up more than
- one physical line or if point is not greater than the length of
- the prompt plus the screen width.
- n\bne\bex\bxt\bt-\b-s\bsc\bcr\bre\bee\ben\bn-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be
- Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the
- next physical screen line. This will not have the desired ef-
- fect if the current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be line does not take up more than one
- physical line or if the length of the current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be line is
- not greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen width.
- c\bcl\ble\bea\bar\br-\b-d\bdi\bis\bsp\bpl\bla\bay\by (\b(M\bM-\b-C\bC-\b-l\bl)\b)
- Clear the screen and, if possible, the terminal's scrollback
- buffer, then redraw the current line, leaving the current line
- at the top of the screen.
- c\bcl\ble\bea\bar\br-\b-s\bsc\bcr\bre\bee\ben\bn (\b(C\bC-\b-l\bl)\b)
- Clear the screen, then redraw the current line, leaving the cur-
- rent line at the top of the screen. With a numeric argument,
- refresh the current line without clearing the screen.
- r\bre\bed\bdr\bra\baw\bw-\b-c\bcu\bur\brr\bre\ben\bnt\bt-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be
- Refresh the current line.
+ b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bnn\bni\bin\bng\bg-\b-o\bof\bf-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be (\b(C\bC-\b-a\ba)\b)
+ Move to the start of the current line. This may also be bound to
+ the Home key on some keyboards.
+ e\ben\bnd\bd-\b-o\bof\bf-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be (\b(C\bC-\b-e\be)\b)
+ Move to the end of the line. This may also be bound to the End key
+ on some keyboards.
+ f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br (\b(C\bC-\b-f\bf)\b)
+ Move forward a character. This may also be bound to the right arrow
+ key on some keyboards.
+ b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br (\b(C\bC-\b-b\bb)\b)
+ Move back a character. This may also be bound to the left arrow key
+ on some keyboards.
+ f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-f\bf)\b)
+ Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are composed of al-
+ phanumeric characters (letters and digits).
+ b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-b\bb)\b)
+ Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words are
+ composed of alphanumeric characters (letters and digits).
+ s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-C\bC-\b-f\bf)\b)
+ Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are delimited by
+ non-quoted shell metacharacters.
+ s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-C\bC-\b-b\bb)\b)
+ Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words are
+ delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters.
+ p\bpr\bre\bev\bvi\bio\bou\bus\bs-\b-s\bsc\bcr\bre\bee\ben\bn-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be
+ Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the pre-
+ vious physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect
+ if the current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be line does not take up more than one physical
+ line or if point is not greater than the length of the prompt plus
+ the screen width.
+ n\bne\bex\bxt\bt-\b-s\bsc\bcr\bre\bee\ben\bn-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be
+ Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the next
+ physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect if the
+ current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be line does not take up more than one physical line
+ or if the length of the current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be line is not greater than
+ the length of the prompt plus the screen width.
+ c\bcl\ble\bea\bar\br-\b-d\bdi\bis\bsp\bpl\bla\bay\by (\b(M\bM-\b-C\bC-\b-l\bl)\b)
+ Clear the screen and, if possible, the terminal's scrollback buffer,
+ then redraw the current line, leaving the current line at the top of
+ the screen.
+ c\bcl\ble\bea\bar\br-\b-s\bsc\bcr\bre\bee\ben\bn (\b(C\bC-\b-l\bl)\b)
+ Clear the screen, then redraw the current line, leaving the current
+ line at the top of the screen. With a numeric argument, refresh the
+ current line without clearing the screen.
+ r\bre\bed\bdr\bra\baw\bw-\b-c\bcu\bur\brr\bre\ben\bnt\bt-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be
+ Refresh the current line.
C\bCo\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bds\bs f\bfo\bor\br M\bMa\ban\bni\bip\bpu\bul\bla\bat\bti\bin\bng\bg t\bth\bhe\be H\bHi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by
- a\bac\bcc\bce\bep\bpt\bt-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be (\b(N\bNe\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be,\b, R\bRe\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn)\b)
- Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is. If this line
- is non-empty, add it to the history list according to the state
- of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL and H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE variables. If the line is a
- modified history line, restore the history line to its original
- state.
- p\bpr\bre\bev\bvi\bio\bou\bus\bs-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(C\bC-\b-p\bp)\b)
- Fetch the previous command from the history list, moving back in
- the list. This may also be bound to the up arrow key on some
- keyboards.
- n\bne\bex\bxt\bt-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(C\bC-\b-n\bn)\b)
- Fetch the next command from the history list, moving forward in
- the list. This may also be bound to the down arrow key on some
- keyboards.
- b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bnn\bni\bin\bng\bg-\b-o\bof\bf-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(M\bM-\b-<\b<)\b)
- Move to the first line in the history.
- e\ben\bnd\bd-\b-o\bof\bf-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(M\bM-\b->\b>)\b)
- Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently
- being entered.
- o\bop\bpe\ber\bra\bat\bte\be-\b-a\ban\bnd\bd-\b-g\bge\bet\bt-\b-n\bne\bex\bxt\bt (\b(C\bC-\b-o\bo)\b)
- Accept the current line for execution as if a newline had been
- entered, and fetch the next line relative to the current line
- from the history for editing. A numeric argument, if supplied,
- specifies the history entry to use instead of the current line.
- f\bfe\bet\btc\bch\bh-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by
- With a numeric argument, fetch that entry from the history list
- and make it the current line. Without an argument, move back to
- the first entry in the history list.
- r\bre\bev\bve\ber\brs\bse\be-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(C\bC-\b-r\br)\b)
- Search backward starting at the current line and moving "up"
- through the history as necessary. This is an incremental
- search. This command sets the region to the matched text and
- activates the region.
- f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(C\bC-\b-s\bs)\b)
- Search forward starting at the current line and moving "down"
- through the history as necessary. This is an incremental
- search. This command sets the region to the matched text and
- activates the region.
- n\bno\bon\bn-\b-i\bin\bnc\bcr\bre\bem\bme\ben\bnt\bta\bal\bl-\b-r\bre\bev\bve\ber\brs\bse\be-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(M\bM-\b-p\bp)\b)
- Search backward through the history starting at the current line
- using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the
- user. The search string may match anywhere in a history line.
- n\bno\bon\bn-\b-i\bin\bnc\bcr\bre\bem\bme\ben\bnt\bta\bal\bl-\b-f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(M\bM-\b-n\bn)\b)
- Search forward through the history using a non-incremental
- search for a string supplied by the user. The search string may
- match anywhere in a history line.
- h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd
- Search backward through the history for the string of characters
- between the start of the current line and the point. The search
- string must match at the beginning of a history line. This is a
- non-incremental search. This may be bound to the Page Up key on
- some keyboards.
- h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd
- Search forward through the history for the string of characters
- between the start of the current line and the point. The search
- string must match at the beginning of a history line. This is a
- non-incremental search. This may be bound to the Page Down key
- on some keyboards.
- h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by-\b-s\bsu\bub\bbs\bst\btr\bri\bin\bng\bg-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd
- Search backward through the history for the string of characters
- between the start of the current line and the point. The search
- string may match anywhere in a history line. This is a non-in-
- cremental search.
- h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by-\b-s\bsu\bub\bbs\bst\btr\bri\bin\bng\bg-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd
- Search forward through the history for the string of characters
- between the start of the current line and the point. The search
- string may match anywhere in a history line. This is a non-in-
- cremental search.
- y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-n\bnt\bth\bh-\b-a\bar\brg\bg (\b(M\bM-\b-C\bC-\b-y\by)\b)
- Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually the
- second word on the previous line) at point. With an argument _\bn,
- insert the _\bnth word from the previous command (the words in the
- previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument in-
- serts the _\bnth word from the end of the previous command. Once
- the argument _\bn is computed, this uses the history expansion fa-
- cilities to extract the _\bnth word, as if the "!_\bn" history expan-
- sion had been specified.
- y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-l\bla\bas\bst\bt-\b-a\bar\brg\bg (\b(M\bM-\b-.\b.,\b, M\bM-\b-_\b_)\b)
- Insert the last argument to the previous command (the last word
- of the previous history entry). With a numeric argument, behave
- exactly like y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-n\bnt\bth\bh-\b-a\bar\brg\bg. Successive calls to y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-l\bla\bas\bst\bt-\b-a\bar\brg\bg
- move back through the history list, inserting the last word (or
- the word specified by the argument to the first call) of each
- line in turn. Any numeric argument supplied to these successive
- calls determines the direction to move through the history. A
- negative argument switches the direction through the history
- (back or forward). This uses the history expansion facilities
- to extract the last word, as if the "!$" history expansion had
- been specified.
- s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be (\b(M\bM-\b-C\bC-\b-e\be)\b)
- Expand the line by performing shell word expansions, treating
- the line as a single shell word. This performs alias and his-
- tory expansion, $\b$'_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg' and $\b$"_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg" quoting, tilde expan-
- sion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion,
- command and process substitution, word splitting, and quote re-
- moval. An explicit argument suppresses command and process sub-
- stitution. See H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN below for a description of
- history expansion.
- s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-a\ban\bnd\bd-\b-r\bre\beq\bqu\buo\bot\bte\be-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be (\b()\b)
- Expand the line by performing shell word expansions, splitting
- the line into shell words in the same way as for programmable
- completion. This performs alias and history expansion,
- $\b$'_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg' and $\b$"_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg" quoting, tilde expansion, parameter and
- variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command and process
- substitution, word splitting, and quote removal on each word,
- then quotes the resulting words if necessary to prevent further
- expansion. An explicit argument suppresses command and process
- substitution and quotes each resultant word. As usual, double-
- quoting a word will suppress word splitting. This can be useful
- when combined with suppressing command substitution, for in-
- stance, so the words in the command substitution aren't quoted
- individually.
- h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be (\b(M\bM-\b-^\b^)\b)
- Perform history expansion on the current line. See H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY E\bEX\bX-\b-
- P\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN below for a description of history expansion.
- m\bma\bag\bgi\bic\bc-\b-s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be
- Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a
- space. See H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN below for a description of history
- expansion.
- a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be
- Perform alias expansion on the current line. See A\bAL\bLI\bIA\bAS\bSE\bES\bS above
- for a description of alias expansion.
- h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by-\b-a\ban\bnd\bd-\b-a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be
- Perform history and alias expansion on the current line.
- i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt-\b-l\bla\bas\bst\bt-\b-a\bar\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bt (\b(M\bM-\b-.\b.,\b, M\bM-\b-_\b_)\b)
- A synonym for y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-l\bla\bas\bst\bt-\b-a\bar\brg\bg.
- e\bed\bdi\bit\bt-\b-a\ban\bnd\bd-\b-e\bex\bxe\bec\bcu\but\bte\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx C\bC-\b-e\be)\b)
- Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the
- result as shell commands. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh attempts to invoke $\b$V\bVI\bIS\bSU\bUA\bAL\bL, $\b$E\bED\bD-\b-
- I\bIT\bTO\bOR\bR, and _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs as the editor, in that order.
+ a\bac\bcc\bce\bep\bpt\bt-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be (\b(N\bNe\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be,\b, R\bRe\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn)\b)
+ Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is. If this line is
+ non-empty, add it to the history list according to the state of the
+ H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL and H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE variables. If the line is a modified
+ history line, restore the history line to its original state.
+ p\bpr\bre\bev\bvi\bio\bou\bus\bs-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(C\bC-\b-p\bp)\b)
+ Fetch the previous command from the history list, moving back in the
+ list. This may also be bound to the up arrow key on some keyboards.
+ n\bne\bex\bxt\bt-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(C\bC-\b-n\bn)\b)
+ Fetch the next command from the history list, moving forward in the
+ list. This may also be bound to the down arrow key on some key-
+ boards.
+ b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bnn\bni\bin\bng\bg-\b-o\bof\bf-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(M\bM-\b-<\b<)\b)
+ Move to the first line in the history.
+ e\ben\bnd\bd-\b-o\bof\bf-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(M\bM-\b->\b>)\b)
+ Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently being
+ entered.
+ o\bop\bpe\ber\bra\bat\bte\be-\b-a\ban\bnd\bd-\b-g\bge\bet\bt-\b-n\bne\bex\bxt\bt (\b(C\bC-\b-o\bo)\b)
+ Accept the current line for execution as if a newline had been en-
+ tered, and fetch the next line relative to the current line from the
+ history for editing. A numeric argument, if supplied, specifies the
+ history entry to use instead of the current line.
+ f\bfe\bet\btc\bch\bh-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by
+ With a numeric argument, fetch that entry from the history list and
+ make it the current line. Without an argument, move back to the
+ first entry in the history list.
+ r\bre\bev\bve\ber\brs\bse\be-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(C\bC-\b-r\br)\b)
+ Search backward starting at the current line and moving "up" through
+ the history as necessary. This is an incremental search. This com-
+ mand sets the region to the matched text and activates the region.
+ f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(C\bC-\b-s\bs)\b)
+ Search forward starting at the current line and moving "down"
+ through the history as necessary. This is an incremental search.
+ This command sets the region to the matched text and activates the
+ region.
+ n\bno\bon\bn-\b-i\bin\bnc\bcr\bre\bem\bme\ben\bnt\bta\bal\bl-\b-r\bre\bev\bve\ber\brs\bse\be-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(M\bM-\b-p\bp)\b)
+ Search backward through the history starting at the current line us-
+ ing a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the user. The
+ search string may match anywhere in a history line.
+ n\bno\bon\bn-\b-i\bin\bnc\bcr\bre\bem\bme\ben\bnt\bta\bal\bl-\b-f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(M\bM-\b-n\bn)\b)
+ Search forward through the history using a non-incremental search
+ for a string supplied by the user. The search string may match any-
+ where in a history line.
+ h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd
+ Search backward through the history for the string of characters be-
+ tween the start of the current line and the point. The search
+ string must match at the beginning of a history line. This is a
+ non-incremental search. This may be bound to the Page Up key on
+ some keyboards.
+ h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd
+ Search forward through the history for the string of characters be-
+ tween the start of the current line and the point. The search
+ string must match at the beginning of a history line. This is a
+ non-incremental search. This may be bound to the Page Down key on
+ some keyboards.
+ h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by-\b-s\bsu\bub\bbs\bst\btr\bri\bin\bng\bg-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd
+ Search backward through the history for the string of characters be-
+ tween the start of the current line and the point. The search
+ string may match anywhere in a history line. This is a non-incre-
+ mental search.
+ h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by-\b-s\bsu\bub\bbs\bst\btr\bri\bin\bng\bg-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd
+ Search forward through the history for the string of characters be-
+ tween the start of the current line and the point. The search
+ string may match anywhere in a history line. This is a non-incre-
+ mental search.
+ y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-n\bnt\bth\bh-\b-a\bar\brg\bg (\b(M\bM-\b-C\bC-\b-y\by)\b)
+ Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually the sec-
+ ond word on the previous line) at point. With an argument _\bn, insert
+ the _\bnth word from the previous command (the words in the previous
+ command begin with word 0). A negative argument inserts the _\bnth
+ word from the end of the previous command. Once the argument _\bn is
+ computed, this uses the history expansion facilities to extract the
+ _\bnth word, as if the "!!:_\bn" history expansion had been specified.
+ y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-l\bla\bas\bst\bt-\b-a\bar\brg\bg (\b(M\bM-\b-.\b.,\b, M\bM-\b-_\b_)\b)
+ Insert the last argument to the previous command (the last word of
+ the previous history entry). With a numeric argument, behave ex-
+ actly like y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-n\bnt\bth\bh-\b-a\bar\brg\bg. Successive calls to y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-l\bla\bas\bst\bt-\b-a\bar\brg\bg move
+ back through the history list, inserting the last word (or the word
+ specified by the argument to the first call) of each line in turn.
+ Any numeric argument supplied to these successive calls determines
+ the direction to move through the history. A negative argument
+ switches the direction through the history (back or forward). This
+ uses the history expansion facilities to extract the last word, as
+ if the "!$" history expansion had been specified.
+ s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be (\b(M\bM-\b-C\bC-\b-e\be)\b)
+ Expand the line by performing shell word expansions, treating the
+ line as a single shell word. This performs alias and history expan-
+ sion, $\b$'_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg' and $\b$"_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg" quoting, tilde expansion, parameter
+ and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command and process
+ substitution, word splitting, and quote removal. An explicit argu-
+ ment suppresses command and process substitution. See H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY E\bEX\bX-\b-
+ P\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN below for a description of history expansion.
+ s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-a\ban\bnd\bd-\b-r\bre\beq\bqu\buo\bot\bte\be-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be (\b()\b)
+ Expand the line by performing shell word expansions, splitting the
+ line into shell words in the same way as for programmable comple-
+ tion. This performs alias and history expansion, $\b$'_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg' and
+ $\b$"_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg" quoting, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expan-
+ sion, arithmetic expansion, command and process substitution, word
+ splitting, and quote removal on each word, then quotes the resulting
+ words if necessary to prevent further expansion. An explicit argu-
+ ment suppresses command and process substitution and quotes each re-
+ sultant word. As usual, double-quoting a word will suppress word
+ splitting. This can be useful when combined with suppressing com-
+ mand substitution, for instance, so the words in the command substi-
+ tution aren't quoted individually.
+ h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be (\b(M\bM-\b-^\b^)\b)
+ Perform history expansion on the current line. See H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bN-\b-
+ S\bSI\bIO\bON\bN below for a description of history expansion.
+ m\bma\bag\bgi\bic\bc-\b-s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be
+ Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a space.
+ See H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN below for a description of history expansion.
+ a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be
+ Perform alias expansion on the current line. See A\bAL\bLI\bIA\bAS\bSE\bES\bS above for
+ a description of alias expansion.
+ h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by-\b-a\ban\bnd\bd-\b-a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be
+ Perform history and alias expansion on the current line.
+ i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt-\b-l\bla\bas\bst\bt-\b-a\bar\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bt (\b(M\bM-\b-.\b.,\b, M\bM-\b-_\b_)\b)
+ A synonym for y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-l\bla\bas\bst\bt-\b-a\bar\brg\bg.
+ e\bed\bdi\bit\bt-\b-a\ban\bnd\bd-\b-e\bex\bxe\bec\bcu\but\bte\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx C\bC-\b-e\be)\b)
+ Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the result
+ as shell commands. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh attempts to invoke $\b$V\bVI\bIS\bSU\bUA\bAL\bL, $\b$E\bED\bDI\bIT\bTO\bOR\bR, and
+ _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs as the editor, in that order.
C\bCo\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bds\bs f\bfo\bor\br C\bCh\bha\ban\bng\bgi\bin\bng\bg T\bTe\bex\bxt\bt
- _\be_\bn_\bd_\b-_\bo_\bf_\b-_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be (\b(u\bus\bsu\bua\bal\bll\bly\by C\bC-\b-d\bd)\b)
- The character indicating end-of-file as set, for example, by
- _\bs_\bt_\bt_\by(1). If this character is read when there are no characters
- on the line, and point is at the beginning of the line, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
- interprets it as the end of input and returns E\bEO\bOF\bF.
- d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br (\b(C\bC-\b-d\bd)\b)
- Delete the character at point. If this function is bound to the
- same character as the tty E\bEO\bOF\bF character, as C\bC-\b-d\bd commonly is, see
- above for the effects. This may also be bound to the Delete key
- on some keyboards.
- b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br (\b(R\bRu\bub\bbo\bou\but\bt)\b)
- Delete the character behind the cursor. When given a numeric
- argument, save the deleted text on the kill ring.
- f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br
- Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at
- the end of the line, in which case the character behind the cur-
- sor is deleted.
- q\bqu\buo\bot\bte\bed\bd-\b-i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt (\b(C\bC-\b-q\bq,\b, C\bC-\b-v\bv)\b)
- Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is how
- to insert characters like C\bC-\b-q\bq, for example.
- t\bta\bab\bb-\b-i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt (\b(C\bC-\b-v\bv T\bTA\bAB\bB)\b)
- Insert a tab character.
- s\bse\bel\blf\bf-\b-i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt (\b(a\ba,\b, b\bb,\b, A\bA,\b, 1\b1,\b, !\b!,\b, ...)\b)
- Insert the character typed.
- b\bbr\bra\bac\bck\bke\bet\bte\bed\bd-\b-p\bpa\bas\bst\bte\be-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn
- This function is intended to be bound to the "bracketed paste"
- escape sequence sent by some terminals, and such a binding is
- assigned by default. It allows r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be to insert the pasted
- text as a single unit without treating each character as if it
- had been read from the keyboard. The pasted characters are in-
- serted as if each one was bound to s\bse\bel\blf\bf-\b-i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt instead of exe-
- cuting any editing commands.
- Bracketed paste sets the region to the inserted text and acti-
- vates the region.
- t\btr\bra\ban\bns\bsp\bpo\bos\bse\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\brs\bs (\b(C\bC-\b-t\bt)\b)
- Drag the character before point forward over the character at
- point, moving point forward as well. If point is at the end of
- the line, then this transposes the two characters before point.
- Negative arguments have no effect.
- t\btr\bra\ban\bns\bsp\bpo\bos\bse\be-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bds\bs (\b(M\bM-\b-t\bt)\b)
- Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving
- point past that word as well. If point is at the end of the
- line, this transposes the last two words on the line.
- s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-t\btr\bra\ban\bns\bsp\bpo\bos\bse\be-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bds\bs (\b(M\bM-\b-C\bC-\b-t\bt)\b)
- Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving
- point past that word as well. If the insertion point is at the
- end of the line, this transposes the last two words on the line.
- Word boundaries are the same as s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd and
- s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd.
- u\bup\bpc\bca\bas\bse\be-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-u\bu)\b)
- Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative ar-
- gument, uppercase the previous word, but do not move point.
- d\bdo\bow\bwn\bnc\bca\bas\bse\be-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-l\bl)\b)
- Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative ar-
- gument, lowercase the previous word, but do not move point.
- c\bca\bap\bpi\bit\bta\bal\bli\biz\bze\be-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-c\bc)\b)
- Capitalize the current (or following) word. With a negative ar-
- gument, capitalize the previous word, but do not move point.
- o\bov\bve\ber\brw\bwr\bri\bit\bte\be-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be
- Toggle overwrite mode. With an explicit positive numeric argu-
- ment, switches to overwrite mode. With an explicit non-positive
- numeric argument, switches to insert mode. This command affects
- only e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs mode; v\bvi\bi mode does overwrite differently. Each call
- to _\br_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be_\b(_\b) starts in insert mode.
- In overwrite mode, characters bound to s\bse\bel\blf\bf-\b-i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt replace the
- text at point rather than pushing the text to the right. Char-
- acters bound to b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br replace the character be-
- fore point with a space. By default, this command is unbound,
- but may be bound to the Insert key on some keyboards.
+ _\be_\bn_\bd_\b-_\bo_\bf_\b-_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be (\b(u\bus\bsu\bua\bal\bll\bly\by C\bC-\b-d\bd)\b)
+ The character indicating end-of-file as set, for example, by
+ _\bs_\bt_\bt_\by(1). If this character is read when there are no characters on
+ the line, and point is at the beginning of the line, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be inter-
+ prets it as the end of input and returns E\bEO\bOF\bF.
+ d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br (\b(C\bC-\b-d\bd)\b)
+ Delete the character at point. If this function is bound to the
+ same character as the tty E\bEO\bOF\bF character, as C\bC-\b-d\bd commonly is, see
+ above for the effects. This may also be bound to the Delete key on
+ some keyboards.
+ b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br (\b(R\bRu\bub\bbo\bou\but\bt)\b)
+ Delete the character behind the cursor. When given a numeric argu-
+ ment, save the deleted text on the kill ring.
+ f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br
+ Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at the
+ end of the line, in which case the character behind the cursor is
+ deleted.
+ q\bqu\buo\bot\bte\bed\bd-\b-i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt (\b(C\bC-\b-q\bq,\b, C\bC-\b-v\bv)\b)
+ Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is how to
+ insert characters like C\bC-\b-q\bq, for example.
+ t\bta\bab\bb-\b-i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt (\b(C\bC-\b-v\bv T\bTA\bAB\bB)\b)
+ Insert a tab character.
+ s\bse\bel\blf\bf-\b-i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt (\b(a\ba,\b, b\bb,\b, A\bA,\b, 1\b1,\b, !\b!,\b, ...)\b)
+ Insert the character typed.
+ b\bbr\bra\bac\bck\bke\bet\bte\bed\bd-\b-p\bpa\bas\bst\bte\be-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn
+ This function is intended to be bound to the "bracketed paste" es-
+ cape sequence sent by some terminals, and such a binding is assigned
+ by default. It allows r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be to insert the pasted text as a sin-
+ gle unit without treating each character as if it had been read from
+ the keyboard. The pasted characters are inserted as if each one was
+ bound to s\bse\bel\blf\bf-\b-i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt instead of executing any editing commands.
+ Bracketed paste sets the region to the inserted text and activates
+ the region.
+ t\btr\bra\ban\bns\bsp\bpo\bos\bse\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\brs\bs (\b(C\bC-\b-t\bt)\b)
+ Drag the character before point forward over the character at point,
+ moving point forward as well. If point is at the end of the line,
+ then this transposes the two characters before point. Negative ar-
+ guments have no effect.
+ t\btr\bra\ban\bns\bsp\bpo\bos\bse\be-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bds\bs (\b(M\bM-\b-t\bt)\b)
+ Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving point
+ past that word as well. If point is at the end of the line, this
+ transposes the last two words on the line.
+ s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-t\btr\bra\ban\bns\bsp\bpo\bos\bse\be-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bds\bs (\b(M\bM-\b-C\bC-\b-t\bt)\b)
+ Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving point
+ past that word as well. If the insertion point is at the end of the
+ line, this transposes the last two words on the line. Word bound-
+ aries are the same as s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd and s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd.
+ u\bup\bpc\bca\bas\bse\be-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-u\bu)\b)
+ Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argu-
+ ment, uppercase the previous word, but do not move point.
+ d\bdo\bow\bwn\bnc\bca\bas\bse\be-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-l\bl)\b)
+ Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argu-
+ ment, lowercase the previous word, but do not move point.
+ c\bca\bap\bpi\bit\bta\bal\bli\biz\bze\be-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-c\bc)\b)
+ Capitalize the current (or following) word. With a negative argu-
+ ment, capitalize the previous word, but do not move point.
+ o\bov\bve\ber\brw\bwr\bri\bit\bte\be-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be
+ Toggle overwrite mode. With an explicit positive numeric argument,
+ switches to overwrite mode. With an explicit non-positive numeric
+ argument, switches to insert mode. This command affects only e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs
+ mode; v\bvi\bi mode does overwrite differently. Each call to _\br_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be_\b(_\b)
+ starts in insert mode.
+ In overwrite mode, characters bound to s\bse\bel\blf\bf-\b-i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt replace the text
+ at point rather than pushing the text to the right. Characters
+ bound to b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br replace the character before point
+ with a space. By default, this command is unbound, but may be bound
+ to the Insert key on some keyboards.
K\bKi\bil\bll\bli\bin\bng\bg a\ban\bnd\bd Y\bYa\ban\bnk\bki\bin\bng\bg
- k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be (\b(C\bC-\b-k\bk)\b)
- Kill the text from point to the end of the current line. With a
- negative numeric argument, kill backward from the cursor to the
- beginning of the line.
- b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx R\bRu\bub\bbo\bou\but\bt)\b)
- Kill backward to the beginning of the current line. With a neg-
- ative numeric argument, kill forward from the cursor to the end
- of the line.
- u\bun\bni\bix\bx-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be-\b-d\bdi\bis\bsc\bca\bar\brd\bd (\b(C\bC-\b-u\bu)\b)
- Kill backward from point to the beginning of the line, saving
- the killed text on the kill-ring.
- k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-w\bwh\bho\bol\ble\be-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be
- Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point
- is.
- k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-d\bd)\b)
- Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between
- words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the
- same as those used by f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd.
- b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-R\bRu\bub\bbo\bou\but\bt)\b)
- Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as
- those used by b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd.
- s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-C\bC-\b-d\bd)\b)
- Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between
- words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the
- same as those used by s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd.
- s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd
- Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as
- those used by s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd.
- u\bun\bni\bix\bx-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd-\b-r\bru\bub\bbo\bou\but\bt (\b(C\bC-\b-w\bw)\b)
- Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word bound-
- ary, saving the killed text on the kill-ring.
- u\bun\bni\bix\bx-\b-f\bfi\bil\ble\ben\bna\bam\bme\be-\b-r\bru\bub\bbo\bou\but\bt
- Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash
- character as the word boundaries, saving the killed text on the
- kill-ring.
- d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-h\bho\bor\bri\biz\bzo\bon\bnt\bta\bal\bl-\b-s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be (\b(M\bM-\b-\\b\)\b)
- Delete all spaces and tabs around point.
- k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-r\bre\beg\bgi\bio\bon\bn
- Kill the text in the current region.
- c\bco\bop\bpy\by-\b-r\bre\beg\bgi\bio\bon\bn-\b-a\bas\bs-\b-k\bki\bil\bll\bl
- Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer, so it can be
- yanked immediately.
- c\bco\bop\bpy\by-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd
- Copy the word before point to the kill buffer. The word bound-
- aries are the same as b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd.
- c\bco\bop\bpy\by-\b-f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd
- Copy the word following point to the kill buffer. The word
- boundaries are the same as f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd.
- y\bya\ban\bnk\bk (\b(C\bC-\b-y\by)\b)
- Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point.
- y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-p\bpo\bop\bp (\b(M\bM-\b-y\by)\b)
- Rotate the kill ring, and yank the new top. Only works follow-
- ing y\bya\ban\bnk\bk or y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-p\bpo\bop\bp.
+ k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be (\b(C\bC-\b-k\bk)\b)
+ Kill the text from point to the end of the current line. With a
+ negative numeric argument, kill backward from the cursor to the be-
+ ginning of the line.
+ b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx R\bRu\bub\bbo\bou\but\bt)\b)
+ Kill backward to the beginning of the current line. With a negative
+ numeric argument, kill forward from the cursor to the end of the
+ line.
+ u\bun\bni\bix\bx-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be-\b-d\bdi\bis\bsc\bca\bar\brd\bd (\b(C\bC-\b-u\bu)\b)
+ Kill backward from point to the beginning of the line, saving the
+ killed text on the kill-ring.
+ k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-w\bwh\bho\bol\ble\be-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be
+ Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is.
+ k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-d\bd)\b)
+ Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between words,
+ to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the same as those
+ used by f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd.
+ b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-R\bRu\bub\bbo\bou\but\bt)\b)
+ Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as those
+ used by b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd.
+ s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-C\bC-\b-d\bd)\b)
+ Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between words,
+ to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the same as those
+ used by s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd.
+ s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd
+ Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as those
+ used by s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd.
+ u\bun\bni\bix\bx-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd-\b-r\bru\bub\bbo\bou\but\bt (\b(C\bC-\b-w\bw)\b)
+ Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary,
+ saving the killed text on the kill-ring.
+ u\bun\bni\bix\bx-\b-f\bfi\bil\ble\ben\bna\bam\bme\be-\b-r\bru\bub\bbo\bou\but\bt
+ Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash charac-
+ ter as the word boundaries, saving the killed text on the kill-ring.
+ d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-h\bho\bor\bri\biz\bzo\bon\bnt\bta\bal\bl-\b-s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be (\b(M\bM-\b-\\b\)\b)
+ Delete all spaces and tabs around point.
+ k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-r\bre\beg\bgi\bio\bon\bn
+ Kill the text in the current region.
+ c\bco\bop\bpy\by-\b-r\bre\beg\bgi\bio\bon\bn-\b-a\bas\bs-\b-k\bki\bil\bll\bl
+ Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer, so it can be yanked
+ immediately.
+ c\bco\bop\bpy\by-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd
+ Copy the word before point to the kill buffer. The word boundaries
+ are the same as b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd.
+ c\bco\bop\bpy\by-\b-f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd
+ Copy the word following point to the kill buffer. The word bound-
+ aries are the same as f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd.
+ y\bya\ban\bnk\bk (\b(C\bC-\b-y\by)\b)
+ Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point.
+ y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-p\bpo\bop\bp (\b(M\bM-\b-y\by)\b)
+ Rotate the kill ring, and yank the new top. Only works following
+ y\bya\ban\bnk\bk or y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-p\bpo\bop\bp.
N\bNu\bum\bme\ber\bri\bic\bc A\bAr\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bts\bs
- d\bdi\big\bgi\bit\bt-\b-a\bar\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bt (\b(M\bM-\b-0\b0,\b, M\bM-\b-1\b1,\b, ...,\b, M\bM-\b--\b-)\b)
- Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a
- new argument. M-- starts a negative argument.
- u\bun\bni\biv\bve\ber\brs\bsa\bal\bl-\b-a\bar\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bt
- This is another way to specify an argument. If this command is
- followed by one or more digits, optionally with a leading minus
- sign, those digits define the argument. If the command is fol-
- lowed by digits, executing u\bun\bni\biv\bve\ber\brs\bsa\bal\bl-\b-a\bar\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bt again ends the nu-
- meric argument, but is otherwise ignored. As a special case, if
- this command is immediately followed by a character that is nei-
- ther a digit nor minus sign, the argument count for the next
- command is multiplied by four. The argument count is initially
- one, so executing this function the first time makes the argu-
- ment count four, a second time makes the argument count sixteen,
- and so on.
+ d\bdi\big\bgi\bit\bt-\b-a\bar\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bt (\b(M\bM-\b-0\b0,\b, M\bM-\b-1\b1,\b, ...,\b, M\bM-\b--\b-)\b)
+ Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a new
+ argument. M-- starts a negative argument.
+ u\bun\bni\biv\bve\ber\brs\bsa\bal\bl-\b-a\bar\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bt
+ This is another way to specify an argument. If this command is fol-
+ lowed by one or more digits, optionally with a leading minus sign,
+ those digits define the argument. If the command is followed by
+ digits, executing u\bun\bni\biv\bve\ber\brs\bsa\bal\bl-\b-a\bar\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bt again ends the numeric argu-
+ ment, but is otherwise ignored. As a special case, if this command
+ is immediately followed by a character that is neither a digit nor
+ minus sign, the argument count for the next command is multiplied by
+ four. The argument count is initially one, so executing this func-
+ tion the first time makes the argument count four, a second time
+ makes the argument count sixteen, and so on.
C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bin\bng\bg
- c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be (\b(T\bTA\bAB\bB)\b)
- Attempt to perform completion on the text before point. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh
- attempts completion by first checking for any programmable com-
- pletions for the command word (see P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn be-
- low), otherwise treating the text as a variable (if the text be-
- gins with $\b$), username (if the text begins with ~\b~), hostname (if
- the text begins with @\b@), or command (including aliases, func-
- tions, and builtins) in turn. If none of these produces a
- match, it falls back to filename completion.
- p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(M\bM-\b-?\b?)\b)
- List the possible completions of the text before point. When
- displaying completions, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be sets the number of columns used
- for display to the value of c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn-\b-d\bdi\bis\bsp\bpl\bla\bay\by-\b-w\bwi\bid\bdt\bth\bh, the value
- of the shell variable C\bCO\bOL\bLU\bUM\bMN\bNS\bS, or the screen width, in that or-
- der.
- i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(M\bM-\b-*\b*)\b)
- Insert all completions of the text before point that would have
- been generated by p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs, separated by a space.
- m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be
- Similar to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be, but replaces the word to be completed with
- a single match from the list of possible completions. Repeat-
- edly executing m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be steps through the list of possible
- completions, inserting each match in turn. At the end of the
- list of completions, m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be rings the bell (subject to
- the setting of b\bbe\bel\bll\bl-\b-s\bst\bty\byl\ble\be) and restores the original text. An
- argument of _\bn moves _\bn positions forward in the list of matches;
- a negative argument moves backward through the list. This com-
- mand is intended to be bound to T\bTA\bAB\bB, but is unbound by default.
- m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd
- Identical to m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be, but moves backward through the list
- of possible completions, as if m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be had been given a
- negative argument. This command is unbound by default.
- e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs
- Perform completion on the word before point as described above
- and write the list of possible completions to r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be's output
- stream using the following format, writing information on sepa-
- rate lines:
-
- +\bo the number of matches _\bN;
- +\bo the word being completed;
- +\bo _\bS:_\bE, where _\bS and _\bE are the start and end offsets of the
- word in the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be line buffer; then
- +\bo each match, one per line
-
- If there are no matches, the first line will be "0", and this
- command does not print any output after the _\bS:_\bE. If there is
- only a single match, this prints a single line containing it.
- If there is more than one match, this prints the common prefix
- of the matches, which may be empty, on the first line after the
- _\bS:_\bE, then the matches on subsequent lines. In this case, _\bN will
- include the first line with the common prefix.
-
- The user or application should be able to accommodate the possi-
- bility of a blank line. The intent is that the user or applica-
- tion reads _\bN lines after the line containing _\bS:_\bE to obtain the
- match list. This command is unbound by default.
-
- d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br-\b-o\bor\br-\b-l\bli\bis\bst\bt
- Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning
- or end of the line (like d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br). At the end of the line,
- it behaves identically to p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs. This command is
- unbound by default.
-
- c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-f\bfi\bil\ble\ben\bna\bam\bme\be (\b(M\bM-\b-/\b/)\b)
- Attempt filename completion on the text before point.
-
- p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-f\bfi\bil\ble\ben\bna\bam\bme\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx /\b/)\b)
- List the possible completions of the text before point, treating
- it as a filename.
-
- c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-u\bus\bse\ber\brn\bna\bam\bme\be (\b(M\bM-\b-~\b~)\b)
- Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
- username.
-
- p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-u\bus\bse\ber\brn\bna\bam\bme\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx ~\b~)\b)
- List the possible completions of the text before point, treating
- it as a username.
-
- c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-v\bva\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\be (\b(M\bM-\b-$\b$)\b)
- Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
- shell variable.
-
- p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-v\bva\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx $\b$)\b)
- List the possible completions of the text before point, treating
- it as a shell variable.
-
- c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-h\bho\bos\bst\btn\bna\bam\bme\be (\b(M\bM-\b-@\b@)\b)
- Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
- hostname.
-
- p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-h\bho\bos\bst\btn\bna\bam\bme\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx @\b@)\b)
- List the possible completions of the text before point, treating
- it as a hostname.
-
- c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-!\b!)\b)
- Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
- command name. Command completion attempts to match the text
- against aliases, reserved words, shell functions, shell
- builtins, and finally executable filenames, in that order.
-
- p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx !\b!)\b)
- List the possible completions of the text before point, treating
- it as a command name.
-
- d\bdy\byn\bna\bam\bmi\bic\bc-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(M\bM-\b-T\bTA\bAB\bB)\b)
- Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing the text
- against history list entries for possible completion matches.
-
- d\bda\bab\bbb\bbr\bre\bev\bv-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd
- Attempt menu completion on the text before point, comparing the
- text against lines from the history list for possible completion
- matches.
-
- c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-i\bin\bnt\bto\bo-\b-b\bbr\bra\bac\bce\bes\bs (\b(M\bM-\b-{\b{)\b)
- Perform filename completion and insert the list of possible com-
- pletions enclosed within braces so the list is available to the
- shell (see B\bBr\bra\bac\bce\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn above).
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be (\b(T\bTA\bAB\bB)\b)
+ Attempt to perform completion on the text before point. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh at-
+ tempts completion by first checking for any programmable completions
+ for the command word (see P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn below), otherwise
+ treating the text as a variable (if the text begins with $\b$), user-
+ name (if the text begins with ~\b~), hostname (if the text begins with
+ @\b@), or command (including aliases, functions, and builtins) in turn.
+ If none of these produces a match, it falls back to filename comple-
+ tion.
+ p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(M\bM-\b-?\b?)\b)
+ List the possible completions of the text before point. When dis-
+ playing completions, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be sets the number of columns used for
+ display to the value of c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn-\b-d\bdi\bis\bsp\bpl\bla\bay\by-\b-w\bwi\bid\bdt\bth\bh, the value of the
+ shell variable C\bCO\bOL\bLU\bUM\bMN\bNS\bS, or the screen width, in that order.
+ i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(M\bM-\b-*\b*)\b)
+ Insert all completions of the text before point that would have been
+ generated by p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs, separated by a space.
+ m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be
+ Similar to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be, but replaces the word to be completed with a
+ single match from the list of possible completions. Repeatedly exe-
+ cuting m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be steps through the list of possible completions,
+ inserting each match in turn. At the end of the list of comple-
+ tions, m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be rings the bell (subject to the setting of
+ b\bbe\bel\bll\bl-\b-s\bst\bty\byl\ble\be) and restores the original text. An argument of _\bn moves
+ _\bn positions forward in the list of matches; a negative argument
+ moves backward through the list. This command is intended to be
+ bound to T\bTA\bAB\bB, but is unbound by default.
+ m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd
+ Identical to m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be, but moves backward through the list of
+ possible completions, as if m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be had been given a negative
+ argument. This command is unbound by default.
+ e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs
+ Perform completion on the word before point as described above and
+ write the list of possible completions to r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be's output stream
+ using the following format, writing information on separate lines:
+
+ * the number of matches _\bN;
+ * the word being completed;
+ * _\bS:_\bE, where _\bS and _\bE are the start and end offsets of the word
+ in the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be line buffer; then
+ * each match, one per line
+
+ If there are no matches, the first line will be "0", and this com-
+ mand does not print any output after the _\bS:_\bE. If there is only a
+ single match, this prints a single line containing it. If there is
+ more than one match, this prints the common prefix of the matches,
+ which may be empty, on the first line after the _\bS:_\bE, then the
+ matches on subsequent lines. In this case, _\bN will include the first
+ line with the common prefix.
+
+ The user or application should be able to accommodate the possibil-
+ ity of a blank line. The intent is that the user or application
+ reads _\bN lines after the line containing _\bS:_\bE to obtain the match
+ list. This command is unbound by default.
+
+ d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br-\b-o\bor\br-\b-l\bli\bis\bst\bt
+ Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning or
+ end of the line (like d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br). At the end of the line, it be-
+ haves identically to p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs. This command is unbound
+ by default.
+
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-f\bfi\bil\ble\ben\bna\bam\bme\be (\b(M\bM-\b-/\b/)\b)
+ Attempt filename completion on the text before point.
+
+ p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-f\bfi\bil\ble\ben\bna\bam\bme\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx /\b/)\b)
+ List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it
+ as a filename.
+
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-u\bus\bse\ber\brn\bna\bam\bme\be (\b(M\bM-\b-~\b~)\b)
+ Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a user-
+ name.
+
+ p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-u\bus\bse\ber\brn\bna\bam\bme\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx ~\b~)\b)
+ List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it
+ as a username.
+
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-v\bva\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\be (\b(M\bM-\b-$\b$)\b)
+ Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a shell
+ variable.
+
+ p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-v\bva\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx $\b$)\b)
+ List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it
+ as a shell variable.
+
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-h\bho\bos\bst\btn\bna\bam\bme\be (\b(M\bM-\b-@\b@)\b)
+ Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a host-
+ name.
+
+ p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-h\bho\bos\bst\btn\bna\bam\bme\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx @\b@)\b)
+ List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it
+ as a hostname.
+
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-!\b!)\b)
+ Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a com-
+ mand name. Command completion attempts to match the text against
+ aliases, reserved words, shell functions, shell builtins, and fi-
+ nally executable filenames, in that order.
+
+ p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx !\b!)\b)
+ List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it
+ as a command name.
+
+ d\bdy\byn\bna\bam\bmi\bic\bc-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(M\bM-\b-T\bTA\bAB\bB)\b)
+ Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing the text
+ against history list entries for possible completion matches.
+
+ d\bda\bab\bbb\bbr\bre\bev\bv-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd
+ Attempt menu completion on the text before point, comparing the text
+ against lines from the history list for possible completion matches.
+
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-i\bin\bnt\bto\bo-\b-b\bbr\bra\bac\bce\bes\bs (\b(M\bM-\b-{\b{)\b)
+ Perform filename completion and insert the list of possible comple-
+ tions enclosed within braces so the list is available to the shell
+ (see B\bBr\bra\bac\bce\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn above).
K\bKe\bey\byb\bbo\boa\bar\brd\bd M\bMa\bac\bcr\bro\bos\bs
- s\bst\bta\bar\brt\bt-\b-k\bkb\bbd\bd-\b-m\bma\bac\bcr\bro\bo (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx (\b()\b)
- Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard
- macro.
- e\ben\bnd\bd-\b-k\bkb\bbd\bd-\b-m\bma\bac\bcr\bro\bo (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx )\b))\b)
- Stop saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro
- and store the definition.
- c\bca\bal\bll\bl-\b-l\bla\bas\bst\bt-\b-k\bkb\bbd\bd-\b-m\bma\bac\bcr\bro\bo (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx e\be)\b)
- Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the char-
- acters in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard.
- p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\bt-\b-l\bla\bas\bst\bt-\b-k\bkb\bbd\bd-\b-m\bma\bac\bcr\bro\bo (\b()\b)
- Print the last keyboard macro defined in a format suitable for
- the _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file.
+ s\bst\bta\bar\brt\bt-\b-k\bkb\bbd\bd-\b-m\bma\bac\bcr\bro\bo (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx (\b()\b)
+ Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro.
+ e\ben\bnd\bd-\b-k\bkb\bbd\bd-\b-m\bma\bac\bcr\bro\bo (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx )\b))\b)
+ Stop saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro and
+ store the definition.
+ c\bca\bal\bll\bl-\b-l\bla\bas\bst\bt-\b-k\bkb\bbd\bd-\b-m\bma\bac\bcr\bro\bo (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx e\be)\b)
+ Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the characters
+ in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard.
+ p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\bt-\b-l\bla\bas\bst\bt-\b-k\bkb\bbd\bd-\b-m\bma\bac\bcr\bro\bo (\b()\b)
+ Print the last keyboard macro defined in a format suitable for the
+ _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file.
M\bMi\bis\bsc\bce\bel\bll\bla\ban\bne\beo\bou\bus\bs
- r\bre\be-\b-r\bre\bea\bad\bd-\b-i\bin\bni\bit\bt-\b-f\bfi\bil\ble\be (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx C\bC-\b-r\br)\b)
- Read in the contents of the _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file, and incorporate any
- bindings or variable assignments found there.
- a\bab\bbo\bor\brt\bt (\b(C\bC-\b-g\bg)\b)
- Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal's bell
- (subject to the setting of b\bbe\bel\bll\bl-\b-s\bst\bty\byl\ble\be).
- d\bdo\bo-\b-l\blo\bow\bwe\ber\brc\bca\bas\bse\be-\b-v\bve\ber\brs\bsi\bio\bon\bn (\b(M\bM-\b-A\bA,\b, M\bM-\b-B\bB,\b, M\bM-\b-_\bx,\b, ...)\b)
- If the metafied character _\bx is uppercase, run the command that
- is bound to the corresponding metafied lowercase character. The
- behavior is undefined if _\bx is already lowercase.
- p\bpr\bre\bef\bfi\bix\bx-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba (\b(E\bES\bSC\bC)\b)
- Metafy the next character typed. E\bES\bSC\bC f\bf is equivalent to M\bMe\bet\bta\ba-\b-f\bf.
- u\bun\bnd\bdo\bo (\b(C\bC-\b-_\b_,\b, C\bC-\b-x\bx C\bC-\b-u\bu)\b)
- Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.
- r\bre\bev\bve\ber\brt\bt-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be (\b(M\bM-\b-r\br)\b)
- Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the
- u\bun\bnd\bdo\bo command enough times to return the line to its initial
- state.
- t\bti\bil\bld\bde\be-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-&\b&)\b)
- Perform tilde expansion on the current word.
- s\bse\bet\bt-\b-m\bma\bar\brk\bk (\b(C\bC-\b-@\b@,\b, M\bM-\b-<\b<s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be>\b>)\b)
- Set the mark to the point. If a numeric argument is supplied,
- set the mark to that position.
- e\bex\bxc\bch\bha\ban\bng\bge\be-\b-p\bpo\boi\bin\bnt\bt-\b-a\ban\bnd\bd-\b-m\bma\bar\brk\bk (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx C\bC-\b-x\bx)\b)
- Swap the point with the mark. Set the current cursor position
- to the saved position, then set the mark to the old cursor posi-
- tion.
- c\bch\bha\bar\bra\bac\bct\bte\ber\br-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh (\b(C\bC-\b-]\b])\b)
- Read a character and move point to the next occurrence of that
- character. A negative argument searches for previous occur-
- rences.
- c\bch\bha\bar\bra\bac\bct\bte\ber\br-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-C\bC-\b-]\b])\b)
- Read a character and move point to the previous occurrence of
- that character. A negative argument searches for subsequent oc-
- currences.
- s\bsk\bki\bip\bp-\b-c\bcs\bsi\bi-\b-s\bse\beq\bqu\bue\ben\bnc\bce\be
- Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as
- those defined for keys like Home and End. CSI sequences begin
- with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually _\bE_\bS_\bC _\b[. If this
- sequence is bound to "\e[", keys producing CSI sequences have no
- effect unless explicitly bound to a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be command, instead of
- inserting stray characters into the editing buffer. This is un-
- bound by default, but usually bound to _\bE_\bS_\bC _\b[.
- i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt (\b(M\bM-\b-#\b#)\b)
- Without a numeric argument, insert the value of the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
- c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn variable at the beginning of the current line. If
- a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle:
- if the characters at the beginning of the line do not match the
- value of c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn, insert the value; otherwise delete the
- characters in c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn from the beginning of the line. In
- either case, the line is accepted as if a newline had been
- typed. The default value of c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn causes this command
- to make the current line a shell comment. If a numeric argument
- causes the comment character to be removed, the line will be ex-
- ecuted by the shell.
- s\bsp\bpe\bel\bll\bl-\b-c\bco\bor\brr\bre\bec\bct\bt-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx s\bs)\b)
- Perform spelling correction on the current word, treating it as
- a directory or filename, in the same way as the c\bcd\bds\bsp\bpe\bel\bll\bl shell
- option. Word boundaries are the same as those used by
- s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd.
- g\bgl\blo\bob\bb-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-g\bg)\b)
- Treat the word before point as a pattern for pathname expansion,
- with an asterisk implicitly appended, then use the pattern to
- generate a list of matching file names for possible completions.
- g\bgl\blo\bob\bb-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx *\b*)\b)
- Treat the word before point as a pattern for pathname expansion,
- and insert the list of matching file names, replacing the word.
- If a numeric argument is supplied, append a *\b* before pathname
- expansion.
- g\bgl\blo\bob\bb-\b-l\bli\bis\bst\bt-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx g\bg)\b)
- Display the list of expansions that would have been generated by
- g\bgl\blo\bob\bb-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd and redisplay the line. If a numeric argument
- is supplied, append a *\b* before pathname expansion.
- d\bdu\bum\bmp\bp-\b-f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs
- Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the r\bre\bea\bad\bd-\b-
- l\bli\bin\bne\be output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, the out-
- put is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an
- _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file.
- d\bdu\bum\bmp\bp-\b-v\bva\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs
- Print all of the settable r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be variables and their values to
- the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied,
- the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
- of an _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file.
- d\bdu\bum\bmp\bp-\b-m\bma\bac\bcr\bro\bos\bs
- Print all of the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key sequences bound to macros and the
- strings they output to the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be output stream. If a numeric
- argument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a way that
- it can be made part of an _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file.
- e\bex\bxe\bec\bcu\but\bte\be-\b-n\bna\bam\bme\bed\bd-\b-c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-x\bx)\b)
- Read a bindable r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be command name from the input and execute
- the function to which it's bound, as if the key sequence to
- which it was bound appeared in the input. If this function is
- supplied with a numeric argument, it passes that argument to the
- function it executes.
- d\bdi\bis\bsp\bpl\bla\bay\by-\b-s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-v\bve\ber\brs\bsi\bio\bon\bn (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx C\bC-\b-v\bv)\b)
- Display version information about the current instance of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh.
+ r\bre\be-\b-r\bre\bea\bad\bd-\b-i\bin\bni\bit\bt-\b-f\bfi\bil\ble\be (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx C\bC-\b-r\br)\b)
+ Read in the contents of the _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file, and incorporate any bind-
+ ings or variable assignments found there.
+ a\bab\bbo\bor\brt\bt (\b(C\bC-\b-g\bg)\b)
+ Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal's bell (sub-
+ ject to the setting of b\bbe\bel\bll\bl-\b-s\bst\bty\byl\ble\be).
+ d\bdo\bo-\b-l\blo\bow\bwe\ber\brc\bca\bas\bse\be-\b-v\bve\ber\brs\bsi\bio\bon\bn (\b(M\bM-\b-A\bA,\b, M\bM-\b-B\bB,\b, M\bM-\b-_\bx,\b, ...)\b)
+ If the metafied character _\bx is uppercase, run the command that is
+ bound to the corresponding metafied lowercase character. The behav-
+ ior is undefined if _\bx is already lowercase.
+ p\bpr\bre\bef\bfi\bix\bx-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba (\b(E\bES\bSC\bC)\b)
+ Metafy the next character typed. E\bES\bSC\bC f\bf is equivalent to M\bMe\bet\bta\ba-\b-f\bf.
+ u\bun\bnd\bdo\bo (\b(C\bC-\b-_\b_,\b, C\bC-\b-x\bx C\bC-\b-u\bu)\b)
+ Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.
+ r\bre\bev\bve\ber\brt\bt-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be (\b(M\bM-\b-r\br)\b)
+ Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the u\bun\bnd\bdo\bo
+ command enough times to return the line to its initial state.
+ t\bti\bil\bld\bde\be-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-&\b&)\b)
+ Perform tilde expansion on the current word.
+ s\bse\bet\bt-\b-m\bma\bar\brk\bk (\b(C\bC-\b-@\b@,\b, M\bM-\b-<\b<s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be>\b>)\b)
+ Set the mark to the point. If a numeric argument is supplied, set
+ the mark to that position.
+ e\bex\bxc\bch\bha\ban\bng\bge\be-\b-p\bpo\boi\bin\bnt\bt-\b-a\ban\bnd\bd-\b-m\bma\bar\brk\bk (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx C\bC-\b-x\bx)\b)
+ Swap the point with the mark. Set the current cursor position to
+ the saved position, then set the mark to the old cursor position.
+ c\bch\bha\bar\bra\bac\bct\bte\ber\br-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh (\b(C\bC-\b-]\b])\b)
+ Read a character and move point to the next occurrence of that char-
+ acter. A negative argument searches for previous occurrences.
+ c\bch\bha\bar\bra\bac\bct\bte\ber\br-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-C\bC-\b-]\b])\b)
+ Read a character and move point to the previous occurrence of that
+ character. A negative argument searches for subsequent occurrences.
+ s\bsk\bki\bip\bp-\b-c\bcs\bsi\bi-\b-s\bse\beq\bqu\bue\ben\bnc\bce\be
+ Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as those
+ defined for keys like Home and End. CSI sequences begin with a Con-
+ trol Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually _\bE_\bS_\bC _\b[. If this sequence is
+ bound to "\e[", keys producing CSI sequences have no effect unless
+ explicitly bound to a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be command, instead of inserting stray
+ characters into the editing buffer. This is unbound by default, but
+ usually bound to _\bE_\bS_\bC _\b[.
+ i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt (\b(M\bM-\b-#\b#)\b)
+ Without a numeric argument, insert the value of the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be c\bco\bom\bm-\b-
+ m\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn variable at the beginning of the current line. If a nu-
+ meric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if the
+ characters at the beginning of the line do not match the value of
+ c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn, insert the value; otherwise delete the characters in
+ c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn from the beginning of the line. In either case, the
+ line is accepted as if a newline had been typed. The default value
+ of c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn causes this command to make the current line a
+ shell comment. If a numeric argument causes the comment character
+ to be removed, the line will be executed by the shell.
+ s\bsp\bpe\bel\bll\bl-\b-c\bco\bor\brr\bre\bec\bct\bt-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx s\bs)\b)
+ Perform spelling correction on the current word, treating it as a
+ directory or filename, in the same way as the c\bcd\bds\bsp\bpe\bel\bll\bl shell option.
+ Word boundaries are the same as those used by s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd.
+ g\bgl\blo\bob\bb-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-g\bg)\b)
+ Treat the word before point as a pattern for pathname expansion,
+ with an asterisk implicitly appended, then use the pattern to gener-
+ ate a list of matching file names for possible completions.
+ g\bgl\blo\bob\bb-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx *\b*)\b)
+ Treat the word before point as a pattern for pathname expansion, and
+ insert the list of matching file names, replacing the word. If a
+ numeric argument is supplied, append a *\b* before pathname expansion.
+ g\bgl\blo\bob\bb-\b-l\bli\bis\bst\bt-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx g\bg)\b)
+ Display the list of expansions that would have been generated by
+ g\bgl\blo\bob\bb-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd and redisplay the line. If a numeric argument is
+ supplied, append a *\b* before pathname expansion.
+ d\bdu\bum\bmp\bp-\b-f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs
+ Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
+ output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, the output is
+ formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file.
+ d\bdu\bum\bmp\bp-\b-v\bva\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs
+ Print all of the settable r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be variables and their values to the
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, the out-
+ put is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\b-
+ _\bt_\br_\bc file.
+ d\bdu\bum\bmp\bp-\b-m\bma\bac\bcr\bro\bos\bs
+ Print all of the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key sequences bound to macros and the
+ strings they output to the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be output stream. If a numeric ar-
+ gument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a way that it
+ can be made part of an _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file.
+ e\bex\bxe\bec\bcu\but\bte\be-\b-n\bna\bam\bme\bed\bd-\b-c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-x\bx)\b)
+ Read a bindable r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be command name from the input and execute the
+ function to which it's bound, as if the key sequence to which it was
+ bound appeared in the input. If this function is supplied with a
+ numeric argument, it passes that argument to the function it exe-
+ cutes.
+ d\bdi\bis\bsp\bpl\bla\bay\by-\b-s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-v\bve\ber\brs\bsi\bio\bon\bn (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx C\bC-\b-v\bv)\b)
+ Display version information about the current instance of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh.
P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn
- When a user attempts word completion for a command or an argument to a
- command for which a completion specification (a _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc) has been de-
- fined using the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be builtin (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below),
- r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be invokes the programmable completion facilities.
-
- First, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh identifies the command name. If a compspec has been de-
- fined for that command, the compspec is used to generate the list of
- possible completions for the word. If the command word is the empty
- string (completion attempted at the beginning of an empty line), b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
- uses any compspec defined with the -\b-E\bE option to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be. The -\b-I\bI op-
- tion to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be indicates that the command word is the first non-as-
- signment word on the line, or after a command delimiter such as ;\b; or |\b|.
- This usually indicates command name completion.
-
- If the command word is a full pathname, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh searches for a compspec
- for the full pathname first. If there is no compspec for the full
- pathname, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to find a compspec for the portion following
- the final slash. If those searches do not result in a compspec, or if
- there is no compspec for the command word, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh uses any compspec de-
- fined with the -\b-D\bD option to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be as the default. If there is no
- default compspec, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh performs alias expansion on the command word as
- a final resort, and attempts to find a compspec for the command word
- resulting from any successful expansion.
-
- If a compspec is not found, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh performs its default completion as de-
- scribed above under C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bin\bng\bg. Otherwise, once a compspec has been
- found, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh uses it to generate the list of matching words.
-
- First, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh performs the _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\bs specified by the compspec. This only
- returns matches which are prefixes of the word being completed. When
- the -\b-f\bf or -\b-d\bd option is used for filename or directory name completion,
- b\bba\bas\bsh\bh uses the shell variable F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE to filter the matches.
-
- Next, programmable completion generates matches specified by a pathname
- expansion pattern supplied as an argument to the -\b-G\bG option. The words
- generated by the pattern need not match the word being completed. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh
- uses the F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE variable to filter the matches, but does not use the
- G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE shell variable.
-
- Next, completion considers the string specified as the argument to the
- -\b-W\bW option. The string is first split using the characters in the I\bIF\bFS\bS
- special variable as delimiters. This honors shell quoting within the
- string, in order to provide a mechanism for the words to contain shell
- metacharacters or characters in the value of I\bIF\bFS\bS. Each word is then
- expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable
- expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, as described
- above under E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN. The results are split using the rules described
- above under W\bWo\bor\brd\bd S\bSp\bpl\bli\bit\btt\bti\bin\bng\bg. The results of the expansion are prefix-
- matched against the word being completed, and the matching words become
- possible completions.
-
- After these matches have been generated, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh executes any shell func-
- tion or command specified with the -\b-F\bF and -\b-C\bC options. When the command
- or function is invoked, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh assigns values to the C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE,
- C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_P\bPO\bOI\bIN\bNT\bT, C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_K\bKE\bEY\bY, and C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_T\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE variables as described above under
- S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs. If a shell function is being invoked, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh also sets
- the C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDS\bS and C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_C\bCW\bWO\bOR\bRD\bD variables. When the function or command
- is invoked, the first argument ($\b$1\b1) is the name of the command whose
- arguments are being completed, the second argument ($\b$2\b2) is the word be-
- ing completed, and the third argument ($\b$3\b3) is the word preceding the
- word being completed on the current command line. There is no filter-
- ing of the generated completions against the word being completed; the
- function or command has complete freedom in generating the matches and
- they do not need to match a prefix of the word.
-
- Any function specified with -\b-F\bF is invoked first. The function may use
- any of the shell facilities, including the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpg\bge\ben\bn and c\bco\bom\bmp\bpo\bop\bpt\bt builtins
- described below, to generate the matches. It must put the possible
- completions in the C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPR\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY array variable, one per array element.
-
- Next, any command specified with the -\b-C\bC option is invoked in an envi-
- ronment equivalent to command substitution. It should print a list of
- completions, one per line, to the standard output. Backslash will es-
- cape a newline, if necessary. These are added to the set of possible
- completions.
-
- External commands that are invoked to generate completions ( "external
- completers") receive the word preceding the completion word as an argu-
- ment, as described above. This provides context that is sometimes use-
- ful, but may include information that is considered sensitive or part
- of a word expansion that will not appear in the command line after ex-
- pansion. That word may be visible in process listings or in audit
- logs. This may be a concern to users and completion specification au-
- thors if there is sensitive information on the command line before ex-
- pansion, since completion takes place before words are expanded. If
- this is an issue, completion authors should use functions as wrappers
- around external commands and pass context information to the external
- command in a different way. External completers can infer context from
- the C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE and C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_P\bPO\bOI\bIN\bNT\bT environment variables, but they need to
- ensure they break words in the same way r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be does, using the
- C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDB\bBR\bRE\bEA\bAK\bKS\bS variable.
-
- After generating all of the possible completions, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh applies any fil-
- ter specified with the -\b-X\bX option to the completions in the list. The
- filter is a pattern as used for pathname expansion; a &\b& in the pattern
- is replaced with the text of the word being completed. A literal &\b& may
- be escaped with a backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting
- a match. Any completion that matches the pattern is removed from the
- list. A leading !\b! negates the pattern; in this case b\bba\bas\bsh\bh removes any
- completion that does not match the pattern. If the n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\bem\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh shell
- option is enabled, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh performs the match without regard to the case
- of alphabetic characters.
-
- Finally, programmable completion adds any prefix and suffix specified
- with the -\b-P\bP and -\b-S\bS options, respectively, to each completion, and re-
- turns the result to r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be as the list of possible completions.
-
- If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the
- -\b-o\bo d\bdi\bir\brn\bna\bam\bme\bes\bs option was supplied to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be when the compspec was de-
- fined, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts directory name completion.
-
- If the -\b-o\bo p\bpl\blu\bus\bsd\bdi\bir\brs\bs option was supplied to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be when the compspec
- was defined, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts directory name completion and adds any
- matches to the set of possible completions.
-
- By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned
- to the completion code as the full set of possible completions. The
- default b\bba\bas\bsh\bh completions and the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be default of filename comple-
- tion are disabled. If the -\b-o\bo b\bba\bas\bsh\bhd\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt option was supplied to c\bco\bom\bm-\b-
- p\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be when the compspec was defined, and the compspec generates no
- matches, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts its default completions. If the compspec and,
- if attempted, the default b\bba\bas\bsh\bh completions generate no matches, and the
- -\b-o\bo d\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt option was supplied to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be when the compspec was de-
- fined, programmable completion performs r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be's default completion.
-
- The options supplied to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be and c\bco\bom\bmp\bpo\bop\bpt\bt can control how r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
- treats the completions. For instance, the -\b-o\bo f\bfu\bul\bll\blq\bqu\buo\bot\bte\be option tells
- r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be to quote the matches as if they were filenames. See the de-
- scription of c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be below for details.
-
- When a compspec indicates that it wants directory name completion, the
- programmable completion functions force r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be to append a slash to
- completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to the
- value of the m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-d\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bri\bie\bes\bs r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be variable, regardless of the set-
- ting of the m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-s\bsy\bym\bml\bli\bin\bnk\bke\bed\bd-\b-d\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bri\bie\bes\bs r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be variable.
-
- There is some support for dynamically modifying completions. This is
- most useful when used in combination with a default completion speci-
- fied with c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be -\b-D\bD. It's possible for shell functions executed as
- completion functions to indicate that completion should be retried by
- returning an exit status of 124. If a shell function returns 124, and
- changes the compspec associated with the command on which completion is
- being attempted (supplied as the first argument when the function is
- executed), programmable completion restarts from the beginning, with an
- attempt to find a new compspec for that command. This can be used to
- build a set of completions dynamically as completion is attempted,
- rather than loading them all at once.
-
- For instance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each kept
- in a file corresponding to the name of the command, the following de-
- fault completion function would load completions dynamically:
- _completion_loader()
- {
- . "/etc/bash_completion.d/$1.sh" \
- >/dev/null 2>&1 && return 124
- }
- complete -D -F _completion_loader \
- -o bashdefault -o default
+ When a user attempts word completion for a command or an argument to a com-
+ mand for which a completion specification (a _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc) has been defined us-
+ ing the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be builtin (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below), r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be in-
+ vokes the programmable completion facilities.
+
+ First, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh identifies the command name. If a compspec has been defined
+ for that command, the compspec is used to generate the list of possible
+ completions for the word. If the command word is the empty string (comple-
+ tion attempted at the beginning of an empty line), b\bba\bas\bsh\bh uses any compspec
+ defined with the -\b-E\bE option to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be. The -\b-I\bI option to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be indi-
+ cates that the command word is the first non-assignment word on the line,
+ or after a command delimiter such as ;\b; or |\b|. This usually indicates com-
+ mand name completion.
+
+ If the command word is a full pathname, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh searches for a compspec for
+ the full pathname first. If there is no compspec for the full pathname,
+ b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to find a compspec for the portion following the final slash.
+ If those searches do not result in a compspec, or if there is no compspec
+ for the command word, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh uses any compspec defined with the -\b-D\bD option to
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be as the default. If there is no default compspec, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh performs
+ alias expansion on the command word as a final resort, and attempts to find
+ a compspec for the command word resulting from any successful expansion.
+
+ If a compspec is not found, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh performs its default completion as de-
+ scribed above under C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bin\bng\bg. Otherwise, once a compspec has been found,
+ b\bba\bas\bsh\bh uses it to generate the list of matching words.
+
+ First, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh performs the _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\bs specified by the compspec. This only re-
+ turns matches which are prefixes of the word being completed. When the -\b-f\bf
+ or -\b-d\bd option is used for filename or directory name completion, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh uses
+ the shell variable F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE to filter the matches.
+
+ Next, programmable completion generates matches specified by a pathname ex-
+ pansion pattern supplied as an argument to the -\b-G\bG option. The words gener-
+ ated by the pattern need not match the word being completed. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh uses the
+ F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE variable to filter the matches, but does not use the G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE
+ shell variable.
+
+ Next, completion considers the string specified as the argument to the -\b-W\bW
+ option. The string is first split using the characters in the I\bIF\bFS\bS special
+ variable as delimiters. This honors shell quoting within the string, in
+ order to provide a mechanism for the words to contain shell metacharacters
+ or characters in the value of I\bIF\bFS\bS. Each word is then expanded using brace
+ expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, command sub-
+ stitution, and arithmetic expansion, as described above under E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN.
+ The results are split using the rules described above under W\bWo\bor\brd\bd S\bSp\bpl\bli\bit\btt\bti\bin\bng\bg.
+ The results of the expansion are prefix-matched against the word being com-
+ pleted, and the matching words become possible completions.
+
+ After these matches have been generated, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh executes any shell function
+ or command specified with the -\b-F\bF and -\b-C\bC options. When the command or func-
+ tion is invoked, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh assigns values to the C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE, C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_P\bPO\bOI\bIN\bNT\bT,
+ C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_K\bKE\bEY\bY, and C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_T\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE variables as described above under S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs.
+ If a shell function is being invoked, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh also sets the C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDS\bS and
+ C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_C\bCW\bWO\bOR\bRD\bD variables. When the function or command is invoked, the first
+ argument ($\b$1\b1) is the name of the command whose arguments are being com-
+ pleted, the second argument ($\b$2\b2) is the word being completed, and the third
+ argument ($\b$3\b3) is the word preceding the word being completed on the current
+ command line. There is no filtering of the generated completions against
+ the word being completed; the function or command has complete freedom in
+ generating the matches and they do not need to match a prefix of the word.
+
+ Any function specified with -\b-F\bF is invoked first. The function may use any
+ of the shell facilities, including the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpg\bge\ben\bn and c\bco\bom\bmp\bpo\bop\bpt\bt builtins de-
+ scribed below, to generate the matches. It must put the possible comple-
+ tions in the C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPR\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY array variable, one per array element.
+
+ Next, any command specified with the -\b-C\bC option is invoked in an environment
+ equivalent to command substitution. It should print a list of completions,
+ one per line, to the standard output. Backslash will escape a newline, if
+ necessary. These are added to the set of possible completions.
+
+ External commands that are invoked to generate completions ( "external com-
+ pleters") receive the word preceding the completion word as an argument, as
+ described above. This provides context that is sometimes useful, but may
+ include information that is considered sensitive or part of a word expan-
+ sion that will not appear in the command line after expansion. That word
+ may be visible in process listings or in audit logs. This may be a concern
+ to users and completion specification authors if there is sensitive infor-
+ mation on the command line before expansion, since completion takes place
+ before words are expanded. If this is an issue, completion authors should
+ use functions as wrappers around external commands and pass context infor-
+ mation to the external command in a different way. External completers can
+ infer context from the C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE and C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_P\bPO\bOI\bIN\bNT\bT environment variables, but
+ they need to ensure they break words in the same way r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be does, using
+ the C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDB\bBR\bRE\bEA\bAK\bKS\bS variable.
+
+ After generating all of the possible completions, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh applies any filter
+ specified with the -\b-X\bX option to the completions in the list. The filter is
+ a pattern as used for pathname expansion; a &\b& in the pattern is replaced
+ with the text of the word being completed. A literal &\b& may be escaped with
+ a backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match. Any com-
+ pletion that matches the pattern is removed from the list. A leading !\b!
+ negates the pattern; in this case b\bba\bas\bsh\bh removes any completion that does not
+ match the pattern. If the n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\bem\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh shell option is enabled, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh per-
+ forms the match without regard to the case of alphabetic characters.
+
+ Finally, programmable completion adds any prefix and suffix specified with
+ the -\b-P\bP and -\b-S\bS options, respectively, to each completion, and returns the
+ result to r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be as the list of possible completions.
+
+ If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the -\b-o\bo
+ d\bdi\bir\brn\bna\bam\bme\bes\bs option was supplied to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be when the compspec was defined,
+ b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts directory name completion.
+
+ If the -\b-o\bo p\bpl\blu\bus\bsd\bdi\bir\brs\bs option was supplied to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be when the compspec was
+ defined, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts directory name completion and adds any matches to
+ the set of possible completions.
+
+ By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned to
+ the completion code as the full set of possible completions. The default
+ b\bba\bas\bsh\bh completions and the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be default of filename completion are dis-
+ abled. If the -\b-o\bo b\bba\bas\bsh\bhd\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt option was supplied to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be when the
+ compspec was defined, and the compspec generates no matches, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts
+ its default completions. If the compspec and, if attempted, the default
+ b\bba\bas\bsh\bh completions generate no matches, and the -\b-o\bo d\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt option was sup-
+ plied to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be when the compspec was defined, programmable completion
+ performs r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be's default completion.
+
+ The options supplied to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be and c\bco\bom\bmp\bpo\bop\bpt\bt can control how r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
+ treats the completions. For instance, the -\b-o\bo f\bfu\bul\bll\blq\bqu\buo\bot\bte\be option tells r\bre\bea\bad\bd-\b-
+ l\bli\bin\bne\be to quote the matches as if they were filenames. See the description
+ of c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be below for details.
+
+ When a compspec indicates that it wants directory name completion, the pro-
+ grammable completion functions force r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be to append a slash to com-
+ pleted names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to the value
+ of the m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-d\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bri\bie\bes\bs r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be variable, regardless of the setting of the
+ m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-s\bsy\bym\bml\bli\bin\bnk\bke\bed\bd-\b-d\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bri\bie\bes\bs r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be variable.
+
+ There is some support for dynamically modifying completions. This is most
+ useful when used in combination with a default completion specified with
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be -\b-D\bD. It's possible for shell functions executed as completion
+ functions to indicate that completion should be retried by returning an
+ exit status of 124. If a shell function returns 124, and changes the comp-
+ spec associated with the command on which completion is being attempted
+ (supplied as the first argument when the function is executed), programma-
+ ble completion restarts from the beginning, with an attempt to find a new
+ compspec for that command. This can be used to build a set of completions
+ dynamically as completion is attempted, rather than loading them all at
+ once.
+
+ For instance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each kept in a
+ file corresponding to the name of the command, the following default com-
+ pletion function would load completions dynamically:
+ _completion_loader()
+ {
+ . "/etc/bash_completion.d/$1.sh" >/dev/null 2>&1 && return 124
+ }
+ complete -D -F _completion_loader -o bashdefault -o default
H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY
- When the -\b-o\bo h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin is enabled, the shell
- provides access to the _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd _\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by, the list of commands previously
- typed. The value of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTS\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE variable is used as the number of
- commands to save in a history list: the shell saves the text of the
- last H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTS\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE commands (default 500). The shell stores each command in
- the history list prior to parameter and variable expansion (see E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bN-\b-
- S\bSI\bIO\bON\bN above) but after history expansion is performed, subject to the
- values of the shell variables H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE and H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL.
-
- On startup, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh initializes the history list by reading history en-
- tries from the file named by the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE variable (default
- _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b__\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by). That file is referred to as the _\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be. The
- history file is truncated, if necessary, to contain no more than the
- number of history entries specified by the value of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bES\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE
- variable. If H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bES\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric
- value, or a numeric value less than zero, the history file is not trun-
- cated.
-
- When the history file is read, lines beginning with the history comment
- character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted as timestamps
- for the following history line. These timestamps are optionally dis-
- played depending on the value of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT variable. When
- present, history timestamps delimit history entries, making multi-line
- entries possible.
-
- When a shell with history enabled exits, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh copies the last $\b$H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTS\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE
- entries from the history list to $\b$H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE. If the h\bhi\bis\bst\bta\bap\bpp\bpe\ben\bnd\bd shell
- option is enabled (see the description of s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN
- C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below), b\bba\bas\bsh\bh appends the entries to the history file, other-
- wise it overwrites the history file. If H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is unset or null, or
- if the history file is unwritable, the history is not saved. After
- saving the history, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh truncates the history file to contain no more
- than H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bES\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE lines as described above.
-
- If the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT variable is set, the shell writes the timestamp
- information associated with each history entry to the history file,
- marked with the history comment character, so timestamps are preserved
- across shell sessions. This uses the history comment character to dis-
- tinguish timestamps from other history lines. As above, when using
- H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT, the timestamps delimit multi-line history entries.
-
- The f\bfc\bc builtin command (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below) will list or
- edit and re-execute a portion of the history list. The h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by builtin
- can display or modify the history list and manipulate the history file.
- When using command-line editing, search commands are available in each
- editing mode that provide access to the history list.
-
- The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history
- list. The H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL and H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE variables are used to save only a
- subset of the commands entered. If the c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt shell option is en-
- abled, the shell attempts to save each line of a multi-line command in
- the same history entry, adding semicolons where necessary to preserve
- syntactic correctness. The l\bli\bit\bth\bhi\bis\bst\bt shell option modifies c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt by
- saving the command with embedded newlines instead of semicolons. See
- the description of the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin below under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS
- for information on setting and unsetting shell options.
+ When the -\b-o\bo h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin is enabled, the shell pro-
+ vides access to the _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd _\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by, the list of commands previously typed.
+ The value of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTS\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE variable is used as the number of commands to
+ save in a history list: the shell saves the text of the last H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTS\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE com-
+ mands (default 500). The shell stores each command in the history list
+ prior to parameter and variable expansion (see E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN above) but after
+ history expansion is performed, subject to the values of the shell vari-
+ ables H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE and H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL.
+
+ On startup, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh initializes the history list by reading history entries
+ from the file named by the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE variable (default _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b__\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by).
+ That file is referred to as the _\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be. The history file is trun-
+ cated, if necessary, to contain no more than the number of history entries
+ specified by the value of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bES\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE variable. If H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bES\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE is
+ unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value, or a numeric value less than
+ zero, the history file is not truncated.
+
+ When the history file is read, lines beginning with the history comment
+ character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted as timestamps for
+ the following history line. These timestamps are optionally displayed de-
+ pending on the value of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT variable. When present, history
+ timestamps delimit history entries, making multi-line entries possible.
+
+ When a shell with history enabled exits, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh copies the last $\b$H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTS\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE en-
+ tries from the history list to $\b$H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE. If the h\bhi\bis\bst\bta\bap\bpp\bpe\ben\bnd\bd shell option
+ is enabled (see the description of s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS be-
+ low), b\bba\bas\bsh\bh appends the entries to the history file, otherwise it overwrites
+ the history file. If H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is unset or null, or if the history file is
+ unwritable, the history is not saved. After saving the history, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh trun-
+ cates the history file to contain no more than H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bES\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE lines as de-
+ scribed above.
+
+ If the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT variable is set, the shell writes the timestamp in-
+ formation associated with each history entry to the history file, marked
+ with the history comment character, so timestamps are preserved across
+ shell sessions. This uses the history comment character to distinguish
+ timestamps from other history lines. As above, when using H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT,
+ the timestamps delimit multi-line history entries.
+
+ The f\bfc\bc builtin command (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below) will list or edit
+ and re-execute a portion of the history list. The h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by builtin can dis-
+ play or modify the history list and manipulate the history file. When us-
+ ing command-line editing, search commands are available in each editing
+ mode that provide access to the history list.
+
+ The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history list.
+ The H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL and H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE variables are used to save only a subset of
+ the commands entered. If the c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt shell option is enabled, the shell
+ attempts to save each line of a multi-line command in the same history en-
+ try, adding semicolons where necessary to preserve syntactic correctness.
+ The l\bli\bit\bth\bhi\bis\bst\bt shell option modifies c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt by saving the command with embed-
+ ded newlines instead of semicolons. See the description of the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt
+ builtin below under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS for information on setting and
+ unsetting shell options.
H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN
- The shell supports a history expansion feature that is similar to the
- history expansion in c\bcs\bsh\bh. This section describes what syntax features
- are available.
-
- History expansion is enabled by default for interactive shells, and can
- be disabled using the +\b+H\bH option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL
- B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below). Non-interactive shells do not perform history
- expansion by default, but it can be enabled with "set -H".
-
- History expansions introduce words from the history list into the input
- stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the arguments to a
- previous command into the current input line, or fix errors in previous
- commands quickly.
-
- History expansion is performed immediately after a complete line is
- read, before the shell breaks it into words, and is performed on each
- line individually. The shell attempts to inform the history expansion
- functions about quoting still in effect from previous lines.
-
- It takes place in two parts. The first is to determine which history
- list entry to use during substitution. The second is to select por-
- tions of that entry to include into the current one.
-
- The entry selected from the history is the _\be_\bv_\be_\bn_\bt, and the portions of
- that entry that are acted upon are _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bs. Various _\bm_\bo_\bd_\bi_\bf_\bi_\be_\br_\bs are avail-
- able to manipulate the selected words. The entry is split into words
- in the same fashion as when reading input, so that several _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\b-
- _\bt_\be_\br-separated words surrounded by quotes are considered one word. The
- _\be_\bv_\be_\bn_\bt _\bd_\be_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\ba_\bt_\bo_\br selects the event, the optional _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd _\bd_\be_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\ba_\bt_\bo_\br se-
- lects words from the event, and various optional _\bm_\bo_\bd_\bi_\bf_\bi_\be_\br_\bs are avail-
- able to manipulate the selected words.
-
- History expansions are introduced by the appearance of the history ex-
- pansion character, which is !\b! by default. History expansions may ap-
- pear anywhere in the input, but do not nest.
-
- Only backslash (\\b\) and single quotes can quote the history expansion
- character, but the history expansion character is also treated as
- quoted if it immediately precedes the closing double quote in a double-
- quoted string.
-
- Several characters inhibit history expansion if found immediately fol-
- lowing the history expansion character, even if it is unquoted: space,
- tab, newline, carriage return, =\b=, and the other shell metacharacters
- defined above.
-
- There is a special abbreviation for substitution, active when the _\bq_\bu_\bi_\bc_\bk
- _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\bi_\bt_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn character (described above under h\bhi\bis\bst\btc\bch\bha\bar\brs\bs) is the first
- character on the line. It selects the previous history list entry, us-
- ing an event designator equivalent to !\b!!\b!, and substitutes one string
- for another in that entry. It is described below under E\bEv\bve\ben\bnt\bt D\bDe\bes\bsi\big\bgn\bna\ba-\b-
- t\bto\bor\brs\bs. This is the only history expansion that does not begin with the
- history expansion character.
-
- Several shell options settable with the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin will modify his-
- tory expansion behavior (see the description of the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin be-
- low).and If the h\bhi\bis\bst\btv\bve\ber\bri\bif\bfy\by shell option is enabled, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is be-
- ing used, history substitutions are not immediately passed to the shell
- parser. Instead, the expanded line is reloaded into the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be edit-
- ing buffer for further modification. If r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, and
- the h\bhi\bis\bst\btr\bre\bee\bed\bdi\bit\bt shell option is enabled, a failed history substitution
- is reloaded into the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be editing buffer for correction.
-
- The -\b-p\bp option to the h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by builtin command shows what a history ex-
- pansion will do before using it. The -\b-s\bs option to the h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by builtin
- will add commands to the end of the history list without actually exe-
- cuting them, so that they are available for subsequent recall.
-
- The shell allows control of the various characters used by the history
- expansion mechanism (see the description of h\bhi\bis\bst\btc\bch\bha\bar\brs\bs above under S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl
- V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs). The shell uses the history comment character to mark his-
- tory timestamps when writing the history file.
+ The shell supports a history expansion feature that is similar to the his-
+ tory expansion in c\bcs\bsh\bh. This section describes what syntax features are
+ available.
+
+ History expansion is enabled by default for interactive shells, and can be
+ disabled using the +\b+H\bH option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN
+ C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below). Non-interactive shells do not perform history expansion
+ by default, but it can be enabled with "set -H".
+
+ History expansions introduce words from the history list into the input
+ stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the arguments to a previ-
+ ous command into the current input line, or fix errors in previous commands
+ quickly.
+
+ History expansion is performed immediately after a complete line is read,
+ before the shell breaks it into words, and is performed on each line indi-
+ vidually. The shell attempts to inform the history expansion functions
+ about quoting still in effect from previous lines.
+
+ It takes place in two parts. The first is to determine which history list
+ entry to use during substitution. The second is to select portions of that
+ entry to include into the current one.
+
+ The entry selected from the history is the _\be_\bv_\be_\bn_\bt, and the portions of that
+ entry that are acted upon are _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bs. Various _\bm_\bo_\bd_\bi_\bf_\bi_\be_\br_\bs are available to
+ manipulate the selected words. The entry is split into words in the same
+ fashion as when reading input, so that several _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\be_\br-separated
+ words surrounded by quotes are considered one word. The _\be_\bv_\be_\bn_\bt _\bd_\be_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\ba_\bt_\bo_\br
+ selects the event, the optional _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd _\bd_\be_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\ba_\bt_\bo_\br selects words from the
+ event, and various optional _\bm_\bo_\bd_\bi_\bf_\bi_\be_\br_\bs are available to manipulate the se-
+ lected words.
+
+ History expansions are introduced by the appearance of the history expan-
+ sion character, which is !\b! by default. History expansions may appear any-
+ where in the input, but do not nest.
+
+ Only backslash (\\b\) and single quotes can quote the history expansion char-
+ acter, but the history expansion character is also treated as quoted if it
+ immediately precedes the closing double quote in a double-quoted string.
+
+ Several characters inhibit history expansion if found immediately following
+ the history expansion character, even if it is unquoted: space, tab, new-
+ line, carriage return, =\b=, and the other shell metacharacters defined above.
+
+ There is a special abbreviation for substitution, active when the _\bq_\bu_\bi_\bc_\bk
+ _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\bi_\bt_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn character (described above under h\bhi\bis\bst\btc\bch\bha\bar\brs\bs) is the first char-
+ acter on the line. It selects the previous history list entry, using an
+ event designator equivalent to !\b!!\b!, and substitutes one string for another
+ in that entry. It is described below under E\bEv\bve\ben\bnt\bt D\bDe\bes\bsi\big\bgn\bna\bat\bto\bor\brs\bs. This is the
+ only history expansion that does not begin with the history expansion char-
+ acter.
+
+ Several shell options settable with the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin will modify history
+ expansion behavior (see the description of the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin below).and If
+ the h\bhi\bis\bst\btv\bve\ber\bri\bif\bfy\by shell option is enabled, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, history
+ substitutions are not immediately passed to the shell parser. Instead, the
+ expanded line is reloaded into the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be editing buffer for further mod-
+ ification. If r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, and the h\bhi\bis\bst\btr\bre\bee\bed\bdi\bit\bt shell option is
+ enabled, a failed history substitution is reloaded into the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be edit-
+ ing buffer for correction.
+
+ The -\b-p\bp option to the h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by builtin command shows what a history expansion
+ will do before using it. The -\b-s\bs option to the h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by builtin will add
+ commands to the end of the history list without actually executing them, so
+ that they are available for subsequent recall.
+
+ The shell allows control of the various characters used by the history ex-
+ pansion mechanism (see the description of h\bhi\bis\bst\btc\bch\bha\bar\brs\bs above under S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl V\bVa\bar\bri\bi-\b-
+ a\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs). The shell uses the history comment character to mark history time-
+ stamps when writing the history file.
E\bEv\bve\ben\bnt\bt D\bDe\bes\bsi\big\bgn\bna\bat\bto\bor\brs\bs
- An event designator is a reference to an entry in the history list.
- The event designator consists of the portion of the word beginning with
- the history expansion character and ending with the word designator if
- present, or the end of the word. Unless the reference is absolute,
- events are relative to the current position in the history list.
-
- !\b! Start a history substitution, except when followed by a b\bbl\bla\ban\bnk\bk,
- newline, carriage return, =, or, when the e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell option
- is enabled using the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin, (.
- !\b!_\bn Refer to history list entry _\bn.
- !\b!-\b-_\bn Refer to the current entry minus _\bn.
- !\b!!\b! Refer to the previous entry. This is a synonym for "!-1".
- !\b!_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg
- Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position
- in the history list starting with _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg.
- !\b!?\b?_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg[\b[?\b?]\b]
- Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position
- in the history list containing _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg. The trailing ?\b? may be
- omitted if _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is followed immediately by a newline. If
- _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is missing, this uses the string from the most recent
- search; it is an error if there is no previous search string.
- ^\b^_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1^\b^_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2^\b^
- Quick substitution. Repeat the previous command, replacing
- _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1 with _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2. Equivalent to "!!:s^_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1^_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2^"
- (see M\bMo\bod\bdi\bif\bfi\bie\ber\brs\bs below).
- !\b!#\b# The entire command line typed so far.
+ An event designator is a reference to an entry in the history list. The
+ event designator consists of the portion of the word beginning with the
+ history expansion character and ending with the word designator if present,
+ or the end of the word. Unless the reference is absolute, events are rela-
+ tive to the current position in the history list.
+
+ !\b! Start a history substitution, except when followed by a b\bbl\bla\ban\bnk\bk, new-
+ line, carriage return, =, or, when the e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell option is en-
+ abled using the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin, (.
+ !\b!_\bn Refer to history list entry _\bn.
+ !\b!-\b-_\bn Refer to the current entry minus _\bn.
+ !\b!!\b! Refer to the previous entry. This is a synonym for "!-1".
+ !\b!_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg
+ Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position in
+ the history list starting with _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg.
+ !\b!?\b?_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg[\b[?\b?]\b]
+ Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position in
+ the history list containing _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg. The trailing ?\b? may be omitted
+ if _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is followed immediately by a newline. If _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is miss-
+ ing, this uses the string from the most recent search; it is an er-
+ ror if there is no previous search string.
+ ^\b^_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1^\b^_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2^\b^
+ Quick substitution. Repeat the previous command, replacing _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1
+ with _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2. Equivalent to "!!:s^_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1^_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2^" (see M\bMo\bod\bdi\bif\bfi\bie\ber\brs\bs
+ below).
+ !\b!#\b# The entire command line typed so far.
W\bWo\bor\brd\bd D\bDe\bes\bsi\big\bgn\bna\bat\bto\bor\brs\bs
- Word designators are used to select desired words from the event. They
- are optional; if the word designator isn't supplied, the history expan-
- sion uses the entire event. A :\b: separates the event specification from
- the word designator. It may be omitted if the word designator begins
- with a ^\b^, $\b$, *\b*, -\b-, or %\b%. Words are numbered from the beginning of the
- line, with the first word being denoted by 0 (zero). Words are in-
- serted into the current line separated by single spaces.
-
- 0\b0 (\b(z\bze\ber\bro\bo)\b)
- The zeroth word. For the shell, this is the command word.
- _\bn The _\bnth word.
- ^\b^ The first argument: word 1.
- $\b$ The last word. This is usually the last argument, but will ex-
- pand to the zeroth word if there is only one word in the line.
- %\b% The first word matched by the most recent "?_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg?" search, if
- the search string begins with a character that is part of a
- word. By default, searches begin at the end of each line and
- proceed to the beginning, so the first word matched is the one
- closest to the end of the line.
- _\bx-\b-_\by A range of words; "-_\by" abbreviates "0-_\by".
- *\b* All of the words but the zeroth. This is a synonym for "_\b1_\b-_\b$".
- It is not an error to use *\b* if there is just one word in the
- event; it expands to the empty string in that case.
- x\bx*\b* Abbreviates _\bx_\b-_\b$.
- x\bx-\b- Abbreviates _\bx_\b-_\b$ like x\bx*\b*, but omits the last word. If x\bx is miss-
- ing, it defaults to 0.
-
- If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the
- previous command is used as the event, equivalent to !\b!!\b!.
+ Word designators are used to select desired words from the event. They are
+ optional; if the word designator isn't supplied, the history expansion uses
+ the entire event. A :\b: separates the event specification from the word des-
+ ignator. It may be omitted if the word designator begins with a ^\b^, $\b$, *\b*,
+ -\b-, or %\b%. Words are numbered from the beginning of the line, with the first
+ word being denoted by 0 (zero). Words are inserted into the current line
+ separated by single spaces.
+
+ 0\b0 (\b(z\bze\ber\bro\bo)\b)
+ The zeroth word. For the shell, this is the command word.
+ _\bn The _\bnth word.
+ ^\b^ The first argument: word 1.
+ $\b$ The last word. This is usually the last argument, but will expand
+ to the zeroth word if there is only one word in the line.
+ %\b% The first word matched by the most recent "?_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg?" search, if the
+ search string begins with a character that is part of a word. By
+ default, searches begin at the end of each line and proceed to the
+ beginning, so the first word matched is the one closest to the end
+ of the line.
+ _\bx-\b-_\by A range of words; "-_\by" abbreviates "0-_\by".
+ *\b* All of the words but the zeroth. This is a synonym for "_\b1_\b-_\b$". It
+ is not an error to use *\b* if there is just one word in the event; it
+ expands to the empty string in that case.
+ x\bx*\b* Abbreviates _\bx_\b-_\b$.
+ x\bx-\b- Abbreviates _\bx_\b-_\b$ like x\bx*\b*, but omits the last word. If x\bx is missing,
+ it defaults to 0.
+
+ If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the previ-
+ ous command is used as the event, equivalent to !\b!!\b!.
M\bMo\bod\bdi\bif\bfi\bie\ber\brs\bs
- After the optional word designator, the expansion may include a se-
- quence of one or more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a
- ":". These modify, or edit, the word or words selected from the his-
- tory event.
-
- h\bh Remove a trailing pathname component, leaving only the head.
- t\bt Remove all leading pathname components, leaving the tail.
- r\br Remove a trailing suffix of the form _\b._\bx_\bx_\bx, leaving the basename.
- e\be Remove all but the trailing suffix.
- p\bp Print the new command but do not execute it.
- q\bq Quote the substituted words, escaping further substitutions.
- x\bx Quote the substituted words as with q\bq, but break into words at
- b\bbl\bla\ban\bnk\bks\bs and newlines. The q\bq and x\bx modifiers are mutually exclu-
- sive; expansion uses the last one supplied.
- s\bs/\b/_\bo_\bl_\bd/\b/_\bn_\be_\bw/\b/
- Substitute _\bn_\be_\bw for the first occurrence of _\bo_\bl_\bd in the event
- line. Any character may be used as the delimiter in place of /.
- The final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of
- the event line. A single backslash quotes the delimiter in _\bo_\bl_\bd
- and _\bn_\be_\bw. If & appears in _\bn_\be_\bw, it is replaced with _\bo_\bl_\bd. A sin-
- gle backslash quotes the &. If _\bo_\bl_\bd is null, it is set to the
- last _\bo_\bl_\bd substituted, or, if no previous history substitutions
- took place, the last _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg in a !\b!?\b?_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg[\b[?\b?]\b] search. If _\bn_\be_\bw is
- null, each matching _\bo_\bl_\bd is deleted.
- &\b& Repeat the previous substitution.
- g\bg Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line. This is
- used in conjunction with ":\b:s\bs" (e.g., ":\b:g\bgs\bs/\b/_\bo_\bl_\bd/\b/_\bn_\be_\bw/\b/") or ":\b:&\b&".
- If used with ":\b:s\bs", any delimiter can be used in place of /, and
- the final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of
- the event line. An a\ba may be used as a synonym for g\bg.
- G\bG Apply the following "s\bs" or "&\b&" modifier once to each word in the
- event line.
+ After the optional word designator, the expansion may include a sequence of
+ one or more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a ":". These mod-
+ ify, or edit, the word or words selected from the history event.
+
+ h\bh Remove a trailing pathname component, leaving only the head.
+ t\bt Remove all leading pathname components, leaving the tail.
+ r\br Remove a trailing suffix of the form _\b._\bx_\bx_\bx, leaving the basename.
+ e\be Remove all but the trailing suffix.
+ p\bp Print the new command but do not execute it.
+ q\bq Quote the substituted words, escaping further substitutions.
+ x\bx Quote the substituted words as with q\bq, but break into words at
+ b\bbl\bla\ban\bnk\bks\bs and newlines. The q\bq and x\bx modifiers are mutually exclusive;
+ expansion uses the last one supplied.
+ s\bs/\b/_\bo_\bl_\bd/\b/_\bn_\be_\bw/\b/
+ Substitute _\bn_\be_\bw for the first occurrence of _\bo_\bl_\bd in the event line.
+ Any character may be used as the delimiter in place of /. The final
+ delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the event line.
+ A single backslash quotes the delimiter in _\bo_\bl_\bd and _\bn_\be_\bw. If & ap-
+ pears in _\bn_\be_\bw, it is replaced with _\bo_\bl_\bd. A single backslash quotes
+ the &. If _\bo_\bl_\bd is null, it is set to the last _\bo_\bl_\bd substituted, or,
+ if no previous history substitutions took place, the last _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg in
+ a !\b!?\b?_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg[\b[?\b?]\b] search. If _\bn_\be_\bw is null, each matching _\bo_\bl_\bd is
+ deleted.
+ &\b& Repeat the previous substitution.
+ g\bg Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line. This is
+ used in conjunction with ":\b:s\bs" (e.g., ":\b:g\bgs\bs/\b/_\bo_\bl_\bd/\b/_\bn_\be_\bw/\b/") or ":\b:&\b&". If
+ used with ":\b:s\bs", any delimiter can be used in place of /, and the fi-
+ nal delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the event
+ line. An a\ba may be used as a synonym for g\bg.
+ G\bG Apply the following "s\bs" or "&\b&" modifier once to each word in the
+ event line.
S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS
- Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented in this section
- as accepting options preceded by -\b- accepts -\b--\b- to signify the end of the
- options. The :\b:, t\btr\bru\bue\be, f\bfa\bal\bls\bse\be, and t\bte\bes\bst\bt/[\b[ builtins do not accept options
- and do not treat -\b--\b- specially. The e\bex\bxi\bit\bt, l\blo\bog\bgo\bou\but\bt, r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn, b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk, c\bco\bon\bn-\b-
- t\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be, l\ble\bet\bt, and s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt builtins accept and process arguments beginning
- with -\b- without requiring -\b--\b-. Other builtins that accept arguments but
- are not specified as accepting options interpret arguments beginning
- with -\b- as invalid options and require -\b--\b- to prevent this interpreta-
- tion.
-
- All builtins except :\b:, t\btr\bru\bue\be, f\bfa\bal\bls\bse\be, e\bec\bch\bho\bo, and t\bte\bes\bst\bt/[\b[ accept -\b--\b-h\bhe\bel\blp\bp as a
- special option. If -\b--\b-h\bhe\bel\blp\bp is supplied, these builtins output a help
- message and exit with a status of 0.
-
- :\b: [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]
- No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs
- and performing any specified redirections. The return status is
- zero.
-
- .\b. [-\b-p\bp _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bh] _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]
- s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be [-\b-p\bp _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bh] _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]
- The .\b. command (s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be) reads and execute commands from _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
- in the current shell environment and returns the exit status of
- the last command executed from _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
-
- If _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be does not contain a slash, .\b. searches for it. If the
- -\b-p\bp option is supplied, .\b. treats _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bh as a colon-separated list
- of directories in which to find _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be; otherwise, .\b. uses the
- entries in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH to find the directory containing _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
- _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be does not need to be executable. When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is not in
- posix mode, it searches the current directory if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not
- found in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, but does not search the current directory if -\b-p\bp
- is supplied. If the s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\bep\bpa\bat\bth\bh option to the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin com-
- mand is turned off, .\b. does not search P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH.
-
- If any _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs are supplied, they become the positional para-
- meters when _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is executed. Otherwise the positional pa-
- rameters are unchanged.
-
- If the -\b-T\bT option is enabled, .\b. inherits any trap on D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG; if it
- is not, any D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap string is saved and restored around the
- call to .\b., and .\b. unsets the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap while it executes. If -\b-T\bT
- is not set, and the sourced file changes the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap, the new
- value persists after .\b. completes. The return status is the sta-
- tus of the last command executed from _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be (0 if no commands
- are executed), and non-zero if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found or cannot
- be read.
-
- a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs [-\b-p\bp] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be] ...]
- With no arguments or with the -\b-p\bp option, a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs prints the list
- of aliases in the form a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be on standard output.
- When arguments are supplied, define an alias for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be whose
- _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be is given. A trailing space in _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be causes the next word
- to be checked for alias substitution when the alias is expanded
- during command parsing. For each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be in the argument list for
- which no _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be is supplied, print the name and value of the
- alias _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs returns true unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is given (without
- a corresponding =_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be) for which no alias has been defined.
-
- b\bbg\bg [_\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc ...]
- Resume each suspended job _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc in the background, as if it
- had been started with &\b&. If _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not present, the shell
- uses its notion of the _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bj_\bo_\bb. b\bbg\bg _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc returns 0 unless
- run when job control is disabled or, when run with job control
- enabled, any specified _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc was not found or was started
- without job control.
-
- b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd [-\b-m\bm _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp] [-\b-l\bls\bsv\bvS\bSV\bVX\bX]
- b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd [-\b-m\bm _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp] [-\b-q\bq _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [-\b-u\bu _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [-\b-r\br _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq]
- b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd [-\b-m\bm _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp] -\b-f\bf _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
- b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd [-\b-m\bm _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp] -\b-x\bx _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq[:] _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
- b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd [-\b-m\bm _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp] _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq:_\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
- b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd [-\b-m\bm _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp] -\b-p\bp|-\b-P\bP [_\br_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd]
- b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd [-\b-m\bm _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp] _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq:_\br_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
- b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd _\br_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b-_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be
- Display current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key and function bindings, bind a key
- sequence to a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be function or macro or to a shell command,
- or set a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be variable. Each non-option argument is a key
- binding or command as it would appear in a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be initializa-
- tion file such as _\b._\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc, but each binding or command must be
- passed as a separate argument; e.g., '"\C-x\C-r":
- re-read-init-file'. In the following descriptions, output
- available to be re-read is formatted as commands that would ap-
- pear in a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be initialization file or that would be supplied
- as individual arguments to a b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd command. Options, if sup-
- plied, have the following meanings:
- -\b-m\bm _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp
- Use _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp as the keymap to be affected by the subsequent
- bindings. Acceptable _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp names are _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\b-
- _\bd_\ba_\br_\bd_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bc_\bt_\bl_\bx_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bm_\bo_\bv_\be_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd,
- and _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bi_\bn_\bs_\be_\br_\bt. _\bv_\bi is equivalent to _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd (_\bv_\bi_\b-_\bm_\bo_\bv_\be
- is also a synonym); _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs is equivalent to _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\b-
- _\bd_\ba_\br_\bd.
- -\b-l\bl List the names of all r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be functions.
- -\b-p\bp Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be function names and bindings in such a
- way that they can be used as an argument to a subsequent
- b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd command or in a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be initialization file. If
- arguments remain after option processing, b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd treats
- them as r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be command names and restricts output to
- those names.
- -\b-P\bP List current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be function names and bindings. If
- arguments remain after option processing, b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd treats
- them as r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be command names and restricts output to
- those names.
- -\b-s\bs Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key sequences bound to macros and the
- strings they output in such a way that they can be used
- as an argument to a subsequent b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd command or in a r\bre\bea\bad\bd-\b-
- l\bli\bin\bne\be initialization file.
- -\b-S\bS Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key sequences bound to macros and the
- strings they output.
- -\b-v\bv Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be variable names and values in such a way
- that they can be used as an argument to a subsequent b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd
- command or in a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be initialization file.
- -\b-V\bV List current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be variable names and values.
- -\b-f\bf _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
- Read key bindings from _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
- -\b-q\bq _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn
- Display key sequences that invoke the named r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
- _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn.
- -\b-u\bu _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn
- Unbind all key sequences bound to the named r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
- _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn.
- -\b-r\br _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq
- Remove any current binding for _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq.
- -\b-x\bx _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq[\b[:\b: ]\b]_\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
- Cause _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd to be executed whenever _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq is en-
- tered. The separator between _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq and _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is
- either whitespace or a colon optionally followed by
- whitespace. If the separator is whitespace, _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\b-
- _\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd must be enclosed in double quotes and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be ex-
- pands any of its special backslash-escapes in _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\b-
- _\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd before saving it. If the separator is a colon, any
- enclosing double quotes are optional, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be does
- not expand the command string before saving it. Since
- the entire key binding expression must be a single argu-
- ment, it should be enclosed in single quotes. When
- _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is executed, the shell sets the R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bD-\b-
- L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE variable to the contents of the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be line
- buffer and the R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_P\bPO\bOI\bIN\bNT\bT and R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_M\bMA\bAR\bRK\bK variables
- to the current location of the insertion point and the
- saved insertion point (the mark), respectively. The
- shell assigns any numeric argument the user supplied to
- the R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGU\bUM\bME\bEN\bNT\bT variable. If there was no argu-
- ment, that variable is not set. If the executed command
- changes the value of any of R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE, R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bD-\b-
- L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_P\bPO\bOI\bIN\bNT\bT, or R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_M\bMA\bAR\bRK\bK, those new values will be
- reflected in the editing state.
- -\b-X\bX List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the
- associated commands in a format that can be reused as an
- argument to a subsequent b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd command.
-
- The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is supplied
- or an error occurred.
-
- b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk [_\bn]
- Exit from within a f\bfo\bor\br, w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be, u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl, or s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt loop. If _\bn is
- specified, b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk exits _\bn enclosing loops. _\bn must be >= 1. If _\bn
- is greater than the number of enclosing loops, all enclosing
- loops are exited. The return value is 0 unless _\bn is not greater
- than or equal to 1.
-
- b\bbu\bui\bil\blt\bti\bin\bn _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]
- Execute the specified shell builtin _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn, passing it
- _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs, and return its exit status. This is useful when
- defining a function whose name is the same as a shell builtin,
- retaining the functionality of the builtin within the function.
- The c\bcd\bd builtin is commonly redefined this way. The return sta-
- tus is false if _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn is not a shell builtin command.
-
- c\bca\bal\bll\ble\ber\br [_\be_\bx_\bp_\br]
- Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell func-
- tion or a script executed with the .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins).
-
- Without _\be_\bx_\bp_\br, c\bca\bal\bll\ble\ber\br displays the line number and source file-
- name of the current subroutine call. If a non-negative integer
- is supplied as _\be_\bx_\bp_\br, c\bca\bal\bll\ble\ber\br displays the line number, subroutine
- name, and source file corresponding to that position in the cur-
- rent execution call stack. This extra information may be used,
- for example, to print a stack trace. The current frame is frame
- 0.
-
- The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a sub-
- routine call or _\be_\bx_\bp_\br does not correspond to a valid position in
- the call stack.
-
- c\bcd\bd [-\b-L\bL] [-\b-@\b@] [_\bd_\bi_\br]
- c\bcd\bd -\b-P\bP [-\b-e\be] [-\b-@\b@] [_\bd_\bi_\br]
- Change the current directory to _\bd_\bi_\br. if _\bd_\bi_\br is not supplied,
- the value of the H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE shell variable is used as _\bd_\bi_\br. If _\bd_\bi_\br is
- the empty string, c\bcd\bd treats it as an error. The variable C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH
- exists, and _\bd_\bi_\br does not begin with a slash (/), c\bcd\bd uses it as a
- search path: the shell searches each directory name in C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH
- for _\bd_\bi_\br. Alternative directory names in C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH are separated by
- a colon (:). A null directory name in C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is the same as the
- current directory, i.e., ".".
-
- The -\b-P\bP option causes c\bcd\bd to use the physical directory structure
- by resolving symbolic links while traversing _\bd_\bi_\br and before pro-
- cessing instances of _\b._\b. in _\bd_\bi_\br (see also the -\b-P\bP option to the
- s\bse\bet\bt builtin command).
-
- The -\b-L\bL option forces c\bcd\bd to follow symbolic links by resolving
- the link after processing instances of _\b._\b. in _\bd_\bi_\br. If _\b._\b. appears
- in _\bd_\bi_\br, c\bcd\bd processes it by removing the immediately previous
- pathname component from _\bd_\bi_\br, back to a slash or the beginning of
- _\bd_\bi_\br, and verifying that the portion of _\bd_\bi_\br it has processed to
- that point is still a valid directory name after removing the
- pathname component. If it is not a valid directory name, c\bcd\bd re-
- turns a non-zero status. If neither -\b-L\bL nor -\b-P\bP is supplied, c\bcd\bd
- behaves as if -\b-L\bL had been supplied.
-
- If the -\b-e\be option is supplied with -\b-P\bP, and c\bcd\bd cannot successfully
- determine the current working directory after a successful di-
- rectory change, it returns a non-zero status.
-
- On systems that support it, the -\b-@\b@ option presents the extended
- attributes associated with a file as a directory.
-
- An argument of -\b- is converted to $\b$O\bOL\bLD\bDP\bPW\bWD\bD before attempting the
- directory change.
-
- If c\bcd\bd uses a non-empty directory name from C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, or if -\b- is
- the first argument, and the directory change is successful, c\bcd\bd
- writes the absolute pathname of the new working directory to the
- standard output.
-
- If the directory change is successful, c\bcd\bd sets the value of the
- P\bPW\bWD\bD environment variable to the new directory name, and sets the
- O\bOL\bLD\bDP\bPW\bWD\bD environment variable to the value of the current working
- directory before the change.
-
- The return value is true if the directory was successfully
- changed; false otherwise.
-
- c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd [-\b-p\bpV\bVv\bv] _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
- The c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd builtin runs _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd with _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs suppressing the nor-
- mal shell function lookup for _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd. Only builtin commands or
- commands found in the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH named _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd are executed. If the
- -\b-p\bp option is supplied, the search for _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is performed using
- a default value for P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH that is guaranteed to find all of the
- standard utilities.
-
- If either the -\b-V\bV or -\b-v\bv option is supplied, c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd prints a de-
- scription of _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd. The -\b-v\bv option displays a single word in-
- dicating the command or filename used to invoke _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd; the -\b-V\bV
- option produces a more verbose description.
-
- If the -\b-V\bV or -\b-v\bv option is supplied, the exit status is zero if
- _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd was found, and non-zero if not. If neither option is
- supplied and an error occurred or _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd cannot be found, the
- exit status is 127. Otherwise, the exit status of the c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd
- builtin is the exit status of _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd.
-
- c\bco\bom\bmp\bpg\bge\ben\bn [-\b-V\bV _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd]
- Generate possible completion matches for _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd according to the
- _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bns, which may be any option accepted by the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be
- builtin with the exceptions of -\b-p\bp, -\b-r\br, -\b-D\bD, -\b-E\bE, and -\b-I\bI, and write
- the matches to the standard output.
-
- If the -\b-V\bV option is supplied, c\bco\bom\bmp\bpg\bge\ben\bn stores the generated com-
- pletions into the indexed array variable _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be instead of
- writing them to the standard output.
-
- When using the -\b-F\bF or -\b-C\bC options, the various shell variables set
- by the programmable completion facilities, while available, will
- not have useful values.
-
- The matches will be generated in the same way as if the program-
- mable completion code had generated them directly from a comple-
- tion specification with the same flags. If _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is specified,
- only those completions matching _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd will be displayed or
- stored.
-
- The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
- or no matches were generated.
-
- c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be [-\b-a\bab\bbc\bcd\bde\bef\bfg\bgj\bjk\bks\bsu\buv\bv] [-\b-o\bo _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [-\b-D\bDE\bEI\bI] [-\b-A\bA _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn]
- [-\b-G\bG _\bg_\bl_\bo_\bb_\bp_\ba_\bt] [-\b-W\bW _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt] [-\b-F\bF _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [-\b-C\bC _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd]
- [-\b-X\bX _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt] [-\b-P\bP _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx] [-\b-S\bS _\bs_\bu_\bf_\bf_\bi_\bx] _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be -\b-p\bpr\br [-\b-D\bDE\bEI\bI] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- Specify how arguments to each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be should be completed.
-
- If the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, or if no options or _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are sup-
- plied, print existing completion specifications in a way that
- allows them to be reused as input. The -\b-r\br option removes a com-
- pletion specification for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, or, if no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are sup-
- plied, all completion specifications.
-
- The -\b-D\bD option indicates that other supplied options and actions
- should apply to the "default" command completion; that is, com-
- pletion attempted on a command for which no completion has pre-
- viously been defined. The -\b-E\bE option indicates that other sup-
- plied options and actions should apply to "empty" command com-
- pletion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line. The -\b-I\bI
- option indicates that other supplied options and actions should
- apply to completion on the initial non-assignment word on the
- line, or after a command delimiter such as ;\b; or |\b|, which is usu-
- ally command name completion. If multiple options are supplied,
- the -\b-D\bD option takes precedence over -\b-E\bE, and both take precedence
- over -\b-I\bI. If any of -\b-D\bD, -\b-E\bE, or -\b-I\bI are supplied, any other _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
- arguments are ignored; these completions only apply to the case
- specified by the option.
-
- The process of applying these completion specifications when at-
- tempting word completion is described above under P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be
- C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn.
-
- Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The
- arguments to the -\b-G\bG, -\b-W\bW, and -\b-X\bX options (and, if necessary, the
- -\b-P\bP and -\b-S\bS options) should be quoted to protect them from expan-
- sion before the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be builtin is invoked.
-
- -\b-o\bo _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn
- The _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn controls several aspects of the comp-
- spec's behavior beyond the simple generation of comple-
- tions. _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn may be one of:
- b\bba\bas\bsh\bhd\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt
- Perform the rest of the default b\bba\bas\bsh\bh completions
- if the compspec generates no matches.
- d\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt Use r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be's default filename completion if
- the compspec generates no matches.
- d\bdi\bir\brn\bna\bam\bme\bes\bs
- Perform directory name completion if the comp-
- spec generates no matches.
- f\bfi\bil\ble\ben\bna\bam\bme\bes\bs
- Tell r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be that the compspec generates file-
- names, so it can perform any filename-specific
- processing (such as adding a slash to directory
- names, quoting special characters, or suppress-
- ing trailing spaces). This is intended to be
- used with shell functions.
- f\bfu\bul\bll\blq\bqu\buo\bot\bte\be
- Tell r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be to quote all the completed words
- even if they are not filenames.
- n\bno\boq\bqu\buo\bot\bte\be Tell r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be not to quote the completed words
- if they are filenames (quoting filenames is the
- default).
- n\bno\bos\bso\bor\brt\bt Tell r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be not to sort the list of possible
- completions alphabetically.
- n\bno\bos\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be Tell r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be not to append a space (the de-
- fault) to words completed at the end of the
- line.
- p\bpl\blu\bus\bsd\bdi\bir\brs\bs
- After generating any matches defined by the
- compspec, attempt directory name completion and
- add any matches to the results of the other ac-
- tions.
- -\b-A\bA _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn
- The _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn may be one of the following to generate a
- list of possible completions:
- a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs Alias names. May also be specified as -\b-a\ba.
- a\bar\brr\bra\bay\byv\bva\bar\br
- Array variable names.
- b\bbi\bin\bnd\bdi\bin\bng\bg R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key binding names.
- b\bbu\bui\bil\blt\bti\bin\bn Names of shell builtin commands. May also be
- specified as -\b-b\bb.
- c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd Command names. May also be specified as -\b-c\bc.
- d\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bry\by
- Directory names. May also be specified as -\b-d\bd.
- d\bdi\bis\bsa\bab\bbl\ble\bed\bd
- Names of disabled shell builtins.
- e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\bed\bd Names of enabled shell builtins.
- e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt Names of exported shell variables. May also be
- specified as -\b-e\be.
- f\bfi\bil\ble\be File and directory names, similar to r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be's
- filename completion. May also be specified as
- -\b-f\bf.
- f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\bti\bio\bon\bn
- Names of shell functions.
- g\bgr\bro\bou\bup\bp Group names. May also be specified as -\b-g\bg.
- h\bhe\bel\blp\bpt\bto\bop\bpi\bic\bc
- Help topics as accepted by the h\bhe\bel\blp\bp builtin.
- h\bho\bos\bst\btn\bna\bam\bme\be
- Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by
- the H\bHO\bOS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE shell variable.
- j\bjo\bob\bb Job names, if job control is active. May also
- be specified as -\b-j\bj.
- k\bke\bey\byw\bwo\bor\brd\bd Shell reserved words. May also be specified as
- -\b-k\bk.
- r\bru\bun\bnn\bni\bin\bng\bg Names of running jobs, if job control is active.
- s\bse\ber\brv\bvi\bic\bce\be Service names. May also be specified as -\b-s\bs.
- s\bse\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bt Valid arguments for the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt
- builtin.
- s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt Shell option names as accepted by the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt
- builtin.
- s\bsi\big\bgn\bna\bal\bl Signal names.
- s\bst\bto\bop\bpp\bpe\bed\bd Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active.
- u\bus\bse\ber\br User names. May also be specified as -\b-u\bu.
- v\bva\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\be
- Names of all shell variables. May also be spec-
- ified as -\b-v\bv.
- -\b-C\bC _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
- _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is executed in a subshell environment, and its
- output is used as the possible completions. Arguments
- are passed as with the -\b-F\bF option.
- -\b-F\bF _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn
- The shell function _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed in the current
- shell environment. When the function is executed, the
- first argument ($\b$1\b1) is the name of the command whose ar-
- guments are being completed, the second argument ($\b$2\b2) is
- the word being completed, and the third argument ($\b$3\b3) is
- the word preceding the word being completed on the cur-
- rent command line. When _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn finishes, programmable
- completion retrieves the possible completions from the
- value of the C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPR\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY array variable.
- -\b-G\bG _\bg_\bl_\bo_\bb_\bp_\ba_\bt
- Expand the pathname expansion pattern _\bg_\bl_\bo_\bb_\bp_\ba_\bt to gener-
- ate the possible completions.
- -\b-P\bP _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx
- Add _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx to the beginning of each possible completion
- after all other options have been applied.
- -\b-S\bS _\bs_\bu_\bf_\bf_\bi_\bx
- Append _\bs_\bu_\bf_\bf_\bi_\bx to each possible completion after all
- other options have been applied.
- -\b-W\bW _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt
- Split the _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt using the characters in the I\bIF\bFS\bS spe-
- cial variable as delimiters, and expand each resulting
- word. Shell quoting is honored within _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt, in or-
- der to provide a mechanism for the words to contain
- shell metacharacters or characters in the value of I\bIF\bFS\bS.
- The possible completions are the members of the resul-
- tant list which match a prefix of the word being com-
- pleted.
- -\b-X\bX _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt
- _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt is a pattern as used for pathname expansion.
- It is applied to the list of possible completions gener-
- ated by the preceding options and arguments, and each
- completion matching _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt is removed from the list.
- A leading !\b! in _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt negates the pattern; in this
- case, any completion not matching _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt is removed.
-
- The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
- an option other than -\b-p\bp, -\b-r\br, -\b-D\bD, -\b-E\bE, or -\b-I\bI is supplied without a
- _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be argument, an attempt is made to remove a completion speci-
- fication for a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be for which no specification exists, or an er-
- ror occurs adding a completion specification.
-
- c\bco\bom\bmp\bpo\bop\bpt\bt [-\b-o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [-\b-D\bDE\bEI\bI] [+\b+o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be]
- Modify completion options for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be according to the _\bo_\bp_\b-
- _\bt_\bi_\bo_\bns, or for the currently-executing completion if no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are
- supplied. If no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bns are supplied, display the completion
- options for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be or the current completion. The possible
- values of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn are those valid for the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be builtin de-
- scribed above.
-
- The -\b-D\bD option indicates that other supplied options should apply
- to the "default" command completion; the -\b-E\bE option indicates
- that other supplied options should apply to "empty" command com-
- pletion; and the -\b-I\bI option indicates that other supplied options
- should apply to completion on the initial word on the line.
- These are determined in the same way as the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be builtin.
-
- If multiple options are supplied, the -\b-D\bD option takes precedence
- over -\b-E\bE, and both take precedence over -\b-I\bI.
-
- The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
- an attempt is made to modify the options for a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be for which no
- completion specification exists, or an output error occurs.
-
- c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be [_\bn]
- c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be resumes the next iteration of the enclosing f\bfo\bor\br, w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be,
- u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl, or s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt loop. If _\bn is specified, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh resumes the _\bnth
- enclosing loop. _\bn must be >= 1. If _\bn is greater than the num-
- ber of enclosing loops, the shell resumes the last enclosing
- loop (the "top-level" loop). The return value is 0 unless _\bn is
- not greater than or equal to 1.
-
- d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be [-\b-a\baA\bAf\bfF\bFg\bgi\biI\bIl\bln\bnr\brt\btu\bux\bx] [-\b-p\bp] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be] ...]
- t\bty\byp\bpe\bes\bse\bet\bt [-\b-a\baA\bAf\bfF\bFg\bgi\biI\bIl\bln\bnr\brt\btu\bux\bx] [-\b-p\bp] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be] ...]
- Declare variables and/or give them attributes. If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are
- given then display the values of variables or functions. The -\b-p\bp
- option will display the attributes and values of each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
- When -\b-p\bp is used with _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments, additional options, other
- than -\b-f\bf and -\b-F\bF, are ignored.
-
- When -\b-p\bp is supplied without _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments, d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be will display
- the attributes and values of all variables having the attributes
- specified by the additional options. If no other options are
- supplied with -\b-p\bp, d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be will display the attributes and values
- of all shell variables. The -\b-f\bf option restricts the display to
- shell functions.
-
- The -\b-F\bF option inhibits the display of function definitions; only
- the function name and attributes are printed. If the e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg
- shell option is enabled using s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt, the source file name and
- line number where each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is defined are displayed as well.
- The -\b-F\bF option implies -\b-f\bf.
-
- The -\b-g\bg option forces variables to be created or modified at the
- global scope, even when d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be is executed in a shell function.
- It is ignored when d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be is not executed in a shell function.
-
- The -\b-I\bI option causes local variables to inherit the attributes
- (except the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf attribute) and value of any existing vari-
- able with the same _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be at a surrounding scope. If there is no
- existing variable, the local variable is initially unset.
-
- The following options can be used to restrict output to vari-
- ables with the specified attribute or to give variables attrib-
- utes:
- -\b-a\ba Each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an indexed array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs
- above).
- -\b-A\bA Each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an associative array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs
- above).
- -\b-f\bf Each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be refers to a shell function.
- -\b-i\bi The variable is treated as an integer; arithmetic evalua-
- tion (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above) is performed when
- the variable is assigned a value.
- -\b-l\bl When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case
- characters are converted to lower-case. The upper-case
- attribute is disabled.
- -\b-n\bn Give each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf attribute, making it a name
- reference to another variable. That other variable is
- defined by the value of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. All references, assign-
- ments, and attribute modifications to _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, except those
- using or changing the -\b-n\bn attribute itself, are performed
- on the variable referenced by _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be's value. The nameref
- attribute cannot be applied to array variables.
- -\b-r\br Make _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes readonly. These names cannot then be assigned
- values by subsequent assignment statements or unset.
- -\b-t\bt Give each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be the _\bt_\br_\ba_\bc_\be attribute. Traced functions in-
- herit the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN traps from the calling shell.
- The trace attribute has no special meaning for variables.
- -\b-u\bu When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case
- characters are converted to upper-case. The lower-case
- attribute is disabled.
- -\b-x\bx Mark each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be for export to subsequent commands via the
- environment.
-
- Using "+" instead of "-" turns off the specified attribute in-
- stead, with the exceptions that +\b+a\ba and +\b+A\bA may not be used to de-
- stroy array variables and +\b+r\br will not remove the readonly at-
- tribute.
-
- When used in a function, d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be and t\bty\byp\bpe\bes\bse\bet\bt make each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be lo-
- cal, as with the l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl command, unless the -\b-g\bg option is sup-
- plied. If a variable name is followed by =_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be, the value of
- the variable is set to _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. When using -\b-a\ba or -\b-A\bA and the com-
- pound assignment syntax to create array variables, additional
- attributes do not take effect until subsequent assignments.
-
- The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered,
- an attempt is made to define a function using "-f foo=bar", an
- attempt is made to assign a value to a readonly variable, an at-
- tempt is made to assign a value to an array variable without us-
- ing the compound assignment syntax (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs above), one of
- the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a valid shell variable name, an attempt is made
- to turn off readonly status for a readonly variable, an attempt
- is made to turn off array status for an array variable, or an
- attempt is made to display a non-existent function with -\b-f\bf.
-
- d\bdi\bir\brs\bs [\b[-\b-c\bcl\blp\bpv\bv]\b] [\b[+\b+_\bn]\b] [\b[-\b-_\bn]\b]
- Without options, display the list of currently remembered direc-
- tories. The default display is on a single line with directory
- names separated by spaces. Directories are added to the list
- with the p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd command; the p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd command removes entries from
- the list. The current directory is always the first directory
- in the stack.
-
- Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
- -\b-c\bc Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the en-
- tries.
- -\b-l\bl Produces a listing using full pathnames; the default
- listing format uses a tilde to denote the home directory.
- -\b-p\bp Print the directory stack with one entry per line.
- -\b-v\bv Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pre-
- fixing each entry with its index in the stack.
- +\b+_\bn Displays the _\bnth entry counting from the left of the list
- shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs when invoked without options, starting with
- zero.
- -\b-_\bn Displays the _\bnth entry counting from the right of the
- list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs when invoked without options, starting
- with zero.
-
- The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is supplied or _\bn
- indexes beyond the end of the directory stack.
-
- d\bdi\bis\bso\bow\bwn\bn [-\b-a\bar\br] [-\b-h\bh] [_\bi_\bd ...]
- Without options, remove each _\bi_\bd from the table of active jobs.
- Each _\bi_\bd may be a job specification _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc or a process ID _\bp_\bi_\bd;
- if _\bi_\bd is a _\bp_\bi_\bd, d\bdi\bis\bso\bow\bwn\bn uses the job containing _\bp_\bi_\bd as _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc.
-
- If the -\b-h\bh option is supplied, d\bdi\bis\bso\bow\bwn\bn does not remove the jobs
- corresponding to each _\bi_\bd from the jobs table, but rather marks
- them so the shell does not send S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP to the job if the shell
- receives a S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP.
-
- If no _\bi_\bd is supplied, the -\b-a\ba option means to remove or mark all
- jobs; the -\b-r\br option without an _\bi_\bd argument removes or marks run-
- ning jobs. If no _\bi_\bd is supplied, and neither the -\b-a\ba nor the -\b-r\br
- option is supplied, d\bdi\bis\bso\bow\bwn\bn removes or marks the current job.
-
- The return value is 0 unless an _\bi_\bd does not specify a valid job.
-
- e\bec\bch\bho\bo [-\b-n\bne\beE\bE] [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
- Output the _\ba_\br_\bgs, separated by spaces, followed by a newline.
- The return status is 0 unless a write error occurs. If -\b-n\bn is
- specified, the trailing newline is not printed.
-
- If the -\b-e\be option is given, e\bec\bch\bho\bo interprets the following back-
- slash-escaped characters. The -\b-E\bE option disables interpretation
- of these escape characters, even on systems where they are in-
- terpreted by default. The x\bxp\bpg\bg_\b_e\bec\bch\bho\bo shell option determines
- whether or not e\bec\bch\bho\bo interprets any options and expands these es-
- cape characters. e\bec\bch\bho\bo does not interpret -\b--\b- to mean the end of
- options.
-
- e\bec\bch\bho\bo interprets the following escape sequences:
- \\b\a\ba alert (bell)
- \\b\b\bb backspace
- \\b\c\bc suppress further output
- \\b\e\be
- \\b\E\bE an escape character
- \\b\f\bf form feed
- \\b\n\bn new line
- \\b\r\br carriage return
- \\b\t\bt horizontal tab
- \\b\v\bv vertical tab
- \\b\\\b\ backslash
- \\b\0\b0_\bn_\bn_\bn The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value
- _\bn_\bn_\bn (zero to three octal digits).
- \\b\x\bx_\bH_\bH The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal
- value _\bH_\bH (one or two hex digits).
- \\b\u\bu_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
- hexadecimal value _\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH (one to four hex digits).
- \\b\U\bU_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH
- The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
- hexadecimal value _\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH (one to eight hex digits).
-
- e\bec\bch\bho\bo writes any unrecognized backslash-escaped characters un-
- changed.
-
- e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be [-\b-a\ba] [-\b-d\bdn\bnp\bps\bs] [-\b-f\bf _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin
- allows an executable file which has the same name as a shell
- builtin to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even
- though the shell normally searches for builtins before files.
-
- If -\b-n\bn is supplied, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is disabled; otherwise, _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are
- enabled. For example, to use the t\bte\bes\bst\bt binary found using P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH
- instead of the shell builtin version, run "enable -n test".
-
- If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are supplied, or if the -\b-p\bp option is sup-
- plied, print a list of shell builtins. With no other option ar-
- guments, the list consists of all enabled shell builtins. If -\b-n\bn
- is supplied, print only disabled builtins. If -\b-a\ba is supplied,
- the list printed includes all builtins, with an indication of
- whether or not each is enabled. The -\b-s\bs option means to restrict
- the output to the POSIX _\bs_\bp_\be_\bc_\bi_\ba_\bl builtins.
-
- The -\b-f\bf option means to load the new builtin command _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from
- shared object _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, on systems that support dynamic loading.
- If _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be does not contain a slash, B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh will use the value of
- the B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLO\bOA\bAD\bDA\bAB\bBL\bLE\bES\bS_\b_P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH variable as a colon-separated list of
- directories in which to search for _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. The default for
- B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLO\bOA\bAD\bDA\bAB\bBL\bLE\bES\bS_\b_P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is system-dependent, and may include "." to
- force a search of the current directory. The -\b-d\bd option will
- delete a builtin previously loaded with -\b-f\bf. If -\b-s\bs is used with
- -\b-f\bf, the new builtin becomes a POSIX special builtin.
-
- If no options are supplied and a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a shell builtin,
- e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be will attempt to load _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from a shared object named
- _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, as if the command were "enable -f _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be".
-
- The return value is 0 unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a shell builtin or
- there is an error loading a new builtin from a shared object.
-
- e\bev\bva\bal\bl [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
- Concatenate the _\ba_\br_\bgs together into a single command, separating
- them with spaces. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh then reads and execute this command, and
- returns its exit status as the return status of e\bev\bva\bal\bl. If there
- are no _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs, or only null arguments, e\bev\bva\bal\bl returns 0.
-
- e\bex\bxe\bec\bc [-\b-c\bcl\bl] [-\b-a\ba _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]]
- If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is specified, it replaces the shell without creating
- a new process. _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd cannot be a shell builtin or function.
- The _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs become the arguments to _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd. If the -\b-l\bl option
- is supplied, the shell places a dash at the beginning of the ze-
- roth argument passed to _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd. This is what _\bl_\bo_\bg_\bi_\bn(1) does.
- The -\b-c\bc option causes _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd to be executed with an empty envi-
- ronment. If -\b-a\ba is supplied, the shell passes _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be as the zeroth
- argument to the executed command.
-
- If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd cannot be executed for some reason, a non-interactive
- shell exits, unless the e\bex\bxe\bec\bcf\bfa\bai\bil\bl shell option is enabled. In
- that case, it returns a non-zero status. An interactive shell
- returns a non-zero status if the file cannot be executed. A
- subshell exits unconditionally if e\bex\bxe\bec\bc fails.
-
- If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is not specified, any redirections take effect in the
- current shell, and the return status is 0. If there is a redi-
- rection error, the return status is 1.
-
- e\bex\bxi\bit\bt [_\bn]
- Cause the shell to exit with a status of _\bn. If _\bn is omitted,
- the exit status is that of the last command executed. Any trap
- on E\bEX\bXI\bIT\bT is executed before the shell terminates.
-
- e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt [-\b-f\bfn\bn] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be]] ...
- e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt -\b-p\bp [\b[-\b-f\bf]\b]
- The supplied _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are marked for automatic export to the envi-
- ronment of subsequently executed commands. If the -\b-f\bf option is
- given, the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs refer to functions.
-
- The -\b-n\bn option unexports, or removes the export attribute, from
- each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are given, or if only the -\b-p\bp option is
- supplied, e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt displays a list of names of all exported vari-
- ables on the standard output. Using -\b-p\bp and -\b-f\bf together displays
- exported functions. The -\b-p\bp option displays output in a form
- that may be reused as input.
-
- e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt allows the value of a variable to be set when it is ex-
- ported or unexported by following the variable name with =_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be.
- This sets the value of the variable to _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be while modifying the
- export attribute. e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt returns an exit status of 0 unless an
- invalid option is encountered, one of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a valid
- shell variable name, or -\b-f\bf is supplied with a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be that is not a
- function.
-
- f\bfa\bal\bls\bse\be Does nothing; returns a non-zero status.
-
- f\bfc\bc [-\b-e\be _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b-D\bD] [-\b-l\bln\bnr\br] [_\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt] [_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt]
- f\bfc\bc -\b-s\bs [_\bp_\ba_\bt=_\br_\be_\bp] [_\bc_\bm_\bd]
- The first form selects a range of commands from _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt to _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt
- from the history list and displays or edits and re-executes
- them. _\bF_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt and _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt may be specified as a string (to locate
- the last command beginning with that string) or as a number (an
- index into the history list, where a negative number is used as
- an offset from the current command number).
-
- When listing, a _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt or _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt of 0 is equivalent to -1 and -0 is
- equivalent to the current command (usually the f\bfc\bc command); oth-
- erwise 0 is equivalent to -1 and -0 is invalid. If _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt is not
- specified, it is set to the current command for listing (so that
- "fc -l -10" prints the last 10 commands) and to _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt otherwise.
- If _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt is not specified, it is set to the previous command for
- editing and -16 for listing.
-
- If the -\b-l\bl option is supplied, the commands are listed on the
- standard output. The -\b-n\bn option suppresses the command numbers
- when listing. The -\b-r\br option reverses the order of the commands.
-
- Otherwise, f\bfc\bc invokes the editor named by _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be on a file con-
- taining those commands. If _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not supplied, f\bfc\bc uses the
- value of the F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT variable, and the value of E\bED\bDI\bIT\bTO\bOR\bR if F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT
- is not set. If neither variable is set, f\bfc\bc uses _\bv_\bi_\b. When edit-
- ing is complete, f\bfc\bc reads the file containing the edited com-
- mands and echoes and executes them. The -\b-D\bD option, if supplied,
- causes f\bfc\bc to remove the selected commands from the history list
- before executing the file of edited commands. -\b-D\bD is only effec-
- tive when f\bfc\bc is invoked in this way.
-
- In the second form, f\bfc\bc re-executes _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd after replacing each
- instance of _\bp_\ba_\bt with _\br_\be_\bp. _\bC_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is interpreted the same as
- _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt above.
-
- A useful alias to use with f\bfc\bc is "r="fc -s"", so that typing "r
- cc" runs the last command beginning with "cc" and typing "r" re-
- executes the last command.
-
- If the first form is used, the return value is zero unless an
- invalid option is encountered or _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt or _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt specify history
- lines out of range. When editing and re-executing a file of
- commands, the return value is the value of the last command exe-
- cuted or failure if an error occurs with the temporary file. If
- the second form is used, the return status is that of the re-ex-
- ecuted command, unless _\bc_\bm_\bd does not specify a valid history en-
- try, in which case f\bfc\bc returns a non-zero status.
-
- f\bfg\bg [_\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc]
- Resume _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc in the foreground, and make it the current job.
- If _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not present, f\bfg\bg uses the shell's notion of the
- _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bj_\bo_\bb. The return value is that of the command placed
- into the foreground, or failure if run when job control is dis-
- abled or, when run with job control enabled, if _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc does not
- specify a valid job or _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc specifies a job that was started
- without job control.
-
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is used by shell scripts and functions to parse posi-
- tional parameters and obtain options and their arguments. _\bo_\bp_\bt_\b-
- _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg contains the option characters to be recognized; if a
- character is followed by a colon, the option is expected to have
- an argument, which should be separated from it by white space.
- The colon and question mark characters may not be used as option
- characters.
-
- Each time it is invoked, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs places the next option in the
- shell variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, initializing _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be if it does not exist, and
- the index of the next argument to be processed into the variable
- O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD. O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD is initialized to 1 each time the shell or a
- shell script is invoked. When an option requires an argument,
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs places that argument into the variable O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG.
-
- The shell does not reset O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD automatically; it must be manu-
- ally reset between multiple calls to g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs within the same
- shell invocation to use a new set of parameters.
-
- When it reaches the end of options, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs exits with a return
- value greater than zero. O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD is set to the index of the
- first non-option argument, and _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set to ?.
-
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs normally parses the positional parameters, but if more
- arguments are supplied as _\ba_\br_\bg values, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs parses those in-
- stead.
-
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs can report errors in two ways. If the first character
- of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is a colon, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs uses _\bs_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\bt error reporting.
- In normal operation, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs prints diagnostic messages when it
- encounters invalid options or missing option arguments. If the
- variable O\bOP\bPT\bTE\bER\bRR\bR is set to 0, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs does not display any error
- messages, even if the first character of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is not a
- colon.
-
- If g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs detects an invalid option, it places ? into _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be and,
- if not silent, prints an error message and unsets O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG. If
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is silent, it assigns the option character found to O\bOP\bP-\b-
- T\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG and does not print a diagnostic message.
-
- If a required argument is not found, and g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is not silent,
- it sets the value of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to a question mark (?\b?), unsets O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG,
- and prints a diagnostic message. If g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is silent, it sets
- the value of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to a colon (:\b:) and sets O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG to the option
- character found.
-
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is
- found. It returns false if the end of options is encountered or
- an error occurs.
-
- h\bha\bas\bsh\bh [-\b-l\blr\br] [-\b-p\bp _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b-d\bdt\bt] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be]
- Each time h\bha\bas\bsh\bh is invoked, it remembers the full pathname of the
- command _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be as determined by searching the directories in
- $\b$P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH. Any previously-remembered pathname associated with _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
- is discarded. If the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, h\bha\bas\bsh\bh uses _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
- as the full pathname of the command.
-
- The -\b-r\br option causes the shell to forget all remembered loca-
- tions. Assigning to the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH variable also clears all hashed
- filenames. The -\b-d\bd option causes the shell to forget the remem-
- bered location of each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
-
- If the -\b-t\bt option is supplied, h\bha\bas\bsh\bh prints the full pathname cor-
- responding to each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If multiple _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are sup-
- plied with -\b-t\bt, h\bha\bas\bsh\bh prints the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be before the corresponding
- hashed full pathname. The -\b-l\bl option displays output in a format
- that may be reused as input.
-
- If no arguments are given, or if only -\b-l\bl is supplied, h\bha\bas\bsh\bh
- prints information about remembered commands. The -\b-t\bt, -\b-d\bd, and
- -\b-p\bp options (the options that act on the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments) are mu-
- tually exclusive. Only one will be active. If more than one is
- supplied, -\b-t\bt has higher priority than -\b-p\bp, and both have higher
- priority than -\b-d\bd.
-
- The return status is zero unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found or an in-
- valid option is supplied.
-
- h\bhe\bel\blp\bp [-\b-d\bdm\bms\bs] [_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn]
- Display helpful information about builtin commands. If _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn
- is specified, h\bhe\bel\blp\bp gives detailed help on all commands matching
- _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn as described below; otherwise it displays a list of all
- the builtins and shell compound commands.
-
- Options, if supplied, have the follow meanings:
-
- -\b-d\bd Display a short description of each _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn
- -\b-m\bm Display the description of each _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn in a manpage-like
- format
- -\b-s\bs Display only a short usage synopsis for each _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn
-
- If _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn contains pattern matching characters (see P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn
- M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg above) it's treated as a shell pattern and h\bhe\bel\blp\bp prints
- the description of each help topic matching _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn.
-
- If not, and _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn exactly matches the name of a help topic,
- h\bhe\bel\blp\bp prints the description associated with that topic. Other-
- wise, h\bhe\bel\blp\bp performs prefix matching and prints the descriptions
- of all matching help topics.
-
- The return status is 0 unless no command matches _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn.
-
- h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by [\b[-\b-H\bH]\b] [\b[_\br_\ba_\bn_\bg_\be]\b]
- h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by -\b-c\bc
- h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by -\b-d\bd _\br_\ba_\bn_\bg_\be
- h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by -\b-a\ban\bnr\brw\bw [_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be]
- h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by -\b-p\bp _\ba_\br_\bg [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
- h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by -\b-s\bs _\ba_\br_\bg [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
- With no options, or with the -\b-H\bH option, display the portion of
- the command history list specified by _\br_\ba_\bn_\bg_\be, as described below.
- If _\br_\ba_\bn_\bg_\be is not specified, display the entire history list.
- Without -\b-H\bH, display the list with command numbers, prefixing en-
- tries that have been modified with a "*".
-
- A _\br_\ba_\bn_\bg_\be argument is specified in the form of a number _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt or
- a range _\bs_\bt_\ba_\br_\bt-_\be_\bn_\bd. If _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt is supplied, it references the
- history entry at position _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt in the history list; when list-
- ing this displays the last _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt entries. A negative _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt
- counts back from the end of the history list, relative to one
- greater than the last history position. When listing, negative
- and positive _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt_\bs have identical results. _\bs_\bt_\ba_\br_\bt and _\be_\bn_\bd, if
- supplied, reference the portion of the history list beginning at
- position _\bs_\bt_\ba_\br_\bt through position _\be_\bn_\bd. If _\bs_\bt_\ba_\br_\bt or _\be_\bn_\bd are nega-
- tive, they count back from the end of the history list. When
- listing, if _\bs_\bt_\ba_\br_\bt is greater than _\be_\bn_\bd, the history entries are
- displayed in reverse order from _\be_\bn_\bd to _\bs_\bt_\ba_\br_\bt.
-
- If the shell variable H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT is set and not null, it is
- used as a format string for _\bs_\bt_\br_\bf_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3) to display the time
- stamp associated with each displayed history entry. If h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by
- uses H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT, it does not print an intervening space be-
- tween the formatted time stamp and the history entry.
-
- If _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is supplied, h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by uses it as the name of the his-
- tory file; if not, it uses the value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE. If _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
- is not supplied and H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is unset or null, the -\b-a\ba,\b, -\b-n\bn,\b, -\b-r\br,\b,
- and -\b-w\bw options have no effect.
-
- Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
- -\b-c\bc Clear the history list by deleting all the entries. This
- can be used with the other options to replace the history
- list.
- -\b-d\bd _\br_\ba_\bn_\bg_\be
- Delete the history entries specified by _\br_\ba_\bn_\bg_\be, as de-
- scribed above. An index of -1 refers to the current h\bhi\bis\bs-\b-
- t\bto\bor\bry\by -\b-d\bd command.
- -\b-H\bH Display the selected history entries in the format that
- would be written to the history file, including any time
- stamp information as described below, without prefixing
- the entry with any line number or "*".
- -\b-a\ba Append the "new" history lines to the history file.
- These are history lines entered since the beginning of
- the current b\bba\bas\bsh\bh session, but not already appended to the
- history file.
- -\b-n\bn Read the history lines not already read from the history
- file and add them to the current history list. These are
- lines appended to the history file since the beginning of
- the current b\bba\bas\bsh\bh session.
- -\b-r\br Read the history file and append its contents to the cur-
- rent history list.
- -\b-w\bw Write the current history list to the history file, over-
- writing the history file.
- -\b-p\bp Perform history substitution on the following _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs and
- display the result on the standard output, without stor-
- ing the results in the history list. Each _\ba_\br_\bg must be
- quoted to disable normal history expansion.
- -\b-s\bs Store the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs in the history list as a single entry.
- The last command in the history list is removed before
- adding the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs.
-
- If the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT variable is set, h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by writes the time
- stamp information associated with each history entry to the his-
- tory file, marked with the history comment character as de-
- scribed above. When the history file is read, lines beginning
- with the history comment character followed immediately by a
- digit are interpreted as timestamps for the following history
- entry.
-
- The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered,
- an error occurs while reading or writing the history file, an
- invalid _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt or range is supplied as an argument to -\b-d\bd, or the
- history expansion supplied as an argument to -\b-p\bp fails.
-
- j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs [-\b-l\bln\bnp\bpr\brs\bs] [ _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc ... ]
- j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs -\b-x\bx _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd [ _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs ... ]
- The first form lists the active jobs. The options have the fol-
- lowing meanings:
- -\b-l\bl List process IDs in addition to the normal information.
- -\b-n\bn Display information only about jobs that have changed
- status since the user was last notified of their status.
- -\b-p\bp List only the process ID of the job's process group
- leader.
- -\b-r\br Display only running jobs.
- -\b-s\bs Display only stopped jobs.
-
- If _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is supplied, j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs restricts output to information
- about that job. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option
- is encountered or an invalid _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is supplied.
-
- If the -\b-x\bx option is supplied, j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs replaces any _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc found in
- _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd or _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs with the corresponding process group ID, and ex-
- ecutes _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, passing it _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs, returning its exit status.
-
- k\bki\bil\bll\bl [-\b-s\bs _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc | -\b-n\bn _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm | -\b-_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc] _\bi_\bd [ ... ]
- k\bki\bil\bll\bl -\b-l\bl|-\b-L\bL [_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc | _\be_\bx_\bi_\bt_\b__\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt_\bu_\bs]
- Send the signal specified by _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc or _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm to the processes
- named by each _\bi_\bd. Each _\bi_\bd may be a job specification _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc or
- a process ID _\bp_\bi_\bd. _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is either a case-insensitive signal
- name such as S\bSI\bIG\bGK\bKI\bIL\bLL\bL (with or without the S\bSI\bIG\bG prefix) or a sig-
- nal number; _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm is a signal number. If _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not sup-
- plied, then k\bki\bil\bll\bl sends S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTE\bER\bRM\bM.
-
- The -\b-l\bl option lists the signal names. If any arguments are sup-
- plied when -\b-l\bl is given, k\bki\bil\bll\bl lists the names of the signals cor-
- responding to the arguments, and the return status is 0. The
- _\be_\bx_\bi_\bt_\b__\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt_\bu_\bs argument to -\b-l\bl is a number specifying either a sig-
- nal number or the exit status of a process terminated by a sig-
- nal; if it is supplied, k\bki\bil\bll\bl prints the name of the signal that
- caused the process to terminate. k\bki\bil\bll\bl assumes that process exit
- statuses are greater than 128; anything less than that is a sig-
- nal number. The -\b-L\bL option is equivalent to -\b-l\bl.
-
- k\bki\bil\bll\bl returns true if at least one signal was successfully sent,
- or false if an error occurs or an invalid option is encountered.
-
- l\ble\bet\bt _\ba_\br_\bg [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
- Each _\ba_\br_\bg is evaluated as an arithmetic expression (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bH-\b-
- M\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above). If the last _\ba_\br_\bg evaluates to 0, l\ble\bet\bt
- returns 1; otherwise l\ble\bet\bt returns 0.
-
- l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl [_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be] ... | - ]
- For each argument, create a local variable named _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be and assign
- it _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. The _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn can be any of the options accepted by d\bde\be-\b-
- c\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be. When l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl is used within a function, it causes the
- variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to have a visible scope restricted to that func-
- tion and its children. It is an error to use l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl when not
- within a function.
-
- If _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is -, it makes the set of shell options local to the
- function in which l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl is invoked: any shell options changed
- using the s\bse\bet\bt builtin inside the function after the call to l\blo\bo-\b-
- c\bca\bal\bl are restored to their original values when the function re-
- turns. The restore is performed as if a series of s\bse\bet\bt commands
- were executed to restore the values that were in place before
- the function.
-
- With no operands, l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl writes a list of local variables to the
- standard output.
-
- The return status is 0 unless l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl is used outside a function,
- an invalid _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is supplied, or _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is a readonly variable.
-
- l\blo\bog\bgo\bou\but\bt [\b[_\bn]\b]
- Exit a login shell, returning a status of _\bn to the shell's par-
- ent.
-
- m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be [-\b-d\bd _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm] [-\b-n\bn _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt] [-\b-O\bO _\bo_\br_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bn] [-\b-s\bs _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt] [-\b-t\bt] [-\b-u\bu _\bf_\bd] [-\b-C\bC
- _\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk] [-\b-c\bc _\bq_\bu_\ba_\bn_\bt_\bu_\bm] [_\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by]
- r\bre\bea\bad\bda\bar\brr\bra\bay\by [-\b-d\bd _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm] [-\b-n\bn _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt] [-\b-O\bO _\bo_\br_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bn] [-\b-s\bs _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt] [-\b-t\bt] [-\b-u\bu _\bf_\bd] [-\b-C\bC
- _\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk] [-\b-c\bc _\bq_\bu_\ba_\bn_\bt_\bu_\bm] [_\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by]
- Read lines from the standard input, or from file descriptor _\bf_\bd
- if the -\b-u\bu option is supplied, into the indexed array variable
- _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by. The variable M\bMA\bAP\bPF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is the default _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by. Options, if
- supplied, have the following meanings:
- -\b-d\bd Use the first character of _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm to terminate each input
- line, rather than newline. If _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm is the empty string,
- m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be will terminate a line when it reads a NUL charac-
- ter.
- -\b-n\bn Copy at most _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt lines. If _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt is 0, copy all lines.
- -\b-O\bO Begin assigning to _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by at index _\bo_\br_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bn. The default
- index is 0.
- -\b-s\bs Discard the first _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt lines read.
- -\b-t\bt Remove a trailing _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm (default newline) from each line
- read.
- -\b-u\bu Read lines from file descriptor _\bf_\bd instead of the stan-
- dard input.
- -\b-C\bC Evaluate _\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk each time _\bq_\bu_\ba_\bn_\bt_\bu_\bm lines are read. The
- -\b-c\bc option specifies _\bq_\bu_\ba_\bn_\bt_\bu_\bm.
- -\b-c\bc Specify the number of lines read between each call to
- _\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk.
-
- If -\b-C\bC is specified without -\b-c\bc, the default quantum is 5000.
- When _\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next
- array element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that
- element as additional arguments. _\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk is evaluated after
- the line is read but before the array element is assigned.
-
- If not supplied with an explicit origin, m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be will clear _\ba_\br_\b-
- _\br_\ba_\by before assigning to it.
-
- m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be returns zero unless an invalid option or option argument
- is supplied, _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by is invalid or unassignable, or if _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by is
- not an indexed array.
-
- p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd [-n\bn] [+_\bn] [-_\bn]
- Remove entries from the directory stack. The elements are num-
- bered from 0 starting at the first directory listed by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, so
- p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd is equivalent to "popd +0." With no arguments, p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd re-
- moves the top directory from the stack, and changes to the new
- top directory. Arguments, if supplied, have the following mean-
- ings:
- -\b-n\bn Suppress the normal change of directory when removing di-
- rectories from the stack, only manipulate the stack.
- +\b+_\bn Remove the _\bnth entry counting from the left of the list
- shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with zero, from the stack. For
- example: "popd +0" removes the first directory, "popd +1"
- the second.
- -\b-_\bn Remove the _\bnth entry counting from the right of the list
- shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with zero. For example: "popd
- -0" removes the last directory, "popd -1" the next to
- last.
-
- If the top element of the directory stack is modified, and the
- -\b-n\bn option was not supplied, p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd uses the c\bcd\bd builtin to change
- to the directory at the top of the stack. If the c\bcd\bd fails, p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd
- returns a non-zero value.
-
- Otherwise, p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd returns false if an invalid option is supplied,
- the directory stack is empty, or _\bn specifies a non-existent di-
- rectory stack entry.
-
- If the p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd command is successful, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh runs d\bdi\bir\brs\bs to show the
- final contents of the directory stack, and the return status is
- 0.
-
- p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf [-\b-v\bv _\bv_\ba_\br] _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]
- Write the formatted _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs to the standard output under the
- control of the _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt. The -\b-v\bv option assigns the output to the
- variable _\bv_\ba_\br rather than printing it to the standard output.
-
- The _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is a character string which contains three types of
- objects: plain characters, which are simply copied to standard
- output, character escape sequences, which are converted and
- copied to the standard output, and format specifications, each
- of which causes printing of the next successive _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt. In
- addition to the standard _\bp_\br_\bi_\bn_\bt_\bf(3) format characters c\bcC\bCs\bsS\bS-\b-
- n\bnd\bdi\bio\bou\bux\bxX\bXe\beE\bEf\bfF\bFg\bgG\bGa\baA\bA, p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf interprets the following additional for-
- mat specifiers:
- %\b%b\bb causes p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf to expand backslash escape sequences in the
- corresponding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt in the same way as e\bec\bch\bho\bo -\b-e\be.
- %\b%q\bq causes p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf to output the corresponding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt in a
- format that can be reused as shell input. %\b%q\bq and %\b%Q\bQ use
- the $\b$'\b''\b' quoting style if any characters in the argument
- string require it, and backslash quoting otherwise. If
- the format string uses the _\bp_\br_\bi_\bn_\bt_\bf alternate form, these
- two formats quote the argument string using single
- quotes.
- %\b%Q\bQ like %\b%q\bq, but applies any supplied precision to the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\b-
- _\bm_\be_\bn_\bt before quoting it.
- %\b%(\b(_\bd_\ba_\bt_\be_\bf_\bm_\bt)\b)T\bT
- causes p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf to output the date-time string resulting
- from using _\bd_\ba_\bt_\be_\bf_\bm_\bt as a format string for _\bs_\bt_\br_\bf_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3).
- The corresponding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt is an integer representing the
- number of seconds since the epoch. This format specifier
- recognizes two special argument values: -1 represents the
- current time, and -2 represents the time the shell was
- invoked. If no argument is specified, conversion behaves
- as if -1 had been supplied. This is an exception to the
- usual p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf behavior.
-
- The %b, %q, and %T format specifiers all use the field width and
- precision arguments from the format specification and write that
- many bytes from (or use that wide a field for) the expanded ar-
- gument, which usually contains more characters than the origi-
- nal.
-
- The %n format specifier accepts a corresponding argument that is
- treated as a shell variable name.
-
- The %s and %c format specifiers accept an l (long) modifier,
- which forces them to convert the argument string to a wide-char-
- acter string and apply any supplied field width and precision in
- terms of characters, not bytes. The %S and %C format specifiers
- are equivalent to %ls and %lc, respectively.
-
- Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C con-
- stants, except that a leading plus or minus sign is allowed, and
- if the leading character is a single or double quote, the value
- is the numeric value of the following character, using the cur-
- rent locale.
-
- Format specifiers may apply to the _\bnth argument rather than the
- next sequential argument. In this case, the '%' in the format
- specifier is replaced by the sequence "%_\bn$", where _\bn is a deci-
- mal integer greater than 0, giving the argument number to use as
- the operand. The format string should not mix numbered and un-
- numbered argument specifiers, though this is allowed. Unnum-
- bered argument specifiers always refer to the next argument fol-
- lowing the last argument consumed by an unnumbered specifier;
- numbered argument specifiers refer to absolute positions in the
- argument list.
-
- The _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is reused as necessary to consume all of the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\b-
- _\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs. If the _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt requires more _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs than are supplied,
- the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or
- null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. If _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is
- reused, a numbered argument specifier "%_\bn$" refers to the _\bnth
- argument following the highest numbered argument consumed by the
- previous use of _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt.
-
- The return value is zero on success, non-zero if an invalid op-
- tion is supplied or a write or assignment error occurs.
-
- p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd [-\b-n\bn] [+_\bn] [-_\bn]
- p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd [-\b-n\bn] [_\bd_\bi_\br]
- Add a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotate the
- stack, making the new top of the stack the current working di-
- rectory. With no arguments, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd exchanges the top two ele-
- ments of the directory stack. Arguments, if supplied, have the
- following meanings:
- -\b-n\bn Suppress the normal change of directory when rotating or
- adding directories to the stack, only manipulate the
- stack.
- +\b+_\bn Rotate the stack so that the _\bnth directory (counting from
- the left of the list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with zero)
- is at the top.
- -\b-_\bn Rotates the stack so that the _\bnth directory (counting
- from the right of the list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with
- zero) is at the top.
- _\bd_\bi_\br Adds _\bd_\bi_\br to the directory stack at the top.
-
- After the stack has been modified, if the -\b-n\bn option was not sup-
- plied, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd uses the c\bcd\bd builtin to change to the directory at
- the top of the stack. If the c\bcd\bd fails, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd returns a non-zero
- value.
-
- Otherwise, if no arguments are supplied, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd returns zero un-
- less the directory stack is empty. When rotating the directory
- stack, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd returns zero unless the directory stack is empty or
- _\bn specifies a non-existent directory stack element.
-
- If the p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd command is successful, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh runs d\bdi\bir\brs\bs to show the
- final contents of the directory stack.
-
- p\bpw\bwd\bd [-\b-L\bLP\bP]
- Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory.
- The pathname printed contains no symbolic links if the -\b-P\bP option
- is supplied or the -\b-o\bo p\bph\bhy\bys\bsi\bic\bca\bal\bl option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command
- is enabled. If the -\b-L\bL option is used, the pathname printed may
- contain symbolic links. The return status is 0 unless an error
- occurs while reading the name of the current directory or an in-
- valid option is supplied.
-
- r\bre\bea\bad\bd [-\b-E\bEe\ber\brs\bs] [-\b-a\ba _\ba_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b-d\bd _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm] [-\b-i\bi _\bt_\be_\bx_\bt] [-\b-n\bn _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs] [-\b-N\bN _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs]
- [-\b-p\bp _\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt] [-\b-t\bt _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt] [-\b-u\bu _\bf_\bd] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- Read one line from the standard input, or from the file descrip-
- tor _\bf_\bd supplied as an argument to the -\b-u\bu option, split it into
- words as described above under W\bWo\bor\brd\bd S\bSp\bpl\bli\bit\btt\bti\bin\bng\bg, and assign the
- first word to the first _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, the second word to the second
- _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, and so on. If there are more words than names, the re-
- maining words and their intervening delimiters are assigned to
- the last _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If there are fewer words read from the input
- stream than names, the remaining names are assigned empty val-
- ues. The characters in the value of the I\bIF\bFS\bS variable are used
- to split the line into words using the same rules the shell uses
- for expansion (described above under W\bWo\bor\brd\bd S\bSp\bpl\bli\bit\btt\bti\bin\bng\bg). The back-
- slash character (\\b\) removes any special meaning for the next
- character read and is used for line continuation.
-
- Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
- -\b-a\ba _\ba_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
- The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array
- variable _\ba_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, starting at 0. _\ba_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is unset before any
- new values are assigned. Other _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are ig-
- nored.
- -\b-d\bd _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm
- The first character of _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm terminates the input line,
- rather than newline. If _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm is the empty string, r\bre\bea\bad\bd
- will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character.
- -\b-e\be If the standard input is coming from a terminal, r\bre\bea\bad\bd
- uses r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be (see R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE above) to obtain the line.
- R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be uses the current (or default, if line editing
- was not previously active) editing settings, but uses
- r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be's default filename completion.
- -\b-E\bE If the standard input is coming from a terminal, r\bre\bea\bad\bd
- uses r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be (see R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE above) to obtain the line.
- R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be uses the current (or default, if line editing
- was not previously active) editing settings, but uses
- bash's default completion, including programmable comple-
- tion.
- -\b-i\bi _\bt_\be_\bx_\bt
- If r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used to read the line, r\bre\bea\bad\bd places
- _\bt_\be_\bx_\bt into the editing buffer before editing begins.
- -\b-n\bn _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs
- r\bre\bea\bad\bd returns after reading _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters rather than
- waiting for a complete line of input, unless it encoun-
- ters EOF or r\bre\bea\bad\bd times out, but honors a delimiter if it
- reads fewer than _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters before the delimiter.
- -\b-N\bN _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs
- r\bre\bea\bad\bd returns after reading exactly _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters
- rather than waiting for a complete line of input, unless
- it encounters EOF or r\bre\bea\bad\bd times out. Any delimiter char-
- acters in the input are not treated specially and do not
- cause r\bre\bea\bad\bd to return until it has read _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters.
- The result is not split on the characters in I\bIF\bFS\bS; the in-
- tent is that the variable is assigned exactly the charac-
- ters read (with the exception of backslash; see the -\b-r\br
- option below).
- -\b-p\bp _\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt
- Display _\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt on standard error, without a trailing new-
- line, before attempting to read any input, but only if
- input is coming from a terminal.
- -\b-r\br Backslash does not act as an escape character. The back-
- slash is considered to be part of the line. In particu-
- lar, a backslash-newline pair may not then be used as a
- line continuation.
- -\b-s\bs Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, charac-
- ters are not echoed.
- -\b-t\bt _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt
- Cause r\bre\bea\bad\bd to time out and return failure if it does not
- read a complete line of input (or a specified number of
- characters) within _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt seconds. _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt may be a
- decimal number with a fractional portion following the
- decimal point. This option is only effective if r\bre\bea\bad\bd is
- reading input from a terminal, pipe, or other special
- file; it has no effect when reading from regular files.
- If r\bre\bea\bad\bd times out, it saves any partial input read into
- the specified variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, and the exit status is
- greater than 128. If _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt is 0, r\bre\bea\bad\bd returns immedi-
- ately, without trying to read any data. In this case,
- the exit status is 0 if input is available on the speci-
- fied file descriptor, or the read will return EOF, non-
- zero otherwise.
- -\b-u\bu _\bf_\bd Read input from file descriptor _\bf_\bd instead of the stan-
- dard input.
-
- Other than the case where _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm is the empty string, r\bre\bea\bad\bd ig-
- nores any NUL characters in the input.
-
- If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are supplied, r\bre\bea\bad\bd assigns the line read, without
- the ending delimiter but otherwise unmodified, to the variable
- R\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY.
-
- The exit status is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, r\bre\bea\bad\bd
- times out (in which case the status is greater than 128), a
- variable assignment error (such as assigning to a readonly vari-
- able) occurs, or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as the
- argument to -\b-u\bu.
-
- r\bre\bea\bad\bdo\bon\bnl\bly\by [-\b-a\baA\bAf\bf] [-\b-p\bp] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd] ...]
- The given _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are marked readonly; the values of these _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs
- may not be changed by subsequent assignment or unset. If the -\b-f\bf
- option is supplied, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be refers to a shell function. The
- -\b-a\ba option restricts the variables to indexed arrays; the -\b-A\bA op-
- tion restricts the variables to associative arrays. If both op-
- tions are supplied, -\b-A\bA takes precedence. If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments
- are supplied, or if the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, print a list of
- all readonly names. The other options may be used to restrict
- the output to a subset of the set of readonly names. The -\b-p\bp op-
- tion displays output in a format that may be reused as input.
-
- r\bre\bea\bad\bdo\bon\bnl\bly\by allows the value of a variable to be set at the same
- time the readonly attribute is changed by following the variable
- name with =_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. This sets the value of the variable is to
- _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be while modifying the readonly attribute.
-
- The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered,
- one of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a valid shell variable name, or -\b-f\bf is
- supplied with a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be that is not a function.
-
- r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn [_\bn]
- Stop executing a shell function or sourced file and return the
- value specified by _\bn to its caller. If _\bn is omitted, the return
- status is that of the last command executed. If r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is exe-
- cuted by a trap handler, the last command used to determine the
- status is the last command executed before the trap handler. If
- r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is executed during a D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap, the last command used to
- determine the status is the last command executed by the trap
- handler before r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn was invoked.
-
- When r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is used to terminate execution of a script being ex-
- ecuted by the .\b. (s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be) command, it causes the shell to stop
- executing that script and return either _\bn or the exit status of
- the last command executed within the script as the exit status
- of the script. If _\bn is supplied, the return value is its least
- significant 8 bits.
-
- Any command associated with the R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN trap is executed before
- execution resumes after the function or script.
-
- The return status is non-zero if r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is supplied a non-nu-
- meric argument, or is used outside a function and not during ex-
- ecution of a script by .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be.
-
- s\bse\bet\bt [-\b-a\bab\bbe\bef\bfh\bhk\bkm\bmn\bnp\bpt\btu\buv\bvx\bxB\bBC\bCE\bEH\bHP\bPT\bT] [-\b-o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b--\b-] [-\b-] [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
- s\bse\bet\bt [+\b+a\bab\bbe\bef\bfh\bhk\bkm\bmn\bnp\bpt\btu\buv\bvx\bxB\bBC\bCE\bEH\bHP\bPT\bT] [+\b+o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b--\b-] [-\b-] [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
- s\bse\bet\bt -\b-o\bo
- s\bse\bet\bt +\b+o\bo Without options, display the name and value of each shell vari-
- able in a format that can be reused as input for setting or re-
- setting the currently-set variables. Read-only variables cannot
- be reset. In posix mode, only shell variables are listed. The
- output is sorted according to the current locale. When options
- are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. Any argu-
- ments remaining after option processing are treated as values
- for the positional parameters and are assigned, in order, to $\b$1\b1,
- $\b$2\b2, ..., $\b$_\bn. Options, if specified, have the following mean-
- ings:
- -\b-a\ba Each variable or function that is created or modified is
- given the export attribute and marked for export to the
- environment of subsequent commands.
- -\b-b\bb Report the status of terminated background jobs immedi-
- ately, rather than before the next primary prompt or af-
- ter a foreground command terminates. This is effective
- only when job control is enabled.
- -\b-e\be Exit immediately if a _\bp_\bi_\bp_\be_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be (which may consist of a
- single _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd), a _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt, or a _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
- (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR above), exits with a non-zero status.
- The shell does not exit if the command that fails is
- part of the command list immediately following a w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be
- or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl reserved word, part of the test following the
- i\bif\bf or e\bel\bli\bif\bf reserved words, part of any command executed
- in a &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b| list except the command following the fi-
- nal &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b|, any command in a pipeline but the last
- (subject to the state of the p\bpi\bip\bpe\bef\bfa\bai\bil\bl shell option), or
- if the command's return value is being inverted with !\b!.
- If a compound command other than a subshell returns a
- non-zero status because a command failed while -\b-e\be was
- being ignored, the shell does not exit. A trap on E\bER\bRR\bR,
- if set, is executed before the shell exits. This option
- applies to the shell environment and each subshell envi-
- ronment separately (see C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN E\bEN\bNV\bVI\bIR\bRO\bON\bNM\bME\bEN\bNT\bT
- above), and may cause subshells to exit before executing
- all the commands in the subshell.
-
- If a compound command or shell function executes in a
- context where -\b-e\be is being ignored, none of the commands
- executed within the compound command or function body
- will be affected by the -\b-e\be setting, even if -\b-e\be is set
- and a command returns a failure status. If a compound
- command or shell function sets -\b-e\be while executing in a
- context where -\b-e\be is ignored, that setting will not have
- any effect until the compound command or the command
- containing the function call completes.
- -\b-f\bf Disable pathname expansion.
- -\b-h\bh Remember the location of commands as they are looked up
- for execution. This is enabled by default.
- -\b-k\bk All arguments in the form of assignment statements are
- placed in the environment for a command, not just those
- that precede the command name.
- -\b-m\bm Monitor mode. Job control is enabled. This option is
- on by default for interactive shells on systems that
- support it (see J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL above). All processes run
- in a separate process group. When a background job com-
- pletes, the shell prints a line containing its exit sta-
- tus.
- -\b-n\bn Read commands but do not execute them. This may be used
- to check a shell script for syntax errors. This is ig-
- nored by interactive shells.
- -\b-o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
- The _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be can be one of the following:
- a\bal\bll\ble\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt
- Same as -\b-a\ba.
- b\bbr\bra\bac\bce\bee\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd
- Same as -\b-B\bB.
- e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs Use an emacs-style command line editing inter-
- face. This is enabled by default when the shell
- is interactive, unless the shell is started with
- the -\b--\b-n\bno\boe\bed\bdi\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg option. This also affects the
- editing interface used for r\bre\bea\bad\bd -\b-e\be.
- e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt Same as -\b-e\be.
- e\ber\brr\brt\btr\bra\bac\bce\be
- Same as -\b-E\bE.
- f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\btr\bra\bac\bce\be
- Same as -\b-T\bT.
- h\bha\bas\bsh\bha\bal\bll\bl Same as -\b-h\bh.
- h\bhi\bis\bst\bte\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd
- Same as -\b-H\bH.
- h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by Enable command history, as described above under
- H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY. This option is on by default in inter-
- active shells.
- i\big\bgn\bno\bor\bre\bee\beo\bof\bf
- The effect is as if the shell command
- "IGNOREEOF=10" had been executed (see S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl
- V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs above).
- k\bke\bey\byw\bwo\bor\brd\bd Same as -\b-k\bk.
- m\bmo\bon\bni\bit\bto\bor\br Same as -\b-m\bm.
- n\bno\boc\bcl\blo\bob\bbb\bbe\ber\br
- Same as -\b-C\bC.
- n\bno\boe\bex\bxe\bec\bc Same as -\b-n\bn.
- n\bno\bog\bgl\blo\bob\bb Same as -\b-f\bf.
- n\bno\bol\blo\bog\bg Currently ignored.
- n\bno\bot\bti\bif\bfy\by Same as -\b-b\bb.
- n\bno\bou\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt Same as -\b-u\bu.
- o\bon\bne\bec\bcm\bmd\bd Same as -\b-t\bt.
- p\bph\bhy\bys\bsi\bic\bca\bal\bl
- Same as -\b-P\bP.
- p\bpi\bip\bpe\bef\bfa\bai\bil\bl
- If set, the return value of a pipeline is the
- value of the last (rightmost) command to exit
- with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands
- in the pipeline exit successfully. This option
- is disabled by default.
- p\bpo\bos\bsi\bix\bx Enable posix mode; change the behavior of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
- where the default operation differs from the
- POSIX standard to match the standard. See S\bSE\bEE\bE
- A\bAL\bLS\bSO\bO below for a reference to a document that
- details how posix mode affects bash's behavior.
- p\bpr\bri\biv\bvi\bil\ble\beg\bge\bed\bd
- Same as -\b-p\bp.
- v\bve\ber\brb\bbo\bos\bse\be Same as -\b-v\bv.
- v\bvi\bi Use a vi-style command line editing interface.
- This also affects the editing interface used for
- r\bre\bea\bad\bd -\b-e\be.
- x\bxt\btr\bra\bac\bce\be Same as -\b-x\bx.
- If -\b-o\bo is supplied with no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, s\bse\bet\bt prints the
- current shell option settings. If +\b+o\bo is supplied with
- no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, s\bse\bet\bt prints a series of s\bse\bet\bt commands to
- recreate the current option settings on the standard
- output.
- -\b-p\bp Turn on _\bp_\br_\bi_\bv_\bi_\bl_\be_\bg_\be_\bd mode. In this mode, the shell does
- not read the $\b$E\bEN\bNV\bV and $\b$B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEN\bNV\bV files, does not inherit
- shell functions from the environment, and ignores the
- S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bHO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS, C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, and G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE variables,
- if they appear in the environment. If the shell is
- started with the effective user (group) id not equal to
- the real user (group) id, and the -\b-p\bp option is not sup-
- plied, these actions are taken and the effective user id
- is set to the real user id (see I\bIN\bNV\bVO\bOC\bCA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above for
- more details). If the -\b-p\bp option is supplied at startup,
- the effective user id is not reset. Turning this option
- off causes the effective user and group ids to be set to
- the real user and group ids.
- -\b-r\br Enable restricted shell mode. This option cannot be un-
- set once it has been set.
- -\b-t\bt Exit after reading and executing one command.
- -\b-u\bu Treat unset variables and parameters other than the spe-
- cial parameters "@" and "*", or array variables sub-
- scripted with "@" or "*", as an error when performing
- parameter expansion. If expansion is attempted on an
- unset variable or parameter, the shell prints an error
- message, and, if not interactive, exits with a non-zero
- status.
- -\b-v\bv Print shell input lines as they are read.
- -\b-x\bx After expanding each _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, f\bfo\bor\br command, c\bca\bas\bse\be
- command, s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt command, or arithmetic f\bfo\bor\br command, dis-
- play the expanded value of P\bPS\bS4\b4, followed by the command
- and its expanded arguments or associated word list, to
- the standard error.
- -\b-B\bB The shell performs brace expansion (see B\bBr\bra\bac\bce\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
- above). This is on by default.
- -\b-C\bC If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not overwrite an existing file with
- the >\b>, >\b>&\b&, and <\b<>\b> redirection operators. Using the
- redirection operator >\b>|\b| instead of >\b> will override this
- and force the creation of an output file.
- -\b-E\bE If set, any trap on E\bER\bRR\bR is inherited by shell functions,
- command substitutions, and commands executed in a sub-
- shell environment. The E\bER\bRR\bR trap is normally not inher-
- ited in such cases.
- -\b-H\bH Enable !\b! style history substitution. This option is on
- by default when the shell is interactive.
- -\b-P\bP If set, the shell does not resolve symbolic links when
- executing commands such as c\bcd\bd that change the current
- working directory. It uses the physical directory
- structure instead. By default, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh follows the logical
- chain of directories when performing commands which
- change the current directory.
- -\b-T\bT If set, any traps on D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN are inherited by
- shell functions, command substitutions, and commands ex-
- ecuted in a subshell environment. The D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN
- traps are normally not inherited in such cases.
- -\b--\b- If no arguments follow this option, unset the positional
- parameters. Otherwise, set the positional parameters to
- the _\ba_\br_\bgs, even if some of them begin with a -\b-.
- -\b- Signal the end of options, and assign all remaining _\ba_\br_\bgs
- to the positional parameters. The -\b-x\bx and -\b-v\bv options are
- turned off. If there are no _\ba_\br_\bgs, the positional para-
- meters remain unchanged.
-
- The options are off by default unless otherwise noted. Using +
- rather than - causes these options to be turned off. The op-
- tions can also be specified as arguments to an invocation of the
- shell. The current set of options may be found in $\b$-\b-. The re-
- turn status is always zero unless an invalid option is encoun-
- tered.
-
- s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt [_\bn]
- Rename positional parameters from _\bn+1 ... to $\b$1\b1 .\b..\b..\b..\b. Parameters
- represented by the numbers $\b$#\b# down to $\b$#\b#-_\bn+1 are unset. _\bn must
- be a non-negative number less than or equal to $\b$#\b#. If _\bn is 0,
- no parameters are changed. If _\bn is not given, it is assumed to
- be 1. If _\bn is greater than $\b$#\b#, the positional parameters are
- not changed. The return status is greater than zero if _\bn is
- greater than $\b$#\b# or less than zero; otherwise 0.
-
- s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt [-\b-p\bpq\bqs\bsu\bu] [-\b-o\bo] [_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behav-
- ior. The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the
- -\b-o\bo option is used, those available with the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt
- builtin command.
-
- With no options, or with the -\b-p\bp option, display a list of all
- settable options, with an indication of whether or not each is
- set; if any _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are supplied, the output is restricted to
- those options. The -\b-p\bp option displays output in a form that may
- be reused as input.
-
- Other options have the following meanings:
- -\b-s\bs Enable (set) each _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
- -\b-u\bu Disable (unset) each _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
- -\b-q\bq Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status
- indicates whether the _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set or unset. If multi-
- ple _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are supplied with -\b-q\bq, the return
- status is zero if all _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are enabled; non-zero oth-
- erwise.
- -\b-o\bo Restricts the values of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to be those defined for
- the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin.
-
- If either -\b-s\bs or -\b-u\bu is used with no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments, s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt
- shows only those options which are set or unset, respectively.
- Unless otherwise noted, the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt options are disabled (unset)
- by default.
-
- The return status when listing options is zero if all _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs
- are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting op-
- tions, the return status is zero unless an _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a
- valid shell option.
-
- The list of s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt options is:
-
- a\bar\brr\bra\bay\by_\b_e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_o\bon\bnc\bce\be
- If set, the shell suppresses multiple evaluation of as-
- sociative and indexed array subscripts during arithmetic
- expression evaluation, while executing builtins that can
- perform variable assignments, and while executing
- builtins that perform array dereferencing.
- a\bas\bss\bso\boc\bc_\b_e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_o\bon\bnc\bce\be
- Deprecated; a synonym for a\bar\brr\bra\bay\by_\b_e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_o\bon\bnc\bce\be.
- a\bau\but\bto\boc\bcd\bd If set, a command name that is the name of a directory
- is executed as if it were the argument to the c\bcd\bd com-
- mand. This option is only used by interactive shells.
- b\bba\bas\bsh\bh_\b_s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be_\b_f\bfu\bul\bll\blp\bpa\bat\bth\bh
- If set, filenames added to the B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSO\bOU\bUR\bRC\bCE\bE array vari-
- able are converted to full pathnames (see S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl V\bVa\bar\bri\bi-\b-
- a\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs above).
- c\bcd\bda\bab\bbl\ble\be_\b_v\bva\bar\brs\bs
- If set, an argument to the c\bcd\bd builtin command that is
- not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable
- whose value is the directory to change to.
- c\bcd\bds\bsp\bpe\bel\bll\bl If set, the c\bcd\bd command attempts to correct minor errors
- in the spelling of a directory component. Minor errors
- include transposed characters, a missing character, and
- one extra character. If c\bcd\bd corrects the directory name,
- it prints the corrected filename, and the command pro-
- ceeds. This option is only used by interactive shells.
- c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkh\bha\bas\bsh\bh
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh checks that a command found in the hash ta-
- ble exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed
- command no longer exists, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh performs a normal path
- search.
- c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkj\bjo\bob\bbs\bs
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh lists the status of any stopped and running
- jobs before exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs
- are running, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh defers the exit until a second exit is
- attempted without an intervening command (see J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bN-\b-
- T\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL above). The shell always postpones exiting if any
- jobs are stopped.
- c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkw\bwi\bin\bns\bsi\biz\bze\be
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh checks the window size after each external
- (non-builtin) command and, if necessary, updates the
- values of L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bES\bS and C\bCO\bOL\bLU\bUM\bMN\bNS\bS, using the file descriptor
- associated with the standard error if it is a terminal.
- This option is enabled by default.
- c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to save all lines of a multiple-
- line command in the same history entry. This allows
- easy re-editing of multi-line commands. This option is
- enabled by default, but only has an effect if command
- history is enabled, as described above under H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY.
- c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b31\b1
- c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2
- c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b40\b0
- c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b41\b1
- c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b42\b2
- c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b43\b3
- c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b44\b4
- These control aspects of the shell's compatibility mode
- (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bTI\bIB\bBI\bIL\bLI\bIT\bTY\bY M\bMO\bOD\bDE\bE below).
- c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be_\b_f\bfu\bul\bll\blq\bqu\buo\bot\bte\be
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh quotes all shell metacharacters in file-
- names and directory names when performing completion.
- If not set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh removes metacharacters such as the dol-
- lar sign from the set of characters that will be quoted
- in completed filenames when these metacharacters appear
- in shell variable references in words to be completed.
- This means that dollar signs in variable names that ex-
- pand to directories will not be quoted; however, any
- dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be quoted,
- either. This is active only when bash is using back-
- slashes to quote completed filenames. This variable is
- set by default, which is the default bash behavior in
- versions through 4.2.
- d\bdi\bir\bre\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh replaces directory names with the results
- of word expansion when performing filename completion.
- This changes the contents of the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be editing
- buffer. If not set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to preserve what the
- user typed.
- d\bdi\bir\brs\bsp\bpe\bel\bll\bl
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts spelling correction on directory
- names during word completion if the directory name ini-
- tially supplied does not exist.
- d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh includes filenames beginning with a "." in
- the results of pathname expansion. The filenames _\b. and
- _\b._\b. must always be matched explicitly, even if d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb is
- set.
- e\bex\bxe\bec\bcf\bfa\bai\bil\bl
- If set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it can-
- not execute the file specified as an argument to the
- e\bex\bxe\bec\bc builtin. An interactive shell does not exit if
- e\bex\bxe\bec\bc fails.
- e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bse\bes\bs
- If set, aliases are expanded as described above under
- A\bAL\bLI\bIA\bAS\bSE\bES\bS. This option is enabled by default for interac-
- tive shells.
- e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg
- If set at shell invocation, or in a shell startup file,
- arrange to execute the debugger profile before the shell
- starts, identical to the -\b--\b-d\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bgg\bge\ber\br option. If set af-
- ter invocation, behavior intended for use by debuggers
- is enabled:
- 1\b1.\b. The -\b-F\bF option to the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin displays the
- source file name and line number corresponding to
- each function name supplied as an argument.
- 2\b2.\b. If the command run by the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap returns a
- non-zero value, the next command is skipped and
- not executed.
- 3\b3.\b. If the command run by the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap returns a
- value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub-
- routine (a shell function or a shell script exe-
- cuted by the .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins), the shell
- simulates a call to r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn.
- 4\b4.\b. B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGC\bC and B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV are updated as described
- in their descriptions above).
- 5\b5.\b. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu-
- tion, shell functions, and subshells invoked with
- (\b( _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd )\b) inherit the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN traps.
- 6\b6.\b. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution,
- shell functions, and subshells invoked with (\b(
- _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd )\b) inherit the E\bER\bRR\bR trap.
- e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb If set, enable the extended pattern matching features
- described above under P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn.
- e\bex\bxt\btq\bqu\buo\bot\bte\be
- If set, $\b$'_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg' and $\b$"_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg" quoting is performed
- within $\b${\b{_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br}\b} expansions enclosed in double
- quotes. This option is enabled by default.
- f\bfa\bai\bil\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
- If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during
- pathname expansion result in an expansion error.
- f\bfo\bor\brc\bce\be_\b_f\bfi\big\bgn\bno\bor\bre\be
- If set, the suffixes specified by the F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE shell
- variable cause words to be ignored when performing word
- completion even if the ignored words are the only possi-
- ble completions. See S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs above for a de-
- scription of F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE. This option is enabled by de-
- fault.
- g\bgl\blo\bob\bba\bas\bsc\bci\bii\bir\bra\ban\bng\bge\bes\bs
- If set, range expressions used in pattern matching
- bracket expressions (see P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg above) behave
- as if in the traditional C locale when performing com-
- parisons. That is, pattern matching does not take the
- current locale's collating sequence into account, so b\bb
- will not collate between A\bA and B\bB, and upper-case and
- lower-case ASCII characters will collate together.
- g\bgl\blo\bob\bbs\bsk\bki\bip\bpd\bdo\bot\bts\bs
- If set, pathname expansion will never match the file-
- names _\b. and _\b._\b., even if the pattern begins with a ".".
- This option is enabled by default.
- g\bgl\blo\bob\bbs\bst\bta\bar\br
- If set, the pattern *\b**\b* used in a pathname expansion con-
- text will match all files and zero or more directories
- and subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by a /\b/,
- only directories and subdirectories match.
- g\bgn\bnu\bu_\b_e\ber\brr\brf\bfm\bmt\bt
- If set, shell error messages are written in the standard
- GNU error message format.
- h\bhi\bis\bst\bta\bap\bpp\bpe\ben\bnd\bd
- If set, the history list is appended to the file named
- by the value of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE variable when the shell ex-
- its, rather than overwriting the file.
- h\bhi\bis\bst\btr\bre\bee\bed\bdi\bit\bt
- If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, the user is given
- the opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitu-
- tion.
- h\bhi\bis\bst\btv\bve\ber\bri\bif\bfy\by
- If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, the results of his-
- tory substitution are not immediately passed to the
- shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded
- into the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be editing buffer, allowing further modi-
- fication.
- h\bho\bos\bst\btc\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be
- If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh will attempt to
- perform hostname completion when a word containing a @\b@
- is being completed (see C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bin\bng\bg under R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
- above). This is enabled by default.
- h\bhu\bup\bpo\bon\bne\bex\bxi\bit\bt
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh will send S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP to all jobs when an inter-
- active login shell exits.
- i\bin\bnh\bhe\ber\bri\bit\bt_\b_e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt
- If set, command substitution inherits the value of the
- e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt option, instead of unsetting it in the subshell
- environment. This option is enabled when posix mode is
- enabled.
- i\bin\bnt\bte\ber\bra\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be_\b_c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bts\bs
- In an interactive shell, a word beginning with #\b# causes
- that word and all remaining characters on that line to
- be ignored, as in a non-interactive shell (see C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bME\bEN\bNT\bTS\bS
- above). This option is enabled by default.
- l\bla\bas\bst\btp\bpi\bip\bpe\be
- If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs
- the last command of a pipeline not executed in the back-
- ground in the current shell environment.
- l\bli\bit\bth\bhi\bis\bst\bt If set, and the c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt option is enabled, multi-line
- commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines
- rather than using semicolon separators where possible.
- l\blo\boc\bca\bal\blv\bva\bar\br_\b_i\bin\bnh\bhe\ber\bri\bit\bt
- If set, local variables inherit the value and attributes
- of a variable of the same name that exists at a previous
- scope before any new value is assigned. The nameref at-
- tribute is not inherited.
- l\blo\boc\bca\bal\blv\bva\bar\br_\b_u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt
- If set, calling u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt on local variables in previous
- function scopes marks them so subsequent lookups find
- them unset until that function returns. This is identi-
- cal to the behavior of unsetting local variables at the
- current function scope.
- l\blo\bog\bgi\bin\bn_\b_s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl
- The shell sets this option if it is started as a login
- shell (see I\bIN\bNV\bVO\bOC\bCA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above). The value may not be
- changed.
- m\bma\bai\bil\blw\bwa\bar\brn\bn
- If set, and a file that b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is checking for mail has
- been accessed since the last time it was checked, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
- displays the message "The mail in _\bm_\ba_\bi_\bl_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be has been
- read".
- n\bno\bo_\b_e\bem\bmp\bpt\bty\by_\b_c\bcm\bmd\bd_\b_c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn
- If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not search
- P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH for possible completions when completion is at-
- tempted on an empty line.
- n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\beg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh matches filenames in a case-insensitive
- fashion when performing pathname expansion (see P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be
- E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn above).
- n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\bem\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh matches patterns in a case-insensitive
- fashion when performing matching while executing c\bca\bas\bse\be or
- [\b[[\b[ conditional commands, when performing pattern substi-
- tution word expansions, or when filtering possible com-
- pletions as part of programmable completion.
- n\bno\boe\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_t\btr\bra\ban\bns\bsl\bla\bat\bti\bio\bon\bn
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh encloses the translated results of $\b$"\b"..."\b"
- quoting in single quotes instead of double quotes. If
- the string is not translated, this has no effect.
- n\bnu\bul\bll\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
- If set, pathname expansion patterns which match no files
- (see P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn above) expand to nothing and are
- removed, rather than expanding to themselves.
- p\bpa\bat\bts\bsu\bub\bb_\b_r\bre\bep\bpl\bla\bac\bce\bem\bme\ben\bnt\bt
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh expands occurrences of &\b& in the replacement
- string of pattern substitution to the text matched by
- the pattern, as described under P\bPa\bar\bra\bam\bme\bet\bte\ber\br E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
- above. This option is enabled by default.
- p\bpr\bro\bog\bgc\bco\bom\bmp\bp
- If set, enable the programmable completion facilities
- (see P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn above). This option is en-
- abled by default.
- p\bpr\bro\bog\bgc\bco\bom\bmp\bp_\b_a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs
- If set, and programmable completion is enabled, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
- treats a command name that doesn't have any completions
- as a possible alias and attempts alias expansion. If it
- has an alias, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts programmable completion us-
- ing the command word resulting from the expanded alias.
- p\bpr\bro\bom\bmp\bpt\btv\bva\bar\brs\bs
- If set, prompt strings undergo parameter expansion, com-
- mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote re-
- moval after being expanded as described in P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG
- above. This option is enabled by default.
- r\bre\bes\bst\btr\bri\bic\bct\bte\bed\bd_\b_s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl
- The shell sets this option if it is started in re-
- stricted mode (see R\bRE\bES\bST\bTR\bRI\bIC\bCT\bTE\bED\bD S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL below). The value
- may not be changed. This is not reset when the startup
- files are executed, allowing the startup files to dis-
- cover whether or not a shell is restricted.
- s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt_\b_v\bve\ber\brb\bbo\bos\bse\be
- If set, the s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt builtin prints an error message when
- the shift count exceeds the number of positional parame-
- ters.
- s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\bep\bpa\bat\bth\bh
- If set, the .\b. (s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be) builtin uses the value of P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH to
- find the directory containing the file supplied as an
- argument when the -\b-p\bp option is not supplied. This op-
- tion is enabled by default.
- v\bva\bar\brr\bre\bed\bdi\bir\br_\b_c\bcl\blo\bos\bse\be
- If set, the shell automatically closes file descriptors
- assigned using the _\b{_\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\b} redirection syntax (see
- R\bRE\bED\bDI\bIR\bRE\bEC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above) instead of leaving them open when the
- command completes.
- x\bxp\bpg\bg_\b_e\bec\bch\bho\bo
- If set, the e\bec\bch\bho\bo builtin expands backslash-escape se-
- quences by default. If the p\bpo\bos\bsi\bix\bx shell option is also
- enabled, e\bec\bch\bho\bo does not interpret any options.
-
- s\bsu\bus\bsp\bpe\ben\bnd\bd [-\b-f\bf]
- Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a S\bSI\bIG\bGC\bCO\bON\bNT\bT
- signal. A login shell, or a shell without job control enabled,
- cannot be suspended; the -\b-f\bf option will override this and force
- the suspension. The return status is 0 unless the shell is a
- login shell or job control is not enabled and -\b-f\bf is not sup-
- plied.
-
- t\bte\bes\bst\bt _\be_\bx_\bp_\br
- [\b[ _\be_\bx_\bp_\br ]\b]
- Return a status of 0 (true) or 1 (false) depending on the evalu-
- ation of the conditional expression _\be_\bx_\bp_\br. Each operator and
- operand must be a separate argument. Expressions are composed
- of the primaries described above under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS.
- t\bte\bes\bst\bt does not accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore
- an argument of -\b--\b- as signifying the end of options.
-
- Expressions may be combined using the following operators,
- listed in decreasing order of precedence. The evaluation de-
- pends on the number of arguments; see below. t\bte\bes\bst\bt uses operator
- precedence when there are five or more arguments.
- !\b! _\be_\bx_\bp_\br True if _\be_\bx_\bp_\br is false.
- (\b( _\be_\bx_\bp_\br )\b)
- Returns the value of _\be_\bx_\bp_\br. This may be used to override
- normal operator precedence.
- _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b1 -a\ba _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2
- True if both _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b1 and _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2 are true.
- _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b1 -o\bo _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2
- True if either _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b1 or _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2 is true.
-
- t\bte\bes\bst\bt and [\b[ evaluate conditional expressions using a set of rules
- based on the number of arguments.
-
- 0 arguments
- The expression is false.
- 1 argument
- The expression is true if and only if the argument is not
- null.
- 2 arguments
- If the first argument is !\b!, the expression is true if and
- only if the second argument is null. If the first argu-
- ment is one of the unary conditional operators listed
- above under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS, the expression is
- true if the unary test is true. If the first argument is
- not a valid unary conditional operator, the expression is
- false.
- 3 arguments
- The following conditions are applied in the order listed.
- If the second argument is one of the binary conditional
- operators listed above under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS, the
- result of the expression is the result of the binary test
- using the first and third arguments as operands. The -\b-a\ba
- and -\b-o\bo operators are considered binary operators when
- there are three arguments. If the first argument is !\b!,
- the value is the negation of the two-argument test using
- the second and third arguments. If the first argument is
- exactly (\b( and the third argument is exactly )\b), the result
- is the one-argument test of the second argument. Other-
- wise, the expression is false.
- 4 arguments
- The following conditions are applied in the order listed.
- If the first argument is !\b!, the result is the negation of
- the three-argument expression composed of the remaining
- arguments. If the first argument is exactly (\b( and the
- fourth argument is exactly )\b), the result is the two-argu-
- ment test of the second and third arguments. Otherwise,
- the expression is parsed and evaluated according to
- precedence using the rules listed above.
- 5 or more arguments
- The expression is parsed and evaluated according to
- precedence using the rules listed above.
-
- When the shell is in posix mode, or if the expression is part of
- the [\b[[\b[ command, the <\b< and >\b> operators sort using the current lo-
- cale. If the shell is not in posix mode, the t\bte\bes\bst\bt and [\b[ com-
- mands sort lexicographically using ASCII ordering.
-
- The historical operator-precedence parsing with 4 or more argu-
- ments can lead to ambiguities when it encounters strings that
- look like primaries. The POSIX standard has deprecated the -\b-a\ba
- and -\b-o\bo primaries and enclosing expressions within parentheses.
- Scripts should no longer use them. It's much more reliable to
- restrict test invocations to a single primary, and to replace
- uses of -\b-a\ba and -\b-o\bo with the shell's &\b&&\b& and |\b||\b| list operators.
-
- t\bti\bim\bme\bes\bs Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and
- for processes run from the shell. The return status is 0.
-
- t\btr\bra\bap\bp [-\b-l\blp\bpP\bP] [[_\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc ...]
- The _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is a command that is read and executed when the shell
- receives any of the signals _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc. If _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is absent (and
- there is a single _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc) or -\b-, each specified _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is reset
- to the value it had when the shell was started. If _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is
- the null string the signal specified by each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is ignored
- by the shell and by the commands it invokes.
-
- If no arguments are supplied, t\btr\bra\bap\bp displays the actions associ-
- ated with each trapped signal as a set of t\btr\bra\bap\bp commands that can
- be reused as shell input to restore the current signal disposi-
- tions. If -\b-p\bp is given, and _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is not present, then t\btr\bra\bap\bp
- displays the actions associated with each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc or, if none
- are supplied, for all trapped signals, as a set of t\btr\bra\bap\bp commands
- that can be reused as shell input to restore the current signal
- dispositions. The -\b-P\bP option behaves similarly, but displays
- only the actions associated with each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc argument. -\b-P\bP re-
- quires at least one _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc argument. The -\b-P\bP or -\b-p\bp options may
- be used in a subshell environment (e.g., command substitution)
- and, as long as they are used before t\btr\bra\bap\bp is used to change a
- signal's handling, will display the state of its parent's traps.
-
- The -\b-l\bl option prints a list of signal names and their corre-
- sponding numbers. Each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is either a signal name defined
- in <_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\ba_\bl_\b._\bh>, or a signal number. Signal names are case insen-
- sitive and the S\bSI\bIG\bG prefix is optional. If -\b-l\bl is supplied with
- no _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc arguments, it prints a list of valid signal names.
-
- If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is E\bEX\bXI\bIT\bT (0), _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed on exit from the
- shell. If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG, _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed before every
- _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, _\bf_\bo_\br command, _\bc_\ba_\bs_\be command, _\bs_\be_\bl_\be_\bc_\bt command, ((
- arithmetic command, [[ conditional command, arithmetic _\bf_\bo_\br com-
- mand, and before the first command executes in a shell function
- (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR above). Refer to the description of the
- e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg shell option (see s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt above) for details of its ef-
- fect on the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap. If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN, _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is exe-
- cuted each time a shell function or a script executed with the .\b.
- or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins finishes executing.
-
- If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is E\bER\bRR\bR, _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed whenever a pipeline
- (which may consist of a single simple command), a list, or a
- compound command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to the
- following conditions. The E\bER\bRR\bR trap is not executed if the
- failed command is part of the command list immediately following
- a w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl reserved word, part of the test in an _\bi_\bf state-
- ment, part of a command executed in a &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b| list except the
- command following the final &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b|, any command in a pipeline
- but the last (subject to the state of the p\bpi\bip\bpe\bef\bfa\bai\bil\bl shell op-
- tion), or if the command's return value is being inverted using
- !\b!. These are the same conditions obeyed by the e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt (-\b-e\be) op-
- tion.
-
- When the shell is not interactive, signals ignored upon entry to
- the shell cannot be trapped or reset. Interactive shells permit
- trapping signals ignored on entry. Trapped signals that are not
- being ignored are reset to their original values in a subshell
- or subshell environment when one is created. The return status
- is false if any _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is invalid; otherwise t\btr\bra\bap\bp returns true.
-
- t\btr\bru\bue\be Does nothing, returns a 0 status.
-
- t\bty\byp\bpe\be [-\b-a\baf\bft\btp\bpP\bP] _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- Indicate how each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be would be interpreted if used as a command
- name.
-
- If the -\b-t\bt option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints a string which is one of
- _\ba_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs, _\bk_\be_\by_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn, or _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be if _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an alias,
- shell reserved word, function, builtin, or executable file, re-
- spectively. If the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints nothing and
- returns a non-zero exit status.
-
- If the -\b-p\bp option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be either returns the pathname of
- the executable file that would be found by searching $\b$P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH for
- _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be or nothing if "type -t name" would not return _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be. The -\b-P\bP
- option forces a P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH search for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, even if "type -t
- name" would not return _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be. If _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is present in the table of
- hashed commands, -\b-p\bp and -\b-P\bP print the hashed value, which is not
- necessarily the file that appears first in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH.
-
- If the -\b-a\ba option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints all of the places that
- contain a command named _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. This includes aliases, reserved
- words, functions, and builtins, but the path search options (-\b-p\bp
- and -\b-P\bP) can be supplied to restrict the output to executable
- files. t\bty\byp\bpe\be does not consult the table of hashed commands when
- using -\b-a\ba with -\b-p\bp, and only performs a P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH search for _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
-
- The -\b-f\bf option suppresses shell function lookup, as with the c\bco\bom\bm-\b-
- m\bma\ban\bnd\bd builtin. t\bty\byp\bpe\be returns true if all of the arguments are
- found, false if any are not found.
-
- u\bul\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt [-\b-H\bHS\bS] -\b-a\ba
- u\bul\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt [-\b-H\bHS\bS] [-\b-b\bbc\bcd\bde\bef\bfi\bik\bkl\blm\bmn\bnp\bpq\bqr\brs\bst\btu\buv\bvx\bxP\bPR\bRT\bT [_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt]]
- Provides control over the resources available to the shell and
- to processes it starts, on systems that allow such control.
-
- The -\b-H\bH and -\b-S\bS options specify whether the hard or soft limit is
- set for the given resource. A hard limit cannot be increased by
- a non-root user once it is set; a soft limit may be increased up
- to the value of the hard limit. If neither -\b-H\bH nor -\b-S\bS is speci-
- fied, u\bul\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt sets both the soft and hard limits.
-
- The value of _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt can be a number in the unit specified for the
- resource or one of the special values h\bha\bar\brd\bd, s\bso\bof\bft\bt, or u\bun\bnl\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bte\bed\bd,
- which stand for the current hard limit, the current soft limit,
- and no limit, respectively. If _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is omitted, u\bul\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt prints
- the current value of the soft limit of the resource, unless the
- -\b-H\bH option is given. When more than one resource is specified,
- the limit name and unit, if appropriate, are printed before the
- value. Other options are interpreted as follows:
- -\b-a\ba Report all current limits; no limits are set.
- -\b-b\bb The maximum socket buffer size.
- -\b-c\bc The maximum size of core files created.
- -\b-d\bd The maximum size of a process's data segment.
- -\b-e\be The maximum scheduling priority ("nice").
- -\b-f\bf The maximum size of files written by the shell and its
- children.
- -\b-i\bi The maximum number of pending signals.
- -\b-k\bk The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated.
- -\b-l\bl The maximum size that may be locked into memory.
- -\b-m\bm The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor
- this limit).
- -\b-n\bn The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems
- do not allow this value to be set).
- -\b-p\bp The pipe size in 512-byte blocks (this may not be set).
- -\b-q\bq The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues.
- -\b-r\br The maximum real-time scheduling priority.
- -\b-s\bs The maximum stack size.
- -\b-t\bt The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds.
- -\b-u\bu The maximum number of processes available to a single
- user.
- -\b-v\bv The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the
- shell and, on some systems, to its children.
- -\b-x\bx The maximum number of file locks.
- -\b-P\bP The maximum number of pseudoterminals.
- -\b-R\bR The maximum time a real-time process can run before
- blocking, in microseconds.
- -\b-T\bT The maximum number of threads.
-
- If _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is supplied, and the -\b-a\ba option is not used, _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is
- the new value of the specified resource. If no option is sup-
- plied, then -\b-f\bf is assumed.
-
- Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for -\b-t\bt, which is in
- seconds; -\b-R\bR, which is in microseconds; -\b-p\bp, which is in units of
- 512-byte blocks; -\b-P\bP, -\b-T\bT, -\b-b\bb, -\b-k\bk, -\b-n\bn, and -\b-u\bu, which are unscaled
- values; and, when in posix mode, -\b-c\bc and -\b-f\bf, which are in
- 512-byte increments. The return status is 0 unless an invalid
- option or argument is supplied, or an error occurs while setting
- a new limit.
-
- u\bum\bma\bas\bsk\bk [-\b-p\bp] [-\b-S\bS] [_\bm_\bo_\bd_\be]
- Set the user file-creation mask to _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be. If _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be begins with a
- digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is in-
- terpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by
- _\bc_\bh_\bm_\bo_\bd(1). If _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be is omitted, u\bum\bma\bas\bsk\bk prints the current value of
- the mask. The -\b-S\bS option without a _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be argument prints the mask
- in a symbolic format; the default output is an octal number. If
- the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, and _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be is omitted, the output is in
- a form that may be reused as input. The return status is zero
- if the mode was successfully changed or if no _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be argument was
- supplied, and non-zero otherwise.
-
- u\bun\bna\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs [-a\ba] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- Remove each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from the list of defined aliases. If -\b-a\ba is
- supplied, remove all alias definitions. The return value is
- true unless a supplied _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a defined alias.
-
- u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt [-f\bfv\bv] [-n\bn] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- For each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, remove the corresponding variable or function.
- If the -\b-v\bv option is given, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be refers to a shell variable,
- and that variable is removed. If -\b-f\bf is specified, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
- refers to a shell function, and the function definition is re-
- moved. If the -\b-n\bn option is supplied, and _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is a variable
- with the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf attribute, _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be will be unset rather than the
- variable it references. -\b-n\bn has no effect if the -\b-f\bf option is
- supplied. Read-only variables and functions may not be unset.
- When variables or functions are removed, they are also removed
- from the environment passed to subsequent commands. If no op-
- tions are supplied, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be refers to a variable; if there is
- no variable by that name, a function with that name, if any, is
- unset. Some shell variables may not be unset. If any of
- B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAL\bLI\bIA\bAS\bSE\bES\bS, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV0\b0, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCM\bMD\bDS\bS, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSU\bUB\bB-\b-
- S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bHP\bPI\bID\bD, C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDB\bBR\bRE\bEA\bAK\bKS\bS, D\bDI\bIR\bRS\bST\bTA\bAC\bCK\bK, E\bEP\bPO\bOC\bCH\bHR\bRE\bEA\bAL\bLT\bTI\bIM\bME\bE,
- E\bEP\bPO\bOC\bCH\bHS\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS, F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE, G\bGR\bRO\bOU\bUP\bPS\bS, H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCM\bMD\bD, L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO, R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM, S\bSE\bEC\bC-\b-
- O\bON\bND\bDS\bS, or S\bSR\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM are unset, they lose their special properties,
- even if they are subsequently reset. The exit status is true
- unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is readonly or may not be unset.
-
- w\bwa\bai\bit\bt [-\b-f\bfn\bn] [-\b-p\bp _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [_\bi_\bd ...]
- Wait for each specified child process _\bi_\bd and return the termina-
- tion status of the last _\bi_\bd. Each _\bi_\bd may be a process ID _\bp_\bi_\bd or
- a job specification _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc; if a jobspec is supplied, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt
- waits for all processes in the job.
-
- If no options or _\bi_\bds are supplied, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt waits for all running
- background jobs and the last-executed process substitution, if
- its process id is the same as $\b$!\b!, and the return status is zero.
-
- If the -\b-n\bn option is supplied, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt waits for any one of the
- given _\bi_\bds or, if no _\bi_\bds are supplied, any job or process substi-
- tution, to complete and returns its exit status. If none of the
- supplied _\bi_\bds is a child of the shell, or if no _\bi_\bds are supplied
- and the shell has no unwaited-for children, the exit status is
- 127.
-
- If the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt assigns the process or job
- identifier of the job for which the exit status is returned to
- the variable _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be named by the option argument. The vari-
- able, which cannot be readonly, will be unset initially, before
- any assignment. This is useful only when used with the -\b-n\bn op-
- tion.
-
- Supplying the -\b-f\bf option, when job control is enabled, forces
- w\bwa\bai\bit\bt to wait for each _\bi_\bd to terminate before returning its sta-
- tus, instead of returning when it changes status. If there are
- no _\bi_\bd arguments, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt waits until all background processes have
- terminated.
-
- If none of the _\bi_\bds specify one of the shell's active child
- processes, the return status is 127. If w\bwa\bai\bit\bt is interrupted by
- a signal, any _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be will remain unset, and the return status
- will be greater than 128, as described under S\bSI\bIG\bGN\bNA\bAL\bLS\bS above.
- Otherwise, the return status is the exit status of the last _\bi_\bd.
+ Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented in this section as
+ accepting options preceded by -\b- accepts -\b--\b- to signify the end of the op-
+ tions. The :\b:, t\btr\bru\bue\be, f\bfa\bal\bls\bse\be, and t\bte\bes\bst\bt/[\b[ builtins do not accept options and
+ do not treat -\b--\b- specially. The e\bex\bxi\bit\bt, l\blo\bog\bgo\bou\but\bt, r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn, b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk, c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be, l\ble\bet\bt,
+ and s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt builtins accept and process arguments beginning with -\b- without
+ requiring -\b--\b-. Other builtins that accept arguments but are not specified
+ as accepting options interpret arguments beginning with -\b- as invalid op-
+ tions and require -\b--\b- to prevent this interpretation.
+
+ All builtins except :\b:, t\btr\bru\bue\be, f\bfa\bal\bls\bse\be, e\bec\bch\bho\bo, and t\bte\bes\bst\bt/[\b[ accept -\b--\b-h\bhe\bel\blp\bp as a
+ special option. If -\b--\b-h\bhe\bel\blp\bp is supplied, these builtins output a help mes-
+ sage and exit with a status of 0.
+
+ :\b: [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]
+ No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs and
+ performing any specified redirections. The return status is zero.
+
+ .\b. [-\b-p\bp _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bh] _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]
+ s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be [-\b-p\bp _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bh] _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]
+ The .\b. command (s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be) reads and execute commands from _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be in
+ the current shell environment and returns the exit status of the
+ last command executed from _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
+
+ If _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be does not contain a slash, .\b. searches for it. If the -\b-p\bp
+ option is supplied, .\b. treats _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bh as a colon-separated list of di-
+ rectories in which to find _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be; otherwise, .\b. uses the entries
+ in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH to find the directory containing _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be does
+ not need to be executable. When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is not in posix mode, it
+ searches the current directory if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, but
+ does not search the current directory if -\b-p\bp is supplied. If the
+ s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\bep\bpa\bat\bth\bh option to the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin command is turned off, .\b. does
+ not search P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH.
+
+ If any _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs are supplied, they become the positional parameters
+ when _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is executed. Otherwise the positional parameters are
+ unchanged.
+
+ If the -\b-T\bT option is enabled, .\b. inherits any trap on D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG; if it is
+ not, any D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap string is saved and restored around the call to
+ .\b., and .\b. unsets the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap while it executes. If -\b-T\bT is not set,
+ and the sourced file changes the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap, the new value persists
+ after .\b. completes. The return status is the status of the last com-
+ mand executed from _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be (0 if no commands are executed), and
+ non-zero if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found or cannot be read.
+
+ a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs [-\b-p\bp] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be] ...]
+ With no arguments or with the -\b-p\bp option, a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs prints the list of
+ aliases in the form a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be on standard output. When argu-
+ ments are supplied, define an alias for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be whose _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be is
+ given. A trailing space in _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be causes the next word to be checked
+ for alias substitution when the alias is expanded during command
+ parsing. For each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be in the argument list for which no _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be is
+ supplied, print the name and value of the alias _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs returns
+ true unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is given (without a corresponding =_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be) for
+ which no alias has been defined.
+
+ b\bbg\bg [_\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc ...]
+ Resume each suspended job _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc in the background, as if it had
+ been started with &\b&. If _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not present, the shell uses its
+ notion of the _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bj_\bo_\bb. b\bbg\bg _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc returns 0 unless run when job
+ control is disabled or, when run with job control enabled, any spec-
+ ified _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc was not found or was started without job control.
+
+ b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd [-\b-m\bm _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp] [-\b-l\bls\bsv\bvS\bSV\bVX\bX]
+ b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd [-\b-m\bm _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp] [-\b-q\bq _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [-\b-u\bu _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [-\b-r\br _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq]
+ b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd [-\b-m\bm _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp] -\b-f\bf _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
+ b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd [-\b-m\bm _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp] -\b-x\bx _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq[:] _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
+ b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd [-\b-m\bm _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp] _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq:_\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
+ b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd [-\b-m\bm _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp] -\b-p\bp|-\b-P\bP [_\br_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd]
+ b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd [-\b-m\bm _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp] _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq:_\br_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
+ b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd _\br_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b-_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be
+ Display current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key and function bindings, bind a key se-
+ quence to a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be function or macro or to a shell command, or set
+ a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be variable. Each non-option argument is a key binding or
+ command as it would appear in a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be initialization file such as
+ _\b._\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc, but each binding or command must be passed as a separate
+ argument; e.g., '"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file'. In the following
+ descriptions, output available to be re-read is formatted as com-
+ mands that would appear in a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be initialization file or that
+ would be supplied as individual arguments to a b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd command. Op-
+ tions, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+ -\b-m\bm _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp
+ Use _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp as the keymap to be affected by the subsequent
+ bindings. Acceptable _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp names are _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\bd_\ba_\br_\bd_\b,
+ _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bc_\bt_\bl_\bx_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bm_\bo_\bv_\be_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, and _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bi_\bn_\b-
+ _\bs_\be_\br_\bt. _\bv_\bi is equivalent to _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd (_\bv_\bi_\b-_\bm_\bo_\bv_\be is also a syn-
+ onym); _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs is equivalent to _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\bd_\ba_\br_\bd.
+ -\b-l\bl List the names of all r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be functions.
+ -\b-p\bp Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be function names and bindings in such a way
+ that they can be used as an argument to a subsequent b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd
+ command or in a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be initialization file. If arguments
+ remain after option processing, b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd treats them as r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
+ command names and restricts output to those names.
+ -\b-P\bP List current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be function names and bindings. If argu-
+ ments remain after option processing, b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd treats them as
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be command names and restricts output to those names.
+ -\b-s\bs Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key sequences bound to macros and the
+ strings they output in such a way that they can be used as an
+ argument to a subsequent b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd command or in a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be ini-
+ tialization file.
+ -\b-S\bS Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key sequences bound to macros and the
+ strings they output.
+ -\b-v\bv Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be variable names and values in such a way that
+ they can be used as an argument to a subsequent b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd command
+ or in a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be initialization file.
+ -\b-V\bV List current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be variable names and values.
+ -\b-f\bf _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
+ Read key bindings from _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
+ -\b-q\bq _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn
+ Display key sequences that invoke the named r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\b-
+ _\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn.
+ -\b-u\bu _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn
+ Unbind all key sequences bound to the named r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\b-
+ _\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn.
+ -\b-r\br _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq
+ Remove any current binding for _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq.
+ -\b-x\bx _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq[\b[:\b: ]\b]_\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
+ Cause _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd to be executed whenever _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq is en-
+ tered. The separator between _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq and _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is ei-
+ ther whitespace or a colon optionally followed by whitespace.
+ If the separator is whitespace, _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd must be en-
+ closed in double quotes and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be expands any of its spe-
+ cial backslash-escapes in _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd before saving it. If
+ the separator is a colon, any enclosing double quotes are op-
+ tional, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be does not expand the command string be-
+ fore saving it. Since the entire key binding expression must
+ be a single argument, it should be enclosed in single quotes.
+ When _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is executed, the shell sets the R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bD-\b-
+ L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE variable to the contents of the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be line
+ buffer and the R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_P\bPO\bOI\bIN\bNT\bT and R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_M\bMA\bAR\bRK\bK variables to
+ the current location of the insertion point and the saved in-
+ sertion point (the mark), respectively. The shell assigns
+ any numeric argument the user supplied to the R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGU\bU-\b-
+ M\bME\bEN\bNT\bT variable. If there was no argument, that variable is
+ not set. If the executed command changes the value of any of
+ R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE, R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_P\bPO\bOI\bIN\bNT\bT, or R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_M\bMA\bAR\bRK\bK, those new
+ values will be reflected in the editing state.
+ -\b-X\bX List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the asso-
+ ciated commands in a format that can be reused as an argument
+ to a subsequent b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd command.
+
+ The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is supplied or
+ an error occurred.
+
+ b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk [_\bn]
+ Exit from within a f\bfo\bor\br, w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be, u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl, or s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt loop. If _\bn is spec-
+ ified, b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk exits _\bn enclosing loops. _\bn must be >= 1. If _\bn is
+ greater than the number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are
+ exited. The return value is 0 unless _\bn is not greater than or equal
+ to 1.
+
+ b\bbu\bui\bil\blt\bti\bin\bn _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]
+ Execute the specified shell builtin _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn, passing it _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\b-
+ _\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs, and return its exit status. This is useful when defining a
+ function whose name is the same as a shell builtin, retaining the
+ functionality of the builtin within the function. The c\bcd\bd builtin is
+ commonly redefined this way. The return status is false if
+ _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn is not a shell builtin command.
+
+ c\bca\bal\bll\ble\ber\br [_\be_\bx_\bp_\br]
+ Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell function
+ or a script executed with the .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins).
+
+ Without _\be_\bx_\bp_\br, c\bca\bal\bll\ble\ber\br displays the line number and source filename of
+ the current subroutine call. If a non-negative integer is supplied
+ as _\be_\bx_\bp_\br, c\bca\bal\bll\ble\ber\br displays the line number, subroutine name, and
+ source file corresponding to that position in the current execution
+ call stack. This extra information may be used, for example, to
+ print a stack trace. The current frame is frame 0.
+
+ The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a subroutine
+ call or _\be_\bx_\bp_\br does not correspond to a valid position in the call
+ stack.
+
+ c\bcd\bd [-\b-L\bL] [-\b-@\b@] [_\bd_\bi_\br]
+ c\bcd\bd -\b-P\bP [-\b-e\be] [-\b-@\b@] [_\bd_\bi_\br]
+ Change the current directory to _\bd_\bi_\br. if _\bd_\bi_\br is not supplied, the
+ value of the H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE shell variable is used as _\bd_\bi_\br. If _\bd_\bi_\br is the
+ empty string, c\bcd\bd treats it as an error. The variable C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH exists,
+ and _\bd_\bi_\br does not begin with a slash (/), c\bcd\bd uses it as a search
+ path: the shell searches each directory name in C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH for _\bd_\bi_\br. Al-
+ ternative directory names in C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH are separated by a colon (:). A
+ null directory name in C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is the same as the current directory,
+ i.e., ".".
+
+ The -\b-P\bP option causes c\bcd\bd to use the physical directory structure by
+ resolving symbolic links while traversing _\bd_\bi_\br and before processing
+ instances of _\b._\b. in _\bd_\bi_\br (see also the -\b-P\bP option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin
+ command).
+
+ The -\b-L\bL option forces c\bcd\bd to follow symbolic links by resolving the
+ link after processing instances of _\b._\b. in _\bd_\bi_\br. If _\b._\b. appears in _\bd_\bi_\br,
+ c\bcd\bd processes it by removing the immediately previous pathname compo-
+ nent from _\bd_\bi_\br, back to a slash or the beginning of _\bd_\bi_\br, and verify-
+ ing that the portion of _\bd_\bi_\br it has processed to that point is still
+ a valid directory name after removing the pathname component. If it
+ is not a valid directory name, c\bcd\bd returns a non-zero status. If
+ neither -\b-L\bL nor -\b-P\bP is supplied, c\bcd\bd behaves as if -\b-L\bL had been sup-
+ plied.
+
+ If the -\b-e\be option is supplied with -\b-P\bP, and c\bcd\bd cannot successfully de-
+ termine the current working directory after a successful directory
+ change, it returns a non-zero status.
+
+ On systems that support it, the -\b-@\b@ option presents the extended at-
+ tributes associated with a file as a directory.
+
+ An argument of -\b- is converted to $\b$O\bOL\bLD\bDP\bPW\bWD\bD before attempting the di-
+ rectory change.
+
+ If c\bcd\bd uses a non-empty directory name from C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, or if -\b- is the
+ first argument, and the directory change is successful, c\bcd\bd writes
+ the absolute pathname of the new working directory to the standard
+ output.
+
+ If the directory change is successful, c\bcd\bd sets the value of the P\bPW\bWD\bD
+ environment variable to the new directory name, and sets the O\bOL\bLD\bDP\bPW\bWD\bD
+ environment variable to the value of the current working directory
+ before the change.
+
+ The return value is true if the directory was successfully changed;
+ false otherwise.
+
+ c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd [-\b-p\bpV\bVv\bv] _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
+ The c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd builtin runs _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd with _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs suppressing the normal
+ shell function lookup for _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd. Only builtin commands or com-
+ mands found in the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH named _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd are executed. If the -\b-p\bp op-
+ tion is supplied, the search for _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is performed using a de-
+ fault value for P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH that is guaranteed to find all of the standard
+ utilities.
+
+ If either the -\b-V\bV or -\b-v\bv option is supplied, c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd prints a descrip-
+ tion of _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd. The -\b-v\bv option displays a single word indicating
+ the command or filename used to invoke _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd; the -\b-V\bV option pro-
+ duces a more verbose description.
+
+ If the -\b-V\bV or -\b-v\bv option is supplied, the exit status is zero if _\bc_\bo_\bm_\b-
+ _\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd was found, and non-zero if not. If neither option is supplied
+ and an error occurred or _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd cannot be found, the exit status is
+ 127. Otherwise, the exit status of the c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd builtin is the exit
+ status of _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd.
+
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpg\bge\ben\bn [-\b-V\bV _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd]
+ Generate possible completion matches for _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd according to the _\bo_\bp_\b-
+ _\bt_\bi_\bo_\bns, which may be any option accepted by the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be builtin with
+ the exceptions of -\b-p\bp, -\b-r\br, -\b-D\bD, -\b-E\bE, and -\b-I\bI, and write the matches to
+ the standard output.
+
+ If the -\b-V\bV option is supplied, c\bco\bom\bmp\bpg\bge\ben\bn stores the generated comple-
+ tions into the indexed array variable _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be instead of writing
+ them to the standard output.
+
+ When using the -\b-F\bF or -\b-C\bC options, the various shell variables set by
+ the programmable completion facilities, while available, will not
+ have useful values.
+
+ The matches will be generated in the same way as if the programmable
+ completion code had generated them directly from a completion speci-
+ fication with the same flags. If _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is specified, only those com-
+ pletions matching _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd will be displayed or stored.
+
+ The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, or no
+ matches were generated.
+
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be [-\b-a\bab\bbc\bcd\bde\bef\bfg\bgj\bjk\bks\bsu\buv\bv] [-\b-o\bo _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [-\b-D\bDE\bEI\bI] [-\b-A\bA _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn]
+ [-\b-G\bG _\bg_\bl_\bo_\bb_\bp_\ba_\bt] [-\b-W\bW _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt] [-\b-F\bF _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [-\b-C\bC _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd]
+ [-\b-X\bX _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt] [-\b-P\bP _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx] [-\b-S\bS _\bs_\bu_\bf_\bf_\bi_\bx] _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be -\b-p\bpr\br [-\b-D\bDE\bEI\bI] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
+ Specify how arguments to each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be should be completed.
+
+ If the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, or if no options or _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are sup-
+ plied, print existing completion specifications in a way that allows
+ them to be reused as input. The -\b-r\br option removes a completion
+ specification for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, or, if no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are supplied, all com-
+ pletion specifications.
+
+ The -\b-D\bD option indicates that other supplied options and actions
+ should apply to the "default" command completion; that is, comple-
+ tion attempted on a command for which no completion has previously
+ been defined. The -\b-E\bE option indicates that other supplied options
+ and actions should apply to "empty" command completion; that is,
+ completion attempted on a blank line. The -\b-I\bI option indicates that
+ other supplied options and actions should apply to completion on the
+ initial non-assignment word on the line, or after a command delim-
+ iter such as ;\b; or |\b|, which is usually command name completion. If
+ multiple options are supplied, the -\b-D\bD option takes precedence over
+ -\b-E\bE, and both take precedence over -\b-I\bI. If any of -\b-D\bD, -\b-E\bE, or -\b-I\bI are
+ supplied, any other _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are ignored; these completions
+ only apply to the case specified by the option.
+
+ The process of applying these completion specifications when at-
+ tempting word completion is described above under P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bm-\b-
+ p\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn.
+
+ Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The argu-
+ ments to the -\b-G\bG, -\b-W\bW, and -\b-X\bX options (and, if necessary, the -\b-P\bP and
+ -\b-S\bS options) should be quoted to protect them from expansion before
+ the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be builtin is invoked.
+
+ -\b-o\bo _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn
+ The _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn controls several aspects of the compspec's
+ behavior beyond the simple generation of completions. _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-
+ _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn may be one of:
+ b\bba\bas\bsh\bhd\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt
+ Perform the rest of the default b\bba\bas\bsh\bh completions if
+ the compspec generates no matches.
+ d\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt
+ Use r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be's default filename completion if the
+ compspec generates no matches.
+ d\bdi\bir\brn\bna\bam\bme\bes\bs
+ Perform directory name completion if the compspec
+ generates no matches.
+ f\bfi\bil\ble\ben\bna\bam\bme\bes\bs
+ Tell r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be that the compspec generates filenames,
+ so it can perform any filename-specific processing
+ (such as adding a slash to directory names, quoting
+ special characters, or suppressing trailing spaces).
+ This is intended to be used with shell functions.
+ f\bfu\bul\bll\blq\bqu\buo\bot\bte\be
+ Tell r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be to quote all the completed words even
+ if they are not filenames.
+ n\bno\boq\bqu\buo\bot\bte\be
+ Tell r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be not to quote the completed words if
+ they are filenames (quoting filenames is the de-
+ fault).
+ n\bno\bos\bso\bor\brt\bt Tell r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be not to sort the list of possible com-
+ pletions alphabetically.
+ n\bno\bos\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be
+ Tell r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be not to append a space (the default) to
+ words completed at the end of the line.
+ p\bpl\blu\bus\bsd\bdi\bir\brs\bs
+ After generating any matches defined by the comp-
+ spec, attempt directory name completion and add any
+ matches to the results of the other actions.
+ -\b-A\bA _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn
+ The _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn may be one of the following to generate a list of
+ possible completions:
+ a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs Alias names. May also be specified as -\b-a\ba.
+ a\bar\brr\bra\bay\byv\bva\bar\br
+ Array variable names.
+ b\bbi\bin\bnd\bdi\bin\bng\bg
+ R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key binding names.
+ b\bbu\bui\bil\blt\bti\bin\bn
+ Names of shell builtin commands. May also be speci-
+ fied as -\b-b\bb.
+ c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd
+ Command names. May also be specified as -\b-c\bc.
+ d\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bry\by
+ Directory names. May also be specified as -\b-d\bd.
+ d\bdi\bis\bsa\bab\bbl\ble\bed\bd
+ Names of disabled shell builtins.
+ e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\bed\bd
+ Names of enabled shell builtins.
+ e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt Names of exported shell variables. May also be
+ specified as -\b-e\be.
+ f\bfi\bil\ble\be File and directory names, similar to r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be's
+ filename completion. May also be specified as -\b-f\bf.
+ f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\bti\bio\bon\bn
+ Names of shell functions.
+ g\bgr\bro\bou\bup\bp Group names. May also be specified as -\b-g\bg.
+ h\bhe\bel\blp\bpt\bto\bop\bpi\bic\bc
+ Help topics as accepted by the h\bhe\bel\blp\bp builtin.
+ h\bho\bos\bst\btn\bna\bam\bme\be
+ Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by the
+ H\bHO\bOS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE shell variable.
+ j\bjo\bob\bb Job names, if job control is active. May also be
+ specified as -\b-j\bj.
+ k\bke\bey\byw\bwo\bor\brd\bd
+ Shell reserved words. May also be specified as -\b-k\bk.
+ r\bru\bun\bnn\bni\bin\bng\bg
+ Names of running jobs, if job control is active.
+ s\bse\ber\brv\bvi\bic\bce\be
+ Service names. May also be specified as -\b-s\bs.
+ s\bse\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bt Valid arguments for the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt
+ builtin.
+ s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt Shell option names as accepted by the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin.
+ s\bsi\big\bgn\bna\bal\bl Signal names.
+ s\bst\bto\bop\bpp\bpe\bed\bd
+ Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active.
+ u\bus\bse\ber\br User names. May also be specified as -\b-u\bu.
+ v\bva\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\be
+ Names of all shell variables. May also be specified
+ as -\b-v\bv.
+ -\b-C\bC _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
+ _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is executed in a subshell environment, and its out-
+ put is used as the possible completions. Arguments are
+ passed as with the -\b-F\bF option.
+ -\b-F\bF _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn
+ The shell function _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed in the current shell
+ environment. When the function is executed, the first argu-
+ ment ($\b$1\b1) is the name of the command whose arguments are be-
+ ing completed, the second argument ($\b$2\b2) is the word being
+ completed, and the third argument ($\b$3\b3) is the word preceding
+ the word being completed on the current command line. When
+ _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn finishes, programmable completion retrieves the
+ possible completions from the value of the C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPR\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY array
+ variable.
+ -\b-G\bG _\bg_\bl_\bo_\bb_\bp_\ba_\bt
+ Expand the pathname expansion pattern _\bg_\bl_\bo_\bb_\bp_\ba_\bt to generate
+ the possible completions.
+ -\b-P\bP _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx
+ Add _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx to the beginning of each possible completion af-
+ ter all other options have been applied.
+ -\b-S\bS _\bs_\bu_\bf_\bf_\bi_\bx
+ Append _\bs_\bu_\bf_\bf_\bi_\bx to each possible completion after all other
+ options have been applied.
+ -\b-W\bW _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt
+ Split the _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt using the characters in the I\bIF\bFS\bS special
+ variable as delimiters, and expand each resulting word.
+ Shell quoting is honored within _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt, in order to pro-
+ vide a mechanism for the words to contain shell metacharac-
+ ters or characters in the value of I\bIF\bFS\bS. The possible com-
+ pletions are the members of the resultant list which match a
+ prefix of the word being completed.
+ -\b-X\bX _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt
+ _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt is a pattern as used for pathname expansion. It
+ is applied to the list of possible completions generated by
+ the preceding options and arguments, and each completion
+ matching _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt is removed from the list. A leading !\b! in
+ _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt negates the pattern; in this case, any completion
+ not matching _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt is removed.
+
+ The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an
+ option other than -\b-p\bp, -\b-r\br, -\b-D\bD, -\b-E\bE, or -\b-I\bI is supplied without a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
+ argument, an attempt is made to remove a completion specification
+ for a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be for which no specification exists, or an error occurs
+ adding a completion specification.
+
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpo\bop\bpt\bt [-\b-o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [-\b-D\bDE\bEI\bI] [+\b+o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be]
+ Modify completion options for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be according to the _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bns, or
+ for the currently-executing completion if no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are supplied. If
+ no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bns are supplied, display the completion options for each
+ _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be or the current completion. The possible values of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn are
+ those valid for the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be builtin described above.
+
+ The -\b-D\bD option indicates that other supplied options should apply to
+ the "default" command completion; the -\b-E\bE option indicates that other
+ supplied options should apply to "empty" command completion; and the
+ -\b-I\bI option indicates that other supplied options should apply to com-
+ pletion on the initial word on the line. These are determined in
+ the same way as the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be builtin.
+
+ If multiple options are supplied, the -\b-D\bD option takes precedence
+ over -\b-E\bE, and both take precedence over -\b-I\bI.
+
+ The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an
+ attempt is made to modify the options for a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be for which no com-
+ pletion specification exists, or an output error occurs.
+
+ c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be [_\bn]
+ c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be resumes the next iteration of the enclosing f\bfo\bor\br, w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be, u\bun\bn-\b-
+ t\bti\bil\bl, or s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt loop. If _\bn is specified, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh resumes the _\bnth en-
+ closing loop. _\bn must be >= 1. If _\bn is greater than the number of
+ enclosing loops, the shell resumes the last enclosing loop (the
+ "top-level" loop). The return value is 0 unless _\bn is not greater
+ than or equal to 1.
+
+ d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be [-\b-a\baA\bAf\bfF\bFg\bgi\biI\bIl\bln\bnr\brt\btu\bux\bx] [-\b-p\bp] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be] ...]
+ t\bty\byp\bpe\bes\bse\bet\bt [-\b-a\baA\bAf\bfF\bFg\bgi\biI\bIl\bln\bnr\brt\btu\bux\bx] [-\b-p\bp] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be] ...]
+ Declare variables and/or give them attributes. If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are
+ given then display the values of variables or functions. The -\b-p\bp op-
+ tion will display the attributes and values of each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. When -\b-p\bp
+ is used with _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments, additional options, other than -\b-f\bf and
+ -\b-F\bF, are ignored.
+
+ When -\b-p\bp is supplied without _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments, d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be will display the
+ attributes and values of all variables having the attributes speci-
+ fied by the additional options. If no other options are supplied
+ with -\b-p\bp, d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be will display the attributes and values of all shell
+ variables. The -\b-f\bf option restricts the display to shell functions.
+
+ The -\b-F\bF option inhibits the display of function definitions; only the
+ function name and attributes are printed. If the e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg shell op-
+ tion is enabled using s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt, the source file name and line number
+ where each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is defined are displayed as well. The -\b-F\bF option im-
+ plies -\b-f\bf.
+
+ The -\b-g\bg option forces variables to be created or modified at the
+ global scope, even when d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be is executed in a shell function. It
+ is ignored when d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be is not executed in a shell function.
+
+ The -\b-I\bI option causes local variables to inherit the attributes (ex-
+ cept the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf attribute) and value of any existing variable with
+ the same _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be at a surrounding scope. If there is no existing vari-
+ able, the local variable is initially unset.
+
+ The following options can be used to restrict output to variables
+ with the specified attribute or to give variables attributes:
+ -\b-a\ba Each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an indexed array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs above).
+ -\b-A\bA Each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an associative array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs
+ above).
+ -\b-f\bf Each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be refers to a shell function.
+ -\b-i\bi The variable is treated as an integer; arithmetic evaluation
+ (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above) is performed when the vari-
+ able is assigned a value.
+ -\b-l\bl When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case charac-
+ ters are converted to lower-case. The upper-case attribute
+ is disabled.
+ -\b-n\bn Give each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf attribute, making it a name refer-
+ ence to another variable. That other variable is defined by
+ the value of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. All references, assignments, and at-
+ tribute modifications to _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, except those using or changing
+ the -\b-n\bn attribute itself, are performed on the variable refer-
+ enced by _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be's value. The nameref attribute cannot be ap-
+ plied to array variables.
+ -\b-r\br Make _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes readonly. These names cannot then be assigned
+ values by subsequent assignment statements or unset.
+ -\b-t\bt Give each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be the _\bt_\br_\ba_\bc_\be attribute. Traced functions inherit
+ the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN traps from the calling shell. The trace
+ attribute has no special meaning for variables.
+ -\b-u\bu When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case charac-
+ ters are converted to upper-case. The lower-case attribute
+ is disabled.
+ -\b-x\bx Mark each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be for export to subsequent commands via the en-
+ vironment.
+
+ Using "+" instead of "-" turns off the specified attribute instead,
+ with the exceptions that +\b+a\ba and +\b+A\bA may not be used to destroy array
+ variables and +\b+r\br will not remove the readonly attribute.
+
+ When used in a function, d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be and t\bty\byp\bpe\bes\bse\bet\bt make each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be local,
+ as with the l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl command, unless the -\b-g\bg option is supplied. If a
+ variable name is followed by =_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be, the value of the variable is
+ set to _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. When using -\b-a\ba or -\b-A\bA and the compound assignment syn-
+ tax to create array variables, additional attributes do not take ef-
+ fect until subsequent assignments.
+
+ The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an
+ attempt is made to define a function using "-f foo=bar", an attempt
+ is made to assign a value to a readonly variable, an attempt is made
+ to assign a value to an array variable without using the compound
+ assignment syntax (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs above), one of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a
+ valid shell variable name, an attempt is made to turn off readonly
+ status for a readonly variable, an attempt is made to turn off array
+ status for an array variable, or an attempt is made to display a
+ non-existent function with -\b-f\bf.
+
+ d\bdi\bir\brs\bs [\b[-\b-c\bcl\blp\bpv\bv]\b] [\b[+\b+_\bn]\b] [\b[-\b-_\bn]\b]
+ Without options, display the list of currently remembered directo-
+ ries. The default display is on a single line with directory names
+ separated by spaces. Directories are added to the list with the
+ p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd command; the p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd command removes entries from the list. The
+ current directory is always the first directory in the stack.
+
+ Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+ -\b-c\bc Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries.
+ -\b-l\bl Produces a listing using full pathnames; the default listing
+ format uses a tilde to denote the home directory.
+ -\b-p\bp Print the directory stack with one entry per line.
+ -\b-v\bv Print the directory stack with one entry per line, prefixing
+ each entry with its index in the stack.
+ +\b+_\bn Displays the _\bnth entry counting from the left of the list
+ shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs when invoked without options, starting with
+ zero.
+ -\b-_\bn Displays the _\bnth entry counting from the right of the list
+ shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs when invoked without options, starting with
+ zero.
+
+ The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is supplied or _\bn in-
+ dexes beyond the end of the directory stack.
+
+ d\bdi\bis\bso\bow\bwn\bn [-\b-a\bar\br] [-\b-h\bh] [_\bi_\bd ...]
+ Without options, remove each _\bi_\bd from the table of active jobs. Each
+ _\bi_\bd may be a job specification _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc or a process ID _\bp_\bi_\bd; if _\bi_\bd is
+ a _\bp_\bi_\bd, d\bdi\bis\bso\bow\bwn\bn uses the job containing _\bp_\bi_\bd as _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc.
+
+ If the -\b-h\bh option is supplied, d\bdi\bis\bso\bow\bwn\bn does not remove the jobs corre-
+ sponding to each _\bi_\bd from the jobs table, but rather marks them so
+ the shell does not send S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP to the job if the shell receives a
+ S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP.
+
+ If no _\bi_\bd is supplied, the -\b-a\ba option means to remove or mark all
+ jobs; the -\b-r\br option without an _\bi_\bd argument removes or marks running
+ jobs. If no _\bi_\bd is supplied, and neither the -\b-a\ba nor the -\b-r\br option is
+ supplied, d\bdi\bis\bso\bow\bwn\bn removes or marks the current job.
+
+ The return value is 0 unless an _\bi_\bd does not specify a valid job.
+
+ e\bec\bch\bho\bo [-\b-n\bne\beE\bE] [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
+ Output the _\ba_\br_\bgs, separated by spaces, followed by a newline. The
+ return status is 0 unless a write error occurs. If -\b-n\bn is specified,
+ the trailing newline is not printed.
+
+ If the -\b-e\be option is given, e\bec\bch\bho\bo interprets the following backslash-
+ escaped characters. The -\b-E\bE option disables interpretation of these
+ escape characters, even on systems where they are interpreted by de-
+ fault. The x\bxp\bpg\bg_\b_e\bec\bch\bho\bo shell option determines whether or not e\bec\bch\bho\bo in-
+ terprets any options and expands these escape characters. e\bec\bch\bho\bo does
+ not interpret -\b--\b- to mean the end of options.
+
+ e\bec\bch\bho\bo interprets the following escape sequences:
+ \\b\a\ba alert (bell)
+ \\b\b\bb backspace
+ \\b\c\bc suppress further output
+ \\b\e\be
+ \\b\E\bE an escape character
+ \\b\f\bf form feed
+ \\b\n\bn new line
+ \\b\r\br carriage return
+ \\b\t\bt horizontal tab
+ \\b\v\bv vertical tab
+ \\b\\\b\ backslash
+ \\b\0\b0_\bn_\bn_\bn The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value _\bn_\bn_\bn
+ (zero to three octal digits).
+ \\b\x\bx_\bH_\bH The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+ _\bH_\bH (one or two hex digits).
+ \\b\u\bu_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH
+ The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
+ hexadecimal value _\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH (one to four hex digits).
+ \\b\U\bU_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH
+ The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
+ hexadecimal value _\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH (one to eight hex digits).
+
+ e\bec\bch\bho\bo writes any unrecognized backslash-escaped characters unchanged.
+
+ e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be [-\b-a\ba] [-\b-d\bdn\bnp\bps\bs] [-\b-f\bf _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
+ Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin al-
+ lows an executable file which has the same name as a shell builtin
+ to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though the
+ shell normally searches for builtins before files.
+
+ If -\b-n\bn is supplied, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is disabled; otherwise, _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are en-
+ abled. For example, to use the t\bte\bes\bst\bt binary found using P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH instead
+ of the shell builtin version, run "enable -n test".
+
+ If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are supplied, or if the -\b-p\bp option is supplied,
+ print a list of shell builtins. With no other option arguments, the
+ list consists of all enabled shell builtins. If -\b-n\bn is supplied,
+ print only disabled builtins. If -\b-a\ba is supplied, the list printed
+ includes all builtins, with an indication of whether or not each is
+ enabled. The -\b-s\bs option means to restrict the output to the POSIX
+ _\bs_\bp_\be_\bc_\bi_\ba_\bl builtins.
+
+ The -\b-f\bf option means to load the new builtin command _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from shared
+ object _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, on systems that support dynamic loading. If _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b-
+ _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be does not contain a slash, B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh will use the value of the
+ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLO\bOA\bAD\bDA\bAB\bBL\bLE\bES\bS_\b_P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH variable as a colon-separated list of directo-
+ ries in which to search for _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. The default for B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLO\bOA\bAD\bD-\b-
+ A\bAB\bBL\bLE\bES\bS_\b_P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is system-dependent, and may include "." to force a
+ search of the current directory. The -\b-d\bd option will delete a
+ builtin previously loaded with -\b-f\bf. If -\b-s\bs is used with -\b-f\bf, the new
+ builtin becomes a POSIX special builtin.
+
+ If no options are supplied and a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a shell builtin, e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be
+ will attempt to load _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from a shared object named _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, as if the
+ command were "enable -f _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be".
+
+ The return value is 0 unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a shell builtin or there
+ is an error loading a new builtin from a shared object.
+
+ e\bev\bva\bal\bl [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
+ Concatenate the _\ba_\br_\bgs together into a single command, separating them
+ with spaces. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh then reads and execute this command, and returns
+ its exit status as the return status of e\bev\bva\bal\bl. If there are no _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs,
+ or only null arguments, e\bev\bva\bal\bl returns 0.
+
+ e\bex\bxe\bec\bc [-\b-c\bcl\bl] [-\b-a\ba _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]]
+ If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is specified, it replaces the shell without creating a
+ new process. _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd cannot be a shell builtin or function. The
+ _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs become the arguments to _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd. If the -\b-l\bl option is sup-
+ plied, the shell places a dash at the beginning of the zeroth argu-
+ ment passed to _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd. This is what _\bl_\bo_\bg_\bi_\bn(1) does. The -\b-c\bc option
+ causes _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd to be executed with an empty environment. If -\b-a\ba is
+ supplied, the shell passes _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be as the zeroth argument to the exe-
+ cuted command.
+
+ If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd cannot be executed for some reason, a non-interactive
+ shell exits, unless the e\bex\bxe\bec\bcf\bfa\bai\bil\bl shell option is enabled. In that
+ case, it returns a non-zero status. An interactive shell returns a
+ non-zero status if the file cannot be executed. A subshell exits
+ unconditionally if e\bex\bxe\bec\bc fails.
+
+ If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is not specified, any redirections take effect in the
+ current shell, and the return status is 0. If there is a redirec-
+ tion error, the return status is 1.
+
+ e\bex\bxi\bit\bt [_\bn]
+ Cause the shell to exit with a status of _\bn. If _\bn is omitted, the
+ exit status is that of the last command executed. Any trap on E\bEX\bXI\bIT\bT
+ is executed before the shell terminates.
+
+ e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt [-\b-f\bfn\bn] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be]] ...
+ e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt -\b-p\bp [\b[-\b-f\bf]\b]
+ The supplied _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are marked for automatic export to the environ-
+ ment of subsequently executed commands. If the -\b-f\bf option is given,
+ the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs refer to functions.
+
+ The -\b-n\bn option unexports, or removes the export attribute, from each
+ _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are given, or if only the -\b-p\bp option is supplied,
+ e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt displays a list of names of all exported variables on the
+ standard output. Using -\b-p\bp and -\b-f\bf together displays exported func-
+ tions. The -\b-p\bp option displays output in a form that may be reused
+ as input.
+
+ e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt allows the value of a variable to be set when it is exported
+ or unexported by following the variable name with =_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. This sets
+ the value of the variable to _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be while modifying the export at-
+ tribute. e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt returns an exit status of 0 unless an invalid op-
+ tion is encountered, one of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a valid shell variable
+ name, or -\b-f\bf is supplied with a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be that is not a function.
+
+ f\bfa\bal\bls\bse\be Does nothing; returns a non-zero status.
+
+ f\bfc\bc [-\b-e\be _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b-D\bD] [-\b-l\bln\bnr\br] [_\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt] [_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt]
+ f\bfc\bc -\b-s\bs [_\bp_\ba_\bt=_\br_\be_\bp] [_\bc_\bm_\bd]
+ The first form selects a range of commands from _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt to _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt from
+ the history list and displays or edits and re-executes them. _\bF_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt
+ and _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt may be specified as a string (to locate the last command
+ beginning with that string) or as a number (an index into the his-
+ tory list, where a negative number is used as an offset from the
+ current command number).
+
+ When listing, a _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt or _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt of 0 is equivalent to -1 and -0 is
+ equivalent to the current command (usually the f\bfc\bc command); other-
+ wise 0 is equivalent to -1 and -0 is invalid. If _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt is not speci-
+ fied, it is set to the current command for listing (so that "fc -l
+ -10" prints the last 10 commands) and to _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt otherwise. If _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt
+ is not specified, it is set to the previous command for editing and
+ -16 for listing.
+
+ If the -\b-l\bl option is supplied, the commands are listed on the stan-
+ dard output. The -\b-n\bn option suppresses the command numbers when
+ listing. The -\b-r\br option reverses the order of the commands.
+
+ Otherwise, f\bfc\bc invokes the editor named by _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be on a file containing
+ those commands. If _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not supplied, f\bfc\bc uses the value of the
+ F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT variable, and the value of E\bED\bDI\bIT\bTO\bOR\bR if F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT is not set. If
+ neither variable is set, f\bfc\bc uses _\bv_\bi_\b. When editing is complete, f\bfc\bc
+ reads the file containing the edited commands and echoes and exe-
+ cutes them. The -\b-D\bD option, if supplied, causes f\bfc\bc to remove the se-
+ lected commands from the history list before executing the file of
+ edited commands. -\b-D\bD is only effective when f\bfc\bc is invoked in this
+ way.
+
+ In the second form, f\bfc\bc re-executes _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd after replacing each in-
+ stance of _\bp_\ba_\bt with _\br_\be_\bp. _\bC_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is interpreted the same as _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt
+ above.
+
+ A useful alias to use with f\bfc\bc is "r="fc -s"", so that typing "r cc"
+ runs the last command beginning with "cc" and typing "r" re-executes
+ the last command.
+
+ If the first form is used, the return value is zero unless an in-
+ valid option is encountered or _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt or _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt specify history lines
+ out of range. When editing and re-executing a file of commands, the
+ return value is the value of the last command executed or failure if
+ an error occurs with the temporary file. If the second form is
+ used, the return status is that of the re-executed command, unless
+ _\bc_\bm_\bd does not specify a valid history entry, in which case f\bfc\bc returns
+ a non-zero status.
+
+ f\bfg\bg [_\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc]
+ Resume _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc in the foreground, and make it the current job. If
+ _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not present, f\bfg\bg uses the shell's notion of the _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt
+ _\bj_\bo_\bb. The return value is that of the command placed into the fore-
+ ground, or failure if run when job control is disabled or, when run
+ with job control enabled, if _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc does not specify a valid job or
+ _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc specifies a job that was started without job control.
+
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is used by shell scripts and functions to parse positional
+ parameters and obtain options and their arguments. _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg con-
+ tains the option characters to be recognized; if a character is fol-
+ lowed by a colon, the option is expected to have an argument, which
+ should be separated from it by white space. The colon and question
+ mark characters may not be used as option characters.
+
+ Each time it is invoked, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs places the next option in the shell
+ variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, initializing _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be if it does not exist, and the index
+ of the next argument to be processed into the variable O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD.
+ O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD is initialized to 1 each time the shell or a shell script is
+ invoked. When an option requires an argument, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs places that
+ argument into the variable O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG.
+
+ The shell does not reset O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD automatically; it must be manually
+ reset between multiple calls to g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs within the same shell invo-
+ cation to use a new set of parameters.
+
+ When it reaches the end of options, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs exits with a return
+ value greater than zero. O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD is set to the index of the first
+ non-option argument, and _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set to ?.
+
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs normally parses the positional parameters, but if more argu-
+ ments are supplied as _\ba_\br_\bg values, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs parses those instead.
+
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs can report errors in two ways. If the first character of
+ _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is a colon, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs uses _\bs_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\bt error reporting. In nor-
+ mal operation, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs prints diagnostic messages when it encounters
+ invalid options or missing option arguments. If the variable O\bOP\bPT\bTE\bER\bRR\bR
+ is set to 0, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs does not display any error messages, even if
+ the first character of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is not a colon.
+
+ If g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs detects an invalid option, it places ? into _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be and, if
+ not silent, prints an error message and unsets O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG. If g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs
+ is silent, it assigns the option character found to O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG and does
+ not print a diagnostic message.
+
+ If a required argument is not found, and g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is not silent, it
+ sets the value of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to a question mark (?\b?), unsets O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG, and
+ prints a diagnostic message. If g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is silent, it sets the
+ value of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to a colon (:\b:) and sets O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG to the option character
+ found.
+
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is
+ found. It returns false if the end of options is encountered or an
+ error occurs.
+
+ h\bha\bas\bsh\bh [-\b-l\blr\br] [-\b-p\bp _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b-d\bdt\bt] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be]
+ Each time h\bha\bas\bsh\bh is invoked, it remembers the full pathname of the
+ command _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be as determined by searching the directories in $\b$P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH.
+ Any previously-remembered pathname associated with _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is dis-
+ carded. If the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, h\bha\bas\bsh\bh uses _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be as the
+ full pathname of the command.
+
+ The -\b-r\br option causes the shell to forget all remembered locations.
+ Assigning to the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH variable also clears all hashed filenames.
+ The -\b-d\bd option causes the shell to forget the remembered location of
+ each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
+
+ If the -\b-t\bt option is supplied, h\bha\bas\bsh\bh prints the full pathname corre-
+ sponding to each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If multiple _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are supplied with
+ -\b-t\bt, h\bha\bas\bsh\bh prints the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be before the corresponding hashed full path-
+ name. The -\b-l\bl option displays output in a format that may be reused
+ as input.
+
+ If no arguments are given, or if only -\b-l\bl is supplied, h\bha\bas\bsh\bh prints
+ information about remembered commands. The -\b-t\bt, -\b-d\bd, and -\b-p\bp options
+ (the options that act on the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments) are mutually exclusive.
+ Only one will be active. If more than one is supplied, -\b-t\bt has
+ higher priority than -\b-p\bp, and both have higher priority than -\b-d\bd.
+
+ The return status is zero unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found or an invalid
+ option is supplied.
+
+ h\bhe\bel\blp\bp [-\b-d\bdm\bms\bs] [_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn]
+ Display helpful information about builtin commands. If _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn is
+ specified, h\bhe\bel\blp\bp gives detailed help on all commands matching _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn
+ as described below; otherwise it displays a list of all the builtins
+ and shell compound commands.
+
+ Options, if supplied, have the follow meanings:
+
+ -\b-d\bd Display a short description of each _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn
+ -\b-m\bm Display the description of each _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn in a manpage-like
+ format
+ -\b-s\bs Display only a short usage synopsis for each _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn
+
+ If _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn contains pattern matching characters (see P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bh-\b-
+ i\bin\bng\bg above) it's treated as a shell pattern and h\bhe\bel\blp\bp prints the de-
+ scription of each help topic matching _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn.
+
+ If not, and _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn exactly matches the name of a help topic, h\bhe\bel\blp\bp
+ prints the description associated with that topic. Otherwise, h\bhe\bel\blp\bp
+ performs prefix matching and prints the descriptions of all matching
+ help topics.
+
+ The return status is 0 unless no command matches _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn.
+
+ h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by [\b[-\b-H\bH]\b] [\b[_\br_\ba_\bn_\bg_\be]\b]
+ h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by -\b-c\bc
+ h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by -\b-d\bd _\br_\ba_\bn_\bg_\be
+ h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by -\b-a\ban\bnr\brw\bw [_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be]
+ h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by -\b-p\bp _\ba_\br_\bg [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
+ h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by -\b-s\bs _\ba_\br_\bg [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
+ With no options, or with the -\b-H\bH option, display the portion of the
+ command history list specified by _\br_\ba_\bn_\bg_\be, as described below. If
+ _\br_\ba_\bn_\bg_\be is not specified, display the entire history list. Without
+ -\b-H\bH, display the list with command numbers, prefixing entries that
+ have been modified with a "*".
+
+ A _\br_\ba_\bn_\bg_\be argument is specified in the form of a number _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt or a
+ range _\bs_\bt_\ba_\br_\bt-_\be_\bn_\bd. If _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt is supplied, it references the history
+ entry at position _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt in the history list; when listing this dis-
+ plays the last _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt entries. A negative _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt counts back from
+ the end of the history list, relative to one greater than the last
+ history position. When listing, negative and positive _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt_\bs have
+ identical results. _\bs_\bt_\ba_\br_\bt and _\be_\bn_\bd, if supplied, reference the por-
+ tion of the history list beginning at position _\bs_\bt_\ba_\br_\bt through posi-
+ tion _\be_\bn_\bd. If _\bs_\bt_\ba_\br_\bt or _\be_\bn_\bd are negative, they count back from the
+ end of the history list. When listing, if _\bs_\bt_\ba_\br_\bt is greater than
+ _\be_\bn_\bd, the history entries are displayed in reverse order from _\be_\bn_\bd to
+ _\bs_\bt_\ba_\br_\bt.
+
+ If the shell variable H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT is set and not null, it is used
+ as a format string for _\bs_\bt_\br_\bf_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3) to display the time stamp associ-
+ ated with each displayed history entry. If h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by uses H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bE-\b-
+ F\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT, it does not print an intervening space between the formatted
+ time stamp and the history entry.
+
+ If _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is supplied, h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by uses it as the name of the history
+ file; if not, it uses the value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE. If _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not
+ supplied and H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is unset or null, the -\b-a\ba,\b, -\b-n\bn,\b, -\b-r\br,\b, and -\b-w\bw op-
+ tions have no effect.
+
+ Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+ -\b-c\bc Clear the history list by deleting all the entries. This can
+ be used with the other options to replace the history list.
+ -\b-d\bd _\br_\ba_\bn_\bg_\be
+ Delete the history entries specified by _\br_\ba_\bn_\bg_\be, as described
+ above. An index of -1 refers to the current h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by -\b-d\bd com-
+ mand.
+ -\b-H\bH Display the selected history entries in the format that would
+ be written to the history file, including any time stamp in-
+ formation as described below, without prefixing the entry
+ with any line number or "*".
+ -\b-a\ba Append the "new" history lines to the history file. These
+ are history lines entered since the beginning of the current
+ b\bba\bas\bsh\bh session, but not already appended to the history file.
+ -\b-n\bn Read the history lines not already read from the history file
+ and add them to the current history list. These are lines
+ appended to the history file since the beginning of the cur-
+ rent b\bba\bas\bsh\bh session.
+ -\b-r\br Read the history file and append its contents to the current
+ history list.
+ -\b-w\bw Write the current history list to the history file, overwrit-
+ ing the history file.
+ -\b-p\bp Perform history substitution on the following _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs and dis-
+ play the result on the standard output, without storing the
+ results in the history list. Each _\ba_\br_\bg must be quoted to dis-
+ able normal history expansion.
+ -\b-s\bs Store the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs in the history list as a single entry. The
+ last command in the history list is removed before adding the
+ _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs.
+
+ If the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT variable is set, h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by writes the time stamp
+ information associated with each history entry to the history file,
+ marked with the history comment character as described above. When
+ the history file is read, lines beginning with the history comment
+ character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted as time-
+ stamps for the following history entry.
+
+ The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an
+ error occurs while reading or writing the history file, an invalid
+ _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt or range is supplied as an argument to -\b-d\bd, or the history ex-
+ pansion supplied as an argument to -\b-p\bp fails.
+
+ j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs [-\b-l\bln\bnp\bpr\brs\bs] [ _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc ... ]
+ j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs -\b-x\bx _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd [ _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs ... ]
+ The first form lists the active jobs. The options have the follow-
+ ing meanings:
+ -\b-l\bl List process IDs in addition to the normal information.
+ -\b-n\bn Display information only about jobs that have changed status
+ since the user was last notified of their status.
+ -\b-p\bp List only the process ID of the job's process group leader.
+ -\b-r\br Display only running jobs.
+ -\b-s\bs Display only stopped jobs.
+
+ If _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is supplied, j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs restricts output to information about
+ that job. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is en-
+ countered or an invalid _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is supplied.
+
+ If the -\b-x\bx option is supplied, j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs replaces any _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc found in
+ _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd or _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs with the corresponding process group ID, and exe-
+ cutes _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, passing it _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs, returning its exit status.
+
+ k\bki\bil\bll\bl [-\b-s\bs _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc | -\b-n\bn _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm | -\b-_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc] _\bi_\bd [ ... ]
+ k\bki\bil\bll\bl -\b-l\bl|-\b-L\bL [_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc | _\be_\bx_\bi_\bt_\b__\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt_\bu_\bs]
+ Send the signal specified by _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc or _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm to the processes
+ named by each _\bi_\bd. Each _\bi_\bd may be a job specification _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc or a
+ process ID _\bp_\bi_\bd. _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is either a case-insensitive signal name
+ such as S\bSI\bIG\bGK\bKI\bIL\bLL\bL (with or without the S\bSI\bIG\bG prefix) or a signal number;
+ _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm is a signal number. If _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not supplied, then k\bki\bil\bll\bl
+ sends S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTE\bER\bRM\bM.
+
+ The -\b-l\bl option lists the signal names. If any arguments are supplied
+ when -\b-l\bl is given, k\bki\bil\bll\bl lists the names of the signals corresponding
+ to the arguments, and the return status is 0. The _\be_\bx_\bi_\bt_\b__\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt_\bu_\bs argu-
+ ment to -\b-l\bl is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit
+ status of a process terminated by a signal; if it is supplied, k\bki\bil\bll\bl
+ prints the name of the signal that caused the process to terminate.
+ k\bki\bil\bll\bl assumes that process exit statuses are greater than 128; any-
+ thing less than that is a signal number. The -\b-L\bL option is equiva-
+ lent to -\b-l\bl.
+
+ k\bki\bil\bll\bl returns true if at least one signal was successfully sent, or
+ false if an error occurs or an invalid option is encountered.
+
+ l\ble\bet\bt _\ba_\br_\bg [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
+ Each _\ba_\br_\bg is evaluated as an arithmetic expression (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC
+ E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above). If the last _\ba_\br_\bg evaluates to 0, l\ble\bet\bt returns 1;
+ otherwise l\ble\bet\bt returns 0.
+
+ l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl [_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be] ... | - ]
+ For each argument, create a local variable named _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be and assign it
+ _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. The _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn can be any of the options accepted by d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be.
+ When l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl is used within a function, it causes the variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to
+ have a visible scope restricted to that function and its children.
+ It is an error to use l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl when not within a function.
+
+ If _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is -, it makes the set of shell options local to the func-
+ tion in which l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl is invoked: any shell options changed using the
+ s\bse\bet\bt builtin inside the function after the call to l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl are restored
+ to their original values when the function returns. The restore is
+ performed as if a series of s\bse\bet\bt commands were executed to restore
+ the values that were in place before the function.
+
+ With no operands, l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl writes a list of local variables to the
+ standard output.
+
+ The return status is 0 unless l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl is used outside a function, an
+ invalid _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is supplied, or _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is a readonly variable.
+
+ l\blo\bog\bgo\bou\but\bt [\b[_\bn]\b]
+ Exit a login shell, returning a status of _\bn to the shell's parent.
+
+ m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be [-\b-d\bd _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm] [-\b-n\bn _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt] [-\b-O\bO _\bo_\br_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bn] [-\b-s\bs _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt] [-\b-t\bt] [-\b-u\bu _\bf_\bd] [-\b-C\bC _\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\b-
+ _\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk] [-\b-c\bc _\bq_\bu_\ba_\bn_\bt_\bu_\bm] [_\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by]
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bda\bar\brr\bra\bay\by [-\b-d\bd _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm] [-\b-n\bn _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt] [-\b-O\bO _\bo_\br_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bn] [-\b-s\bs _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt] [-\b-t\bt] [-\b-u\bu _\bf_\bd] [-\b-C\bC
+ _\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk] [-\b-c\bc _\bq_\bu_\ba_\bn_\bt_\bu_\bm] [_\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by]
+ Read lines from the standard input, or from file descriptor _\bf_\bd if
+ the -\b-u\bu option is supplied, into the indexed array variable _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by.
+ The variable M\bMA\bAP\bPF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is the default _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by. Options, if supplied,
+ have the following meanings:
+ -\b-d\bd Use the first character of _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm to terminate each input
+ line, rather than newline. If _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm is the empty string,
+ m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character.
+ -\b-n\bn Copy at most _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt lines. If _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt is 0, copy all lines.
+ -\b-O\bO Begin assigning to _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by at index _\bo_\br_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bn. The default index
+ is 0.
+ -\b-s\bs Discard the first _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt lines read.
+ -\b-t\bt Remove a trailing _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm (default newline) from each line
+ read.
+ -\b-u\bu Read lines from file descriptor _\bf_\bd instead of the standard
+ input.
+ -\b-C\bC Evaluate _\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk each time _\bq_\bu_\ba_\bn_\bt_\bu_\bm lines are read. The -\b-c\bc
+ option specifies _\bq_\bu_\ba_\bn_\bt_\bu_\bm.
+ -\b-c\bc Specify the number of lines read between each call to _\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\b-
+ _\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk.
+
+ If -\b-C\bC is specified without -\b-c\bc, the default quantum is 5000. When
+ _\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next array
+ element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that element
+ as additional arguments. _\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk is evaluated after the line is
+ read but before the array element is assigned.
+
+ If not supplied with an explicit origin, m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be will clear _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by
+ before assigning to it.
+
+ m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be returns zero unless an invalid option or option argument is
+ supplied, _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by is invalid or unassignable, or if _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by is not an
+ indexed array.
+
+ p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd [-n\bn] [+_\bn] [-_\bn]
+ Remove entries from the directory stack. The elements are numbered
+ from 0 starting at the first directory listed by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, so p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd is
+ equivalent to "popd +0." With no arguments, p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd removes the top
+ directory from the stack, and changes to the new top directory. Ar-
+ guments, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+ -\b-n\bn Suppress the normal change of directory when removing direc-
+ tories from the stack, only manipulate the stack.
+ +\b+_\bn Remove the _\bnth entry counting from the left of the list shown
+ by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with zero, from the stack. For example:
+ "popd +0" removes the first directory, "popd +1" the second.
+ -\b-_\bn Remove the _\bnth entry counting from the right of the list
+ shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with zero. For example: "popd -0"
+ removes the last directory, "popd -1" the next to last.
+
+ If the top element of the directory stack is modified, and the -\b-n\bn
+ option was not supplied, p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd uses the c\bcd\bd builtin to change to the
+ directory at the top of the stack. If the c\bcd\bd fails, p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd returns a
+ non-zero value.
+
+ Otherwise, p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd returns false if an invalid option is supplied, the
+ directory stack is empty, or _\bn specifies a non-existent directory
+ stack entry.
+
+ If the p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd command is successful, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh runs d\bdi\bir\brs\bs to show the final
+ contents of the directory stack, and the return status is 0.
+
+ p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf [-\b-v\bv _\bv_\ba_\br] _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]
+ Write the formatted _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs to the standard output under the con-
+ trol of the _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt. The -\b-v\bv option assigns the output to the vari-
+ able _\bv_\ba_\br rather than printing it to the standard output.
+
+ The _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is a character string which contains three types of ob-
+ jects: plain characters, which are simply copied to standard output,
+ character escape sequences, which are converted and copied to the
+ standard output, and format specifications, each of which causes
+ printing of the next successive _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt. In addition to the stan-
+ dard _\bp_\br_\bi_\bn_\bt_\bf(3) format characters c\bcC\bCs\bsS\bSn\bnd\bdi\bio\bou\bux\bxX\bXe\beE\bEf\bfF\bFg\bgG\bGa\baA\bA, p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf inter-
+ prets the following additional format specifiers:
+ %\b%b\bb causes p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf to expand backslash escape sequences in the
+ corresponding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt in the same way as e\bec\bch\bho\bo -\b-e\be.
+ %\b%q\bq causes p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf to output the corresponding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt in a for-
+ mat that can be reused as shell input. %\b%q\bq and %\b%Q\bQ use the $\b$'\b''\b'
+ quoting style if any characters in the argument string re-
+ quire it, and backslash quoting otherwise. If the format
+ string uses the _\bp_\br_\bi_\bn_\bt_\bf alternate form, these two formats
+ quote the argument string using single quotes.
+ %\b%Q\bQ like %\b%q\bq, but applies any supplied precision to the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt
+ before quoting it.
+ %\b%(\b(_\bd_\ba_\bt_\be_\bf_\bm_\bt)\b)T\bT
+ causes p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf to output the date-time string resulting from
+ using _\bd_\ba_\bt_\be_\bf_\bm_\bt as a format string for _\bs_\bt_\br_\bf_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3). The corre-
+ sponding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt is an integer representing the number of
+ seconds since the epoch. This format specifier recognizes
+ two special argument values: -1 represents the current time,
+ and -2 represents the time the shell was invoked. If no ar-
+ gument is specified, conversion behaves as if -1 had been
+ supplied. This is an exception to the usual p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf behavior.
+
+ The %b, %q, and %T format specifiers all use the field width and
+ precision arguments from the format specification and write that
+ many bytes from (or use that wide a field for) the expanded argu-
+ ment, which usually contains more characters than the original.
+
+ The %n format specifier accepts a corresponding argument that is
+ treated as a shell variable name.
+
+ The %s and %c format specifiers accept an l (long) modifier, which
+ forces them to convert the argument string to a wide-character
+ string and apply any supplied field width and precision in terms of
+ characters, not bytes. The %S and %C format specifiers are equiva-
+ lent to %ls and %lc, respectively.
+
+ Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C con-
+ stants, except that a leading plus or minus sign is allowed, and if
+ the leading character is a single or double quote, the value is the
+ numeric value of the following character, using the current locale.
+
+ Format specifiers may apply to the _\bnth argument rather than the next
+ sequential argument. In this case, the '%' in the format specifier
+ is replaced by the sequence "%_\bn$", where _\bn is a decimal integer
+ greater than 0, giving the argument number to use as the operand.
+ The format string should not mix numbered and unnumbered argument
+ specifiers, though this is allowed. Unnumbered argument specifiers
+ always refer to the next argument following the last argument con-
+ sumed by an unnumbered specifier; numbered argument specifiers refer
+ to absolute positions in the argument list.
+
+ The _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is reused as necessary to consume all of the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs.
+ If the _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt requires more _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs than are supplied, the extra
+ format specifications behave as if a zero value or null string, as
+ appropriate, had been supplied. If _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is reused, a numbered ar-
+ gument specifier "%_\bn$" refers to the _\bnth argument following the
+ highest numbered argument consumed by the previous use of _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt.
+
+ The return value is zero on success, non-zero if an invalid option
+ is supplied or a write or assignment error occurs.
+
+ p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd [-\b-n\bn] [+_\bn] [-_\bn]
+ p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd [-\b-n\bn] [_\bd_\bi_\br]
+ Add a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotate the
+ stack, making the new top of the stack the current working direc-
+ tory. With no arguments, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd exchanges the top two elements of
+ the directory stack. Arguments, if supplied, have the following
+ meanings:
+ -\b-n\bn Suppress the normal change of directory when rotating or
+ adding directories to the stack, only manipulate the stack.
+ +\b+_\bn Rotate the stack so that the _\bnth directory (counting from the
+ left of the list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with zero) is at the
+ top.
+ -\b-_\bn Rotates the stack so that the _\bnth directory (counting from
+ the right of the list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with zero) is
+ at the top.
+ _\bd_\bi_\br Adds _\bd_\bi_\br to the directory stack at the top.
+
+ After the stack has been modified, if the -\b-n\bn option was not sup-
+ plied, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd uses the c\bcd\bd builtin to change to the directory at the
+ top of the stack. If the c\bcd\bd fails, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd returns a non-zero value.
+
+ Otherwise, if no arguments are supplied, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd returns zero unless
+ the directory stack is empty. When rotating the directory stack,
+ p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd returns zero unless the directory stack is empty or _\bn speci-
+ fies a non-existent directory stack element.
+
+ If the p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd command is successful, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh runs d\bdi\bir\brs\bs to show the final
+ contents of the directory stack.
+
+ p\bpw\bwd\bd [-\b-L\bLP\bP]
+ Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory. The
+ pathname printed contains no symbolic links if the -\b-P\bP option is sup-
+ plied or the -\b-o\bo p\bph\bhy\bys\bsi\bic\bca\bal\bl option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command is en-
+ abled. If the -\b-L\bL option is used, the pathname printed may contain
+ symbolic links. The return status is 0 unless an error occurs while
+ reading the name of the current directory or an invalid option is
+ supplied.
+
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bd [-\b-E\bEe\ber\brs\bs] [-\b-a\ba _\ba_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b-d\bd _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm] [-\b-i\bi _\bt_\be_\bx_\bt] [-\b-n\bn _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs] [-\b-N\bN _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs] [-\b-p\bp
+ _\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt] [-\b-t\bt _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt] [-\b-u\bu _\bf_\bd] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
+ Read one line from the standard input, or from the file descriptor
+ _\bf_\bd supplied as an argument to the -\b-u\bu option, split it into words as
+ described above under W\bWo\bor\brd\bd S\bSp\bpl\bli\bit\btt\bti\bin\bng\bg, and assign the first word to
+ the first _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, the second word to the second _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, and so on. If
+ there are more words than names, the remaining words and their in-
+ tervening delimiters are assigned to the last _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If there are
+ fewer words read from the input stream than names, the remaining
+ names are assigned empty values. The characters in the value of the
+ I\bIF\bFS\bS variable are used to split the line into words using the same
+ rules the shell uses for expansion (described above under W\bWo\bor\brd\bd
+ S\bSp\bpl\bli\bit\btt\bti\bin\bng\bg). The backslash character (\\b\) removes any special meaning
+ for the next character read and is used for line continuation.
+
+ Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+ -\b-a\ba _\ba_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
+ The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array
+ variable _\ba_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, starting at 0. _\ba_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is unset before any new
+ values are assigned. Other _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are ignored.
+ -\b-d\bd _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm
+ The first character of _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm terminates the input line,
+ rather than newline. If _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm is the empty string, r\bre\bea\bad\bd will
+ terminate a line when it reads a NUL character.
+ -\b-e\be If the standard input is coming from a terminal, r\bre\bea\bad\bd uses
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be (see R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE above) to obtain the line. R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
+ uses the current (or default, if line editing was not previ-
+ ously active) editing settings, but uses r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be's default
+ filename completion.
+ -\b-E\bE If the standard input is coming from a terminal, r\bre\bea\bad\bd uses
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be (see R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE above) to obtain the line. R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
+ uses the current (or default, if line editing was not previ-
+ ously active) editing settings, but uses bash's default com-
+ pletion, including programmable completion.
+ -\b-i\bi _\bt_\be_\bx_\bt
+ If r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used to read the line, r\bre\bea\bad\bd places _\bt_\be_\bx_\bt
+ into the editing buffer before editing begins.
+ -\b-n\bn _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bd returns after reading _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters rather than
+ waiting for a complete line of input, unless it encounters
+ EOF or r\bre\bea\bad\bd times out, but honors a delimiter if it reads
+ fewer than _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters before the delimiter.
+ -\b-N\bN _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bd returns after reading exactly _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters rather
+ than waiting for a complete line of input, unless it encoun-
+ ters EOF or r\bre\bea\bad\bd times out. Any delimiter characters in the
+ input are not treated specially and do not cause r\bre\bea\bad\bd to re-
+ turn until it has read _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters. The result is not
+ split on the characters in I\bIF\bFS\bS; the intent is that the vari-
+ able is assigned exactly the characters read (with the excep-
+ tion of backslash; see the -\b-r\br option below).
+ -\b-p\bp _\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt
+ Display _\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt on standard error, without a trailing newline,
+ before attempting to read any input, but only if input is
+ coming from a terminal.
+ -\b-r\br Backslash does not act as an escape character. The backslash
+ is considered to be part of the line. In particular, a back-
+ slash-newline pair may not then be used as a line continua-
+ tion.
+ -\b-s\bs Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, characters
+ are not echoed.
+ -\b-t\bt _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt
+ Cause r\bre\bea\bad\bd to time out and return failure if it does not read
+ a complete line of input (or a specified number of charac-
+ ters) within _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt seconds. _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt may be a decimal num-
+ ber with a fractional portion following the decimal point.
+ This option is only effective if r\bre\bea\bad\bd is reading input from a
+ terminal, pipe, or other special file; it has no effect when
+ reading from regular files. If r\bre\bea\bad\bd times out, it saves any
+ partial input read into the specified variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, and the
+ exit status is greater than 128. If _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt is 0, r\bre\bea\bad\bd re-
+ turns immediately, without trying to read any data. In this
+ case, the exit status is 0 if input is available on the spec-
+ ified file descriptor, or the read will return EOF, non-zero
+ otherwise.
+ -\b-u\bu _\bf_\bd Read input from file descriptor _\bf_\bd instead of the standard
+ input.
+
+ Other than the case where _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm is the empty string, r\bre\bea\bad\bd ignores
+ any NUL characters in the input.
+
+ If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are supplied, r\bre\bea\bad\bd assigns the line read, without the
+ ending delimiter but otherwise unmodified, to the variable R\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY.
+
+ The exit status is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, r\bre\bea\bad\bd
+ times out (in which case the status is greater than 128), a variable
+ assignment error (such as assigning to a readonly variable) occurs,
+ or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as the argument to -\b-u\bu.
+
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bdo\bon\bnl\bly\by [-\b-a\baA\bAf\bf] [-\b-p\bp] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd] ...]
+ The given _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are marked readonly; the values of these _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs may
+ not be changed by subsequent assignment or unset. If the -\b-f\bf option
+ is supplied, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be refers to a shell function. The -\b-a\ba option
+ restricts the variables to indexed arrays; the -\b-A\bA option restricts
+ the variables to associative arrays. If both options are supplied,
+ -\b-A\bA takes precedence. If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are supplied, or if the
+ -\b-p\bp option is supplied, print a list of all readonly names. The
+ other options may be used to restrict the output to a subset of the
+ set of readonly names. The -\b-p\bp option displays output in a format
+ that may be reused as input.
+
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bdo\bon\bnl\bly\by allows the value of a variable to be set at the same time
+ the readonly attribute is changed by following the variable name
+ with =_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. This sets the value of the variable is to _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be while
+ modifying the readonly attribute.
+
+ The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one
+ of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a valid shell variable name, or -\b-f\bf is supplied
+ with a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be that is not a function.
+
+ r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn [_\bn]
+ Stop executing a shell function or sourced file and return the value
+ specified by _\bn to its caller. If _\bn is omitted, the return status is
+ that of the last command executed. If r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is executed by a trap
+ handler, the last command used to determine the status is the last
+ command executed before the trap handler. If r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is executed
+ during a D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap, the last command used to determine the status
+ is the last command executed by the trap handler before r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn was
+ invoked.
+
+ When r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is used to terminate execution of a script being exe-
+ cuted by the .\b. (s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be) command, it causes the shell to stop exe-
+ cuting that script and return either _\bn or the exit status of the
+ last command executed within the script as the exit status of the
+ script. If _\bn is supplied, the return value is its least significant
+ 8 bits.
+
+ Any command associated with the R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN trap is executed before exe-
+ cution resumes after the function or script.
+
+ The return status is non-zero if r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is supplied a non-numeric
+ argument, or is used outside a function and not during execution of
+ a script by .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be.
+
+ s\bse\bet\bt [-\b-a\bab\bbe\bef\bfh\bhk\bkm\bmn\bnp\bpt\btu\buv\bvx\bxB\bBC\bCE\bEH\bHP\bPT\bT] [-\b-o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b--\b-] [-\b-] [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
+ s\bse\bet\bt [+\b+a\bab\bbe\bef\bfh\bhk\bkm\bmn\bnp\bpt\btu\buv\bvx\bxB\bBC\bCE\bEH\bHP\bPT\bT] [+\b+o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b--\b-] [-\b-] [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
+ s\bse\bet\bt -\b-o\bo
+ s\bse\bet\bt +\b+o\bo
+ Without options, display the name and value of each shell variable
+ in a format that can be reused as input for setting or resetting the
+ currently-set variables. Read-only variables cannot be reset. In
+ posix mode, only shell variables are listed. The output is sorted
+ according to the current locale. When options are specified, they
+ set or unset shell attributes. Any arguments remaining after option
+ processing are treated as values for the positional parameters and
+ are assigned, in order, to $\b$1\b1, $\b$2\b2, ..., $\b$_\bn. Options, if specified,
+ have the following meanings:
+ -\b-a\ba Each variable or function that is created or modified is
+ given the export attribute and marked for export to the en-
+ vironment of subsequent commands.
+ -\b-b\bb Report the status of terminated background jobs immediately,
+ rather than before the next primary prompt or after a fore-
+ ground command terminates. This is effective only when job
+ control is enabled.
+ -\b-e\be Exit immediately if a _\bp_\bi_\bp_\be_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be (which may consist of a sin-
+ gle _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd), a _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt, or a _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd (see
+ S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR above), exits with a non-zero status. The
+ shell does not exit if the command that fails is part of the
+ command list immediately following a w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl reserved
+ word, part of the test following the i\bif\bf or e\bel\bli\bif\bf reserved
+ words, part of any command executed in a &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b| list ex-
+ cept the command following the final &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b|, any command
+ in a pipeline but the last (subject to the state of the
+ p\bpi\bip\bpe\bef\bfa\bai\bil\bl shell option), or if the command's return value is
+ being inverted with !\b!. If a compound command other than a
+ subshell returns a non-zero status because a command failed
+ while -\b-e\be was being ignored, the shell does not exit. A trap
+ on E\bER\bRR\bR, if set, is executed before the shell exits. This
+ option applies to the shell environment and each subshell
+ environment separately (see C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN E\bEN\bNV\bVI\bIR\bRO\bON\bNM\bME\bEN\bNT\bT
+ above), and may cause subshells to exit before executing all
+ the commands in the subshell.
+
+ If a compound command or shell function executes in a con-
+ text where -\b-e\be is being ignored, none of the commands exe-
+ cuted within the compound command or function body will be
+ affected by the -\b-e\be setting, even if -\b-e\be is set and a command
+ returns a failure status. If a compound command or shell
+ function sets -\b-e\be while executing in a context where -\b-e\be is
+ ignored, that setting will not have any effect until the
+ compound command or the command containing the function call
+ completes.
+ -\b-f\bf Disable pathname expansion.
+ -\b-h\bh Remember the location of commands as they are looked up for
+ execution. This is enabled by default.
+ -\b-k\bk All arguments in the form of assignment statements are
+ placed in the environment for a command, not just those that
+ precede the command name.
+ -\b-m\bm Monitor mode. Job control is enabled. This option is on by
+ default for interactive shells on systems that support it
+ (see J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL above). All processes run in a separate
+ process group. When a background job completes, the shell
+ prints a line containing its exit status.
+ -\b-n\bn Read commands but do not execute them. This may be used to
+ check a shell script for syntax errors. This is ignored by
+ interactive shells.
+ -\b-o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
+ The _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be can be one of the following:
+ a\bal\bll\ble\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt
+ Same as -\b-a\ba.
+ b\bbr\bra\bac\bce\bee\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd
+ Same as -\b-B\bB.
+ e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs Use an emacs-style command line editing interface.
+ This is enabled by default when the shell is inter-
+ active, unless the shell is started with the
+ -\b--\b-n\bno\boe\bed\bdi\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg option. This also affects the editing
+ interface used for r\bre\bea\bad\bd -\b-e\be.
+ e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt
+ Same as -\b-e\be.
+ e\ber\brr\brt\btr\bra\bac\bce\be
+ Same as -\b-E\bE.
+ f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\btr\bra\bac\bce\be
+ Same as -\b-T\bT.
+ h\bha\bas\bsh\bha\bal\bll\bl
+ Same as -\b-h\bh.
+ h\bhi\bis\bst\bte\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd
+ Same as -\b-H\bH.
+ h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by
+ Enable command history, as described above under
+ H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY. This option is on by default in interac-
+ tive shells.
+ i\big\bgn\bno\bor\bre\bee\beo\bof\bf
+ The effect is as if the shell command "IGNOREEOF=10"
+ had been executed (see S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs above).
+ k\bke\bey\byw\bwo\bor\brd\bd
+ Same as -\b-k\bk.
+ m\bmo\bon\bni\bit\bto\bor\br
+ Same as -\b-m\bm.
+ n\bno\boc\bcl\blo\bob\bbb\bbe\ber\br
+ Same as -\b-C\bC.
+ n\bno\boe\bex\bxe\bec\bc Same as -\b-n\bn.
+ n\bno\bog\bgl\blo\bob\bb Same as -\b-f\bf.
+ n\bno\bol\blo\bog\bg Currently ignored.
+ n\bno\bot\bti\bif\bfy\by Same as -\b-b\bb.
+ n\bno\bou\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt
+ Same as -\b-u\bu.
+ o\bon\bne\bec\bcm\bmd\bd Same as -\b-t\bt.
+ p\bph\bhy\bys\bsi\bic\bca\bal\bl
+ Same as -\b-P\bP.
+ p\bpi\bip\bpe\bef\bfa\bai\bil\bl
+ If set, the return value of a pipeline is the value
+ of the last (rightmost) command to exit with a non-
+ zero status, or zero if all commands in the pipeline
+ exit successfully. This option is disabled by de-
+ fault.
+ p\bpo\bos\bsi\bix\bx Enable posix mode; change the behavior of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh where
+ the default operation differs from the POSIX stan-
+ dard to match the standard. See S\bSE\bEE\bE A\bAL\bLS\bSO\bO below for
+ a reference to a document that details how posix
+ mode affects bash's behavior.
+ p\bpr\bri\biv\bvi\bil\ble\beg\bge\bed\bd
+ Same as -\b-p\bp.
+ v\bve\ber\brb\bbo\bos\bse\be
+ Same as -\b-v\bv.
+ v\bvi\bi Use a vi-style command line editing interface. This
+ also affects the editing interface used for r\bre\bea\bad\bd -\b-e\be.
+ x\bxt\btr\bra\bac\bce\be Same as -\b-x\bx.
+ If -\b-o\bo is supplied with no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, s\bse\bet\bt prints the cur-
+ rent shell option settings. If +\b+o\bo is supplied with no _\bo_\bp_\b-
+ _\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, s\bse\bet\bt prints a series of s\bse\bet\bt commands to recreate
+ the current option settings on the standard output.
+ -\b-p\bp Turn on _\bp_\br_\bi_\bv_\bi_\bl_\be_\bg_\be_\bd mode. In this mode, the shell does not
+ read the $\b$E\bEN\bNV\bV and $\b$B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEN\bNV\bV files, does not inherit shell
+ functions from the environment, and ignores the S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS,
+ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bHO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS, C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, and G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE variables, if they appear
+ in the environment. If the shell is started with the effec-
+ tive user (group) id not equal to the real user (group) id,
+ and the -\b-p\bp option is not supplied, these actions are taken
+ and the effective user id is set to the real user id (see
+ I\bIN\bNV\bVO\bOC\bCA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above for more details). If the -\b-p\bp option is
+ supplied at startup, the effective user id is not reset.
+ Turning this option off causes the effective user and group
+ ids to be set to the real user and group ids.
+ -\b-r\br Enable restricted shell mode. This option cannot be unset
+ once it has been set.
+ -\b-t\bt Exit after reading and executing one command.
+ -\b-u\bu Treat unset variables and parameters other than the special
+ parameters "@" and "*", or array variables subscripted with
+ "@" or "*", as an error when performing parameter expansion.
+ If expansion is attempted on an unset variable or parameter,
+ the shell prints an error message, and, if not interactive,
+ exits with a non-zero status.
+ -\b-v\bv Print shell input lines as they are read.
+ -\b-x\bx After expanding each _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, f\bfo\bor\br command, c\bca\bas\bse\be com-
+ mand, s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt command, or arithmetic f\bfo\bor\br command, display the
+ expanded value of P\bPS\bS4\b4, followed by the command and its ex-
+ panded arguments or associated word list, to the standard
+ error.
+ -\b-B\bB The shell performs brace expansion (see B\bBr\bra\bac\bce\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
+ above). This is on by default.
+ -\b-C\bC If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not overwrite an existing file with the >\b>,
+ >\b>&\b&, and <\b<>\b> redirection operators. Using the redirection op-
+ erator >\b>|\b| instead of >\b> will override this and force the cre-
+ ation of an output file.
+ -\b-E\bE If set, any trap on E\bER\bRR\bR is inherited by shell functions,
+ command substitutions, and commands executed in a subshell
+ environment. The E\bER\bRR\bR trap is normally not inherited in such
+ cases.
+ -\b-H\bH Enable !\b! style history substitution. This option is on by
+ default when the shell is interactive.
+ -\b-P\bP If set, the shell does not resolve symbolic links when exe-
+ cuting commands such as c\bcd\bd that change the current working
+ directory. It uses the physical directory structure in-
+ stead. By default, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh follows the logical chain of direc-
+ tories when performing commands which change the current di-
+ rectory.
+ -\b-T\bT If set, any traps on D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN are inherited by shell
+ functions, command substitutions, and commands executed in a
+ subshell environment. The D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN traps are nor-
+ mally not inherited in such cases.
+ -\b--\b- If no arguments follow this option, unset the positional pa-
+ rameters. Otherwise, set the positional parameters to the
+ _\ba_\br_\bgs, even if some of them begin with a -\b-.
+ -\b- Signal the end of options, and assign all remaining _\ba_\br_\bgs to
+ the positional parameters. The -\b-x\bx and -\b-v\bv options are turned
+ off. If there are no _\ba_\br_\bgs, the positional parameters remain
+ unchanged.
+
+ The options are off by default unless otherwise noted. Using +
+ rather than - causes these options to be turned off. The options
+ can also be specified as arguments to an invocation of the shell.
+ The current set of options may be found in $\b$-\b-. The return status is
+ always zero unless an invalid option is encountered.
+
+ s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt [_\bn]
+ Rename positional parameters from _\bn+1 ... to $\b$1\b1 .\b..\b..\b..\b. Parameters
+ represented by the numbers $\b$#\b# down to $\b$#\b#-_\bn+1 are unset. _\bn must be a
+ non-negative number less than or equal to $\b$#\b#. If _\bn is 0, no parame-
+ ters are changed. If _\bn is not given, it is assumed to be 1. If _\bn
+ is greater than $\b$#\b#, the positional parameters are not changed. The
+ return status is greater than zero if _\bn is greater than $\b$#\b# or less
+ than zero; otherwise 0.
+
+ s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt [-\b-p\bpq\bqs\bsu\bu] [-\b-o\bo] [_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
+ Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behavior.
+ The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the -\b-o\bo option
+ is used, those available with the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin com-
+ mand.
+
+ With no options, or with the -\b-p\bp option, display a list of all set-
+ table options, with an indication of whether or not each is set; if
+ any _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are supplied, the output is restricted to those op-
+ tions. The -\b-p\bp option displays output in a form that may be reused
+ as input.
+
+ Other options have the following meanings:
+ -\b-s\bs Enable (set) each _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
+ -\b-u\bu Disable (unset) each _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
+ -\b-q\bq Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status in-
+ dicates whether the _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set or unset. If multiple
+ _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are supplied with -\b-q\bq, the return status is
+ zero if all _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are enabled; non-zero otherwise.
+ -\b-o\bo Restricts the values of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to be those defined for the
+ -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin.
+
+ If either -\b-s\bs or -\b-u\bu is used with no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments, s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt shows
+ only those options which are set or unset, respectively. Unless
+ otherwise noted, the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt options are disabled (unset) by default.
+
+ The return status when listing options is zero if all _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are
+ enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting options, the
+ return status is zero unless an _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a valid shell option.
+
+ The list of s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt options is:
+
+ a\bar\brr\bra\bay\by_\b_e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_o\bon\bnc\bce\be
+ If set, the shell suppresses multiple evaluation of associa-
+ tive and indexed array subscripts during arithmetic expres-
+ sion evaluation, while executing builtins that can perform
+ variable assignments, and while executing builtins that per-
+ form array dereferencing.
+ a\bas\bss\bso\boc\bc_\b_e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_o\bon\bnc\bce\be
+ Deprecated; a synonym for a\bar\brr\bra\bay\by_\b_e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_o\bon\bnc\bce\be.
+ a\bau\but\bto\boc\bcd\bd If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is
+ executed as if it were the argument to the c\bcd\bd command. This
+ option is only used by interactive shells.
+ b\bba\bas\bsh\bh_\b_s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be_\b_f\bfu\bul\bll\blp\bpa\bat\bth\bh
+ If set, filenames added to the B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSO\bOU\bUR\bRC\bCE\bE array variable
+ are converted to full pathnames (see S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs above).
+ c\bcd\bda\bab\bbl\ble\be_\b_v\bva\bar\brs\bs
+ If set, an argument to the c\bcd\bd builtin command that is not a
+ directory is assumed to be the name of a variable whose
+ value is the directory to change to.
+ c\bcd\bds\bsp\bpe\bel\bll\bl
+ If set, the c\bcd\bd command attempts to correct minor errors in
+ the spelling of a directory component. Minor errors include
+ transposed characters, a missing character, and one extra
+ character. If c\bcd\bd corrects the directory name, it prints the
+ corrected filename, and the command proceeds. This option
+ is only used by interactive shells.
+ c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkh\bha\bas\bsh\bh
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh checks that a command found in the hash table
+ exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed command no
+ longer exists, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh performs a normal path search.
+ c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkj\bjo\bob\bbs\bs
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh lists the status of any stopped and running
+ jobs before exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs are
+ running, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh defers the exit until a second exit is at-
+ tempted without an intervening command (see J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL
+ above). The shell always postpones exiting if any jobs are
+ stopped.
+ c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkw\bwi\bin\bns\bsi\biz\bze\be
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh checks the window size after each external
+ (non-builtin) command and, if necessary, updates the values
+ of L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bES\bS and C\bCO\bOL\bLU\bUM\bMN\bNS\bS, using the file descriptor associated
+ with the standard error if it is a terminal. This option is
+ enabled by default.
+ c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to save all lines of a multiple-line
+ command in the same history entry. This allows easy re-
+ editing of multi-line commands. This option is enabled by
+ default, but only has an effect if command history is en-
+ abled, as described above under H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY.
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b31\b1
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b40\b0
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b41\b1
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b42\b2
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b43\b3
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b44\b4
+ These control aspects of the shell's compatibility mode (see
+ S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bTI\bIB\bBI\bIL\bLI\bIT\bTY\bY M\bMO\bOD\bDE\bE below).
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be_\b_f\bfu\bul\bll\blq\bqu\buo\bot\bte\be
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh quotes all shell metacharacters in filenames
+ and directory names when performing completion. If not set,
+ b\bba\bas\bsh\bh removes metacharacters such as the dollar sign from the
+ set of characters that will be quoted in completed filenames
+ when these metacharacters appear in shell variable refer-
+ ences in words to be completed. This means that dollar
+ signs in variable names that expand to directories will not
+ be quoted; however, any dollar signs appearing in filenames
+ will not be quoted, either. This is active only when bash
+ is using backslashes to quote completed filenames. This
+ variable is set by default, which is the default bash behav-
+ ior in versions through 4.2.
+ d\bdi\bir\bre\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh replaces directory names with the results of
+ word expansion when performing filename completion. This
+ changes the contents of the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be editing buffer. If not
+ set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to preserve what the user typed.
+ d\bdi\bir\brs\bsp\bpe\bel\bll\bl
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts spelling correction on directory names
+ during word completion if the directory name initially sup-
+ plied does not exist.
+ d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh includes filenames beginning with a "." in the
+ results of pathname expansion. The filenames _\b. and _\b._\b. must
+ always be matched explicitly, even if d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb is set.
+ e\bex\bxe\bec\bcf\bfa\bai\bil\bl
+ If set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it cannot
+ execute the file specified as an argument to the e\bex\bxe\bec\bc
+ builtin. An interactive shell does not exit if e\bex\bxe\bec\bc fails.
+ e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bse\bes\bs
+ If set, aliases are expanded as described above under
+ A\bAL\bLI\bIA\bAS\bSE\bES\bS. This option is enabled by default for interactive
+ shells.
+ e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg
+ If set at shell invocation, or in a shell startup file,
+ arrange to execute the debugger profile before the shell
+ starts, identical to the -\b--\b-d\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bgg\bge\ber\br option. If set after
+ invocation, behavior intended for use by debuggers is en-
+ abled:
+ 1\b1.\b. The -\b-F\bF option to the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin displays the
+ source file name and line number corresponding to
+ each function name supplied as an argument.
+ 2\b2.\b. If the command run by the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap returns a non-
+ zero value, the next command is skipped and not exe-
+ cuted.
+ 3\b3.\b. If the command run by the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap returns a value
+ of 2, and the shell is executing in a subroutine (a
+ shell function or a shell script executed by the .\b. or
+ s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins), the shell simulates a call to r\bre\be-\b-
+ t\btu\bur\brn\bn.
+ 4\b4.\b. B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGC\bC and B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV are updated as described in
+ their descriptions above).
+ 5\b5.\b. Function tracing is enabled: command substitution,
+ shell functions, and subshells invoked with (\b( _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
+ )\b) inherit the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN traps.
+ 6\b6.\b. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell
+ functions, and subshells invoked with (\b( _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd )\b) in-
+ herit the E\bER\bRR\bR trap.
+ e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
+ If set, enable the extended pattern matching features de-
+ scribed above under P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn.
+ e\bex\bxt\btq\bqu\buo\bot\bte\be
+ If set, $\b$'_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg' and $\b$"_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg" quoting is performed within
+ $\b${\b{_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br}\b} expansions enclosed in double quotes. This op-
+ tion is enabled by default.
+ f\bfa\bai\bil\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
+ If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during path-
+ name expansion result in an expansion error.
+ f\bfo\bor\brc\bce\be_\b_f\bfi\big\bgn\bno\bor\bre\be
+ If set, the suffixes specified by the F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE shell variable
+ cause words to be ignored when performing word completion
+ even if the ignored words are the only possible completions.
+ See S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs above for a description of F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE.
+ This option is enabled by default.
+ g\bgl\blo\bob\bba\bas\bsc\bci\bii\bir\bra\ban\bng\bge\bes\bs
+ If set, range expressions used in pattern matching bracket
+ expressions (see P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg above) behave as if in the
+ traditional C locale when performing comparisons. That is,
+ pattern matching does not take the current locale's collat-
+ ing sequence into account, so b\bb will not collate between A\bA
+ and B\bB, and upper-case and lower-case ASCII characters will
+ collate together.
+ g\bgl\blo\bob\bbs\bsk\bki\bip\bpd\bdo\bot\bts\bs
+ If set, pathname expansion will never match the filenames _\b.
+ and _\b._\b., even if the pattern begins with a ".". This option
+ is enabled by default.
+ g\bgl\blo\bob\bbs\bst\bta\bar\br
+ If set, the pattern *\b**\b* used in a pathname expansion context
+ will match all files and zero or more directories and subdi-
+ rectories. If the pattern is followed by a /\b/, only directo-
+ ries and subdirectories match.
+ g\bgn\bnu\bu_\b_e\ber\brr\brf\bfm\bmt\bt
+ If set, shell error messages are written in the standard GNU
+ error message format.
+ h\bhi\bis\bst\bta\bap\bpp\bpe\ben\bnd\bd
+ If set, the history list is appended to the file named by
+ the value of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE variable when the shell exits,
+ rather than overwriting the file.
+ h\bhi\bis\bst\btr\bre\bee\bed\bdi\bit\bt
+ If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, the user is given the
+ opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitution.
+ h\bhi\bis\bst\btv\bve\ber\bri\bif\bfy\by
+ If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, the results of history
+ substitution are not immediately passed to the shell parser.
+ Instead, the resulting line is loaded into the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
+ editing buffer, allowing further modification.
+ h\bho\bos\bst\btc\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be
+ If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh will attempt to
+ perform hostname completion when a word containing a @\b@ is
+ being completed (see C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bin\bng\bg under R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE above). This
+ is enabled by default.
+ h\bhu\bup\bpo\bon\bne\bex\bxi\bit\bt
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh will send S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP to all jobs when an interac-
+ tive login shell exits.
+ i\bin\bnh\bhe\ber\bri\bit\bt_\b_e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt
+ If set, command substitution inherits the value of the e\ber\br-\b-
+ r\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt option, instead of unsetting it in the subshell envi-
+ ronment. This option is enabled when posix mode is enabled.
+ i\bin\bnt\bte\ber\bra\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be_\b_c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bts\bs
+ In an interactive shell, a word beginning with #\b# causes that
+ word and all remaining characters on that line to be ig-
+ nored, as in a non-interactive shell (see C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bME\bEN\bNT\bTS\bS above).
+ This option is enabled by default.
+ l\bla\bas\bst\btp\bpi\bip\bpe\be
+ If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs the
+ last command of a pipeline not executed in the background in
+ the current shell environment.
+ l\bli\bit\bth\bhi\bis\bst\bt
+ If set, and the c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt option is enabled, multi-line com-
+ mands are saved to the history with embedded newlines rather
+ than using semicolon separators where possible.
+ l\blo\boc\bca\bal\blv\bva\bar\br_\b_i\bin\bnh\bhe\ber\bri\bit\bt
+ If set, local variables inherit the value and attributes of
+ a variable of the same name that exists at a previous scope
+ before any new value is assigned. The nameref attribute is
+ not inherited.
+ l\blo\boc\bca\bal\blv\bva\bar\br_\b_u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt
+ If set, calling u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt on local variables in previous func-
+ tion scopes marks them so subsequent lookups find them unset
+ until that function returns. This is identical to the be-
+ havior of unsetting local variables at the current function
+ scope.
+ l\blo\bog\bgi\bin\bn_\b_s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl
+ The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell
+ (see I\bIN\bNV\bVO\bOC\bCA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above). The value may not be changed.
+ m\bma\bai\bil\blw\bwa\bar\brn\bn
+ If set, and a file that b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is checking for mail has been
+ accessed since the last time it was checked, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh displays
+ the message "The mail in _\bm_\ba_\bi_\bl_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be has been read".
+ n\bno\bo_\b_e\bem\bmp\bpt\bty\by_\b_c\bcm\bmd\bd_\b_c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn
+ If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not search
+ P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH for possible completions when completion is attempted
+ on an empty line.
+ n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\beg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh matches filenames in a case-insensitive fashion
+ when performing pathname expansion (see P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
+ above).
+ n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\bem\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh matches patterns in a case-insensitive fashion
+ when performing matching while executing c\bca\bas\bse\be or [\b[[\b[ condi-
+ tional commands, when performing pattern substitution word
+ expansions, or when filtering possible completions as part
+ of programmable completion.
+ n\bno\boe\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_t\btr\bra\ban\bns\bsl\bla\bat\bti\bio\bon\bn
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh encloses the translated results of $\b$"\b"..."\b" quot-
+ ing in single quotes instead of double quotes. If the
+ string is not translated, this has no effect.
+ n\bnu\bul\bll\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
+ If set, pathname expansion patterns which match no files
+ (see P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn above) expand to nothing and are re-
+ moved, rather than expanding to themselves.
+ p\bpa\bat\bts\bsu\bub\bb_\b_r\bre\bep\bpl\bla\bac\bce\bem\bme\ben\bnt\bt
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh expands occurrences of &\b& in the replacement
+ string of pattern substitution to the text matched by the
+ pattern, as described under P\bPa\bar\bra\bam\bme\bet\bte\ber\br E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn above. This
+ option is enabled by default.
+ p\bpr\bro\bog\bgc\bco\bom\bmp\bp
+ If set, enable the programmable completion facilities (see
+ P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn above). This option is enabled by
+ default.
+ p\bpr\bro\bog\bgc\bco\bom\bmp\bp_\b_a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs
+ If set, and programmable completion is enabled, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh treats
+ a command name that doesn't have any completions as a possi-
+ ble alias and attempts alias expansion. If it has an alias,
+ b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts programmable completion using the command word
+ resulting from the expanded alias.
+ p\bpr\bro\bom\bmp\bpt\btv\bva\bar\brs\bs
+ If set, prompt strings undergo parameter expansion, command
+ substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal after
+ being expanded as described in P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG above. This option
+ is enabled by default.
+ r\bre\bes\bst\btr\bri\bic\bct\bte\bed\bd_\b_s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl
+ The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted
+ mode (see R\bRE\bES\bST\bTR\bRI\bIC\bCT\bTE\bED\bD S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL below). The value may not be
+ changed. This is not reset when the startup files are exe-
+ cuted, allowing the startup files to discover whether or not
+ a shell is restricted.
+ s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt_\b_v\bve\ber\brb\bbo\bos\bse\be
+ If set, the s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt builtin prints an error message when the
+ shift count exceeds the number of positional parameters.
+ s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\bep\bpa\bat\bth\bh
+ If set, the .\b. (s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be) builtin uses the value of P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH to
+ find the directory containing the file supplied as an argu-
+ ment when the -\b-p\bp option is not supplied. This option is en-
+ abled by default.
+ v\bva\bar\brr\bre\bed\bdi\bir\br_\b_c\bcl\blo\bos\bse\be
+ If set, the shell automatically closes file descriptors as-
+ signed using the _\b{_\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\b} redirection syntax (see R\bRE\bED\bDI\bIR\bRE\bEC\bC-\b-
+ T\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above) instead of leaving them open when the command
+ completes.
+ x\bxp\bpg\bg_\b_e\bec\bch\bho\bo
+ If set, the e\bec\bch\bho\bo builtin expands backslash-escape sequences
+ by default. If the p\bpo\bos\bsi\bix\bx shell option is also enabled, e\bec\bch\bho\bo
+ does not interpret any options.
+
+ s\bsu\bus\bsp\bpe\ben\bnd\bd [-\b-f\bf]
+ Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a S\bSI\bIG\bGC\bCO\bON\bNT\bT sig-
+ nal. A login shell, or a shell without job control enabled, cannot
+ be suspended; the -\b-f\bf option will override this and force the suspen-
+ sion. The return status is 0 unless the shell is a login shell or
+ job control is not enabled and -\b-f\bf is not supplied.
+
+ t\bte\bes\bst\bt _\be_\bx_\bp_\br
+ [\b[ _\be_\bx_\bp_\br ]\b]
+ Return a status of 0 (true) or 1 (false) depending on the evaluation
+ of the conditional expression _\be_\bx_\bp_\br. Each operator and operand must
+ be a separate argument. Expressions are composed of the primaries
+ described above under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS. t\bte\bes\bst\bt does not accept
+ any options, nor does it accept and ignore an argument of -\b--\b- as sig-
+ nifying the end of options.
+
+ Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed in
+ decreasing order of precedence. The evaluation depends on the num-
+ ber of arguments; see below. t\bte\bes\bst\bt uses operator precedence when
+ there are five or more arguments.
+ !\b! _\be_\bx_\bp_\br
+ True if _\be_\bx_\bp_\br is false.
+ (\b( _\be_\bx_\bp_\br )\b)
+ Returns the value of _\be_\bx_\bp_\br. This may be used to override nor-
+ mal operator precedence.
+ _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b1 -a\ba _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2
+ True if both _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b1 and _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2 are true.
+ _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b1 -o\bo _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2
+ True if either _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b1 or _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2 is true.
+
+ t\bte\bes\bst\bt and [\b[ evaluate conditional expressions using a set of rules
+ based on the number of arguments.
+
+ 0 arguments
+ The expression is false.
+ 1 argument
+ The expression is true if and only if the argument is not
+ null.
+ 2 arguments
+ If the first argument is !\b!, the expression is true if and
+ only if the second argument is null. If the first argument
+ is one of the unary conditional operators listed above under
+ C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS, the expression is true if the unary
+ test is true. If the first argument is not a valid unary
+ conditional operator, the expression is false.
+ 3 arguments
+ The following conditions are applied in the order listed. If
+ the second argument is one of the binary conditional opera-
+ tors listed above under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS, the result
+ of the expression is the result of the binary test using the
+ first and third arguments as operands. The -\b-a\ba and -\b-o\bo opera-
+ tors are considered binary operators when there are three ar-
+ guments. If the first argument is !\b!, the value is the nega-
+ tion of the two-argument test using the second and third ar-
+ guments. If the first argument is exactly (\b( and the third
+ argument is exactly )\b), the result is the one-argument test of
+ the second argument. Otherwise, the expression is false.
+ 4 arguments
+ The following conditions are applied in the order listed. If
+ the first argument is !\b!, the result is the negation of the
+ three-argument expression composed of the remaining argu-
+ ments. If the first argument is exactly (\b( and the fourth ar-
+ gument is exactly )\b), the result is the two-argument test of
+ the second and third arguments. Otherwise, the expression is
+ parsed and evaluated according to precedence using the rules
+ listed above.
+ 5 or more arguments
+ The expression is parsed and evaluated according to prece-
+ dence using the rules listed above.
+
+ When the shell is in posix mode, or if the expression is part of the
+ [\b[[\b[ command, the <\b< and >\b> operators sort using the current locale. If
+ the shell is not in posix mode, the t\bte\bes\bst\bt and [\b[ commands sort lexico-
+ graphically using ASCII ordering.
+
+ The historical operator-precedence parsing with 4 or more arguments
+ can lead to ambiguities when it encounters strings that look like
+ primaries. The POSIX standard has deprecated the -\b-a\ba and -\b-o\bo pri-
+ maries and enclosing expressions within parentheses. Scripts should
+ no longer use them. It's much more reliable to restrict test invo-
+ cations to a single primary, and to replace uses of -\b-a\ba and -\b-o\bo with
+ the shell's &\b&&\b& and |\b||\b| list operators.
+
+ t\bti\bim\bme\bes\bs Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and for
+ processes run from the shell. The return status is 0.
+
+ t\btr\bra\bap\bp [-\b-l\blp\bpP\bP] [[_\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc ...]
+ The _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is a command that is read and executed when the shell re-
+ ceives any of the signals _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc. If _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is absent (and there
+ is a single _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc) or -\b-, each specified _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is reset to the
+ value it had when the shell was started. If _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is the null
+ string the signal specified by each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is ignored by the shell
+ and by the commands it invokes.
+
+ If no arguments are supplied, t\btr\bra\bap\bp displays the actions associated
+ with each trapped signal as a set of t\btr\bra\bap\bp commands that can be
+ reused as shell input to restore the current signal dispositions.
+ If -\b-p\bp is given, and _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is not present, then t\btr\bra\bap\bp displays the
+ actions associated with each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc or, if none are supplied, for
+ all trapped signals, as a set of t\btr\bra\bap\bp commands that can be reused as
+ shell input to restore the current signal dispositions. The -\b-P\bP op-
+ tion behaves similarly, but displays only the actions associated
+ with each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc argument. -\b-P\bP requires at least one _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc argu-
+ ment. The -\b-P\bP or -\b-p\bp options may be used in a subshell environment
+ (e.g., command substitution) and, as long as they are used before
+ t\btr\bra\bap\bp is used to change a signal's handling, will display the state
+ of its parent's traps.
+
+ The -\b-l\bl option prints a list of signal names and their corresponding
+ numbers. Each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is either a signal name defined in <_\bs_\bi_\bg_\b-
+ _\bn_\ba_\bl_\b._\bh>, or a signal number. Signal names are case insensitive and
+ the S\bSI\bIG\bG prefix is optional. If -\b-l\bl is supplied with no _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc argu-
+ ments, it prints a list of valid signal names.
+
+ If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is E\bEX\bXI\bIT\bT (0), _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed on exit from the shell.
+ If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG, _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed before every _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\b-
+ _\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, _\bf_\bo_\br command, _\bc_\ba_\bs_\be command, _\bs_\be_\bl_\be_\bc_\bt command, (( arithmetic com-
+ mand, [[ conditional command, arithmetic _\bf_\bo_\br command, and before the
+ first command executes in a shell function (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR
+ above). Refer to the description of the e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg shell option (see
+ s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt above) for details of its effect on the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap. If a
+ _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN, _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed each time a shell function or
+ a script executed with the .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins finishes executing.
+
+ If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is E\bER\bRR\bR, _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed whenever a pipeline (which
+ may consist of a single simple command), a list, or a compound com-
+ mand returns a non-zero exit status, subject to the following condi-
+ tions. The E\bER\bRR\bR trap is not executed if the failed command is part
+ of the command list immediately following a w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl reserved
+ word, part of the test in an _\bi_\bf statement, part of a command exe-
+ cuted in a &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b| list except the command following the final &\b&&\b&
+ or |\b||\b|, any command in a pipeline but the last (subject to the state
+ of the p\bpi\bip\bpe\bef\bfa\bai\bil\bl shell option), or if the command's return value is
+ being inverted using !\b!. These are the same conditions obeyed by the
+ e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt (-\b-e\be) option.
+
+ When the shell is not interactive, signals ignored upon entry to the
+ shell cannot be trapped or reset. Interactive shells permit trap-
+ ping signals ignored on entry. Trapped signals that are not being
+ ignored are reset to their original values in a subshell or subshell
+ environment when one is created. The return status is false if any
+ _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is invalid; otherwise t\btr\bra\bap\bp returns true.
+
+ t\btr\bru\bue\be Does nothing, returns a 0 status.
+
+ t\bty\byp\bpe\be [-\b-a\baf\bft\btp\bpP\bP] _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
+ Indicate how each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be would be interpreted if used as a command
+ name.
+
+ If the -\b-t\bt option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints a string which is one of
+ _\ba_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs, _\bk_\be_\by_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn, or _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be if _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an alias,
+ shell reserved word, function, builtin, or executable file, respec-
+ tively. If the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints nothing and returns a
+ non-zero exit status.
+
+ If the -\b-p\bp option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be either returns the pathname of the
+ executable file that would be found by searching $\b$P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH for _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be or
+ nothing if "type -t name" would not return _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be. The -\b-P\bP option
+ forces a P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH search for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, even if "type -t name" would not
+ return _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be. If _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is present in the table of hashed commands, -\b-p\bp
+ and -\b-P\bP print the hashed value, which is not necessarily the file
+ that appears first in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH.
+
+ If the -\b-a\ba option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints all of the places that contain
+ a command named _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. This includes aliases, reserved words, func-
+ tions, and builtins, but the path search options (-\b-p\bp and -\b-P\bP) can be
+ supplied to restrict the output to executable files. t\bty\byp\bpe\be does not
+ consult the table of hashed commands when using -\b-a\ba with -\b-p\bp, and only
+ performs a P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH search for _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
+
+ The -\b-f\bf option suppresses shell function lookup, as with the c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd
+ builtin. t\bty\byp\bpe\be returns true if all of the arguments are found, false
+ if any are not found.
+
+ u\bul\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt [-\b-H\bHS\bS] -\b-a\ba
+ u\bul\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt [-\b-H\bHS\bS] [-\b-b\bbc\bcd\bde\bef\bfi\bik\bkl\blm\bmn\bnp\bpq\bqr\brs\bst\btu\buv\bvx\bxP\bPR\bRT\bT [_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt]]
+ Provides control over the resources available to the shell and to
+ processes it starts, on systems that allow such control.
+
+ The -\b-H\bH and -\b-S\bS options specify whether the hard or soft limit is set
+ for the given resource. A hard limit cannot be increased by a non-
+ root user once it is set; a soft limit may be increased up to the
+ value of the hard limit. If neither -\b-H\bH nor -\b-S\bS is specified, u\bul\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt
+ sets both the soft and hard limits.
+
+ The value of _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt can be a number in the unit specified for the re-
+ source or one of the special values h\bha\bar\brd\bd, s\bso\bof\bft\bt, or u\bun\bnl\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bte\bed\bd, which
+ stand for the current hard limit, the current soft limit, and no
+ limit, respectively. If _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is omitted, u\bul\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt prints the current
+ value of the soft limit of the resource, unless the -\b-H\bH option is
+ given. When more than one resource is specified, the limit name and
+ unit, if appropriate, are printed before the value. Other options
+ are interpreted as follows:
+ -\b-a\ba Report all current limits; no limits are set.
+ -\b-b\bb The maximum socket buffer size.
+ -\b-c\bc The maximum size of core files created.
+ -\b-d\bd The maximum size of a process's data segment.
+ -\b-e\be The maximum scheduling priority ("nice").
+ -\b-f\bf The maximum size of files written by the shell and its chil-
+ dren.
+ -\b-i\bi The maximum number of pending signals.
+ -\b-k\bk The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated.
+ -\b-l\bl The maximum size that may be locked into memory.
+ -\b-m\bm The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor this
+ limit).
+ -\b-n\bn The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems do
+ not allow this value to be set).
+ -\b-p\bp The pipe size in 512-byte blocks (this may not be set).
+ -\b-q\bq The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues.
+ -\b-r\br The maximum real-time scheduling priority.
+ -\b-s\bs The maximum stack size.
+ -\b-t\bt The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds.
+ -\b-u\bu The maximum number of processes available to a single user.
+ -\b-v\bv The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the shell
+ and, on some systems, to its children.
+ -\b-x\bx The maximum number of file locks.
+ -\b-P\bP The maximum number of pseudoterminals.
+ -\b-R\bR The maximum time a real-time process can run before blocking,
+ in microseconds.
+ -\b-T\bT The maximum number of threads.
+
+ If _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is supplied, and the -\b-a\ba option is not used, _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is the
+ new value of the specified resource. If no option is supplied, then
+ -\b-f\bf is assumed.
+
+ Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for -\b-t\bt, which is in sec-
+ onds; -\b-R\bR, which is in microseconds; -\b-p\bp, which is in units of
+ 512-byte blocks; -\b-P\bP, -\b-T\bT, -\b-b\bb, -\b-k\bk, -\b-n\bn, and -\b-u\bu, which are unscaled val-
+ ues; and, when in posix mode, -\b-c\bc and -\b-f\bf, which are in 512-byte in-
+ crements. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option or argu-
+ ment is supplied, or an error occurs while setting a new limit.
+
+ u\bum\bma\bas\bsk\bk [-\b-p\bp] [-\b-S\bS] [_\bm_\bo_\bd_\be]
+ Set the user file-creation mask to _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be. If _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be begins with a
+ digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is inter-
+ preted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by _\bc_\bh_\bm_\bo_\bd(1).
+ If _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be is omitted, u\bum\bma\bas\bsk\bk prints the current value of the mask. The
+ -\b-S\bS option without a _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be argument prints the mask in a symbolic for-
+ mat; the default output is an octal number. If the -\b-p\bp option is
+ supplied, and _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be is omitted, the output is in a form that may be
+ reused as input. The return status is zero if the mode was success-
+ fully changed or if no _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be argument was supplied, and non-zero oth-
+ erwise.
+
+ u\bun\bna\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs [-a\ba] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
+ Remove each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from the list of defined aliases. If -\b-a\ba is sup-
+ plied, remove all alias definitions. The return value is true un-
+ less a supplied _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a defined alias.
+
+ u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt [-f\bfv\bv] [-n\bn] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
+ For each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, remove the corresponding variable or function. If
+ the -\b-v\bv option is given, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be refers to a shell variable, and
+ that variable is removed. If -\b-f\bf is specified, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be refers to a
+ shell function, and the function definition is removed. If the -\b-n\bn
+ option is supplied, and _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is a variable with the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf at-
+ tribute, _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be will be unset rather than the variable it references.
+ -\b-n\bn has no effect if the -\b-f\bf option is supplied. Read-only variables
+ and functions may not be unset. When variables or functions are re-
+ moved, they are also removed from the environment passed to subse-
+ quent commands. If no options are supplied, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be refers to a
+ variable; if there is no variable by that name, a function with that
+ name, if any, is unset. Some shell variables may not be unset. If
+ any of B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAL\bLI\bIA\bAS\bSE\bES\bS, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV0\b0, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCM\bMD\bDS\bS, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSU\bUB\bB-\b-
+ S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bHP\bPI\bID\bD, C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDB\bBR\bRE\bEA\bAK\bKS\bS, D\bDI\bIR\bRS\bST\bTA\bAC\bCK\bK, E\bEP\bPO\bOC\bCH\bHR\bRE\bEA\bAL\bLT\bTI\bIM\bME\bE, E\bEP\bPO\bOC\bCH\bHS\bSE\bEC\bC-\b-
+ O\bON\bND\bDS\bS, F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE, G\bGR\bRO\bOU\bUP\bPS\bS, H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCM\bMD\bD, L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO, R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM, S\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS, or S\bSR\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM
+ are unset, they lose their special properties, even if they are sub-
+ sequently reset. The exit status is true unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is readonly
+ or may not be unset.
+
+ w\bwa\bai\bit\bt [-\b-f\bfn\bn] [-\b-p\bp _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [_\bi_\bd ...]
+ Wait for each specified child process _\bi_\bd and return the termination
+ status of the last _\bi_\bd. Each _\bi_\bd may be a process ID _\bp_\bi_\bd or a job
+ specification _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc; if a jobspec is supplied, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt waits for all
+ processes in the job.
+
+ If no options or _\bi_\bds are supplied, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt waits for all running back-
+ ground jobs and the last-executed process substitution, if its
+ process id is the same as $\b$!\b!, and the return status is zero.
+
+ If the -\b-n\bn option is supplied, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt waits for any one of the given
+ _\bi_\bds or, if no _\bi_\bds are supplied, any job or process substitution, to
+ complete and returns its exit status. If none of the supplied _\bi_\bds
+ is a child of the shell, or if no _\bi_\bds are supplied and the shell has
+ no unwaited-for children, the exit status is 127.
+
+ If the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt assigns the process or job iden-
+ tifier of the job for which the exit status is returned to the vari-
+ able _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be named by the option argument. The variable, which can-
+ not be readonly, will be unset initially, before any assignment.
+ This is useful only when used with the -\b-n\bn option.
+
+ Supplying the -\b-f\bf option, when job control is enabled, forces w\bwa\bai\bit\bt to
+ wait for each _\bi_\bd to terminate before returning its status, instead
+ of returning when it changes status. If there are no _\bi_\bd arguments,
+ w\bwa\bai\bit\bt waits until all background processes have terminated.
+
+ If none of the _\bi_\bds specify one of the shell's active child
+ processes, the return status is 127. If w\bwa\bai\bit\bt is interrupted by a
+ signal, any _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be will remain unset, and the return status will be
+ greater than 128, as described under S\bSI\bIG\bGN\bNA\bAL\bLS\bS above. Otherwise, the
+ return status is the exit status of the last _\bi_\bd.
S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bTI\bIB\bBI\bIL\bLI\bIT\bTY\bY M\bMO\bOD\bDE\bE
- Bash-4.0 introduced the concept of a _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bb_\bi_\bl_\bi_\bt_\by _\bl_\be_\bv_\be_\bl, speci-
- fied as a set of options to the shopt builtin (c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b31\b1, c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2, c\bco\bom\bm-\b-
- p\bpa\bat\bt4\b40\b0, c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b41\b1, and so on). There is only one current compatibility
- level -- each option is mutually exclusive. The compatibility level is
- intended to allow users to select behavior from previous versions that
- is incompatible with newer versions while they migrate scripts to use
- current features and behavior. It's intended to be a temporary solu-
- tion.
-
- This section does not mention behavior that is standard for a particu-
- lar version (e.g., setting c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2 means that quoting the right hand
- side of the regexp matching operator quotes special regexp characters
- in the word, which is default behavior in bash-3.2 and subsequent ver-
- sions).
-
- If a user enables, say, c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2, it may affect the behavior of other
- compatibility levels up to and including the current compatibility
- level. The idea is that each compatibility level controls behavior
- that changed in that version of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh, but that behavior may have been
- present in earlier versions. For instance, the change to use locale-
- based comparisons with the [\b[[\b[ command came in bash-4.1, and earlier
- versions used ASCII-based comparisons, so enabling c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2 will enable
- ASCII-based comparisons as well. That granularity may not be suffi-
- cient for all uses, and as a result users should employ compatibility
- levels carefully. Read the documentation for a particular feature to
- find out the current behavior.
-
- Bash-4.3 introduced a new shell variable: B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT. The value as-
- signed to this variable (a decimal version number like 4.2, or an inte-
- ger corresponding to the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt_\bN_\bN option, like 42) determines the com-
- patibility level.
-
- Starting with bash-4.4, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh began deprecating older compatibility lev-
- els. Eventually, the options will be removed in favor of B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT.
-
- Bash-5.0 was the final version for which there was an individual shopt
- option for the previous version. B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT is the only mechanism to
- control the compatibility level in versions newer than bash-5.0.
-
- The following table describes the behavior changes controlled by each
- compatibility level setting. The c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt_\bN_\bN tag is used as shorthand for
- setting the compatibility level to _\bN_\bN using one of the following mecha-
- nisms. For versions prior to bash-5.0, the compatibility level may be
- set using the corresponding c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt_\bN_\bN shopt option. For bash-4.3 and
- later versions, the B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT variable is preferred, and it is re-
- quired for bash-5.1 and later versions.
-
- c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b31\b1
- +\bo Quoting the rhs of the [\b[[\b[ command's regexp matching oper-
- ator (=~) has no special effect.
-
- c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2
- +\bo The <\b< and >\b> operators to the [\b[[\b[ command do not consider
- the current locale when comparing strings; they use ASCII
- ordering.
-
- c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b40\b0
- +\bo The <\b< and >\b> operators to the [\b[[\b[ command do not consider
- the current locale when comparing strings; they use ASCII
- ordering. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII col-
- lation and _\bs_\bt_\br_\bc_\bm_\bp(3); bash-4.1 and later use the current
- locale's collation sequence and _\bs_\bt_\br_\bc_\bo_\bl_\bl(3).
-
- c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b41\b1
- +\bo In posix mode, t\bti\bim\bme\be may be followed by options and still
- be recognized as a reserved word (this is POSIX interpre-
- tation 267).
- +\bo In _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx mode, the parser requires that an even number of
- single quotes occur in the _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd portion of a double-
- quoted parameter expansion and treats them specially, so
- that characters within the single quotes are considered
- quoted (this is POSIX interpretation 221).
-
- c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b42\b2
- +\bo The replacement string in double-quoted pattern substitu-
- tion does not undergo quote removal, as it does in ver-
- sions after bash-4.2.
- +\bo In posix mode, single quotes are considered special when
- expanding the _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd portion of a double-quoted parameter
- expansion and can be used to quote a closing brace or
- other special character (this is part of POSIX interpre-
- tation 221); in later versions, single quotes are not
- special within double-quoted word expansions.
-
- c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b43\b3
- +\bo Word expansion errors are considered non-fatal errors
- that cause the current command to fail, even in posix
- mode (the default behavior is to make them fatal errors
- that cause the shell to exit).
- +\bo When executing a shell function, the loop state
- (while/until/etc.) is not reset, so b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk or c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be in
- that function will break or continue loops in the calling
- context. Bash-4.4 and later reset the loop state to pre-
- vent this.
-
- c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b44\b4
- +\bo The shell sets up the values used by B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV and
- B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGC\bC so they can expand to the shell's positional
- parameters even if extended debugging mode is not en-
- abled.
- +\bo A subshell inherits loops from its parent context, so
- b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk or c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be will cause the subshell to exit.
- Bash-5.0 and later reset the loop state to prevent the
- exit
- +\bo Variable assignments preceding builtins like e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt and
- r\bre\bea\bad\bdo\bon\bnl\bly\by that set attributes continue to affect variables
- with the same name in the calling environment even if the
- shell is not in posix mode.
-
- c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt5\b50\b0
- +\bo Bash-5.1 changed the way $\b$R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM is generated to intro-
- duce slightly more randomness. If the shell compatibil-
- ity level is set to 50 or lower, it reverts to the method
- from bash-5.0 and previous versions, so seeding the ran-
- dom number generator by assigning a value to R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM will
- produce the same sequence as in bash-5.0.
- +\bo If the command hash table is empty, bash versions prior
- to bash-5.1 printed an informational message to that ef-
- fect, even when producing output that can be reused as
- input. Bash-5.1 suppresses that message when the -\b-l\bl op-
- tion is supplied.
-
- c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt5\b51\b1
- +\bo The u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt builtin treats attempts to unset array sub-
- scripts @\b@ and *\b* differently depending on whether the ar-
- ray is indexed or associative, and differently than in
- previous versions.
- +\bo Arithmetic commands ( (\b((\b(...)\b))\b) ) and the expressions in an
- arithmetic for statement can be expanded more than once.
- +\bo Expressions used as arguments to arithmetic operators in
- the [\b[[\b[ conditional command can be expanded more than
- once.
- +\bo The expressions in substring parameter brace expansion
- can be expanded more than once.
- +\bo The expressions in the $\b$(\b((\b(...)\b))\b) word expansion can be ex-
- panded more than once.
- +\bo Arithmetic expressions used as indexed array subscripts
- can be expanded more than once.
- +\bo t\bte\bes\bst\bt -\b-v\bv, when given an argument of A\bA[\b[@\b@]\b], where A\bA is an
- existing associative array, will return true if the array
- has any set elements. Bash-5.2 will look for and report
- on a key named @\b@.
- +\bo The ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br[\b[:\b:]\b]=\b=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be} word expansion will return
- _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be, before any variable-specific transformations have
- been performed (e.g., converting to lowercase). Bash-5.2
- will return the final value assigned to the variable.
- +\bo Parsing command substitutions will behave as if extended
- globbing (see the description of the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin above)
- is enabled, so that parsing a command substitution con-
- taining an extglob pattern (say, as part of a shell func-
- tion) will not fail. This assumes the intent is to en-
- able extglob before the command is executed and word ex-
- pansions are performed. It will fail at word expansion
- time if extglob hasn't been enabled by the time the com-
- mand is executed.
-
- c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt5\b52\b2
- +\bo The t\bte\bes\bst\bt builtin uses its historical algorithm to parse
- parenthesized subexpressions when given five or more ar-
- guments.
- +\bo If the -\b-p\bp or -\b-P\bP option is supplied to the b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd builtin,
- b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd treats any arguments remaining after option process-
- ing as bindable command names, and displays any key se-
- quences bound to those commands, instead of treating the
- arguments as key sequences to bind.
+ Bash-4.0 introduced the concept of a _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bb_\bi_\bl_\bi_\bt_\by _\bl_\be_\bv_\be_\bl, specified
+ as a set of options to the shopt builtin (c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b31\b1, c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2, c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b40\b0,
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b41\b1, and so on). There is only one current compatibility level --
+ each option is mutually exclusive. The compatibility level is intended to
+ allow users to select behavior from previous versions that is incompatible
+ with newer versions while they migrate scripts to use current features and
+ behavior. It's intended to be a temporary solution.
+
+ This section does not mention behavior that is standard for a particular
+ version (e.g., setting c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2 means that quoting the right hand side of
+ the regexp matching operator quotes special regexp characters in the word,
+ which is default behavior in bash-3.2 and subsequent versions).
+
+ If a user enables, say, c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2, it may affect the behavior of other com-
+ patibility levels up to and including the current compatibility level. The
+ idea is that each compatibility level controls behavior that changed in
+ that version of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh, but that behavior may have been present in earlier
+ versions. For instance, the change to use locale-based comparisons with
+ the [\b[[\b[ command came in bash-4.1, and earlier versions used ASCII-based com-
+ parisons, so enabling c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2 will enable ASCII-based comparisons as well.
+ That granularity may not be sufficient for all uses, and as a result users
+ should employ compatibility levels carefully. Read the documentation for a
+ particular feature to find out the current behavior.
+
+ Bash-4.3 introduced a new shell variable: B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT. The value assigned
+ to this variable (a decimal version number like 4.2, or an integer corre-
+ sponding to the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt_\bN_\bN option, like 42) determines the compatibility
+ level.
+
+ Starting with bash-4.4, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh began deprecating older compatibility levels.
+ Eventually, the options will be removed in favor of B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT.
+
+ Bash-5.0 was the final version for which there was an individual shopt op-
+ tion for the previous version. B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT is the only mechanism to con-
+ trol the compatibility level in versions newer than bash-5.0.
+
+ The following table describes the behavior changes controlled by each com-
+ patibility level setting. The c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt_\bN_\bN tag is used as shorthand for set-
+ ting the compatibility level to _\bN_\bN using one of the following mechanisms.
+ For versions prior to bash-5.0, the compatibility level may be set using
+ the corresponding c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt_\bN_\bN shopt option. For bash-4.3 and later versions,
+ the B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT variable is preferred, and it is required for bash-5.1 and
+ later versions.
+
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b31\b1
+ * Quoting the rhs of the [\b[[\b[ command's regexp matching operator
+ (=~) has no special effect.
+
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2
+ * The <\b< and >\b> operators to the [\b[[\b[ command do not consider the
+ current locale when comparing strings; they use ASCII order-
+ ing.
+
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b40\b0
+ * The <\b< and >\b> operators to the [\b[[\b[ command do not consider the
+ current locale when comparing strings; they use ASCII order-
+ ing. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII collation and
+ _\bs_\bt_\br_\bc_\bm_\bp(3); bash-4.1 and later use the current locale's colla-
+ tion sequence and _\bs_\bt_\br_\bc_\bo_\bl_\bl(3).
+
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b41\b1
+ * In posix mode, t\bti\bim\bme\be may be followed by options and still be
+ recognized as a reserved word (this is POSIX interpretation
+ 267).
+ * In _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx mode, the parser requires that an even number of
+ single quotes occur in the _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd portion of a double-quoted
+ parameter expansion and treats them specially, so that char-
+ acters within the single quotes are considered quoted (this
+ is POSIX interpretation 221).
+
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b42\b2
+ * The replacement string in double-quoted pattern substitution
+ does not undergo quote removal, as it does in versions after
+ bash-4.2.
+ * In posix mode, single quotes are considered special when ex-
+ panding the _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd portion of a double-quoted parameter expan-
+ sion and can be used to quote a closing brace or other spe-
+ cial character (this is part of POSIX interpretation 221); in
+ later versions, single quotes are not special within double-
+ quoted word expansions.
+
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b43\b3
+ * Word expansion errors are considered non-fatal errors that
+ cause the current command to fail, even in posix mode (the
+ default behavior is to make them fatal errors that cause the
+ shell to exit).
+ * When executing a shell function, the loop state (while/un-
+ til/etc.) is not reset, so b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk or c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be in that func-
+ tion will break or continue loops in the calling context.
+ Bash-4.4 and later reset the loop state to prevent this.
+
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b44\b4
+ * The shell sets up the values used by B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV and B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGC\bC
+ so they can expand to the shell's positional parameters even
+ if extended debugging mode is not enabled.
+ * A subshell inherits loops from its parent context, so b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk
+ or c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be will cause the subshell to exit. Bash-5.0 and
+ later reset the loop state to prevent the exit
+ * Variable assignments preceding builtins like e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt and r\bre\bea\bad\bd-\b-
+ o\bon\bnl\bly\by that set attributes continue to affect variables with
+ the same name in the calling environment even if the shell is
+ not in posix mode.
+
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt5\b50\b0
+ * Bash-5.1 changed the way $\b$R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM is generated to introduce
+ slightly more randomness. If the shell compatibility level
+ is set to 50 or lower, it reverts to the method from bash-5.0
+ and previous versions, so seeding the random number generator
+ by assigning a value to R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM will produce the same sequence
+ as in bash-5.0.
+ * If the command hash table is empty, bash versions prior to
+ bash-5.1 printed an informational message to that effect,
+ even when producing output that can be reused as input.
+ Bash-5.1 suppresses that message when the -\b-l\bl option is sup-
+ plied.
+
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt5\b51\b1
+ * The u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt builtin treats attempts to unset array subscripts @\b@
+ and *\b* differently depending on whether the array is indexed
+ or associative, and differently than in previous versions.
+ * Arithmetic commands ( (\b((\b(...)\b))\b) ) and the expressions in an
+ arithmetic for statement can be expanded more than once.
+ * Expressions used as arguments to arithmetic operators in the
+ [\b[[\b[ conditional command can be expanded more than once.
+ * The expressions in substring parameter brace expansion can be
+ expanded more than once.
+ * The expressions in the $\b$(\b((\b(...)\b))\b) word expansion can be ex-
+ panded more than once.
+ * Arithmetic expressions used as indexed array subscripts can
+ be expanded more than once.
+ * t\bte\bes\bst\bt -\b-v\bv, when given an argument of A\bA[\b[@\b@]\b], where A\bA is an exist-
+ ing associative array, will return true if the array has any
+ set elements. Bash-5.2 will look for and report on a key
+ named @\b@.
+ * The ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br[\b[:\b:]\b]=\b=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be} word expansion will return _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be,
+ before any variable-specific transformations have been per-
+ formed (e.g., converting to lowercase). Bash-5.2 will return
+ the final value assigned to the variable.
+ * Parsing command substitutions will behave as if extended
+ globbing (see the description of the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin above) is
+ enabled, so that parsing a command substitution containing an
+ extglob pattern (say, as part of a shell function) will not
+ fail. This assumes the intent is to enable extglob before
+ the command is executed and word expansions are performed.
+ It will fail at word expansion time if extglob hasn't been
+ enabled by the time the command is executed.
+
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt5\b52\b2
+ * The t\bte\bes\bst\bt builtin uses its historical algorithm to parse
+ parenthesized subexpressions when given five or more argu-
+ ments.
+ * If the -\b-p\bp or -\b-P\bP option is supplied to the b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd builtin, b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd
+ treats any arguments remaining after option processing as
+ bindable command names, and displays any key sequences bound
+ to those commands, instead of treating the arguments as key
+ sequences to bind.
R\bRE\bES\bST\bTR\bRI\bIC\bCT\bTE\bED\bD S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL
- If b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is started with the name r\brb\bba\bas\bsh\bh, or the -\b-r\br option is supplied at
- invocation, the shell becomes _\br_\be_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bc_\bt_\be_\bd. A restricted shell is used
- to set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell. It
- behaves identically to b\bba\bas\bsh\bh with the exception that the following are
- disallowed or not performed:
+ If b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is started with the name r\brb\bba\bas\bsh\bh, or the -\b-r\br option is supplied at in-
+ vocation, the shell becomes _\br_\be_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bc_\bt_\be_\bd. A restricted shell is used to set
+ up an environment more controlled than the standard shell. It behaves
+ identically to b\bba\bas\bsh\bh with the exception that the following are disallowed or
+ not performed:
- +\bo Changing directories with c\bcd\bd.
+ * Changing directories with c\bcd\bd.
- +\bo Setting or unsetting the values of S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL, P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE, E\bEN\bNV\bV,
- or B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEN\bNV\bV.
+ * Setting or unsetting the values of S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL, P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE, E\bEN\bNV\bV, or
+ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEN\bNV\bV.
- +\bo Specifying command names containing /\b/.
+ * Specifying command names containing /\b/.
- +\bo Specifying a filename containing a /\b/ as an argument to the .\b.
- builtin command.
+ * Specifying a filename containing a /\b/ as an argument to the .\b.
+ builtin command.
- +\bo Using the -\b-p\bp option to the .\b. builtin command to specify a
- search path.
+ * Using the -\b-p\bp option to the .\b. builtin command to specify a search
+ path.
- +\bo Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the
- h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by builtin command.
+ * Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the h\bhi\bis\bs-\b-
+ t\bto\bor\bry\by builtin command.
- +\bo Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the
- -\b-p\bp option to the h\bha\bas\bsh\bh builtin command.
+ * Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the -\b-p\bp
+ option to the h\bha\bas\bsh\bh builtin command.
- +\bo Importing function definitions from the shell environment at
- startup.
+ * Importing function definitions from the shell environment at
+ startup.
- +\bo Parsing the values of B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bHO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS and S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS from the shell en-
- vironment at startup.
+ * Parsing the values of B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bHO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS and S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS from the shell environ-
+ ment at startup.
- +\bo Redirecting output using the >, >|, <>, >&, &>, and >> redirec-
- tion operators.
+ * Redirecting output using the >, >|, <>, >&, &>, and >> redirection
+ operators.
- +\bo Using the e\bex\bxe\bec\bc builtin command to replace the shell with another
- command.
+ * Using the e\bex\bxe\bec\bc builtin command to replace the shell with another
+ command.
- +\bo Adding or deleting builtin commands with the -\b-f\bf and -\b-d\bd options
- to the e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be builtin command.
+ * Adding or deleting builtin commands with the -\b-f\bf and -\b-d\bd options to
+ the e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be builtin command.
- +\bo Using the e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be builtin command to enable disabled shell
- builtins.
+ * Using the e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be builtin command to enable disabled shell builtins.
- +\bo Specifying the -\b-p\bp option to the c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd builtin command.
+ * Specifying the -\b-p\bp option to the c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd builtin command.
- +\bo Turning off restricted mode with s\bse\bet\bt +\b+r\br or s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt -\b-u\bu r\bre\be-\b-
- s\bst\btr\bri\bic\bct\bte\bed\bd_\b_s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl.
+ * Turning off restricted mode with s\bse\bet\bt +\b+r\br or s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt -\b-u\bu r\bre\be-\b-
+ s\bst\btr\bri\bic\bct\bte\bed\bd_\b_s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl.
- These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read.
+ These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read.
- When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed (see C\bCO\bOM\bM-\b-
- M\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above), r\brb\bba\bas\bsh\bh turns off any restrictions in the shell
- spawned to execute the script.
+ When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed (see C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD
+ E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above), r\brb\bba\bas\bsh\bh turns off any restrictions in the shell spawned to
+ execute the script.
S\bSE\bEE\bE A\bAL\bLS\bSO\bO
- _\bB_\ba_\bs_\bh _\bR_\be_\bf_\be_\br_\be_\bn_\bc_\be _\bM_\ba_\bn_\bu_\ba_\bl, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey
- _\bT_\bh_\be _\bG_\bN_\bU _\bR_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be _\bL_\bi_\bb_\br_\ba_\br_\by, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey
- _\bT_\bh_\be _\bG_\bN_\bU _\bH_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by _\bL_\bi_\bb_\br_\ba_\br_\by, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey
- POSIX.1-2024, The IEEE and The Open Group
- <https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799/>
- a description of posix mode
- <http://tiswww.case.edu/~chet/bash/POSIX>
- _\bs_\bh(1), _\bk_\bs_\bh(1), _\bc_\bs_\bh(1)
- _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs(1), _\bv_\bi(1)
- _\br_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be(3)
+ _\bB_\ba_\bs_\bh _\bR_\be_\bf_\be_\br_\be_\bn_\bc_\be _\bM_\ba_\bn_\bu_\ba_\bl, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey
+ _\bT_\bh_\be _\bG_\bN_\bU _\bR_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be _\bL_\bi_\bb_\br_\ba_\br_\by, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey
+ _\bT_\bh_\be _\bG_\bN_\bU _\bH_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by _\bL_\bi_\bb_\br_\ba_\br_\by, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey
+ POSIX.1-2024, The IEEE and The Open Group
+ https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799/
+ a description of posix mode
+ http://tiswww.case.edu/~chet/bash/POSIX
+ _\bs_\bh(1), _\bk_\bs_\bh(1), _\bc_\bs_\bh(1)
+ _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs(1), _\bv_\bi(1)
+ _\br_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be(3)
F\bFI\bIL\bLE\bES\bS
- _\b/_\bb_\bi_\bn_\b/_\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh
- The b\bba\bas\bsh\bh executable
- _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bp_\br_\bo_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
- The systemwide initialization file, executed for login shells
- _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b__\bp_\br_\bo_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
- The personal initialization file, executed for login shells
- _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\br_\bc
- The individual per-interactive-shell startup file
- _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b__\bl_\bo_\bg_\bo_\bu_\bt
- The individual login shell cleanup file, executed when a login
- shell exits
- _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b__\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by
- The default value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE, the file in which bash saves the
- command history
- _\b~_\b/_\b._\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc
- Individual _\br_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be initialization file
+ _\b/_\bb_\bi_\bn_\b/_\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh
+ The b\bba\bas\bsh\bh executable
+ _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bp_\br_\bo_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
+ The systemwide initialization file, executed for login shells
+ _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b__\bp_\br_\bo_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
+ The personal initialization file, executed for login shells
+ _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\br_\bc
+ The individual per-interactive-shell startup file
+ _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b__\bl_\bo_\bg_\bo_\bu_\bt
+ The individual login shell cleanup file, executed when a login shell
+ exits
+ _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b__\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by
+ The default value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE, the file in which bash saves the com-
+ mand history
+ _\b~_\b/_\b._\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc
+ Individual _\br_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be initialization file
A\bAU\bUT\bTH\bHO\bOR\bRS\bS
- Brian Fox, Free Software Foundation <bfox@gnu.org>
+ Brian Fox, Free Software Foundation
- Chet Ramey, Case Western Reserve University <chet.ramey@case.edu>
+ Chet Ramey, Case Western Reserve University
B\bBU\bUG\bG R\bRE\bEP\bPO\bOR\bRT\bTS\bS
- If you find a bug in b\bba\bas\bsh\bh, you should report it. But first, you should
- make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest
- version of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. The latest version is always available from
- <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/> and <http://git.savannah.gnu.org/
- cgit/bash.git/snapshot/bash-master.tar.gz>.
-
- Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\bb_\bu_\bg
- command to submit a bug report. If you have a fix, you are encouraged
- to mail that as well! You may send suggestions and "philosophical" bug
- reports, as well as comments and bug reports concerning this manual
- page, to to <bug-bash@gnu.org>.
-
- _\bA_\bl_\bl bug reports should include:
-
- +\bo the version number of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh ("echo $BASH_VERSION"),
- +\bo the host platform and operating system ("uname -a"),
- +\bo either
- (a) if you or an administrator built and installed b\bba\bas\bsh\bh from
- source, the name and version of the compiler used to build it,
- as reported by b\bba\bas\bsh\bh's "configure" script; or
- (b) if your site uses a distributor's b\bba\bas\bsh\bh package, the version of
- that package (for example, "dpkg -i bash" or "rpm -qi bash"),
- +\bo a description of the behavior b\bba\bas\bsh\bh exhibited,
- +\bo a description of the behavior you expected from b\bba\bas\bsh\bh, and
- +\bo a short shell script or "recipe" exercising the unexpected behavior.
-
- _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\bb_\bu_\bg inserts the first three items automatically into the template
- it provides for filing a bug report.
+ If you find a bug in b\bba\bas\bsh\bh, you should report it. But first, you should
+ make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest ver-
+ sion of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. The latest version is always available from
+ ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/ and http://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/bash
+ .git/snapshot/bash-master.tar.gz.
+
+ Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\bb_\bu_\bg com-
+ mand to submit a bug report. If you have a fix, you are encouraged to mail
+ that as well! You may send suggestions and "philosophical" bug reports, as
+ well as comments and bug reports concerning this manual page, to to
+ bug-bash@gnu.org.
+
+ _\bA_\bl_\bl bug reports should include:
+
+ * the version number of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh ("echo $BASH_VERSION"),
+ * the host platform and operating system ("uname -a"),
+ * either
+ (a) if you or an administrator built and installed b\bba\bas\bsh\bh from source,
+ the name and version of the compiler used to build it, as reported
+ by b\bba\bas\bsh\bh's "configure" script; or
+ (b) if your site uses a distributor's b\bba\bas\bsh\bh package, the version of that
+ package (for example, "dpkg -i bash" or "rpm -qi bash"),
+ * a description of the behavior b\bba\bas\bsh\bh exhibited,
+ * a description of the behavior you expected from b\bba\bas\bsh\bh, and
+ * a short shell script or "recipe" exercising the unexpected behavior.
+
+ _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\bb_\bu_\bg inserts the first three items automatically into the template it
+ provides for filing a bug report.
B\bBU\bUG\bGS\bS
- It's too big and too slow.
+ It's too big and too slow.
- There are some subtle differences between b\bba\bas\bsh\bh and historical versions
- of s\bsh\bh, due mostly to b\bba\bas\bsh\bh's independent implementation and the evolu-
- tion of the POSIX specification.
+ There are some subtle differences between b\bba\bas\bsh\bh and historical versions of
+ s\bsh\bh, due mostly to b\bba\bas\bsh\bh's independent implementation and the evolution of
+ the POSIX specification.
- Aliases are confusing in some uses.
+ Aliases are confusing in some uses.
- Shell builtin commands and functions are not stoppable/restartable.
+ Shell builtin commands and functions are not stoppable/restartable.
- Compound commands and command lists of the form "a ; b ; c" are not
- handled gracefully when combined with process suspension. When a
- process is stopped, the shell immediately executes the next command in
- the list or breaks out of any existing loops. It suffices to enclose
- the command in parentheses to force it into a subshell, which may be
- stopped as a unit, or to start the command in the background and imme-
- diately bring it into the foreground.
+ Compound commands and command lists of the form "a ; b ; c" are not handled
+ gracefully when combined with process suspension. When a process is
+ stopped, the shell immediately executes the next command in the list or
+ breaks out of any existing loops. It suffices to enclose the command in
+ parentheses to force it into a subshell, which may be stopped as a unit, or
+ to start the command in the background and immediately bring it into the
+ foreground.
- Array variables may not (yet) be exported.
+ Array variables may not (yet) be exported.
-GNU Bash 5.3 2026 July 1 _\bB_\bA_\bS_\bH(1)
+GNU Bash 5.3 2026 July 1 _\bB_\bA_\bS_\bH(1)
-<!-- Creator : groff version 1.23.0 -->
-<!-- CreationDate: Wed Apr 29 10:18:50 2026 -->
+<!-- Creator : groff version 1.24.1 -->
+<!-- CreationDate: Thu Aug 6 11:31:24 2026 -->
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<html>
<head>
<meta name="generator" content="groff -Thtml, see www.gnu.org">
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=US-ASCII">
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<meta name="Content-Style" content="text/css">
<style type="text/css">
p { margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; vertical-align: top }
</h2>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">bash − GNU
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">bash - GNU
Bourne-Again SHell</p>
<h2>SYNOPSIS
</h2>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em"><b>bash</b>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em"><b>bash</b>
[options] [command_string | file]</p>
<h2>COPYRIGHT
</h2>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Bash is
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Bash is
Copyright (C) 1989-2026 by the Free Software Foundation,
Inc.</p>
</h2>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Bash</b> is a
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Bash</b> is a
command language interpreter that executes commands read
from the standard input, from a string, or from a file. It
is a reimplementation and extension of the Bourne shell, the
also incorporates useful features from the <i>Korn</i> and
<i>C</i> shells (<b>ksh</b> and <b>csh</b>).</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em"><small>POSIX</small>
-is the name for a family of computing standards based on
-Unix. <b>Bash</b> is intended to be a conformant
-implementation of the Shell and Utilities portion of the
-IEEE <small>POSIX</small> specification (IEEE Standard
-1003.1). <b>Bash</b> <small>POSIX</small> mode (hereafter
-referred to as <i>posix mode</i>) changes the shell’s
-behavior where its default operation differs from the
-standard to strictly conform to the standard. See
-<b><small>SEE ALSO</small></b> below for a reference to a
-document that details how posix mode affects
-<b>bash</b>’s behavior. <b>Bash</b> can be configured
-to be <small>POSIX</small> -conformant by default.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">POSIX is the
+name for a family of computing standards based on Unix.
+<b>Bash</b> is intended to be a conformant implementation of
+the Shell and Utilities portion of the IEEE POSIX
+specification (IEEE Standard 1003.1). <b>Bash</b> POSIX mode
+(hereafter referred to as <i>posix mode</i>) changes the
+shell’s behavior where its default operation differs
+from the standard to strictly conform to the standard. See
+<b>SEE ALSO</b> below for a reference to a document that
+details how posix mode affects <b>bash</b>’s behavior.
+<b>Bash</b> can be configured to be POSIX-conformant by
+default.</p>
<h2>OPTIONS
<a name="OPTIONS"></a>
</h2>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">All of the
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">All of the
single-character shell options documented in the description
-of the <b>set</b> builtin command, including
-<b>−o</b>, can be used as options when the shell is
-invoked. In addition, <b>bash</b> interprets the following
-options when it is invoked:</p>
+of the <b>set</b> builtin command, including <b>-o</b>, can
+be used as options when the shell is invoked. In addition,
+<b>bash</b> interprets the following options when it is
+invoked:</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
+<td width="6%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−c</b></p></td>
+<p><b>-c</b></p></td>
<td width="10%"></td>
-<td width="78%">
+<td width="81%">
-<p>If the <b>−c</b> option is present, then commands
-are read from the first non-option argument
+<p>If the <b>-c</b> option is present, then commands are
+read from the first non-option argument
<i>command_string</i>. If there are arguments after the
<i>command_string</i>, the first argument is assigned to
<b>$0</b> and any remaining arguments are assigned to the
name of the shell, which is used in warning and error
messages.</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
+<td width="6%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−i</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-i</b></p></td>
<td width="10%"></td>
-<td width="78%">
+<td width="81%">
-<p>If the <b>−i</b> option is present, the shell is
-<i>interactive</i>.</p> </td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">If the <b>-i</b> option is
+present, the shell is <i>interactive</i>.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
+<td width="6%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−l</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-l</b></p></td>
<td width="10%"></td>
-<td width="78%">
+<td width="81%">
-<p>Make <b>bash</b> act as if it had been invoked as a
-login shell (see <b><small>INVOCATION</small></b>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Make <b>bash</b> act as if it
+had been invoked as a login shell (see <b>INVOCATION</b>
below).</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
+<td width="6%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−r</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-r</b></p></td>
<td width="10%"></td>
-<td width="78%">
+<td width="81%">
-<p>If the <b>−r</b> option is present, the shell
-becomes <i>restricted</i> (see <b><small>RESTRICTED
-SHELL</small></b> below).</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">If the <b>-r</b> option is
+present, the shell becomes <i>restricted</i> (see
+<b>RESTRICTED SHELL</b> below).</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
+<td width="6%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−s</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-s</b></p></td>
<td width="10%"></td>
-<td width="78%">
+<td width="81%">
-<p>If the <b>−s</b> option is present, or if no
-arguments remain after option processing, the shell reads
-commands from the standard input. This option allows the
-positional parameters to be set when invoking an interactive
-shell or when reading input through a pipe.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">If the <b>-s</b> option is
+present, or if no arguments remain after option processing,
+the shell reads commands from the standard input. This
+option allows the positional parameters to be set when
+invoking an interactive shell or when reading input through
+a pipe.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
+<td width="6%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−D</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-D</b></p></td>
<td width="10%"></td>
-<td width="78%">
+<td width="81%">
-<p>Print a list of all double-quoted strings preceded by
-<b>$</b> on the standard output. These are the strings that
-are subject to language translation when the current locale
-is not <b>C</b> or <b>POSIX</b>. This implies the
-<b>−n</b> option; no commands will be executed.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Print a list of all
+double-quoted strings preceded by <b>$</b> on the standard
+output. These are the strings that are subject to language
+translation when the current locale is not <b>C</b> or
+<b>POSIX</b>. This implies the <b>-n</b> option; no commands
+will be executed.</p></td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>[−+]O
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>[-+]O
[</b><i>shopt_option</i><b>]</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:22%;"><i>shopt_option</i> is one of
+<p style="margin-left:19%;"><i>shopt_option</i> is one of
the shell options accepted by the <b>shopt</b> builtin (see
-<b><small>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</small></b> below). If
-<i>shopt_option</i> is present, <b>−O</b> sets the
-value of that option; <b>+O</b> unsets it. If
-<i>shopt_option</i> is not supplied, <b>bash</b> prints the
-names and values of the shell options accepted by
-<b>shopt</b> on the standard output. If the invocation
-option is <b>+O</b>, the output is displayed in a format
-that may be reused as input.</p>
+<b>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</b> below). If <i>shopt_option</i>
+is present, <b>-O</b> sets the value of that option;
+<b>+O</b> unsets it. If <i>shopt_option</i> is not supplied,
+<b>bash</b> prints the names and values of the shell options
+accepted by <b>shopt</b> on the standard output. If the
+invocation option is <b>+O</b>, the output is displayed in a
+format that may be reused as input.</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
+<td width="6%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−−</b></p></td>
+<p><b>--</b></p></td>
<td width="10%"></td>
-<td width="78%">
+<td width="81%">
-<p>A <b>−−</b> signals the end of options and
-disables further option processing. Any arguments after the
-<b>−−</b> are treated as a shell script filename
-(see below) and arguments passed to that script. An argument
-of <b>−</b> is equivalent to
-<b>−−</b>.</p> </td></tr>
+<p>A <b>--</b> signals the end of options and disables
+further option processing. Any arguments after the <b>--</b>
+are treated as a shell script filename (see below) and
+arguments passed to that script. An argument of <b>-</b> is
+equivalent to <b>--</b>.</p></td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Bash</b> also
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Bash</b> also
interprets a number of multi-character options. These
options must appear on the command line before the
single-character options to be recognized. <b><br>
-−−debugger</b></p>
+--debugger</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Arrange for the debugger
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Arrange for the debugger
profile to be executed before the shell starts. Turns on
extended debugging mode (see the description of the
<b>extdebug</b> option to the <b>shopt</b> builtin
below).</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>--dump-po-strings</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>−−dump−po−strings</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Equivalent to <b>−D</b>,
-but the output is in the GNU <i>gettext</i> “po”
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Equivalent to <b>-D</b>, but
+the output is in the GNU <i>gettext</i> “po”
(portable object) file format.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>--dump-strings</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>−−dump−strings</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Equivalent to
-<b>−D</b>.</p>
-
-<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
- cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
-<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="8%">
-
-
-<p><b>−−help</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
-
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Equivalent to <b>-D</b>.</p>
-<p>Display a usage message on standard output and exit
-successfully.</p> </td></tr>
-</table>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>--help</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Display a usage message on
+standard output and exit successfully.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>−−init−file</b>
-<i>file</i> <b><br>
-−−rcfile</b> <i>file</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>--init-file</b> <i>file</i>
+<b><br>
+--rcfile</b> <i>file</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Execute commands from
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Execute commands from
<i>file</i> instead of the standard personal initialization
file <A HREF="file:~/.bashrc"><i>~/.bashrc</i></A> if the shell is interactive (see
-<b><small>INVOCATION</small></b> below).</p>
+<b>INVOCATION</b> below).</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>−−login</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>--login</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Equivalent to
-<b>−l</b>.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Equivalent to <b>-l</b>.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>--noediting</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>−−noediting</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Do not use the GNU
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Do not use the GNU
<b>readline</b> library to read command lines when the shell
is interactive.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>--noprofile</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>−−noprofile</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Do not read either the
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Do not read either the
system-wide startup file <A HREF="file:/etc/profile"><i>/etc/profile</i></A> or any of the
personal initialization files <A HREF="file:~/.bash_profile"><i>~/.bash_profile</i></A>,
<A HREF="file:~/.bash_login"><i>~/.bash_login</i></A>, or <A HREF="file:~/.profile"><i>~/.profile</i></A>. By default,
<b>bash</b> reads these files when it is invoked as a login
-shell (see <b><small>INVOCATION</small></b> below).</p>
-
-<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
- cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
-<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="8%">
-
-
-<p><b>−−norc</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+shell (see <b>INVOCATION</b> below).</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>--norc</b></p>
-<p>Do not read and execute the personal initialization file
-<A HREF="file:~/.bashrc"><i>~/.bashrc</i></A> if the shell is interactive. This option is
-on by default if the shell is invoked as <b>sh</b>.</p></td></tr>
-</table>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Do not read and execute the
+personal initialization file <A HREF="file:~/.bashrc"><i>~/.bashrc</i></A> if the shell
+is interactive. This option is on by default if the shell is
+invoked as <b>sh</b>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>−−posix</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>--posix</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Enable posix mode; change the
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Enable posix mode; change the
behavior of <b>bash</b> where the default operation differs
-from the <small>POSIX</small> standard to match the
-standard.</p>
-
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>−−restricted</b></p>
+from the POSIX standard to match the standard.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">The shell becomes restricted
-(see <b><small>RESTRICTED SHELL</small></b> below).</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>--restricted</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">The shell becomes restricted
+(see <b>RESTRICTED SHELL</b> below).</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>−−verbose</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>--verbose</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Equivalent to
-<b>−v</b>.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Equivalent to <b>-v</b>.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>--version</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>−−version</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Show version information for
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Show version information for
this instance of <b>bash</b> on the standard output and exit
successfully.</p>
</h2>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">If arguments
-remain after option processing, and neither the
-<b>−c</b> nor the <b>−s</b> option has been
-supplied, the first argument is treated as the name of a
-file containing shell commands (a <i>shell script</i>). When
-<b>bash</b> is invoked in this fashion, <b>$0</b> is set to
-the name of the file, and the positional parameters are set
-to the remaining arguments. <b>Bash</b> reads and executes
-commands from this file, then exits. <b>Bash</b>’s
-exit status is the exit status of the last command executed
-in the script. If no commands are executed, the exit status
-is 0. <b>Bash</b> first attempts to open the file in the
-current directory, and, if no file is found, searches the
-directories in <b><small>PATH</small></b> for the
-script.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">If arguments
+remain after option processing, and neither the <b>-c</b>
+nor the <b>-s</b> option has been supplied, the first
+argument is treated as the name of a file containing shell
+commands (a <i>shell script</i>). When <b>bash</b> is
+invoked in this fashion, <b>$0</b> is set to the name of the
+file, and the positional parameters are set to the remaining
+arguments. <b>Bash</b> reads and executes commands from this
+file, then exits. <b>Bash</b>’s exit status is the
+exit status of the last command executed in the script. If
+no commands are executed, the exit status is 0. <b>Bash</b>
+first attempts to open the file in the current directory,
+and, if no file is found, searches the directories in
+<b>PATH</b> for the script.</p>
<h2>INVOCATION
<a name="INVOCATION"></a>
</h2>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">A <i>login
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">A <i>login
shell</i> is one whose first character of argument zero is a
-<b>−</b>, or one started with the
-<b>−−login</b> option.</p>
+<b>-</b>, or one started with the <b>--login</b> option.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">An
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">An
<i>interactive shell</i> is one started without non-option
-arguments (unless <b>−s</b> is specified) and without
-the <b>−c</b> option, and whose standard input and
-standard error are both connected to terminals (as
-determined by <i>isatty</i>(3)), or one started with the
-<b>−i</b> option. <b>Bash</b> sets
-<b><small>PS1</small></b> and <b>$−</b> includes
-<b>i</b> if the shell is interactive, so a shell script or a
-startup file can test this state.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">A
+arguments (unless <b>-s</b> is specified) and without the
+<b>-c</b> option, and whose standard input and standard
+error are both connected to terminals (as determined by
+<i>isatty</i>(3)), or one started with the <b>-i</b> option.
+<b>Bash</b> sets <b>PS1</b> and <b>$-</b> includes <b>i</b>
+if the shell is interactive, so a shell script or a startup
+file can test this state.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">A
<i>non-interactive shell</i> is, not surprisingly, one that
does not satisfy the tests for interactivity given above. A
non-interactive shell is usually started to run commands
from a script file supplied as an argument (a <i>shell
-script</i>) or from a string supplied with the
-<b>−c</b> option.</p>
+script</i>) or from a string supplied with the <b>-c</b>
+option.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The following
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The following
paragraphs describe how <b>bash</b> executes its startup
files. If any of the files exist but cannot be read,
<b>bash</b> reports an error. Tildes in filenames are
expanded as described below under <b>Tilde Expansion</b> in
-the <b><small>EXPANSION</small></b> section.</p>
+the <b>EXPANSION</b> section.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">When <b>bash</b>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">When <b>bash</b>
is invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a
-non-interactive shell with the <b>−−login</b>
-option, it first reads and executes commands from the file
+non-interactive shell with the <b>--login</b> option, it
+first reads and executes commands from the file
<A HREF="file:/etc/profile"><i>/etc/profile</i></A>, if that file exists. After reading that
file, it looks for <A HREF="file:~/.bash_profile"><i>~/.bash_profile</i></A>,
<A HREF="file:~/.bash_login"><i>~/.bash_login</i></A>, and <A HREF="file:~/.profile"><i>~/.profile</i></A>, in that order,
and reads and executes commands from the first one that
-exists and is readable. The <b>−−noprofile</b>
-option may be used when the shell is started to inhibit this
-behavior.</p>
+exists and is readable. The <b>--noprofile</b> option may be
+used when the shell is started to inhibit this behavior.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">When an
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">When an
interactive login shell exits, or a non-interactive login
shell executes the <b>exit</b> builtin command, <b>bash</b>
reads and executes commands from the file
<A HREF="file:~/.bash_logout"><i>~/.bash_logout</i></A>, if it exists.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">When an
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">When an
interactive shell that is not a login shell is started,
<b>bash</b> reads and executes commands from
-<A HREF="file:~/.bashrc"><i>~/.bashrc</i></A>, if that file exists. The
-<b>−−norc</b> option inhibits this behavior. The
-<b>−−rcfile</b> <i>file</i> option causes
-<b>bash</b> to use <i>file</i> instead of
-<A HREF="file:~/.bashrc"><i>~/.bashrc</i></A>.</p>
+<A HREF="file:~/.bashrc"><i>~/.bashrc</i></A>, if that file exists. The <b>--norc</b>
+option inhibits this behavior. The <b>--rcfile</b>
+<i>file</i> option causes <b>bash</b> to use <i>file</i>
+instead of <A HREF="file:~/.bashrc"><i>~/.bashrc</i></A>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">When <b>bash</b>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">When <b>bash</b>
is started non-interactively, it looks for the variable
-<b><small>BASH_ENV</small></b> in the environment, expands
-its value if it appears there, and uses the expanded value
-as the name of a file to read and execute. <b>Bash</b>
-behaves as if the following command were executed:</p>
+<b>BASH_ENV</b> in the environment, expands its value if it
+appears there, and uses the expanded value as the name of a
+file to read and execute. <b>Bash</b> behaves as if the
+following command were executed:</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">if [ −n
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">if [ -n
"$BASH_ENV" ]; then . "$BASH_ENV";
fi</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">but does not use
-the value of the <b><small>PATH</small></b> variable to
-search for the filename.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">but does not use
+the value of the <b>PATH</b> variable to search for the
+filename.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">If <b>bash</b>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">If <b>bash</b>
is invoked with the name <b>sh</b>, it tries to mimic the
startup behavior of historical versions of <b>sh</b> as
-closely as possible, while conforming to the
-<small>POSIX</small> standard as well. When invoked as an
-interactive login shell, or a non-interactive shell with the
-<b>−−login</b> option, it first attempts to read
-and execute commands from <A HREF="file:/etc/profile"><i>/etc/profile</i></A> and
-<A HREF="file:~/.profile"><i>~/.profile</i></A>, in that order. The
-<b>−−noprofile</b> option inhibits this
-behavior. When invoked as an interactive shell with the name
-<b>sh</b>, <b>bash</b> looks for the variable
-<b><small>ENV</small></b><small>,</small> expands its value
-if it is defined, and uses the expanded value as the name of
-a file to read and execute. Since a shell invoked as
+closely as possible, while conforming to the POSIX standard
+as well. When invoked as an interactive login shell, or a
+non-interactive shell with the <b>--login</b> option, it
+first attempts to read and execute commands from
+<A HREF="file:/etc/profile"><i>/etc/profile</i></A> and <A HREF="file:~/.profile"><i>~/.profile</i></A>, in that order.
+The <b>--noprofile</b> option inhibits this behavior. When
+invoked as an interactive shell with the name <b>sh</b>,
+<b>bash</b> looks for the variable <b>ENV</b>, expands its
+value if it is defined, and uses the expanded value as the
+name of a file to read and execute. Since a shell invoked as
<b>sh</b> does not attempt to read and execute commands from
-any other startup files, the <b>−−rcfile</b>
-option has no effect. A non-interactive shell invoked with
-the name <b>sh</b> does not attempt to read any other
-startup files.</p>
+any other startup files, the <b>--rcfile</b> option has no
+effect. A non-interactive shell invoked with the name
+<b>sh</b> does not attempt to read any other startup
+files.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">When invoked as
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">When invoked as
<b>sh</b>, <b>bash</b> enters posix mode after reading the
startup files.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">When <b>bash</b>
-is started in posix mode, as with the
-<b>−−posix</b> command line option, it follows
-the <small>POSIX</small> standard for startup files. In this
-mode, interactive shells expand the
-<b><small>ENV</small></b> variable and read and execute
-commands from the file whose name is the expanded value. A
-posix-mode shell does not attempt to read any other startup
-files, even when invoked as a login shell.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Bash</b>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">When <b>bash</b>
+is started in posix mode, as with the <b>--posix</b> command
+line option, it follows the POSIX standard for startup
+files. In this mode, interactive shells expand the
+<b>ENV</b> variable and read and execute commands from the
+file whose name is the expanded value. A posix-mode shell
+does not attempt to read any other startup files, even when
+invoked as a login shell.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Bash</b>
attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard
input connected to a network connection, as when executed by
the secure shell daemon <i>sshd</i> or the historical and
this fashion, it reads and executes commands from
<A HREF="file:~/.bashrc"><i>~/.bashrc</i></A>, if that file exists and is readable.
<b>Bash</b> does not read this file if invoked as <b>sh</b>.
-The <b>−−norc</b> option inhibits this behavior,
-and the <b>−−rcfile</b> option makes <b>bash</b>
-use a different file instead of <A HREF="file:~/.bashrc"><i>~/.bashrc</i></A>, but
-neither <i>sshd</i> nor <i>rshd</i> generally invoke the
-shell with those options or allow them to be specified.</p>
+The <b>--norc</b> option inhibits this behavior, and the
+<b>--rcfile</b> option makes <b>bash</b> use a different
+file instead of <A HREF="file:~/.bashrc"><i>~/.bashrc</i></A>, but neither <i>sshd</i>
+nor <i>rshd</i> generally invoke the shell with those
+options or allow them to be specified.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">If the shell is
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">If the shell is
started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the
-real user (group) id, and the <b>−p</b> option is not
-supplied, no startup files are read, shell functions are not
-inherited from the environment, the
-<b><small>SHELLOPTS</small></b><small>, <b>BASHOPTS</b>,
-<b>CDPATH</b>,</small> and <b><small>GLOBIGNORE</small></b>
-variables, if they appear in the environment, are ignored,
-and the effective user id is set to the real user id. If the
-<b>−p</b> option is supplied at invocation, the
-startup behavior is the same, but <b>bash</b> does not reset
-the effective user id.</p>
+real user (group) id, and the <b>-p</b> option is not
+supplied, bash does not attempt to read any startup files or
+<A HREF="file:~/.bash_logout"><i>~/.bash_logout</i></A>, does not inherit shell functions from
+the environment, ignores the <b>SHELLOPTS</b>,
+<b>BASHOPTS</b>, <b>CDPATH</b>, and <b>GLOBIGNORE</b>
+variables, if they appear in the environment, and sets the
+effective user id to the real user id. If the <b>-p</b>
+option is supplied at invocation, the startup behavior is
+the same, but <b>bash</b> does not reset the effective user
+id.</p>
<h2>DEFINITIONS
<a name="DEFINITIONS"></a>
</h2>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The following
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The following
definitions are used throughout the rest of this
document.</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="6%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="7%">
<p><b>blank</b></p></td>
-<td width="3%"></td>
+<td width="2%"></td>
<td width="19%">
<p>A space or tab.</p></td>
-<td width="63%">
+<td width="66%">
</td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>whitespace</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>whitespace</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">A character belonging to the
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">A character belonging to the
<b>space</b> character class in the current locale, or for
which <i>isspace</i>(3) returns true.</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
+<td width="6%"></td>
<td width="5%">
<p><b>word</b></p></td>
<td width="4%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<td width="85%">
<p>A sequence of characters considered as a single unit by
the shell. Also known as a <b>token</b>.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
+<td width="6%"></td>
<td width="5%">
-<p><b>name</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>name</b></p></td>
<td width="4%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<td width="85%">
-<p>A <i>word</i> consisting only of alphanumeric characters
-and underscores, and beginning with an alphabetic character
-or an underscore. Also referred to as an
-<b>identifier</b>.</p> </td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">A <i>word</i> consisting only of
+alphanumeric characters and underscores, and beginning with
+an alphabetic character or an underscore. Also referred to
+as an <b>identifier</b>.</p></td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>metacharacter</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>metacharacter</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">A character that, when
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">A character that, when
unquoted, separates words. One of the following: <b><br>
| & ; ( ) < > space tab newline</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>control operator</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>control operator</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">A <i>token</i> that performs a
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">A <i>token</i> that performs a
control function. It is one of the following symbols:
<b><br>
|| & && ; ;; ;& ;;& ( ) | |&
</h2>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em"><b><i>Reserved
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em"><b><i>Reserved
words</i></b> are words that have a special meaning to the
shell. The following words are recognized as reserved when
unquoted and either</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="1%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="2%">
<p>•</p></td>
-<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<td width="7%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
-<p>the first word of a command (see <b><small>SHELL
-GRAMMAR</small></b> below);</p></td></tr>
+<p>the first word of a command (see <b>SHELL GRAMMAR</b>
+below);</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="1%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="2%">
-<p>•</p></td>
-<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">•</p></td>
+<td width="7%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
-<p>the first word following a reserved word other than
-<b>case</b>, <b>for</b>, <b>select</b>, or <b>in</b>;</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">the first word following a
+reserved word other than <b>case</b>, <b>for</b>,
+<b>select</b>, or <b>in</b>;</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="1%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="2%">
-<p>•</p></td>
-<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">•</p></td>
+<td width="7%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
-<p>the third word of a <b>case</b> command (only <b>in</b>
-is valid);</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">the third word of a <b>case</b>
+command (only <b>in</b> is valid);</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="1%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="2%">
-<p>•</p></td>
-<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">•</p></td>
+<td width="7%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
-<p>the third word of a <b>for</b> or <b>select</b> command
-(only <b>in</b> and <b>do</b> are valid);</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">the third word of a <b>for</b>
+or <b>select</b> command (only <b>in</b> and <b>do</b> are
+valid);</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="1%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="2%">
-<p>•</p></td>
-<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">•</p></td>
+<td width="7%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
-<p>following a control operator.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">following a control
+operator.</p> </td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The shell will
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The shell will
also recognize reserved words where the syntax of a command
specifically requires the reserved word as the only correct
token.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The following
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The following
are reserved words:</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em"><b>! case coproc
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em"><b>! case coproc
do done elif else esac fi for function if in select then
until while { } time [[ ]]</b></p>
</h2>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">This section
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">This section
describes the syntax of the various forms of shell
commands.</p>
</h3>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">A <i>simple
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">A <i>simple
command</i> is a sequence of optional variable assignments
followed by <b>blank</b>-separated words and redirections,
and terminated by a <i>control operator</i>. The first word
argument zero. The remaining words are passed as arguments
to the invoked command.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The return value
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The return value
of a <i>simple command</i> is its exit status, or
128+<i>n</i> if the command is terminated by signal
<i>n</i>.</p>
</h3>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">A
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">A
<i>pipeline</i> is a sequence of one or more commands
separated by one of the control operators <b>|</b> or
<b>|&</b>. The format for a pipeline is:</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">[<b>time</b>
-[<b>−p</b>]] [ ! ] <i>command1</i> [
-[<b>|</b>⎪<b>|&</b>] <i>command2</i> ... ]</p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">[<b>time</b>
+[<b>-p</b>]] [ ! ] <i>command1</i> [
+[<b>|</b>⎪<b>|&</b>] <i>command2</i> ... ]</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The standard
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The standard
output of <i>command1</i> is connected via a pipe to the
standard input of <i>command2</i>. This connection is
performed before any redirections specified by the
-<i>command1</i>(see <b><small>REDIRECTION</small></b>
-below). If <b>|&</b> is the pipeline operator,
+<i>command1</i>(see <b>REDIRECTION</b> below). If
+<b>|&</b> is the pipeline operator,
<i>command1</i>’s standard error, in addition to its
standard output, is connected to <i>command2</i>’s
standard input through the pipe; it is shorthand for
standard error to the standard output is performed after any
redirections specified by <i>command1</i>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The return
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The return
status of a pipeline is the exit status of the last command,
unless the <b>pipefail</b> option is enabled. If
<b>pipefail</b> is enabled, the pipeline’s return
commands in the pipeline to terminate before returning a
value.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">If the
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">If the
<b>time</b> reserved word precedes a pipeline, the shell
reports the elapsed as well as user and system time consumed
-by its execution when the pipeline terminates. The
-<b>−p</b> option changes the output format to that
-specified by <small>POSIX</small> . When the shell is in
-posix mode, it does not recognize <b>time</b> as a reserved
-word if the next token begins with a “−”.
-The value of the <b><small>TIMEFORMAT</small></b> variable
-is a format string that specifies how the timing information
-should be displayed; see the description of
-<b><small>TIMEFORMAT</small></b> below under <b>Shell
-Variables</b>.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">When the shell
+by its execution when the pipeline terminates. The <b>-p</b>
+option changes the output format to that specified by POSIX.
+When the shell is in posix mode, it does not recognize
+<b>time</b> as a reserved word if the next token begins with
+a “-”. The value of the <b>TIMEFORMAT</b>
+variable is a format string that specifies how the timing
+information should be displayed; see the description of
+<b>TIMEFORMAT</b> below under <b>Shell Variables</b>.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">When the shell
is in posix mode, <b>time</b> may appear by itself as the
only word in a simple command. In this case, the shell
displays the total user and system time consumed by the
-shell and its children. The <b><small>TIMEFORMAT</small></b>
-variable specifies the format of the time information.</p>
+shell and its children. The <b>TIMEFORMAT</b> variable
+specifies the format of the time information.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Each command in
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Each command in
a multi-command pipeline, where pipes are created, is
executed in a <i>subshell</i>, which is a separate process.
-See <b><small>COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT</small></b> for
-a description of subshells and a subshell environment. If
-the <b>lastpipe</b> option is enabled using the <b>shopt</b>
+See <b>COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT</b> for a description
+of subshells and a subshell environment. If the
+<b>lastpipe</b> option is enabled using the <b>shopt</b>
builtin (see the description of <b>shopt</b> below), and job
control is not active, the last element of a pipeline may be
run by the shell process.</p>
</h3>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">A <i>list</i> is
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">A <i>list</i> is
a sequence of one or more AND or OR lists separated by one
of the operators <b>;</b>, <b>&</b>, or
<b><newline></b>, and optionally terminated by one of
those three characters.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">AND and OR lists
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">AND and OR lists
are sequences of one or more pipelines separated by the
<b>&&</b> and <b>||</b> control operators,
respectively. AND and OR lists are executed with left
associativity.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">An AND list has
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">An AND list has
the form</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em"><i>command1</i>
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em"><i>command1</i>
<b>&&</b> <i>command2</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em"><i>command2</i>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em"><i>command2</i>
is executed if, and only if, <i>command1</i> returns an exit
status of zero (success).</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">An OR list has
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">An OR list has
the form</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em"><i>command1</i>
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em"><i>command1</i>
<b>||</b> <i>command2</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em"><i>command2</i>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em"><i>command2</i>
is executed if, and only if, <i>command1</i> returns a
non-zero exit status. The return status of AND and OR lists
is the exit status of the last command executed in the
list.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Of these list
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Of these list
operators, <b>&&</b> and <b>||</b> have equal
precedence, followed by <b>;</b> and <b>&</b>, which
have equal precedence.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">A sequence of
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">A sequence of
one or more newlines may appear in a <i>list</i> instead of
a semicolon to delimit commands.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">If a command is
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">If a command is
terminated by the control operator <b>&</b>, the shell
executes the command asynchronously in a subshell. This is
known as executing a command in the <i>background</i>, and
any explicit redirections involving the standard input, is
redirected from <i>/dev/null</i>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Commands
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Commands
separated or terminated by <b>;</b> (or an equivalent
<b><newline></b>) are executed sequentially; the shell
waits for each command to terminate in turn.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The return
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The return
status of a list is the exit status of the last command
executed.</p>
</h3>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">A <i>compound
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">A <i>compound
command</i> is one of the following. In most cases a
<i>list</i> in a command’s description may be
separated from the rest of the command by one or more
newlines, and may be followed by a newline in place of a
-semicolon.</p>
-
-<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
- cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
-<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="8%">
-
-
-<p style="margin-top: 1em">(<i>list</i>)</p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
-
-
-<p style="margin-top: 1em"><i>list</i> is executed in a
-subshell (see <b><small>COMMAND EXECUTION
-ENVIRONMENT</small></b> below for a description of a
-subshell environment). Variable assignments and builtin
-commands that affect the shell’s environment do not
-remain in effect after the command completes. The return
-status is the exit status of <i>list</i>.</p></td></tr>
-</table>
+semicolon. <br>
+(<i>list</i>)</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><i>list</i> is executed in a
+subshell (see <b>COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT</b> below for
+a description of a subshell environment). Variable
+assignments and builtin commands that affect the
+shell’s environment do not remain in effect after the
+command completes. The return status is the exit status of
+<i>list</i>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;">{ <i>list</i>; }</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;">{ <i>list</i>; }</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><i>list</i> is executed in the
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><i>list</i> is executed in the
current shell environment. <i>list</i> must be terminated
with a newline or semicolon. This is known as a <i>group
command</i>. The return status is the exit status of
<i>list</i>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">Note that
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">Note that
unlike the metacharacters <b>(</b> and <b>)</b>, <b>{</b>
and <b>}</b> are <i>reserved words</i> and must occur where
a reserved word is permitted to be recognized. Since they do
<i>list</i> by whitespace or another shell
metacharacter.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;">((<i>expression</i>))</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;">((<i>expression</i>))</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">The arithmetic
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">The arithmetic
<i>expression</i> is evaluated according to the rules
-described below under <b><small>ARITHMETIC
-EVALUATION</small></b><small>.</small> If the value of the
-expression is non-zero, the return status is 0; otherwise
-the return status is 1. The <i>expression</i> undergoes the
-same expansions as if it were within double quotes, but
-unescaped double quote characters in <i>expression</i> are
-not treated specially and are removed. Since this can
-potentially result in empty strings, this command treats
-those as expressions that evaluate to 0.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>[[</b> <i>expression</i>
+described below under <b>ARITHMETIC EVALUATION</b>. If the
+value of the expression is non-zero, the return status is 0;
+otherwise the return status is 1. The <i>expression</i>
+undergoes the same expansions as if it were within double
+quotes, but unescaped double quote characters in
+<i>expression</i> are not treated specially and are removed.
+Since this can potentially result in empty strings, this
+command treats those as expressions that evaluate to 0.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>[[</b> <i>expression</i>
<b>]]</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Evaluate the conditional
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Evaluate the conditional
expression <i>expression</i> and return a status of zero
(true) or non-zero (false). Expressions are composed of the
-primaries described below under <b><small>CONDITIONAL
-EXPRESSIONS</small></b><small>.</small> The words between
-the <b>[[</b> and <b>]]</b> do not undergo word splitting
-and pathname expansion. The shell performs tilde expansion,
-parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion,
-command substitution, process substitution, and quote
-removal on those words. Conditional operators such as
-<b>−f</b> must be unquoted to be recognized as
-primaries.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">When used with
+primaries described below under <b>CONDITIONAL
+EXPRESSIONS</b>. The words between the <b>[[</b> and
+<b>]]</b> do not undergo word splitting and pathname
+expansion. The shell performs tilde expansion, parameter and
+variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command
+substitution, process substitution, and quote removal on
+those words. Conditional operators such as <b>-f</b> must be
+unquoted to be recognized as primaries.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">When used with
<b>[[</b>, the <b><</b> and <b>></b> operators sort
lexicographically using the current locale.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">When the
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">When the
<b>==</b> and <b>!=</b> operators are used, the string to
the right of the operator is considered a pattern and
matched according to the rules described below under
character in the quoted portion matches itself, instead of
having any special pattern matching meaning.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">An additional
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">An additional
binary operator, <b>=~</b>, is available, with the same
precedence as <b>==</b> and <b>!=</b>. When it is used, the
-string to the right of the operator is considered a
-<small>POSIX</small> extended regular expression and matched
-accordingly (using the <small>POSIX</small> <i>regcomp</i>
-and <i>regexec</i> interfaces usually described in
-<i>regex</i>(3)). The return value is 0 if the string
-matches the pattern, and 1 otherwise. If the regular
-expression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional
-expression’s return value is 2. If the
+string to the right of the operator is considered a POSIX
+extended regular expression and matched accordingly (using
+the POSIX <i>regcomp</i> and <i>regexec</i> interfaces
+usually described in <i>regex</i>(3)). The return value is 0
+if the string matches the pattern, and 1 otherwise. If the
+regular expression is syntactically incorrect, the
+conditional expression’s return value is 2. If the
<b>nocasematch</b> shell option is enabled, the match is
performed without regard to the case of alphabetic
characters.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If any part of
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If any part of
the pattern is quoted, the quoted portion is matched
literally, as above. If the pattern is stored in a shell
variable, quoting the variable expansion forces the entire
in regular expressions carefully, since normal quoting and
pattern characters lose their meanings between brackets.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">The match
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">The match
succeeds if the pattern matches any part of the string.
Anchor the pattern using the <b>^</b> and <b>$</b> regular
expression operators to force it to match the entire
string.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">The array
-variable <b><small>BASH_REMATCH</small></b> records which
-parts of the string matched the pattern. <b>Bash</b> unsets
-<b>BASH_REMATCH</b> before attempting the match, so if there
-is no match, it remains unset. The element of
-<b><small>BASH_REMATCH</small></b> with index 0 contains the
-portion of the string matching the entire regular
-expression. Substrings matched by parenthesized
-subexpressions within the regular expression are saved in
-the remaining <b><small>BASH_REMATCH</small></b> indices.
-The element of <b><small>BASH_REMATCH</small></b> with index
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">The array
+variable <b>BASH_REMATCH</b> records which parts of the
+string matched the pattern. <b>Bash</b> unsets each element
+of <b>BASH_REMATCH</b> before attempting the match, so if
+there is no match, it remains empty. The element of
+<b>BASH_REMATCH</b> with index 0 contains the portion of the
+string matching the entire regular expression. Substrings
+matched by parenthesized subexpressions within the regular
+expression are saved in the remaining <b>BASH_REMATCH</b>
+indices. The element of <b>BASH_REMATCH</b> with index
<i>n</i> is the portion of the string matching the
<i>n</i>th parenthesized subexpression. <b>Bash</b> sets
-<b><small>BASH_REMATCH</small></b> in the global scope if it
-is not set; if it is declared as a local variable before
-running <b>[[</b>, <b>bash</b> keeps it a local
-variable.</p>
+<b>BASH_REMATCH</b> in the global scope if it is not set; if
+it is declared as a local variable before running <b>[[</b>,
+<b>bash</b> keeps it a local variable.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">Expressions may
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">Expressions may
be combined using the following operators, listed in
decreasing order of precedence: <b><br>
(</b> <i>expression</i> <b>)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:27%;">Returns the value of
+<p style="margin-left:24%;">Returns the value of
<i>expression</i>. This may be used to override the normal
precedence of operators.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>!</b> <i>expression</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>!</b> <i>expression</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:27%;">True if <i>expression</i> is
+<p style="margin-left:24%;">True if <i>expression</i> is
false.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><i>expression1</i>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><i>expression1</i>
<b>&&</b> <i>expression2</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:27%;">True if both <i>expression1</i>
+<p style="margin-left:24%;">True if both <i>expression1</i>
and <i>expression2</i> are true.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><i>expression1</i> <b>||</b>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><i>expression1</i> <b>||</b>
<i>expression2</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:27%;">True if either
+<p style="margin-left:24%;">True if either
<i>expression1</i> or <i>expression2</i> is true.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">The
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">The
<b>&&</b> and <b>||</b> operators do not evaluate
<i>expression2</i> if the value of <i>expression1</i> is
sufficient to determine the return value of the entire
conditional expression.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>for</b> <i>name</i> [ [
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>for</b> <i>name</i> [ [
<b>in</b> <i>word ...</i> ] ; ] <b>do</b> <i>list</i> ;
<b>done</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">First, expand the list of words
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">First, expand the list of words
following <b>in</b>, generating a list of items. Then, the
variable <i>name</i> is set to each element of this list in
turn, and <i>list</i> is executed each time. If the
<b>in</b> <i>word</i> is omitted, the <b>for</b> command
executes <i>list</i> once for each positional parameter that
-is set (see <b><small>PARAMETERS</small></b> below). The
-return status is the exit status of the last command that
-executes. If the expansion of the items following <b>in</b>
-results in an empty list, no commands are executed, and the
-return status is 0.</p>
+is set (see <b>PARAMETERS</b> below). The return status is
+the exit status of the last command that executes. If the
+expansion of the items following <b>in</b> results in an
+empty list, no commands are executed, and the return status
+is 0.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>for</b> (( <i>expr1</i> ;
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>for</b> (( <i>expr1</i> ;
<i>expr2</i> ; <i>expr3</i> )) [;] <b>do</b> <i>list</i> ;
<b>done</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">First, evaluate the arithmetic
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">First, evaluate the arithmetic
expression <i>expr1</i> according to the rules described
-below under <b><small>ARITHMETIC
-EVALUATION</small></b><small>.</small> Then, repeatedly
+below under <b>ARITHMETIC EVALUATION</b>. Then, repeatedly
evaluate the arithmetic expression <i>expr2</i> until it
evaluates to zero. Each time <i>expr2</i> evaluates to a
non-zero value, execute <i>list</i> and evaluate the
that is executed, or non-zero if any of the expressions is
invalid.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">Use the
-<b>break</b> and <b>continue</b> builtins (see
-<b><small>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</small></b> below) to
-control loop execution.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">Use the
+<b>break</b> and <b>continue</b> builtins (see <b>SHELL
+BUILTIN COMMANDS</b> below) to control loop execution.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>select</b> <i>name</i> [ [
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>select</b> <i>name</i> [ [
<b>in</b> <i>word ...</i> ] ; ] <b>do</b> <i>list</i> ;
<b>done</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">First, expand the list of words
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">First, expand the list of words
following <b>in</b>, generating a list of items, and print
the set of expanded words the standard error, each preceded
by a number. If the <b>in</b> <i>word</i> is omitted, print
-the positional parameters (see
-<b><small>PARAMETERS</small></b> below). <b>select</b> then
-displays the <b><small>PS3</small></b> prompt and reads a
-line from the standard input. If the line consists of a
+the positional parameters (see <b>PARAMETERS</b> below).
+<b>select</b> then displays the <b>PS3</b> prompt and reads
+a line from the standard input. If the line consists of a
number corresponding to one of the displayed words, then
<b>select</b> sets the value of <i>name</i> to that word. If
the line is empty, <b>select</b> displays the words and
prompt again. If EOF is read, <b>select</b> completes and
returns 1. Any other value sets <i>name</i> to null. The
-line read is saved in the variable
-<b><small>REPLY</small></b><small>.</small> The <i>list</i>
-is executed after each selection until a <b>break</b>
-command is executed. The exit status of <b>select</b> is the
-exit status of the last command executed in <i>list</i>, or
-zero if no commands were executed.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>case</b> <i>word</i>
+line read is saved in the variable <b>REPLY</b>. The
+<i>list</i> is executed after each selection until a
+<b>break</b> command is executed. The exit status of
+<b>select</b> is the exit status of the last command
+executed in <i>list</i>, or zero if no commands were
+executed.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>case</b> <i>word</i>
<b>in</b> [ [(] <i>pattern</i> [ <b>|</b> <i>pattern</i> ]
... ) <i>list</i> ;; ] ... <b>esac</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">A <b>case</b> command first
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">A <b>case</b> command first
expands <i>word</i>, and tries to match it against each
<i>pattern</i> in turn, proceeding from first to last, using
the matching rules described under <b>Pattern Matching</b>
shell option is enabled, the match is performed without
regard to the case of alphabetic characters.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">A <i>pattern
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">A <i>pattern
list</i> is a set of one or more patterns separated by
<b>|</b>, and terminated by the <b>)</b> operator. A case
<i>clause</i> is a pattern list and an associated
number of case clauses. The first pattern that matches
determines the <i>list</i> that is executed.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">When a match is
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">When a match is
found, <b>case</b> executes the corresponding <i>list</i>.
If the <b>;;</b> operator terminates the case clause, the
<b>case</b> command completes after the first match. Using
case statement execution as if the pattern list had not
matched.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">The exit status
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">The exit status
is zero if no pattern matches. Otherwise, it is the exit
status of the last command executed in the last <i>list</i>
executed.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>if</b> <i>list</i>;
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>if</b> <i>list</i>;
<b>then</b> <i>list</i>; [ <b>elif</b> <i>list</i>;
<b>then</b> <i>list</i>; ] ... [ <b>else</b> <i>list</i>; ]
<b>fi</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">The <b>if</b> <i>list</i> is
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">The <b>if</b> <i>list</i> is
executed. If its exit status is zero, the <b>then</b>
<i>list</i> is executed. Otherwise, each <b>elif</b>
<i>list</i> is executed in turn, and if its exit status is
exit status of the last command executed, or zero if no
condition tested true.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>while</b> <i>list-1</i>;
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>while</b> <i>list-1</i>;
<b>do</b> <i>list-2</i>; <b>done <br>
until</b> <i>list-1</i>; <b>do</b> <i>list-2</i>;
<b>done</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">The <b>while</b> command
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">The <b>while</b> command
continuously executes the list <i>list-2</i> as long as the
last command in the list <i>list-1</i> returns an exit
status of zero. The <b>until</b> command is identical to the
</h3>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">A
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">A
<i>coprocess</i> is a shell command preceded by the
<b>coproc</b> reserved word. A coprocess is executed
asynchronously in a subshell, as if the command had been
two-way pipe established between the executing shell and the
coprocess.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The syntax for a
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The syntax for a
coprocess is:</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em"><b>coproc</b>
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em"><b>coproc</b>
[<i>NAME</i>] <i>command</i> [<i>redirections</i>]</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">This creates a
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">This creates a
coprocess named <i>NAME</i>. <i>command</i> may be either a
simple command or a compound command (see above).
<i>NAME</i> is a shell variable name. If <i>NAME</i> is not
supplied, the default name is <b>COPROC</b>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The recommended
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The recommended
form to use for a coprocess is</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em"><b>coproc</b>
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em"><b>coproc</b>
<i>NAME</i> { <i>command</i> [<i>redirections</i>]; }</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">This form is
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">This form is
preferred because simple commands result in the coprocess
always being named <b>COPROC</b>, and it is simpler to use
and more complete than the other compound commands.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">If
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">If
<i>command</i> is a compound command, <i>NAME</i> is
optional. The word following <b>coproc</b> determines
whether that word is interpreted as a variable name: it is
confusion between <i>NAME</i> and the first word of the
simple command.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">When the
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">When the
coprocess is executed, the shell creates an array variable
(see <b>Arrays</b> below) named <i>NAME</i> in the context
of the executing shell. The standard output of
shell, and that file descriptor is assigned to
<i>NAME</i>[1]. This pipe is established before any
redirections specified by the command (see
-<b><small>REDIRECTION</small></b> below). The file
-descriptors can be utilized as arguments to shell commands
-and redirections using standard word expansions. Other than
-those created to execute command and process substitutions,
-the file descriptors are not available in subshells.</p>
+<b>REDIRECTION</b> below). The file descriptors can be
+utilized as arguments to shell commands and redirections
+using standard word expansions. Other than those created to
+execute command and process substitutions, the file
+descriptors are not available in subshells.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The process ID
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The process ID
of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is available
as the value of the variable <i>NAME</i>_PID. The
<b>wait</b> builtin may be used to wait for the coprocess to
terminate.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Since the
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Since the
coprocess is created as an asynchronous command, the
<b>coproc</b> command always returns success. The return
status of a coprocess is the exit status of
</h3>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">A shell function
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">A shell function
is an object that is called like a simple command and
executes a compound command with a new set of positional
parameters. Shell functions are declared as follows: <i><br>
-fname</i> () <i>compound−command</i>
-[<i>redirection</i>] <b><br>
-function</b> <i>fname</i> [()] <i>compound−command</i>
+fname</i> () <i>compound-command</i> [<i>redirection</i>]
+<b><br>
+function</b> <i>fname</i> [()] <i>compound-command</i>
[<i>redirection</i>]</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">This defines a function named
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">This defines a function named
<i>fname</i>. The reserved word <b>function</b> is optional.
If the <b>function</b> reserved word is supplied, the
parentheses are optional. The <i>body</i> of the function is
-the compound command <i>compound−command</i> (see
+the compound command <i>compound-command</i> (see
<b>Compound Commands</b> above). That command is usually a
<i>list</i> of commands between { and }, but may be any
command listed under <b>Compound Commands</b> above. If the
<b>function</b> reserved word is used, but the parentheses
are not supplied, the braces are recommended.
-<i>compound−command</i> is executed whenever
-<i>fname</i> is specified as the name of a simple command.
-When in posix mode, <i>fname</i> must be a valid shell
-<i>name</i> and may not be the name of one of the
-<small>POSIX</small> <i>special builtins</i>. In default
-mode, a function name can be any unquoted shell word that
-does not contain <b>$</b>.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Any redirections
-(see <b><small>REDIRECTION</small></b> below) specified when
-a function is defined are performed when the function is
-executed.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The exit status
+<i>compound-command</i> is executed whenever <i>fname</i> is
+specified as the name of a simple command. When in posix
+mode, <i>fname</i> must be a valid shell <i>name</i> and may
+not be the name of one of the POSIX <i>special builtins</i>.
+In default mode, a function name can be any unquoted shell
+word that does not contain <b>$</b>.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Any redirections
+(see <b>REDIRECTION</b> below) specified when a function is
+defined are performed when the function is executed.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The exit status
of a function definition is zero unless a syntax error
occurs or a readonly function with the same name already
exists. When executed, the exit status of a function is the
exit status of the last command executed in the body. (See
-<b><small>FUNCTIONS</small></b> below.)</p>
+<b>FUNCTIONS</b> below.)</p>
<h2>COMMENTS
<a name="COMMENTS"></a>
</h2>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">In a
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">In a
non-interactive shell, or an interactive shell in which the
<b>interactive_comments</b> option to the <b>shopt</b>
-builtin is enabled (see <b><small>SHELL BUILTIN
-COMMANDS</small></b> below), a word beginning with <b>#</b>
-introduces a comment. A word begins at the beginning of a
-line, after unquoted whitespace, or after an operator. The
-comment causes that word and all remaining characters on
-that line to be ignored. An interactive shell without the
+builtin is enabled (see <b>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</b>
+below), a word beginning with <b>#</b> introduces a comment.
+A word begins at the beginning of a line, after unquoted
+whitespace, or after an operator. The comment causes that
+word and all remaining characters on that line to be
+ignored. An interactive shell without the
<b>interactive_comments</b> option enabled does not allow
comments. The <b>interactive_comments</b> option is enabled
by default in interactive shells.</p>
</h2>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em"><i>Quoting</i>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em"><i>Quoting</i>
is used to remove the special meaning of certain characters
or words to the shell. Quoting can be used to disable
special treatment for special characters, to prevent
reserved words from being recognized as such, and to prevent
parameter expansion.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Each of the
-<i>metacharacters</i> listed above under
-<b><small>DEFINITIONS</small></b> has special meaning to the
-shell and must be quoted if it is to represent itself.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Each of the
+<i>metacharacters</i> listed above under <b>DEFINITIONS</b>
+has special meaning to the shell and must be quoted if it is
+to represent itself.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">When the command
-history expansion facilities are being used (see
-<b><small>HISTORY EXPANSION</small></b> below), the
-<i>history expansion</i> character, usually <b>!</b>, must
-be quoted to prevent history expansion.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">When the command
+history expansion facilities are being used (see <b>HISTORY
+EXPANSION</b> below), the <i>history expansion</i>
+character, usually <b>!</b>, must be quoted to prevent
+history expansion.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">There are four
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">There are four
quoting mechanisms: the <i>escape character</i>, single
quotes, double quotes, and dollar-single quotes.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">A non-quoted
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">A non-quoted
backslash (<b>\</b>) is the <i>escape character</i>. It
preserves the literal value of the next character that
follows, removing any special meaning it has, with the
(that is, it is removed from the input stream and
effectively ignored).</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Enclosing
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Enclosing
characters in single quotes preserves the literal value of
each character within the quotes. A single quote may not
occur between single quotes, even when preceded by a
backslash.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Enclosing
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Enclosing
characters in double quotes preserves the literal value of
all characters within the quotes, with the exception of
<b>$</b>, <b>`</b>, <b>\</b>, and, when history expansion is
<b><newline></b>. Backslashes preceding characters
without a special meaning are left unmodified.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">A double quote
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">A double quote
may be quoted within double quotes by preceding it with a
backslash. If enabled, history expansion will be performed
unless an <b>!</b> appearing in double quotes is escaped
using a backslash. The backslash preceding the <b>!</b> is
not removed.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The special
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The special
parameters <b>*</b> and <b>@</b> have special meaning when
-in double quotes (see <b><small>PARAMETERS</small></b>
-below).</p>
+in double quotes (see <b>PARAMETERS</b> below).</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Character
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Character
sequences of the form <b>$</b>'<i>string</i>' are treated as
a special variant of single quotes. The sequence expands to
<i>string</i>, with backslash-escaped characters in
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
-<td width="8%">
+<td width="15%"></td>
+<td width="5%">
<p><b>\a</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="4%"></td>
+<td width="76%">
<p>alert (bell)</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
-<td width="8%">
+<td width="15%"></td>
+<td width="5%">
-<p><b>\b</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\b</b></p></td>
+<td width="4%"></td>
+<td width="76%">
-<p>backspace</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">backspace</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
-<td width="8%">
+<td width="15%"></td>
+<td width="5%">
-<p><b>\e</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\e</b></p></td>
+<td width="4%"></td>
+<td width="76%">
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
-<td width="8%">
+<td width="15%"></td>
+<td width="5%">
-<p><b>\E</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\E</b></p></td>
+<td width="4%"></td>
+<td width="76%">
-<p>an escape character</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">an escape character</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
-<td width="8%">
+<td width="15%"></td>
+<td width="5%">
-<p><b>\f</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\f</b></p></td>
+<td width="4%"></td>
+<td width="76%">
-<p>form feed</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">form feed</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
-<td width="8%">
+<td width="15%"></td>
+<td width="5%">
-<p><b>\n</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\n</b></p></td>
+<td width="4%"></td>
+<td width="76%">
-<p>new line</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">new line</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
-<td width="8%">
+<td width="15%"></td>
+<td width="5%">
-<p><b>\r</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\r</b></p></td>
+<td width="4%"></td>
+<td width="76%">
-<p>carriage return</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">carriage return</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
-<td width="8%">
+<td width="15%"></td>
+<td width="5%">
-<p><b>\t</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\t</b></p></td>
+<td width="4%"></td>
+<td width="76%">
-<p>horizontal tab</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">horizontal tab</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
-<td width="8%">
+<td width="15%"></td>
+<td width="5%">
-<p><b>\v</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\v</b></p></td>
+<td width="4%"></td>
+<td width="76%">
-<p>vertical tab</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">vertical tab</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
-<td width="8%">
+<td width="15%"></td>
+<td width="5%">
-<p><b>\\</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\\</b></p></td>
+<td width="4%"></td>
+<td width="76%">
-<p>backslash</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">backslash</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
-<td width="8%">
+<td width="15%"></td>
+<td width="5%">
-<p><b>\'</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\'</b></p></td>
+<td width="4%"></td>
+<td width="76%">
-<p>single quote</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">single quote</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
-<td width="8%">
+<td width="15%"></td>
+<td width="5%">
-<p><b>\"</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\"</b></p></td>
+<td width="4%"></td>
+<td width="76%">
-<p>double quote</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">double quote</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
-<td width="8%">
+<td width="15%"></td>
+<td width="5%">
-<p><b>\?</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\?</b></p></td>
+<td width="4%"></td>
+<td width="76%">
-<p>question mark</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">question mark</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
-<td width="8%">
+<td width="15%"></td>
+<td width="5%">
-<p><b>\</b><i>nnn</i></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\</b><i>nnn</i></p></td>
+<td width="4%"></td>
+<td width="76%">
-<p>The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value
-<i>nnn</i> (one to three octal digits).</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The eight-bit character whose
+value is the octal value <i>nnn</i> (one to three octal
+digits).</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
-<td width="8%">
-
-
-<p><b>\x</b><i>HH</i></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="15%"></td>
+<td width="5%">
-<p>The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal
-value <i>HH</i> (one or two hex digits).</p></td></tr>
-<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
-<td width="8%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\x</b><i>HH</i></p></td>
+<td width="4%"></td>
+<td width="76%">
-<p><b>\u</b><i>HHHH</i></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The eight-bit character whose
+value is the hexadecimal value <i>HH</i> (one or two hex
+digits).</p> </td></tr>
+</table>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>\u</b><i>HHHH</i></p>
-<p>The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
-hexadecimal value <i>HHHH</i> (one to four hex digits).</p></td></tr>
-</table>
+<p style="margin-left:24%;">The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646)
+character whose value is the hexadecimal value <i>HHHH</i>
+(one to four hex digits).</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>\U</b><i>HHHHHHHH</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>\U</b><i>HHHHHHHH</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:27%;">The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646)
+<p style="margin-left:24%;">The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646)
character whose value is the hexadecimal value
<i>HHHHHHHH</i> (one to eight hex digits).</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="4%">
<p><b>\c</b><i>x</i></p></td>
<td width="5%"></td>
-<td width="28%">
+<td width="27%">
<p>A control-<i>x</i> character.</p></td>
-<td width="45%">
+<td width="49%">
</td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The expanded
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The expanded
result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not been
present.</p>
</h3>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">A double-quoted
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">A double-quoted
string preceded by a dollar sign
(<b>$</b>"<i>string</i>") causes the string to be
translated according to the current locale. The
the <b>noexpand_translation</b> option is enabled using the
<b>shopt</b> builtin, translated strings are single-quoted
instead of double-quoted. See the description of
-<b>shopt</b> below under <b><small>SHELL BUILTIN
-COMMANDS</small></b><small>.</small></p>
+<b>shopt</b> below under <b>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</b>.</p>
<h2>PARAMETERS
<a name="PARAMETERS"></a>
</h2>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">A
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">A
<i>parameter</i> is an entity that stores values. It can be
a <i>name</i>, a number, or one of the special characters
listed below under <b>Special Parameters</b>. A
variable has a <i>value</i> and zero or more
<i>attributes</i>. Attributes are assigned using the
<b>declare</b> builtin command (see <b>declare</b> below in
-<b><small>SHELL BUILTIN
-COMMANDS</small></b><small>).</small> The <b>export</b> and
+<b>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</b>). The <b>export</b> and
<b>readonly</b> builtins assign specific attributes.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">A parameter is
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">A parameter is
set if it has been assigned a value. The null string is a
valid value. Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by
-using the <b>unset</b> builtin command (see <b><small>SHELL
-BUILTIN COMMANDS</small></b> below).</p>
+using the <b>unset</b> builtin command (see <b>SHELL BUILTIN
+COMMANDS</b> below).</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">A
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">A
<i>variable</i> is assigned to using a statement of the
form</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em"><i>name</i>=[<i>value</i>]</p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em"><i>name</i>=[<i>value</i>]</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">If <i>value</i>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">If <i>value</i>
is not given, the variable is assigned the null string. All
<i>values</i> undergo tilde expansion, parameter and
variable expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
-expansion, and quote removal (see
-<b><small>EXPANSION</small></b> below). If the variable has
-its <b>integer</b> attribute set, then <i>value</i> is
-evaluated as an arithmetic expression even if the
-<b>$((</b>...<b>))</b> expansion is not used (see
+expansion, and quote removal (see <b>EXPANSION</b> below).
+If the variable has its <b>integer</b> attribute set, then
+<i>value</i> is evaluated as an arithmetic expression even
+if the <b>$((</b>...<b>))</b> expansion is not used (see
<b>Arithmetic Expansion</b> below). Word splitting and
pathname expansion are not performed. Assignment statements
may also appear as arguments to the <b>alias</b>,
of the <b>command</b> builtin and retain these assignment
statement properties.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">In the context
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">In the context
where an assignment statement is assigning a value to a
shell variable or array index, the “+=” operator
appends to or adds to the variable’s previous value.
variable’s value is not unset (as it is when using
“=”), and new values are appended to the array
beginning at one greater than the array’s maximum
-index (for indexed arrays) or added as additional
-key−value pairs in an associative array. When applied
-to a string-valued variable, <i>value</i> is expanded and
+index (for indexed arrays) or added as additional key-value
+pairs in an associative array. When applied to a
+string-valued variable, <i>value</i> is expanded and
appended to the variable’s value.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">A variable can
-be assigned the <i>nameref</i> attribute using the
-<b>−n</b> option to the <b>declare</b> or <b>local</b>
-builtin commands (see the descriptions of <b>declare</b> and
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">A variable can
+be assigned the <i>nameref</i> attribute using the <b>-n</b>
+option to the <b>declare</b> or <b>local</b> builtin
+commands (see the descriptions of <b>declare</b> and
<b>local</b> below) to create a <i>nameref</i>, or a
reference to another variable. This allows variables to be
manipulated indirectly. Whenever the nameref variable is
the function. For instance, if a variable name is passed to
a shell function as its first argument, running</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">declare
-−n ref=$1</p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">declare -n
+ref=$1</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">inside the
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">inside the
function creates a local nameref variable <b>ref</b> whose
value is the variable name passed as the first argument.
References and assignments to <b>ref</b>, and changes to its
executed. Array variables cannot be given the <b>nameref</b>
attribute. However, nameref variables can reference array
variables and subscripted array variables. Namerefs can be
-unset using the <b>−n</b> option to the <b>unset</b>
+unset using the <b>-n</b> option to the <b>unset</b>
builtin. Otherwise, if <b>unset</b> is executed with the
name of a nameref variable as an argument, the variable
referenced by the nameref variable is unset.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">When the shell
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">When the shell
starts, it reads its environment and creates a shell
variable from each environment variable that has a valid
-name, as described below (see
-<b><small>ENVIRONMENT</small></b><small>).</small></p>
+name, as described below (see <b>ENVIRONMENT</b>).</p>
<h3>Positional Parameters
<a name="Positional Parameters"></a>
</h3>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">A <i>positional
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">A <i>positional
parameter</i> is a parameter denoted by one or more digits,
other than the single digit 0. Positional parameters are
assigned from the shell’s arguments when it is
command. Positional parameters may not be assigned to with
assignment statements. The positional parameters are
temporarily replaced when a shell function is executed (see
-<b><small>FUNCTIONS</small></b> below).</p>
+<b>FUNCTIONS</b> below).</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">When a
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">When a
positional parameter consisting of more than a single digit
is expanded, it must be enclosed in braces (see
-<b><small>EXPANSION</small></b> below). Without braces, a
-digit following $ can only refer to one of the first nine
-positional parameters (<b>$1−$9</b>) or the special
-parameter <b>$0</b> (see the next section).</p>
+<b>EXPANSION</b> below). Without braces, a digit following $
+can only refer to one of the first nine positional
+parameters (<b>$1-$9</b>) or the special parameter <b>$0</b>
+(see the next section).</p>
<h3>Special Parameters
<a name="Special Parameters"></a>
</h3>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The shell treats
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The shell treats
several parameters specially. These parameters may only be
referenced; assignment to them is not allowed. Special
parameters are denoted by one of the following
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="1%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="2%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>*</b></p></td>
-<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<td width="7%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em">(<b>$*</b>) Expands to the
word splitting and pathname expansion. When the expansion
occurs within double quotes, it expands to a single word
with the value of each parameter separated by the first
-character of the <b><small>IFS</small></b> variable. That
-is, <b>"$*"</b> is equivalent to
+character of the <b>IFS</b> variable. That is,
+<b>"$*"</b> is equivalent to
<b>"$1</b><i>c</i><b>$2</b><i>c</i><b>..."</b>,
where <i>c</i> is the first character of the value of the
-<b><small>IFS</small></b> variable. If
-<b><small>IFS</small></b> is unset, the parameters are
-separated by spaces. If <b><small>IFS</small></b> is null,
-the parameters are joined without intervening
-separators.</p> </td></tr>
+<b>IFS</b> variable. If <b>IFS</b> is unset, the parameters
+are separated by spaces. If <b>IFS</b> is null, the
+parameters are joined without intervening separators.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="1%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="2%">
-<p><b>@</b></p></td>
-<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
-
-
-<p>(<b>$@</b>) Expands to the positional parameters,
-starting from one. In contexts where word splitting is
-performed, this expands each positional parameter to a
-separate word; if not within double quotes, these words are
-subject to word splitting. In contexts where word splitting
-is not performed, such as the value portion of an assignment
-statement, this expands to a single word with each
-positional parameter separated by a space. When the
-expansion occurs within double quotes, and word splitting is
-performed, each parameter expands to a separate word. That
-is, <b>"$@"</b> is equivalent to
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>@</b></p></td>
+<td width="7%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
+
+
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">(<b>$@</b>) Expands to the
+positional parameters, starting from one. In contexts where
+word splitting is performed, this expands each positional
+parameter to a separate word; if not within double quotes,
+these words are subject to word splitting. In contexts where
+word splitting is not performed, such as the value portion
+of an assignment statement, this expands to a single word
+with each positional parameter separated by a space. When
+the expansion occurs within double quotes, and word
+splitting is performed, each parameter expands to a separate
+word. That is, <b>"$@"</b> is equivalent to
<b>"$1" "$2" ...</b> If the
double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion
of the first parameter is joined with the expansion of the
parameters, <b>"$@"</b> and <b>$@</b> expand to
nothing (i.e., they are removed).</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="1%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="2%">
-<p><b>#</b></p></td>
-<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>#</b></p></td>
+<td width="7%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
-<p>(<b>$#</b>) Expands to the number of positional
-parameters in decimal.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">(<b>$#</b>) Expands to the
+number of positional parameters in decimal.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="1%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="2%">
-<p><b>?</b></p></td>
-<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>?</b></p></td>
+<td width="7%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
-<p>(<b>$?</b>) Expands to the exit status of the most
-recently executed command.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">(<b>$?</b>) Expands to the exit
+status of the most recently executed command.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="1%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="2%">
-<p><b>−</b></p></td>
-<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-</b></p></td>
+<td width="7%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
-<p>(<b>$−</b>) Expands to the current option flags as
-specified upon invocation, by the <b>set</b> builtin
-command, or those set by the shell itself (such as the
-<b>−i</b> option).</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">(<b>$-</b>) Expands to the
+current option flags as specified upon invocation, by the
+<b>set</b> builtin command, or those set by the shell itself
+(such as the <b>-i</b> option).</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="1%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="2%">
-<p><b>$</b></p></td>
-<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>$</b></p></td>
+<td width="7%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
-<p>(<b>$$</b>) Expands to the process ID of the shell. In a
-subshell, it expands to the process ID of the parent shell,
-not the subshell.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">(<b>$$</b>) Expands to the
+process ID of the shell. In a subshell, it expands to the
+process ID of the parent shell, not the subshell.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="1%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="2%">
-<p><b>!</b></p></td>
-<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>!</b></p></td>
+<td width="7%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
-<p>(<b>$!</b>)Expands to the process ID of the job most
-recently placed into the background, whether executed as an
-asynchronous command or using the <b>bg</b> builtin (see
-<b><small>JOB CONTROL</small></b> below).</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">(<b>$!</b>)Expands to the
+process ID of the job most recently placed into the
+background, whether executed as an asynchronous command or
+using the <b>bg</b> builtin (see <b>JOB CONTROL</b>
+below).</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="1%">
-
-
-<p><b>0</b></p></td>
-<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="2%">
-<p>(<b>$0</b>) Expands to the name of the shell or shell
-script. This is set at shell initialization. If <b>bash</b>
-is invoked with a file of commands, <b>$0</b> is set to the
-name of that file. If <b>bash</b> is started with the
-<b>−c</b> option, then <b>$0</b> is set to the first
-argument after the string to be executed, if one is present.
-Otherwise, it is set to the filename used to invoke
-<b>bash</b>, as given by argument zero.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>0</b></p></td>
+<td width="7%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
+
+
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">(<b>$0</b>) Expands to the name
+of the shell or shell script. This is set at shell
+initialization. If <b>bash</b> is invoked with a file of
+commands, <b>$0</b> is set to the name of that file. If
+<b>bash</b> is started with the <b>-c</b> option, then
+<b>$0</b> is set to the first argument after the string to
+be executed, if one is present. Otherwise, it is set to the
+filename used to invoke <b>bash</b>, as given by argument
+zero.</p> </td></tr>
</table>
<h3>Shell Variables
</h3>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The shell sets
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The shell sets
following variables:</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
+<td width="6%"></td>
<td width="5%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>_</b></p></td>
<td width="4%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<td width="85%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em">(<b>$_</b>, an underscore) This
mail, <b>$_</b> expands to the name of the mail file
currently being checked.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
+<td width="6%"></td>
<td width="5%">
-<p><b>BASH</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>BASH</b></p></td>
<td width="4%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<td width="85%">
-<p>Expands to the full filename used to invoke this
-instance of <b>bash</b>.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Expands to the full filename
+used to invoke this instance of <b>bash</b>.</p></td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>BASHOPTS</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>BASHOPTS</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">A colon-separated list of
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">A colon-separated list of
enabled shell options. Each word in the list is a valid
-argument for the <b>−s</b> option to the <b>shopt</b>
-builtin command (see <b><small>SHELL BUILTIN
-COMMANDS</small></b> below). The options appearing in
-<b><small>BASHOPTS</small></b> are those reported as
-<i>on</i> by <b>shopt</b>. If this variable is in the
+argument for the <b>-s</b> option to the <b>shopt</b>
+builtin command (see <b>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</b> below).
+The options appearing in <b>BASHOPTS</b> are those reported
+as <i>on</i> by <b>shopt</b>. If this variable is in the
environment when <b>bash</b> starts up, the shell enables
each option in the list before reading any startup files. If
this variable is exported, child shells will enable each
option in the list. This variable is read-only.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>BASHPID</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>BASHPID</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Expands to the process ID of
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Expands to the process ID of
the current <b>bash</b> process. This differs from <b>$$</b>
under certain circumstances, such as subshells that do not
require <b>bash</b> to be re-initialized. Assignments to
-<b><small>BASHPID</small></b> have no effect. If
-<b><small>BASHPID</small></b> is unset, it loses its special
-properties, even if it is subsequently reset.</p>
+<b>BASHPID</b> have no effect. If <b>BASHPID</b> is unset,
+it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently
+reset.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>BASH_ALIASES</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>BASH_ALIASES</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">An associative array variable
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">An associative array variable
whose members correspond to the internal list of aliases as
maintained by the <b>alias</b> builtin. Elements added to
this array appear in the alias list; however, unsetting
array elements currently does not remove aliases from the
-alias list. If <b><small>BASH_ALIASES</small></b> is unset,
-it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently
-reset.</p>
+alias list. If <b>BASH_ALIASES</b> is unset, it loses its
+special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>BASH_ARGC</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>BASH_ARGC</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">An array variable whose values
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">An array variable whose values
are the number of parameters in each frame of the current
<b>bash</b> execution call stack. The number of parameters
to the current subroutine (shell function or script executed
with <b>.</b> or <b>source</b>) is at the top of the stack.
When a subroutine is executed, the number of parameters
-passed is pushed onto
-<b><small>BASH_ARGC</small></b><small>.</small> The shell
-sets <b><small>BASH_ARGC</small></b> only when in extended
-debugging mode (see the description of the <b>extdebug</b>
-option to the <b>shopt</b> builtin below). Setting
-<b>extdebug</b> after the shell has started to execute a
-script, or referencing this variable when <b>extdebug</b> is
-not set, may result in inconsistent values. Assignments to
-<b><small>BASH_ARGC</small></b> have no effect, and it may
-not be unset.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>BASH_ARGV</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">An array variable containing
+passed is pushed onto <b>BASH_ARGC</b>. The shell sets
+<b>BASH_ARGC</b> only when in extended debugging mode (see
+the description of the <b>extdebug</b> option to the
+<b>shopt</b> builtin below). Setting <b>extdebug</b> after
+the shell has started to execute a script, or referencing
+this variable when <b>extdebug</b> is not set, may result in
+inconsistent values. Assignments to <b>BASH_ARGC</b> have no
+effect, and it may not be unset.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>BASH_ARGV</b></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">An array variable containing
all of the parameters in the current <b>bash</b> execution
call stack. The final parameter of the last subroutine call
is at the top of the stack; the first parameter of the
initial call is at the bottom. When a subroutine is
executed, the shell pushes the supplied parameters onto
-<b><small>BASH_ARGV</small></b><small>.</small> The shell
-sets <b><small>BASH_ARGV</small></b> only when in extended
-debugging mode (see the description of the <b>extdebug</b>
-option to the <b>shopt</b> builtin below). Setting
-<b>extdebug</b> after the shell has started to execute a
-script, or referencing this variable when <b>extdebug</b> is
-not set, may result in inconsistent values. Assignments to
-<b><small>BASH_ARGV</small></b> have no effect, and it may
-not be unset.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>BASH_ARGV0</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">When referenced, this variable
+<b>BASH_ARGV</b>. The shell sets <b>BASH_ARGV</b> only when
+in extended debugging mode (see the description of the
+<b>extdebug</b> option to the <b>shopt</b> builtin below).
+Setting <b>extdebug</b> after the shell has started to
+execute a script, or referencing this variable when
+<b>extdebug</b> is not set, may result in inconsistent
+values. Assignments to <b>BASH_ARGV</b> have no effect, and
+it may not be unset.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>BASH_ARGV0</b></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">When referenced, this variable
expands to the name of the shell or shell script (identical
to <b>$0</b>; see the description of special parameter 0
-above). Assigning a value to
-<b><small>BASH_ARGV0</small></b> sets <b>$0</b> to the same
-value. If <b><small>BASH_ARGV0</small></b> is unset, it
-loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently
+above). Assigning a value to <b>BASH_ARGV0</b> sets
+<b>$0</b> to the same value. If <b>BASH_ARGV0</b> is unset,
+it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently
reset.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>BASH_CMDS</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>BASH_CMDS</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">An associative array variable
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">An associative array variable
whose members correspond to the internal hash table of
commands as maintained by the <b>hash</b> builtin. Adding
elements to this array makes them appear in the hash table;
however, unsetting array elements currently does not remove
-command names from the hash table. If
-<b><small>BASH_CMDS</small></b> is unset, it loses its
-special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.</p>
+command names from the hash table. If <b>BASH_CMDS</b> is
+unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>BASH_COMMAND</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>BASH_COMMAND</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Expands to the command
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Expands to the command
currently being executed or about to be executed, unless the
shell is executing a command as the result of a trap, in
which case it is the command executing at the time of the
-trap. If <b><small>BASH_COMMAND</small></b> is unset, it
-loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently
-reset.</p>
+trap. If <b>BASH_COMMAND</b> is unset, it loses its special
+properties, even if it is subsequently reset.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>BASH_EXECUTION_STRING</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>BASH_EXECUTION_STRING</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">The command argument to the
-<b>−c</b> invocation option.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">The command argument to the
+<b>-c</b> invocation option.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>BASH_LINENO</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>BASH_LINENO</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">An array variable whose members
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">An array variable whose members
are the line numbers in source files where each
-corresponding member of <b><small>FUNCNAME</small></b> was
-invoked. <b>${BASH_LINENO[</b><i>$i</i><b>]}</b> is the line
-number in the source file
+corresponding member of <b>FUNCNAME</b> was invoked.
+<b>${BASH_LINENO[</b><i>$i</i><b>]}</b> is the line number
+in the source file
(<b>${BASH_SOURCE[</b><i>$i+1</i><b>]}</b>) where
<b>${FUNCNAME[</b><i>$i</i><b>]}</b> was called (or
-<b>${BASH_LINENO[</b><i>$i−1</i><b>]}</b> if
-referenced within another shell function). Use
-<b><small>LINENO</small></b> to obtain the current line
-number. Assignments to <b><small>BASH_LINENO</small></b>
+<b>${BASH_LINENO[</b><i>$i-1</i><b>]}</b> if referenced
+within another shell function). Use <b>LINENO</b> to obtain
+the current line number. Assignments to <b>BASH_LINENO</b>
have no effect, and it may not be unset.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>BASH_LOADABLES_PATH</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>BASH_LOADABLES_PATH</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">A colon-separated list of
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">A colon-separated list of
directories in which the <b>enable</b> command looks for
dynamically loadable builtins.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>BASH_MONOSECONDS</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>BASH_MONOSECONDS</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Each time this variable is
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Each time this variable is
referenced, it expands to the value returned by the
system’s monotonic clock, if one is available. If
there is no monotonic clock, this is equivalent to
-<b>EPOCHSECONDS</b>. If
-<b><small>BASH_MONOSECONDS</small></b> is unset, it loses
-its special properties, even if it is subsequently
+<b>EPOCHSECONDS</b>. If <b>BASH_MONOSECONDS</b> is unset, it
+loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently
reset.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>BASH_REMATCH</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>BASH_REMATCH</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">An array variable whose members
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">An array variable whose members
are assigned by the <b>=~</b> binary operator to the
<b>[[</b> conditional command. The element with index 0 is
the portion of the string matching the entire regular
of the string matching the <i>n</i>th parenthesized
subexpression.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>BASH_SOURCE</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>BASH_SOURCE</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">An array variable whose members
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">An array variable whose members
are the source filenames where the corresponding shell
-function names in the <b><small>FUNCNAME</small></b> array
-variable are defined. The shell function
+function names in the <b>FUNCNAME</b> array variable are
+defined. The shell function
<b>${FUNCNAME[</b><i>$i</i><b>]}</b> is defined in the file
<b>${BASH_SOURCE[</b><i>$i</i><b>]}</b> and called from
<b>${BASH_SOURCE[</b><i>$i+1</i><b>]}</b>. Assignments to
-<b><small>BASH_SOURCE</small></b> have no effect, and it may
-not be unset.</p>
+<b>BASH_SOURCE</b> have no effect, and it may not be
+unset.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>BASH_SUBSHELL</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>BASH_SUBSHELL</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Incremented by one within each
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Incremented by one within each
subshell or subshell environment when the shell begins
executing in that environment. The initial value is 0. If
-<b><small>BASH_SUBSHELL</small></b> is unset, it loses its
-special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.</p>
+<b>BASH_SUBSHELL</b> is unset, it loses its special
+properties, even if it is subsequently reset.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>BASH_TRAPSIG</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>BASH_TRAPSIG</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Set to the signal number
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Set to the signal number
corresponding to the trap action being executed during its
-execution. See the description of <b>trap</b> under
-<b><small>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</small></b> below for
-information about signal numbers and trap execution.</p>
+execution. See the description of <b>trap</b> under <b>SHELL
+BUILTIN COMMANDS</b> below for information about signal
+numbers and trap execution.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>BASH_VERSINFO</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>BASH_VERSINFO</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">A readonly array variable whose
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">A readonly array variable whose
members hold version information for this instance of
<b>bash</b>. The values assigned to the array members are as
follows:</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="20%">
<p><b>BASH_VERSINFO[</b>0<b>]</b></p></td>
-<td width="11%"></td>
-<td width="50%">
+<td width="10%"></td>
+<td width="49%">
<p>The major version number (the <i>release</i>).</p></td>
-<td width="1%">
+<td width="6%">
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="20%">
-<p><b>BASH_VERSINFO[</b>1<b>]</b></p></td>
-<td width="11%"></td>
-<td width="50%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>BASH_VERSINFO[</b>1<b>]</b></p> </td>
+<td width="10%"></td>
+<td width="49%">
-<p>The minor version number (the <i>version</i>).</p></td>
-<td width="1%">
+
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The minor version number (the
+<i>version</i>).</p> </td>
+<td width="6%">
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="20%">
-<p><b>BASH_VERSINFO[</b>2<b>]</b></p></td>
-<td width="11%"></td>
-<td width="50%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>BASH_VERSINFO[</b>2<b>]</b></p> </td>
+<td width="10%"></td>
+<td width="49%">
-<p>The patch level.</p></td>
-<td width="1%">
+
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The patch level.</p></td>
+<td width="6%">
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="20%">
-<p><b>BASH_VERSINFO[</b>3<b>]</b></p></td>
-<td width="11%"></td>
-<td width="50%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>BASH_VERSINFO[</b>3<b>]</b></p> </td>
+<td width="10%"></td>
+<td width="49%">
-<p>The build version.</p></td>
-<td width="1%">
+
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The build version.</p></td>
+<td width="6%">
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="20%">
-<p><b>BASH_VERSINFO[</b>4<b>]</b></p></td>
-<td width="11%"></td>
-<td width="50%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>BASH_VERSINFO[</b>4<b>]</b></p> </td>
+<td width="10%"></td>
+<td width="49%">
-<p>The release status (e.g., <i>beta</i>).</p></td>
-<td width="1%">
+
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The release status (e.g.,
+<i>beta</i>).</p> </td>
+<td width="6%">
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="20%">
-<p><b>BASH_VERSINFO[</b>5<b>]</b></p></td>
-<td width="11%"></td>
-<td width="50%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>BASH_VERSINFO[</b>5<b>]</b></p> </td>
+<td width="10%"></td>
+<td width="49%">
-<p>The value of
-<b><small>MACHTYPE</small></b><small>.</small></p> </td>
-<td width="1%">
+
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The value of
+<b>MACHTYPE</b>.</p> </td>
+<td width="6%">
</td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>BASH_VERSION</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>BASH_VERSION</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Expands to a string describing
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Expands to a string describing
the version of this instance of <b>bash</b> (e.g.,
5.2.37(3)-release).</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>COMP_CWORD</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>COMP_CWORD</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">An index into
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">An index into
<b>${COMP_WORDS}</b> of the word containing the current
cursor position. This variable is available only in shell
functions invoked by the programmable completion facilities
(see <b>Programmable Completion</b> below).</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>COMP_KEY</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>COMP_KEY</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">The key (or final key of a key
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">The key (or final key of a key
sequence) used to invoke the current completion function.
This variable is available only in shell functions and
external commands invoked by the programmable completion
facilities (see <b>Programmable Completion</b> below).</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>COMP_LINE</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>COMP_LINE</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">The current command line. This
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">The current command line. This
variable is available only in shell functions and external
commands invoked by the programmable completion facilities
(see <b>Programmable Completion</b> below).</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>COMP_POINT</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>COMP_POINT</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">The index of the current cursor
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">The index of the current cursor
position relative to the beginning of the current command.
If the current cursor position is at the end of the current
command, the value of this variable is equal to
programmable completion facilities (see <b>Programmable
Completion</b> below).</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>COMP_TYPE</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>COMP_TYPE</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Set to an integer value
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Set to an integer value
corresponding to the type of attempted completion that
caused a completion function to be called: <i>TAB</i>, for
normal completion, <i>?</i>, for listing completions after
completion facilities (see <b>Programmable Completion</b>
below).</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>COMP_WORDBREAKS</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>COMP_WORDBREAKS</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">The set of characters that the
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">The set of characters that the
<b>readline</b> library treats as word separators when
-performing word completion. If
-<b><small>COMP_WORDBREAKS</small></b> is unset, it loses its
-special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.</p>
+performing word completion. If <b>COMP_WORDBREAKS</b> is
+unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>COMP_WORDS</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>COMP_WORDS</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">An array variable (see
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">An array variable (see
<b>Arrays</b> below) consisting of the individual words in
the current command line. The line is split into words as
-<b>readline</b> would split it, using
-<b><small>COMP_WORDBREAKS</small></b> as described above.
-This variable is available only in shell functions invoked
-by the programmable completion facilities (see
-<b>Programmable Completion</b> below).</p>
-
-<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
- cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
-<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="8%">
-
-
-<p><b>COPROC</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<b>readline</b> would split it, using <b>COMP_WORDBREAKS</b>
+as described above. This variable is available only in shell
+functions invoked by the programmable completion facilities
+(see <b>Programmable Completion</b> below).</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>COPROC</b></p>
-<p>An array variable (see <b>Arrays</b> below) created to
-hold the file descriptors for output from and input to an
-unnamed coprocess (see <b>Coprocesses</b> above).</p></td></tr>
-</table>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">An array variable (see
+<b>Arrays</b> below) created to hold the file descriptors
+for output from and input to an unnamed coprocess (see
+<b>Coprocesses</b> above).</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>DIRSTACK</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>DIRSTACK</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">An array variable (see
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">An array variable (see
<b>Arrays</b> below) containing the current contents of the
directory stack. Directories appear in the stack in the
order they are displayed by the <b>dirs</b> builtin.
modify directories already in the stack, but the
<b>pushd</b> and <b>popd</b> builtins must be used to add
and remove directories. Assigning to this variable does not
-change the current directory. If
-<b><small>DIRSTACK</small></b> is unset, it loses its
-special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.</p>
+change the current directory. If <b>DIRSTACK</b> is unset,
+it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently
+reset.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>EPOCHREALTIME</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>EPOCHREALTIME</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Each time this parameter is
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Each time this parameter is
referenced, it expands to the number of seconds since the
Unix Epoch (see <i>time</i>(3)) as a floating-point value
with micro-second granularity. Assignments to
-<b><small>EPOCHREALTIME</small></b> are ignored. If
-<b><small>EPOCHREALTIME</small></b> is unset, it loses its
-special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.</p>
+<b>EPOCHREALTIME</b> are ignored. If <b>EPOCHREALTIME</b> is
+unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>EPOCHSECONDS</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>EPOCHSECONDS</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Each time this parameter is
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Each time this parameter is
referenced, it expands to the number of seconds since the
Unix Epoch (see <i>time</i>(3)). Assignments to
-<b><small>EPOCHSECONDS</small></b> are ignored. If
-<b><small>EPOCHSECONDS</small></b> is unset, it loses its
-special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.</p>
+<b>EPOCHSECONDS</b> are ignored. If <b>EPOCHSECONDS</b> is
+unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
+<td width="6%"></td>
<td width="5%">
<p><b>EUID</b></p></td>
<td width="4%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<td width="85%">
<p>Expands to the effective user ID of the current user,
initialized at shell startup. This variable is readonly.</p></td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>FUNCNAME</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>FUNCNAME</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">An array variable containing
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">An array variable containing
the names of all shell functions currently in the execution
call stack. The element with index 0 is the name of any
currently-executing shell function. The bottom-most element
(the one with the highest index) is “main”. This
variable exists only when a shell function is executing.
-Assignments to <b><small>FUNCNAME</small></b> have no
-effect. If <b><small>FUNCNAME</small></b> is unset, it loses
-its special properties, even if it is subsequently
-reset.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">This variable
-can be used with <b><small>BASH_LINENO</small></b> and
-<b><small>BASH_SOURCE</small></b><small>.</small> Each
-element of <b><small>FUNCNAME</small></b> has corresponding
-elements in <b><small>BASH_LINENO</small></b> and
-<b><small>BASH_SOURCE</small></b> to describe the call
-stack. For instance, <b>${FUNCNAME[</b><i>$i</i><b>]}</b>
-was called from the file
-<b>${BASH_SOURCE[</b><i>$i+1</i><b>]}</b> at line number
-<b>${BASH_LINENO[</b><i>$i</i><b>]}</b>. The <b>caller</b>
-builtin displays the current call stack using this
-information.</p>
-
-<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
- cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
-<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="8%">
-
-
-<p><b>GROUPS</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
-
-
-<p>An array variable containing the list of groups of which
-the current user is a member. Assignments to
-<b><small>GROUPS</small></b> have no effect. If
-<b><small>GROUPS</small></b> is unset, it loses its special
-properties, even if it is subsequently reset.</p></td></tr>
-</table>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>HISTCMD</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">The history number, or index in
+Assignments to <b>FUNCNAME</b> have no effect. If
+<b>FUNCNAME</b> is unset, it loses its special properties,
+even if it is subsequently reset.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">This variable
+can be used with <b>BASH_LINENO</b> and <b>BASH_SOURCE</b>.
+Each element of <b>FUNCNAME</b> has corresponding elements
+in <b>BASH_LINENO</b> and <b>BASH_SOURCE</b> to describe the
+call stack. For instance,
+<b>${FUNCNAME[</b><i>$i</i><b>]}</b> was called from the
+file <b>${BASH_SOURCE[</b><i>$i+1</i><b>]}</b> at line
+number <b>${BASH_LINENO[</b><i>$i</i><b>]}</b>. The
+<b>caller</b> builtin displays the current call stack using
+this information.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>GROUPS</b></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">An array variable containing
+the list of groups of which the current user is a member.
+Assignments to <b>GROUPS</b> have no effect. If
+<b>GROUPS</b> is unset, it loses its special properties,
+even if it is subsequently reset.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>HISTCMD</b></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">The history number, or index in
the history list, of the current command. Assignments to
-<b><small>HISTCMD</small></b> have no effect. If
-<b><small>HISTCMD</small></b> is unset, it loses its special
-properties, even if it is subsequently reset.</p>
+<b>HISTCMD</b> have no effect. If <b>HISTCMD</b> is unset,
+it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently
+reset.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>HOSTNAME</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>HOSTNAME</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Automatically set to the name
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Automatically set to the name
of the current host.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>HOSTTYPE</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>HOSTTYPE</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Automatically set to a string
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Automatically set to a string
that uniquely describes the type of machine on which
<b>bash</b> is executing. The default is
system-dependent.</p>
-<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
- cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
-<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="8%">
-
-
-<p><b>LINENO</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>LINENO</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Each time this parameter is
+referenced, the shell substitutes a decimal number
+representing the current sequential line number (starting
+with 1) within a script or function. When not in a script or
+function, the value substituted is not guaranteed to be
+meaningful. If <b>LINENO</b> is unset, it loses its special
+properties, even if it is subsequently reset.</p>
-<p>Each time this parameter is referenced, the shell
-substitutes a decimal number representing the current
-sequential line number (starting with 1) within a script or
-function. When not in a script or function, the value
-substituted is not guaranteed to be meaningful. If
-<b><small>LINENO</small></b> is unset, it loses its special
-properties, even if it is subsequently reset.</p></td></tr>
-</table>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>MACHTYPE</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>MACHTYPE</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Automatically set to a string
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Automatically set to a string
that fully describes the system type on which <b>bash</b> is
executing, in the standard GNU <i>cpu-company-system</i>
format. The default is system-dependent.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>MAPFILE</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>MAPFILE</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">An array variable (see
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">An array variable (see
<b>Arrays</b> below) created to hold the text read by the
<b>mapfile</b> builtin when no variable name is
supplied.</p>
-<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
- cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
-<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="8%">
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>OLDPWD</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">The previous working directory
+as set by the <b>cd</b> command.</p>
-<p><b>OLDPWD</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>OPTARG</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">The value of the last option
+argument processed by the <b>getopts</b> builtin command
+(see <b>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</b> below).</p>
-<p>The previous working directory as set by the <b>cd</b>
-command.</p> </td></tr>
-<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="8%">
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>OPTIND</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">The index of the next argument
+to be processed by the <b>getopts</b> builtin command (see
+<b>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</b> below).</p>
-<p><b>OPTARG</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>OSTYPE</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Automatically set to a string
+that describes the operating system on which <b>bash</b> is
+executing. The default is system-dependent.</p>
-<p>The value of the last option argument processed by the
-<b>getopts</b> builtin command (see <b><small>SHELL BUILTIN
-COMMANDS</small></b> below).</p></td></tr>
-<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="8%">
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>PIPESTATUS</b></p>
-
-<p><b>OPTIND</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
-
-
-<p>The index of the next argument to be processed by the
-<b>getopts</b> builtin command (see <b><small>SHELL BUILTIN
-COMMANDS</small></b> below).</p></td></tr>
-<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="8%">
-
-
-<p><b>OSTYPE</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
-
-
-<p>Automatically set to a string that describes the
-operating system on which <b>bash</b> is executing. The
-default is system-dependent.</p></td></tr>
-</table>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>PIPESTATUS</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">An array variable (see
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">An array variable (see
<b>Arrays</b> below) containing a list of exit status values
from the commands in the most-recently-executed foreground
pipeline, which may consist of only a simple command (see
-<b><small>SHELL GRAMMAR</small></b> above). <b>Bash</b> sets
-<b><small>PIPESTATUS</small></b> after executing
-multi-element pipelines, timed and negated pipelines, simple
-commands, subshells created with the ( operator, the
-<b>[[</b> and <b>((</b> compound commands, and after error
-conditions that result in the shell aborting command
-execution.</p>
+<b>SHELL GRAMMAR</b> above). <b>Bash</b> sets
+<b>PIPESTATUS</b> after executing multi-element pipelines,
+timed and negated pipelines, simple commands, subshells
+created with the ( operator, the <b>[[</b> and <b>((</b>
+compound commands, and after error conditions that result in
+the shell aborting command execution.</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="8%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="5%">
<p><b>PPID</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<td width="4%"></td>
+<td width="81%">
<p>The process ID of the shell’s parent. This
-variable is readonly.</p></td></tr>
+variable is readonly.</p></td>
+<td width="4%">
+</td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="8%">
-
-
-<p><b>PWD</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="5%">
-<p>The current working directory as set by the <b>cd</b>
-command.</p> </td></tr>
-<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="8%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>PWD</b></p></td>
+<td width="4%"></td>
+<td width="81%">
-<p><b>RANDOM</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The current working directory as
+set by the <b>cd</b> command.</p></td>
+<td width="4%">
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>RANDOM</b></p>
-<p>Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to a
-random integer between 0 and 32767. Assigning a value to
-<b><small>RANDOM</small></b> initializes (seeds) the
-sequence of random numbers. Seeding the random number
-generator with the same constant value produces the same
-sequence of values. If <b><small>RANDOM</small></b> is
-unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
-subsequently reset.</p></td></tr>
-</table>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Each time this parameter is
+referenced, it expands to a random integer between 0 and
+32767. Assigning a value to <b>RANDOM</b> initializes
+(seeds) the sequence of random numbers. Seeding the random
+number generator with the same constant value produces the
+same sequence of values. If <b>RANDOM</b> is unset, it loses
+its special properties, even if it is subsequently
+reset.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>READLINE_ARGUMENT</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>READLINE_ARGUMENT</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Any numeric argument given to a
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Any numeric argument given to a
<b>readline</b> command that was defined using “bind
-−x” (see <b><small>SHELL BUILTIN
-COMMANDS</small></b> below) when it was invoked.</p>
+-x” (see <b>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</b> below) when it
+was invoked.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>READLINE_LINE</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>READLINE_LINE</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">The contents of the
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">The contents of the
<b>readline</b> line buffer, for use with “bind
-−x” (see <b><small>SHELL BUILTIN
-COMMANDS</small></b> below).</p>
+-x” (see <b>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</b> below).</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>READLINE_MARK</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>READLINE_MARK</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">The position of the mark (saved
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">The position of the mark (saved
insertion point) in the <b>readline</b> line buffer, for use
-with “bind −x” (see <b><small>SHELL
-BUILTIN COMMANDS</small></b> below). The characters between
-the insertion point and the mark are often called the
-<i>region</i>.</p>
+with “bind -x” (see <b>SHELL BUILTIN
+COMMANDS</b> below). The characters between the insertion
+point and the mark are often called the <i>region</i>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>READLINE_POINT</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>READLINE_POINT</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">The position of the insertion
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">The position of the insertion
point in the <b>readline</b> line buffer, for use with
-“bind −x” (see <b><small>SHELL BUILTIN
-COMMANDS</small></b> below).</p>
+“bind -x” (see <b>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</b>
+below).</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="6%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="7%">
<p><b>REPLY</b></p></td>
-<td width="3%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<td width="2%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
<p>Set to the line of input read by the <b>read</b> builtin
command when no arguments are supplied.</p></td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>SECONDS</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>SECONDS</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Each time this parameter is
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Each time this parameter is
referenced, it expands to the number of seconds since shell
-invocation. If a value is assigned to
-<b><small>SECONDS</small></b><small>,</small> the value
-returned upon subsequent references is the number of seconds
-since the assignment plus the value assigned. The number of
-seconds at shell invocation and the current time are always
-determined by querying the system clock at one-second
-resolution. If <b><small>SECONDS</small></b> is unset, it
-loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently
+invocation. If a value is assigned to <b>SECONDS</b>, the
+value returned upon subsequent references is the number of
+seconds since the assignment plus the value assigned. The
+number of seconds at shell invocation and the current time
+are always determined by querying the system clock at
+one-second resolution. If <b>SECONDS</b> is unset, it loses
+its special properties, even if it is subsequently
reset.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>SHELLOPTS</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>SHELLOPTS</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">A colon-separated list of
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">A colon-separated list of
enabled shell options. Each word in the list is a valid
-argument for the <b>−o</b> option to the <b>set</b>
-builtin command (see <b><small>SHELL BUILTIN
-COMMANDS</small></b> below). The options appearing in
-<b><small>SHELLOPTS</small></b> are those reported as
-<i>on</i> by <b>set −o</b>. If this variable is in the
+argument for the <b>-o</b> option to the <b>set</b> builtin
+command (see <b>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</b> below). The
+options appearing in <b>SHELLOPTS</b> are those reported as
+<i>on</i> by <b>set -o</b>. If this variable is in the
environment when <b>bash</b> starts up, the shell enables
each option in the list before reading any startup files. If
this variable is exported, child shells will enable each
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="6%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="7%">
<p><b>SHLVL</b></p></td>
-<td width="3%"></td>
-<td width="77%">
+<td width="2%"></td>
+<td width="75%">
<p>Incremented by one each time an instance of <b>bash</b>
is started.</p></td>
-<td width="5%">
+<td width="10%">
</td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>SRANDOM</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>SRANDOM</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Each time it is referenced,
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Each time it is referenced,
this variable expands to a 32-bit pseudo-random number. The
random number generator is not linear on systems that
support <i>/dev/urandom</i> or <i>arc4random</i>(3), so each
returned number has no relationship to the numbers preceding
it. The random number generator cannot be seeded, so
assignments to this variable have no effect. If
-<b><small>SRANDOM</small></b> is unset, it loses its special
-properties, even if it is subsequently reset.</p>
+<b>SRANDOM</b> is unset, it loses its special properties,
+even if it is subsequently reset.</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
+<td width="6%"></td>
<td width="4%">
<p><b>UID</b></p></td>
<td width="5%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<td width="85%">
<p>Expands to the user ID of the current user, initialized
at shell startup. This variable is readonly.</p></td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The shell uses
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The shell uses
the following variables. In some cases, <b>bash</b> assigns
a default value to a variable; these cases are noted below.
<b><br>
BASH_COMPAT</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">The value is used to set the
-shell’s compatibility level. See <b><small>SHELL
-COMPATIBILITY MODE</small></b> below for a description of
-the various compatibility levels and their effects. The
-value may be a decimal number (e.g., 4.2) or an integer
-(e.g., 42) corresponding to the desired compatibility level.
-If <b><small>BASH_COMPAT</small></b> is unset or set to the
-empty string, the compatibility level is set to the default
-for the current version. If
-<b><small>BASH_COMPAT</small></b> is set to a value that is
-not one of the valid compatibility levels, the shell prints
-an error message and sets the compatibility level to the
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">The value is used to set the
+shell’s compatibility level. See <b>SHELL
+COMPATIBILITY MODE</b> below for a description of the
+various compatibility levels and their effects. The value
+may be a decimal number (e.g., 4.2) or an integer (e.g., 42)
+corresponding to the desired compatibility level. If
+<b>BASH_COMPAT</b> is unset or set to the empty string, the
+compatibility level is set to the default for the current
+version. If <b>BASH_COMPAT</b> is set to a value that is not
+one of the valid compatibility levels, the shell prints an
+error message and sets the compatibility level to the
default for the current version. A subset of the valid
values correspond to the compatibility levels described
-below under <b><small>SHELL COMPATIBILITY
-MODE</small></b><small>.</small> For example, 4.2 and 42 are
-valid values that correspond to the <b>compat42 shopt</b>
-option and set the compatibility level to 42. The current
-version is also a valid value.</p>
+below under <b>SHELL COMPATIBILITY MODE</b>. For example,
+4.2 and 42 are valid values that correspond to the
+<b>compat42 shopt</b> option and set the compatibility level
+to 42. The current version is also a valid value.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>BASH_ENV</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>BASH_ENV</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">If this parameter is set when
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">If this parameter is set when
<b>bash</b> is executing a shell script, its expanded value
is interpreted as a filename containing commands to
initialize the shell before it reads and executes commands
-from the script. The value of <b><small>BASH_ENV</small></b>
-is subjected to parameter expansion, command substitution,
-and arithmetic expansion before being interpreted as a
-filename. <b><small>PATH</small></b> is not used to search
-for the resultant filename.</p>
+from the script. The value of <b>BASH_ENV</b> is subjected
+to parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic
+expansion before being interpreted as a filename.
+<b>PATH</b> is not used to search for the resultant
+filename.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>BASH_XTRACEFD</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>BASH_XTRACEFD</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">If set to an integer
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">If set to an integer
corresponding to a valid file descriptor, <b>bash</b> writes
-the trace output generated when “set −x”
-is enabled to that file descriptor, instead of the standard
+the trace output generated when “set -x” is
+enabled to that file descriptor, instead of the standard
error. The file descriptor is closed when
-<b><small>BASH_XTRACEFD</small></b> is unset or assigned a
-new value. Unsetting <b><small>BASH_XTRACEFD</small></b> or
-assigning it the empty string causes the trace output to be
-sent to the standard error. Note that setting
-<b><small>BASH_XTRACEFD</small></b> to 2 (the standard error
-file descriptor) and then unsetting it will result in the
-standard error being closed.</p>
-
-<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
- cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
-<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="8%">
+<b>BASH_XTRACEFD</b> is unset or assigned a new value.
+Unsetting <b>BASH_XTRACEFD</b> or assigning it the empty
+string causes the trace output to be sent to the standard
+error. Note that setting <b>BASH_XTRACEFD</b> to 2 (the
+standard error file descriptor) and then unsetting it will
+result in the standard error being closed.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>CDPATH</b></p>
-<p><b>CDPATH</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
-
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">The search path for the
+<b>cd</b> command. This is a colon-separated list of
+directories where the shell looks for directories specified
+as arguments to the <b>cd</b> command. A sample value is
+“.:~:/usr”.</p>
-<p>The search path for the <b>cd</b> command. This is a
-colon-separated list of directories where the shell looks
-for directories specified as arguments to the <b>cd</b>
-command. A sample value is “.:~:/usr”.</p></td></tr>
-</table>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>CHILD_MAX</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>CHILD_MAX</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Set the number of exited child
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Set the number of exited child
status values for the shell to remember. <b>Bash</b> will
-not allow this value to be decreased below a
-<small>POSIX</small> -mandated minimum, and there is a
-maximum value (currently 8192) that this may not exceed. The
-minimum value is system-dependent.</p>
+not allow this value to be decreased below a POSIX-mandated
+minimum, and there is a maximum value (currently 8192) that
+this may not exceed. The minimum value is
+system-dependent.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>COLUMNS</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>COLUMNS</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Used by the <b>select</b>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Used by the <b>select</b>
compound command to determine the terminal width when
printing selection lists. Automatically set if the
<b>checkwinsize</b> option is enabled or in an interactive
-shell upon receipt of a
-<b><small>SIGWINCH</small></b><small>.</small></p>
+shell upon receipt of a <b>SIGWINCH</b>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>COMPREPLY</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>COMPREPLY</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">An array variable from which
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">An array variable from which
<b>bash</b> reads the possible completions generated by a
shell function invoked by the programmable completion
facility (see <b>Programmable Completion</b> below). Each
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="6%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="7%">
<p><b>EMACS</b></p></td>
-<td width="3%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<td width="2%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
<p>If <b>bash</b> finds this variable in the environment
that the shell is running in an Emacs shell buffer and
disables line editing.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="6%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="7%">
-<p><b>ENV</b></p></td>
-<td width="3%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>ENV</b></p></td>
+<td width="2%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
-<p>Expanded and executed similarly to
-<b><small>BASH_ENV</small></b> (see
-<b><small>INVOCATION</small></b> above) when an interactive
-shell is invoked in posix mode.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Expanded and executed similarly
+to <b>BASH_ENV</b> (see <b>INVOCATION</b> above) when an
+interactive shell is invoked in posix mode.</p></td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>EXECIGNORE</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>EXECIGNORE</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">A colon-separated list of shell
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">A colon-separated list of shell
patterns (see <b>Pattern Matching</b>) defining the set of
-filenames to be ignored by command search using
-<b><small>PATH</small></b><small>.</small> Files whose full
-pathnames match one of these patterns are not considered
-executable files for the purposes of completion and command
-execution via <b><small>PATH</small></b> lookup. This does
-not affect the behavior of the <b>[</b>, <b>test</b>, and
-<b>[[</b> commands. Full pathnames in the command hash table
-are not subject to
-<b><small>EXECIGNORE</small></b><small>.</small> Use this
-variable to ignore shared library files that have the
+filenames to be ignored by command search using <b>PATH</b>.
+Files whose full pathnames match one of these patterns are
+not considered executable files for the purposes of
+completion and command execution via <b>PATH</b> lookup.
+This does not affect the behavior of the <b>[</b>,
+<b>test</b>, and <b>[[</b> commands. Full pathnames in the
+command hash table are not subject to <b>EXECIGNORE</b>. Use
+this variable to ignore shared library files that have the
executable bit set, but are not executable files. The
pattern matching honors the setting of the <b>extglob</b>
shell option.</p>
-<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
- cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
-<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="8%">
-
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>FCEDIT</b></p>
-<p><b>FCEDIT</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="59%">
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">The default editor for the
+<b>fc</b> builtin command.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>FIGNORE</b></p>
-<p>The default editor for the <b>fc</b> builtin
-command.</p> </td>
-<td width="23%">
-</td></tr>
-</table>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>FIGNORE</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">A colon-separated list of
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">A colon-separated list of
suffixes to ignore when performing filename completion (see
-<b><small>READLINE</small></b> below). A filename whose
-suffix matches one of the entries in
-<b><small>FIGNORE</small></b> is excluded from the list of
-matched filenames. A sample value is “.o:~”.
+<b>READLINE</b> below). A filename whose suffix matches one
+of the entries in <b>FIGNORE</b> is excluded from the list
+of matched filenames. A sample value is “.o:~”.
Since tilde expansion takes place after “:” in
assignment statements, make sure to quote assignments
appropriately to avoid it as appropriate.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>FUNCNEST</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>FUNCNEST</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">If set to a numeric value
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">If set to a numeric value
greater than 0, defines a maximum function nesting level.
Function invocations that exceed this nesting level cause
the current command to abort.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>GLOBIGNORE</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>GLOBIGNORE</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">A colon-separated list of
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">A colon-separated list of
patterns defining the set of file names to be ignored by
pathname expansion. If a file name matched by a pathname
expansion pattern also matches one of the patterns in
-<b><small>GLOBIGNORE</small></b><small>,</small> it is
-removed from the list of matches. The pattern matching
-honors the setting of the <b>extglob</b> shell option.</p>
+<b>GLOBIGNORE</b>, it is removed from the list of matches.
+The pattern matching honors the setting of the
+<b>extglob</b> shell option.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>GLOBSORT</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>GLOBSORT</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Controls how the results of
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Controls how the results of
pathname expansion are sorted. The value of this variable
specifies the sort criteria and sort order for the results
of pathname expansion. If this variable is unset or set to
the null string, pathname expansion uses the historical
behavior of sorting by name, in ascending lexicographic
-order as determined by the <b><small>LC_COLLATE</small></b>
-shell variable.</p>
+order as determined by the <b>LC_COLLATE</b> shell
+variable.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If set, a valid
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If set, a valid
value begins with an optional <i>+</i>, which is ignored, or
-<i>−</i>, which reverses the sort order from ascending
-to descending, followed by a sort specifier. The valid sort
+<i>-</i>, which reverses the sort order from ascending to
+descending, followed by a sort specifier. The valid sort
specifiers are <i>name</i>, <i>numeric</i>, <i>size</i>,
<i>mtime</i>, <i>atime</i>, <i>ctime</i>, and <i>blocks</i>,
which sort the files on name, names in numeric rather than
files are the same size), sorting uses the name as a
secondary sort key.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">For example, a
-value of <i>−mtime</i> sorts the results in descending
-order by modification time (newest first).</p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">For example, a
+value of <i>-mtime</i> sorts the results in descending order
+by modification time (newest first).</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">The
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">The
<i>numeric</i> specifier treats names consisting solely of
digits as numbers and sorts them using their numeric value
(so “2” sorts before “10”, for
non-digits sort after all the all-digit names and are sorted
by name using the traditional behavior.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">A sort
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">A sort
specifier of <i>nosort</i> disables sorting completely;
<b>bash</b> returns the results in the order they are read
-from the file system, ignoring any leading
-<i>−</i>.</p>
+from the file system, ignoring any leading <i>-</i>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If the sort
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If the sort
specifier is missing, it defaults to <i>name</i>, so a value
of <i>+</i> is equivalent to the null string, and a value of
<i>-</i> sorts by name in descending order. Any invalid
value restores the historical sorting behavior.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>HISTCONTROL</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>HISTCONTROL</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">A colon-separated list of
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">A colon-separated list of
values controlling how commands are saved on the history
list. If the list of values includes <i>ignorespace</i>,
lines which begin with a <b>space</b> character are not
<i>erasedups</i> causes all previous lines matching the
current line to be removed from the history list before that
line is saved. Any value not in the above list is ignored.
-If <b><small>HISTCONTROL</small></b> is unset, or does not
-include a valid value, <b>bash</b> saves all lines read by
-the shell parser on the history list, subject to the value
-of <b><small>HISTIGNORE</small></b><small>.</small> If the
-first line of a multi-line compound command was saved, the
-second and subsequent lines are not tested, and are added to
-the history regardless of the value of
-<b><small>HISTCONTROL</small></b><small>.</small> If the
-first line was not saved, the second and subsequent lines of
-the command are not saved either.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>HISTFILE</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">The name of the file in which
-command history is saved (see <b><small>HISTORY</small></b>
-below). <b>Bash</b> assigns a default value of
-<A HREF="file:~/.bash_history"><i>~/.bash_history</i></A>. If <b><small>HISTFILE</small></b> is
-unset or null, the shell does not save the command history
-when it exits.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>HISTFILESIZE</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">The maximum number of lines
+If <b>HISTCONTROL</b> is unset, or does not include a valid
+value, <b>bash</b> saves all lines read by the shell parser
+on the history list, subject to the value of
+<b>HISTIGNORE</b>. If the first line of a multi-line
+compound command was saved, the second and subsequent lines
+are not tested, and are added to the history regardless of
+the value of <b>HISTCONTROL</b>. If the first line was not
+saved, the second and subsequent lines of the command are
+not saved either.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>HISTFILE</b></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">The name of the file in which
+command history is saved (see <b>HISTORY</b> below).
+<b>Bash</b> assigns a default value of
+<A HREF="file:~/.bash_history"><i>~/.bash_history</i></A>. If <b>HISTFILE</b> is unset or null,
+the shell does not save the command history when it
+exits.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>HISTFILESIZE</b></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">The maximum number of lines
contained in the history file. When this variable is
assigned a value, the history file is truncated, if
necessary, to contain no more than the number of history
builtin. If the value is 0, the history file is truncated to
zero size. Non-numeric values and numeric values less than
zero inhibit truncation. The shell sets the default value to
-the value of <b><small>HISTSIZE</small></b> after reading
-any startup files.</p>
+the value of <b>HISTSIZE</b> after reading any startup
+files.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>HISTIGNORE</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>HISTIGNORE</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">A colon-separated list of
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">A colon-separated list of
patterns used to decide which command lines should be saved
on the history list. If a command line matches one of the
-patterns in the value of
-<b><small>HISTIGNORE</small></b><small>,</small> it is not
-saved on the history list. Each pattern is anchored at the
+patterns in the value of <b>HISTIGNORE</b>, it is not saved
+on the history list. Each pattern is anchored at the
beginning of the line and must match the complete line
(<b>bash</b> does not implicitly append a
“<b>*</b>”). Each pattern is tested against the
-line after the checks specified by
-<b><small>HISTCONTROL</small></b> are applied. In addition
-to the normal shell pattern matching characters,
-“<b>&</b>” matches the previous history
-line. A backslash escapes the “<b>&</b>”;
-the backslash is removed before attempting a match. If the
-first line of a multi-line compound command was saved, the
-second and subsequent lines are not tested, and are added to
-the history regardless of the value of
-<b><small>HISTIGNORE</small></b><small>.</small> If the
-first line was not saved, the second and subsequent lines of
-the command are not saved either. The pattern matching
-honors the setting of the <b>extglob</b> shell option.
-<b><small><br>
-HISTIGNORE</small></b> subsumes some of the function of
-<b><small>HISTCONTROL</small></b><small>.</small> A pattern
-of “&” is identical to
-“ignoredups”, and a pattern of “[
-]*” is identical to “ignorespace”.
-Combining these two patterns, separating them with a colon,
-provides the functionality of “ignoreboth”.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>HISTSIZE</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">The number of commands to
-remember in the command history (see
-<b><small>HISTORY</small></b> below). If the value is 0,
-commands are not saved in the history list. Numeric values
-less than zero result in every command being saved on the
-history list (there is no limit). The shell sets the default
-value to 500 after reading any startup files.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>HISTTIMEFORMAT</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">If this variable is set and not
+line after the checks specified by <b>HISTCONTROL</b> are
+applied. In addition to the normal shell pattern matching
+characters, “<b>&</b>” matches the previous
+history line. A backslash escapes the
+“<b>&</b>”; the backslash is removed before
+attempting a match. If the first line of a multi-line
+compound command was saved, the second and subsequent lines
+are not tested, and are added to the history regardless of
+the value of <b>HISTIGNORE</b>. If the first line was not
+saved, the second and subsequent lines of the command are
+not saved either. The pattern matching honors the setting of
+the <b>extglob</b> shell option. <b><br>
+HISTIGNORE</b> subsumes some of the function of
+<b>HISTCONTROL</b>. A pattern of “&” is
+identical to “ignoredups”, and a pattern of
+“[ ]*” is identical to
+“ignorespace”. Combining these two patterns,
+separating them with a colon, provides the functionality of
+“- ignoreboth”.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>HISTSIZE</b></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">The number of commands to
+remember in the command history (see <b>HISTORY</b> below).
+If the value is 0, commands are not saved in the history
+list. Numeric values less than zero result in every command
+being saved on the history list (there is no limit). The
+shell sets the default value to 500 after reading any
+startup files.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>HISTTIMEFORMAT</b></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">If this variable is set and not
null, its value is used as a format string for
<i>strftime</i>(3) to print the time stamp associated with
each history entry displayed by the <b>history</b> builtin.
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
+<td width="6%"></td>
<td width="5%">
<p><b>HOME</b></p></td>
<td width="4%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<td width="85%">
<p>The home directory of the current user; the default
expansion.</p> </td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>HOSTFILE</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>HOSTFILE</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Contains the name of a file in
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Contains the name of a file in
the same format as <i>/etc/hosts</i> that should be read
when the shell needs to complete a hostname. The list of
possible hostname completions may be changed while the shell
is running; the next time hostname completion is attempted
after the value is changed, <b>bash</b> adds the contents of
-the new file to the existing list. If
-<b><small>HOSTFILE</small></b> is set, but has no value, or
-does not name a readable file, <b>bash</b> attempts to read
-<i>/etc/hosts</i> to obtain the list of possible hostname
-completions. When <b><small>HOSTFILE</small></b> is unset,
-<b>bash</b> clears the hostname list.</p>
+the new file to the existing list. If <b>HOSTFILE</b> is
+set, but has no value, or does not name a readable file,
+<b>bash</b> attempts to read <i>/etc/hosts</i> to obtain the
+list of possible hostname completions. When <b>HOSTFILE</b>
+is unset, <b>bash</b> clears the hostname list.</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
+<td width="6%"></td>
<td width="4%">
<p><b>IFS</b></p></td>
<td width="5%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<td width="85%">
<p>The <i>Internal Field Separator</i> that is used for
word splitting after expansion and to split lines into words
with the <b>read</b> builtin command. Word splitting is
-described below under
-<b><small>EXPANSION</small></b><small>.</small> The default
-value is
+described below under <b>EXPANSION</b>. The default value is
“<space><tab><newline>”.</p> </td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>IGNOREEOF</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>IGNOREEOF</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Controls the action of an
-interactive shell on receipt of an <b><small>EOF</small></b>
-character as the sole input. If set, the value is the number
-of consecutive <b><small>EOF</small></b> characters which
-must be typed as the first characters on an input line
-before <b>bash</b> exits. If the variable is set but does
-not have a numeric value, or the value is null, the default
-value is 10. If it is unset, <b><small>EOF</small></b>
-signifies the end of input to the shell.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Controls the action of an
+interactive shell on receipt of an <b>EOF</b> character as
+the sole input. If set, the value is the number of
+consecutive <b>EOF</b> characters which must be typed as the
+first characters on an input line before <b>bash</b> exits.
+If the variable is set but does not have a numeric value, or
+the value is null, the default value is 10. If it is unset,
+<b>EOF</b> signifies the end of input to the shell.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>INPUTRC</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>INPUTRC</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">The filename for the
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">The filename for the
<b>readline</b> startup file, overriding the default of
-<A HREF="file:~/.inputrc"><i>~/.inputrc</i></A> (see <b><small>READLINE</small></b>
-below).</p>
+<A HREF="file:~/.inputrc"><i>~/.inputrc</i></A> (see <b>READLINE</b> below).</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>INSIDE_EMACS</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>INSIDE_EMACS</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">If this variable appears in the
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">If this variable appears in the
environment when the shell starts, <b>bash</b> assumes that
it is running inside an Emacs shell buffer and may disable
-line editing, depending on the value of
-<b><small>TERM</small></b><small>.</small></p>
+line editing, depending on the value of <b>TERM</b>.</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="8%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="5%">
<p><b>LANG</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<td width="4%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
<p>Used to determine the locale category for any category
not specifically selected with a variable starting with
<b>LC_</b>.</p> </td></tr>
-<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="8%">
-
-
-<p><b>LC_ALL</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+</table>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>LC_ALL</b></p>
-<p>This variable overrides the value of
-<b><small>LANG</small></b> and any other <b>LC_</b> variable
-specifying a locale category.</p></td></tr>
-</table>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">This variable overrides the
+value of <b>LANG</b> and any other <b>LC_</b> variable
+specifying a locale category.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>LC_COLLATE</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>LC_COLLATE</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">This variable determines the
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">This variable determines the
collation order used when sorting the results of pathname
expansion, and determines the behavior of range expressions,
equivalence classes, and collating sequences within pathname
expansion and pattern matching.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>LC_CTYPE</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>LC_CTYPE</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">This variable determines the
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">This variable determines the
interpretation of characters and the behavior of character
classes within pathname expansion and pattern matching.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>LC_MESSAGES</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>LC_MESSAGES</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">This variable determines the
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">This variable determines the
locale used to translate double-quoted strings preceded by a
<b>$</b>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>LC_NUMERIC</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>LC_NUMERIC</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">This variable determines the
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">This variable determines the
locale category used for number formatting.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>LC_TIME</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>LC_TIME</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">This variable determines the
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">This variable determines the
locale category used for data and time formatting.</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="6%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="7%">
<p><b>LINES</b></p></td>
-<td width="3%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<td width="2%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
<p>Used by the <b>select</b> compound command to determine
the column length for printing selection lists.
Automatically set if the <b>checkwinsize</b> option is
enabled or in an interactive shell upon receipt of a
-<b><small>SIGWINCH</small></b><small>.</small></p> </td></tr>
+<b>SIGWINCH</b>.</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="6%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="7%">
-<p><b>MAIL</b></p></td>
-<td width="3%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>MAIL</b></p></td>
+<td width="2%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
-<p>If the value is set to a file or directory name and the
-<b><small>MAILPATH</small></b> variable is not set,
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">If the value is set to a file or
+directory name and the <b>MAILPATH</b> variable is not set,
<b>bash</b> informs the user of the arrival of mail in the
specified file or Maildir-format directory.</p></td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>MAILCHECK</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>MAILCHECK</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Specifies how often (in
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Specifies how often (in
seconds) <b>bash</b> checks for mail. The default is 60
seconds. When it is time to check for mail, the shell does
so before displaying the primary prompt. If this variable is
unset, or set to a value that is not a number greater than
or equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>MAILPATH</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>MAILPATH</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">A colon-separated list of
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">A colon-separated list of
filenames to be checked for mail. The message to be printed
when mail arrives in a particular file may be specified by
separating the filename from the message with a
<b>$_</b> expands to the name of the current mailfile. For
example: <b><br>
MAILPATH</b>='/var/mail/bfox?"You have
-mail":~/shell−mail?"$_ has mail!"'
-<b><br>
+mail":~/shell-mail?"$_ has mail!"' <b><br>
Bash</b> can be configured to supply a default value for
this variable (there is no value by default), but the
location of the user mail files that it uses is system
dependent (e.g., /var/mail/<b>$USER</b>).</p>
-<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
- cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
-<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="8%">
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>OPTERR</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">If set to the value 1,
+<b>bash</b> displays error messages generated by the
+<b>getopts</b> builtin command (see <b>SHELL BUILTIN
+COMMANDS</b> below). <b>OPTERR</b> is initialized to 1 each
+time the shell is invoked or a shell script is executed.</p>
-<p><b>OPTERR</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
-
-
-<p>If set to the value 1, <b>bash</b> displays error
-messages generated by the <b>getopts</b> builtin command
-(see <b><small>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</small></b> below).
-<b><small>OPTERR</small></b> is initialized to 1 each time
-the shell is invoked or a shell script is executed.</p></td></tr>
+<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
+ cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="8%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="5%">
<p><b>PATH</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<td width="4%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
<p>The search path for commands. It is a colon-separated
list of directories in which the shell looks for commands
-(see <b><small>COMMAND EXECUTION</small></b> below). A
-zero-length (null) directory name in the value of
-<b><small>PATH</small></b> indicates the current directory.
-A null directory name may appear as two adjacent colons, or
-as an initial or trailing colon. The default path is
-system-dependent, and is set by the administrator who
-installs <b>bash</b>. A common value is</p></td></tr>
+(see <b>COMMAND EXECUTION</b> below). A zero-length (null)
+directory name in the value of <b>PATH</b> indicates the
+current directory. A null directory name may appear as two
+adjacent colons, or as an initial or trailing colon. The
+default path is system-dependent, and is set by the
+administrator who installs <b>bash</b>. A common value
+is</p> </td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:24%;">/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin</p>
+<p style="margin-left:21%;">/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>POSIXLY_CORRECT</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>POSIXLY_CORRECT</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">If this variable is in the
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">If this variable is in the
environment when <b>bash</b> starts, the shell enters posix
mode before reading the startup files, as if the
-<b>−−posix</b> invocation option had been
-supplied. If it is set while the shell is running,
-<b>bash</b> enables posix mode, as if the command “set
-−o posix” had been executed. When the shell
-enters posix mode, it sets this variable if it was not
-already set.</p>
+<b>--posix</b> invocation option had been supplied. If it is
+set while the shell is running, <b>bash</b> enables posix
+mode, as if the command “set -o posix” had been
+executed. When the shell enters posix mode, it sets this
+variable if it was not already set.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>PROMPT_COMMAND</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>PROMPT_COMMAND</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">If this variable is set, and is
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">If this variable is set, and is
an array, the value of each set element is executed as a
command prior to issuing each primary prompt. If this is set
but not an array variable, its value is used as a command to
execute instead.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>PROMPT_DIRTRIM</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>PROMPT_DIRTRIM</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">If set to a number greater than
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">If set to a number greater than
zero, the value is used as the number of trailing directory
components to retain when expanding the <b>\w</b> and
-<b>\W</b> prompt string escapes (see
-<b><small>PROMPTING</small></b> below). Characters removed
-are replaced with an ellipsis.</p>
+<b>\W</b> prompt string escapes (see <b>PROMPTING</b>
+below). Characters removed are replaced with an
+ellipsis.</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="6%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="7%">
<p><b>PS0</b></p></td>
-<td width="3%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<td width="2%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
<p>The value of this parameter is expanded (see
-<b><small>PROMPTING</small></b> below) and displayed by
-interactive shells after reading a command and before the
-command is executed.</p></td></tr>
+<b>PROMPTING</b> below) and displayed by interactive shells
+after reading a command and before the command is
+executed.</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="6%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="7%">
-<p><b>PS1</b></p></td>
-<td width="3%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>PS1</b></p></td>
+<td width="2%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
-<p>The value of this parameter is expanded (see
-<b><small>PROMPTING</small></b> below) and used as the
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The value of this parameter is
+expanded (see <b>PROMPTING</b> below) and used as the
primary prompt string. The default value is
-“\s−\v\$ ”.</p> </td></tr>
+“\s-\v\$ ”.</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="6%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="7%">
-<p><b>PS2</b></p></td>
-<td width="3%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>PS2</b></p></td>
+<td width="2%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
-<p>The value of this parameter is expanded as with
-<b><small>PS1</small></b> and used as the secondary prompt
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The value of this parameter is
+expanded as with <b>PS1</b> and used as the secondary prompt
string. The default is “> ”.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="6%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="7%">
-<p><b>PS3</b></p></td>
-<td width="3%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>PS3</b></p></td>
+<td width="2%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
-<p>The value of this parameter is used as the prompt for
-the <b>select</b> command (see <b><small>SHELL
-GRAMMAR</small></b> above).</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The value of this parameter is
+used as the prompt for the <b>select</b> command (see
+<b>SHELL GRAMMAR</b> above).</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="6%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="7%">
-<p><b>PS4</b></p></td>
-<td width="3%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>PS4</b></p></td>
+<td width="2%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
-<p>The value of this parameter is expanded as with
-<b><small>PS1</small></b> and the value is printed before
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The value of this parameter is
+expanded as with <b>PS1</b> and the value is printed before
each command <b>bash</b> displays during an execution trace.
-The first character of the expanded value of
-<b><small>PS4</small></b> is replicated multiple times, as
-necessary, to indicate multiple levels of indirection. The
-default is “+ ”.</p></td></tr>
+The first character of the expanded value of <b>PS4</b> is
+replicated multiple times, as necessary, to indicate
+multiple levels of indirection. The default is
+“+ ”.</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="6%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="7%">
-<p><b>SHELL</b></p></td>
-<td width="3%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>SHELL</b></p></td>
+<td width="2%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
-<p>This variable expands to the full pathname to the shell.
-If it is not set when the shell starts, <b>bash</b> assigns
-to it the full pathname of the current user’s login
-shell.</p> </td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">This variable expands to the
+full pathname to the shell. If it is not set when the shell
+starts, <b>bash</b> assigns to it the full pathname of the
+current user’s login shell.</p></td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>TIMEFORMAT</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>TIMEFORMAT</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">The value of this parameter is
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">The value of this parameter is
used as a format string specifying how the timing
information for pipelines prefixed with the <b>time</b>
reserved word should be displayed. The <b>%</b> character
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="10%">
<p><b>%%</b></p></td>
<td width="3%"></td>
-<td width="60%">
+<td width="58%">
<p>A literal <b>%</b>.</p></td>
-<td width="9%">
+<td width="14%">
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="10%">
-<p><b>%[</b><i>p</i><b>][l]R</b></p></td>
+
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>%[</b><i>p</i><b>][l]R</b></p> </td>
<td width="3%"></td>
-<td width="60%">
+<td width="58%">
-<p>The elapsed time in seconds.</p></td>
-<td width="9%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The elapsed time in seconds.</p></td>
+<td width="14%">
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="10%">
-<p><b>%[</b><i>p</i><b>][l]U</b></p></td>
+
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>%[</b><i>p</i><b>][l]U</b></p> </td>
<td width="3%"></td>
-<td width="60%">
+<td width="58%">
-<p>The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode.</p></td>
-<td width="9%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The number of CPU seconds spent
+in user mode.</p></td>
+<td width="14%">
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="10%">
-<p><b>%[</b><i>p</i><b>][l]S</b></p></td>
+
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>%[</b><i>p</i><b>][l]S</b></p> </td>
<td width="3%"></td>
-<td width="60%">
+<td width="58%">
-<p>The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.</p></td>
-<td width="9%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The number of CPU seconds spent
+in system mode.</p></td>
+<td width="14%">
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="10%">
-<p><b>%P</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>%P</b></p></td>
<td width="3%"></td>
-<td width="60%">
+<td width="58%">
-<p>The CPU percentage, computed as (%U + %S) / %R.</p></td>
-<td width="9%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The CPU percentage, computed as
+(%U + %S) / %R.</p></td>
+<td width="14%">
</td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">The optional
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">The optional
<i>p</i> is a digit specifying the <i>precision</i>, the
number of fractional digits after a decimal point. A value
of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output.
If <i>p</i> is not specified, <b>time</b> prints three
digits after the decimal point.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">The optional
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">The optional
<b>l</b> specifies a longer format, including minutes, of
the form <i>MM</i>m<i>SS</i>.<i>FF</i>s. The value of
<i>p</i> determines whether or not the fraction is
included.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If this
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If this
variable is not set, <b>bash</b> acts as if it had the value
<b>$'\nreal\t%3lR\nuser\t%3lU\nsys\t%3lS'</b>. If the value
is null, <b>bash</b> does not display any timing
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="8%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="7%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>TMOUT</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<td width="2%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em">If set to a value greater than
zero, the <b>read</b> builtin uses the value as its default
timeout. The <b>select</b> command terminates if input does
-not arrive after <b><small>TMOUT</small></b> seconds when
-input is coming from a terminal. In an interactive shell,
-the value is interpreted as the number of seconds to wait
-for a line of input after issuing the primary prompt.
-<b>Bash</b> terminates after waiting for that number of
-seconds if a complete line of input does not arrive.</p></td></tr>
-<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="8%">
-
-
-<p><b>TMPDIR</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+not arrive after <b>TMOUT</b> seconds when input is coming
+from a terminal. In an interactive shell, the value is
+interpreted as the number of seconds to wait for a line of
+input after issuing the primary prompt. <b>Bash</b>
+terminates after waiting for that number of seconds if a
+complete line of input does not arrive.</p></td></tr>
+</table>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>TMPDIR</b></p>
-<p>If set, <b>bash</b> uses its value as the name of a
-directory in which <b>bash</b> creates temporary files for
-the shell’s use.</p></td></tr>
-</table>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">If set, <b>bash</b> uses its
+value as the name of a directory in which <b>bash</b>
+creates temporary files for the shell’s use.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>auto_resume</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>auto_resume</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">This variable controls how the
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">This variable controls how the
shell interacts with the user and job control. If this
variable is set, simple commands consisting of only a single
word, without redirections, are treated as candidates for
<i>substring</i>, the word needs to match a substring of the
name of a stopped job. The <i>substring</i> value provides
functionality analogous to the <b>%?</b> job identifier (see
-<b><small>JOB CONTROL</small></b> below). If set to any
-other value (e.g., <i>prefix</i>), the word must be a prefix
-of a stopped job’s name; this provides functionality
-analogous to the <b>%</b><i>string</i> job identifier.</p>
+<b>JOB CONTROL</b> below). If set to any other value (e.g.,
+<i>prefix</i>), the word must be a prefix of a stopped
+job’s name; this provides functionality analogous to
+the <b>%</b><i>string</i> job identifier.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>histchars</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>histchars</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">The two or three characters
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">The two or three characters
which control history expansion, quick substitution, and
-tokenization (see <b><small>HISTORY EXPANSION</small></b>
-below). The first character is the <i>history expansion</i>
-character, the character which begins a history expansion,
-normally “<b>!</b>”. The second character is the
-<i>quick substitution</i> character, normally
-“<b>^</b>”. When it appears as the first
-character on the line, history substitution repeats the
-previous command, replacing one string with another. The
-optional third character is the <i>history comment</i>
-character, normally “<b>#</b>”, which indicates
-that the remainder of the line is a comment when it appears
-as the first character of a word. The history comment
-character disables history substitution for the remaining
-words on the line. It does not necessarily cause the shell
-parser to treat the rest of the line as a comment.</p>
+tokenization (see <b>HISTORY EXPANSION</b> below). The first
+character is the <i>history expansion</i> character, the
+character which begins a history expansion, normally
+“<b>!</b>”. The second character is the <i>quick
+substitution</i> character, normally “<b>^</b>”.
+When it appears as the first character on the line, history
+substitution repeats the previous command, replacing one
+string with another. The optional third character is the
+<i>history comment</i> character, normally
+“<b>#</b>”, which indicates that the remainder
+of the line is a comment when it appears as the first
+character of a word. The history comment character disables
+history substitution for the remaining words on the line. It
+does not necessarily cause the shell parser to treat the
+rest of the line as a comment.</p>
<h3>Arrays
<a name="Arrays"></a>
</h3>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Bash</b>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Bash</b>
provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array
variables. Any variable may be used as an indexed array; the
<b>declare</b> builtin explicitly declares an array. There
requirement that members be indexed or assigned
contiguously. Indexed arrays are referenced using arithmetic
expressions that must expand to an integer (see
-<b><small>ARITHMETIC EVALUATION</small></b> below) and are
-zero-based; associative arrays are referenced using
-arbitrary strings. Unless otherwise noted, indexed array
-indices must be non-negative integers.</p>
+<b>ARITHMETIC EVALUATION</b> below) and are zero-based;
+associative arrays are referenced using arbitrary strings.
+Unless otherwise noted, indexed array indices must be
+non-negative integers.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The shell
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The shell
performs parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic
expansion, command substitution, and quote removal on
indexed array subscripts. Since this can potentially result
in empty strings, subscript indexing treats those as
expressions that evaluate to 0.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The shell
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The shell
performs tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
arithmetic expansion, command substitution, and quote
removal on associative array subscripts. Empty strings
cannot be used as associative array keys.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Bash</b>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Bash</b>
automatically creates an indexed array if any variable is
assigned to using the syntax</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><i>name</i>[<i>subscript</i>]=<i>value</i>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><i>name</i>[<i>subscript</i>]=<i>value</i>
.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;">The <i>subscript</i> is treated
+<p style="margin-left:6%;">The <i>subscript</i> is treated
as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number
greater than or equal to zero. To explicitly declare an
indexed array, use</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>declare
-−a </b><i>name</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>declare
+-a </b><i>name</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;">(see <b><small>SHELL BUILTIN
-COMMANDS</small></b> below).</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;">(see <b>SHELL BUILTIN
+COMMANDS</b> below).</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>declare −a</b>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>declare -a</b>
<i>name</i>[<i>subscript</i>]</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;">is also accepted; the
+<p style="margin-left:6%;">is also accepted; the
<i>subscript</i> is ignored.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Associative
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Associative
arrays are created using</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>declare
-−A </b><i>name</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>declare
+-A </b><i>name</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;">.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;">.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Attributes may
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Attributes may
be specified for an array variable using the <b>declare</b>
and <b>readonly</b> builtins. Each attribute applies to all
members of an array.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Arrays are
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Arrays are
assigned using compound assignments of the form
<i>name</i>=<b>(</b>value<i>1</i> ... value<i>n</i><b>)</b>,
where each <i>value</i> may be of the form
[<i>subscript</i>]=<i>string</i>. Indexed array assignments
do not require anything but <i>string</i>. Each <i>value</i>
in the list is expanded using the shell expansions described
-below under <b><small>EXPANSION</small></b><small>,</small>
-but <i>value</i>s that are valid variable assignments
-including the brackets and subscript do not undergo brace
-expansion and word splitting, as with individual variable
-assignments.</p>
+below under <b>EXPANSION</b>, but <i>value</i>s that are
+valid variable assignments including the brackets and
+subscript do not undergo brace expansion and word splitting,
+as with individual variable assignments.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">When assigning
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">When assigning
to indexed arrays, if the optional brackets and subscript
are supplied, that index is assigned to; otherwise the index
of the element assigned is the last index assigned to by the
statement plus one. Indexing starts at zero.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">When assigning
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">When assigning
to an associative array, the words in a compound assignment
may be either assignment statements, for which the subscript
is required, or a list of words that is interpreted as a
using key/value pairs, the keys may not be missing or empty;
a final missing value is treated like the empty string.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">This syntax is
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">This syntax is
also accepted by the <b>declare</b> builtin. Individual
array elements may be assigned to using the
<i>name</i>[<i>subscript</i>]=<i>value</i> syntax introduced
above.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">When assigning
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">When assigning
to an indexed array, if <i>name</i> is subscripted by a
negative number, that number is interpreted as relative to
one greater than the maximum index of <i>name</i>, so
negative indices count back from the end of the array, and
-an index of −1 references the last element.</p>
+an index of -1 references the last element.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The
“+=” operator appends to an array variable when
assigning using the compound assignment syntax; see
-<b><small>PARAMETERS</small></b> above.</p>
+<b>PARAMETERS</b> above.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">If one of the
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">If one of the
word expansions in a compound array assignment unsets the
variable, the results are unspecified.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">An array element
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">An array element
is referenced using ${<i>name</i>[<i>subscript</i>]}. The
braces are required to avoid conflicts with pathname
expansion. If <i>subscript</i> is <b>@</b> or <b>*</b>, the
subscripts differ only when the word appears within double
quotes. If the word is double-quoted, ${<i>name</i>[*]}
expands to a single word with the value of each array member
-separated by the first character of the
-<b><small>IFS</small></b> special variable, and
-${<i>name</i>[@]} expands each element of <i>name</i> to a
-separate word. When there are no array members,
-${<i>name</i>[@]} expands to nothing. If the double-quoted
-expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of the first
-parameter is joined with the beginning part of the expansion
-of the original word, and the expansion of the last
-parameter is joined with the last part of the expansion of
-the original word. This is analogous to the expansion of the
-special parameters <b>*</b> and <b>@</b> (see <b>Special
+separated by the first character of the <b>IFS</b> special
+variable, and ${<i>name</i>[@]} expands each element of
+<i>name</i> to a separate word. When there are no array
+members, ${<i>name</i>[@]} expands to nothing. If the
+double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion
+of the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of
+the expansion of the original word, and the expansion of the
+last parameter is joined with the last part of the expansion
+of the original word. This is analogous to the expansion of
+the special parameters <b>*</b> and <b>@</b> (see <b>Special
Parameters</b> above).</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">${#<i>name</i>[<i>subscript</i>]}
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">${#<i>name</i>[<i>subscript</i>]}
expands to the length of ${<i>name</i>[<i>subscript</i>]}.
If <i>subscript</i> is <b>*</b> or <b>@</b>, the expansion
is the number of elements in the array.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">If the
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">If the
<i>subscript</i> used to reference an element of an indexed
array evaluates to a number less than zero, it is
interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum
index of the array, so negative indices count back from the
-end of the array, and an index of −1 references the
-last element.</p>
+end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last
+element.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Referencing an
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Referencing an
array variable without a subscript is equivalent to
referencing the array with a subscript of 0. Any reference
to a variable using a valid subscript is valid; <b>bash</b>
creates an array if necessary.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">An array
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">An array
variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned
a value. The null string is a valid value.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">It is possible
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">It is possible
to obtain the keys (indices) of an array as well as the
values. ${<b>!</b><i>name</i>[<i>@</i>]} and
${<b>!</b><i>name</i>[<i>*</i>]} expand to the indices
in double quotes is similar to the expansion of the special
parameters <i>@</i> and <i>*</i> within double quotes.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The <b>unset</b>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The <b>unset</b>
builtin is used to destroy arrays. <b>unset</b>
<i>name</i>[<i>subscript</i>] unsets the array element at
index <i>subscript</i>, for both indexed and associative
indexed array, unset removes all of the elements but does
not remove the array itself.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">When using a
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">When using a
variable name with a subscript as an argument to a command,
such as with <b>unset</b>, without using the word expansion
syntax described above, (e.g., unset a[4]), the argument is
subject to pathname expansion. Quote the argument if
pathname expansion is not desired (e.g., unset 'a[4]').</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The
<b>declare</b>, <b>local</b>, and <b>readonly</b> builtins
-each accept a <b>−a</b> option to specify an indexed
-array and a <b>−A</b> option to specify an associative
-array. If both options are supplied, <b>−A</b> takes
-precedence. The <b>read</b> builtin accepts a
-<b>−a</b> option to assign a list of words read from
-the standard input to an array. The <b>set</b> and
-<b>declare</b> builtins display array values in a way that
-allows them to be reused as assignments. Other builtins
-accept array name arguments as well (e.g., <b>mapfile</b>);
-see the descriptions of individual builtins below for
-details. The shell provides a number of builtin array
-variables.</p>
+each accept a <b>-a</b> option to specify an indexed array
+and a <b>-A</b> option to specify an associative array. If
+both options are supplied, <b>-A</b> takes precedence. The
+<b>read</b> builtin accepts a <b>-a</b> option to assign a
+list of words read from the standard input to an array. The
+<b>set</b> and <b>declare</b> builtins display array values
+in a way that allows them to be reused as assignments. Other
+builtins accept array name arguments as well (e.g.,
+<b>mapfile</b>); see the descriptions of individual builtins
+below for details. The shell provides a number of builtin
+array variables.</p>
<h2>EXPANSION
<a name="EXPANSION"></a>
</h2>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Expansion is
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Expansion is
performed on the command line after it has been split into
words. The shell performs these expansions: <i>brace
expansion</i>, <i>tilde expansion</i>, <i>parameter and
<i>arithmetic expansion</i>, <i>word splitting</i>,
<i>pathname expansion</i>, and <i>quote removal</i>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The order of
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The order of
expansions is: brace expansion; tilde expansion, parameter
and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, and command
substitution (done in a left-to-right fashion); word
splitting; pathname expansion; and quote removal.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">On systems that
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">On systems that
can support it, there is an additional expansion available:
<i>process substitution</i>. This is performed at the same
time as tilde, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion
and command substitution.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em"><i>Quote
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em"><i>Quote
removal</i> is always performed last. It removes quote
characters present in the original word, not ones resulting
from one of the other expansions, unless they have been
quoted themselves.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Only brace
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Only brace
expansion, word splitting, and pathname expansion can
increase the number of words of the expansion; other
expansions expand a single word to a single word. The only
<b>"$@"</b> and
<b>"${</b><i>name</i><b>[@]}"</b>, and, in most
cases, <b>$*</b> and <b>${</b><i>name</i><b>[*]}</b> as
-explained above (see
-<b><small>PARAMETERS</small></b><small>).</small></p>
+explained above (see <b>PARAMETERS</b>).</p>
<h3>Brace Expansion
<a name="Brace Expansion"></a>
</h3>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em"><i>Brace
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em"><i>Brace
expansion</i> is a mechanism to generate arbitrary strings
sharing a common prefix and suffix, either of which can be
empty. This mechanism is similar to <i>pathname
braces, and the postscript is then appended to each
resulting string, expanding left to right.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Brace expansions
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Brace expansions
may be nested. The results of each expanded string are not
sorted; brace expansion preserves left to right order. For
example, a<b>{</b>d,c,b<b>}</b>e expands into “ade ace
abe”.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">A sequence
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">A sequence
expression takes the form
<i>x</i><b>..</b><i>y</i><b>[..</b><i>incr</i><b>]</b>,
where <i>x</i> and <i>y</i> are either integers or single
locale. Note that both <i>x</i> and <i>y</i> must be of the
same type (integer or letter). When the increment is
supplied, it is used as the difference between each term.
-The default increment is 1 or −1 as appropriate.</p>
+The default increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Brace expansion
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Brace expansion
is performed before any other expansions, and any characters
special to other expansions are preserved in the result. It
is strictly textual. <b>Bash</b> does not apply any
syntactic interpretation to the context of the expansion or
the text between the braces.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">A
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">A
correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted
opening and closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma
or a valid sequence expression. Any incorrectly formed brace
expansion is left unchanged.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">A
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">A
“{” or Q , may be quoted with a backslash to
prevent its being considered part of a brace expression. To
avoid conflicts with parameter expansion, the string
expansion, and inhibits brace expansion until the closing
“}”.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">This construct
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">This construct
is typically used as shorthand when the common prefix of the
strings to be generated is longer than in the above
example:</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">mkdir
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">mkdir
/usr/local/src/bash/{old,new,dist,bugs}</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;">or</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;">or</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">chown root
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">chown root
/usr/{ucb/{ex,edit},lib/{ex?.?*,how_ex}}</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Brace expansion
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Brace expansion
introduces a slight incompatibility with historical versions
of <b>sh</b>. <b>sh</b> does not treat opening or closing
braces specially when they appear as part of a word, and
word as “file1 file2” after brace expansion.
Start <b>bash</b> with the <b>+B</b> option or disable brace
expansion with the <b>+B</b> option to the <b>set</b>
-command (see <b><small>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</small></b>
-below) for strict <b>sh</b> compatibility.</p>
+command (see <b>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</b> below) for strict
+<b>sh</b> compatibility.</p>
<h3>Tilde Expansion
<a name="Tilde Expansion"></a>
</h3>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">If a word begins
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">If a word begins
with an unquoted tilde character (“<b>~</b>”),
all of the characters preceding the first unquoted slash (or
all characters, if there is no unquoted slash) are
tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a possible
<i>login name</i>. If this login name is the null string,
the tilde is replaced with the value of the shell parameter
-<b><small>HOME</small></b><small>.</small> If
-<b><small>HOME</small></b> is unset, the tilde expands to
+<b>HOME</b>. If <b>HOME</b> is unset, the tilde expands to
the home directory of the user executing the shell instead.
Otherwise, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the home
directory associated with the specified login name.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">If the
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">If the
tilde-prefix is a “~+”, the value of the shell
-variable <b><small>PWD</small></b> replaces the
-tilde-prefix. If the tilde-prefix is a
-“~−”, the shell substitutes the value of
-the shell variable
-<b><small>OLDPWD</small></b><small>,</small> if it is set.
+variable <b>PWD</b> replaces the tilde-prefix. If the
+tilde-prefix is a “~-”, the shell substitutes
+the value of the shell variable <b>OLDPWD</b>, if it is set.
If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix
consist of a number <i>N</i>, optionally prefixed by a
-“+” or a “−”, the tilde-prefix
-is replaced with the corresponding element from the
-directory stack, as it would be displayed by the <b>dirs</b>
-builtin invoked with the characters following the tilde in
-the tilde-prefix as an argument. If the characters following
-the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a number without a
-leading “+” or “−”, tilde
-expansion assumes “+”.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The results of
+“+” or a “-”, the tilde-prefix is
+replaced with the corresponding element from the directory
+stack, as it would be displayed by the <b>dirs</b> builtin
+invoked with the characters following the tilde in the
+tilde-prefix as an argument. If the characters following the
+tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a number without a
+leading “+” or “-”, tilde expansion
+assumes “+”.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The results of
tilde expansion are treated as if they were quoted, so the
replacement is not subject to word splitting and pathname
expansion.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">If the login
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">If the login
name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the
tilde-prefix is unchanged.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Bash</b>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Bash</b>
checks each variable assignment for unquoted tilde-prefixes
immediately following a <b>:</b> or the first <b>=</b>, and
performs tilde expansion in these cases. Consequently, one
-may use filenames with tildes in assignments to
-<b><small>PATH</small></b><small>, <b>MAILPATH</b>,</small>
-and <b><small>CDPATH</small></b><small>,</small> and the
-shell assigns the expanded value.</p>
+may use filenames with tildes in assignments to <b>PATH</b>,
+<b>MAILPATH</b>, and <b>CDPATH</b>, and the shell assigns
+the expanded value.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Bash</b> also
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Bash</b> also
performs tilde expansion on words satisfying the conditions
of variable assignments (as described above under
-<b><small>PARAMETERS</small></b><small>)</small> when they
-appear as arguments to simple commands. <b>Bash</b> does not
-do this, except for the <i>declaration</i> commands listed
-above, when in posix mode.</p>
+<b>PARAMETERS</b>) when they appear as arguments to simple
+commands. <b>Bash</b> does not do this, except for the
+<i>declaration</i> commands listed above, when in posix
+mode.</p>
<h3>Parameter Expansion
<a name="Parameter Expansion"></a>
</h3>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The
“<b>$</b>” character introduces parameter
expansion, command substitution, or arithmetic expansion.
The parameter name or symbol to be expanded may be enclosed
following it which could be interpreted as part of the
name.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">When braces are
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">When braces are
used, the matching ending brace is the first
“<b>}</b>” not escaped by a backslash or within
a quoted string, and not within an embedded arithmetic
expansion, command substitution, or parameter expansion.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The basic form
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The basic form
of parameter expansion is</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">${<i>parameter</i>}</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">${<i>parameter</i>}</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">which
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">which
substitutes the value of <i>parameter</i>. The braces are
required when <i>parameter</i> is a positional parameter
with more than one digit, or when <i>parameter</i> is
as described above (<b>PARAMETERS</b>) or an array reference
(<b>Arrays</b>).</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">If the first
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">If the first
character of <i>parameter</i> is an exclamation point
(<b>!</b>), and <i>parameter</i> is not a <i>nameref</i>, it
introduces a level of indirection. <b>Bash</b> uses the
exclamation point must immediately follow the left brace in
order to introduce indirection.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">In each of the
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">In each of the
cases below, <i>word</i> is subject to tilde expansion,
parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic
expansion.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">When performing
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">When performing
the first four expansions documented below (<b>:-</b>,
<b>:=</b>, <b>:?</b>, and <b>:+</b>), including the colon,
<b>bash</b> tests for a parameter that is unset or null.
Omitting the colon tests only for a parameter that is unset.
<br>
-${<i>parameter</i><b>:−</b><i>word</i>}</p>
+${<i>parameter</i><b>:-</b><i>word</i>}</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>Use Default Values</b>. If
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>Use Default Values</b>. If
<i>parameter</i> is unset or null, or unset if the colon is
not present, the expansion of <i>word</i> is substituted.
Otherwise, the value of <i>parameter</i> is substituted.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;">${<i>parameter</i><b>:=</b><i>word</i>}</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;">${<i>parameter</i><b>:=</b><i>word</i>}</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>Assign Default Values</b>.
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>Assign Default Values</b>.
If <i>parameter</i> is unset or null, or unset if the colon
is not present, the expansion of <i>word</i> is assigned to
<i>parameter</i>, and the expansion is the final value of
parameters may not be assigned in this way.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;">${<i>parameter</i><b>:?</b><i>word</i>}</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;">${<i>parameter</i><b>:?</b><i>word</i>}</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>Display Error if Null or
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>Display Error if Null or
Unset</b>. If <i>parameter</i> is unset or null, or unset if
the colon is not present, the shell writes the expansion of
<i>word</i> (or a message to that effect if <i>word</i> is
<i>parameter</i> is substituted.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;">${<i>parameter</i><b>:+</b><i>word</i>}</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;">${<i>parameter</i><b>:+</b><i>word</i>}</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>Use Alternate Value</b>. If
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>Use Alternate Value</b>. If
<i>parameter</i> is unset or null, or unset if the colon is
not present, nothing is substituted, otherwise the expansion
of <i>word</i> is substituted. The value of <i>parameter</i>
is not used.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;">${<i>parameter</i><b>:</b><i>offset</i>}
+<p style="margin-left:6%;">${<i>parameter</i><b>:</b><i>offset</i>}
<br>
${<i>parameter</i><b>:</b><i>offset</i><b>:</b><i>length</i>}</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>Substring Expansion</b>.
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>Substring Expansion</b>.
Expands to up to <i>length</i> characters of the value of
<i>parameter</i> starting at the character specified by
<i>offset</i>. If <i>parameter</i> is <b>@</b> or <b>*</b>,
<i>offset</i> is omitted, it is treated as 0. If
<i>length</i> is omitted, but the colon after <i>offset</i>
is present, it is treated as 0. <i>length</i> and
-<i>offset</i> are arithmetic expressions (see
-<b><small>ARITHMETIC EVALUATION</small></b> below).</p>
+<i>offset</i> are arithmetic expressions (see <b>ARITHMETIC
+EVALUATION</b> below).</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If
<i>offset</i> evaluates to a number less than zero, the
value is used as an offset in characters from the end of the
value of <i>parameter</i>. If <i>length</i> evaluates to a
least one space to avoid being confused with the <b>:-</b>
expansion.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If
<i>parameter</i> is <b>@</b> or <b>*</b>, the result is
<i>length</i> positional parameters beginning at
<i>offset</i>. A negative <i>offset</i> is taken relative to
one greater than the greatest positional parameter, so an
-offset of −1 evaluates to the last positional
-parameter (or 0 if there are no positional parameters). It
-is an expansion error if <i>length</i> evaluates to a number
-less than zero.</p>
+offset of -1 evaluates to the last positional parameter (or
+0 if there are no positional parameters). It is an expansion
+error if <i>length</i> evaluates to a number less than
+zero.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If
<i>parameter</i> is an indexed array name subscripted by @
or *, the result is the <i>length</i> members of the array
beginning with ${<i>parameter</i>[<i>offset</i>]}. A
error if <i>length</i> evaluates to a number less than
zero.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">Substring
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">Substring
expansion applied to an associative array produces undefined
results.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">Substring
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">Substring
indexing is zero-based unless the positional parameters are
used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by default. If
<i>offset</i> is 0, and the positional parameters are used,
<b>$0</b> is prefixed to the list.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;">${<b>!</b><i>prefix</i><b>*</b>}
+<p style="margin-left:6%;">${<b>!</b><i>prefix</i><b>*</b>}
<br>
${<b>!</b><i>prefix</i><b>@</b>}</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>Names matching prefix</b>.
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>Names matching prefix</b>.
Expands to the names of variables whose names begin with
<i>prefix</i>, separated by the first character of the
-<b><small>IFS</small></b> special variable. When <i>@</i> is
-used and the expansion appears within double quotes, each
-variable name expands to a separate word.</p>
+<b>IFS</b> special variable. When <i>@</i> is used and the
+expansion appears within double quotes, each variable name
+expands to a separate word.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;">${<b>!</b><i>name</i>[<i>@</i>]}
+<p style="margin-left:6%;">${<b>!</b><i>name</i>[<i>@</i>]}
<br>
${<b>!</b><i>name</i>[<i>*</i>]}</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>List of array keys</b>. If
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>List of array keys</b>. If
<i>name</i> is an array variable, expands to the list of
array indices (keys) assigned in <i>name</i>. If <i>name</i>
is not an array, expands to 0 if <i>name</i> is set and null
within double quotes, each key expands to a separate
word.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;">${<b>#</b><i>parameter</i>}</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;">${<b>#</b><i>parameter</i>}</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>Parameter length</b>.
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>Parameter length</b>.
Substitutes the length in characters of the expanded value
of <i>parameter</i>. If <i>parameter</i> is <b>*</b> or
<b>@</b>, the value substituted is the number of positional
array name subscripted by a negative number, that number is
interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum
index of <i>parameter</i>, so negative indices count back
-from the end of the array, and an index of −1
-references the last element.</p>
+from the end of the array, and an index of -1 references the
+last element.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;">${<i>parameter</i><b>#</b><i>word</i>}
+<p style="margin-left:6%;">${<i>parameter</i><b>#</b><i>word</i>}
<br>
${<i>parameter</i><b>##</b><i>word</i>}</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>Remove matching prefix
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>Remove matching prefix
pattern</b>. The <i>word</i> is expanded to produce a
pattern just as in pathname expansion, and matched against
the expanded value of <i>parameter</i> using the rules
expansion is the resultant list.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;">${<i>parameter</i><b>%</b><i>word</i>}
+<p style="margin-left:6%;">${<i>parameter</i><b>%</b><i>word</i>}
<br>
${<i>parameter</i><b>%%</b><i>word</i>}</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>Remove matching suffix
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>Remove matching suffix
pattern</b>. The <i>word</i> is expanded to produce a
pattern just as in pathname expansion, and matched against
the expanded value of <i>parameter</i> using the rules
expansion is the resultant list.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;">${<i>parameter</i><b>/</b><i>pattern</i><b>/</b><i>string</i>}
+<p style="margin-left:6%;">${<i>parameter</i><b>/</b><i>pattern</i><b>/</b><i>string</i>}
<br>
${<i>parameter</i><b>//</b><i>pattern</i><b>/</b><i>string</i>}
${<i>parameter</i><b>/%</b><i>pattern</i><b>/</b><i>string</i>}</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>Pattern substitution</b>.
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>Pattern substitution</b>.
The <i>pattern</i> is expanded to produce a pattern and
matched against the expanded value of <i>parameter</i> as
described under <b>Pattern Matching</b> below. The longest
parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion,
command and process substitution, and quote removal.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">In the first
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">In the first
form above, only the first match is replaced. If there are
two slashes separating <i>parameter</i> and <i>pattern</i>
(the second form above), all matches of <i>pattern</i> are
above), it must match at the end of the expanded value of
<i>parameter</i>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If the
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If the
expansion of <i>string</i> is null, matches of
<i>pattern</i> are deleted and the <b>/</b> following
<i>pattern</i> may be omitted.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If the
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If the
<b>patsub_replacement</b> shell option is enabled using
<b>shopt</b>, any unquoted instances of <b>&</b> in
<i>string</i> are replaced with the matching portion of
<i>pattern</i>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">Quoting any
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">Quoting any
part of <i>string</i> inhibits replacement in the expansion
of the quoted portion, including replacement strings stored
in shell variables. Backslash escapes <b>&</b> in
literally in the replacement and ensure any instances of
<b>&</b> they want to be replaced are unquoted.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">Like the
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">Like the
pattern removal operators, double quotes surrounding the
replacement string quote the expanded characters, while
double quotes enclosing the entire parameter substitution do
doesn’t take any enclosing double quotes into
account.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If the
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If the
<b>nocasematch</b> shell option is enabled, the match is
performed without regard to the case of alphabetic
characters.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If
<i>parameter</i> is <b>@</b> or <b>*</b>, the substitution
operation is applied to each positional parameter in turn,
and the expansion is the resultant list. If <i>parameter</i>
array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;">${<i>parameter</i><b>^</b><i>pattern</i>}
+<p style="margin-left:6%;">${<i>parameter</i><b>^</b><i>pattern</i>}
<br>
${<i>parameter</i><b>^^</b><i>pattern</i>} <br>
${<i>parameter</i><b>,</b><i>pattern</i>} <br>
${<i>parameter</i><b>,,</b><i>pattern</i>}</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>Case modification</b>. This
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>Case modification</b>. This
expansion modifies the case of alphabetic characters in
<i>parameter</i>. First, the <i>pattern</i> is expanded to
-produce a pattern as described below under <b><small>Pattern
-Matching</small></b><small>.</small> <b>Bash</b> then
-examines characters in the expanded value of
-<i>parameter</i> against <i>pattern</i> as described below.
-If a character matches the pattern, its case is converted.
-The pattern should not attempt to match more than one
-character.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">Using
+produce a pattern as described below under <b>Pattern
+Matching</b>. <b>Bash</b> then examines characters in the
+expanded value of <i>parameter</i> against <i>pattern</i> as
+described below. If a character matches the pattern, its
+case is converted. The pattern should not attempt to match
+more than one character.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">Using
“^” converts lowercase letters matching
<i>pattern</i> to uppercase; “,” converts
matching uppercase letters to lowercase. The <b>^</b> and
it is treated like a <b>?</b>, which matches every
character.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If
<i>parameter</i> is <b>@</b> or <b>*</b>, the case
modification operation is applied to each positional
parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
expansion is the resultant list.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;">${<i>parameter</i><b>@</b><i>operator</i>}</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;">${<i>parameter</i><b>@</b><i>operator</i>}</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>Parameter
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>Parameter
transformation</b>. The expansion is either a transformation
of the value of <i>parameter</i> or information about
<i>parameter</i> itself, depending on the value of
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="1%">
<p><b>U</b></p></td>
<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
<p>The expansion is a string that is the value of
<i>parameter</i> with lowercase alphabetic characters
converted to uppercase.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="1%">
-<p><b>u</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>u</b></p></td>
<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>The expansion is a string that is the value of
-<i>parameter</i> with the first character converted to
-uppercase, if it is alphabetic.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The expansion is a string that
+is the value of <i>parameter</i> with the first character
+converted to uppercase, if it is alphabetic.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="1%">
-<p><b>L</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>L</b></p></td>
<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>The expansion is a string that is the value of
-<i>parameter</i> with uppercase alphabetic characters
-converted to lowercase.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The expansion is a string that
+is the value of <i>parameter</i> with uppercase alphabetic
+characters converted to lowercase.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="1%">
-<p><b>Q</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>Q</b></p></td>
<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>The expansion is a string that is the value of
-<i>parameter</i> quoted in a format that can be reused as
-input.</p> </td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The expansion is a string that
+is the value of <i>parameter</i> quoted in a format that can
+be reused as input.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="1%">
-<p><b>E</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>E</b></p></td>
<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>The expansion is a string that is the value of
-<i>parameter</i> with backslash escape sequences expanded as
-with the <b>$'</b>...<b>'</b> quoting mechanism.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The expansion is a string that
+is the value of <i>parameter</i> with backslash escape
+sequences expanded as with the <b>$'</b>...<b>'</b> quoting
+mechanism.</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="1%">
-<p><b>P</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>P</b></p></td>
<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>The expansion is a string that is the result of
-expanding the value of <i>parameter</i> as if it were a
-prompt string (see <b>PROMPTING</b> below).</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The expansion is a string that
+is the result of expanding the value of <i>parameter</i> as
+if it were a prompt string (see <b>PROMPTING</b> below).</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="1%">
-<p><b>A</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>A</b></p></td>
<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>The expansion is a string in the form of an assignment
-statement or <b>declare</b> command that, if evaluated,
-recreates <i>parameter</i> with its attributes and
-value.</p> </td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The expansion is a string in the
+form of an assignment statement or <b>declare</b> command
+that, if evaluated, recreates <i>parameter</i> with its
+attributes and value.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="1%">
-<p><b>K</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>K</b></p></td>
<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>Produces a possibly-quoted version of the value of
-<i>parameter</i>, except that it prints the values of
-indexed and associative arrays as a sequence of quoted
-key-value pairs (see <b>Arrays</b> above). The keys and
-values are quoted in a format that can be reused as
-input.</p> </td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Produces a possibly-quoted
+version of the value of <i>parameter</i>, except that it
+prints the values of indexed and associative arrays as a
+sequence of quoted key-value pairs (see <b>Arrays</b>
+above). The keys and values are quoted in a format that can
+be reused as input.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="1%">
-<p><b>a</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>a</b></p></td>
<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>The expansion is a string consisting of flag values
-representing <i>parameter</i>’s attributes.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The expansion is a string
+consisting of flag values representing
+<i>parameter</i>’s attributes.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="1%">
-<p><b>k</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>k</b></p></td>
<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>Like the K transformation, but expands the keys and
-values of indexed and associative arrays to separate words
-after word splitting.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Like the K transformation, but
+expands the keys and values of indexed and associative
+arrays to separate words after word splitting.</p></td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If
<i>parameter</i> is <b>@</b> or <b>*</b>, the operation is
applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the
expansion is the resultant list. If <i>parameter</i> is an
operation is applied to each member of the array in turn,
and the expansion is the resultant list.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">The result of
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">The result of
the expansion is subject to word splitting and pathname
expansion as described below.</p>
</h3>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em"><i>Command
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em"><i>Command
substitution</i> allows the output of a command to replace
the command itself. There are two standard forms:</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em"><b>$(</b><i>command</i><b>)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em"><b>$(</b><i>command</i><b>)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;">or (deprecated)</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;">or (deprecated)</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>`</b><i>command</i><b>`</b>.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>`</b><i>command</i><b>`</b>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Bash</b>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Bash</b>
performs the expansion by executing <i>command</i> in a
subshell environment and replacing the command substitution
with the standard output of the command, with any trailing
replaced by the equivalent but faster <b>$(<</b>
<i>file</i><b>)</b>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">With the
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">With the
old-style backquote form of substitution, backslash retains
its literal meaning except when followed by <b>$</b>,
<b>`</b>, or <b>\</b>. The first backquote not preceded by a
parentheses make up the command; none are treated
specially.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">There is an
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">There is an
alternate form of command substitution:</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em"><b>${</b><i>c
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em"><b>${</b><i>c
command</i><b>;}</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">which executes
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">which executes
<i>command</i> in the current execution environment and
captures its output, again with trailing newlines
removed.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The character
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The character
<i>c</i> following the open brace must be a space, tab,
newline, “|”, or “;”; and the close
brace must be in a position where a reserved word may appear
shell metacharacter as a reserved word would usually
require.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Any side effects
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Any side effects
of <i>command</i> take effect immediately in the current
execution environment and persist in the current environment
after the command completes (e.g., the <b>exit</b> builtin
exits the shell).</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">This type of
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">This type of
command substitution superficially resembles executing an
unnamed shell function: local variables are created as when
a shell function is executing, and the <b>return</b> builtin
execution environment, including the positional parameters,
is shared with the caller.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">If the first
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">If the first
character following the open brace is a “;”, the
construct behaves like the form above but preserves any
trailing newlines in the output of <i>command</i> instead of
newlines are significant and should not be stripped from the
command’s output.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">If the first
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">If the first
character following the open brace is a “|”, the
construct expands to the value of the <b>REPLY</b> shell
variable after <i>command</i> executes, without removing any
the value it had before the command substitution after
<i>command</i> completes, as with any local variable.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Command
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Command
substitutions may be nested. To nest when using the
backquoted form, escape the inner backquotes with
backslashes.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">If the
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">If the
substitution appears within double quotes, <b>bash</b> does
not perform word splitting and pathname expansion on the
results.</p>
</h3>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Arithmetic
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Arithmetic
expansion evaluates an arithmetic expression and substitutes
the result. The format for arithmetic expansion is:</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em"><b>$((</b><i>expression</i><b>))</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em"><b>$((</b><i>expression</i><b>))</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The
<i>expression</i> undergoes the same expansions as if it
were within double quotes, but unescaped double quote
characters in <i>expression</i> are not treated specially
arithmetic expansion treats those as expressions that
evaluate to 0. Arithmetic expansions may be nested.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The evaluation
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The evaluation
is performed according to the rules listed below under
-<b><small>ARITHMETIC EVALUATION</small></b><small>.</small>
-If <i>expression</i> is invalid, <b>bash</b> prints a
-message to standard error indicating failure, does not
-perform the substitution, and does not execute the command
-associated with the expansion.</p>
+<b>ARITHMETIC EVALUATION</b>. If <i>expression</i> is
+invalid, <b>bash</b> prints a message to standard error
+indicating failure, does not perform the substitution, and
+does not continue to execute the command in which the error
+occurs.</p>
<h3>Process Substitution
<a name="Process Substitution"></a>
</h3>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em"><i>Process
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em"><i>Process
substitution</i> allows a process’s input or output to
be referred to using a filename. It takes the form of
<b><(</b><i>list</i><b>)</b> or
-<b>>(</b><i>list</i><b>)</b>. The process <i>list</i> is
+<b>>(</b><i>list</i><b>)</b>. The process <i>list</i>, as
+long as it is not a null command without redirections, is
run asynchronously, and its input or output appears as a
filename. This filename is passed as an argument to the
current command as the result of the expansion.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">If the
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">If the
<b>>(</b><i>list</i><b>)</b> form is used, writing to the
file provides input for <i>list</i>. If the
<b><(</b><i>list</i><b>)</b> form is used, reading the
parenthesis, otherwise the construct would be interpreted as
a redirection.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Process
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Process
substitution is supported on systems that support named
pipes (<i>FIFOs</i>) or the <i>/dev/fd</i> method of naming
open files.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">When available,
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">When available,
process substitution is performed simultaneously with
parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and
arithmetic expansion.</p>
</h3>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The shell scans
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The shell scans
the results of parameter expansion, command substitution,
and arithmetic expansion that did not occur within double
quotes for <i>word splitting</i>. Words that were not
expanded are not split.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The shell treats
-each character of <b><small>IFS</small></b> as a delimiter,
-and splits the results of the other expansions into words
-using these characters as field terminators.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The shell treats
+each character of <b>IFS</b> as a delimiter, and splits the
+results of the other expansions into words using these
+characters as field terminators.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">An <i>IFS
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">An <i>IFS
whitespace</i> character is whitespace as defined above (see
-<b>Definitions</b>) that appears in the value of
-<b><small>IFS</small></b><small>.</small> Space, tab, and
-newline are always considered IFS whitespace, even if they
-don’t appear in the locale’s <b>space</b>
-category.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">If
-<b><small>IFS</small></b> is unset, field splitting acts as
-if its value were
+<b>Definitions</b>) that appears in the value of <b>IFS</b>.
+Space, tab, and newline are always considered IFS
+whitespace, even if they don’t appear in the
+locale’s <b>space</b> category.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">If <b>IFS</b> is
+unset, field splitting acts as if its value were
<b><space><tab><newline></b>, and treats
these characters as IFS whitespace. If the value of
-<b><small>IFS</small></b> is null, no word splitting occurs,
-but implicit null arguments (see below) are still
-removed.</p>
+<b>IFS</b> is null, no word splitting occurs, but implicit
+null arguments (see below) are still removed.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Word splitting
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Word splitting
begins by removing sequences of IFS whitespace characters
from the beginning and end of the results of the previous
expansions, then splits the remaining words.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">If the value of
-<b><small>IFS</small></b> consists solely of IFS whitespace,
-any sequence of IFS whitespace characters delimits a field,
-so a field consists of characters that are not unquoted IFS
-whitespace, and null fields result only from quoting.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">If the value of
+<b>IFS</b> consists solely of IFS whitespace, any sequence
+of IFS whitespace characters delimits a field, so a field
+consists of characters that are not unquoted IFS whitespace,
+and null fields result only from quoting.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">If
-<b><small>IFS</small></b> contains a non-whitespace
-character, then any character in the value of
-<b><small>IFS</small></b> that is not IFS whitespace, along
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">If <b>IFS</b>
+contains a non-whitespace character, then any character in
+the value of <b>IFS</b> that is not IFS whitespace, along
with any adjacent IFS whitespace characters, delimits a
field. This means that adjacent non-IFS-whitespace
delimiters produce a null field. A sequence of IFS
whitespace characters also delimits a field.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Explicit null
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Explicit null
arguments (<b>""</b> or <b>''</b>) are retained
and passed to commands as empty strings. Unquoted implicit
null arguments, resulting from the expansion of parameters
no value within double quotes produces a null field, which
is retained and passed to a command as an empty string.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">When a quoted
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">When a quoted
null argument appears as part of a word whose expansion is
non-null, word splitting removes the null argument portion,
leaving the non-null expansion. That is, the word
-“−d''” becomes “−d”
-after word splitting and null argument removal.</p>
+“-d''” becomes “-d” after word
+splitting and null argument removal.</p>
<h3>Pathname Expansion
<a name="Pathname Expansion"></a>
</h3>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">After word
-splitting, unless the <b>−f</b> option has been set,
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">After word
+splitting, unless the <b>-f</b> option has been set,
<b>bash</b> scans each word for the characters <b>*</b>,
<b>?</b>, and <b>[</b>. If one of these characters appears,
and is not quoted, then the word is regarded as a
<i>pattern</i>, and replaced with a sorted list of filenames
-matching the pattern (see <b><small>Pattern
-Matching</small></b> below) subject to the value of the
-<b>GLOBSORT</b> shell variable.</p>
+matching the pattern (see <b>Pattern Matching</b> below)
+subject to the value of the <b>GLOBSORT</b> shell
+variable.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">If no matching
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">If no matching
filenames are found, and the shell option <b>nullglob</b> is
not enabled, the word is left unchanged. If the
<b>nullglob</b> option is set, and no matches are found, the
option <b>nocaseglob</b> is enabled, the match is performed
without regard to the case of alphabetic characters.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">When a pattern
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">When a pattern
is used for pathname expansion, the character
“.” at the start of a name or immediately
following a slash must be matched explicitly, unless the
“.”. When not matching pathnames, the
“.” character is not treated specially.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">When matching a
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">When matching a
pathname, the slash character must always be matched
explicitly by a slash in the pattern, but in other matching
contexts it can be matched by a special pattern character as
-described below under <b><small>Pattern
-Matching</small></b><small>.</small></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">See the
-description of <b>shopt</b> below under <b><small>SHELL
-BUILTIN COMMANDS</small></b> for a description of the
-<b>nocaseglob</b>, <b>nullglob</b>, <b>globskipdots</b>,
-<b>failglob</b>, and <b>dotglob</b> shell options.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The
-<b><small>GLOBIGNORE</small></b> shell variable may be used
-to restrict the set of file names matching a <i>pattern</i>.
-If <b><small>GLOBIGNORE</small></b> is set, each matching
-file name that also matches one of the patterns in
-<b><small>GLOBIGNORE</small></b> is removed from the list of
-matches. If the <b>nocaseglob</b> option is set, the
-matching against the patterns in
-<b><small>GLOBIGNORE</small></b> is performed without regard
-to case. The filenames <i>.</i> and <i>..</i> are always
-ignored when <b><small>GLOBIGNORE</small></b> is set and not
-null. However, setting <b><small>GLOBIGNORE</small></b> to a
+described below under <b>Pattern Matching</b>.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">See the
+description of <b>shopt</b> below under <b>SHELL BUILTIN
+COMMANDS</b> for a description of the <b>nocaseglob</b>,
+<b>nullglob</b>, <b>globskipdots</b>, <b>failglob</b>, and
+<b>dotglob</b> shell options.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The
+<b>GLOBIGNORE</b> shell variable may be used to restrict the
+set of file names matching a <i>pattern</i>. If
+<b>GLOBIGNORE</b> is set, each matching file name that also
+matches one of the patterns in <b>GLOBIGNORE</b> is removed
+from the list of matches. If the <b>nocaseglob</b> option is
+set, the matching against the patterns in <b>GLOBIGNORE</b>
+is performed without regard to case. The filenames <i>.</i>
+and <i>..</i> are always ignored when <b>GLOBIGNORE</b> is
+set and not null. However, setting <b>GLOBIGNORE</b> to a
non-null value has the effect of enabling the <b>dotglob</b>
shell option, so all other filenames beginning with a
“.” match. To get the old behavior of ignoring
filenames beginning with a “.”, make
-“.*” one of the patterns in
-<b><small>GLOBIGNORE</small></b> . The <b>dotglob</b> option
-is disabled when <b><small>GLOBIGNORE</small></b> is unset.
-The <b>GLOBIGNORE</b> pattern matching honors the setting of
-the <b>extglob</b> shell option.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The value of the
-<b><small>GLOBSORT</small></b> shell variable controls how
-the results of pathname expansion are sorted, as described
-above under <b>Shell Variables</b>.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Pattern
+“.*” one of the patterns in <b>GLOBIGNORE</b>.
+The <b>dotglob</b> option is disabled when <b>GLOBIGNORE</b>
+is unset. The <b>GLOBIGNORE</b> pattern matching honors the
+setting of the <b>extglob</b> shell option.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The value of the
+<b>GLOBSORT</b> shell variable controls how the results of
+pathname expansion are sorted, as described above under
+<b>Shell Variables</b>.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Pattern
Matching</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Any character
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Any character
that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern
characters described below, matches itself. The NUL
character may not occur in a pattern. A backslash escapes
when matching. The special pattern characters must be quoted
if they are to be matched literally.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The special
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The special
pattern characters have the following meanings:</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="6%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>*</b></p></td>
<td width="3%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em">Matches any string, including
subdirectories. If followed by a <b>/</b>, two adjacent
<b>*</b>s match only directories and subdirectories.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="6%">
-<p><b>?</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>?</b></p></td>
<td width="3%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>Matches any single character.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Matches any single
+character.</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="6%">
-<p><b>[</b>...<b>]</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>[</b>...<b>]</b></p></td>
<td width="3%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
-
-
-<p>Matches any one of the characters enclosed between the
-brackets. This is known as a <i>bracket expression</i> and
-matches a single character. A pair of characters separated
-by a hyphen denotes a <i>range expression</i>; any character
-that falls between those two characters, inclusive, using
-the current locale’s collating sequence and character
-set, matches. If the first character following the <b>[</b>
-is a <b>!</b> or a <b>^</b> then any character not within
-the range matches. To match a <b>−</b>, include it as
-the first or last character in the set. To match a <b>]</b>,
-include it as the first character in the set.</p></td></tr>
+<td width="76%">
+
+
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Matches any one of the
+characters enclosed between the brackets. This is known as a
+<i>bracket expression</i> and matches a single character. A
+pair of characters separated by a hyphen denotes a <i>range
+expression</i>; any character that falls between those two
+characters, inclusive, using the current locale’s
+collating sequence and character set, matches. If the first
+character following the <b>[</b> is a <b>!</b> or a <b>^</b>
+then any character not within the range matches. To match a
+<b>-</b>, include it as the first or last character in the
+set. To match a <b>]</b>, include it as the first character
+in the set.</p></td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:27%; margin-top: 1em">The sorting
+<p style="margin-left:24%; margin-top: 1em">The sorting
order of characters in range expressions, and the characters
included in the range, are determined by the collating
sequence of the current locale and the values of the
-<b><small>LC_COLLATE</small></b> or
-<b><small>LC_ALL</small></b> shell variables, if set.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:27%; margin-top: 1em">For example, in
-the C locale, <b>[a−d]</b> is equivalent to
-<b>[abcd]</b>. Many locales sort characters in dictionary
-order, and in these locales <b>[a−d]</b> is typically
-not equivalent to <b>[abcd]</b>; it might be equivalent to
-<b>[aBbCcDd]</b> or <b>[aAbBcCd]</b>. To obtain the
-traditional interpretation of range expressions, where
-<b>[a−d]</b> is equivalent to <b>[abcd]</b>, set the
-value of the <b>LC_COLLATE</b> or <b>LC_ALL</b> shell
-variables to <b>C</b>, or enable the <b>globasciiranges</b>
-shell option.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:27%; margin-top: 1em">Within a
+<b>LC_COLLATE</b> or <b>LC_ALL</b> shell variables, if
+set.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:24%; margin-top: 1em">For example, in
+the C locale, <b>[a-d]</b> is equivalent to <b>[abcd]</b>.
+Many locales sort characters in dictionary order, and in
+these locales <b>[a-d]</b> is typically not equivalent to
+<b>[abcd]</b>; it might be equivalent to <b>[aBbCcDd]</b> or
+<b>[aAbBcCd]</b>. To obtain the traditional interpretation
+of range expressions, where <b>[a-d]</b> is equivalent to
+<b>[abcd]</b>, set the value of the <b>LC_COLLATE</b> or
+<b>LC_ALL</b> shell variables to <b>C</b>, or enable the
+<b>globasciiranges</b> shell option.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:24%; margin-top: 1em">Within a
bracket expression, <i>character classes</i> can be
specified using the syntax <b>[:</b><i>class</i><b>:]</b>,
where <i>class</i> is one of the following classes defined
-in the <small>POSIX</small> standard:</p>
+in the POSIX standard:</p>
-<p style="margin-left:27%; margin-top: 1em"><b>alnum alpha
+<p style="margin-left:24%; margin-top: 1em"><b>alnum alpha
ascii blank cntrl digit graph lower print punct space upper
word xdigit</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:27%; margin-top: 1em">A character
+<p style="margin-left:24%; margin-top: 1em">A character
class matches any character belonging to that class. The
<b>word</b> character class matches letters, digits, and the
character _.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:27%; margin-top: 1em">Within a
+<p style="margin-left:24%; margin-top: 1em">Within a
bracket expression, an <i>equivalence class</i> can be
specified using the syntax <b>[=</b><i>c</i><b>=]</b>, which
matches all characters with the same collation weight (as
defined by the current locale) as the character
<i>c</i>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:27%; margin-top: 1em">Within a
+<p style="margin-left:24%; margin-top: 1em">Within a
bracket expression, the syntax
<b>[.</b><i>symbol</i><b>.]</b> matches the collating symbol
<i>symbol</i>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">If the
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">If the
<b>extglob</b> shell option is enabled using the
<b>shopt</b> builtin, the shell recognizes several extended
pattern matching operators. In the following description, a
using one or more of the following sub-patterns:</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>?(</b><i>pattern-list</i><b>)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>?(</b><i>pattern-list</i><b>)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:27%;">Matches zero or one occurrence
+<p style="margin-left:24%;">Matches zero or one occurrence
of the given patterns.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>*(</b><i>pattern-list</i><b>)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>*(</b><i>pattern-list</i><b>)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:27%;">Matches zero or more
+<p style="margin-left:24%;">Matches zero or more
occurrences of the given patterns.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>+(</b><i>pattern-list</i><b>)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>+(</b><i>pattern-list</i><b>)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:27%;">Matches one or more occurrences
+<p style="margin-left:24%;">Matches one or more occurrences
of the given patterns.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>@(</b><i>pattern-list</i><b>)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>@(</b><i>pattern-list</i><b>)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:27%;">Matches one of the given
+<p style="margin-left:24%;">Matches one of the given
patterns.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>!(</b><i>pattern-list</i><b>)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>!(</b><i>pattern-list</i><b>)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:27%;">Matches anything except one of
+<p style="margin-left:24%;">Matches anything except one of
the given patterns.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The
<b>extglob</b> option changes the behavior of the parser,
since the parentheses are normally treated as operators with
syntactic meaning. To ensure that extended matching patterns
enabled before parsing constructs containing the patterns,
including shell functions and command substitutions.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">When matching
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">When matching
filenames, the <b>dotglob</b> shell option determines the
set of filenames that are tested: when <b>dotglob</b> is
enabled, the set of filenames includes all files beginning
“.” only has a special meaning when matching
filenames.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Complicated
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Complicated
extended pattern matching against long strings is slow,
especially when the patterns contain alternations and the
strings contain multiple matches. Using separate matches
</h3>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">After the
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">After the
preceding expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the
characters <b>\</b>, <b>'</b>, and <b>"</b> that did
not result from one of the above expansions are removed.</p>
</h2>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Before a command
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Before a command
is executed, its input and output may be <i>redirected</i>
using a special notation interpreted by the shell.
<i>Redirection</i> allows commands’ file handles to be
command</i> or may follow a <i>command</i>. Redirections are
processed in the order they appear, from left to right.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Each redirection
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Each redirection
that may be preceded by a file descriptor number may instead
be preceded by a word of the form {<i>varname</i>}. In this
-case, for each redirection operator except
-<b>>&−</b> and <b><&−</b>, the
-shell allocates a file descriptor greater than or equal to
-10 and assigns it to <i>varname</i>. If {<i>varname</i>}
-precedes <b>>&−</b> or <b><&−</b>,
-the value of <i>varname</i> defines the file descriptor to
-close. If {<i>varname</i>} is supplied, the redirection
-persists beyond the scope of the command, which allows the
-shell programmer to manage the file descriptor’s
-lifetime manually without using the <b>exec</b> builtin. The
+case, for each redirection operator except <b>>&-</b>
+and <b><&-</b>, the shell allocates a file descriptor
+greater than or equal to 10 and assigns it to
+<i>varname</i>. If {<i>varname</i>} precedes
+<b>>&-</b> or <b><&-</b>, the value of
+<i>varname</i> defines the file descriptor to close. If
+{<i>varname</i>} is supplied, the redirection persists
+beyond the scope of the command, which allows the shell
+programmer to manage the file descriptor’s lifetime
+manually without using the <b>exec</b> builtin. The
<b>varredir_close</b> shell option manages this
behavior.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">In the following
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">In the following
descriptions, if the file descriptor number is omitted, and
the first character of the redirection operator is
“<”, the redirection refers to the standard
redirection operator is “>”, the redirection
refers to the standard output (file descriptor 1).</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The <i>word</i>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The <i>word</i>
following the redirection operator in the following
descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace
expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable
expands to more than one word, <b>bash</b> reports an
error.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The order of
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The order of
redirections is significant. For example, the command</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">ls <b>></b>
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">ls <b>></b>
dirlist 2<b>>&</b>1</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">directs both
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">directs both
standard output and standard error to the file
<i>dirlist</i>, while the command</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">ls
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">ls
2<b>>&</b>1 <b>></b> dirlist</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">directs only the
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">directs only the
standard output to file <i>dirlist</i>, because the standard
error was directed to the standard output before the
standard output was redirected to <i>dirlist</i>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Bash</b>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Bash</b>
handles several filenames specially when they are used in
redirections, as described in the following table. If the
operating system on which <b>bash</b> is running provides
emulates them internally with the behavior described
below.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>/dev/fd/</b><i>fd</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>/dev/fd/</b><i>fd</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:27%;">If <i>fd</i> is a valid
+<p style="margin-left:24%;">If <i>fd</i> is a valid
integer, duplicate file descriptor <i>fd</i>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>/dev/stdin</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>/dev/stdin</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:27%;">File descriptor 0 is
+<p style="margin-left:24%;">File descriptor 0 is
duplicated.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>/dev/stdout</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>/dev/stdout</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:27%;">File descriptor 1 is
+<p style="margin-left:24%;">File descriptor 1 is
duplicated.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>/dev/stderr</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>/dev/stderr</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:27%;">File descriptor 2 is
+<p style="margin-left:24%;">File descriptor 2 is
duplicated.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>/dev/tcp/</b><i>host</i><b>/</b><i>port</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>/dev/tcp/</b><i>host</i><b>/</b><i>port</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:27%;">If <i>host</i> is a valid
+<p style="margin-left:24%;">If <i>host</i> is a valid
hostname or Internet address, and <i>port</i> is an integer
port number or service name, <b>bash</b> attempts to open
the corresponding TCP socket.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>/dev/udp/</b><i>host</i><b>/</b><i>port</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>/dev/udp/</b><i>host</i><b>/</b><i>port</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:27%;">If <i>host</i> is a valid
+<p style="margin-left:24%;">If <i>host</i> is a valid
hostname or Internet address, and <i>port</i> is an integer
port number or service name, <b>bash</b> attempts to open
the corresponding UDP socket.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">A failure to
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">A failure to
open or create a file causes the redirection to fail.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Redirections
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Redirections
using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used with
care, as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell
uses internally.</p>
</h3>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Redirecting
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Redirecting
input opens the file whose name results from the expansion
of <i>word</i> for reading on file descriptor <i>n</i>, or
the standard input (file descriptor 0) if <i>n</i> is not
specified.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The general
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The general
format for redirecting input is:</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">[<i>n</i>]<b><</b><i>word</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">[<i>n</i>]<b><</b><i>word</i></p>
<h3>Redirecting Output
<a name="Redirecting Output"></a>
</h3>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Redirecting
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Redirecting
output opens the file whose name results from the expansion
of <i>word</i> for writing on file descriptor <i>n</i>, or
the standard output (file descriptor 1) if <i>n</i> is not
specified. If the file does not exist it is created; if it
does exist it is truncated to zero size.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The general
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The general
format for redirecting output is:</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">[<i>n</i>]<b>></b><i>word</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">[<i>n</i>]<b>></b><i>word</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">If the
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">If the
redirection operator is <b>></b>, and the
<b>noclobber</b> option to the <b>set</b> builtin command
has been enabled, the redirection fails if the file whose
</h3>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Redirecting
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Redirecting
output in this fashion opens the file whose name results
from the expansion of <i>word</i> for appending on file
descriptor <i>n</i>, or the standard output (file descriptor
1) if <i>n</i> is not specified. If the file does not exist
it is created.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The general
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The general
format for appending output is:</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">[<i>n</i>]<b>>></b><i>word</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">[<i>n</i>]<b>>></b><i>word</i></p>
<h3>Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error
<a name="Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error"></a>
</h3>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">This construct
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">This construct
redirects both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and
the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to the file
whose name is the expansion of <i>word</i>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">There are two
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">There are two
formats for redirecting standard output and standard
error:</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em"><b>&></b><i>word</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em"><b>&></b><i>word</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;">and</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;">and</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>>&</b><i>word</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>>&</b><i>word</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Of the two
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Of the two
forms, the first is preferred. This is semantically
equivalent to</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em"><b>></b><i>word</i>
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em"><b>></b><i>word</i>
2<b>>&</b>1</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">When using the
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">When using the
second form, <i>word</i> may not expand to a number or
-<b>−</b>. If it does, other redirection operators
-apply (see <b>Duplicating File Descriptors</b> below) for
-compatibility reasons.</p>
+<b>-</b>. If it does, other redirection operators apply (see
+<b>Duplicating File Descriptors</b> below) for compatibility
+reasons.</p>
<h3>Appending Standard Output and Standard Error
<a name="Appending Standard Output and Standard Error"></a>
</h3>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">This construct
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">This construct
appends both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and the
standard error output (file descriptor 2) to the file whose
name is the expansion of <i>word</i>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The format for
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The format for
appending standard output and standard error is:</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em"><b>&>></b><i>word</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em"><b>&>></b><i>word</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">This is
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">This is
semantically equivalent to</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em"><b>>></b><i>word</i>
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em"><b>>></b><i>word</i>
2<b>>&</b>1</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">(see
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">(see
<b>Duplicating File Descriptors</b> below).</p>
<h3>Here Documents
</h3>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">This type of
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">This type of
redirection instructs the shell to read input from the
current source until it reads a line containing only
<i>delimiter</i> (with no trailing blanks). All of the lines
file descriptor <i>n</i> if <i>n</i> is specified) for a
command.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The format of
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The format of
here-documents is:</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">[<i>n</i>]<b><<</b>[<b>−</b>]<i>word
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">[<i>n</i>]<b><<</b>[<b>-</b>]<i>word
<br>
here-document <br>
delimiter</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The shell does
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The shell does
not perform parameter and variable expansion, command
substitution, arithmetic expansion, or pathname expansion on
<i>word</i>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">If any part of
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">If any part of
<i>word</i> is quoted, the <i>delimiter</i> is the result of
quote removal on <i>word</i>, and the lines in the
here-document are not expanded. If <i>word</i> is unquoted,
string: all lines of the here-document are subjected to
parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic
expansion, the character sequence <b>\<newline></b> is
-treated literally, and <b>\</b> must be used to quote the
-characters <b>\</b>, <b>$</b>, and <b>`</b>; however, double
-quote characters have no special meaning.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">If the
-redirection operator is <b><<−</b>, then the
-shell strips all leading tab characters from input lines and
-the line containing <i>delimiter</i>. This allows
-here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a
-natural fashion.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">If the delimiter
+treated as a line continuation, and <b>\</b> must be used to
+quote the characters <b>\</b>, <b>$</b>, and <b>`</b>;
+however, double quote characters have no special
+meaning.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">If the
+redirection operator is <b><<-</b>, then the shell
+strips all leading tab characters from input lines and the
+line containing <i>delimiter</i>. This allows here-documents
+within shell scripts to be indented in a natural
+fashion.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">If the delimiter
is not quoted, the shell treats the <b>\<newline></b>
sequence as a line continuation: the two lines are joined
and the backslash-newline is removed. This happens while
</h3>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">A variant of
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">A variant of
here documents, the format is:</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">[<i>n</i>]<b><<<</b><i>word</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">[<i>n</i>]<b><<<</b><i>word</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The <i>word</i>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The <i>word</i>
undergoes tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote
removal. Pathname expansion and word splitting are not
</h3>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The redirection
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The redirection
operator</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">[<i>n</i>]<b><&</b><i>word</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">[<i>n</i>]<b><&</b><i>word</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">is used to
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">is used to
duplicate input file descriptors. If <i>word</i> expands to
one or more digits, file descriptor <i>n</i> is made to be a
copy of that file descriptor. It is a redirection error if
the digits in <i>word</i> do not specify a file descriptor
-open for input. If <i>word</i> evaluates to <b>−</b>,
-file descriptor <i>n</i> is closed. If <i>n</i> is not
-specified, this uses the standard input (file descriptor
-0).</p>
+open for input. If <i>word</i> evaluates to <b>-</b>, file
+descriptor <i>n</i> is closed. If <i>n</i> is not specified,
+this uses the standard input (file descriptor 0).</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The operator</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The operator</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">[<i>n</i>]<b>>&</b><i>word</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">[<i>n</i>]<b>>&</b><i>word</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">is used
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">is used
similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If <i>n</i>
is not specified, this uses the standard output (file
descriptor 1). It is a redirection error if the digits in
<i>word</i> do not specify a file descriptor open for
-output. If <i>word</i> evaluates to <b>−</b>, file
+output. If <i>word</i> evaluates to <b>-</b>, file
descriptor <i>n</i> is closed. As a special case, if
<i>n</i> is omitted, and <i>word</i> does not expand to one
-or more digits or <b>−</b>, this redirects the
-standard output and standard error as described
-previously.</p>
+or more digits or <b>-</b>, this redirects the standard
+output and standard error as described previously.</p>
<h3>Moving File Descriptors
<a name="Moving File Descriptors"></a>
</h3>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The redirection
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The redirection
operator</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">[<i>n</i>]<b><&</b><i>digit</i><b>−</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">[<i>n</i>]<b><&</b><i>digit</i><b>-</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">moves the file
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">moves the file
descriptor <i>digit</i> to file descriptor <i>n</i>, or the
standard input (file descriptor 0) if <i>n</i> is not
specified. <i>digit</i> is closed after being duplicated to
<i>n</i>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Similarly, the
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Similarly, the
redirection operator</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">[<i>n</i>]<b>>&</b><i>digit</i><b>−</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">[<i>n</i>]<b>>&</b><i>digit</i><b>-</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">moves the file
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">moves the file
descriptor <i>digit</i> to file descriptor <i>n</i>, or the
standard output (file descriptor 1) if <i>n</i> is not
specified.</p>
</h3>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The redirection
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The redirection
operator</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">[<i>n</i>]<b><></b><i>word</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">[<i>n</i>]<b><></b><i>word</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">opens the file
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">opens the file
whose name is the expansion of <i>word</i> for both reading
and writing on file descriptor <i>n</i>, or on file
descriptor 0 if <i>n</i> is not specified. If the file does
</h2>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em"><i>Aliases</i>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em"><i>Aliases</i>
allow a string to be substituted for a word that is in a
position in the input where it can be the first word of a
simple command. Aliases have names and corresponding values
that are set and unset using the <b>alias</b> and
-<b>unalias</b> builtin commands (see <b><small>SHELL BUILTIN
-COMMANDS</small></b> below).</p>
+<b>unalias</b> builtin commands (see <b>SHELL BUILTIN
+COMMANDS</b> below).</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">If the shell
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">If the shell
reads an unquoted word in the right position, it checks the
word to see if it matches an alias name. If it matches, the
shell replaces the word with the alias value, and reads that
doesn’t look at any characters following the word
before attempting alias substitution.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The characters
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The characters
<b>/</b>, <b>$</b>, <b>`</b>, and <b>=</b> and any of the
shell <i>metacharacters</i> or quoting characters listed
above may not appear in an alias name. The replacement text
metacharacters. The first word of the replacement text is
tested for aliases, but a word that is identical to an alias
being expanded is not expanded a second time. This means
-that one may alias <b>ls</b> to <b>ls −F</b>, for
-instance, and <b>bash</b> does not try to recursively expand
-the replacement text.</p>
+that one may alias <b>ls</b> to <b>ls -F</b>, for instance,
+and <b>bash</b> does not try to recursively expand the
+replacement text.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">If the last
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">If the last
character of the alias value is a <i>blank</i>, the shell
checks the next command word following the alias for alias
expansion.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Aliases are
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Aliases are
created and listed with the <b>alias</b> command, and
removed with the <b>unalias</b> command.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">There is no
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">There is no
mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text. If
arguments are needed, use a shell function (see
-<b><small>FUNCTIONS</small></b> below) instead.</p>
+<b>FUNCTIONS</b> below) instead.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Aliases are not
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Aliases are not
expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless the
<b>expand_aliases</b> shell option is set using <b>shopt</b>
-(see the description of <b>shopt</b> under <b><small>SHELL
-BUILTIN COMMANDS</small></b> below).</p>
+(see the description of <b>shopt</b> under <b>SHELL BUILTIN
+COMMANDS</b> below).</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The rules
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The rules
concerning the definition and use of aliases are somewhat
confusing. <b>Bash</b> always reads at least one complete
line of input, and all lines that make up a compound
separate line, and do not use <b>alias</b> in compound
commands.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">For almost every
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">For almost every
purpose, shell functions are preferable to aliases.</p>
<h2>FUNCTIONS
</h2>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">A shell
-function, defined as described above under <b><small>SHELL
-GRAMMAR</small></b><small>,</small> stores a series of
-commands for later execution. When the name of a shell
-function is used as a simple command name, the shell
-executes the list of commands associated with that function
-name. Functions are executed in the context of the calling
-shell; there is no new process created to interpret them
-(contrast this with the execution of a shell script).</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">A shell
+function, defined as described above under <b>SHELL
+GRAMMAR</b>, stores a series of commands for later
+execution. When the name of a shell function is used as a
+simple command name, the shell executes the list of commands
+associated with that function name. Functions are executed
+in the context of the calling shell; there is no new process
+created to interpret them (contrast this with the execution
+of a shell script).</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">When a function
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">When a function
is executed, the arguments to the function become the
positional parameters during its execution. The special
parameter <b>#</b> is updated to reflect the new positional
parameters. Special parameter <b>0</b> is unchanged. The
-first element of the <b><small>FUNCNAME</small></b> variable
-is set to the name of the function while the function is
-executing.</p>
+first element of the <b>FUNCNAME</b> variable is set to the
+name of the function while the function is executing.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">All other
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">All other
aspects of the shell execution environment are identical
between a function and its caller with these exceptions: the
-<b><small>DEBUG</small></b> and <b>RETURN</b> traps (see the
-description of the <b>trap</b> builtin under <b><small>SHELL
-BUILTIN COMMANDS</small></b> below) are not inherited unless
-the function has been given the <b>trace</b> attribute (see
-the description of the <b><small>declare</small></b> builtin
-below) or the <b>−o functrace</b> shell option has
-been enabled with the <b>set</b> builtin (in which case all
-functions inherit the <b>DEBUG</b> and <b>RETURN</b> traps),
-and the <b><small>ERR</small></b> trap is not inherited
-unless the <b>−o errtrace</b> shell option has been
-enabled.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Variables local
+<b>DEBUG</b> and <b>RETURN</b> traps (see the description of
+the <b>trap</b> builtin under <b>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</b>
+below) are not inherited unless the function has been given
+the <b>trace</b> attribute (see the description of the
+<b>declare</b> builtin below) or the <b>-o functrace</b>
+shell option has been enabled with the <b>set</b> builtin
+(in which case all functions inherit the <b>DEBUG</b> and
+<b>RETURN</b> traps), and the <b>ERR</b> trap is not
+inherited unless the <b>-o errtrace</b> shell option has
+been enabled.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Variables local
to the function are declared with the <b>local</b> builtin
command (<i>local variables</i>). Ordinarily, variables and
their values are shared between the function and its caller.
visible scope is restricted to that function and its
children (including the functions it calls).</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">In the following
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">In the following
description, the <i>current scope</i> is a currently-
executing function. Previous scopes consist of that
function’s caller and so on, back to the
a variable declared using the <b>local</b> or <b>declare</b>
builtins in the function that is currently executing.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Local variables
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Local variables
“shadow” variables with the same name declared
at previous scopes. For instance, a local variable declared
in a function hides variables with the same name declared at
variables at previous scopes unmodified. When the function
returns, the global variable is once again visible.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The shell uses
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The shell uses
<i>dynamic scoping</i> to control a variable’s
visibility within functions. With dynamic scoping, visible
variables and their values are a result of the sequence of
and the value that is restored when the function
returns.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">For example, if
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">For example, if
a variable <i>var</i> is declared as local in function
<i>func1</i>, and <i>func1</i> calls another function
<i>func2</i>, references to <i>var</i> made from within
<i>func1</i>, shadowing any global variable named
<i>var</i>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The <b>unset</b>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The <b>unset</b>
builtin also acts using the same dynamic scope: if a
variable is local to the current scope, <b>unset</b> unsets
it; otherwise the unset will refer to the variable found in
visible (see below how the <b>localvar_unset</b> shell
option changes this behavior).</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The
-<b><small>FUNCNEST</small></b> variable, if set to a numeric
-value greater than 0, defines a maximum function nesting
-level. Function invocations that exceed the limit cause the
-entire command to abort.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The
+<b>FUNCNEST</b> variable, if set to a numeric value greater
+than 0, defines a maximum function nesting level. Function
+invocations that exceed the limit cause the entire command
+to abort.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">If the builtin
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">If the builtin
command <b>return</b> is executed in a function, the
function completes and execution resumes with the next
command after the function call. If <b>return</b> is
special parameter <b>#</b> are restored to the values they
had prior to the function’s execution.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The
-<b>−f</b> option to the <b>declare</b> or
-<b>typeset</b> builtin commands lists function names and
-definitions. The <b>−F</b> option to <b>declare</b> or
-<b>typeset</b> lists the function names only (and optionally
-the source file and line number, if the <b>extdebug</b>
-shell option is enabled). Functions may be exported so that
-child shell processes (those created when executing a
-separate shell invocation) automatically have them defined
-with the <b>−f</b> option to the <b>export</b>
-builtin. The <b>−f</b> option to the <b>unset</b>
-builtin deletes a function definition.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Functions may be
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The <b>-f</b>
+option to the <b>declare</b> or <b>typeset</b> builtin
+commands lists function names and definitions. The <b>-F</b>
+option to <b>declare</b> or <b>typeset</b> lists the
+function names only (and optionally the source file and line
+number, if the <b>extdebug</b> shell option is enabled).
+Functions may be exported so that child shell processes
+(those created when executing a separate shell invocation)
+automatically have them defined with the <b>-f</b> option to
+the <b>export</b> builtin. The <b>-f</b> option to the
+<b>unset</b> builtin deletes a function definition.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Functions may be
recursive. The <b>FUNCNEST</b> variable may be used to limit
the depth of the function call stack and restrict the number
of function invocations. By default, <b>bash</b> imposes no
</h2>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The shell allows
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The shell allows
arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, under certain
circumstances (see the <b>let</b> and <b>declare</b> builtin
commands, the <b>((</b> compound command, the arithmetic
<b>for</b> command, the <b>[[</b> conditional command, and
<b>Arithmetic Expansion</b>).</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Evaluation is
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Evaluation is
done in the largest fixed-width integers available, with no
check for overflow, though division by 0 is trapped and
flagged as an error. The operators and their precedence,
The following list of operators is grouped into levels of
equal-precedence operators. The levels are listed in order
of decreasing precedence. <i><br>
-id</i><b>++</b> <i>id</i><b>−−</b></p>
+id</i><b>++</b> <i>id</i><b>--</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">variable post-increment and
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">variable post-increment and
post-decrement</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>++</b><i>id</i>
-<b>−−</b><i>id</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>++</b><i>id</i>
+<b>--</b><i>id</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">variable pre-increment and
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">variable pre-increment and
pre-decrement</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="6%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="7%">
-<p><b>− +</b></p></td>
-<td width="3%"></td>
-<td width="45%">
+<p><b>- +</b></p></td>
+<td width="2%"></td>
+<td width="44%">
<p>unary minus and plus</p></td>
-<td width="37%">
+<td width="41%">
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="6%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="7%">
-<p><b>! ~</b></p></td>
-<td width="3%"></td>
-<td width="45%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>! ~</b></p></td>
+<td width="2%"></td>
+<td width="44%">
-<p>logical and bitwise negation</p></td>
-<td width="37%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">logical and bitwise negation</p></td>
+<td width="41%">
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="6%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="7%">
-<p><b>**</b></p></td>
-<td width="3%"></td>
-<td width="45%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>**</b></p></td>
+<td width="2%"></td>
+<td width="44%">
-<p>exponentiation</p></td>
-<td width="37%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">exponentiation</p></td>
+<td width="41%">
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="6%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="7%">
-<p><b>* / %</b></p></td>
-<td width="3%"></td>
-<td width="45%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>* / %</b></p></td>
+<td width="2%"></td>
+<td width="44%">
-<p>multiplication, division, remainder</p></td>
-<td width="37%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">multiplication, division,
+remainder</p> </td>
+<td width="41%">
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="6%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="7%">
-<p><b>+ −</b></p></td>
-<td width="3%"></td>
-<td width="45%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>+ -</b></p></td>
+<td width="2%"></td>
+<td width="44%">
-<p>addition, subtraction</p></td>
-<td width="37%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">addition, subtraction</p></td>
+<td width="41%">
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="6%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="7%">
-<p><b><< >></b></p></td>
-<td width="3%"></td>
-<td width="45%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b><< >></b></p></td>
+<td width="2%"></td>
+<td width="44%">
-<p>left and right bitwise shifts</p></td>
-<td width="37%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">left and right bitwise
+shifts</p> </td>
+<td width="41%">
</td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b><= >= < ></b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b><= >= < ></b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">comparison</p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">comparison</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="6%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="7%">
<p><b>== !=</b></p></td>
-<td width="3%"></td>
+<td width="2%"></td>
<td width="29%">
<p>equality and inequality</p></td>
-<td width="53%">
+<td width="56%">
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="6%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="7%">
-<p><b>&</b></p></td>
-<td width="3%"></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>&</b></p></td>
+<td width="2%"></td>
<td width="29%">
-<p>bitwise AND</p></td>
-<td width="53%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">bitwise AND</p></td>
+<td width="56%">
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="6%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="7%">
-<p><b>^</b></p></td>
-<td width="3%"></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>^</b></p></td>
+<td width="2%"></td>
<td width="29%">
-<p>bitwise exclusive OR</p></td>
-<td width="53%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">bitwise exclusive OR</p></td>
+<td width="56%">
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="6%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="7%">
-<p><b>|</b></p></td>
-<td width="3%"></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>|</b></p></td>
+<td width="2%"></td>
<td width="29%">
-<p>bitwise OR</p></td>
-<td width="53%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">bitwise OR</p></td>
+<td width="56%">
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="6%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="7%">
-<p><b>&&</b></p></td>
-<td width="3%"></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>&&</b></p></td>
+<td width="2%"></td>
<td width="29%">
-<p>logical AND</p></td>
-<td width="53%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">logical AND</p></td>
+<td width="56%">
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="6%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="7%">
-<p><b>||</b></p></td>
-<td width="3%"></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>||</b></p></td>
+<td width="2%"></td>
<td width="29%">
-<p>logical OR</p></td>
-<td width="53%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">logical OR</p></td>
+<td width="56%">
</td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><i>expr</i><b>?</b><i>expr</i><b>:</b><i>expr</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><i>expr</i><b>?</b><i>expr</i><b>:</b><i>expr</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">conditional operator</p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">conditional operator</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>= *= /= %= += −=
-<<= >>= &= ^= |=</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>= *= /= %= += -= <<=
+>>= &= ^= |=</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">assignment</p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">assignment</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><i>expr1</i> <b>,</b>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><i>expr1</i> <b>,</b>
<i>expr2</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">comma</p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">comma</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Shell variables
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Shell variables
are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is performed
before the expression is evaluated. Within an expression,
shell variables may also be referenced by name without using
that is null or unset evaluates to 0 when referenced by name
in an expression.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The value of a
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The value of a
variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression when it is
referenced, or when a variable which has been given the
-<i>integer</i> attribute using <b>declare −i</b> is
-assigned a value. A null value evaluates to 0. A shell
-variable need not have its <i>integer</i> attribute enabled
-to be used in an expression.</p>
+<i>integer</i> attribute using <b>declare -i</b> is assigned
+a value. A null value evaluates to 0. A shell variable need
+not have its <i>integer</i> attribute enabled to be used in
+an expression.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Integer
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Integer
constants follow the C language definition, without suffixes
or character constants. Constants with a leading 0 are
interpreted as octal numbers. A leading 0x or 0X denotes
equal to 36, lowercase and uppercase letters may be used
interchangeably to represent numbers between 10 and 35.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Operators are
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Operators are
evaluated in precedence order. Sub-expressions in
parentheses are evaluated first and may override the
precedence rules above.</p>
</h2>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Conditional
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Conditional
expressions are used by the <b>[[</b> compound command and
the <b>test</b> and <b>[</b> builtin commands to test file
attributes and perform string and arithmetic comparisons.
descriptions of those commands for any other
command-specific actions.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Expressions are
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Expressions are
formed from the unary or binary primaries listed below.
Unary expressions are often used to examine the status of a
file or shell variable. Binary operators are used for
string, numeric, and file attribute comparisons.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Bash</b>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Bash</b>
handles several filenames specially when they are used in
expressions. If the operating system on which <b>bash</b> is
running provides these special files, bash will use them;
<i>/dev/stdout</i>, or <i>/dev/stderr</i>, <b>bash</b>
checks file descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Unless otherwise
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Unless otherwise
specified, primaries that operate on files follow symbolic
links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the
link itself.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">When used with
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">When used with
<b>[[</b>, or when the shell is in posix mode, the
<b><</b> and <b>></b> operators sort lexicographically
using the current locale. When the shell is not in posix
mode, the <b>test</b> command sorts using ASCII ordering.
<b><br>
-−a</b> <i>file</i></p>
+-a</b> <i>file</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">True if <i>file</i> exists.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">True if <i>file</i> exists.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>−b</b> <i>file</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>-b</b> <i>file</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">True if <i>file</i> exists and
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">True if <i>file</i> exists and
is a block special file.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>−c</b> <i>file</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>-c</b> <i>file</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">True if <i>file</i> exists and
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">True if <i>file</i> exists and
is a character special file.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>−d</b> <i>file</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>-d</b> <i>file</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">True if <i>file</i> exists and
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">True if <i>file</i> exists and
is a directory.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>−e</b> <i>file</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>-e</b> <i>file</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">True if <i>file</i> exists.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">True if <i>file</i> exists.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>−f</b> <i>file</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>-f</b> <i>file</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">True if <i>file</i> exists and
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">True if <i>file</i> exists and
is a regular file.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>−g</b> <i>file</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>-g</b> <i>file</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">True if <i>file</i> exists and
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">True if <i>file</i> exists and
is set-group-id.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>−h</b> <i>file</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>-h</b> <i>file</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">True if <i>file</i> exists and
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">True if <i>file</i> exists and
is a symbolic link.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>−k</b> <i>file</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>-k</b> <i>file</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">True if <i>file</i> exists and
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">True if <i>file</i> exists and
its “sticky” bit is set.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>−p</b> <i>file</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>-p</b> <i>file</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">True if <i>file</i> exists and
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">True if <i>file</i> exists and
is a named pipe (FIFO).</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>−r</b> <i>file</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>-r</b> <i>file</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">True if <i>file</i> exists and
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">True if <i>file</i> exists and
is readable.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>−s</b> <i>file</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>-s</b> <i>file</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">True if <i>file</i> exists and
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">True if <i>file</i> exists and
has a size greater than zero.</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="6%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="7%">
-<p><b>−t</b> <i>fd</i></p></td>
-<td width="3%"></td>
-<td width="77%">
+<p><b>-t</b> <i>fd</i></p></td>
+<td width="2%"></td>
+<td width="75%">
<p>True if file descriptor <i>fd</i> is open and refers to
a terminal.</p></td>
-<td width="5%">
+<td width="10%">
</td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>−u</b> <i>file</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>-u</b> <i>file</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">True if <i>file</i> exists and
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">True if <i>file</i> exists and
its set-user-id bit is set.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>−w</b> <i>file</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>-w</b> <i>file</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">True if <i>file</i> exists and
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">True if <i>file</i> exists and
is writable.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>−x</b> <i>file</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>-x</b> <i>file</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">True if <i>file</i> exists and
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">True if <i>file</i> exists and
is executable.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>−G</b> <i>file</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>-G</b> <i>file</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">True if <i>file</i> exists and
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">True if <i>file</i> exists and
is owned by the effective group id.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>−L</b> <i>file</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>-L</b> <i>file</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">True if <i>file</i> exists and
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">True if <i>file</i> exists and
is a symbolic link.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>−N</b> <i>file</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>-N</b> <i>file</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">True if <i>file</i> exists and
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">True if <i>file</i> exists and
has been modified since it was last accessed.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>−O</b> <i>file</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>-O</b> <i>file</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">True if <i>file</i> exists and
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">True if <i>file</i> exists and
is owned by the effective user id.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>−S</b> <i>file</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>-S</b> <i>file</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">True if <i>file</i> exists and
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">True if <i>file</i> exists and
is a socket.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>−o</b>
-<i>optname</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>-o</b> <i>optname</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">True if the shell option
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">True if the shell option
<i>optname</i> is enabled. See the list of options under the
-description of the <b>−o</b> option to the <b>set</b>
+description of the <b>-o</b> option to the <b>set</b>
builtin below.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>−v</b>
-<i>varname</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>-v</b> <i>varname</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">True if the shell variable
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">True if the shell variable
<i>varname</i> is set (has been assigned a value). If
<i>varname</i> is an indexed array variable name subscripted
by <i>@</i> or <i>*</i>, this returns true if the array has
variable name subscripted by <i>@</i> or <i>*</i>, this
returns true if an element with that key is set.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>−R</b>
-<i>varname</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>-R</b> <i>varname</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">True if the shell variable
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">True if the shell variable
<i>varname</i> is set and is a name reference.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>−z</b>
-<i>string</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>-z</b> <i>string</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">True if the length of
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">True if the length of
<i>string</i> is zero.</p>
-<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
- cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
-<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="8%">
-
-
-<p><i>string</i></p></td>
-<td width="83%">
-</td></tr>
-</table>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em"><b>−n</b>
-<i>string</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><i>string</i> <b><br>
+-n</b> <i>string</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">True if the length of
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">True if the length of
<i>string</i> is non-zero.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><i>string1</i> <b>==</b>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><i>string1</i> <b>==</b>
<i>string2 <br>
string1</i> <b>=</b> <i>string2</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">True if the strings are equal.
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">True if the strings are equal.
<b>=</b> should be used with the <b>test</b> command for
-<small>POSIX</small> conformance. When used with the
-<b>[[</b> command, this performs pattern matching as
-described above (<b>Compound Commands</b>).</p>
+POSIX conformance. When used with the <b>[[</b> command,
+this performs pattern matching as described above
+(<b>Compound Commands</b>).</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><i>string1</i> <b>!=</b>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><i>string1</i> <b>!=</b>
<i>string2</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">True if the strings are not
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">True if the strings are not
equal.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><i>string1</i> <b><</b>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><i>string1</i> <b><</b>
<i>string2</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">True if <i>string1</i> sorts
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">True if <i>string1</i> sorts
before <i>string2</i> lexicographically.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><i>string1</i> <b>></b>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><i>string1</i> <b>></b>
<i>string2</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">True if <i>string1</i> sorts
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">True if <i>string1</i> sorts
after <i>string2</i> lexicographically.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><i>file1</i> <b>−ef</b>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><i>file1</i> <b>-ef</b>
<i>file2</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">True if <i>file1</i> and
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">True if <i>file1</i> and
<i>file2</i> refer to the same device and inode numbers.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><i>file1</i> −<b>nt</b>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><i>file1</i> -<b>nt</b>
<i>file2</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">True if <i>file1</i> is newer
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">True if <i>file1</i> is newer
(according to modification date) than <i>file2</i>, or if
<i>file1</i> exists and <i>file2</i> does not.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><i>file1</i> −<b>ot</b>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><i>file1</i> -<b>ot</b>
<i>file2</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">True if <i>file1</i> is older
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">True if <i>file1</i> is older
than <i>file2</i>, or if <i>file2</i> exists and
<i>file1</i> does not.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><i>arg1</i> <b>OP</b>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><i>arg1</i> <b>OP</b>
<i>arg2</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b><small>OP</small></b> is one
-of <b>−eq</b>, <b>−ne</b>, <b>−lt</b>,
-<b>−le</b>, <b>−gt</b>, or <b>−ge</b>.
-These arithmetic binary operators return true if <i>arg1</i>
-is equal to, not equal to, less than, less than or equal to,
-greater than, or greater than or equal to <i>arg2</i>,
-respectively. <i>arg1</i> and <i>arg2</i> may be positive or
-negative integers. When used with the <b>[[</b> command,
-<i>arg1</i> and <i>arg2</i> are evaluated as arithmetic
-expressions (see <b><small>ARITHMETIC EVALUATION</small></b>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>OP</b> is one of <b>-eq</b>,
+<b>-ne</b>, <b>-lt</b>, <b>-le</b>, <b>-gt</b>, or
+<b>-ge</b>. These arithmetic binary operators return true if
+<i>arg1</i> is equal to, not equal to, less than, less than
+or equal to, greater than, or greater than or equal to
+<i>arg2</i>, respectively. <i>arg1</i> and <i>arg2</i> may
+be positive or negative integers. When used with the
+<b>[[</b> command, <i>arg1</i> and <i>arg2</i> are evaluated
+as arithmetic expressions (see <b>ARITHMETIC EVALUATION</b>
above). Since the expansions the <b>[[</b> command performs
on <i>arg1</i> and <i>arg2</i> can potentially result in
empty strings, arithmetic expression evaluation treats those
</h2>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">When the shell
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">When the shell
executes a simple command, it performs the following
expansions, assignments, and redirections, from left to
right, in the following order.</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
+<td width="6%"></td>
<td width="3%">
<p>1.</p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<td width="85%">
<p>The words that the parser has marked as variable
assignments (those preceding the command name) and
redirections are saved for later processing.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
+<td width="6%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p>2.</p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">2.</p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<td width="85%">
-<p>The words that are not variable assignments or
-redirections are expanded. If any words remain after
-expansion, the first word is taken to be the name of the
-command and the remaining words are the arguments.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The words that are not variable
+assignments or redirections are expanded. If any words
+remain after expansion, the first word is taken to be the
+name of the command and the remaining words are the
+arguments.</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
+<td width="6%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p>3.</p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">3.</p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<td width="85%">
-<p>Redirections are performed as described above under
-<b><small>REDIRECTION</small></b><small>.</small></p> </td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Redirections are performed as
+described above under <b>REDIRECTION</b>.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
+<td width="6%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p>4.</p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">4.</p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<td width="85%">
-<p>The text after the <b>=</b> in each variable assignment
-undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command
-substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal before
-being assigned to the variable.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The text after the <b>=</b> in
+each variable assignment undergoes tilde expansion,
+parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
+expansion, and quote removal before being assigned to the
+variable.</p> </td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">If no command
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">If no command
name results, the variable assignments affect the current
shell environment. In the case of such a command (one that
consists only of assignment statements and redirections),
value to a readonly variable, an error occurs, and the
command exits with a non-zero status.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">If no command
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">If no command
name results, redirections are performed, but do not affect
the current shell environment. A redirection error causes
the command to exit with a non-zero status.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">If there is a
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">If there is a
command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as
described below. Otherwise, the command exits. If one of the
expansions contained a command substitution, the exit status
</h2>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">After a command
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">After a command
has been split into words, if it results in a simple command
and an optional list of arguments, the shell performs the
following actions.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">If the command
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">If the command
name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to locate it.
If there exists a shell function by that name, that function
-is invoked as described above in
-<b><small>FUNCTIONS</small></b><small>.</small> If the name
-does not match a function, the shell searches for it in the
-list of shell builtins. If a match is found, that builtin is
-invoked.</p>
+is invoked as described above in <b>FUNCTIONS</b>. If the
+name does not match a function, the shell searches for it in
+the list of shell builtins. If a match is found, that
+builtin is invoked.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">If the name is
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">If the name is
neither a shell function nor a builtin, and contains no
slashes, <b>bash</b> searches each element of the
-<b><small>PATH</small></b> for a directory containing an
-executable file by that name. <b>Bash</b> uses a hash table
-to remember the full pathnames of executable files (see
-<b>hash</b> under <b><small>SHELL BUILTIN
-COMMANDS</small></b> below). Bash performs a full search of
-the directories in <b><small>PATH</small></b> only if the
-command is not found in the hash table. If the search is
+<b>PATH</b> for a directory containing an executable file by
+that name. <b>Bash</b> uses a hash table to remember the
+full pathnames of executable files (see <b>hash</b> under
+<b>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</b> below). Bash performs a full
+search of the directories in <b>PATH</b> only if the command
+is not found in the hash table. If the search is
unsuccessful, the shell searches for a defined shell
function named <b>command_not_found_handle</b>. If that
function exists, it is invoked in a separate execution
subshell. If that function is not defined, the shell prints
an error message and returns an exit status of 127.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">If the search is
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">If the search is
successful, or if the command name contains one or more
slashes, the shell executes the named program in a separate
execution environment. Argument 0 is set to the name given,
and the remaining arguments to the command are set to the
arguments given, if any.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">If this
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">If this
execution fails because the file is not in executable
format, and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be
a <i>shell script</i>, a file containing shell commands, and
effect is as if a new shell had been invoked to handle the
script, with the exception that the locations of commands
remembered by the parent (see <b>hash</b> below under
-<b><small>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</small></b> are retained by
-the child.</p>
+<b>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</b> are retained by the child.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">If the program
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">If the program
is a file beginning with <b>#!</b>, the remainder of the
first line specifies an interpreter for the program. The
shell executes the specified interpreter on operating
</h2>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The shell has an
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The shell has an
<i>execution environment</i>, which consists of the
following:</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="1%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="2%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em">•</p></td>
-<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<td width="7%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em">Open files inherited by the
shell at invocation, as modified by redirections supplied to
the <b>exec</b> builtin.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="1%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="2%">
-<p>•</p></td>
-<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">•</p></td>
+<td width="7%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
-<p>The current working directory as set by <b>cd</b>,
-<b>pushd</b>, or <b>popd</b>, or inherited by the shell at
-invocation.</p> </td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The current working directory as
+set by <b>cd</b>, <b>pushd</b>, or <b>popd</b>, or inherited
+by the shell at invocation.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="1%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="2%">
-<p>•</p></td>
-<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">•</p></td>
+<td width="7%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
-<p>The file creation mode mask as set by <b>umask</b> or
-inherited from the shell’s parent.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The file creation mode mask as
+set by <b>umask</b> or inherited from the shell’s
+parent.</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="1%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="2%">
-<p>•</p></td>
-<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">•</p></td>
+<td width="7%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
-<p>Current traps set by <b>trap</b>.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Current traps set by
+<b>trap</b>.</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="1%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="2%">
-<p>•</p></td>
-<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">•</p></td>
+<td width="7%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
-<p>Shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or
-with <b>set</b> or inherited from the shell’s parent
-in the environment.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Shell parameters that are set by
+variable assignment or with <b>set</b> or inherited from the
+shell’s parent in the environment.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="1%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="2%">
-<p>•</p></td>
-<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">•</p></td>
+<td width="7%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
-<p>Shell functions defined during execution or inherited
-from the shell’s parent in the environment.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Shell functions defined during
+execution or inherited from the shell’s parent in the
+environment.</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="1%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="2%">
-<p>•</p></td>
-<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">•</p></td>
+<td width="7%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
-<p>Options enabled at invocation (either by default or with
-command-line arguments) or by <b>set</b>.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Options enabled at invocation
+(either by default or with command-line arguments) or by
+<b>set</b>.</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="1%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="2%">
-<p>•</p></td>
-<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">•</p></td>
+<td width="7%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
-<p>Options enabled by <b>shopt</b>.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Options enabled by
+<b>shopt</b>.</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="1%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="2%">
-<p>•</p></td>
-<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">•</p></td>
+<td width="7%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
-<p>Shell aliases defined with <b>alias</b>.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Shell aliases defined with
+<b>alias</b>.</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="1%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="2%">
-<p>•</p></td>
-<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">•</p></td>
+<td width="7%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
-<p>Various process IDs, including those of background jobs,
-the value of <b>$$</b>, and the value of
-<b><small>PPID</small></b><small>.</small></p> </td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Various process IDs, including
+those of background jobs, the value of <b>$$</b>, and the
+value of <b>PPID</b>.</p></td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">When a simple
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">When a simple
command other than a builtin or shell function is to be
executed, it is invoked in a separate execution environment
that consists of the following. Unless otherwise noted, the
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="1%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="2%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em">•</p></td>
-<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<td width="7%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em">The shell’s open files,
plus any modifications and additions specified by
redirections to the command.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="1%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="2%">
-<p>•</p></td>
-<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">•</p></td>
+<td width="7%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
-<p>The current working directory.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The current working
+directory.</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="1%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="2%">
-<p>•</p></td>
-<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">•</p></td>
+<td width="7%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
-<p>The file creation mode mask.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The file creation mode mask.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="1%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="2%">
-<p>•</p></td>
-<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">•</p></td>
+<td width="7%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
-<p>Shell variables and functions marked for export, along
-with variables exported for the command, passed in the
-environment.</p> </td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Shell variables and functions
+marked for export, along with variables exported for the
+command, passed in the environment.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="1%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="2%">
-<p>•</p></td>
-<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">•</p></td>
+<td width="7%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
-<p>Traps caught by the shell are reset to the values
-inherited from the shell’s parent, and traps ignored
-by the shell are ignored.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Traps caught by the shell are
+reset to the values inherited from the shell’s parent,
+and traps ignored by the shell are ignored.</p></td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">A command
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">A command
invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the
shell’s execution environment.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">A
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">A
<i>subshell</i> is a copy of the shell process.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Command
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Command
substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, and
asynchronous commands are invoked in a subshell environment
that is a duplicate of the shell environment, except that
environment cannot affect the shell’s execution
environment.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">When the shell
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">When the shell
is in posix mode, subshells spawned to execute command
-substitutions inherit the value of the <b>−e</b>
-option from their parent shell. When not in posix mode,
-<b>bash</b> clears the <b>−e</b> option in such
-subshells. See the description of the <b>inherit_errexit</b>
-shell option below for how to control this behavior when not
-in posix mode.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">If a command is
+substitutions inherit the value of the <b>-e</b> option from
+their parent shell. When not in posix mode, <b>bash</b>
+clears the <b>-e</b> option in such subshells. See the
+description of the <b>inherit_errexit</b> shell option below
+for how to control this behavior when not in posix mode.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">If a command is
followed by a <b>&</b> and job control is not active,
the default standard input for the command is the empty file
<i>/dev/null</i>, unless the command has an explicit
</h2>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">When a program
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">When a program
is invoked it is given an array of strings called the
<i>environment</i>. This is a list of
-<i>name</i>−<i>value</i> pairs, of the form
+<i>name</i>-<i>value</i> pairs, of the form
<i>name</i>=<i>value</i>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The shell
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The shell
provides several ways to manipulate the environment. On
invocation, the shell scans its own environment and creates
a parameter for each name found, automatically marking it
for <i>export</i> to child processes. Executed commands
inherit the environment. The <b>export</b>, <b>declare
-−x</b>, and <b>unset</b> commands modify the
-environment by adding and deleting parameters and functions.
-If the value of a parameter in the environment is modified,
-the new value automatically becomes part of the environment,
-replacing the old. The environment inherited by any executed
-command consists of the shell’s initial environment,
-whose values may be modified in the shell, less any pairs
-removed by the <b>unset</b> or <b>export −n</b>
-commands, plus any additions via the <b>export</b> and
-<b>declare −x</b> commands.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">If any parameter
-assignments, as described above in
-<b><small>PARAMETERS</small></b><small>,</small> appear
+-x</b>, and <b>unset</b> commands modify the environment by
+adding and deleting parameters and functions. If the value
+of a parameter in the environment is modified, the new value
+automatically becomes part of the environment, replacing the
+old. The environment inherited by any executed command
+consists of the shell’s initial environment, whose
+values may be modified in the shell, less any pairs removed
+by the <b>unset</b> or <b>export -n</b> commands, plus any
+additions via the <b>export</b> and <b>declare -x</b>
+commands.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">If any parameter
+assignments, as described above in <b>PARAMETERS</b>, appear
before a <i>simple command</i>, the variable assignments are
part of that command’s environment for as long as it
executes. These assignment statements affect only the
to the function and exported to that function’s
children.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">If the
-<b>−k</b> option is set (see the <b>set</b> builtin
-command below), then <i>all</i> parameter assignments are
-placed in the environment for a command, not just those that
-precede the command name.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">If the <b>-k</b>
+option is set (see the <b>set</b> builtin command below),
+then <i>all</i> parameter assignments are placed in the
+environment for a command, not just those that precede the
+command name.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">When <b>bash</b>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">When <b>bash</b>
invokes an external command, the variable <b>_</b> is set to
the full pathname of the command and passed to that command
in its environment.</p>
</h2>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The exit status
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The exit status
of an executed command is the value returned by the
<i>waitpid</i> system call or equivalent function. Exit
statuses fall between 0 and 255, though, as explained below,
to this range. Under certain circumstances, the shell will
use special values to indicate specific failure modes.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">For the
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">For the
shell’s purposes, a command which exits with a zero
exit status has succeeded. So while an exit status of zero
indicates success, a non-zero exit status indicates
failure.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">When a command
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">When a command
terminates on a fatal signal <i>N</i>, <b>bash</b> uses the
value of 128+<i>N</i> as the exit status.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">If a command is
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">If a command is
not found, the child process created to execute it returns a
status of 127. If a command is found but is not executable,
the return status is 126.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">If a command
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">If a command
fails because of an error during expansion or redirection,
the exit status is greater than zero.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Shell builtin
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Shell builtin
commands return a status of 0 (<i>true</i>) if successful,
and non-zero (<i>false</i>) if an error occurs while they
execute. All builtins return an exit status of 2 to indicate
incorrect usage, generally invalid options or missing
arguments.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The exit status
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The exit status
of the last command is available in the special parameter
$?.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Bash</b>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Bash</b>
itself returns the exit status of the last command executed,
unless a syntax error occurs, in which case it exits with a
non-zero value. See also the <b>exit</b> builtin command
</h2>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">When <b>bash</b>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">When <b>bash</b>
is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores
-<b><small>SIGTERM</small></b> (so that <b>kill 0</b> does
-not kill an interactive shell), and catches and handles
-<b><small>SIGINT</small></b> (so that the <b>wait</b>
-builtin is interruptible). When <b>bash</b> receives
-<b><small>SIGINT</small></b><small>,</small> it breaks out
-of any executing loops and command lists. In all cases,
-<b>bash</b> ignores
-<b><small>SIGQUIT</small></b><small>.</small> If job control
-is in effect, <b>bash</b> ignores
-<b><small>SIGTTIN</small></b><small>,
-<b>SIGTTOU</b>,</small> and
-<b><small>SIGTSTP</small></b><small>.</small></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The <b>trap</b>
+<b>SIGTERM</b> (so that <b>kill 0</b> does not kill an
+interactive shell), and catches and handles <b>SIGINT</b>
+(so that the <b>wait</b> builtin is interruptible). When
+<b>bash</b> receives <b>SIGINT</b>, it breaks out of any
+executing loops and command lists. In all cases, <b>bash</b>
+ignores <b>SIGQUIT</b>. If job control is in effect,
+<b>bash</b> ignores <b>SIGTTIN</b>, <b>SIGTTOU</b>, and
+<b>SIGTSTP</b>.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The <b>trap</b>
builtin modifies the shell’s signal handling, as
described below.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Non-builtin
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Non-builtin
commands <b>bash</b> executes have signal handlers set to
the values inherited by the shell from its parent, unless
<b>trap</b> sets them to be ignored, in which case the child
process will ignore them as well. When job control is not in
-effect, asynchronous commands ignore
-<b><small>SIGINT</small></b> and
-<b><small>SIGQUIT</small></b> in addition to these inherited
-handlers. Commands run as a result of command substitution
-ignore the keyboard-generated job control signals
-<b><small>SIGTTIN</small></b><small>,
-<b>SIGTTOU</b>,</small> and
-<b><small>SIGTSTP</small></b><small>.</small></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The shell exits
-by default upon receipt of a
-<b><small>SIGHUP</small></b><small>.</small> Before exiting,
-an interactive shell resends the
-<b><small>SIGHUP</small></b> to all jobs, running or
-stopped. The shell sends <b><small>SIGCONT</small></b> to
-stopped jobs to ensure that they receive the
-<b><small>SIGHUP</small></b> (see <b><small>JOB
-CONTROL</small></b> below for more information about running
-and stopped jobs). To prevent the shell from sending the
-signal to a particular job, remove it from the jobs table
-with the <b>disown</b> builtin (see <b><small>SHELL BUILTIN
-COMMANDS</small></b> below) or mark it not to receive
-<b><small>SIGHUP</small></b> using <b>disown
-−h</b>.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">If the
+effect, asynchronous commands ignore <b>SIGINT</b> and
+<b>SIGQUIT</b> in addition to these inherited handlers.
+Commands run as a result of command substitution ignore the
+keyboard-generated job control signals <b>SIGTTIN</b>,
+<b>SIGTTOU</b>, and <b>SIGTSTP</b>.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The shell exits
+by default upon receipt of a <b>SIGHUP</b>. Before exiting,
+an interactive shell resends the <b>SIGHUP</b> to all jobs,
+running or stopped. The shell sends <b>SIGCONT</b> to
+stopped jobs to ensure that they receive the <b>SIGHUP</b>
+(see <b>JOB CONTROL</b> below for more information about
+running and stopped jobs). To prevent the shell from sending
+the signal to a particular job, remove it from the jobs
+table with the <b>disown</b> builtin (see <b>SHELL BUILTIN
+COMMANDS</b> below) or mark it not to receive <b>SIGHUP</b>
+using <b>disown -h</b>.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">If the
<b>huponexit</b> shell option has been set using
-<b>shopt</b>, <b>bash</b> sends a
-<b><small>SIGHUP</small></b> to all jobs when an interactive
-login shell exits.</p>
+<b>shopt</b>, <b>bash</b> sends a <b>SIGHUP</b> to all jobs
+when an interactive login shell exits.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">If <b>bash</b>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">If <b>bash</b>
is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal
for which a trap has been set, it will not execute the trap
until the command completes. If <b>bash</b> is waiting for
status greater than 128, immediately after which the shell
executes the trap.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">When job control
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">When job control
is not enabled, and <b>bash</b> is waiting for a foreground
command to complete, the shell receives keyboard-generated
-signals such as <b><small>SIGINT</small></b> (usually
-generated by <b>^C</b>) that users commonly intend to send
-to that command. This happens because the shell and the
-command are in the same process group as the terminal, and
-<b>^C</b> sends <b><small>SIGINT</small></b> to all
-processes in that process group. Since <b>bash</b> does not
-enable job control by default when the shell is not
-interactive, this scenario is most common in non-interactive
-shells.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">When job control
+signals such as <b>SIGINT</b> (usually generated by
+<b>^C</b>) that users commonly intend to send to that
+command. This happens because the shell and the command are
+in the same process group as the terminal, and <b>^C</b>
+sends <b>SIGINT</b> to all processes in that process group.
+Since <b>bash</b> does not enable job control by default
+when the shell is not interactive, this scenario is most
+common in non-interactive shells.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">When job control
is enabled, and <b>bash</b> is waiting for a foreground
command to complete, the shell does not receive
keyboard-generated signals, because it is not in the same
process group as the terminal. This scenario is most common
in interactive shells, where <b>bash</b> attempts to enable
-job control by default. See <b><small>JOB
-CONTROL</small></b> below for more information about process
-groups.</p>
+job control by default. See <b>JOB CONTROL</b> below for
+more information about process groups.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">When job control
-is not enabled, and <b>bash</b> receives
-<b><small>SIGINT</small></b> while waiting for a foreground
-command, it waits until that foreground command terminates
-and then decides what to do about the
-<b><small>SIGINT</small></b><small>:</small></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">When job control
+is not enabled, and <b>bash</b> receives <b>SIGINT</b> while
+waiting for a foreground command, it waits until that
+foreground command terminates and then decides what to do
+about the <b>SIGINT</b>:</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
+<td width="6%"></td>
<td width="3%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em">1.</p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<td width="85%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em">If the command terminates due to
-the <b><small>SIGINT</small></b><small>,</small> <b>bash</b>
-concludes that the user meant to send the
-<b><small>SIGINT</small></b> to the shell as well, and acts
-on the <b><small>SIGINT</small></b> (e.g., by running a
-<b><small>SIGINT</small></b> trap, exiting a non-interactive
-shell, or returning to the top level to read a new
-command).</p> </td></tr>
+the <b>SIGINT</b>, <b>bash</b> concludes that the user meant
+to send the <b>SIGINT</b> to the shell as well, and acts on
+the <b>SIGINT</b> (e.g., by running a <b>SIGINT</b> trap,
+exiting a non-interactive shell, or returning to the top
+level to read a new command).</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
+<td width="6%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p>2.</p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">2.</p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
-
-
-<p>If the command does not terminate due to
-<b><small>SIGINT</small></b><small>,</small> the program
-handled the <b><small>SIGINT</small></b> itself and did not
-treat it as a fatal signal. In that case, <b>bash</b> does
-not treat <b><small>SIGINT</small></b> as a fatal signal,
-either, instead assuming that the
-<b><small>SIGINT</small></b> was used as part of the
-program’s normal operation (e.g., emacs uses it to
-abort editing commands) or deliberately discarded. However,
-<b>bash</b> will run any trap set on
-<b><small>SIGINT</small></b><small>,</small> as it does with
-any other trapped signal it receives while it is waiting for
-the foreground command to complete, for compatibility.</p></td></tr>
+<td width="85%">
+
+
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">If the command does not
+terminate due to <b>SIGINT</b>, the program handled the
+<b>SIGINT</b> itself and did not treat it as a fatal signal.
+In that case, <b>bash</b> does not treat <b>SIGINT</b> as a
+fatal signal, either, instead assuming that the
+<b>SIGINT</b> was used as part of the program’s normal
+operation (e.g., emacs uses it to abort editing commands) or
+deliberately discarded. However, <b>bash</b> will run any
+trap set on <b>SIGINT</b>, as it does with any other trapped
+signal it receives while it is waiting for the foreground
+command to complete, for compatibility.</p></td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">When job control
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">When job control
is enabled, <b>bash</b> does not receive keyboard-generated
-signals such as <b><small>SIGINT</small></b> while it is
-waiting for a foreground command. An interactive shell does
-not pay attention to the
-<b><small>SIGINT</small></b><small>,</small> even if the
-foreground command terminates as a result, other than noting
-its exit status. If the shell is not interactive, and the
-foreground command terminates due to the
-<b><small>SIGINT</small></b><small>,</small> <b>bash</b>
-pretends it received the <b><small>SIGINT</small></b> itself
-(scenario 1 above), for compatibility.</p>
+signals such as <b>SIGINT</b> while it is waiting for a
+foreground command. An interactive shell does not pay
+attention to the <b>SIGINT</b>, even if the foreground
+command terminates as a result, other than noting its exit
+status. If the shell is not interactive, and the foreground
+command terminates due to the <b>SIGINT</b>, <b>bash</b>
+pretends it received the <b>SIGINT</b> itself (scenario 1
+above), for compatibility.</p>
<h2>JOB CONTROL
<a name="JOB CONTROL"></a>
</h2>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em"><i>Job
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em"><i>Job
control</i> refers to the ability to selectively stop
(<i>suspend</i>) the execution of processes and continue
(<i>resume</i>) their execution at a later point. A user
supplied jointly by the operating system kernel’s
terminal driver and <b>bash</b>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The shell
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The shell
associates a <i>job</i> with each pipeline. It keeps a table
of currently executing jobs, which the <b>jobs</b> command
will display. Each job has a <i>job number</i>, which
1. When <b>bash</b> starts a job asynchronously (in the
<i>background</i>), it prints a line that looks like:</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">[1] 25647</p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">[1] 25647</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">indicating that
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">indicating that
this job is job number 1 and that the process ID of the last
process in the pipeline associated with this job is 25647.
All of the processes in a single pipeline are members of the
same job. <b>Bash</b> uses the <i>job</i> abstraction as the
basis for job control.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">To facilitate
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">To facilitate
the implementation of the user interface to job control,
each process has a <i>process group ID</i>, and the
operating system maintains the notion of a <i>current
terminal process group ID</i>. This terminal process group
ID is associated with the <i>controlling terminal</i>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Processes that
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Processes that
have the same process group ID are said to be part of the
same <i>process group</i>. Members of the <i>foreground</i>
process group (processes whose process group ID is equal to
the current terminal process group ID) receive
-keyboard-generated signals such as
-<b><small>SIGINT</small></b><small>.</small> Processes in
-the foreground process group are said to be
+keyboard-generated signals such as <b>SIGINT</b>. Processes
+in the foreground process group are said to be
<i>foreground</i> processes. <i>Background</i> processes are
those whose process group ID differs from the controlling
terminal’s; such processes are immune to
keyboard-generated signals. Only foreground processes are
allowed to read from or, if the user so specifies with
“stty tostop”, write to the controlling
-terminal. The system sends a <b><small>SIGTTIN
-(SIGTTOU)</small></b> signal to background processes which
-attempt to read from (write to when “tostop” is
-in effect) the terminal, which, unless caught, suspends the
-process.</p>
+terminal. The system sends a <b>SIGTTIN (SIGTTOU)</b> signal
+to background processes which attempt to read from (write to
+when “tostop” is in effect) the terminal, which,
+unless caught, suspends the process.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">If the operating
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">If the operating
system on which <b>bash</b> is running supports job control,
<b>bash</b> contains facilities to use it. Typing the
<i>suspend</i> character (typically <b>^Z</b>, Control-Z)
discarding any pending output and typeahead. To force a
background process to stop, or stop a process that’s
not associated with the current terminal session, send it
-the <b><small>SIGSTOP</small></b> signal using
-<b>kill</b>.</p>
+the <b>SIGSTOP</b> signal using <b>kill</b>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">There are a
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">There are a
number of ways to refer to a job in the shell. The <b>%</b>
character introduces a job specification (jobspec).</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Job number
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Job number
<i>n</i> may be referred to as <b>%n</b>. A job may also be
referred to using a prefix of the name used to start it, or
using a substring that appears in its command line. For
command line. If the prefix or substring matches more than
one job, <b>bash</b> reports an error.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The symbols
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The symbols
<b>%%</b> and <b>%+</b> refer to the shell’s notion of
the <i>current job</i>. A single % (with no accompanying job
-specification) also refers to the current job.
-<b>%−</b> refers to the <i>previous job</i>. When a
-job starts in the background, a job stops while in the
-foreground, or a job is resumed in the background, it
-becomes the current job. The job that was the current job
-becomes the previous job. When the current job terminates,
-the previous job becomes the current job. If there is only a
-single job, <b>%+</b> and <b>%−</b> can both be used
-to refer to that job. In output pertaining to jobs (e.g.,
-the output of the <b>jobs</b> command), the current job is
-always marked with a <b>+</b>, and the previous job with a
-<b>−</b>.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Simply naming a
+specification) also refers to the current job. <b>%-</b>
+refers to the <i>previous job</i>. When a job starts in the
+background, a job stops while in the foreground, or a job is
+resumed in the background, it becomes the current job. The
+job that was the current job becomes the previous job. When
+the current job terminates, the previous job becomes the
+current job. If there is only a single job, <b>%+</b> and
+<b>%-</b> can both be used to refer to that job. In output
+pertaining to jobs (e.g., the output of the <b>jobs</b>
+command), the current job is always marked with a <b>+</b>,
+and the previous job with a <b>-</b>.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Simply naming a
job can be used to bring it into the foreground: <b>%1</b>
is a synonym for “fg %1”, bringing job 1 from
the background into the foreground. Similarly, “%1
&” resumes job 1 in the background, equivalent to
“bg %1”.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The shell learns
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The shell learns
immediately whenever a job changes state. Normally,
<b>bash</b> waits until it is about to print a prompt before
notifying the user about changes in a job’s status so
as to not interrupt any other output, though it will notify
of changes in a job’s status after a foreground
command in a list completes, before executing the next
-command in the list. If the <b>−b</b> option to the
+command in the list. If the <b>-b</b> option to the
<b>set</b> builtin command is enabled, <b>bash</b> reports
status changes immediately. <b>Bash</b> executes any trap on
-<b><small>SIGCHLD</small></b> for each child that
-terminates.</p>
+<b>SIGCHLD</b> for each child that terminates.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">When a job
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">When a job
terminates and <b>bash</b> notifies the user about it,
<b>bash</b> removes the job from the table. It will not
appear in <b>jobs</b> output, but <b>wait</b> will report
ID associated with the job as an argument. When the table is
empty, job numbers start over at 1.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">If a user
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">If a user
attempts to exit <b>bash</b> while jobs are stopped (or, if
the <b>checkjobs</b> shell option has been enabled using the
<b>shopt</b> builtin, running), the shell prints a warning
command, <b>bash</b> does not print another warning, and
terminates any stopped jobs.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">When the shell
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">When the shell
is waiting for a job or process using the <b>wait</b>
builtin, and job control is enabled, <b>wait</b> will return
-when the job changes state. The <b>−f</b> option
-causes <b>wait</b> to wait until the job or process
-terminates before returning.</p>
+when the job changes state. The <b>-f</b> option causes
+<b>wait</b> to wait until the job or process terminates
+before returning.</p>
<h2>PROMPTING
<a name="PROMPTING"></a>
</h2>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">When executing
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">When executing
interactively, <b>bash</b> displays the primary prompt
-<b><small>PS1</small></b> when it is ready to read a
-command, and the secondary prompt <b><small>PS2</small></b>
-when it needs more input to complete a command.</p>
+<b>PS1</b> when it is ready to read a command, and the
+secondary prompt <b>PS2</b> when it needs more input to
+complete a command.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Bash</b>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Bash</b>
examines the value of the array variable
<b>PROMPT_COMMAND</b> just before printing each primary
prompt. If any elements in <b>PROMPT_COMMAND</b> are set and
non-null, Bash executes each value, in numeric order, just
as if it had been typed on the command line. <b>Bash</b>
-displays <b><small>PS0</small></b> after it reads a command
-but before executing it.</p>
+displays <b>PS0</b> after it reads a command but before
+executing it.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Bash</b>
-displays <b><small>PS4</small></b> as described above before
-tracing each command when the <b>−x</b> option is
-enabled.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Bash</b>
+displays <b>PS4</b> as described above before tracing each
+command when the <b>-x</b> option is enabled.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Bash</b>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Bash</b>
allows the prompt strings <b>PS0</b>, <b>PS1</b>,
<b>PS2</b>, and <b>PS4</b>, to be customized by inserting a
number of backslash-escaped special characters that are
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\a</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em">An ASCII bell character
(07).</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>\d</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\d</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>The date in “Weekday Month Date” format
-(e.g., “Tue May 26”).</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The date in “Weekday Month
+Date” format (e.g., “Tue May 26”).</p></td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>\D{</b><i>format</i><b>}</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>\D{</b><i>format</i><b>}</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:27%;">The <i>format</i> is passed to
+<p style="margin-left:24%;">The <i>format</i> is passed to
<i>strftime</i>(3) and the result is inserted into the
prompt string; an empty <i>format</i> results in a
locale-specific time representation. The braces are
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="5%">
<p><b>\e</b></p></td>
<td width="4%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
<p>An ASCII escape character (033).</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="5%">
-<p><b>\h</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\h</b></p></td>
<td width="4%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>The hostname up to the first “.”.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The hostname up to the first
+“.”.</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="5%">
-<p><b>\H</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\H</b></p></td>
<td width="4%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>The hostname.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The hostname.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="5%">
-<p><b>\j</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\j</b></p></td>
<td width="4%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>The number of jobs currently managed by the shell.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The number of jobs currently
+managed by the shell.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="5%">
-<p><b>\l</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\l</b></p></td>
<td width="4%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>The basename of the shell’s terminal device name
-(e.g., “ttys0”).</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The basename of the
+shell’s terminal device name (e.g.,
+“ttys0”).</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="5%">
-<p><b>\n</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\n</b></p></td>
<td width="4%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>A newline.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">A newline.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="5%">
-<p><b>\r</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\r</b></p></td>
<td width="4%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>A carriage return.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">A carriage return.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="5%">
-<p><b>\s</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\s</b></p></td>
<td width="4%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>The name of the shell: the basename of <b>$0</b> (the
-portion following the final slash).</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The name of the shell: the
+basename of <b>$0</b> (the portion following the final
+slash).</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="5%">
-<p><b>\t</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\t</b></p></td>
<td width="4%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>The current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The current time in 24-hour
+HH:MM:SS format.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="5%">
-<p><b>\T</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\T</b></p></td>
<td width="4%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>The current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The current time in 12-hour
+HH:MM:SS format.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="5%">
-<p><b>\@</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\@</b></p></td>
<td width="4%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>The current time in 12-hour am/pm format.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The current time in 12-hour
+am/pm format.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="5%">
-<p><b>\A</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\A</b></p></td>
<td width="4%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>The current time in 24-hour HH:MM format.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The current time in 24-hour
+HH:MM format.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="5%">
-<p><b>\u</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\u</b></p></td>
<td width="4%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>The username of the current user.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The username of the current
+user.</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="5%">
-<p><b>\v</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\v</b></p></td>
<td width="4%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>The <b>bash</b> version (e.g., 2.00).</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The <b>bash</b> version (e.g.,
+2.00).</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="5%">
-<p><b>\V</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\V</b></p></td>
<td width="4%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>The <b>bash</b> release, version + patch level (e.g.,
-2.00.0)</p> </td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The <b>bash</b> release, version
++ patch level (e.g., 2.00.0)</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="5%">
-<p><b>\w</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\w</b></p></td>
<td width="4%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>The value of the <b>PWD</b> shell variable
-(<b>$PWD</b>), with <b><small>$HOME</small></b> abbreviated
-with a tilde (uses the value of the
-<b><small>PROMPT_DIRTRIM</small></b> variable).</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The value of the <b>PWD</b>
+shell variable (<b>$PWD</b>), with <b>$HOME</b> abbreviated
+with a tilde (uses the value of the <b>PROMPT_DIRTRIM</b>
+variable).</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="5%">
-<p><b>\W</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\W</b></p></td>
<td width="4%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>The basename of <b>$PWD</b>, with
-<b><small>$HOME</small></b> abbreviated with a tilde.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The basename of <b>$PWD</b>,
+with <b>$HOME</b> abbreviated with a tilde.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="5%">
-<p><b>\!</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\!</b></p></td>
<td width="4%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>The history number of this command.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The history number of this
+command.</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="5%">
-<p><b>\#</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\#</b></p></td>
<td width="4%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>The command number of this command.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The command number of this
+command.</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="5%">
-<p><b>\$</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\$</b></p></td>
<td width="4%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>If the effective UID is 0, a <b>#</b>, otherwise a
-<b>$</b>.</p> </td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">If the effective UID is 0, a
+<b>#</b>, otherwise a <b>$</b>.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="5%">
-<p><b>\</b><i>nnn</i></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\</b><i>nnn</i></p></td>
<td width="4%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>The character corresponding to the octal number
-<i>nnn</i>.</p> </td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The character corresponding to
+the octal number <i>nnn</i>.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="5%">
-<p><b>\\</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\\</b></p></td>
<td width="4%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>A backslash.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">A backslash.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="5%">
-<p><b>\[</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\[</b></p></td>
<td width="4%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>Begin a sequence of non-printing characters, which could
-be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the
-prompt.</p> </td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Begin a sequence of non-printing
+characters, which could be used to embed a terminal control
+sequence into the prompt. This escape is only useful when
+the prompt will be supplied to <b>readline</b>, and is
+ignored and removed otherwise, so it shouldn’t be used
+in <b>PS0</b> or <b>PS4</b> or when line editing is not
+enabled.</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="5%">
-<p><b>\]</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\]</b></p></td>
<td width="4%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>End a sequence of non-printing characters.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">End a sequence of non-printing
+characters begun with <b>\[</b>.</p></td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The command
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The command
number and the history number are usually different: the
history number of a command is its position in the history
list, which may include commands restored from the history
-file (see <b><small>HISTORY</small></b> below), while the
-command number is the position in the sequence of commands
-executed during the current shell session. After the string
-is decoded, it is expanded via parameter expansion, command
-substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal,
-subject to the value of the <b>promptvars</b> shell option
-(see the description of the <b>shopt</b> command under
-<b><small>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</small></b> below). This
-can have unwanted side effects if escaped portions of the
-string appear within command substitution or contain
-characters special to word expansion.</p>
+file (see <b>HISTORY</b> below), while the command number is
+the position in the sequence of commands executed during the
+current shell session. After the string is decoded, it is
+expanded via parameter expansion, command substitution,
+arithmetic expansion, and quote removal, subject to the
+value of the <b>promptvars</b> shell option (see the
+description of the <b>shopt</b> command under <b>SHELL
+BUILTIN COMMANDS</b> below). This can have unwanted side
+effects if escaped portions of the string appear within
+command substitution or contain characters special to word
+expansion.</p>
<h2>READLINE
<a name="READLINE"></a>
</h2>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">This is the
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">This is the
library that handles reading input when using an interactive
-shell, unless the <b>−−noediting</b> option is
-supplied at shell invocation. Line editing is also used when
-using the <b>−e</b> option to the <b>read</b> builtin.
-By default, the line editing commands are similar to those
-of emacs; a vi-style line editing interface is also
-available. Line editing can be enabled at any time using the
-<b>−o emacs</b> or <b>−o vi</b> options to the
-<b>set</b> builtin (see <b><small>SHELL BUILTIN
-COMMANDS</small></b> below). To turn off line editing after
-the shell is running, use the <b>+o emacs</b> or <b>+o
-vi</b> options to the <b>set</b> builtin.</p>
+shell, unless the <b>--noediting</b> option is supplied at
+shell invocation. Line editing is also used when using the
+<b>-e</b> option to the <b>read</b> builtin. By default, the
+line editing commands are similar to those of emacs; a
+vi-style line editing interface is also available. Line
+editing can be enabled at any time using the <b>-o emacs</b>
+or <b>-o vi</b> options to the <b>set</b> builtin (see
+<b>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</b> below). To turn off line
+editing after the shell is running, use the <b>+o emacs</b>
+or <b>+o vi</b> options to the <b>set</b> builtin.</p>
<h3>Readline Notation
<a name="Readline Notation"></a>
</h3>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">This section
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">This section
uses Emacs-style editing concepts and uses its notation for
-keystrokes. Control keys are denoted by C−<i>key</i>,
-e.g., C−n means Control−N. Similarly,
-<i>meta</i> keys are denoted by M−<i>key</i>, so
-M−x means Meta−X. The Meta key is often labeled
-“Alt” or “Option”.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">On keyboards
-without a <i>Meta</i> key, M−<i>x</i> means ESC
-<i>x</i>, i.e., press and release the Escape key, then press
-and release the <i>x</i> key, in sequence. This makes ESC
-the <i>meta prefix</i>. The combination
-M−C−<i>x</i> means ESC Control−<i>x</i>:
-press and release the Escape key, then press and hold the
-Control key while pressing the <i>x</i> key, then release
-both.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">On some
+keystrokes. Control keys are denoted by C-<i>key</i>, e.g.,
+C-n means Control-N. Similarly, <i>meta</i> keys are denoted
+by M-<i>key</i>, so M-x means Meta-X. The Meta key is often
+labeled “Alt” or “Option”.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">On keyboards
+without a <i>Meta</i> key, M-<i>x</i> means ESC <i>x</i>,
+i.e., press and release the Escape key, then press and
+release the <i>x</i> key, in sequence. This makes ESC the
+<i>meta prefix</i>. The combination M-C-<i>x</i> means ESC
+Control-<i>x</i>: press and release the Escape key, then
+press and hold the Control key while pressing the <i>x</i>
+key, then release both.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">On some
keyboards, the Meta key modifier produces characters with
the eighth bit (0200) set. You can use the
-<b>enable−meta−key</b> variable to control
-whether or not it does this, if the keyboard allows it. On
-many others, the terminal or terminal emulator converts the
-metafied key to a key sequence beginning with ESC as
-described in the preceding paragraph.</p>
+<b>enable-meta-key</b> variable to control whether or not it
+does this, if the keyboard allows it. On many others, the
+terminal or terminal emulator converts the metafied key to a
+key sequence beginning with ESC as described in the
+preceding paragraph.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">If your
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">If your
<i>Meta</i> key produces a key sequence with the ESC meta
prefix, you can make M-<i>key</i> key bindings you specify
(see <b>Readline Key Bindings</b> below) do the same thing
-by setting the <b>force−meta−prefix</b>
-variable.</p>
+by setting the <b>force-meta-prefix</b> variable.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Readline</b>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Readline</b>
commands may be given numeric <i>arguments</i>, which
normally act as a repeat count. Sometimes, however, it is
the sign of the argument that is significant. Passing a
negative argument to a command that acts in the forward
-direction (e.g., <b>kill−line</b>) makes that command
-act in a backward direction. Commands whose behavior with
-arguments deviates from this are noted below.</p>
+direction (e.g., <b>kill-line</b>) makes that command act in
+a backward direction. Commands whose behavior with arguments
+deviates from this are noted below.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The <i>point</i>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The <i>point</i>
is the current cursor position, and <i>mark</i> refers to a
saved cursor position. The text between the point and mark
is referred to as the <i>region</i>. <b>Readline</b> has the
concept of an <i>active region</i>: when the region is
active, <b>readline</b> redisplay highlights the region
using the value of the <b>active-region-start-color</b>
-variable. The <b>enable−active−region</b>
-variable turns this on and off. Several commands set the
-region to active; those are noted below.</p>
+variable. The <b>enable-active-region</b> variable turns
+this on and off. Several commands set the region to active;
+those are noted below.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">When a command
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">When a command
is described as <i>killing</i> text, the text deleted is
saved for possible future retrieval (<i>yanking</i>). The
killed text is saved in a <i>kill ring</i>. Consecutive
</h3>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Readline</b>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Readline</b>
is customized by putting commands in an initialization file
(the <i>inputrc</i> file). The name of this file is taken
-from the value of the <b><small>INPUTRC</small></b> shell
-variable. If that variable is unset, the default is
-<A HREF="file:~/.inputrc"><i>~/.inputrc</i></A>. If that file does not exist or cannot be
-read, <b>readline</b> looks for <A HREF="file:/etc/inputrc"><i>/etc/inputrc</i></A>. When a
-program that uses the <b>readline</b> library starts up,
-<b>readline</b> reads the initialization file and sets the
-key bindings and variables found there, before reading any
-user input.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">There are only a
+from the value of the <b>INPUTRC</b> shell variable. If that
+variable is unset, the default is <A HREF="file:~/.inputrc"><i>~/.inputrc</i></A>. If that
+file does not exist or cannot be read, <b>readline</b> looks
+for <A HREF="file:/etc/inputrc"><i>/etc/inputrc</i></A>. When a program that uses the
+<b>readline</b> library starts up, <b>readline</b> reads the
+initialization file and sets the key bindings and variables
+found there, before reading any user input.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">There are only a
few basic constructs allowed in the inputrc file. Blank
lines are ignored. Lines beginning with a <b>#</b> are
comments. Lines beginning with a <b>$</b> indicate
conditional constructs. Other lines denote key bindings and
variable settings.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The default
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The default
key-bindings in this section may be changed using key
binding commands in the <i>inputrc</i> file. Programs that
use the <b>readline</b> library, including <b>bash</b>, may
add their own commands and bindings.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">For example,
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">For example,
placing</p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">M-Control-u:
+universal-argument</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">M−Control−u:
-universal−argument</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;">or</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;">or</p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">C-Meta-u:
+universal-argument</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">C−Meta−u:
-universal−argument</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">into the
+<i>inputrc</i> would make M-C-u execute the <b>readline</b>
+command <i>universal-argument</i>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">into the
-<i>inputrc</i> would make M−C−u execute the
-<b>readline</b> command <i>universal−argument</i>.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Key bindings may
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Key bindings may
contain the following symbolic character names: <i>DEL</i>,
<i>ESC</i>, <i>ESCAPE</i>, <i>LFD</i>, <i>NEWLINE</i>,
<i>RET</i>, <i>RETURN</i>, <i>RUBOUT</i> (a destructive
backspace), <i>SPACE</i>, <i>SPC</i>, and <i>TAB</i>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">In addition to
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">In addition to
command names, <b>readline</b> allows keys to be bound to a
string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a
<i>macro</i>). The difference between a macro and a command
</h3>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The syntax for
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The syntax for
controlling key bindings in the <i>inputrc</i> file is
simple. All that is required is the name of the command or
the text of a macro and a key sequence to which it should be
bound. The key sequence may be specified in one of two ways:
-as a symbolic key name, possibly with <i>Meta−</i> or
-<i>Control−</i> prefixes, or as a key sequence
-composed of one or more characters enclosed in double
-quotes. The key sequence and name are separated by a colon.
-There can be no whitespace between the name and the
-colon.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">When using the
-form <b>keyname</b>:<i>function−name</i> or
-<i>macro</i>, <i>keyname</i> is the name of a key spelled
-out in English. For example:</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">Control-u:
-universal−argument <br>
-Meta-Rubout: backward−kill−word <br>
+as a symbolic key name, possibly with <i>Meta-</i> or
+<i>Control-</i> prefixes, or as a key sequence composed of
+one or more characters enclosed in double quotes. The key
+sequence and name are separated by a colon. There can be no
+whitespace between the name and the colon.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">When using the
+form <b>keyname</b>:<i>function-name</i> or <i>macro</i>,
+<i>keyname</i> is the name of a key spelled out in English.
+For example:</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">Control-u:
+universal-argument <br>
+Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word <br>
Control-o: "> output"</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">In the above
-example, <i>C−u</i> is bound to the function
-<b>universal−argument</b>, <i>M−DEL</i> is bound
-to the function <b>backward−kill−word</b>, and
-<i>C−o</i> is bound to run the macro expressed on the
-right hand side (that is, to insert the text “>
-output” into the line).</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">In the second
-form, <b>"keyseq"</b>:<i>function−name</i>
-or <i>macro</i>, <b>keyseq</b> differs from <b>keyname</b>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">In the above
+example, <i>C-u</i> is bound to the function
+<b>universal-argument</b>, <i>M-DEL</i> is bound to the
+function <b>backward-kill-word</b>, and <i>C-o</i> is bound
+to run the macro expressed on the right hand side (that is,
+to insert the text “> output” into the
+line).</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">In the second
+form, <b>"keyseq"</b>:<i>function-name</i> or
+<i>macro</i>, <b>keyseq</b> differs from <b>keyname</b>
above in that strings denoting an entire key sequence may be
specified by placing the sequence within double quotes. Some
GNU Emacs style key escapes can be used, as in the following
recognized.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">"\C−u":
-universal−argument <br>
-"\C−x\C−r":
-re−read−init−file <br>
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">"\C-u":
+universal-argument <br>
+"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file <br>
"\e[11~": "Function Key 1"</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">In this example,
-<i>C−u</i> is again bound to the function
-<b>universal−argument</b>. <i>C−x C−r</i>
-is bound to the function
-<b>re−read−init−file</b>, and <i>ESC [ 1 1
-~</i> is bound to insert the text “Function Key
-1”.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">In this example,
+<i>C-u</i> is again bound to the function
+<b>universal-argument</b>. <i>C-x C-r</i> is bound to the
+function <b>re-read-init-file</b>, and <i>ESC [ 1 1 ~</i> is
+bound to insert the text “Function Key 1”.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The full set of
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The full set of
GNU Emacs style escape sequences available when specifying
key sequences is</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="4%">
-<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\C−</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\C-</b></p></td>
<td width="5%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em">A control prefix.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="4%">
-<p><b>\M−</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\M-</b></p></td>
<td width="5%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>Adding the meta prefix or converting the following
-character to a meta character, as described below under
-<b>force-meta-prefix</b>.</p> </td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Adding the meta prefix or
+converting the following character to a meta character, as
+described below under <b>force-meta-prefix</b>.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="4%">
-<p><b>\e</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\e</b></p></td>
<td width="5%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>An escape character.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">An escape character.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="4%">
-<p><b>\\</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\\</b></p></td>
<td width="5%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>Backslash.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Backslash.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="4%">
-<p><b>\"</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\"</b></p></td>
<td width="5%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>Literal ", a double quote.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Literal ", a double
+quote.</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="4%">
-<p><b>\'</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\'</b></p></td>
<td width="5%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>Literal ', a single quote.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Literal ', a single quote.</p></td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">In addition to
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">In addition to
the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set of
backslash escapes is available:</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="5%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\a</b></p></td>
<td width="4%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em">alert (bell)</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="5%">
-<p><b>\b</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\b</b></p></td>
<td width="4%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>backspace</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">backspace</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="5%">
-<p><b>\d</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\d</b></p></td>
<td width="4%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>delete</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">delete</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="5%">
-<p><b>\f</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\f</b></p></td>
<td width="4%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>form feed</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">form feed</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="5%">
-<p><b>\n</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\n</b></p></td>
<td width="4%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>newline</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">newline</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="5%">
-<p><b>\r</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\r</b></p></td>
<td width="4%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>carriage return</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">carriage return</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="5%">
-<p><b>\t</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\t</b></p></td>
<td width="4%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>horizontal tab</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">horizontal tab</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="5%">
-<p><b>\v</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\v</b></p></td>
<td width="4%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>vertical tab</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">vertical tab</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="5%">
-<p><b>\</b><i>nnn</i></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\</b><i>nnn</i></p></td>
<td width="4%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value
-<i>nnn</i> (one to three digits).</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The eight-bit character whose
+value is the octal value <i>nnn</i> (one to three
+digits).</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="5%">
-<p><b>\x</b><i>HH</i></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\x</b><i>HH</i></p></td>
<td width="4%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal
-value <i>HH</i> (one or two hex digits).</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The eight-bit character whose
+value is the hexadecimal value <i>HH</i> (one or two hex
+digits).</p> </td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">When entering
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">When entering
the text of a macro, single or double quotes must be used to
indicate a macro definition. Unquoted text is assumed to be
a function name. The backslash escapes described above are
expanded in the macro body. Backslash quotes any other
character in the macro text, including " and '.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Bash</b> will
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Bash</b> will
display or modify the current <b>readline</b> key bindings
-with the <b>bind</b> builtin command. The <b>−o
-emacs</b> or <b>−o vi</b> options to the <b>set</b>
-builtin (see <b><small>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</small></b>
-below) change the editing mode during interactive use.</p>
+with the <b>bind</b> builtin command. The <b>-o emacs</b> or
+<b>-o vi</b> options to the <b>set</b> builtin (see <b>SHELL
+BUILTIN COMMANDS</b> below) change the editing mode during
+interactive use.</p>
<h3>Readline Variables
<a name="Readline Variables"></a>
</h3>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Readline</b>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Readline</b>
has variables that can be used to further customize its
behavior. A variable may be set in the <i>inputrc</i> file
with a statement of the form</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em"><b>set</b>
-<i>variable−name value</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em"><b>set</b>
+<i>variable-name value</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">or using the
-<b>bind</b> builtin command (see <b><small>SHELL BUILTIN
-COMMANDS</small></b> below).</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">or using the
+<b>bind</b> builtin command (see <b>SHELL BUILTIN
+COMMANDS</b> below).</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Except where
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Except where
noted, <b>readline</b> variables can take the values
<b>On</b> or <b>Off</b> (without regard to case).
Unrecognized variable names are ignored. When
“1” are equivalent to <b>On</b>. All other
values are equivalent to <b>Off</b>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The <b>bind
-−V</b> command lists the current <b>readline</b>
-variable names and values (see <b><small>SHELL BUILTIN
-COMMANDS</small></b> below).</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The <b>bind
+-V</b> command lists the current <b>readline</b> variable
+names and values (see <b>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</b>
+below).</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The variables
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The variables
and their default values are: <b><br>
-active−region−start−color</b></p>
+active-region-start-color</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">A string variable that controls
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">A string variable that controls
the text color and background when displaying the text in
the active region (see the description of
-<b>enable−active−region</b> below). This string
-must not take up any physical character positions on the
-display, so it should consist only of terminal escape
-sequences. It is output to the terminal before displaying
-the text in the active region. This variable is reset to the
-default value whenever the terminal type changes. The
-default value is the string that puts the terminal in
-standout mode, as obtained from the terminal’s
-terminfo description. A sample value might be
-“\e[01;33m”.</p>
+<b>enable-active-region</b> below). This string must not
+take up any physical character positions on the display, so
+it should consist only of terminal escape sequences. It is
+output to the terminal before displaying the text in the
+active region. This variable is reset to the default value
+whenever the terminal type changes. The default value is the
+string that puts the terminal in standout mode, as obtained
+from the terminal’s terminfo description. A sample
+value might be “\e[01;33m”.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>active−region−end−color</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>active-region-end-color</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">A string variable that
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">A string variable that
“undoes” the effects of
-<b>active−region−start−color</b> and
-restores “normal” terminal display appearance
-after displaying text in the active region. This string must
-not take up any physical character positions on the display,
-so it should consist only of terminal escape sequences. It
-is output to the terminal after displaying the text in the
+<b>active-region-start-color</b> and restores
+“normal” terminal display appearance after
+displaying text in the active region. This string must not
+take up any physical character positions on the display, so
+it should consist only of terminal escape sequences. It is
+output to the terminal after displaying the text in the
active region. This variable is reset to the default value
whenever the terminal type changes. The default value is the
string that restores the terminal from standout mode, as
obtained from the terminal’s terminfo description. A
sample value might be “\e[0m”.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>bell−style
-(audible)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>bell-style (audible)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Controls what happens when
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Controls what happens when
<b>readline</b> wants to ring the terminal bell. If set to
<b>none</b>, <b>readline</b> never rings the bell. If set to
<b>visible</b>, <b>readline</b> uses a visible bell if one
is available. If set to <b>audible</b>, <b>readline</b>
attempts to ring the terminal’s bell.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>bind−tty−special−chars
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>bind-tty-special-chars
(On)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">If set to <b>On</b>,
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">If set to <b>On</b>,
<b>readline</b> attempts to bind the control characters that
are treated specially by the kernel’s terminal driver
to their <b>readline</b> equivalents. These override the
default <b>readline</b> bindings described here. Type
-“stty −a” at a <b>bash</b> prompt to see
-your current terminal settings, including the special
-control characters (usually <b>cchars</b>). This binding
-takes place on each call to <b>readline</b>, so changes made
-by “stty” can take effect.</p>
+“stty -a” at a <b>bash</b> prompt to see your
+current terminal settings, including the special control
+characters (usually <b>cchars</b>). This binding takes place
+on each call to <b>readline</b>, so changes made by
+“stty” can take effect.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>blink−matching−paren
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>blink-matching-paren
(Off)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">If set to <b>On</b>,
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">If set to <b>On</b>,
<b>readline</b> attempts to briefly move the cursor to an
opening parenthesis when a closing parenthesis is
inserted.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>colored−completion−prefix
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>colored-completion-prefix
(Off)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">If set to <b>On</b>, when
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">If set to <b>On</b>, when
listing completions, <b>readline</b> displays the common
prefix of the set of possible completions using a different
color. The color definitions are taken from the value of the
<b>readline</b> uses this color for the common prefix
instead of its default.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>colored−stats
-(Off)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>colored-stats (Off)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">If set to <b>On</b>,
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">If set to <b>On</b>,
<b>readline</b> displays possible completions using
different colors to indicate their file type. The color
definitions are taken from the value of the <b>LS_COLORS</b>
environment variable.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>comment−begin (</b>“<b>#</b>”<b>)</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">The string that the <b>readline
-insert−comment</b> command inserts. This command is
-bound to <b>M−#</b> in emacs mode and to <b>#</b> in
-vi command mode.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>comment-begin (</b>“<b>#</b>”<b>)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">The string that the <b>readline
+insert-comment</b> command inserts. This command is bound to
+<b>M-#</b> in emacs mode and to <b>#</b> in vi command
+mode.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>completion−display−width
-(−1)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>completion-display-width
+(-1)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">The number of screen columns
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">The number of screen columns
used to display possible matches when performing completion.
The value is ignored if it is less than 0 or greater than
the terminal screen width. A value of 0 causes matches to be
-displayed one per line. The default value is −1.</p>
+displayed one per line. The default value is -1.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>completion−ignore−case
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>completion-ignore-case
(Off)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">If set to <b>On</b>,
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">If set to <b>On</b>,
<b>readline</b> performs filename matching and completion in
-a case−insensitive fashion.</p>
-
+a case-insensitive fashion.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>completion−map−case
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>completion-map-case
(Off)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">If set to <b>On</b>, and
-<b>completion−ignore−case</b> is enabled,
-<b>readline</b> treats hyphens (<i>−</i>) and
-underscores (<i>_</i>) as equivalent when performing
-case−insensitive filename matching and completion.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">If set to <b>On</b>, and
+<b>completion-ignore-case</b> is enabled, <b>readline</b>
+treats hyphens (<i>-</i>) and underscores (<i>_</i>) as
+equivalent when performing case-insensitive filename
+matching and completion.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>completion−prefix−display−length
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>completion-prefix-display-length
(0)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">The maximum length in
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">The maximum length in
characters of the common prefix of a list of possible
completions that is displayed without modification. When set
to a value greater than zero, <b>readline</b> replaces
a period, and <b>eadline</b> is completing filenames, it
uses three underscores instead of an ellipsis.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>completion−query−items
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>completion-query-items
(100)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">This determines when the user
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">This determines when the user
is queried about viewing the number of possible completions
-generated by the <b>possible−completions</b> command.
-It may be set to any integer value greater than or equal to
-zero. If the number of possible completions is greater than
-or equal to the value of this variable, <b>readline</b> asks
+generated by the <b>possible-completions</b> command. It may
+be set to any integer value greater than or equal to zero.
+If the number of possible completions is greater than or
+equal to the value of this variable, <b>readline</b> asks
whether or not the user wishes to view them; otherwise
<b>readline</b> simply lists them on the terminal. A zero
value means <b>readline</b> should never ask; negative
values are treated as zero.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>convert−meta
-(On)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>convert-meta (On)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">If set to <b>On</b>,
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">If set to <b>On</b>,
<b>readline</b> converts characters it reads that have the
eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by clearing the
eighth bit and prefixing it with an escape character
may include bytes with the eighth bit set. This variable is
dependent on the <b>LC_CTYPE</b> locale category, and may
change if the locale changes. This variable also affects key
-bindings; see the description of
-<b>force−meta−prefix</b> below.</p>
+bindings; see the description of <b>force-meta-prefix</b>
+below.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>disable−completion
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>disable-completion
(Off)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">If set to <b>On</b>,
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">If set to <b>On</b>,
<b>readline</b> inhibits word completion. Completion
characters are inserted into the line as if they had been
mapped to <b>self-insert</b>.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>echo−control−characters
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>echo-control-characters
(On)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">When set to <b>On</b>, on
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">When set to <b>On</b>, on
operating systems that indicate they support it,
<b>readline</b> echoes a character corresponding to a signal
generated from the keyboard.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>editing−mode
-(emacs)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>editing-mode (emacs)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Controls whether
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Controls whether
<b>readline</b> uses a set of key bindings similar to
-<i>Emacs</i> or <i>vi</i>. <b>editing−mode</b> can be
-set to either <b>emacs</b> or <b>vi</b>.</p>
-
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>emacs−mode−string
-(@)</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">If the
-<i>show−mode−in−prompt</i> variable is
-enabled, this string is displayed immediately before the
-last line of the primary prompt when emacs editing mode is
-active. The value is expanded like a key binding, so the
-standard set of meta- and control- prefixes and backslash
-escape sequences is available. The \1 and \2 escapes begin
-and end sequences of non-printing characters, which can be
-used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode
-string.</p>
-
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>enable−active−region
+<i>Emacs</i> or <i>vi</i>. <b>editing-mode</b> can be set to
+either <b>emacs</b> or <b>vi</b>.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>emacs-mode-string (@)</b></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">If the
+<i>show-mode-in-prompt</i> variable is enabled, this string
+is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
+prompt when emacs editing mode is active. The value is
+expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of meta-
+and control- prefixes and backslash escape sequences is
+available. The \1 and \2 escapes begin and end sequences of
+non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a
+terminal control sequence into the mode string.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>enable-active-region
(On)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">When this variable is set to
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">When this variable is set to
<i>On</i>, <b>readline</b> allows certain commands to
designate the region as <i>active</i>. When the region is
active, <b>readline</b> highlights the text in the region
-using the value of the
-<b>active−region−start−color</b> variable,
-which defaults to the string that enables the
+using the value of the <b>active-region-start-color</b>
+variable, which defaults to the string that enables the
terminal’s standout mode. The active region shows the
text inserted by bracketed-paste and any matching text found
by incremental and non-incremental history searches.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>enable−bracketed−paste
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>enable-bracketed-paste
(On)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">When set to <b>On</b>,
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">When set to <b>On</b>,
<b>readline</b> configures the terminal to insert each paste
into the editing buffer as a single string of characters,
instead of treating each character as if it had been read
-from the keyboard. This is called <i>bracketed−paste
+from the keyboard. This is called <i>bracketed-paste
mode</i>; it prevents <b>readline</b> from executing any
editing commands bound to key sequences appearing in the
pasted text.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>enable−keypad
-(Off)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>enable-keypad (Off)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">When set to <b>On</b>,
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">When set to <b>On</b>,
<b>readline</b> tries to enable the application keypad when
it is called. Some systems need this to enable the arrow
keys.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>enable−meta−key
-(On)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>enable-meta-key (On)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">When set to <b>On</b>,
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">When set to <b>On</b>,
<b>readline</b> tries to enable any meta modifier key the
terminal claims to support. On many terminals, the Meta key
is used to send eight-bit characters; this variable checks
character (0200) if the Meta key is held down when the
character is typed (a meta character).</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>expand−tilde
-(Off)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>expand-tilde (Off)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">If set to <b>On</b>,
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">If set to <b>On</b>,
<b>readline</b> performs tilde expansion when it attempts
word completion.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>force−meta−prefix
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>force-meta-prefix
(Off)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">If set to <b>On</b>,
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">If set to <b>On</b>,
<b>readline</b> modifies its behavior when binding key
sequences containing \M- or Meta- (see <b>Key Bindings</b>
-above) by converting a key sequence of the form
-\M−<i>C</i> or Meta−<i>C</i> to the
-two-character sequence <b>ESC</b> <i>C</i> (adding the meta
-prefix). If <b>force−meta−prefix</b> is set to
-<b>Off</b> (the default), <b>readline</b> uses the value of
-the <b>convert−meta</b> variable to determine whether
-to perform this conversion: if <b>convert−meta</b> is
-<b>On</b>, <b>readline</b> performs the conversion described
-above; if it is <b>Off</b>, <b>readline</b> converts
-<i>C</i> to a meta character by setting the eighth bit
-(0200).</p>
-
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>history−preserve−point
+above) by converting a key sequence of the form \M-<i>C</i>
+or Meta-<i>C</i> to the two-character sequence <b>ESC</b>
+<i>C</i> (adding the meta prefix). If
+<b>force-meta-prefix</b> is set to <b>Off</b> (the default),
+<b>readline</b> uses the value of the <b>convert-meta</b>
+variable to determine whether to perform this conversion: if
+<b>convert-meta</b> is <b>On</b>, <b>readline</b> performs
+the conversion described above; if it is <b>Off</b>,
+<b>readline</b> converts <i>C</i> to a meta character by
+setting the eighth bit (0200).</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>history-preserve-point
(Off)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">If set to <b>On</b>, the
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">If set to <b>On</b>, the
history code attempts to place point at the same location on
each history line retrieved with <b>previous-history</b> or
<b>next-history</b>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>history−size
-(unset)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>history-size (unset)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Set the maximum number of
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Set the maximum number of
history entries saved in the history list. If set to zero,
any existing history entries are deleted and no new entries
are saved. If set to a value less than zero, the number of
history entries is not limited. By default, <b>bash</b> sets
the maximum number of history entries to the value of the
-<b>HISTSIZE</b> shell variable. Setting
-<i>history−size</i> to a non-numeric value will set
-the maximum number of history entries to 500.</p>
-
+<b>HISTSIZE</b> shell variable. Setting <i>history-size</i>
+to a non-numeric value will set the maximum number of
+history entries to 500.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>horizontal−scroll−mode
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>horizontal-scroll-mode
(Off)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Setting this variable to
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Setting this variable to
<b>On</b> makes <b>readline</b> use a single line for
display, scrolling the input horizontally on a single screen
line when it becomes longer than the screen width rather
than wrapping to a new line. This setting is automatically
enabled for terminals of height 1.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>input−meta
-(Off)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>input-meta (Off)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">If set to <b>On</b>,
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">If set to <b>On</b>,
<b>readline</b> enables eight-bit input (that is, it does
not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads),
regardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The
may include bytes with the eighth bit set. This variable is
dependent on the <b>LC_CTYPE</b> locale category, and its
value may change if the locale changes. The name
-<b>meta−flag</b> is a synonym for
-<b>input−meta</b>.</p>
+<b>meta-flag</b> is a synonym for <b>input-meta</b>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>isearch−terminators (</b>“<b>C−[C−j</b>”<b>)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>isearch-terminators (</b>“<b>C-[C-j</b>”<b>)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">The string of characters that
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">The string of characters that
should terminate an incremental search without subsequently
executing the character as a command. If this variable has
not been given a value, the characters <i>ESC</i> and
-<b>C−j</b> terminate an incremental search.</p>
+<b>C-j</b> terminate an incremental search.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>keymap (emacs)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>keymap (emacs)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Set the current <b>readline</b>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Set the current <b>readline</b>
keymap. The set of valid keymap names is <i>emacs,
-emacs−standard, emacs−meta, emacs−ctlx,
-vi, vi−command</i>, and <i>vi−insert</i>.
-<i>vi</i> is equivalent to <i>vi−command</i>;
-<i>emacs</i> is equivalent to <i>emacs−standard</i>.
-The default value is <i>emacs</i>; the value of
-<b>editing−mode</b> also affects the default
+emacs-standard, emacs-meta, emacs-ctlx, vi, vi-command</i>,
+and <i>vi-insert</i>. <i>vi</i> is equivalent to
+<i>vi-command</i>; <i>emacs</i> is equivalent to
+<i>emacs-standard</i>. The default value is <i>emacs</i>;
+the value of <b>editing-mode</b> also affects the default
keymap.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>keyseq−timeout
-(500)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>keyseq-timeout (500)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Specifies the duration
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Specifies the duration
<b>readline</b> will wait for a character when reading an
ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a complete key
sequence using the input read so far, or can take additional
non-numeric value, <b>readline</b> waits until another key
is pressed to decide which key sequence to complete.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>mark−directories
-(On)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>mark-directories (On)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">If set to <b>On</b>, completed
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">If set to <b>On</b>, completed
directory names have a slash appended.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>mark−modified−lines
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>mark-modified-lines
(Off)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">If set to <b>On</b>,
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">If set to <b>On</b>,
<b>readline</b> displays history lines that have been
modified with a preceding asterisk (<b>*</b>).</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>mark−symlinked−directories
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>mark-symlinked-directories
(Off)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">If set to <b>On</b>, completed
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">If set to <b>On</b>, completed
names which are symbolic links to directories have a slash
appended, subject to the value of
-<b>mark−directories</b>.</p>
+<b>mark-directories</b>.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>match−hidden−files
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>match-hidden-files
(On)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">This variable, when set to
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">This variable, when set to
<b>On</b>, forces <b>readline</b> to match files whose names
begin with a “.” (hidden files) when performing
filename completion. If set to <b>Off</b>, the user must
include the leading “.” in the filename to be
completed.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>menu−complete−display−prefix
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>menu-complete-display-prefix
(Off)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">If set to <b>On</b>, menu
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">If set to <b>On</b>, menu
completion displays the common prefix of the list of
possible completions (which may be empty) before cycling
through the list.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>output−meta
-(Off)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>output-meta (Off)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">If set to <b>On</b>,
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">If set to <b>On</b>,
<b>readline</b> displays characters with the eighth bit set
directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape sequence. The
default is <i>Off</i>, but <b>readline</b> sets it to
dependent on the <b>LC_CTYPE</b> locale category, and its
value may change if the locale changes.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>page−completions
-(On)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>page-completions (On)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">If set to <b>On</b>,
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">If set to <b>On</b>,
<b>readline</b> uses an internal pager resembling
<i>more</i>(1) to display a screenful of possible
completions at a time.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>prefer-visible-bell</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>prefer−visible−bell</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">See <b>bell-style</b>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">See
-<b>bell−style</b>.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>print−completions−horizontally
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>print-completions-horizontally
(Off)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">If set to <b>On</b>,
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">If set to <b>On</b>,
<b>readline</b> displays completions with matches sorted
horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the
screen.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>revert−all−at−newline
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>revert-all-at-newline
(Off)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">If set to <b>On</b>,
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">If set to <b>On</b>,
<b>readline</b> will undo all changes to history lines
-before returning when executing <b>accept−line</b>. By
+before returning when executing <b>accept-line</b>. By
default, history lines may be modified and retain individual
undo lists across calls to <b>readline</b>.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>search−ignore−case
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>search-ignore-case
(Off)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">If set to <b>On</b>,
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">If set to <b>On</b>,
<b>readline</b> performs incremental and non-incremental
-history list searches in a case−insensitive
-fashion.</p>
+history list searches in a case-insensitive fashion.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>show−all−if−ambiguous
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>show-all-if-ambiguous
(Off)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">This alters the default
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">This alters the default
behavior of the completion functions. If set to <b>On</b>,
words which have more than one possible completion cause the
matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing the
bell.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>show−all−if−unmodified
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>show-all-if-unmodified
(Off)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">This alters the default
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">This alters the default
behavior of the completion functions in a fashion similar to
-<b>show−all−if−ambiguous</b>. If set to
-<b>On</b>, words which have more than one possible
-completion without any possible partial completion (the
-possible completions don’t share a common prefix)
-cause the matches to be listed immediately instead of
-ringing the bell.</p>
+<b>show-all-if-ambiguous</b>. If set to <b>On</b>, words
+which have more than one possible completion without any
+possible partial completion (the possible completions
+don’t share a common prefix) cause the matches to be
+listed immediately instead of ringing the bell.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>show−mode−in−prompt
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>show-mode-in-prompt
(Off)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">If set to <b>On</b>, add a
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">If set to <b>On</b>, add a
string to the beginning of the prompt indicating the editing
mode: emacs, vi command, or vi insertion. The mode strings
-are user-settable (e.g.,
-<i>emacs−mode−string</i>).</p>
-
+are user-settable (e.g., <i>emacs-mode-string</i>).</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>skip−completed−text
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>skip-completed-text
(Off)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">If set to <b>On</b>, this
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">If set to <b>On</b>, this
alters the default completion behavior when inserting a
single match into the line. It’s only active when
performing completion in the middle of a word. If enabled,
being completed, so portions of the word following the
cursor are not duplicated.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>vi−cmd−mode−string
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>vi-cmd-mode-string
((cmd))</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">If the
-<i>show−mode−in−prompt</i> variable is
-enabled, this string is displayed immediately before the
-last line of the primary prompt when vi editing mode is
-active and in command mode. The value is expanded like a key
-binding, so the standard set of meta- and control- prefixes
-and backslash escape sequences is available. The \1 and \2
-escapes begin and end sequences of non-printing characters,
-which can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into
-the mode string.</p>
-
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>vi−ins−mode−string
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">If the
+<i>show-mode-in-prompt</i> variable is enabled, this string
+is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
+prompt when vi editing mode is active and in command mode.
+The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard
+set of meta- and control- prefixes and backslash escape
+sequences is available. The \1 and \2 escapes begin and end
+sequences of non-printing characters, which can be used to
+embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>vi-ins-mode-string
((ins))</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">If the
-<i>show−mode−in−prompt</i> variable is
-enabled, this string is displayed immediately before the
-last line of the primary prompt when vi editing mode is
-active and in insertion mode. The value is expanded like a
-key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control-
-prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available. The \1
-and \2 escapes begin and end sequences of non-printing
-characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control
-sequence into the mode string.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>visible−stats
-(Off)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">If the
+<i>show-mode-in-prompt</i> variable is enabled, this string
+is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
+prompt when vi editing mode is active and in insertion mode.
+The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard
+set of meta- and control- prefixes and backslash escape
+sequences is available. The \1 and \2 escapes begin and end
+sequences of non-printing characters, which can be used to
+embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">If set to <b>On</b>, a
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>visible-stats (Off)</b></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">If set to <b>On</b>, a
character denoting a file’s type as reported by
<i>stat</i>(2) is appended to the filename when listing
possible completions.</p>
</h3>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Readline</b>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Readline</b>
implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional
compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key
bindings and variable settings to be performed as the result
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
+<td width="6%"></td>
<td width="4%">
<p><b>$if</b></p></td>
<td width="5%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<td width="85%">
<p>The <b>$if</b> construct allows bindings to be made
isolate it.</p></td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>mode</b></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em"><b>mode</b></p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="5%"></td>
<td width="4%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em">The <b>mode=</b> form of the
<b>$if</b> directive is used to test whether <b>readline</b>
is in emacs or vi mode. This may be used in conjunction with
the <b>set keymap</b> command, for instance, to set bindings
-in the <i>emacs−standard</i> and
-<i>emacs−ctlx</i> keymaps only if <b>readline</b> is
-starting out in emacs mode.</p></td></tr>
+in the <i>emacs-standard</i> and <i>emacs-ctlx</i> keymaps
+only if <b>readline</b> is starting out in emacs mode.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="5%">
-<p><b>term</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>term</b></p></td>
<td width="4%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>The <b>term=</b> form may be used to include
-terminal-specific key bindings, perhaps to bind the key
-sequences output by the terminal’s function keys. The
-word on the right side of the <b>=</b> is tested against
-both the full name of the terminal and the portion of the
-terminal name before the first <b>−</b>. This allows
-<i>xterm</i> to match both <i>xterm</i> and
-<i>xterm−256color</i>, for instance.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The <b>term=</b> form may be
+used to include terminal-specific key bindings, perhaps to
+bind the key sequences output by the terminal’s
+function keys. The word on the right side of the <b>=</b> is
+tested against both the full name of the terminal and the
+portion of the terminal name before the first <b>-</b>. This
+allows <i>xterm</i> to match both <i>xterm</i> and
+<i>xterm-256color</i>, for instance.</p></td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>version</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>version</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:27%;">The <b>version</b> test may be
+<p style="margin-left:24%;">The <b>version</b> test may be
used to perform comparisons against specific <b>readline</b>
versions. The <b>version</b> expands to the current
<b>readline</b> version. The set of comparison operators
may be separated from the string <b>version</b> and from the
version number argument by whitespace.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><i>application</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><i>application</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:27%;">The <i>application</i>
+<p style="margin-left:24%;">The <i>application</i>
construct is used to include application-specific settings.
Each program using the <b>readline</b> library sets the
<i>application name</i>, and an initialization file can test
instance, the following command adds a key sequence that
quotes the current or previous word in <b>bash</b>:</p>
-<p style="margin-left:27%; margin-top: 1em"><b>$if</b> Bash
+<p style="margin-left:24%; margin-top: 1em"><b>$if</b> Bash
<br>
# Quote the current or previous word <br>
"\C-xq": "\eb\"\ef\"" <b><br>
$endif</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><i>variable</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><i>variable</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:27%;">The <i>variable</i> construct
+<p style="margin-left:24%;">The <i>variable</i> construct
provides simple equality tests for <b>readline</b> variables
and values. The permitted comparison operators are <i>=</i>,
<i>==</i>, and <i>!=</i>. The variable name must be
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="8%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="7%">
<p><b>$else</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<td width="2%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
<p>Commands in this branch of the <b>$if</b> directive are
executed if the test fails.</p></td></tr>
-<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="8%">
-
-
-<p><b>$endif</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+</table>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>$endif</b></p>
-<p>This command, as seen in the previous example,
-terminates an <b>$if</b> command.</p></td></tr>
-</table>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">This command, as seen in the
+previous example, terminates an <b>$if</b> command.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>$include</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>$include</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">This directive takes a single
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">This directive takes a single
filename as an argument and reads commands and key bindings
from that file. For example, the following directive would
read <A HREF="file:/etc/inputrc"><i>/etc/inputrc</i></A>:</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em"><b>$include</b>
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em"><b>$include</b>
<A HREF="file:/etc/inputrc"><i>/etc/inputrc</i></A></p>
<h3>Searching
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em"><i><b>Readline</b></i>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em"><i><b>Readline</b></i>
provides commands for searching through the command history
-(see <b><small>HISTORY</small></b> below) for lines
-containing a specified string. There are two search modes:
-<i>incremental</i> and <i>non-incremental</i>.</p>
+(see <b>HISTORY</b> below) for lines containing a specified
+string. There are two search modes: <i>incremental</i> and
+<i>non-incremental</i>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Incremental
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Incremental
searches begin before the user has finished typing the
search string. As each character of the search string is
typed, <b>readline</b> displays the next entry from the
history matching the string typed so far. An incremental
search requires only as many characters as needed to find
the desired history entry. When using emacs editing mode,
-type <b>C−r</b> to search backward in the history for
-a particular string. Typing <b>C−s</b> searches
-forward through the history. The characters present in the
-value of the <b>isearch-terminators</b> variable are used to
+type <b>C-r</b> to search backward in the history for a
+particular string. Typing <b>C-s</b> searches forward
+through the history. The characters present in the value of
+the <b>isearch-terminators</b> variable are used to
terminate an incremental search. If that variable has not
-been assigned a value, <i>ESC</i> and <b>C−j</b>
-terminate an incremental search. <b>C−g</b> aborts an
-incremental search and restores the original line. When the
-search is terminated, the history entry containing the
-search string becomes the current line.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">To find other
-matching entries in the history list, type <b>C−r</b>
-or <b>C−s</b> as appropriate. This searches backward
-or forward in the history for the next entry matching the
-search string typed so far. Any other key sequence bound to
-a <b>readline</b> command terminates the search and executes
+been assigned a value, <i>ESC</i> and <b>C-j</b> terminate
+an incremental search. <b>C-g</b> aborts an incremental
+search and restores the original line. When the search is
+terminated, the history entry containing the search string
+becomes the current line.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">To find other
+matching entries in the history list, type <b>C-r</b> or
+<b>C-s</b> as appropriate. This searches backward or forward
+in the history for the next entry matching the search string
+typed so far. Any other key sequence bound to a
+<b>readline</b> command terminates the search and executes
that command. For instance, a newline terminates the search
and accepts the line, thereby executing the command from the
history list. A movement command will terminate the search,
make the last line found the current line, and begin
editing.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Readline</b>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Readline</b>
remembers the last incremental search string. If two
-<b>C−r</b>s are typed without any intervening
-characters defining a new search string, <b>readline</b>
-uses any remembered search string.</p>
+<b>C-r</b>s are typed without any intervening characters
+defining a new search string, <b>readline</b> uses any
+remembered search string.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Non-incremental
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Non-incremental
searches read the entire search string before starting to
search for matching history entries. The search string may
be typed by the user or be part of the contents of the
</h3>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The following is
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The following is
a list of the names of the commands and the default key
sequences to which they are bound. Command names without an
accompanying key sequence are unbound by default.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">In the following
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">In the following
descriptions, <i>point</i> refers to the current cursor
position, and <i>mark</i> refers to a cursor position saved
-by the <b>set−mark</b> command. The text between the
-point and mark is referred to as the <i>region</i>.
+by the <b>set-mark</b> command. The text between the point
+and mark is referred to as the <i>region</i>.
<b>Readline</b> has the concept of an <i>active region</i>:
when the region is active, <b>readline</b> redisplay
highlights the region using the value of the
-<b>active−region−start−color</b> variable.
-The <b>enable−active−region readline</b>
-variable turns this on and off. Several commands set the
-region to active; those are noted below.</p>
+<b>active-region-start-color</b> variable. The
+<b>enable-active-region readline</b> variable turns this on
+and off. Several commands set the region to active; those
+are noted below.</p>
<h3>Commands for Moving
<a name="Commands for Moving"></a>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em"><b>beginning−of−line
-(C−a)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em"><b>beginning-of-line
+(C-a)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Move to the start of the
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Move to the start of the
current line. This may also be bound to the Home key on some
keyboards.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>end−of−line
-(C−e)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>end-of-line (C-e)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Move to the end of the line.
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Move to the end of the line.
This may also be bound to the End key on some keyboards.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>forward−char
-(C−f)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>forward-char (C-f)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Move forward a character. This
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Move forward a character. This
may also be bound to the right arrow key on some
keyboards.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>backward−char
-(C−b)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>backward-char (C-b)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Move back a character. This may
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Move back a character. This may
also be bound to the left arrow key on some keyboards.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>forward−word
-(M−f)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>forward-word (M-f)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Move forward to the end of the
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Move forward to the end of the
next word. Words are composed of alphanumeric characters
(letters and digits).</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>backward−word
-(M−b)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>backward-word (M-b)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Move back to the start of the
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Move back to the start of the
current or previous word. Words are composed of alphanumeric
characters (letters and digits).</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>shell-forward-word
+(M-C-f)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>shell−forward−word
-(M−C−f)</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Move forward to the end of the
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Move forward to the end of the
next word. Words are delimited by non-quoted shell
metacharacters.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>shell-backward-word
+(M-C-b)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>shell−backward−word
-(M−C−b)</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Move back to the start of the
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Move back to the start of the
current or previous word. Words are delimited by non-quoted
shell metacharacters.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>previous-screen-line</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>previous−screen−line</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Attempt to move point to the
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Attempt to move point to the
same physical screen column on the previous physical screen
line. This will not have the desired effect if the current
<b>readline</b> line does not take up more than one physical
line or if point is not greater than the length of the
prompt plus the screen width.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>next-screen-line</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>next−screen−line</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Attempt to move point to the
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Attempt to move point to the
same physical screen column on the next physical screen
line. This will not have the desired effect if the current
<b>readline</b> line does not take up more than one physical
not greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen
width.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>clear−display
-(M−C−l)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>clear-display (M-C-l)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Clear the screen and, if
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Clear the screen and, if
possible, the terminal’s scrollback buffer, then
redraw the current line, leaving the current line at the top
of the screen.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>clear−screen
-(C−l)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>clear-screen (C-l)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Clear the screen, then redraw
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Clear the screen, then redraw
the current line, leaving the current line at the top of the
screen. With a numeric argument, refresh the current line
without clearing the screen.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>redraw-current-line</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>redraw−current−line</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Refresh the current line.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Refresh the current line.</p>
<h3>Commands for Manipulating the History
<a name="Commands for Manipulating the History"></a>
</h3>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em"><b>accept−line
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em"><b>accept-line
(Newline, Return)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Accept the line regardless of
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Accept the line regardless of
where the cursor is. If this line is non-empty, add it to
the history list according to the state of the
-<b><small>HISTCONTROL</small></b> and <b>HISTIGNORE</b>
-variables. If the line is a modified history line, restore
-the history line to its original state.</p>
+<b>HISTCONTROL</b> and <b>HISTIGNORE</b> variables. If the
+line is a modified history line, restore the history line to
+its original state.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>previous−history
-(C−p)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>previous-history
+(C-p)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Fetch the previous command from
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Fetch the previous command from
the history list, moving back in the list. This may also be
bound to the up arrow key on some keyboards.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>next−history
-(C−n)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>next-history (C-n)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Fetch the next command from the
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Fetch the next command from the
history list, moving forward in the list. This may also be
bound to the down arrow key on some keyboards.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>beginning-of-history
+(M-<)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>beginning−of−history
-(M−<)</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Move to the first line in the
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Move to the first line in the
history.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>end−of−history
-(M−>)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>end-of-history
+(M->)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Move to the end of the input
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Move to the end of the input
history, i.e., the line currently being entered.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>operate-and-get-next
+(C-o)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>operate−and−get−next
-(C−o)</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Accept the current line for
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Accept the current line for
execution as if a newline had been entered, and fetch the
next line relative to the current line from the history for
editing. A numeric argument, if supplied, specifies the
history entry to use instead of the current line.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>fetch−history</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>fetch-history</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">With a numeric argument, fetch
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">With a numeric argument, fetch
that entry from the history list and make it the current
line. Without an argument, move back to the first entry in
the history list.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>reverse-search-history
+(C-r)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>reverse−search−history
-(C−r)</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Search backward starting at the
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Search backward starting at the
current line and moving “up” through the history
as necessary. This is an incremental search. This command
sets the region to the matched text and activates the
region.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>forward-search-history
+(C-s)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>forward−search−history
-(C−s)</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Search forward starting at the
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Search forward starting at the
current line and moving “down” through the
history as necessary. This is an incremental search. This
command sets the region to the matched text and activates
the region.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>non−incremental−reverse−search−history
-(M−p)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>non-incremental-reverse-search-history
+(M-p)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Search backward through the
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Search backward through the
history starting at the current line using a non-incremental
search for a string supplied by the user. The search string
may match anywhere in a history line.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>non−incremental−forward−search−history
-(M−n)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>non-incremental-forward-search-history
+(M-n)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Search forward through the
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Search forward through the
history using a non-incremental search for a string supplied
by the user. The search string may match anywhere in a
history line.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>history−search−backward</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>history-search-backward</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Search backward through the
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Search backward through the
history for the string of characters between the start of
the current line and the point. The search string must match
at the beginning of a history line. This is a
on some keyboards.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>history−search−forward</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>history-search-forward</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Search forward through the
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Search forward through the
history for the string of characters between the start of
the current line and the point. The search string must match
at the beginning of a history line. This is a
key on some keyboards.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>history−substring−search−backward</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>history-substring-search-backward</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Search backward through the
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Search backward through the
history for the string of characters between the start of
the current line and the point. The search string may match
anywhere in a history line. This is a non-incremental
search.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>history−substring−search−forward</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>history-substring-search-forward</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Search forward through the
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Search forward through the
history for the string of characters between the start of
the current line and the point. The search string may match
anywhere in a history line. This is a non-incremental
search.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>yank−nth−arg
-(M−C−y)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Insert the first argument to
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Insert the first argument to
the previous command (usually the second word on the
previous line) at point. With an argument <i>n</i>, insert
the <i>n</i>th word from the previous command (the words in
inserts the <i>n</i>th word from the end of the previous
command. Once the argument <i>n</i> is computed, this uses
the history expansion facilities to extract the <i>n</i>th
-word, as if the “!<i>n</i>” history expansion
+word, as if the “!!:<i>n</i>” history expansion
had been specified.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>yank−last−arg
-(M−., M−_)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>yank-last-arg (M-.,
+M-_)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Insert the last argument to the
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Insert the last argument to the
previous command (the last word of the previous history
entry). With a numeric argument, behave exactly like
-<b>yank−nth−arg</b>. Successive calls to
-<b>yank−last−arg</b> move back through the
-history list, inserting the last word (or the word specified
-by the argument to the first call) of each line in turn. Any
+<b>yank-nth-arg</b>. Successive calls to
+<b>yank-last-arg</b> move back through the history list,
+inserting the last word (or the word specified by the
+argument to the first call) of each line in turn. Any
numeric argument supplied to these successive calls
determines the direction to move through the history. A
negative argument switches the direction through the history
facilities to extract the last word, as if the
“!$” history expansion had been specified.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>shell-expand-line
+(M-C-e)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>shell−expand−line
-(M−C−e)</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Expand the line by performing
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Expand the line by performing
shell word expansions, treating the line as a single shell
word. This performs alias and history expansion,
<b>$</b>'<i>string</i>' and
parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion,
command and process substitution, word splitting, and quote
removal. An explicit argument suppresses command and process
-substitution. See <b><small>HISTORY EXPANSION</small></b>
-below for a description of history expansion.</p>
+substitution. See <b>HISTORY EXPANSION</b> below for a
+description of history expansion.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>shell−expand−and−requote−line
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>shell-expand-and-requote-line
()</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Expand the line by performing
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Expand the line by performing
shell word expansions, splitting the line into shell words
in the same way as for programmable completion. This
performs alias and history expansion,
words in the command substitution aren’t quoted
individually.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>history-expand-line
+(M-^)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>history−expand−line
-(M−^)</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Perform history expansion on
-the current line. See <b><small>HISTORY
-EXPANSION</small></b> below for a description of history
-expansion.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Perform history expansion on
+the current line. See <b>HISTORY EXPANSION</b> below for a
+description of history expansion.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>magic−space</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>magic-space</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Perform history expansion on
-the current line and insert a space. See <b><small>HISTORY
-EXPANSION</small></b> below for a description of history
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Perform history expansion on
+the current line and insert a space. See <b>HISTORY
+EXPANSION</b> below for a description of history
expansion.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>alias-expand-line</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>alias−expand−line</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Perform alias expansion on the
-current line. See <b><small>ALIASES</small></b> above for a
-description of alias expansion.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Perform alias expansion on the
+current line. See <b>ALIASES</b> above for a description of
+alias expansion.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>history−and−alias−expand−line</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>history-and-alias-expand-line</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Perform history and alias
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Perform history and alias
expansion on the current line.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>insert-last-argument (M-.,
+M-_)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>insert−last−argument
-(M−., M−_)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">A synonym for
+<b>yank-last-arg</b>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">A synonym for
-<b>yank−last−arg</b>.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>edit-and-execute-command (C-x
+C-e)</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>edit−and−execute−command
-(C−x C−e)</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Invoke an editor on the current
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Invoke an editor on the current
command line, and execute the result as shell commands.
-<b>Bash</b> attempts to invoke
-<b><small>$VISUAL</small></b><small>,
-<b>$EDITOR</b>,</small> and <i>emacs</i> as the editor, in
-that order.</p>
+<b>Bash</b> attempts to invoke <b>$VISUAL</b>,
+<b>$EDITOR</b>, and <i>emacs</i> as the editor, in that
+order.</p>
<h3>Commands for Changing Text
<a name="Commands for Changing Text"></a>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em"><i>end−of−file</i>
-<b>(usually C−d)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em"><i>end-of-file</i>
+<b>(usually C-d)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">The character indicating
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">The character indicating
end-of-file as set, for example, by <i>stty</i>(1). If this
character is read when there are no characters on the line,
and point is at the beginning of the line, <b>readline</b>
interprets it as the end of input and returns
-<b><small>EOF</small></b><small>.</small></p>
+<b>EOF</b>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>delete−char
-(C−d)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>delete-char (C-d)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Delete the character at point.
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Delete the character at point.
If this function is bound to the same character as the tty
-<b>EOF</b> character, as <b>C−d</b> commonly is, see
-above for the effects. This may also be bound to the Delete
-key on some keyboards.</p>
-
+<b>EOF</b> character, as <b>C-d</b> commonly is, see above
+for the effects. This may also be bound to the Delete key on
+some keyboards.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>backward−delete−char
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>backward-delete-char
(Rubout)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Delete the character behind the
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Delete the character behind the
cursor. When given a numeric argument, save the deleted text
on the kill ring.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>forward−backward−delete−char</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>forward-backward-delete-char</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Delete the character under the
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Delete the character under the
cursor, unless the cursor is at the end of the line, in
which case the character behind the cursor is deleted.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>quoted−insert
-(C−q, C−v)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>quoted-insert (C-q,
+C-v)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Add the next character typed to
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Add the next character typed to
the line verbatim. This is how to insert characters like
-<b>C−q</b>, for example.</p>
+<b>C-q</b>, for example.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>tab−insert (C−v
-TAB)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>tab-insert (C-v TAB)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Insert a tab character.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Insert a tab character.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>self−insert (a, b, A,
-1, !,</b> ...<b>)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>self-insert (a, b, A, 1,
+!,</b> ...<b>)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Insert the character typed.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Insert the character typed.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>bracketed−paste−begin</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>bracketed-paste-begin</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">This function is intended to be
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">This function is intended to be
bound to the “bracketed paste” escape sequence
sent by some terminals, and such a binding is assigned by
default. It allows <b>readline</b> to insert the pasted text
as a single unit without treating each character as if it
had been read from the keyboard. The pasted characters are
-inserted as if each one was bound to
-<b>self−insert</b> instead of executing any editing
-commands. <br>
+inserted as if each one was bound to <b>self-insert</b>
+instead of executing any editing commands. <br>
Bracketed paste sets the region to the inserted text and
activates the region.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>transpose−chars
-(C−t)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>transpose-chars (C-t)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Drag the character before point
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Drag the character before point
forward over the character at point, moving point forward as
well. If point is at the end of the line, then this
transposes the two characters before point. Negative
arguments have no effect.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>transpose−words
-(M−t)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>transpose-words (M-t)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Drag the word before point past
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Drag the word before point past
the word after point, moving point past that word as well.
If point is at the end of the line, this transposes the last
two words on the line.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>shell−transpose−words
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>shell-transpose-words
(M-C-t)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Drag the word before point past
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Drag the word before point past
the word after point, moving point past that word as well.
If the insertion point is at the end of the line, this
transposes the last two words on the line. Word boundaries
-are the same as <b>shell−forward−word</b> and
-<b>shell−backward−word</b>.</p>
+are the same as <b>shell-forward-word</b> and
+<b>shell-backward-word</b>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>upcase−word
-(M−u)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>upcase-word (M-u)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Uppercase the current (or
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Uppercase the current (or
following) word. With a negative argument, uppercase the
previous word, but do not move point.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>downcase−word
-(M−l)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>downcase-word (M-l)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Lowercase the current (or
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Lowercase the current (or
following) word. With a negative argument, lowercase the
previous word, but do not move point.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>capitalize−word
-(M−c)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>capitalize-word (M-c)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Capitalize the current (or
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Capitalize the current (or
following) word. With a negative argument, capitalize the
previous word, but do not move point.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>overwrite−mode</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>overwrite-mode</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Toggle overwrite mode. With an
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Toggle overwrite mode. With an
explicit positive numeric argument, switches to overwrite
mode. With an explicit non-positive numeric argument,
switches to insert mode. This command affects only
<b>emacs</b> mode; <b>vi</b> mode does overwrite
differently. Each call to <i>readline()</i> starts in insert
mode. <br>
-In overwrite mode, characters bound to
-<b>self−insert</b> replace the text at point rather
-than pushing the text to the right. Characters bound to
-<b>backward−delete−char</b> replace the
-character before point with a space. By default, this
-command is unbound, but may be bound to the Insert key on
-some keyboards.</p>
+In overwrite mode, characters bound to <b>self-insert</b>
+replace the text at point rather than pushing the text to
+the right. Characters bound to <b>backward-delete-char</b>
+replace the character before point with a space. By default,
+this command is unbound, but may be bound to the Insert key
+on some keyboards.</p>
<h3>Killing and Yanking
<a name="Killing and Yanking"></a>
</h3>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em"><b>kill-line
+(C-k)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em"><b>kill−line
-(C−k)</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Kill the text from point to the
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Kill the text from point to the
end of the current line. With a negative numeric argument,
kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the
line.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>backward-kill-line (C-x
+Rubout)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>backward−kill−line
-(C−x Rubout)</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Kill backward to the beginning
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Kill backward to the beginning
of the current line. With a negative numeric argument, kill
forward from the cursor to the end of the line.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>unix-line-discard
+(C-u)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>unix−line−discard
-(C−u)</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Kill backward from point to the
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Kill backward from point to the
beginning of the line, saving the killed text on the
kill-ring.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>kill-whole-line</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>kill−whole−line</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Kill all characters on the
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Kill all characters on the
current line, no matter where point is.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>kill−word
-(M−d)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>kill-word (M-d)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Kill from point to the end of
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Kill from point to the end of
the current word, or if between words, to the end of the
next word. Word boundaries are the same as those used by
-<b>forward−word</b>.</p>
+<b>forward-word</b>.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>backward-kill-word
+(M-Rubout)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>backward−kill−word
-(M−Rubout)</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Kill the word behind point.
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Kill the word behind point.
Word boundaries are the same as those used by
-<b>backward−word</b>.</p>
+<b>backward-word</b>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>shell−kill−word
-(M−C−d)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>shell-kill-word
+(M-C-d)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Kill from point to the end of
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Kill from point to the end of
the current word, or if between words, to the end of the
next word. Word boundaries are the same as those used by
-<b>shell−forward−word</b>.</p>
+<b>shell-forward-word</b>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>shell−backward−kill−word</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>shell-backward-kill-word</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Kill the word behind point.
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Kill the word behind point.
Word boundaries are the same as those used by
-<b>shell−backward−word</b>.</p>
+<b>shell-backward-word</b>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>unix−word−rubout
-(C−w)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>unix-word-rubout
+(C-w)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Kill the word behind point,
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Kill the word behind point,
using white space as a word boundary, saving the killed text
on the kill-ring.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>unix-filename-rubout</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>unix−filename−rubout</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Kill the word behind point,
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Kill the word behind point,
using white space and the slash character as the word
boundaries, saving the killed text on the kill-ring.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>delete-horizontal-space
+(M-\)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>delete−horizontal−space
-(M−\)</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Delete all spaces and tabs
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Delete all spaces and tabs
around point.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>kill−region</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>kill-region</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Kill the text in the current
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Kill the text in the current
region.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>copy-region-as-kill</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>copy−region−as−kill</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Copy the text in the region to
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Copy the text in the region to
the kill buffer, so it can be yanked immediately.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>copy-backward-word</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>copy−backward−word</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Copy the word before point to
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Copy the word before point to
the kill buffer. The word boundaries are the same as
-<b>backward−word</b>.</p>
-
+<b>backward-word</b>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>copy−forward−word</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>copy-forward-word</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Copy the word following point
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Copy the word following point
to the kill buffer. The word boundaries are the same as
-<b>forward−word</b>.</p>
+<b>forward-word</b>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>yank (C−y)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>yank (C-y)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Yank the top of the kill ring
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Yank the top of the kill ring
into the buffer at point.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>yank−pop
-(M−y)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>yank-pop (M-y)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Rotate the kill ring, and yank
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Rotate the kill ring, and yank
the new top. Only works following <b>yank</b> or
-<b>yank−pop</b>.</p>
+<b>yank-pop</b>.</p>
<h3>Numeric Arguments
<a name="Numeric Arguments"></a>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em"><b>digit−argument
-(M−0, M−1,</b> ...<b>, M−−)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em"><b>digit-argument
+(M-0, M-1,</b> ...<b>, M--)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Add this digit to the argument
-already accumulating, or start a new argument.
-M−− starts a negative argument.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Add this digit to the argument
+already accumulating, or start a new argument. M-- starts a
+negative argument.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>universal-argument</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>universal−argument</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">This is another way to specify
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">This is another way to specify
an argument. If this command is followed by one or more
digits, optionally with a leading minus sign, those digits
define the argument. If the command is followed by digits,
-executing <b>universal−argument</b> again ends the
-numeric argument, but is otherwise ignored. As a special
-case, if this command is immediately followed by a character
-that is neither a digit nor minus sign, the argument count
-for the next command is multiplied by four. The argument
-count is initially one, so executing this function the first
-time makes the argument count four, a second time makes the
+executing <b>universal-argument</b> again ends the numeric
+argument, but is otherwise ignored. As a special case, if
+this command is immediately followed by a character that is
+neither a digit nor minus sign, the argument count for the
+next command is multiplied by four. The argument count is
+initially one, so executing this function the first time
+makes the argument count four, a second time makes the
argument count sixteen, and so on.</p>
<h3>Completing
</h3>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em"><b>complete
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em"><b>complete
(TAB)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Attempt to perform completion
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Attempt to perform completion
on the text before point. <b>Bash</b> attempts completion by
first checking for any programmable completions for the
command word (see <b>Programmable Completion</b> below),
turn. If none of these produces a match, it falls back to
filename completion.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>possible−completions
-(M−?)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>possible-completions
+(M-?)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">List the possible completions
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">List the possible completions
of the text before point. When displaying completions,
<b>readline</b> sets the number of columns used for display
to the value of <b>completion-display-width</b>, the value
-of the shell variable
-<b><small>COLUMNS</small></b><small>,</small> or the screen
-width, in that order.</p>
+of the shell variable <b>COLUMNS</b>, or the screen width,
+in that order.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>insert−completions
-(M−*)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>insert-completions
+(M-*)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Insert all completions of the
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Insert all completions of the
text before point that would have been generated by
-<b>possible−completions</b>, separated by a space.</p>
+<b>possible-completions</b>, separated by a space.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>menu−complete</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>menu-complete</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Similar to <b>complete</b>, but
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Similar to <b>complete</b>, but
replaces the word to be completed with a single match from
the list of possible completions. Repeatedly executing
-<b>menu−complete</b> steps through the list of
-possible completions, inserting each match in turn. At the
-end of the list of completions, <b>menu−complete</b>
-rings the bell (subject to the setting of
-<b>bell−style</b>) and restores the original text. An
-argument of <i>n</i> moves <i>n</i> positions forward in the
-list of matches; a negative argument moves backward through
-the list. This command is intended to be bound to
-<b>TAB</b>, but is unbound by default.</p>
-
+<b>menu-complete</b> steps through the list of possible
+completions, inserting each match in turn. At the end of the
+list of completions, <b>menu-complete</b> rings the bell
+(subject to the setting of <b>bell-style</b>) and restores
+the original text. An argument of <i>n</i> moves <i>n</i>
+positions forward in the list of matches; a negative
+argument moves backward through the list. This command is
+intended to be bound to <b>TAB</b>, but is unbound by
+default.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>menu−complete−backward</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Identical to
-<b>menu−complete</b>, but moves backward through the
-list of possible completions, as if
-<b>menu−complete</b> had been given a negative
-argument. This command is unbound by default.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>menu-complete-backward</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Identical to
+<b>menu-complete</b>, but moves backward through the list of
+possible completions, as if <b>menu-complete</b> had been
+given a negative argument. This command is unbound by
+default.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>export−completions</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>export-completions</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Perform completion on the word
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Perform completion on the word
before point as described above and write the list of
possible completions to <b>readline</b>’s output
stream using the following format, writing information on
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="1%">
<p>•</p></td>
<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
<p>the number of matches <i>N</i>;</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="1%">
-<p>•</p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">•</p></td>
<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>the word being completed;</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">the word being completed;</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="1%">
-<p>•</p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">•</p></td>
<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p><i>S</i>:<i>E</i>, where <i>S</i> and <i>E</i> are the
-start and end offsets of the word in the <b>readline</b>
-line buffer; then</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><i>S</i>:<i>E</i>, where
+<i>S</i> and <i>E</i> are the start and end offsets of the
+word in the <b>readline</b> line buffer; then</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="1%">
-<p>•</p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">•</p></td>
<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>each match, one per line</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">each match, one per line</p></td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If there are no
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If there are no
matches, the first line will be “0”, and this
command does not print any output after the
<i>S</i>:<i>E</i>. If there is only a single match, this
this case, <i>N</i> will include the first line with the
common prefix.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">The user or
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">The user or
application should be able to accommodate the possibility of
a blank line. The intent is that the user or application
reads <i>N</i> lines after the line containing
<i>S</i>:<i>E</i> to obtain the match list. This command is
unbound by default.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>delete-char-or-list</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>delete−char−or−list</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Deletes the character under the
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Deletes the character under the
cursor if not at the beginning or end of the line (like
-<b>delete−char</b>). At the end of the line, it
-behaves identically to <b>possible−completions</b>.
-This command is unbound by default.</p>
+<b>delete-char</b>). At the end of the line, it behaves
+identically to <b>possible-completions</b>. This command is
+unbound by default.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>complete−filename
-(M−/)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>complete-filename
+(M-/)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Attempt filename completion on
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Attempt filename completion on
the text before point.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>possible−filename−completions
-(C−x /)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>possible-filename-completions
+(C-x /)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">List the possible completions
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">List the possible completions
of the text before point, treating it as a filename.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>complete−username
-(M−~)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>complete-username
+(M-~)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Attempt completion on the text
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Attempt completion on the text
before point, treating it as a username.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>possible−username−completions
-(C−x ~)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>possible-username-completions
+(C-x ~)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">List the possible completions
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">List the possible completions
of the text before point, treating it as a username.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>complete−variable
-(M−$)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>complete-variable
+(M-$)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Attempt completion on the text
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Attempt completion on the text
before point, treating it as a shell variable.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>possible−variable−completions
-(C−x $)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>possible-variable-completions
+(C-x $)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">List the possible completions
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">List the possible completions
of the text before point, treating it as a shell
variable.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>complete−hostname
-(M−@)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>complete-hostname
+(M-@)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Attempt completion on the text
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Attempt completion on the text
before point, treating it as a hostname.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>possible−hostname−completions
-(C−x @)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>possible-hostname-completions
+(C-x @)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">List the possible completions
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">List the possible completions
of the text before point, treating it as a hostname.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>complete−command
-(M−!)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>complete-command
+(M-!)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Attempt completion on the text
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Attempt completion on the text
before point, treating it as a command name. Command
completion attempts to match the text against aliases,
reserved words, shell functions, shell builtins, and finally
executable filenames, in that order.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>possible-command-completions
+(C-x !)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>possible−command−completions
-(C−x !)</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">List the possible completions
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">List the possible completions
of the text before point, treating it as a command name.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>dynamic-complete-history
+(M-TAB)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>dynamic−complete−history
-(M−TAB)</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Attempt completion on the text
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Attempt completion on the text
before point, comparing the text against history list
entries for possible completion matches.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>dabbrev−expand</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>dabbrev-expand</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Attempt menu completion on the
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Attempt menu completion on the
text before point, comparing the text against lines from the
history list for possible completion matches.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>complete-into-braces
+(M-{)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>complete−into−braces
-(M−{)</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Perform filename completion and
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Perform filename completion and
insert the list of possible completions enclosed within
braces so the list is available to the shell (see <b>Brace
Expansion</b> above).</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em"><b>start−kbd−macro
-(C−x ()</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em"><b>start-kbd-macro
+(C-x ()</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Begin saving the characters
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Begin saving the characters
typed into the current keyboard macro.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>end−kbd−macro
-(C−x ))</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>end-kbd-macro (C-x ))</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Stop saving the characters
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Stop saving the characters
typed into the current keyboard macro and store the
definition.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>call-last-kbd-macro (C-x
+e)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>call−last−kbd−macro
-(C−x e)</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Re-execute the last keyboard
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Re-execute the last keyboard
macro defined, by making the characters in the macro appear
as if typed at the keyboard.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>print−last−kbd−macro
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>print-last-kbd-macro
()</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Print the last keyboard macro
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Print the last keyboard macro
defined in a format suitable for the <i>inputrc</i>
file.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em"><b>re−read−init−file
-(C−x C−r)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em"><b>re-read-init-file
+(C-x C-r)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Read in the contents of the
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Read in the contents of the
<i>inputrc</i> file, and incorporate any bindings or
variable assignments found there.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>abort (C−g)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>abort (C-g)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Abort the current editing
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Abort the current editing
command and ring the terminal’s bell (subject to the
-setting of <b>bell−style</b>).</p>
-
+setting of <b>bell-style</b>).</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>do−lowercase−version
-(M−A, M−B, M−</b><i>x</i><b>,</b>
-...<b>)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>do-lowercase-version (M-A,
+M-B, M-</b><i>x</i><b>,</b> ...<b>)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">If the metafied character
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">If the metafied character
<i>x</i> is uppercase, run the command that is bound to the
corresponding metafied lowercase character. The behavior is
undefined if <i>x</i> is already lowercase.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>prefix−meta
-(ESC)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>prefix-meta (ESC)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Metafy the next character
-typed. <b><small>ESC</small> f</b> is equivalent to
-<b>Meta−f</b>.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Metafy the next character
+typed. <b>ESC f</b> is equivalent to <b>Meta-f</b>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>undo (C−_, C−x
-C−u)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>undo (C-_, C-x C-u)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Incremental undo, separately
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Incremental undo, separately
remembered for each line.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>revert−line
-(M−r)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>revert-line (M-r)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Undo all changes made to this
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Undo all changes made to this
line. This is like executing the <b>undo</b> command enough
times to return the line to its initial state.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>tilde−expand
-(M−&)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>tilde-expand
+(M-&)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Perform tilde expansion on the
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Perform tilde expansion on the
current word.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>set−mark (C−@,
-M−<space>)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>set-mark (C-@,
+M-<space>)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Set the mark to the point. If a
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Set the mark to the point. If a
numeric argument is supplied, set the mark to that
position.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>exchange-point-and-mark (C-x
+C-x)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>exchange−point−and−mark
-(C−x C−x)</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Swap the point with the mark.
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Swap the point with the mark.
Set the current cursor position to the saved position, then
set the mark to the old cursor position.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>character−search
-(C−])</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>character-search
+(C-])</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Read a character and move point
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Read a character and move point
to the next occurrence of that character. A negative
argument searches for previous occurrences.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>character-search-backward
+(M-C-])</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>character−search−backward
-(M−C−])</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Read a character and move point
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Read a character and move point
to the previous occurrence of that character. A negative
argument searches for subsequent occurrences.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>skip-csi-sequence</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>skip−csi−sequence</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Read enough characters to
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Read enough characters to
consume a multi-key sequence such as those defined for keys
like Home and End. CSI sequences begin with a Control
Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually <i>ESC [</i>. If this
characters into the editing buffer. This is unbound by
default, but usually bound to <i>ESC [</i>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>insert−comment
-(M−#)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>insert-comment (M-#)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Without a numeric argument,
-insert the value of the <b>readline comment−begin</b>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Without a numeric argument,
+insert the value of the <b>readline comment-begin</b>
variable at the beginning of the current line. If a numeric
argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if the
characters at the beginning of the line do not match the
-value of <b>comment−begin</b>, insert the value;
-otherwise delete the characters in <b>comment-begin</b> from
-the beginning of the line. In either case, the line is
-accepted as if a newline had been typed. The default value
-of <b>comment−begin</b> causes this command to make
-the current line a shell comment. If a numeric argument
-causes the comment character to be removed, the line will be
-executed by the shell.</p>
-
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>spell−correct−word
-(C−x s)</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Perform spelling correction on
+value of <b>comment-begin</b>, insert the value; otherwise
+delete the characters in <b>comment-begin</b> from the
+beginning of the line. In either case, the line is accepted
+as if a newline had been typed. The default value of
+<b>comment-begin</b> causes this command to make the current
+line a shell comment. If a numeric argument causes the
+comment character to be removed, the line will be executed
+by the shell.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>spell-correct-word (C-x
+s)</b></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Perform spelling correction on
the current word, treating it as a directory or filename, in
the same way as the <b>cdspell</b> shell option. Word
boundaries are the same as those used by
-<b>shell−forward−word</b>.</p>
+<b>shell-forward-word</b>.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>glob-complete-word
+(M-g)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>glob−complete−word
-(M−g)</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Treat the word before point as
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Treat the word before point as
a pattern for pathname expansion, with an asterisk
implicitly appended, then use the pattern to generate a list
of matching file names for possible completions.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>glob−expand−word
-(C−x *)</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>glob-expand-word (C-x
+*)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Treat the word before point as
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Treat the word before point as
a pattern for pathname expansion, and insert the list of
matching file names, replacing the word. If a numeric
argument is supplied, append a <b>*</b> before pathname
expansion.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>glob-list-expansions (C-x
+g)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>glob−list−expansions
-(C−x g)</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Display the list of expansions
-that would have been generated by
-<b>glob−expand−word</b> and redisplay the line.
-If a numeric argument is supplied, append a <b>*</b> before
-pathname expansion.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Display the list of expansions
+that would have been generated by <b>glob-expand-word</b>
+and redisplay the line. If a numeric argument is supplied,
+append a <b>*</b> before pathname expansion.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>dump−functions</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>dump-functions</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Print all of the functions and
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Print all of the functions and
their key bindings to the <b>readline</b> output stream. If
a numeric argument is supplied, the output is formatted in
such a way that it can be made part of an <i>inputrc</i>
file.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>dump−variables</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>dump-variables</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Print all of the settable
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Print all of the settable
<b>readline</b> variables and their values to the
<b>readline</b> output stream. If a numeric argument is
supplied, the output is formatted in such a way that it can
be made part of an <i>inputrc</i> file.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>dump−macros</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>dump-macros</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Print all of the
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Print all of the
<b>readline</b> key sequences bound to macros and the
strings they output to the <b>readline</b> output stream. If
a numeric argument is supplied, the output is formatted in
such a way that it can be made part of an <i>inputrc</i>
file.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>execute−named−command
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>execute-named-command
(M-x)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Read a bindable <b>readline</b>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Read a bindable <b>readline</b>
command name from the input and execute the function to
which it’s bound, as if the key sequence to which it
was bound appeared in the input. If this function is
supplied with a numeric argument, it passes that argument to
the function it executes.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>display-shell-version (C-x
+C-v)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>display−shell−version
-(C−x C−v)</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Display version information
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Display version information
about the current instance of <b>bash</b>.</p>
<h3>Programmable Completion
</h3>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">When a user
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">When a user
attempts word completion for a command or an argument to a
command for which a completion specification (a
<i>compspec</i>) has been defined using the <b>complete</b>
-builtin (see <b><small>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</small></b>
-below), <b>readline</b> invokes the programmable completion
+builtin (see <b>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</b> below),
+<b>readline</b> invokes the programmable completion
facilities.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">First,
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">First,
<b>bash</b> identifies the command name. If a compspec has
been defined for that command, the compspec is used to
generate the list of possible completions for the word. If
the command word is the empty string (completion attempted
at the beginning of an empty line), <b>bash</b> uses any
-compspec defined with the <b>−E</b> option to
-<b>complete</b>. The <b>−I</b> option to
-<b>complete</b> indicates that the command word is the first
-non-assignment word on the line, or after a command
-delimiter such as <b>;</b> or <b>|</b>. This usually
-indicates command name completion.</p>
+compspec defined with the <b>-E</b> option to
+<b>complete</b>. The <b>-I</b> option to <b>complete</b>
+indicates that the command word is the first non-assignment
+word on the line, or after a command delimiter such as
+<b>;</b> or <b>|</b>. This usually indicates command name
+completion.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">If the command
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">If the command
word is a full pathname, <b>bash</b> searches for a compspec
for the full pathname first. If there is no compspec for the
full pathname, <b>bash</b> attempts to find a compspec for
the portion following the final slash. If those searches do
not result in a compspec, or if there is no compspec for the
command word, <b>bash</b> uses any compspec defined with the
-<b>−D</b> option to <b>complete</b> as the default. If
-there is no default compspec, <b>bash</b> performs alias
-expansion on the command word as a final resort, and
-attempts to find a compspec for the command word resulting
-from any successful expansion.</p>
+<b>-D</b> option to <b>complete</b> as the default. If there
+is no default compspec, <b>bash</b> performs alias expansion
+on the command word as a final resort, and attempts to find
+a compspec for the command word resulting from any
+successful expansion.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">If a compspec is
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">If a compspec is
not found, <b>bash</b> performs its default completion as
described above under <b>Completing</b>. Otherwise, once a
compspec has been found, <b>bash</b> uses it to generate the
list of matching words.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">First,
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">First,
<b>bash</b> performs the <i>actions</i> specified by the
compspec. This only returns matches which are prefixes of
-the word being completed. When the <b>−f</b> or
-<b>−d</b> option is used for filename or directory
-name completion, <b>bash</b> uses the shell variable
-<b><small>FIGNORE</small></b> to filter the matches.</p>
+the word being completed. When the <b>-f</b> or <b>-d</b>
+option is used for filename or directory name completion,
+<b>bash</b> uses the shell variable <b>FIGNORE</b> to filter
+the matches.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Next,
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Next,
programmable completion generates matches specified by a
pathname expansion pattern supplied as an argument to the
-<b>−G</b> option. The words generated by the pattern
-need not match the word being completed. <b>Bash</b> uses
-the <b><small>FIGNORE</small></b> variable to filter the
-matches, but does not use the
-<b><small>GLOBIGNORE</small></b> shell variable.</p>
+<b>-G</b> option. The words generated by the pattern need
+not match the word being completed. <b>Bash</b> uses the
+<b>FIGNORE</b> variable to filter the matches, but does not
+use the <b>GLOBIGNORE</b> shell variable.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Next, completion
+considers the string specified as the argument to the
+<b>-W</b> option. The string is first split using the
+characters in the <b>IFS</b> special variable as delimiters.
+This honors shell quoting within the string, in order to
+provide a mechanism for the words to contain shell
+metacharacters or characters in the value of <b>IFS</b>.
+Each word is then expanded using brace expansion, tilde
+expansion, parameter and variable expansion, command
+substitution, and arithmetic expansion, as described above
+under <b>EXPANSION</b>. The results are split using the
+rules described above under <b>Word Splitting</b>. The
+results of the expansion are prefix-matched against the word
+being completed, and the matching words become possible
+completions.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Next, completion
-considers the string specified as the argument to the
-<b>−W</b> option. The string is first split using the
-characters in the <b><small>IFS</small></b> special variable
-as delimiters. This honors shell quoting within the string,
-in order to provide a mechanism for the words to contain
-shell metacharacters or characters in the value of
-<b><small>IFS</small></b><small>.</small> Each word is then
-expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter
-and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic
-expansion, as described above under
-<b><small>EXPANSION</small></b><small>.</small> The results
-are split using the rules described above under <b>Word
-Splitting</b>. The results of the expansion are
-prefix-matched against the word being completed, and the
-matching words become possible completions.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">After these
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">After these
matches have been generated, <b>bash</b> executes any shell
-function or command specified with the <b>−F</b> and
-<b>−C</b> options. When the command or function is
-invoked, <b>bash</b> assigns values to the
-<b><small>COMP_LINE</small></b><small>, <b>COMP_POINT</b>,
-<b>COMP_KEY</b>,</small> and <b><small>COMP_TYPE</small></b>
+function or command specified with the <b>-F</b> and
+<b>-C</b> options. When the command or function is invoked,
+<b>bash</b> assigns values to the <b>COMP_LINE</b>,
+<b>COMP_POINT</b>, <b>COMP_KEY</b>, and <b>COMP_TYPE</b>
variables as described above under <b>Shell Variables</b>.
If a shell function is being invoked, <b>bash</b> also sets
-the <b><small>COMP_WORDS</small></b> and
-<b><small>COMP_CWORD</small></b> variables. When the
-function or command is invoked, the first argument
+the <b>COMP_WORDS</b> and <b>COMP_CWORD</b> variables. When
+the function or command is invoked, the first argument
(<b>$1</b>) is the name of the command whose arguments are
being completed, the second argument (<b>$2</b>) is the word
being completed, and the third argument (<b>$3</b>) is the
or command has complete freedom in generating the matches
and they do not need to match a prefix of the word.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Any function
-specified with <b>−F</b> is invoked first. The
-function may use any of the shell facilities, including the
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Any function
+specified with <b>-F</b> is invoked first. The function may
+use any of the shell facilities, including the
<b>compgen</b> and <b>compopt</b> builtins described below,
to generate the matches. It must put the possible
-completions in the <b><small>COMPREPLY</small></b> array
-variable, one per array element.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Next, any
-command specified with the <b>−C</b> option is invoked
-in an environment equivalent to command substitution. It
-should print a list of completions, one per line, to the
-standard output. Backslash will escape a newline, if
-necessary. These are added to the set of possible
-completions.</p>
+completions in the <b>COMPREPLY</b> array variable, one per
+array element.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">External
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Next, any
+command specified with the <b>-C</b> option is invoked in an
+environment equivalent to command substitution. It should
+print a list of completions, one per line, to the standard
+output. Backslash will escape a newline, if necessary. These
+are added to the set of possible completions.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">External
commands that are invoked to generate completions (
“external completers”) receive the word
preceding the completion word as an argument, as described
wrappers around external commands and pass context
information to the external command in a different way.
External completers can infer context from the
-<b><small>COMP_LINE</small></b> and
-<b><small>COMP_POINT</small></b> environment variables, but
-they need to ensure they break words in the same way
-<b>readline</b> does, using the
-<b><small>COMP_WORDBREAKS</small></b> variable.</p>
+<b>COMP_LINE</b> and <b>COMP_POINT</b> environment
+variables, but they need to ensure they break words in the
+same way <b>readline</b> does, using the
+<b>COMP_WORDBREAKS</b> variable.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">After generating
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">After generating
all of the possible completions, <b>bash</b> applies any
-filter specified with the <b>−X</b> option to the
+filter specified with the <b>-X</b> option to the
completions in the list. The filter is a pattern as used for
pathname expansion; a <b>&</b> in the pattern is
replaced with the text of the word being completed. A
<b>bash</b> performs the match without regard to the case of
alphabetic characters.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Finally,
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Finally,
programmable completion adds any prefix and suffix specified
-with the <b>−P</b> and <b>−S</b> options,
-respectively, to each completion, and returns the result to
-<b>readline</b> as the list of possible completions.</p>
+with the <b>-P</b> and <b>-S</b> options, respectively, to
+each completion, and returns the result to <b>readline</b>
+as the list of possible completions.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">If the
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">If the
previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and
-the <b>−o dirnames</b> option was supplied to
+the <b>-o dirnames</b> option was supplied to
<b>complete</b> when the compspec was defined, <b>bash</b>
attempts directory name completion.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">If the
-<b>−o plusdirs</b> option was supplied to
-<b>complete</b> when the compspec was defined, <b>bash</b>
-attempts directory name completion and adds any matches to
-the set of possible completions.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">If the <b>-o
+plusdirs</b> option was supplied to <b>complete</b> when the
+compspec was defined, <b>bash</b> attempts directory name
+completion and adds any matches to the set of possible
+completions.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">By default, if a
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">By default, if a
compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned to the
completion code as the full set of possible completions. The
default <b>bash</b> completions and the <b>readline</b>
-default of filename completion are disabled. If the
-<b>−o bashdefault</b> option was supplied to
-<b>complete</b> when the compspec was defined, and the
-compspec generates no matches, <b>bash</b> attempts its
-default completions. If the compspec and, if attempted, the
-default <b>bash</b> completions generate no matches, and the
-<b>−o default</b> option was supplied to
-<b>complete</b> when the compspec was defined, programmable
-completion performs <b>readline</b>’s default
-completion.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The options
+default of filename completion are disabled. If the <b>-o
+bashdefault</b> option was supplied to <b>complete</b> when
+the compspec was defined, and the compspec generates no
+matches, <b>bash</b> attempts its default completions. If
+the compspec and, if attempted, the default <b>bash</b>
+completions generate no matches, and the <b>-o default</b>
+option was supplied to <b>complete</b> when the compspec was
+defined, programmable completion performs
+<b>readline</b>’s default completion.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The options
supplied to <b>complete</b> and <b>compopt</b> can control
how <b>readline</b> treats the completions. For instance,
-the <b>−o fullquote</b> option tells <b>readline</b>
-to quote the matches as if they were filenames. See the
+the <b>-o fullquote</b> option tells <b>readline</b> to
+quote the matches as if they were filenames. See the
description of <b>complete</b> below for details.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">When a compspec
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">When a compspec
indicates that it wants directory name completion, the
programmable completion functions force <b>readline</b> to
append a slash to completed names which are symbolic links
to directories, subject to the value of the
-<b>mark−directories readline</b> variable, regardless
-of the setting of the <b>mark-symlinked−directories
-readline</b> variable.</p>
+<b>mark-directories readline</b> variable, regardless of the
+setting of the <b>mark-symlinked-directories readline</b>
+variable.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">There is some
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">There is some
support for dynamically modifying completions. This is most
useful when used in combination with a default completion
-specified with <b>complete −D</b>. It’s possible
-for shell functions executed as completion functions to
-indicate that completion should be retried by returning an
-exit status of 124. If a shell function returns 124, and
-changes the compspec associated with the command on which
-completion is being attempted (supplied as the first
-argument when the function is executed), programmable
-completion restarts from the beginning, with an attempt to
-find a new compspec for that command. This can be used to
-build a set of completions dynamically as completion is
-attempted, rather than loading them all at once.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">For instance,
+specified with <b>complete -D</b>. It’s possible for
+shell functions executed as completion functions to indicate
+that completion should be retried by returning an exit
+status of 124. If a shell function returns 124, and changes
+the compspec associated with the command on which completion
+is being attempted (supplied as the first argument when the
+function is executed), programmable completion restarts from
+the beginning, with an attempt to find a new compspec for
+that command. This can be used to build a set of completions
+dynamically as completion is attempted, rather than loading
+them all at once.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">For instance,
assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each kept in
a file corresponding to the name of the command, the
following default completion function would load completions
dynamically:</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">_completion_loader() <br>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">_completion_loader() <br>
{ <br>
-. "/etc/bash_completion.d/$1.sh" \ <br>
->/dev/null 2>&1 && return 124 <br>
+. "/etc/bash_completion.d/$1.sh" >/dev/null
+2>&1 && return 124 <br>
} <br>
-complete −D −F _completion_loader \ <br>
-−o bashdefault −o default</p>
+complete -D -F _completion_loader -o bashdefault -o
+default</p>
<h2>HISTORY
<a name="HISTORY"></a>
</h2>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">When the
-<b>−o history</b> option to the <b>set</b> builtin is
-enabled, the shell provides access to the <i>command
-history</i>, the list of commands previously typed. The
-value of the <b><small>HISTSIZE</small></b> variable is used
-as the number of commands to save in a history list: the
-shell saves the text of the last
-<b><small>HISTSIZE</small></b> commands (default 500). The
-shell stores each command in the history list prior to
-parameter and variable expansion (see
-<b><small>EXPANSION</small></b> above) but after history
-expansion is performed, subject to the values of the shell
-variables <b><small>HISTIGNORE</small></b> and
-<b><small>HISTCONTROL</small></b><small>.</small></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">On startup,
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">When the <b>-o
+history</b> option to the <b>set</b> builtin is enabled, the
+shell provides access to the <i>command history</i>, the
+list of commands previously typed. The value of the
+<b>HISTSIZE</b> variable is used as the number of commands
+to save in a history list: the shell saves the text of the
+last <b>HISTSIZE</b> commands (default 500). The shell
+stores each command in the history list prior to parameter
+and variable expansion (see <b>EXPANSION</b> above) but
+after history expansion is performed, subject to the values
+of the shell variables <b>HISTIGNORE</b> and
+<b>HISTCONTROL</b>.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">On startup,
<b>bash</b> initializes the history list by reading history
-entries from the file named by the
-<b><small>HISTFILE</small></b> variable (default
-<A HREF="file:~/.bash_history"><i>~/.bash_history</i></A>). That file is referred to as the
-<i>history file</i>. The history file is truncated, if
-necessary, to contain no more than the number of history
-entries specified by the value of the
-<b><small>HISTFILESIZE</small></b> variable. If
-<b><small>HISTFILESIZE</small></b> is unset, or set to null,
-a non-numeric value, or a numeric value less than zero, the
+entries from the file named by the <b>HISTFILE</b> variable
+(default <A HREF="file:~/.bash_history"><i>~/.bash_history</i></A>). That file is referred to
+as the <i>history file</i>. The history file is truncated,
+if necessary, to contain no more than the number of history
+entries specified by the value of the <b>HISTFILESIZE</b>
+variable. If <b>HISTFILESIZE</b> is unset, or set to null, a
+non-numeric value, or a numeric value less than zero, the
history file is not truncated.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">When the history
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">When the history
file is read, lines beginning with the history comment
character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted as
timestamps for the following history line. These timestamps
are optionally displayed depending on the value of the
-<b><small>HISTTIMEFORMAT</small></b> variable. When present,
-history timestamps delimit history entries, making
-multi-line entries possible.</p>
+<b>HISTTIMEFORMAT</b> variable. When present, history
+timestamps delimit history entries, making multi-line
+entries possible.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">When a shell
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">When a shell
with history enabled exits, <b>bash</b> copies the last
-<b><small>$HISTSIZE</small></b> entries from the history
-list to <b><small>$HISTFILE</small></b><small>.</small> If
-the <b>histappend</b> shell option is enabled (see the
-description of <b>shopt</b> under <b><small>SHELL BUILTIN
-COMMANDS</small></b> below), <b>bash</b> appends the entries
+<b>$HISTSIZE</b> entries from the history list to
+<b>$HISTFILE</b>. If the <b>histappend</b> shell option is
+enabled (see the description of <b>shopt</b> under <b>SHELL
+BUILTIN COMMANDS</b> below), <b>bash</b> appends the entries
to the history file, otherwise it overwrites the history
-file. If <b><small>HISTFILE</small></b> is unset or null, or
-if the history file is unwritable, the history is not saved.
-After saving the history, <b>bash</b> truncates the history
-file to contain no more than
-<b><small>HISTFILESIZE</small></b> lines as described
+file. If <b>HISTFILE</b> is unset or null, or if the history
+file is unwritable, the history is not saved. After saving
+the history, <b>bash</b> truncates the history file to
+contain no more than <b>HISTFILESIZE</b> lines as described
above.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">If the
-<b><small>HISTTIMEFORMAT</small></b> variable is set, the
-shell writes the timestamp information associated with each
-history entry to the history file, marked with the history
-comment character, so timestamps are preserved across shell
-sessions. This uses the history comment character to
-distinguish timestamps from other history lines. As above,
-when using
-<b><small>HISTTIMEFORMAT</small></b><small>,</small> the
-timestamps delimit multi-line history entries.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The <b>fc</b>
-builtin command (see <b><small>SHELL BUILTIN
-COMMANDS</small></b> below) will list or edit and re-execute
-a portion of the history list. The <b>history</b> builtin
-can display or modify the history list and manipulate the
-history file. When using command-line editing, search
-commands are available in each editing mode that provide
-access to the history list.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The shell allows
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">If the
+<b>HISTTIMEFORMAT</b> variable is set, the shell writes the
+timestamp information associated with each history entry to
+the history file, marked with the history comment character,
+so timestamps are preserved across shell sessions. This uses
+the history comment character to distinguish timestamps from
+other history lines. As above, when using
+<b>HISTTIMEFORMAT</b>, the timestamps delimit multi-line
+history entries.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The <b>fc</b>
+builtin command (see <b>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</b> below)
+will list or edit and re-execute a portion of the history
+list. The <b>history</b> builtin can display or modify the
+history list and manipulate the history file. When using
+command-line editing, search commands are available in each
+editing mode that provide access to the history list.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The shell allows
control over which commands are saved on the history list.
-The <b><small>HISTCONTROL</small></b> and
-<b><small>HISTIGNORE</small></b> variables are used to save
-only a subset of the commands entered. If the <b>cmdhist</b>
-shell option is enabled, the shell attempts to save each
-line of a multi-line command in the same history entry,
-adding semicolons where necessary to preserve syntactic
-correctness. The <b>lithist</b> shell option modifies
-<b>cmdhist</b> by saving the command with embedded newlines
-instead of semicolons. See the description of the
-<b>shopt</b> builtin below under <b><small>SHELL BUILTIN
-COMMANDS</small></b> for information on setting and
-unsetting shell options.</p>
+The <b>HISTCONTROL</b> and <b>HISTIGNORE</b> variables are
+used to save only a subset of the commands entered. If the
+<b>cmdhist</b> shell option is enabled, the shell attempts
+to save each line of a multi-line command in the same
+history entry, adding semicolons where necessary to preserve
+syntactic correctness. The <b>lithist</b> shell option
+modifies <b>cmdhist</b> by saving the command with embedded
+newlines instead of semicolons. See the description of the
+<b>shopt</b> builtin below under <b>SHELL BUILTIN
+COMMANDS</b> for information on setting and unsetting shell
+options.</p>
<h2>HISTORY EXPANSION
<a name="HISTORY EXPANSION"></a>
</h2>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The shell
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The shell
supports a history expansion feature that is similar to the
history expansion in <b>csh</b>. This section describes what
syntax features are available.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">History
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">History
expansion is enabled by default for interactive shells, and
can be disabled using the <b>+H</b> option to the <b>set</b>
-builtin command (see <b><small>SHELL BUILTIN
-COMMANDS</small></b> below). Non-interactive shells do not
-perform history expansion by default, but it can be enabled
-with “set -H”.</p>
+builtin command (see <b>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</b> below).
+Non-interactive shells do not perform history expansion by
+default, but it can be enabled with “set
+-H”.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">History
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">History
expansions introduce words from the history list into the
input stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the
arguments to a previous command into the current input line,
or fix errors in previous commands quickly.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">History
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">History
expansion is performed immediately after a complete line is
read, before the shell breaks it into words, and is
performed on each line individually. The shell attempts to
inform the history expansion functions about quoting still
in effect from previous lines.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">It takes place
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">It takes place
in two parts. The first is to determine which history list
entry to use during substitution. The second is to select
portions of that entry to include into the current one.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The entry
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The entry
selected from the history is the <i>event</i>, and the
portions of that entry that are acted upon are <i>words</i>.
Various <i>modifiers</i> are available to manipulate the
from the event, and various optional <i>modifiers</i> are
available to manipulate the selected words.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">History
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">History
expansions are introduced by the appearance of the history
expansion character, which is <b>!</b> by default. History
expansions may appear anywhere in the input, but do not
nest.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Only backslash
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Only backslash
(<b>\</b>) and single quotes can quote the history expansion
character, but the history expansion character is also
treated as quoted if it immediately precedes the closing
double quote in a double-quoted string.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Several
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Several
characters inhibit history expansion if found immediately
following the history expansion character, even if it is
unquoted: space, tab, newline, carriage return, <b>=</b>,
and the other shell metacharacters defined above.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">There is a
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">There is a
special abbreviation for substitution, active when the
<i>quick substitution</i> character (described above under
<b>histchars</b>) is the first character on the line. It
expansion that does not begin with the history expansion
character.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Several shell
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Several shell
options settable with the <b>shopt</b> builtin will modify
history expansion behavior (see the description of the
<b>shopt</b> builtin below).and If the <b>histverify</b>
reloaded into the <b>readline</b> editing buffer for
correction.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The
-<b>−p</b> option to the <b>history</b> builtin command
-shows what a history expansion will do before using it. The
-<b>−s</b> option to the <b>history</b> builtin will
-add commands to the end of the history list without actually
-executing them, so that they are available for subsequent
-recall.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The <b>-p</b>
+option to the <b>history</b> builtin command shows what a
+history expansion will do before using it. The <b>-s</b>
+option to the <b>history</b> builtin will add commands to
+the end of the history list without actually executing them,
+so that they are available for subsequent recall.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The shell allows
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The shell allows
control of the various characters used by the history
expansion mechanism (see the description of <b>histchars</b>
above under <b>Shell Variables</b>). The shell uses the
</h3>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">An event
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">An event
designator is a reference to an entry in the history list.
The event designator consists of the portion of the word
beginning with the history expansion character and ending
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
+<td width="6%"></td>
<td width="4%">
<p><b>!</b></p></td>
<td width="5%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<td width="85%">
<p>Start a history substitution, except when followed by a
<b>extglob</b> shell option is enabled using the
<b>shopt</b> builtin, (.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
+<td width="6%"></td>
<td width="4%">
-<p><b>!</b><i>n</i></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>!</b><i>n</i></p></td>
<td width="5%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<td width="85%">
-<p>Refer to history list entry <i>n</i>.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Refer to history list entry
+<i>n</i>.</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
+<td width="6%"></td>
<td width="4%">
-<p><b>!−</b><i>n</i></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>!-</b><i>n</i></p></td>
<td width="5%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<td width="85%">
-<p>Refer to the current entry minus <i>n</i>.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Refer to the current entry minus
+<i>n</i>.</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
+<td width="6%"></td>
<td width="4%">
-<p><b>!!</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>!!</b></p></td>
<td width="5%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<td width="85%">
-<p>Refer to the previous entry. This is a synonym for
-“!−1”.</p> </td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Refer to the previous entry.
+This is a synonym for “!-1”.</p></td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>!</b><i>string</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>!</b><i>string</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Refer to the most recent
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Refer to the most recent
command preceding the current position in the history list
starting with <i>string</i>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>!?</b><i>string</i><b>[?]</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>!?</b><i>string</i><b>[?]</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Refer to the most recent
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Refer to the most recent
command preceding the current position in the history list
containing <i>string</i>. The trailing <b>?</b> may be
omitted if <i>string</i> is followed immediately by a
from the most recent search; it is an error if there is no
previous search string.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b><big>^</big></b>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b><big>^</big></b>
<i>string1</i> <b><big>^</big></b> <i>string2</i>
<b><big>^</big></b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Quick substitution. Repeat the
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Quick substitution. Repeat the
previous command, replacing <i>string1</i> with
<i>string2</i>. Equivalent to “!!:s <big>^</big>
<i>string1</i> <big>^</big> <i>string2</i> <big>^</big>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
+<td width="6%"></td>
<td width="3%">
<p><b>!#</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="47%">
+<td width="46%">
<p>The entire command line typed so far.</p></td>
-<td width="35%">
+<td width="39%">
</td></tr>
</table>
</h3>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Word designators
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Word designators
are used to select desired words from the event. They are
optional; if the word designator isn’t supplied, the
history expansion uses the entire event. A <b>:</b>
separates the event specification from the word designator.
It may be omitted if the word designator begins with a
-<b>^</b>, <b>$</b>, <b>*</b>, <b>−</b>, or <b>%</b>.
-Words are numbered from the beginning of the line, with the
-first word being denoted by 0 (zero). Words are inserted
-into the current line separated by single spaces. <b><br>
+<b>^</b>, <b>$</b>, <b>*</b>, <b>-</b>, or <b>%</b>. Words
+are numbered from the beginning of the line, with the first
+word being denoted by 0 (zero). Words are inserted into the
+current line separated by single spaces. <b><br>
0 (zero)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">The zeroth word. For the shell,
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">The zeroth word. For the shell,
this is the command word.</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
+<td width="6%"></td>
<td width="4%">
<p><i>n</i></p></td>
<td width="5%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<td width="85%">
<p>The <i>n</i>th word.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
+<td width="6%"></td>
<td width="4%">
-<p><b>^</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>^</b></p></td>
<td width="5%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<td width="85%">
-<p>The first argument: word 1.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The first argument: word 1.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
+<td width="6%"></td>
<td width="4%">
-<p><b>$</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>$</b></p></td>
<td width="5%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<td width="85%">
-<p>The last word. This is usually the last argument, but
-will expand to the zeroth word if there is only one word in
-the line.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The last word. This is usually
+the last argument, but will expand to the zeroth word if
+there is only one word in the line.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
+<td width="6%"></td>
<td width="4%">
-<p><b>%</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>%</b></p></td>
<td width="5%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<td width="85%">
-<p>The first word matched by the most recent
-“?<i>string</i>?” search, if the search string
-begins with a character that is part of a word. By default,
-searches begin at the end of each line and proceed to the
-beginning, so the first word matched is the one closest to
-the end of the line.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The first word matched by the
+most recent “?<i>string</i>?” search, if the
+search string begins with a character that is part of a
+word. By default, searches begin at the end of each line and
+proceed to the beginning, so the first word matched is the
+one closest to the end of the line.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
+<td width="6%"></td>
<td width="4%">
-<p><i>x</i><b>−</b><i>y</i></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><i>x</i><b>-</b><i>y</i></p></td>
<td width="5%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<td width="85%">
-<p>A range of words; “−<i>y</i>”
-abbreviates “0−<i>y</i>”.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">A range of words;
+“-<i>y</i>” abbreviates
+“0-<i>y</i>”.</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
+<td width="6%"></td>
<td width="4%">
-<p><b>*</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>*</b></p></td>
<td width="5%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<td width="85%">
-<p>All of the words but the zeroth. This is a synonym for
-“<i>1−$</i>”. It is not an error to use
-<b>*</b> if there is just one word in the event; it expands
-to the empty string in that case.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">All of the words but the zeroth.
+This is a synonym for “<i>1-$</i>”. It is not an
+error to use <b>*</b> if there is just one word in the
+event; it expands to the empty string in that case.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
+<td width="6%"></td>
<td width="4%">
-<p><b>x*</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>x*</b></p></td>
<td width="5%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<td width="85%">
-<p>Abbreviates <i>x−$</i>.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Abbreviates <i>x-$</i>.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
+<td width="6%"></td>
<td width="4%">
-<p><b>x−</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>x-</b></p></td>
<td width="5%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<td width="85%">
-<p>Abbreviates <i>x−$</i> like <b>x*</b>, but omits
-the last word. If <b>x</b> is missing, it defaults to 0.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Abbreviates <i>x-$</i> like
+<b>x*</b>, but omits the last word. If <b>x</b> is missing,
+it defaults to 0.</p></td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">If a word
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">If a word
designator is supplied without an event specification, the
previous command is used as the event, equivalent to
<b>!!</b>.</p>
</h3>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">After the
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">After the
optional word designator, the expansion may include a
sequence of one or more of the following modifiers, each
preceded by a “:”. These modify, or edit, the
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="1%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="2%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>h</b></p></td>
-<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<td width="7%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em">Remove a trailing pathname
component, leaving only the head.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="1%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="2%">
-<p><b>t</b></p></td>
-<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>t</b></p></td>
+<td width="7%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
-<p>Remove all leading pathname components, leaving the
-tail.</p> </td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Remove all leading pathname
+components, leaving the tail.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="1%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="2%">
-<p><b>r</b></p></td>
-<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>r</b></p></td>
+<td width="7%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
-<p>Remove a trailing suffix of the form <i>.xxx</i>,
-leaving the basename.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Remove a trailing suffix of the
+form <i>.xxx</i>, leaving the basename.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="1%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="2%">
-<p><b>e</b></p></td>
-<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>e</b></p></td>
+<td width="7%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
-<p>Remove all but the trailing suffix.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Remove all but the trailing
+suffix.</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="1%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="2%">
-<p><b>p</b></p></td>
-<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>p</b></p></td>
+<td width="7%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
-<p>Print the new command but do not execute it.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Print the new command but do not
+execute it.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="1%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="2%">
-<p><b>q</b></p></td>
-<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>q</b></p></td>
+<td width="7%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
-<p>Quote the substituted words, escaping further
-substitutions.</p> </td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Quote the substituted words,
+escaping further substitutions.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="1%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="2%">
-<p><b>x</b></p></td>
-<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>x</b></p></td>
+<td width="7%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
-<p>Quote the substituted words as with <b>q</b>, but break
-into words at <b>blanks</b> and newlines. The <b>q</b> and
-<b>x</b> modifiers are mutually exclusive; expansion uses
-the last one supplied.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Quote the substituted words as
+with <b>q</b>, but break into words at <b>blanks</b> and
+newlines. The <b>q</b> and <b>x</b> modifiers are mutually
+exclusive; expansion uses the last one supplied.</p></td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>s/</b><i>old</i><b>/</b><i>new</i><b>/</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>s/</b><i>old</i><b>/</b><i>new</i><b>/</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Substitute <i>new</i> for the
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Substitute <i>new</i> for the
first occurrence of <i>old</i> in the event line. Any
character may be used as the delimiter in place of /. The
final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="1%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="2%">
<p><b>&</b></p></td>
-<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<td width="7%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
<p>Repeat the previous substitution.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="1%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="2%">
-<p><b>g</b></p></td>
-<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>g</b></p></td>
+<td width="7%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
-<p>Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line.
-This is used in conjunction with “<b>:s</b>”
-(e.g.,
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Cause changes to be applied over
+the entire event line. This is used in conjunction with
+“<b>:s</b>” (e.g.,
“<b>:gs/</b><i>old</i><b>/</b><i>new</i><b>/</b>”)
or “<b>:&</b>”. If used with
“<b>:s</b>”, any delimiter can be used in place
character of the event line. An <b>a</b> may be used as a
synonym for <b>g</b>.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="1%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="2%">
-<p><b>G</b></p></td>
-<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>G</b></p></td>
+<td width="7%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
-<p>Apply the following “<b>s</b>” or
-“<b>&</b>” modifier once to each word in the
-event line.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Apply the following
+“<b>s</b>” or “<b>&</b>”
+modifier once to each word in the event line.</p></td></tr>
</table>
<h2>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS
</h2>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Unless otherwise
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Unless otherwise
noted, each builtin command documented in this section as
-accepting options preceded by <b>−</b> accepts
-<b>−−</b> to signify the end of the options. The
-<b>:</b>, <b>true</b>, <b>false</b>, and
-<b>test</b>/<b>[</b> builtins do not accept options and do
-not treat <b>−−</b> specially. The <b>exit</b>,
-<b>logout</b>, <b>return</b>, <b>break</b>, <b>continue</b>,
-<b>let</b>, and <b>shift</b> builtins accept and process
-arguments beginning with <b>−</b> without requiring
-<b>−−</b>. Other builtins that accept arguments
+accepting options preceded by <b>-</b> accepts <b>--</b> to
+signify the end of the options. The <b>:</b>, <b>true</b>,
+<b>false</b>, and <b>test</b>/<b>[</b> builtins do not
+accept options and do not treat <b>--</b> specially. The
+<b>exit</b>, <b>logout</b>, <b>return</b>, <b>break</b>,
+<b>continue</b>, <b>let</b>, and <b>shift</b> builtins
+accept and process arguments beginning with <b>-</b> without
+requiring <b>--</b>. Other builtins that accept arguments
but are not specified as accepting options interpret
-arguments beginning with <b>−</b> as invalid options
-and require <b>−−</b> to prevent this
-interpretation.</p>
+arguments beginning with <b>-</b> as invalid options and
+require <b>--</b> to prevent this interpretation.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">All builtins
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">All builtins
except <b>:</b>, <b>true</b>, <b>false</b>, <b>echo</b>, and
-<b>test</b>/<b>[</b> accept <b>−−help</b> as a
-special option. If <b>−−help</b> is supplied,
-these builtins output a help message and exit with a status
-of 0. <b><br>
+<b>test</b>/<b>[</b> accept <b>--help</b> as a special
+option. If <b>--help</b> is supplied, these builtins output
+a help message and exit with a status of 0. <b><br>
:</b> [<i>arguments</i>]</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">No effect; the command does
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">No effect; the command does
nothing beyond expanding <i>arguments</i> and performing any
specified redirections. The return status is zero.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>.</b> [<b>−p</b>
-<i>path</i>] <i>filename</i> [<i>arguments</i>] <b><br>
-source</b> [<b>−p</b> <i>path</i>] <i>filename</i>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>.</b> [<b>-p</b> <i>path</i>]
+<i>filename</i> [<i>arguments</i>] <b><br>
+source</b> [<b>-p</b> <i>path</i>] <i>filename</i>
[<i>arguments</i>]</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">The <b>.</b> command
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">The <b>.</b> command
(<b>source</b>) reads and execute commands from
<i>filename</i> in the current shell environment and returns
the exit status of the last command executed from
<i>filename</i>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If
<i>filename</i> does not contain a slash, <b>.</b> searches
-for it. If the <b>−p</b> option is supplied, <b>.</b>
-treats <i>path</i> as a colon-separated list of directories
-in which to find <i>filename</i>; otherwise, <b>.</b> uses
-the entries in <b><small>PATH</small></b> to find the
-directory containing <i>filename</i>. <i>filename</i> does
-not need to be executable. When <b>bash</b> is not in posix
-mode, it searches the current directory if <i>filename</i>
-is not found in <b><small>PATH</small></b><small>,</small>
-but does not search the current directory if <b>−p</b>
-is supplied. If the <b>sourcepath</b> option to the
-<b>shopt</b> builtin command is turned off, <b>.</b> does
-not search <b><small>PATH</small></b><small>.</small></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If any
+for it. If the <b>-p</b> option is supplied, <b>.</b> treats
+<i>path</i> as a colon-separated list of directories in
+which to find <i>filename</i>; otherwise, <b>.</b> uses the
+entries in <b>PATH</b> to find the directory containing
+<i>filename</i>. <i>filename</i> does not need to be
+executable. When <b>bash</b> is not in posix mode, it
+searches the current directory if <i>filename</i> is not
+found in <b>PATH</b>, but does not search the current
+directory if <b>-p</b> is supplied. If the <b>sourcepath</b>
+option to the <b>shopt</b> builtin command is turned off,
+<b>.</b> does not search <b>PATH</b>.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If any
<i>arguments</i> are supplied, they become the positional
parameters when <i>filename</i> is executed. Otherwise the
positional parameters are unchanged.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If the
-<b>−T</b> option is enabled, <b>.</b> inherits any
-trap on <b>DEBUG</b>; if it is not, any <b>DEBUG</b> trap
-string is saved and restored around the call to <b>.</b>,
-and <b>.</b> unsets the <b>DEBUG</b> trap while it executes.
-If <b>−T</b> is not set, and the sourced file changes
-the <b>DEBUG</b> trap, the new value persists after <b>.</b>
-completes. The return status is the status of the last
-command executed from <i>filename</i> (0 if no commands are
-executed), and non-zero if <i>filename</i> is not found or
-cannot be read.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>alias</b> [<b>−p</b>]
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If the
+<b>-T</b> option is enabled, <b>.</b> inherits any trap on
+<b>DEBUG</b>; if it is not, any <b>DEBUG</b> trap string is
+saved and restored around the call to <b>.</b>, and <b>.</b>
+unsets the <b>DEBUG</b> trap while it executes. If <b>-T</b>
+is not set, and the sourced file changes the <b>DEBUG</b>
+trap, the new value persists after <b>.</b> completes. The
+return status is the status of the last command executed
+from <i>filename</i> (0 if no commands are executed), and
+non-zero if <i>filename</i> is not found or cannot be
+read.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>alias</b> [<b>-p</b>]
[<i>name</i>[=<i>value</i>] ...]</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">With no arguments or with the
-<b>−p</b> option, <b>alias</b> prints the list of
-aliases in the form <b>alias</b> <i>name</i>=<i>value</i> on
-standard output. When arguments are supplied, define an
-alias for each <i>name</i> whose <i>value</i> is given. A
-trailing space in <i>value</i> causes the next word to be
-checked for alias substitution when the alias is expanded
-during command parsing. For each <i>name</i> in the argument
-list for which no <i>value</i> is supplied, print the name
-and value of the alias <i>name</i>. <b>alias</b> returns
-true unless a <i>name</i> is given (without a corresponding
-=<i>value</i>) for which no alias has been defined.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>bg</b> [<i>jobspec</i>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">With no arguments or with the
+<b>-p</b> option, <b>alias</b> prints the list of aliases in
+the form <b>alias</b> <i>name</i>=<i>value</i> on standard
+output. When arguments are supplied, define an alias for
+each <i>name</i> whose <i>value</i> is given. A trailing
+space in <i>value</i> causes the next word to be checked for
+alias substitution when the alias is expanded during command
+parsing. For each <i>name</i> in the argument list for which
+no <i>value</i> is supplied, print the name and value of the
+alias <i>name</i>. <b>alias</b> returns true unless a
+<i>name</i> is given (without a corresponding =<i>value</i>)
+for which no alias has been defined.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>bg</b> [<i>jobspec</i>
...]</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Resume each suspended job
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Resume each suspended job
<i>jobspec</i> in the background, as if it had been started
with <b>&</b>. If <i>jobspec</i> is not present, the
shell uses its notion of the <i>current job</i>. <b>bg</b>
specified <i>jobspec</i> was not found or was started
without job control.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>bind</b> [<b>−m</b>
-<i>keymap</i>] [<b>−lsvSVX</b>] <b><br>
-bind</b> [<b>−m</b> <i>keymap</i>] [<b>−q</b>
-<i>function</i>] [<b>−u</b> <i>function</i>]
-[<b>−r</b> <i>keyseq</i>] <b><br>
-bind</b> [<b>−m</b> <i>keymap</i>] <b>−f</b>
-<i>filename</i> <b><br>
-bind</b> [<b>−m</b> <i>keymap</i>] <b>−x</b>
-<i>keyseq</i>[:] <i>shell−command</i> <b><br>
-bind</b> [<b>−m</b> <i>keymap</i>]
-<i>keyseq</i>:<i>function−name</i> <b><br>
-bind</b> [<b>−m</b> <i>keymap</i>]
-<b>−p</b>|<b>−P</b>
-[<i>readline−command</i>] <b><br>
-bind</b> [<b>−m</b> <i>keymap</i>]
-<i>keyseq</i>:<i>readline−command</i> <b><br>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>bind</b> [<b>-m</b>
+<i>keymap</i>] [<b>-lsvSVX</b>] <b><br>
+bind</b> [<b>-m</b> <i>keymap</i>] [<b>-q</b>
+<i>function</i>] [<b>-u</b> <i>function</i>] [<b>-r</b>
+<i>keyseq</i>] <b><br>
+bind</b> [<b>-m</b> <i>keymap</i>] <b>-f</b> <i>filename</i>
+<b><br>
+bind</b> [<b>-m</b> <i>keymap</i>] <b>-x</b>
+<i>keyseq</i>[:] <i>shell-command</i> <b><br>
+bind</b> [<b>-m</b> <i>keymap</i>]
+<i>keyseq</i>:<i>function-name</i> <b><br>
+bind</b> [<b>-m</b> <i>keymap</i>] <b>-p</b>|<b>-P</b>
+[<i>readline-command</i>] <b><br>
+bind</b> [<b>-m</b> <i>keymap</i>]
+<i>keyseq</i>:<i>readline-command</i> <b><br>
bind</b> <i>readline-command-line</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Display current <b>readline</b>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Display current <b>readline</b>
key and function bindings, bind a key sequence to a
<b>readline</b> function or macro or to a shell command, or
set a <b>readline</b> variable. Each non-option argument is
a key binding or command as it would appear in a
<b>readline</b> initialization file such as <i>.inputrc</i>,
but each binding or command must be passed as a separate
-argument; e.g., '"\C−x\C−r":
-re−read−init−file'. In the following
-descriptions, output available to be re-read is formatted as
-commands that would appear in a <b>readline</b>
-initialization file or that would be supplied as individual
-arguments to a <b>bind</b> command. Options, if supplied,
-have the following meanings: <b><br>
-−m</b> <i>keymap</i></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:27%;">Use <i>keymap</i> as the keymap
+argument; e.g., '"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file'.
+In the following descriptions, output available to be
+re-read is formatted as commands that would appear in a
+<b>readline</b> initialization file or that would be
+supplied as individual arguments to a <b>bind</b> command.
+Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: <b><br>
+-m</b> <i>keymap</i></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:24%;">Use <i>keymap</i> as the keymap
to be affected by the subsequent bindings. Acceptable
-<i>keymap</i> names are <i>emacs, emacs−standard,
-emacs−meta, emacs−ctlx, vi, vi−move,
-vi−command</i>, and <i>vi−insert</i>. <i>vi</i>
-is equivalent to <i>vi−command</i>
-(<i>vi−move</i> is also a synonym); <i>emacs</i> is
-equivalent to <i>emacs−standard</i>.</p>
+<i>keymap</i> names are <i>emacs, emacs-standard,
+emacs-meta, emacs-ctlx, vi, vi-move, vi-command</i>, and
+<i>vi-insert</i>. <i>vi</i> is equivalent to
+<i>vi-command</i> (<i>vi-move</i> is also a synonym);
+<i>emacs</i> is equivalent to <i>emacs-standard</i>.</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−l</b></p></td>
+<p><b>-l</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
<p>List the names of all <b>readline</b> functions.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−p</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-p</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>Display <b>readline</b> function names and bindings in
-such a way that they can be used as an argument to a
-subsequent <b>bind</b> command or in a <b>readline</b>
-initialization file. If arguments remain after option
-processing, <b>bind</b> treats them as <b>readline</b>
-command names and restricts output to those names.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Display <b>readline</b> function
+names and bindings in such a way that they can be used as an
+argument to a subsequent <b>bind</b> command or in a
+<b>readline</b> initialization file. If arguments remain
+after option processing, <b>bind</b> treats them as
+<b>readline</b> command names and restricts output to those
+names.</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−P</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-P</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>List current <b>readline</b> function names and
-bindings. If arguments remain after option processing,
-<b>bind</b> treats them as <b>readline</b> command names and
-restricts output to those names.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">List current <b>readline</b>
+function names and bindings. If arguments remain after
+option processing, <b>bind</b> treats them as
+<b>readline</b> command names and restricts output to those
+names.</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−s</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-s</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>Display <b>readline</b> key sequences bound to macros
-and the strings they output in such a way that they can be
-used as an argument to a subsequent <b>bind</b> command or
-in a <b>readline</b> initialization file.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Display <b>readline</b> key
+sequences bound to macros and the strings they output in
+such a way that they can be used as an argument to a
+subsequent <b>bind</b> command or in a <b>readline</b>
+initialization file.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−S</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-S</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>Display <b>readline</b> key sequences bound to macros
-and the strings they output.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Display <b>readline</b> key
+sequences bound to macros and the strings they output.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−v</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-v</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>Display <b>readline</b> variable names and values in
-such a way that they can be used as an argument to a
-subsequent <b>bind</b> command or in a <b>readline</b>
-initialization file.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Display <b>readline</b> variable
+names and values in such a way that they can be used as an
+argument to a subsequent <b>bind</b> command or in a
+<b>readline</b> initialization file.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−V</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-V</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>List current <b>readline</b> variable names and
-values.</p> </td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">List current <b>readline</b>
+variable names and values.</p></td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>−f</b>
-<i>filename</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>-f</b> <i>filename</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:27%;">Read key bindings from
+<p style="margin-left:24%;">Read key bindings from
<i>filename</i>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>−q</b>
-<i>function</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>-q</b> <i>function</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:27%;">Display key sequences that
+<p style="margin-left:24%;">Display key sequences that
invoke the named <b>readline</b> <i>function</i>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>−u</b>
-<i>function</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>-u</b> <i>function</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:27%;">Unbind all key sequences bound
+<p style="margin-left:24%;">Unbind all key sequences bound
to the named <b>readline</b> <i>function</i>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>−r</b>
-<i>keyseq</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>-r</b> <i>keyseq</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:27%;">Remove any current binding for
+<p style="margin-left:24%;">Remove any current binding for
<i>keyseq</i>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>−x</b>
-<i>keyseq</i><b>[: ]</b><i>shell−command</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>-x</b> <i>keyseq</i><b>[:
+]</b><i>shell-command</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:27%;">Cause
-<i>shell−command</i> to be executed whenever
-<i>keyseq</i> is entered. The separator between
-<i>keyseq</i> and <i>shell−command</i> is either
+<p style="margin-left:24%;">Cause <i>shell-command</i> to
+be executed whenever <i>keyseq</i> is entered. The separator
+between <i>keyseq</i> and <i>shell-command</i> is either
whitespace or a colon optionally followed by whitespace. If
-the separator is whitespace, <i>shell−command</i> must
-be enclosed in double quotes and <b>readline</b> expands any
-of its special backslash-escapes in
-<i>shell−command</i> before saving it. If the
-separator is a colon, any enclosing double quotes are
-optional, and <b>readline</b> does not expand the command
-string before saving it. Since the entire key binding
-expression must be a single argument, it should be enclosed
-in single quotes. When <i>shell−command</i> is
-executed, the shell sets the
-<b><small>READLINE_LINE</small></b> variable to the contents
-of the <b>readline</b> line buffer and the
-<b><small>READLINE_POINT</small></b> and
-<b><small>READLINE_MARK</small></b> variables to the current
-location of the insertion point and the saved insertion
-point (the mark), respectively. The shell assigns any
-numeric argument the user supplied to the
-<b><small>READLINE_ARGUMENT</small></b> variable. If there
-was no argument, that variable is not set. If the executed
-command changes the value of any of
-<b><small>READLINE_LINE</small></b><small>,
-<b>READLINE_POINT</b>,</small> or
-<b><small>READLINE_MARK</small></b><small>,</small> those
-new values will be reflected in the editing state.</p>
+the separator is whitespace, <i>shell-command</i> must be
+enclosed in double quotes and <b>readline</b> expands any of
+its special backslash-escapes in <i>shell-command</i> before
+saving it. If the separator is a colon, any enclosing double
+quotes are optional, and <b>readline</b> does not expand the
+command string before saving it. Since the entire key
+binding expression must be a single argument, it should be
+enclosed in single quotes. When <i>shell-command</i> is
+executed, the shell sets the <b>READLINE_LINE</b> variable
+to the contents of the <b>readline</b> line buffer and the
+<b>READLINE_POINT</b> and <b>READLINE_MARK</b> variables to
+the current location of the insertion point and the saved
+insertion point (the mark), respectively. The shell assigns
+any numeric argument the user supplied to the
+<b>READLINE_ARGUMENT</b> variable. If there was no argument,
+that variable is not set. If the executed command changes
+the value of any of <b>READLINE_LINE</b>,
+<b>READLINE_POINT</b>, or <b>READLINE_MARK</b>, those new
+values will be reflected in the editing state.</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−X</b></p></td>
+<p><b>-X</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
<p>List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the
argument to a subsequent <b>bind</b> command.</p></td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">The return
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">The return
value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is supplied or an
error occurred.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>break</b> [<i>n</i>]</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>break</b> [<i>n</i>]</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Exit from within a <b>for</b>,
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Exit from within a <b>for</b>,
<b>while</b>, <b>until</b>, or <b>select</b> loop. If
<i>n</i> is specified, <b>break</b> exits <i>n</i> enclosing
loops. <i>n</i> must be ≥ 1. If <i>n</i> is greater than
exited. The return value is 0 unless <i>n</i> is not greater
than or equal to 1.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>builtin</b>
-<i>shell−builtin</i> [<i>arguments</i>]</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Execute the specified shell
-builtin <i>shell−builtin</i>, passing it
-<i>arguments</i>, and return its exit status. This is useful
-when defining a function whose name is the same as a shell
-builtin, retaining the functionality of the builtin within
-the function. The <b>cd</b> builtin is commonly redefined
-this way. The return status is false if
-<i>shell−builtin</i> is not a shell builtin
-command.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>builtin</b>
+<i>shell-builtin</i> [<i>arguments</i>]</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>caller</b> [<i>expr</i>]</p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Execute the specified shell
+builtin <i>shell-builtin</i>, passing it <i>arguments</i>,
+and return its exit status. This is useful when defining a
+function whose name is the same as a shell builtin,
+retaining the functionality of the builtin within the
+function. The <b>cd</b> builtin is commonly redefined this
+way. The return status is false if <i>shell-builtin</i> is
+not a shell builtin command.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Returns the context of any
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>caller</b> [<i>expr</i>]</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Returns the context of any
active subroutine call (a shell function or a script
executed with the <b>.</b> or <b>source</b> builtins).</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">Without
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">Without
<i>expr</i>, <b>caller</b> displays the line number and
source filename of the current subroutine call. If a
non-negative integer is supplied as <i>expr</i>,
for example, to print a stack trace. The current frame is
frame 0.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">The return
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">The return
value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a subroutine
call or <i>expr</i> does not correspond to a valid position
in the call stack.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>cd</b> [<b>−L</b>]
-[<b>−@</b>] [<i>dir</i>] <b><br>
-cd −P</b> [<b>−e</b>] [<b>−@</b>]
-[<i>dir</i>]</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>cd</b> [<b>-L</b>]
+[<b>-@</b>] [<i>dir</i>] <b><br>
+cd -P</b> [<b>-e</b>] [<b>-@</b>] [<i>dir</i>]</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Change the current directory to
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Change the current directory to
<i>dir</i>. if <i>dir</i> is not supplied, the value of the
-<b><small>HOME</small></b> shell variable is used as
-<i>dir</i>. If <i>dir</i> is the empty string, <b>cd</b>
-treats it as an error. The variable
-<b><small>CDPATH</small></b> exists, and <i>dir</i> does not
-begin with a slash (/), <b>cd</b> uses it as a search path:
-the shell searches each directory name in
-<b><small>CDPATH</small></b> for <i>dir</i>. Alternative
-directory names in <b><small>CDPATH</small></b> are
-separated by a colon (:). A null directory name in
-<b><small>CDPATH</small></b> is the same as the current
-directory, i.e., “.”.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">The
-<b>−P</b> option causes <b>cd</b> to use the physical
-directory structure by resolving symbolic links while
-traversing <i>dir</i> and before processing instances of
-<i>..</i> in <i>dir</i> (see also the <b>−P</b> option
-to the <b>set</b> builtin command).</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">The
-<b>−L</b> option forces <b>cd</b> to follow symbolic
-links by resolving the link after processing instances of
-<i>..</i> in <i>dir</i>. If <i>..</i> appears in <i>dir</i>,
-<b>cd</b> processes it by removing the immediately previous
-pathname component from <i>dir</i>, back to a slash or the
-beginning of <i>dir</i>, and verifying that the portion of
-<i>dir</i> it has processed to that point is still a valid
-directory name after removing the pathname component. If it
-is not a valid directory name, <b>cd</b> returns a non-zero
-status. If neither <b>−L</b> nor <b>−P</b> is
-supplied, <b>cd</b> behaves as if <b>−L</b> had been
-supplied.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If the
-<b>−e</b> option is supplied with <b>−P</b>, and
-<b>cd</b> cannot successfully determine the current working
-directory after a successful directory change, it returns a
-non-zero status.</p>
+<b>HOME</b> shell variable is used as <i>dir</i>. If
+<i>dir</i> is the empty string, <b>cd</b> treats it as an
+error. The variable <b>CDPATH</b> exists, and <i>dir</i>
+does not begin with a slash (/), <b>cd</b> uses it as a
+search path: the shell searches each directory name in
+<b>CDPATH</b> for <i>dir</i>. Alternative directory names in
+<b>CDPATH</b> are separated by a colon (:). A null directory
+name in <b>CDPATH</b> is the same as the current directory,
+i.e., “.”.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">The <b>-P</b>
+option causes <b>cd</b> to use the physical directory
+structure by resolving symbolic links while traversing
+<i>dir</i> and before processing instances of <i>..</i> in
+<i>dir</i> (see also the <b>-P</b> option to the <b>set</b>
+builtin command).</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">The <b>-L</b>
+option forces <b>cd</b> to follow symbolic links by
+resolving the link after processing instances of <i>..</i>
+in <i>dir</i>. If <i>..</i> appears in <i>dir</i>, <b>cd</b>
+processes it by removing the immediately previous pathname
+component from <i>dir</i>, back to a slash or the beginning
+of <i>dir</i>, and verifying that the portion of <i>dir</i>
+it has processed to that point is still a valid directory
+name after removing the pathname component. If it is not a
+valid directory name, <b>cd</b> returns a non-zero status.
+If neither <b>-L</b> nor <b>-P</b> is supplied, <b>cd</b>
+behaves as if <b>-L</b> had been supplied.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If the
+<b>-e</b> option is supplied with <b>-P</b>, and <b>cd</b>
+cannot successfully determine the current working directory
+after a successful directory change, it returns a non-zero
+status.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">On systems that
-support it, the <b>−@</b> option presents the extended
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">On systems that
+support it, the <b>-@</b> option presents the extended
attributes associated with a file as a directory.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">An argument of
-<b>−</b> is converted to <b><small>$OLDPWD</small></b>
-before attempting the directory change.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">An argument of
+<b>-</b> is converted to <b>$OLDPWD</b> before attempting
+the directory change.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If <b>cd</b>
-uses a non-empty directory name from
-<b><small>CDPATH</small></b><small>,</small> or if
-<b>−</b> is the first argument, and the directory
-change is successful, <b>cd</b> writes the absolute pathname
-of the new working directory to the standard output.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If <b>cd</b>
+uses a non-empty directory name from <b>CDPATH</b>, or if
+<b>-</b> is the first argument, and the directory change is
+successful, <b>cd</b> writes the absolute pathname of the
+new working directory to the standard output.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If the
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If the
directory change is successful, <b>cd</b> sets the value of
the <b>PWD</b> environment variable to the new directory
name, and sets the <b>OLDPWD</b> environment variable to the
value of the current working directory before the
change.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">The return
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">The return
value is true if the directory was successfully changed;
false otherwise.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>command</b>
-[<b>−pVv</b>] <i>command</i> [<i>arg</i> ...]</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>command</b> [<b>-pVv</b>]
+<i>command</i> [<i>arg</i> ...]</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">The <b>command</b> builtin runs
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">The <b>command</b> builtin runs
<i>command</i> with <i>args</i> suppressing the normal shell
function lookup for <i>command</i>. Only builtin commands or
-commands found in the <b><small>PATH</small></b> named
-<i>command</i> are executed. If the <b>−p</b> option
-is supplied, the search for <i>command</i> is performed
-using a default value for <b><small>PATH</small></b> that is
-guaranteed to find all of the standard utilities.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If either the
-<b>−V</b> or <b>−v</b> option is supplied,
-<b>command</b> prints a description of <i>command</i>. The
-<b>−v</b> option displays a single word indicating the
-command or filename used to invoke <i>command</i>; the
-<b>−V</b> option produces a more verbose
-description.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If the
-<b>−V</b> or <b>−v</b> option is supplied, the
-exit status is zero if <i>command</i> was found, and
-non-zero if not. If neither option is supplied and an error
-occurred or <i>command</i> cannot be found, the exit status
-is 127. Otherwise, the exit status of the <b>command</b>
-builtin is the exit status of <i>command</i>.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>compgen</b> [<b>−V</b>
+commands found in the <b>PATH</b> named <i>command</i> are
+executed. If the <b>-p</b> option is supplied, the search
+for <i>command</i> is performed using a default value for
+<b>PATH</b> that is guaranteed to find all of the standard
+utilities.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If either the
+<b>-V</b> or <b>-v</b> option is supplied, <b>command</b>
+prints a description of <i>command</i>. The <b>-v</b> option
+displays a single word indicating the command or filename
+used to invoke <i>command</i>; the <b>-V</b> option produces
+a more verbose description.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If the
+<b>-V</b> or <b>-v</b> option is supplied, the exit status
+is zero if <i>command</i> was found, and non-zero if not. If
+neither option is supplied and an error occurred or
+<i>command</i> cannot be found, the exit status is 127.
+Otherwise, the exit status of the <b>command</b> builtin is
+the exit status of <i>command</i>.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>compgen</b> [<b>-V</b>
<i>varname</i>] [<i>option</i>] [<i>word</i>]</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Generate possible completion
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Generate possible completion
matches for <i>word</i> according to the <i>option</i>s,
which may be any option accepted by the <b>complete</b>
-builtin with the exceptions of <b>−p</b>,
-<b>−r</b>, <b>−D</b>, <b>−E</b>, and
-<b>−I</b>, and write the matches to the standard
-output.</p>
+builtin with the exceptions of <b>-p</b>, <b>-r</b>,
+<b>-D</b>, <b>-E</b>, and <b>-I</b>, and write the matches
+to the standard output.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If the
-<b>−V</b> option is supplied, <b>compgen</b> stores
-the generated completions into the indexed array variable
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If the
+<b>-V</b> option is supplied, <b>compgen</b> stores the
+generated completions into the indexed array variable
<i>varname</i> instead of writing them to the standard
output.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">When using the
-<b>−F</b> or <b>−C</b> options, the various
-shell variables set by the programmable completion
-facilities, while available, will not have useful
-values.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">When using the
+<b>-F</b> or <b>-C</b> options, the various shell variables
+set by the programmable completion facilities, while
+available, will not have useful values.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">The matches
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">The matches
will be generated in the same way as if the programmable
completion code had generated them directly from a
completion specification with the same flags. If <i>word</i>
is specified, only those completions matching <i>word</i>
will be displayed or stored.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">The return
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">The return
value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, or no
matches were generated.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>complete</b>
-[<b>−abcdefgjksuv</b>] [<b>−o</b>
-<i>comp-option</i>] [<b>−DEI</b>] [<b>−A</b>
-<i>action</i>]</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">[<b>−G</b>
-<i>globpat</i>] [<b>−W</b> <i>wordlist</i>]
-[<b>−F</b> <i>function</i>] [<b>−C</b>
-<i>command</i>] <br>
-[<b>−X</b> <i>filterpat</i>] [<b>−P</b>
-<i>prefix</i>] [<b>−S</b> <i>suffix</i>] <i>name</i>
-[<i>name</i> ...]</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>complete</b>
+[<b>-abcdefgjksuv</b>] [<b>-o</b> <i>comp-option</i>]
+[<b>-DEI</b>] [<b>-A</b> <i>action</i>]</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>complete −pr</b>
-[<b>−DEI</b>] [<i>name</i> ...]</p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">[<b>-G</b> <i>globpat</i>]
+[<b>-W</b> <i>wordlist</i>] [<b>-F</b> <i>function</i>]
+[<b>-C</b> <i>command</i>] <br>
+[<b>-X</b> <i>filterpat</i>] [<b>-P</b> <i>prefix</i>]
+[<b>-S</b> <i>suffix</i>] <i>name</i> [<i>name</i> ...]</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Specify how arguments to each
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>complete -pr</b>
+[<b>-DEI</b>] [<i>name</i> ...]</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Specify how arguments to each
<i>name</i> should be completed.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If the
-<b>−p</b> option is supplied, or if no options or
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If the
+<b>-p</b> option is supplied, or if no options or
<i>name</i>s are supplied, print existing completion
specifications in a way that allows them to be reused as
-input. The <b>−r</b> option removes a completion
+input. The <b>-r</b> option removes a completion
specification for each <i>name</i>, or, if no <i>name</i>s
are supplied, all completion specifications.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">The
-<b>−D</b> option indicates that other supplied options
-and actions should apply to the “default”
-command completion; that is, completion attempted on a
-command for which no completion has previously been defined.
-The <b>−E</b> option indicates that other supplied
-options and actions should apply to “empty”
-command completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank
-line. The <b>−I</b> option indicates that other
-supplied options and actions should apply to completion on
-the initial non-assignment word on the line, or after a
-command delimiter such as <b>;</b> or <b>|</b>, which is
-usually command name completion. If multiple options are
-supplied, the <b>−D</b> option takes precedence over
-<b>−E</b>, and both take precedence over
-<b>−I</b>. If any of <b>−D</b>, <b>−E</b>,
-or <b>−I</b> are supplied, any other <i>name</i>
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">The <b>-D</b>
+option indicates that other supplied options and actions
+should apply to the “default” command
+completion; that is, completion attempted on a command for
+which no completion has previously been defined. The
+<b>-E</b> option indicates that other supplied options and
+actions should apply to “empty” command
+completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line.
+The <b>-I</b> option indicates that other supplied options
+and actions should apply to completion on the initial
+non-assignment word on the line, or after a command
+delimiter such as <b>;</b> or <b>|</b>, which is usually
+command name completion. If multiple options are supplied,
+the <b>-D</b> option takes precedence over <b>-E</b>, and
+both take precedence over <b>-I</b>. If any of <b>-D</b>,
+<b>-E</b>, or <b>-I</b> are supplied, any other <i>name</i>
arguments are ignored; these completions only apply to the
case specified by the option.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">The process of
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">The process of
applying these completion specifications when attempting
word completion is described above under <b>Programmable
Completion</b>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">Other options,
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">Other options,
if specified, have the following meanings. The arguments to
-the <b>−G</b>, <b>−W</b>, and <b>−X</b>
-options (and, if necessary, the <b>−P</b> and
-<b>−S</b> options) should be quoted to protect them
-from expansion before the <b>complete</b> builtin is
-invoked. <b><br>
-−o</b> <i>comp-option</i></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:28%;">The <i>comp-option</i> controls
+the <b>-G</b>, <b>-W</b>, and <b>-X</b> options (and, if
+necessary, the <b>-P</b> and <b>-S</b> options) should be
+quoted to protect them from expansion before the
+<b>complete</b> builtin is invoked. <b><br>
+-o</b> <i>comp-option</i></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:25%;">The <i>comp-option</i> controls
several aspects of the compspec’s behavior beyond the
simple generation of completions. <i>comp-option</i> may be
one of: <b><br>
bashdefault</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:38%;">Perform the rest of the default
+<p style="margin-left:35%;">Perform the rest of the default
<b>bash</b> completions if the compspec generates no
matches.</p>
-<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
- cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
-<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="28%"></td>
-<td width="9%">
-
-
-<p><b>default</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="62%">
-
+<p style="margin-left:25%;"><b>default</b></p>
-<p>Use <b>readline</b>’s default filename completion
-if the compspec generates no matches.</p></td></tr>
-</table>
+<p style="margin-left:35%;">Use <b>readline</b>’s
+default filename completion if the compspec generates no
+matches.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;"><b>dirnames</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:25%;"><b>dirnames</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:38%;">Perform directory name
+<p style="margin-left:35%;">Perform directory name
completion if the compspec generates no matches.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;"><b>filenames</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:25%;"><b>filenames</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:38%;">Tell <b>readline</b> that the
+<p style="margin-left:35%;">Tell <b>readline</b> that the
compspec generates filenames, so it can perform any
-filename−specific processing (such as adding a slash
-to directory names, quoting special characters, or
-suppressing trailing spaces). This is intended to be used
-with shell functions.</p>
+filename-specific processing (such as adding a slash to
+directory names, quoting special characters, or suppressing
+trailing spaces). This is intended to be used with shell
+functions.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;"><b>fullquote</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:25%;"><b>fullquote</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:38%;">Tell <b>readline</b> to quote
+<p style="margin-left:35%;">Tell <b>readline</b> to quote
all the completed words even if they are not filenames.</p>
-<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
- cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
-<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="28%"></td>
-<td width="9%">
+<p style="margin-left:25%;"><b>noquote</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:35%;">Tell <b>readline</b> not to
+quote the completed words if they are filenames (quoting
+filenames is the default).</p>
-<p><b>noquote</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="62%">
-
-
-<p>Tell <b>readline</b> not to quote the completed words if
-they are filenames (quoting filenames is the default).</p></td></tr>
+<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
+ cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="28%"></td>
-<td width="9%">
+<td width="25%"></td>
+<td width="8%">
<p><b>nosort</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="62%">
+<td width="2%"></td>
+<td width="65%">
<p>Tell <b>readline</b> not to sort the list of possible
completions alphabetically.</p></td></tr>
-<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="28%"></td>
-<td width="9%">
-
-
-<p><b>nospace</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="62%">
+</table>
+<p style="margin-left:25%;"><b>nospace</b></p>
-<p>Tell <b>readline</b> not to append a space (the default)
-to words completed at the end of the line.</p></td></tr>
-</table>
+<p style="margin-left:35%;">Tell <b>readline</b> not to
+append a space (the default) to words completed at the end
+of the line.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;"><b>plusdirs</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:25%;"><b>plusdirs</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:38%;">After generating any matches
+<p style="margin-left:35%;">After generating any matches
defined by the compspec, attempt directory name completion
and add any matches to the results of the other actions.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>−A</b>
-<i>action</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>-A</b> <i>action</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;">The <i>action</i> may be one of
+<p style="margin-left:25%;">The <i>action</i> may be one of
the following to generate a list of possible
completions:</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="28%"></td>
-<td width="7%">
+<td width="25%"></td>
+<td width="6%">
<p><b>alias</b></p></td>
-<td width="3%"></td>
-<td width="54%">
+<td width="4%"></td>
+<td width="53%">
-<p>Alias names. May also be specified as
-<b>−a</b>.</p> </td>
-<td width="8%">
+<p>Alias names. May also be specified as <b>-a</b>.</p></td>
+<td width="12%">
</td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;"><b>arrayvar</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:38%;">Array variable names.</p>
-
-<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
- cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
-<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="28%"></td>
-<td width="9%">
-
-
-<p><b>binding</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="62%">
-
+<p style="margin-left:25%;"><b>arrayvar</b></p>
-<p><b>Readline</b> key binding names.</p></td></tr>
-<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="28%"></td>
-<td width="9%">
+<p style="margin-left:35%;">Array variable names.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:25%;"><b>binding</b></p>
-<p><b>builtin</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="62%">
+<p style="margin-left:35%;"><b>Readline</b> key binding
+names.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:25%;"><b>builtin</b></p>
-<p>Names of shell builtin commands. May also be specified
-as <b>−b</b>.</p></td></tr>
-<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="28%"></td>
-<td width="9%">
+<p style="margin-left:35%;">Names of shell builtin
+commands. May also be specified as <b>-b</b>.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:25%;"><b>command</b></p>
-<p><b>command</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="62%">
+<p style="margin-left:35%;">Command names. May also be
+specified as <b>-c</b>.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:25%;"><b>directory</b></p>
-<p>Command names. May also be specified as
-<b>−c</b>.</p> </td></tr>
-</table>
+<p style="margin-left:35%;">Directory names. May also be
+specified as <b>-d</b>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;"><b>directory</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:25%;"><b>disabled</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:38%;">Directory names. May also be
-specified as <b>−d</b>.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:35%;">Names of disabled shell
+builtins.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;"><b>disabled</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:25%;"><b>enabled</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:38%;">Names of disabled shell
+<p style="margin-left:35%;">Names of enabled shell
builtins.</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="28%"></td>
-<td width="9%">
-
-
-<p><b>enabled</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="62%">
-
-
-<p>Names of enabled shell builtins.</p></td></tr>
-<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="28%"></td>
-<td width="9%">
+<td width="25%"></td>
+<td width="8%">
<p><b>export</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="62%">
+<td width="2%"></td>
+<td width="65%">
<p>Names of exported shell variables. May also be specified
-as <b>−e</b>.</p></td></tr>
+as <b>-e</b>.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="28%"></td>
-<td width="9%">
+<td width="25%"></td>
+<td width="8%">
-<p><b>file</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="62%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>file</b></p></td>
+<td width="2%"></td>
+<td width="65%">
-<p>File and directory names, similar to
-<b>readline</b>’s filename completion. May also be
-specified as <b>−f</b>.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">File and directory names,
+similar to <b>readline</b>’s filename completion. May
+also be specified as <b>-f</b>.</p></td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;"><b>function</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:25%;"><b>function</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:38%;">Names of shell functions.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:35%;">Names of shell functions.</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="28%"></td>
-<td width="7%">
+<td width="25%"></td>
+<td width="6%">
<p><b>group</b></p></td>
-<td width="3%"></td>
-<td width="54%">
+<td width="4%"></td>
+<td width="53%">
-<p>Group names. May also be specified as
-<b>−g</b>.</p> </td>
-<td width="8%">
+<p>Group names. May also be specified as <b>-g</b>.</p></td>
+<td width="12%">
</td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;"><b>helptopic</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:25%;"><b>helptopic</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:38%;">Help topics as accepted by the
+<p style="margin-left:35%;">Help topics as accepted by the
<b>help</b> builtin.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;"><b>hostname</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:25%;"><b>hostname</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:38%;">Hostnames, as taken from the
-file specified by the <b><small>HOSTFILE</small></b> shell
-variable.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:35%;">Hostnames, as taken from the
+file specified by the <b>HOSTFILE</b> shell variable.</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="28%"></td>
-<td width="9%">
+<td width="25%"></td>
+<td width="4%">
<p><b>job</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="62%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="65%">
<p>Job names, if job control is active. May also be
-specified as <b>−j</b>.</p></td></tr>
-<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="28%"></td>
-<td width="9%">
-
-
-<p><b>keyword</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="62%">
-
-
-<p>Shell reserved words. May also be specified as
-<b>−k</b>.</p> </td></tr>
-<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="28%"></td>
-<td width="9%">
-
+specified as <b>-j</b>.</p></td></tr>
+</table>
-<p><b>running</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="62%">
+<p style="margin-left:25%;"><b>keyword</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:35%;">Shell reserved words. May also
+be specified as <b>-k</b>.</p>
-<p>Names of running jobs, if job control is active.</p></td></tr>
-<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="28%"></td>
-<td width="9%">
+<p style="margin-left:25%;"><b>running</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:35%;">Names of running jobs, if job
+control is active.</p>
-<p><b>service</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="62%">
+<p style="margin-left:25%;"><b>service</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:35%;">Service names. May also be
+specified as <b>-s</b>.</p>
-<p>Service names. May also be specified as
-<b>−s</b>.</p> </td></tr>
+<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
+ cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="28%"></td>
-<td width="9%">
+<td width="25%"></td>
+<td width="8%">
<p><b>setopt</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="62%">
+<td width="2%"></td>
+<td width="65%">
-<p>Valid arguments for the <b>−o</b> option to the
+<p>Valid arguments for the <b>-o</b> option to the
<b>set</b> builtin.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="28%"></td>
-<td width="9%">
+<td width="25%"></td>
+<td width="8%">
-<p><b>shopt</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="62%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>shopt</b></p></td>
+<td width="2%"></td>
+<td width="65%">
-<p>Shell option names as accepted by the <b>shopt</b>
-builtin.</p> </td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Shell option names as accepted
+by the <b>shopt</b> builtin.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="28%"></td>
-<td width="9%">
-
+<td width="25%"></td>
+<td width="8%">
-<p><b>signal</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="62%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>signal</b></p></td>
+<td width="2%"></td>
+<td width="65%">
-<p>Signal names.</p></td></tr>
-<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="28%"></td>
-<td width="9%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Signal names.</p></td></tr>
+</table>
-<p><b>stopped</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="62%">
+<p style="margin-left:25%;"><b>stopped</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:35%;">Names of stopped jobs, if job
+control is active.</p>
-<p>Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active.</p></td></tr>
+<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
+ cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="28%"></td>
-<td width="9%">
+<td width="25%"></td>
+<td width="5%">
<p><b>user</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="62%">
+<td width="5%"></td>
+<td width="51%">
-<p>User names. May also be specified as
-<b>−u</b>.</p> </td></tr>
+<p>User names. May also be specified as <b>-u</b>.</p></td>
+<td width="14%">
+</td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;"><b>variable</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:25%;"><b>variable</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:38%;">Names of all shell variables.
-May also be specified as <b>−v</b>.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:35%;">Names of all shell variables.
+May also be specified as <b>-v</b>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>−C</b>
-<i>command</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>-C</b> <i>command</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;"><i>command</i> is executed in a
+<p style="margin-left:25%;"><i>command</i> is executed in a
subshell environment, and its output is used as the possible
-completions. Arguments are passed as with the
-<b>−F</b> option.</p>
+completions. Arguments are passed as with the <b>-F</b>
+option.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>−F</b>
-<i>function</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>-F</b> <i>function</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;">The shell function
+<p style="margin-left:25%;">The shell function
<i>function</i> is executed in the current shell
environment. When the function is executed, the first
argument (<b>$1</b>) is the name of the command whose
argument (<b>$3</b>) is the word preceding the word being
completed on the current command line. When <i>function</i>
finishes, programmable completion retrieves the possible
-completions from the value of the
-<b><small>COMPREPLY</small></b> array variable.</p>
+completions from the value of the <b>COMPREPLY</b> array
+variable.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>−G</b>
-<i>globpat</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>-G</b> <i>globpat</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;">Expand the pathname expansion
+<p style="margin-left:25%;">Expand the pathname expansion
pattern <i>globpat</i> to generate the possible
completions.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>−P</b>
-<i>prefix</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>-P</b> <i>prefix</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;">Add <i>prefix</i> to the
+<p style="margin-left:25%;">Add <i>prefix</i> to the
beginning of each possible completion after all other
options have been applied.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>−S</b>
-<i>suffix</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>-S</b> <i>suffix</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;">Append <i>suffix</i> to each
+<p style="margin-left:25%;">Append <i>suffix</i> to each
possible completion after all other options have been
applied.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>−W</b>
-<i>wordlist</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>-W</b> <i>wordlist</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;">Split the <i>wordlist</i> using
-the characters in the <b><small>IFS</small></b> special
-variable as delimiters, and expand each resulting word.
-Shell quoting is honored within <i>wordlist</i>, in order to
-provide a mechanism for the words to contain shell
-metacharacters or characters in the value of
-<b><small>IFS</small></b><small>.</small> The possible
+<p style="margin-left:25%;">Split the <i>wordlist</i> using
+the characters in the <b>IFS</b> special variable as
+delimiters, and expand each resulting word. Shell quoting is
+honored within <i>wordlist</i>, in order to provide a
+mechanism for the words to contain shell metacharacters or
+characters in the value of <b>IFS</b>. The possible
completions are the members of the resultant list which
match a prefix of the word being completed.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>−X</b>
-<i>filterpat</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>-X</b> <i>filterpat</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;"><i>filterpat</i> is a pattern
+<p style="margin-left:25%;"><i>filterpat</i> is a pattern
as used for pathname expansion. It is applied to the list of
possible completions generated by the preceding options and
arguments, and each completion matching <i>filterpat</i> is
<i>filterpat</i> negates the pattern; in this case, any
completion not matching <i>filterpat</i> is removed.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">The return
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">The return
value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an
-option other than <b>−p</b>, <b>−r</b>,
-<b>−D</b>, <b>−E</b>, or <b>−I</b> is
-supplied without a <i>name</i> argument, an attempt is made
-to remove a completion specification for a <i>name</i> for
-which no specification exists, or an error occurs adding a
-completion specification.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>compopt</b> [<b>−o</b>
-<i>option</i>] [<b>−DEI</b>] [<b>+o</b> <i>option</i>]
+option other than <b>-p</b>, <b>-r</b>, <b>-D</b>,
+<b>-E</b>, or <b>-I</b> is supplied without a <i>name</i>
+argument, an attempt is made to remove a completion
+specification for a <i>name</i> for which no specification
+exists, or an error occurs adding a completion
+specification.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>compopt</b> [<b>-o</b>
+<i>option</i>] [<b>-DEI</b>] [<b>+o</b> <i>option</i>]
[<i>name</i>]</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Modify completion options for
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Modify completion options for
each <i>name</i> according to the <i>option</i>s, or for the
currently-executing completion if no <i>name</i>s are
supplied. If no <i>option</i>s are supplied, display the
completion. The possible values of <i>option</i> are those
valid for the <b>complete</b> builtin described above.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">The
-<b>−D</b> option indicates that other supplied options
-should apply to the “default” command
-completion; the <b>−E</b> option indicates that other
-supplied options should apply to “empty” command
-completion; and the <b>−I</b> option indicates that
-other supplied options should apply to completion on the
-initial word on the line. These are determined in the same
-way as the <b>complete</b> builtin.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If multiple
-options are supplied, the <b>−D</b> option takes
-precedence over <b>−E</b>, and both take precedence
-over <b>−I</b>.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">The return
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">The <b>-D</b>
+option indicates that other supplied options should apply to
+the “default” command completion; the <b>-E</b>
+option indicates that other supplied options should apply to
+“empty” command completion; and the <b>-I</b>
+option indicates that other supplied options should apply to
+completion on the initial word on the line. These are
+determined in the same way as the <b>complete</b>
+builtin.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If multiple
+options are supplied, the <b>-D</b> option takes precedence
+over <b>-E</b>, and both take precedence over <b>-I</b>.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">The return
value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an
attempt is made to modify the options for a <i>name</i> for
which no completion specification exists, or an output error
occurs.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>continue</b> [<i>n</i>]</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>continue</b> [<i>n</i>]</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>continue</b> resumes the
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>continue</b> resumes the
next iteration of the enclosing <b>for</b>, <b>while</b>,
<b>until</b>, or <b>select</b> loop. If <i>n</i> is
specified, <b>bash</b> resumes the <i>n</i>th enclosing
return value is 0 unless <i>n</i> is not greater than or
equal to 1.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>declare</b>
-[<b>−aAfFgiIlnrtux</b>] [<b>−p</b>]
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>declare</b>
+[<b>-aAfFgiIlnrtux</b>] [<b>-p</b>]
[<i>name</i>[=<i>value</i>] ...] <b><br>
-typeset</b> [<b>−aAfFgiIlnrtux</b>] [<b>−p</b>]
+typeset</b> [<b>-aAfFgiIlnrtux</b>] [<b>-p</b>]
[<i>name</i>[=<i>value</i>] ...]</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Declare variables and/or give
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Declare variables and/or give
them attributes. If no <i>name</i>s are given then display
-the values of variables or functions. The <b>−p</b>
-option will display the attributes and values of each
-<i>name</i>. When <b>−p</b> is used with <i>name</i>
-arguments, additional options, other than <b>−f</b>
-and <b>−F</b>, are ignored.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">When
-<b>−p</b> is supplied without <i>name</i> arguments,
+the values of variables or functions. The <b>-p</b> option
+will display the attributes and values of each <i>name</i>.
+When <b>-p</b> is used with <i>name</i> arguments,
+additional options, other than <b>-f</b> and <b>-F</b>, are
+ignored.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">When <b>-p</b>
+is supplied without <i>name</i> arguments, <b>declare</b>
+will display the attributes and values of all variables
+having the attributes specified by the additional options.
+If no other options are supplied with <b>-p</b>,
<b>declare</b> will display the attributes and values of all
-variables having the attributes specified by the additional
-options. If no other options are supplied with
-<b>−p</b>, <b>declare</b> will display the attributes
-and values of all shell variables. The <b>−f</b>
-option restricts the display to shell functions.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">The
-<b>−F</b> option inhibits the display of function
-definitions; only the function name and attributes are
-printed. If the <b>extdebug</b> shell option is enabled
-using <b>shopt</b>, the source file name and line number
-where each <i>name</i> is defined are displayed as well. The
-<b>−F</b> option implies <b>−f</b>.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">The
-<b>−g</b> option forces variables to be created or
-modified at the global scope, even when <b>declare</b> is
-executed in a shell function. It is ignored when
-<b>declare</b> is not executed in a shell function.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">The
-<b>−I</b> option causes local variables to inherit the
-attributes (except the <i>nameref</i> attribute) and value
-of any existing variable with the same <i>name</i> at a
-surrounding scope. If there is no existing variable, the
-local variable is initially unset.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">The following
+shell variables. The <b>-f</b> option restricts the display
+to shell functions.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">The <b>-F</b>
+option inhibits the display of function definitions; only
+the function name and attributes are printed. If the
+<b>extdebug</b> shell option is enabled using <b>shopt</b>,
+the source file name and line number where each <i>name</i>
+is defined are displayed as well. The <b>-F</b> option
+implies <b>-f</b>.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">The <b>-g</b>
+option forces variables to be created or modified at the
+global scope, even when <b>declare</b> is executed in a
+shell function. It is ignored when <b>declare</b> is not
+executed in a shell function.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">The <b>-I</b>
+option causes local variables to inherit the attributes
+(except the <i>nameref</i> attribute) and value of any
+existing variable with the same <i>name</i> at a surrounding
+scope. If there is no existing variable, the local variable
+is initially unset.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">The following
options can be used to restrict output to variables with the
specified attribute or to give variables attributes:</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−a</b></p></td>
+<p><b>-a</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
<p>Each <i>name</i> is an indexed array variable (see
<b>Arrays</b> above).</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−A</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-A</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>Each <i>name</i> is an associative array variable (see
-<b>Arrays</b> above).</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Each <i>name</i> is an
+associative array variable (see <b>Arrays</b> above).</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−f</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-f</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>Each <i>name</i> refers to a shell function.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Each <i>name</i> refers to a
+shell function.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−i</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-i</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>The variable is treated as an integer; arithmetic
-evaluation (see <b><small>ARITHMETIC EVALUATION</small></b>
-above) is performed when the variable is assigned a
-value.</p> </td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The variable is treated as an
+integer; arithmetic evaluation (see <b>ARITHMETIC
+EVALUATION</b> above) is performed when the variable is
+assigned a value.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−l</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-l</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case
-characters are converted to lower-case. The upper-case
-attribute is disabled.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">When the variable is assigned a
+value, all upper-case characters are converted to
+lower-case. The upper-case attribute is disabled.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−n</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-n</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>Give each <i>name</i> the <i>nameref</i> attribute,
-making it a name reference to another variable. That other
-variable is defined by the value of <i>name</i>. All
-references, assignments, and attribute modifications to
-<i>name</i>, except those using or changing the
-<b>−n</b> attribute itself, are performed on the
-variable referenced by <i>name</i>’s value. The
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Give each <i>name</i> the
+<i>nameref</i> attribute, making it a name reference to
+another variable. That other variable is defined by the
+value of <i>name</i>. All references, assignments, and
+attribute modifications to <i>name</i>, except those using
+or changing the <b>-n</b> attribute itself, are performed on
+the variable referenced by <i>name</i>’s value. The
nameref attribute cannot be applied to array variables.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−r</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-r</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>Make <i>name</i>s readonly. These names cannot then be
-assigned values by subsequent assignment statements or
-unset.</p> </td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Make <i>name</i>s readonly.
+These names cannot then be assigned values by subsequent
+assignment statements or unset.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−t</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-t</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>Give each <i>name</i> the <i>trace</i> attribute. Traced
-functions inherit the <b>DEBUG</b> and <b>RETURN</b> traps
-from the calling shell. The trace attribute has no special
-meaning for variables.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Give each <i>name</i> the
+<i>trace</i> attribute. Traced functions inherit the
+<b>DEBUG</b> and <b>RETURN</b> traps from the calling shell.
+The trace attribute has no special meaning for
+variables.</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−u</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-u</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case
-characters are converted to upper-case. The lower-case
-attribute is disabled.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">When the variable is assigned a
+value, all lower-case characters are converted to
+upper-case. The lower-case attribute is disabled.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−x</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-x</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>Mark each <i>name</i> for export to subsequent commands
-via the environment.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Mark each <i>name</i> for export
+to subsequent commands via the environment.</p></td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">Using
-“+” instead of “−” turns off
-the specified attribute instead, with the exceptions that
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">Using
+“+” instead of “-” turns off the
+specified attribute instead, with the exceptions that
<b>+a</b> and <b>+A</b> may not be used to destroy array
variables and <b>+r</b> will not remove the readonly
attribute.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">When used in a
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">When used in a
function, <b>declare</b> and <b>typeset</b> make each
<i>name</i> local, as with the <b>local</b> command, unless
-the <b>−g</b> option is supplied. If a variable name
-is followed by =<i>value</i>, the value of the variable is
-set to <i>value</i>. When using <b>−a</b> or
-<b>−A</b> and the compound assignment syntax to create
-array variables, additional attributes do not take effect
-until subsequent assignments.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">The return
+the <b>-g</b> option is supplied. If a variable name is
+followed by =<i>value</i>, the value of the variable is set
+to <i>value</i>. When using <b>-a</b> or <b>-A</b> and the
+compound assignment syntax to create array variables,
+additional attributes do not take effect until subsequent
+assignments.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">The return
value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an
-attempt is made to define a function using “−f
+attempt is made to define a function using “-f
foo=bar”, an attempt is made to assign a value to a
readonly variable, an attempt is made to assign a value to
an array variable without using the compound assignment
off readonly status for a readonly variable, an attempt is
made to turn off array status for an array variable, or an
attempt is made to display a non-existent function with
-<b>−f</b>.</p>
+<b>-f</b>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>dirs [−clpv]
-[+</b><i>n</i><b>] [−</b><i>n</i><b>]</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>dirs [-clpv]
+[+</b><i>n</i><b>] [-</b><i>n</i><b>]</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Without options, display the
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Without options, display the
list of currently remembered directories. The default
display is on a single line with directory names separated
by spaces. Directories are added to the list with the
entries from the list. The current directory is always the
first directory in the stack.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">Options, if
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">Options, if
supplied, have the following meanings:</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−c</b></p></td>
+<p><b>-c</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
<p>Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the
entries.</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−l</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-l</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>Produces a listing using full pathnames; the default
-listing format uses a tilde to denote the home
-directory.</p> </td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Produces a listing using full
+pathnames; the default listing format uses a tilde to denote
+the home directory.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−p</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-p</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>Print the directory stack with one entry per line.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Print the directory stack with
+one entry per line.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−v</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-v</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>Print the directory stack with one entry per line,
-prefixing each entry with its index in the stack.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Print the directory stack with
+one entry per line, prefixing each entry with its index in
+the stack.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>+</b><i>n</i></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>+</b><i>n</i></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>Displays the <i>n</i>th entry counting from the left of
-the list shown by <b>dirs</b> when invoked without options,
-starting with zero.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Displays the <i>n</i>th entry
+counting from the left of the list shown by <b>dirs</b> when
+invoked without options, starting with zero.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−</b><i>n</i></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-</b><i>n</i></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>Displays the <i>n</i>th entry counting from the right of
-the list shown by <b>dirs</b> when invoked without options,
-starting with zero.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Displays the <i>n</i>th entry
+counting from the right of the list shown by <b>dirs</b>
+when invoked without options, starting with zero.</p></td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">The return
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">The return
value is 0 unless an invalid option is supplied or <i>n</i>
indexes beyond the end of the directory stack.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>disown</b> [<b>−ar</b>]
-[<b>−h</b>] [<i>id</i> ...]</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>disown</b> [<b>-ar</b>]
+[<b>-h</b>] [<i>id</i> ...]</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Without options, remove each
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Without options, remove each
<i>id</i> from the table of active jobs. Each <i>id</i> may
be a job specification <i>jobspec</i> or a process ID
<i>pid</i>; if <i>id</i> is a <i>pid</i>, <b>disown</b> uses
the job containing <i>pid</i> as <i>jobspec</i>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If the
-<b>−h</b> option is supplied, <b>disown</b> does not
-remove the jobs corresponding to each <i>id</i> from the
-jobs table, but rather marks them so the shell does not send
-<b><small>SIGHUP</small></b> to the job if the shell
-receives a <b><small>SIGHUP</small></b><small>.</small></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If no <i>id</i>
-is supplied, the <b>−a</b> option means to remove or
-mark all jobs; the <b>−r</b> option without an
-<i>id</i> argument removes or marks running jobs. If no
-<i>id</i> is supplied, and neither the <b>−a</b> nor
-the <b>−r</b> option is supplied, <b>disown</b>
-removes or marks the current job.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">The return
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If the
+<b>-h</b> option is supplied, <b>disown</b> does not remove
+the jobs corresponding to each <i>id</i> from the jobs
+table, but rather marks them so the shell does not send
+<b>SIGHUP</b> to the job if the shell receives a
+<b>SIGHUP</b>.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If no <i>id</i>
+is supplied, the <b>-a</b> option means to remove or mark
+all jobs; the <b>-r</b> option without an <i>id</i> argument
+removes or marks running jobs. If no <i>id</i> is supplied,
+and neither the <b>-a</b> nor the <b>-r</b> option is
+supplied, <b>disown</b> removes or marks the current
+job.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">The return
value is 0 unless an <i>id</i> does not specify a valid
job.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>echo</b> [<b>−neE</b>]
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>echo</b> [<b>-neE</b>]
[<i>arg</i> ...]</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Output the <i>arg</i>s,
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Output the <i>arg</i>s,
separated by spaces, followed by a newline. The return
-status is 0 unless a write error occurs. If <b>−n</b>
-is specified, the trailing newline is not printed.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If the
-<b>−e</b> option is given, <b>echo</b> interprets the
-following backslash-escaped characters. The <b>−E</b>
-option disables interpretation of these escape characters,
-even on systems where they are interpreted by default. The
+status is 0 unless a write error occurs. If <b>-n</b> is
+specified, the trailing newline is not printed.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If the
+<b>-e</b> option is given, <b>echo</b> interprets the
+following backslash-escaped characters. The <b>-E</b> option
+disables interpretation of these escape characters, even on
+systems where they are interpreted by default. The
<b>xpg_echo</b> shell option determines whether or not
<b>echo</b> interprets any options and expands these escape
-characters. <b>echo</b> does not interpret
-<b>−−</b> to mean the end of options.</p>
+characters. <b>echo</b> does not interpret <b>--</b> to mean
+the end of options.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em"><b>echo</b>
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em"><b>echo</b>
interprets the following escape sequences:</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
-<td width="8%">
+<td width="15%"></td>
+<td width="6%">
<p><b>\a</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="3%"></td>
+<td width="76%">
<p>alert (bell)</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
-<td width="8%">
-
-
-<p><b>\b</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
-
-
-<p>backspace</p></td></tr>
-<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
-<td width="8%">
+<td width="15%"></td>
+<td width="6%">
-<p><b>\c</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\b</b></p></td>
+<td width="3%"></td>
+<td width="76%">
-<p>suppress further output</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">backspace</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
-<td width="8%">
+<td width="15%"></td>
+<td width="6%">
-<p><b>\e</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
-</td></tr>
-<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
-<td width="8%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\c</b></p></td>
+<td width="3%"></td>
+<td width="76%">
-<p><b>\E</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">suppress further output</p></td></tr>
+<tr valign="top" align="left">
+<td width="15%"></td>
+<td width="6%">
-<p>an escape character</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\e</b></p></td>
+<td width="3%"></td>
+<td width="76%">
+</td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
-<td width="8%">
+<td width="15%"></td>
+<td width="6%">
-<p><b>\f</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\E</b></p></td>
+<td width="3%"></td>
+<td width="76%">
-<p>form feed</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">an escape character</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
-<td width="8%">
+<td width="15%"></td>
+<td width="6%">
-<p><b>\n</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\f</b></p></td>
+<td width="3%"></td>
+<td width="76%">
-<p>new line</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">form feed</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
-<td width="8%">
+<td width="15%"></td>
+<td width="6%">
-<p><b>\r</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\n</b></p></td>
+<td width="3%"></td>
+<td width="76%">
-<p>carriage return</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">new line</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
-<td width="8%">
+<td width="15%"></td>
+<td width="6%">
-<p><b>\t</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\r</b></p></td>
+<td width="3%"></td>
+<td width="76%">
-<p>horizontal tab</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">carriage return</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
-<td width="8%">
+<td width="15%"></td>
+<td width="6%">
-<p><b>\v</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\t</b></p></td>
+<td width="3%"></td>
+<td width="76%">
-<p>vertical tab</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">horizontal tab</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
-<td width="8%">
+<td width="15%"></td>
+<td width="6%">
-<p><b>\\</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\v</b></p></td>
+<td width="3%"></td>
+<td width="76%">
-<p>backslash</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">vertical tab</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
-<td width="8%">
+<td width="15%"></td>
+<td width="6%">
-<p><b>\0</b><i>nnn</i></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\\</b></p></td>
+<td width="3%"></td>
+<td width="76%">
-<p>The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value
-<i>nnn</i> (zero to three octal digits).</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">backslash</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
-<td width="8%">
+<td width="15%"></td>
+<td width="6%">
-<p><b>\x</b><i>HH</i></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\0</b><i>nnn</i></p></td>
+<td width="3%"></td>
+<td width="76%">
-<p>The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal
-value <i>HH</i> (one or two hex digits).</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The eight-bit character whose
+value is the octal value <i>nnn</i> (zero to three octal
+digits).</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
-<td width="8%">
+<td width="15%"></td>
+<td width="6%">
-<p><b>\u</b><i>HHHH</i></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>\x</b><i>HH</i></p></td>
+<td width="3%"></td>
+<td width="76%">
-<p>The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
-hexadecimal value <i>HHHH</i> (one to four hex digits).</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The eight-bit character whose
+value is the hexadecimal value <i>HH</i> (one or two hex
+digits).</p> </td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>\U</b><i>HHHHHHHH</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>\u</b><i>HHHH</i></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:24%;">The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646)
+character whose value is the hexadecimal value <i>HHHH</i>
+(one to four hex digits).</p>
-<p style="margin-left:27%;">The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646)
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>\U</b><i>HHHHHHHH</i></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:24%;">The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646)
character whose value is the hexadecimal value
<i>HHHHHHHH</i> (one to eight hex digits).</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em"><b>echo</b>
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em"><b>echo</b>
writes any unrecognized backslash-escaped characters
unchanged.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>enable</b> [<b>−a</b>]
-[<b>−dnps</b>] [<b>−f</b> <i>filename</i>]
-[<i>name</i> ...]</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>enable</b> [<b>-a</b>]
+[<b>-dnps</b>] [<b>-f</b> <i>filename</i>] [<i>name</i>
+...]</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Enable and disable builtin
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Enable and disable builtin
shell commands. Disabling a builtin allows an executable
file which has the same name as a shell builtin to be
executed without specifying a full pathname, even though the
shell normally searches for builtins before files.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If
-<b>−n</b> is supplied, each <i>name</i> is disabled;
-otherwise, <i>name</i>s are enabled. For example, to use the
-<b>test</b> binary found using <b><small>PATH</small></b>
-instead of the shell builtin version, run “enable
-−n test”.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If no
-<i>name</i> arguments are supplied, or if the
-<b>−p</b> option is supplied, print a list of shell
-builtins. With no other option arguments, the list consists
-of all enabled shell builtins. If <b>−n</b> is
-supplied, print only disabled builtins. If <b>−a</b>
-is supplied, the list printed includes all builtins, with an
-indication of whether or not each is enabled. The
-<b>−s</b> option means to restrict the output to the
-<small>POSIX</small> <i>special</i> builtins.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">The
-<b>−f</b> option means to load the new builtin command
-<i>name</i> from shared object <i>filename</i>, on systems
-that support dynamic loading. If <i>filename</i> does not
-contain a slash, <b>Bash</b> will use the value of the
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If <b>-n</b> is
+supplied, each <i>name</i> is disabled; otherwise,
+<i>name</i>s are enabled. For example, to use the
+<b>test</b> binary found using <b>PATH</b> instead of the
+shell builtin version, run “enable -n test”.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If no
+<i>name</i> arguments are supplied, or if the <b>-p</b>
+option is supplied, print a list of shell builtins. With no
+other option arguments, the list consists of all enabled
+shell builtins. If <b>-n</b> is supplied, print only
+disabled builtins. If <b>-a</b> is supplied, the list
+printed includes all builtins, with an indication of whether
+or not each is enabled. The <b>-s</b> option means to
+restrict the output to the POSIX <i>special</i>
+builtins.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">The <b>-f</b>
+option means to load the new builtin command <i>name</i>
+from shared object <i>filename</i>, on systems that support
+dynamic loading. If <i>filename</i> does not contain a
+slash, <b>Bash</b> will use the value of the
<b>BASH_LOADABLES_PATH</b> variable as a colon-separated
list of directories in which to search for <i>filename</i>.
The default for <b>BASH_LOADABLES_PATH</b> is
system-dependent, and may include “.” to force a
-search of the current directory. The <b>−d</b> option
-will delete a builtin previously loaded with
-<b>−f</b>. If <b>−s</b> is used with
-<b>−f</b>, the new builtin becomes a
-<small>POSIX</small> special builtin.</p>
+search of the current directory. The <b>-d</b> option will
+delete a builtin previously loaded with <b>-f</b>. If
+<b>-s</b> is used with <b>-f</b>, the new builtin becomes a
+POSIX special builtin.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If no options
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If no options
are supplied and a <i>name</i> is not a shell builtin,
<b>enable</b> will attempt to load <i>name</i> from a shared
object named <i>name</i>, as if the command were
-“enable −f <i>name name</i>”.</p>
+“enable -f <i>name name</i>”.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">The return
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">The return
value is 0 unless a <i>name</i> is not a shell builtin or
there is an error loading a new builtin from a shared
object.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>eval</b> [<i>arg</i> ...]</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>eval</b> [<i>arg</i> ...]</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Concatenate the <i>arg</i>s
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Concatenate the <i>arg</i>s
together into a single command, separating them with spaces.
<b>Bash</b> then reads and execute this command, and returns
its exit status as the return status of <b>eval</b>. If
there are no <i>args</i>, or only null arguments,
<b>eval</b> returns 0.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>exec</b> [<b>−cl</b>]
-[<b>−a</b> <i>name</i>] [<i>command</i>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>exec</b> [<b>-cl</b>]
+[<b>-a</b> <i>name</i>] [<i>command</i>
[<i>arguments</i>]]</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">If <i>command</i> is specified,
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">If <i>command</i> is specified,
it replaces the shell without creating a new process.
<i>command</i> cannot be a shell builtin or function. The
<i>arguments</i> become the arguments to <i>command</i>. If
-the <b>−l</b> option is supplied, the shell places a
-dash at the beginning of the zeroth argument passed to
+the <b>-l</b> option is supplied, the shell places a dash at
+the beginning of the zeroth argument passed to
<i>command</i>. This is what <i>login</i>(1) does. The
-<b>−c</b> option causes <i>command</i> to be executed
-with an empty environment. If <b>−a</b> is supplied,
-the shell passes <i>name</i> as the zeroth argument to the
-executed command.</p>
+<b>-c</b> option causes <i>command</i> to be executed with
+an empty environment. If <b>-a</b> is supplied, the shell
+passes <i>name</i> as the zeroth argument to the executed
+command.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If
<i>command</i> cannot be executed for some reason, a
non-interactive shell exits, unless the <b>execfail</b>
shell option is enabled. In that case, it returns a non-zero
the file cannot be executed. A subshell exits
unconditionally if <b>exec</b> fails.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If
<i>command</i> is not specified, any redirections take
effect in the current shell, and the return status is 0. If
there is a redirection error, the return status is 1.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>exit</b> [<i>n</i>]</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>exit</b> [<i>n</i>]</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Cause the shell to exit with a
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Cause the shell to exit with a
status of <i>n</i>. If <i>n</i> is omitted, the exit status
is that of the last command executed. Any trap on
-<b><small>EXIT</small></b> is executed before the shell
-terminates.</p>
+<b>EXIT</b> is executed before the shell terminates.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>export</b> [<b>−fn</b>]
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>export</b> [<b>-fn</b>]
[<i>name</i>[=<i>value</i>]] ... <b><br>
-export −p [−f]</b></p>
+export -p [-f]</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">The supplied <i>names</i> are
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">The supplied <i>names</i> are
marked for automatic export to the environment of
-subsequently executed commands. If the <b>−f</b>
-option is given, the <i>names</i> refer to functions.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">The
-<b>−n</b> option unexports, or removes the export
-attribute, from each <i>name</i>. If no <i>names</i> are
-given, or if only the <b>−p</b> option is supplied,
-<b>export</b> displays a list of names of all exported
-variables on the standard output. Using <b>−p</b> and
-<b>−f</b> together displays exported functions. The
-<b>−p</b> option displays output in a form that may be
-reused as input.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em"><b>export</b>
+subsequently executed commands. If the <b>-f</b> option is
+given, the <i>names</i> refer to functions.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">The <b>-n</b>
+option unexports, or removes the export attribute, from each
+<i>name</i>. If no <i>names</i> are given, or if only the
+<b>-p</b> option is supplied, <b>export</b> displays a list
+of names of all exported variables on the standard output.
+Using <b>-p</b> and <b>-f</b> together displays exported
+functions. The <b>-p</b> option displays output in a form
+that may be reused as input.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em"><b>export</b>
allows the value of a variable to be set when it is exported
or unexported by following the variable name with
=<i>value</i>. This sets the value of the variable to
<i>value</i> while modifying the export attribute.
<b>export</b> returns an exit status of 0 unless an invalid
option is encountered, one of the <i>names</i> is not a
-valid shell variable name, or <b>−f</b> is supplied
-with a <i>name</i> that is not a function.</p>
+valid shell variable name, or <b>-f</b> is supplied with a
+<i>name</i> that is not a function.</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="6%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="7%">
<p><b>false</b></p></td>
-<td width="3%"></td>
-<td width="51%">
+<td width="2%"></td>
+<td width="50%">
<p>Does nothing; returns a non-zero status.</p></td>
-<td width="31%">
+<td width="35%">
</td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>fc</b> [<b>−e</b>
-<i>ename</i>] [<b>−D</b>] [<b>−lnr</b>]
-[<i>first</i>] [<i>last</i>] <b><br>
-fc −s</b> [<i>pat</i>=<i>rep</i>] [<i>cmd</i>]</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>fc</b> [<b>-e</b>
+<i>ename</i>] [<b>-D</b>] [<b>-lnr</b>] [<i>first</i>]
+[<i>last</i>] <b><br>
+fc -s</b> [<i>pat</i>=<i>rep</i>] [<i>cmd</i>]</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">The first form selects a range
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">The first form selects a range
of commands from <i>first</i> to <i>last</i> from the
history list and displays or edits and re-executes them.
<i>First</i> and <i>last</i> may be specified as a string
negative number is used as an offset from the current
command number).</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">When listing, a
-<i>first</i> or <i>last</i> of 0 is equivalent to −1
-and −0 is equivalent to the current command (usually
-the <b>fc</b> command); otherwise 0 is equivalent to
-−1 and −0 is invalid. If <i>last</i> is not
-specified, it is set to the current command for listing (so
-that “fc −l −10” prints the last 10
-commands) and to <i>first</i> otherwise. If <i>first</i> is
-not specified, it is set to the previous command for editing
-and −16 for listing.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If the
-<b>−l</b> option is supplied, the commands are listed
-on the standard output. The <b>−n</b> option
-suppresses the command numbers when listing. The
-<b>−r</b> option reverses the order of the
-commands.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">Otherwise,
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">When listing, a
+<i>first</i> or <i>last</i> of 0 is equivalent to -1 and -0
+is equivalent to the current command (usually the <b>fc</b>
+command); otherwise 0 is equivalent to -1 and -0 is invalid.
+If <i>last</i> is not specified, it is set to the current
+command for listing (so that “fc -l -10” prints
+the last 10 commands) and to <i>first</i> otherwise. If
+<i>first</i> is not specified, it is set to the previous
+command for editing and -16 for listing.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If the
+<b>-l</b> option is supplied, the commands are listed on the
+standard output. The <b>-n</b> option suppresses the command
+numbers when listing. The <b>-r</b> option reverses the
+order of the commands.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">Otherwise,
<b>fc</b> invokes the editor named by <i>ename</i> on a file
containing those commands. If <i>ename</i> is not supplied,
-<b>fc</b> uses the value of the <b><small>FCEDIT</small></b>
-variable, and the value of <b><small>EDITOR</small></b> if
-<b><small>FCEDIT</small></b> is not set. If neither variable
-is set, <b>fc</b> uses <i>vi.</i> When editing is complete,
-<b>fc</b> reads the file containing the edited commands and
-echoes and executes them. The <b>−D</b> option, if
-supplied, causes <b>fc</b> to remove the selected commands
-from the history list before executing the file of edited
-commands. <b>−D</b> is only effective when <b>fc</b>
+<b>fc</b> uses the value of the <b>FCEDIT</b> variable, and
+the value of <b>EDITOR</b> if <b>FCEDIT</b> is not set. If
+neither variable is set, <b>fc</b> uses <i>vi.</i> When
+editing is complete, <b>fc</b> reads the file containing the
+edited commands and echoes and executes them. The <b>-D</b>
+option, if supplied, causes <b>fc</b> to remove the selected
+commands from the history list before executing the file of
+edited commands. <b>-D</b> is only effective when <b>fc</b>
is invoked in this way.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">In the second
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">In the second
form, <b>fc</b> re-executes <i>command</i> after replacing
each instance of <i>pat</i> with <i>rep</i>. <i>Command</i>
is interpreted the same as <i>first</i> above.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">A useful alias
-to use with <b>fc</b> is “r="fc
-−s"”, so that typing “r cc”
-runs the last command beginning with “cc” and
-typing “r” re-executes the last command.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">A useful alias
+to use with <b>fc</b> is “r="fc -s"”,
+so that typing “r cc” runs the last command
+beginning with “cc” and typing “r”
+re-executes the last command.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If the first
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If the first
form is used, the return value is zero unless an invalid
option is encountered or <i>first</i> or <i>last</i> specify
history lines out of range. When editing and re-executing a
does not specify a valid history entry, in which case
<b>fc</b> returns a non-zero status.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>fg</b> [<i>jobspec</i>]</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>fg</b> [<i>jobspec</i>]</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Resume <i>jobspec</i> in the
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Resume <i>jobspec</i> in the
foreground, and make it the current job. If <i>jobspec</i>
is not present, <b>fg</b> uses the shell’s notion of
the <i>current job</i>. The return value is that of the
<i>jobspec</i> specifies a job that was started without job
control.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>getopts</b> <i>optstring
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>getopts</b> <i>optstring
name</i> [<i>arg</i> ...]</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>getopts</b> is used by shell
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>getopts</b> is used by shell
scripts and functions to parse positional parameters and
obtain options and their arguments. <i>optstring</i>
contains the option characters to be recognized; if a
space. The colon and question mark characters may not be
used as option characters.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">Each time it is
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">Each time it is
invoked, <b>getopts</b> places the next option in the shell
variable <i>name</i>, initializing <i>name</i> if it does
not exist, and the index of the next argument to be
-processed into the variable
-<b><small>OPTIND</small></b><small>. <b>OPTIND</b></small>
-is initialized to 1 each time the shell or a shell script is
+processed into the variable <b>OPTIND</b>. <b>OPTIND</b> is
+initialized to 1 each time the shell or a shell script is
invoked. When an option requires an argument, <b>getopts</b>
-places that argument into the variable
-<b><small>OPTARG</small></b><small>.</small></p>
+places that argument into the variable <b>OPTARG</b>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">The shell does
-not reset <b><small>OPTIND</small></b> automatically; it
-must be manually reset between multiple calls to
-<b>getopts</b> within the same shell invocation to use a new
-set of parameters.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">The shell does
+not reset <b>OPTIND</b> automatically; it must be manually
+reset between multiple calls to <b>getopts</b> within the
+same shell invocation to use a new set of parameters.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">When it reaches
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">When it reaches
the end of options, <b>getopts</b> exits with a return value
-greater than zero. <b><small>OPTIND</small></b> is set to
-the index of the first non-option argument, and <i>name</i>
-is set to ?.</p>
+greater than zero. <b>OPTIND</b> is set to the index of the
+first non-option argument, and <i>name</i> is set to ?.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em"><b>getopts</b>
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em"><b>getopts</b>
normally parses the positional parameters, but if more
arguments are supplied as <i>arg</i> values, <b>getopts</b>
parses those instead.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em"><b>getopts</b>
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em"><b>getopts</b>
can report errors in two ways. If the first character of
<i>optstring</i> is a colon, <b>getopts</b> uses
<i>silent</i> error reporting. In normal operation,
<b>getopts</b> prints diagnostic messages when it encounters
invalid options or missing option arguments. If the variable
-<b><small>OPTERR</small></b> is set to 0, <b>getopts</b>
-does not display any error messages, even if the first
-character of <i>optstring</i> is not a colon.</p>
+<b>OPTERR</b> is set to 0, <b>getopts</b> does not display
+any error messages, even if the first character of
+<i>optstring</i> is not a colon.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If
<b>getopts</b> detects an invalid option, it places ? into
<i>name</i> and, if not silent, prints an error message and
-unsets <b><small>OPTARG</small></b><small>.</small> If
-<b>getopts</b> is silent, it assigns the option character
-found to <b><small>OPTARG</small></b> and does not print a
-diagnostic message.</p>
+unsets <b>OPTARG</b>. If <b>getopts</b> is silent, it
+assigns the option character found to <b>OPTARG</b> and does
+not print a diagnostic message.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If a required
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If a required
argument is not found, and <b>getopts</b> is not silent, it
sets the value of <i>name</i> to a question mark (<b>?</b>),
-unsets <b><small>OPTARG</small></b><small>,</small> and
-prints a diagnostic message. If <b>getopts</b> is silent, it
-sets the value of <i>name</i> to a colon (<b>:</b>) and sets
-<b><small>OPTARG</small></b> to the option character
-found.</p>
+unsets <b>OPTARG</b>, and prints a diagnostic message. If
+<b>getopts</b> is silent, it sets the value of <i>name</i>
+to a colon (<b>:</b>) and sets <b>OPTARG</b> to the option
+character found.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em"><b>getopts</b>
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em"><b>getopts</b>
returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is
found. It returns false if the end of options is encountered
or an error occurs.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>hash</b> [<b>−lr</b>]
-[<b>−p</b> <i>filename</i>] [<b>−dt</b>]
-[<i>name</i>]</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>hash</b> [<b>-lr</b>]
+[<b>-p</b> <i>filename</i>] [<b>-dt</b>] [<i>name</i>]</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Each time <b>hash</b> is
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Each time <b>hash</b> is
invoked, it remembers the full pathname of the command
<i>name</i> as determined by searching the directories in
<b>$PATH</b>. Any previously-remembered pathname associated
-with <i>name</i> is discarded. If the <b>−p</b> option
-is supplied, <b>hash</b> uses <i>filename</i> as the full
+with <i>name</i> is discarded. If the <b>-p</b> option is
+supplied, <b>hash</b> uses <i>filename</i> as the full
pathname of the command.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">The
-<b>−r</b> option causes the shell to forget all
-remembered locations. Assigning to the <b>PATH</b> variable
-also clears all hashed filenames. The <b>−d</b> option
-causes the shell to forget the remembered location of each
-<i>name</i>.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If the
-<b>−t</b> option is supplied, <b>hash</b> prints the
-full pathname corresponding to each <i>name</i>. If multiple
-<i>name</i> arguments are supplied with <b>−t</b>,
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">The <b>-r</b>
+option causes the shell to forget all remembered locations.
+Assigning to the <b>PATH</b> variable also clears all hashed
+filenames. The <b>-d</b> option causes the shell to forget
+the remembered location of each <i>name</i>.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If the
+<b>-t</b> option is supplied, <b>hash</b> prints the full
+pathname corresponding to each <i>name</i>. If multiple
+<i>name</i> arguments are supplied with <b>-t</b>,
<b>hash</b> prints the <i>name</i> before the corresponding
-hashed full pathname. The <b>−l</b> option displays
-output in a format that may be reused as input.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If no arguments
-are given, or if only <b>−l</b> is supplied,
-<b>hash</b> prints information about remembered commands.
-The <b>−t</b>, <b>−d</b>, and <b>−p</b>
-options (the options that act on the <i>name</i> arguments)
-are mutually exclusive. Only one will be active. If more
-than one is supplied, <b>−t</b> has higher priority
-than <b>−p</b>, and both have higher priority than
-<b>−d</b>.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">The return
+hashed full pathname. The <b>-l</b> option displays output
+in a format that may be reused as input.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If no arguments
+are given, or if only <b>-l</b> is supplied, <b>hash</b>
+prints information about remembered commands. The <b>-t</b>,
+<b>-d</b>, and <b>-p</b> options (the options that act on
+the <i>name</i> arguments) are mutually exclusive. Only one
+will be active. If more than one is supplied, <b>-t</b> has
+higher priority than <b>-p</b>, and both have higher
+priority than <b>-d</b>.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">The return
status is zero unless a <i>name</i> is not found or an
invalid option is supplied.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>help</b> [<b>−dms</b>]
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>help</b> [<b>-dms</b>]
[<i>pattern</i>]</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Display helpful information
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Display helpful information
about builtin commands. If <i>pattern</i> is specified,
<b>help</b> gives detailed help on all commands matching
<i>pattern</i> as described below; otherwise it displays a
list of all the builtins and shell compound commands.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">Options, if
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">Options, if
supplied, have the follow meanings:</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−d</b></p></td>
+<p><b>-d</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
<p>Display a short description of each <i>pattern</i></p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−m</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-m</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>Display the description of each <i>pattern</i> in a
-manpage-like format</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Display the description of each
+<i>pattern</i> in a manpage-like format</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−s</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-s</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>Display only a short usage synopsis for each
-<i>pattern</i></p> </td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Display only a short usage
+synopsis for each <i>pattern</i></p></td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If
<i>pattern</i> contains pattern matching characters (see
-<b><small>Pattern Matching</small></b> above) it’s
-treated as a shell pattern and <b>help</b> prints the
-description of each help topic matching <i>pattern</i>.</p>
+<b>Pattern Matching</b> above) it’s treated as a shell
+pattern and <b>help</b> prints the description of each help
+topic matching <i>pattern</i>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If not, and
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If not, and
<i>pattern</i> exactly matches the name of a help topic,
<b>help</b> prints the description associated with that
topic. Otherwise, <b>help</b> performs prefix matching and
prints the descriptions of all matching help topics.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">The return
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">The return
status is 0 unless no command matches <i>pattern</i>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>history [−H]
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>history [-H]
[</b><i>range</i><b>] <br>
-history −c <br>
-history −d</b> <i>range</i> <b><br>
-history −anrw</b> [<i>filename</i>] <b><br>
-history −p</b> <i>arg</i> [<i>arg</i> ...] <b><br>
-history −s</b> <i>arg</i> [<i>arg</i> ...]</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">With no options, or with the
-<b>−H</b> option, display the portion of the command
-history list specified by <i>range</i>, as described below.
-If <i>range</i> is not specified, display the entire history
-list. Without <b>−H</b>, display the list with command
+history -c <br>
+history -d</b> <i>range</i> <b><br>
+history -anrw</b> [<i>filename</i>] <b><br>
+history -p</b> <i>arg</i> [<i>arg</i> ...] <b><br>
+history -s</b> <i>arg</i> [<i>arg</i> ...]</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">With no options, or with the
+<b>-H</b> option, display the portion of the command history
+list specified by <i>range</i>, as described below. If
+<i>range</i> is not specified, display the entire history
+list. Without <b>-H</b>, display the list with command
numbers, prefixing entries that have been modified with a
“*”.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">A <i>range</i>
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">A <i>range</i>
argument is specified in the form of a number <i>offset</i>
-or a range <i>start</i>−<i>end</i>. If <i>offset</i>
-is supplied, it references the history entry at position
+or a range <i>start</i>-<i>end</i>. If <i>offset</i> is
+supplied, it references the history entry at position
<i>offset</i> in the history list; when listing this
displays the last <i>offset</i> entries. A negative
<i>offset</i> counts back from the end of the history list,
<i>end</i>, the history entries are displayed in reverse
order from <i>end</i> to <i>start</i>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If the shell
-variable <b><small>HISTTIMEFORMAT</small></b> is set and not
-null, it is used as a format string for <i>strftime</i>(3)
-to display the time stamp associated with each displayed
-history entry. If <b>history</b> uses
-<b><small>HISTTIMEFORMAT</small></b><small>,</small> it does
-not print an intervening space between the formatted time
-stamp and the history entry.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If the shell
+variable <b>HISTTIMEFORMAT</b> is set and not null, it is
+used as a format string for <i>strftime</i>(3) to display
+the time stamp associated with each displayed history entry.
+If <b>history</b> uses <b>HISTTIMEFORMAT</b>, it does not
+print an intervening space between the formatted time stamp
+and the history entry.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If
<i>filename</i> is supplied, <b>history</b> uses it as the
name of the history file; if not, it uses the value of
-<b><small>HISTFILE</small></b><small>.</small> If
-<i>filename</i> is not supplied and
-<b><small>HISTFILE</small></b> is unset or null, the
-<b>−a, −n, −r,</b> and <b>−w</b>
-options have no effect.</p>
+<b>HISTFILE</b>. If <i>filename</i> is not supplied and
+<b>HISTFILE</b> is unset or null, the <b>-a, -n, -r,</b> and
+<b>-w</b> options have no effect.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">Options, if
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">Options, if
supplied, have the following meanings:</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−c</b></p></td>
+<p><b>-c</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
<p>Clear the history list by deleting all the entries. This
list.</p> </td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>−d</b>
-<i>range</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>-d</b> <i>range</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:27%;">Delete the history entries
+<p style="margin-left:24%;">Delete the history entries
specified by <i>range</i>, as described above. An index of
-−1 refers to the current <b>history −d</b>
-command.</p>
+-1 refers to the current <b>history -d</b> command.</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−H</b></p></td>
+<p><b>-H</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
<p>Display the selected history entries in the format that
stamp information as described below, without prefixing the
entry with any line number or “*”.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−a</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-a</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>Append the “new” history lines to the
-history file. These are history lines entered since the
-beginning of the current <b>bash</b> session, but not
-already appended to the history file.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Append the “new”
+history lines to the history file. These are history lines
+entered since the beginning of the current <b>bash</b>
+session, but not already appended to the history file.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−n</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-n</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>Read the history lines not already read from the history
-file and add them to the current history list. These are
-lines appended to the history file since the beginning of
-the current <b>bash</b> session.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Read the history lines not
+already read from the history file and add them to the
+current history list. These are lines appended to the
+history file since the beginning of the current <b>bash</b>
+session.</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−r</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-r</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>Read the history file and append its contents to the
-current history list.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Read the history file and append
+its contents to the current history list.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−w</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-w</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>Write the current history list to the history file,
-overwriting the history file.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Write the current history list
+to the history file, overwriting the history file.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−p</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-p</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>Perform history substitution on the following
-<i>args</i> and display the result on the standard output,
-without storing the results in the history list. Each
-<i>arg</i> must be quoted to disable normal history
-expansion.</p> </td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Perform history substitution on
+the following <i>args</i> and display the result on the
+standard output, without storing the results in the history
+list. Each <i>arg</i> must be quoted to disable normal
+history expansion.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−s</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-s</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>Store the <i>args</i> in the history list as a single
-entry. The last command in the history list is removed
-before adding the <i>args</i>.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Store the <i>args</i> in the
+history list as a single entry. The last command in the
+history list is removed before adding the <i>args</i>.</p></td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If the
-<b><small>HISTTIMEFORMAT</small></b> variable is set,
-<b>history</b> writes the time stamp information associated
-with each history entry to the history file, marked with the
-history comment character as described above. When the
-history file is read, lines beginning with the history
-comment character followed immediately by a digit are
-interpreted as timestamps for the following history
-entry.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">The return
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If the
+<b>HISTTIMEFORMAT</b> variable is set, <b>history</b> writes
+the time stamp information associated with each history
+entry to the history file, marked with the history comment
+character as described above. When the history file is read,
+lines beginning with the history comment character followed
+immediately by a digit are interpreted as timestamps for the
+following history entry.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">The return
value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an error
occurs while reading or writing the history file, an invalid
<i>offset</i> or range is supplied as an argument to
-<b>−d</b>, or the history expansion supplied as an
-argument to <b>−p</b> fails.</p>
+<b>-d</b>, or the history expansion supplied as an argument
+to <b>-p</b> fails.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>jobs</b>
-[<b>−lnprs</b>] [ <i>jobspec</i> ... ] <b><br>
-jobs −x</b> <i>command</i> [ <i>args</i> ... ]</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>jobs</b> [<b>-lnprs</b>] [
+<i>jobspec</i> ... ] <b><br>
+jobs -x</b> <i>command</i> [ <i>args</i> ... ]</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">The first form lists the active
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">The first form lists the active
jobs. The options have the following meanings:</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−l</b></p></td>
+<p><b>-l</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
<p>List process IDs in addition to the normal
information.</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−n</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-n</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>Display information only about jobs that have changed
-status since the user was last notified of their status.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Display information only about
+jobs that have changed status since the user was last
+notified of their status.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−p</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-p</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>List only the process ID of the job’s process
-group leader.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">List only the process ID of the
+job’s process group leader.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−r</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-r</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>Display only running jobs.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Display only running jobs.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−s</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-s</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>Display only stopped jobs.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Display only stopped jobs.</p></td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If
<i>jobspec</i> is supplied, <b>jobs</b> restricts output to
information about that job. The return status is 0 unless an
invalid option is encountered or an invalid <i>jobspec</i>
is supplied.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If the
-<b>−x</b> option is supplied, <b>jobs</b> replaces any
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If the
+<b>-x</b> option is supplied, <b>jobs</b> replaces any
<i>jobspec</i> found in <i>command</i> or <i>args</i> with
the corresponding process group ID, and executes
<i>command</i>, passing it <i>args</i>, returning its exit
status.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>kill</b> [<b>−s</b>
-<i>sigspec</i> | <b>−n</b> <i>signum</i> |
-<b>−</b><i>sigspec</i>] <i>id</i> [ ... ] <b><br>
-kill −l</b>|<b>−L</b> [<i>sigspec</i> |
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>kill</b> [<b>-s</b>
+<i>sigspec</i> | <b>-n</b> <i>signum</i> |
+<b>-</b><i>sigspec</i>] <i>id</i> [ ... ] <b><br>
+kill -l</b>|<b>-L</b> [<i>sigspec</i> |
<i>exit_status</i>]</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Send the signal specified by
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Send the signal specified by
<i>sigspec</i> or <i>signum</i> to the processes named by
each <i>id</i>. Each <i>id</i> may be a job specification
<i>jobspec</i> or a process ID <i>pid</i>. <i>sigspec</i> is
-either a case-insensitive signal name such as
-<b><small>SIGKILL</small></b> (with or without the
-<b><small>SIG</small></b> prefix) or a signal number;
+either a case-insensitive signal name such as <b>SIGKILL</b>
+(with or without the <b>SIG</b> prefix) or a signal number;
<i>signum</i> is a signal number. If <i>sigspec</i> is not
-supplied, then <b>kill</b> sends
-<b><small>SIGTERM</small></b><small>.</small></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">The
-<b>−l</b> option lists the signal names. If any
-arguments are supplied when <b>−l</b> is given,
-<b>kill</b> lists the names of the signals corresponding to
-the arguments, and the return status is 0. The
-<i>exit_status</i> argument to <b>−l</b> is a number
-specifying either a signal number or the exit status of a
-process terminated by a signal; if it is supplied,
-<b>kill</b> prints the name of the signal that caused the
-process to terminate. <b>kill</b> assumes that process exit
-statuses are greater than 128; anything less than that is a
-signal number. The <b>−L</b> option is equivalent to
-<b>−l</b>.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em"><b>kill</b>
+supplied, then <b>kill</b> sends <b>SIGTERM</b>.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">The <b>-l</b>
+option lists the signal names. If any arguments are supplied
+when <b>-l</b> is given, <b>kill</b> lists the names of the
+signals corresponding to the arguments, and the return
+status is 0. The <i>exit_status</i> argument to <b>-l</b> is
+a number specifying either a signal number or the exit
+status of a process terminated by a signal; if it is
+supplied, <b>kill</b> prints the name of the signal that
+caused the process to terminate. <b>kill</b> assumes that
+process exit statuses are greater than 128; anything less
+than that is a signal number. The <b>-L</b> option is
+equivalent to <b>-l</b>.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em"><b>kill</b>
returns true if at least one signal was successfully sent,
or false if an error occurs or an invalid option is
encountered.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>let</b> <i>arg</i>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>let</b> <i>arg</i>
[<i>arg</i> ...]</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Each <i>arg</i> is evaluated as
-an arithmetic expression (see <b><small>ARITHMETIC
-EVALUATION</small></b> above). If the last <i>arg</i>
-evaluates to 0, <b>let</b> returns 1; otherwise <b>let</b>
-returns 0.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Each <i>arg</i> is evaluated as
+an arithmetic expression (see <b>ARITHMETIC EVALUATION</b>
+above). If the last <i>arg</i> evaluates to 0, <b>let</b>
+returns 1; otherwise <b>let</b> returns 0.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>local</b> [<i>option</i>]
-[<i>name</i>[=<i>value</i>] ... | − ]</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>local</b> [<i>option</i>]
+[<i>name</i>[=<i>value</i>] ... | - ]</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">For each argument, create a
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">For each argument, create a
local variable named <i>name</i> and assign it <i>value</i>.
The <i>option</i> can be any of the options accepted by
<b>declare</b>. When <b>local</b> is used within a function,
restricted to that function and its children. It is an error
to use <b>local</b> when not within a function.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If <i>name</i>
-is −, it makes the set of shell options local to the
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If <i>name</i>
+is -, it makes the set of shell options local to the
function in which <b>local</b> is invoked: any shell options
changed using the <b>set</b> builtin inside the function
after the call to <b>local</b> are restored to their
executed to restore the values that were in place before the
function.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">With no
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">With no
operands, <b>local</b> writes a list of local variables to
the standard output.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">The return
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">The return
status is 0 unless <b>local</b> is used outside a function,
an invalid <i>name</i> is supplied, or <i>name</i> is a
readonly variable.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>logout
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>logout
[</b><i>n</i><b>]</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Exit a login shell, returning a
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Exit a login shell, returning a
status of <i>n</i> to the shell’s parent.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>mapfile</b> [<b>−d</b>
-<i>delim</i>] [<b>−n</b> <i>count</i>]
-[<b>−O</b> <i>origin</i>] [<b>−s</b>
-<i>count</i>] [<b>−t</b>] [<b>−u</b> <i>fd</i>]
-[<b>−C</b> <i><br>
-callback</i>] [<b>−c</b> <i>quantum</i>]
-[<i>array</i>] <b><br>
-readarray</b> [<b>−d</b> <i>delim</i>]
-[<b>−n</b> <i>count</i>] [<b>−O</b>
-<i>origin</i>] [<b>−s</b> <i>count</i>]
-[<b>−t</b>] [<b>−u</b> <i>fd</i>]
-[<b>−C</b> <i><br>
-callback</i>] [<b>−c</b> <i>quantum</i>]
-[<i>array</i>]</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Read lines from the standard
-input, or from file descriptor <i>fd</i> if the
-<b>−u</b> option is supplied, into the indexed array
-variable <i>array</i>. The variable
-<b><small>MAPFILE</small></b> is the default <i>array</i>.
-Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>mapfile</b> [<b>-d</b>
+<i>delim</i>] [<b>-n</b> <i>count</i>] [<b>-O</b>
+<i>origin</i>] [<b>-s</b> <i>count</i>] [<b>-t</b>]
+[<b>-u</b> <i>fd</i>] [<b>-C</b> <i><br>
+callback</i>] [<b>-c</b> <i>quantum</i>] [<i>array</i>]
+<b><br>
+readarray</b> [<b>-d</b> <i>delim</i>] [<b>-n</b>
+<i>count</i>] [<b>-O</b> <i>origin</i>] [<b>-s</b>
+<i>count</i>] [<b>-t</b>] [<b>-u</b> <i>fd</i>] [<b>-C</b>
+<i><br>
+callback</i>] [<b>-c</b> <i>quantum</i>] [<i>array</i>]</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Read lines from the standard
+input, or from file descriptor <i>fd</i> if the <b>-u</b>
+option is supplied, into the indexed array variable
+<i>array</i>. The variable <b>MAPFILE</b> is the default
+<i>array</i>. Options, if supplied, have the following
+meanings:</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−d</b></p></td>
+<p><b>-d</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
<p>Use the first character of <i>delim</i> to terminate
empty string, <b>mapfile</b> will terminate a line when it
reads a NUL character.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−n</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-n</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>Copy at most <i>count</i> lines. If <i>count</i> is 0,
-copy all lines.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Copy at most <i>count</i> lines.
+If <i>count</i> is 0, copy all lines.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−O</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-O</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>Begin assigning to <i>array</i> at index <i>origin</i>.
-The default index is 0.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Begin assigning to <i>array</i>
+at index <i>origin</i>. The default index is 0.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−s</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-s</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>Discard the first <i>count</i> lines read.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Discard the first <i>count</i>
+lines read.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−t</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-t</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>Remove a trailing <i>delim</i> (default newline) from
-each line read.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Remove a trailing <i>delim</i>
+(default newline) from each line read.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−u</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-u</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>Read lines from file descriptor <i>fd</i> instead of the
-standard input.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Read lines from file descriptor
+<i>fd</i> instead of the standard input.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−C</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-C</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>Evaluate <i>callback</i> each time <i>quantum</i> lines
-are read. The <b>−c</b> option specifies
-<i>quantum</i>.</p> </td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Evaluate <i>callback</i> each
+time <i>quantum</i> lines are read. The <b>-c</b> option
+specifies <i>quantum</i>.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−c</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-c</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>Specify the number of lines read between each call to
-<i>callback</i>.</p> </td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Specify the number of lines read
+between each call to <i>callback</i>.</p></td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If
-<b>−C</b> is specified without <b>−c</b>, the
-default quantum is 5000. When <i>callback</i> is evaluated,
-it is supplied the index of the next array element to be
-assigned and the line to be assigned to that element as
-additional arguments. <i>callback</i> is evaluated after the
-line is read but before the array element is assigned.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If <b>-C</b> is
+specified without <b>-c</b>, the default quantum is 5000.
+When <i>callback</i> is evaluated, it is supplied the index
+of the next array element to be assigned and the line to be
+assigned to that element as additional arguments.
+<i>callback</i> is evaluated after the line is read but
+before the array element is assigned.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If not supplied
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If not supplied
with an explicit origin, <b>mapfile</b> will clear
<i>array</i> before assigning to it.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em"><b>mapfile</b>
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em"><b>mapfile</b>
returns zero unless an invalid option or option argument is
supplied, <i>array</i> is invalid or unassignable, or if
<i>array</i> is not an indexed array.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>popd</b> [−<b>n</b>]
-[+<i>n</i>] [−<i>n</i>]</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>popd</b> [-<b>n</b>]
+[+<i>n</i>] [-<i>n</i>]</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Remove entries from the
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Remove entries from the
directory stack. The elements are numbered from 0 starting
at the first directory listed by <b>dirs</b>, so <b>popd</b>
is equivalent to “popd +0.” With no arguments,
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−n</b></p></td>
+<p><b>-n</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
<p>Suppress the normal change of directory when removing
directories from the stack, only manipulate the stack.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>+</b><i>n</i></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>+</b><i>n</i></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>Remove the <i>n</i>th entry counting from the left of
-the list shown by <b>dirs</b>, starting with zero, from the
-stack. For example: “popd +0” removes the first
-directory, “popd +1” the second.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Remove the <i>n</i>th entry
+counting from the left of the list shown by <b>dirs</b>,
+starting with zero, from the stack. For example: “popd
++0” removes the first directory, “popd +1”
+the second.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−</b><i>n</i></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-</b><i>n</i></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>Remove the <i>n</i>th entry counting from the right of
-the list shown by <b>dirs</b>, starting with zero. For
-example: “popd −0” removes the last
-directory, “popd −1” the next to last.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Remove the <i>n</i>th entry
+counting from the right of the list shown by <b>dirs</b>,
+starting with zero. For example: “popd -0”
+removes the last directory, “popd -1” the next
+to last.</p></td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If the top
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If the top
element of the directory stack is modified, and the
-<b>−n</b> option was not supplied, <b>popd</b> uses
-the <b>cd</b> builtin to change to the directory at the top
-of the stack. If the <b>cd</b> fails, <b>popd</b> returns a
+<b>-n</b> option was not supplied, <b>popd</b> uses the
+<b>cd</b> builtin to change to the directory at the top of
+the stack. If the <b>cd</b> fails, <b>popd</b> returns a
non-zero value.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">Otherwise,
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">Otherwise,
<b>popd</b> returns false if an invalid option is supplied,
the directory stack is empty, or <i>n</i> specifies a
non-existent directory stack entry.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If the
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If the
<b>popd</b> command is successful, <b>bash</b> runs
<b>dirs</b> to show the final contents of the directory
stack, and the return status is 0.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>printf</b> [<b>−v</b>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>printf</b> [<b>-v</b>
<i>var</i>] <i>format</i> [<i>arguments</i>]</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Write the formatted
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Write the formatted
<i>arguments</i> to the standard output under the control of
-the <i>format</i>. The <b>−v</b> option assigns the
-output to the variable <i>var</i> rather than printing it to
-the standard output.</p>
+the <i>format</i>. The <b>-v</b> option assigns the output
+to the variable <i>var</i> rather than printing it to the
+standard output.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">The
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">The
<i>format</i> is a character string which contains three
types of objects: plain characters, which are simply copied
to standard output, character escape sequences, which are
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
<p><b>%b</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
<p>causes <b>printf</b> to expand backslash escape
sequences in the corresponding <i>argument</i> in the same
-way as <b>echo −e</b>.</p></td></tr>
+way as <b>echo -e</b>.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>%q</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>%q</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>causes <b>printf</b> to output the corresponding
-<i>argument</i> in a format that can be reused as shell
-input. <b>%q</b> and <b>%Q</b> use the <b>$''</b> quoting
-style if any characters in the argument string require it,
-and backslash quoting otherwise. If the format string uses
-the <i>printf</i> alternate form, these two formats quote
-the argument string using single quotes.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">causes <b>printf</b> to output
+the corresponding <i>argument</i> in a format that can be
+reused as shell input. <b>%q</b> and <b>%Q</b> use the
+<b>$''</b> quoting style if any characters in the argument
+string require it, and backslash quoting otherwise. If the
+format string uses the <i>printf</i> alternate form, these
+two formats quote the argument string using single
+quotes.</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>%Q</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>%Q</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>like <b>%q</b>, but applies any supplied precision to
-the <i>argument</i> before quoting it.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">like <b>%q</b>, but applies any
+supplied precision to the <i>argument</i> before quoting
+it.</p> </td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>%(</b><i>datefmt</i><b>)T</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>%(</b><i>datefmt</i><b>)T</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:27%;">causes <b>printf</b> to output
+<p style="margin-left:24%;">causes <b>printf</b> to output
the date-time string resulting from using <i>datefmt</i> as
a format string for <i>strftime</i>(3). The corresponding
<i>argument</i> is an integer representing the number of
seconds since the epoch. This format specifier recognizes
-two special argument values: −1 represents the current
-time, and −2 represents the time the shell was
-invoked. If no argument is specified, conversion behaves as
-if −1 had been supplied. This is an exception to the
-usual <b>printf</b> behavior.</p>
+two special argument values: -1 represents the current time,
+and -2 represents the time the shell was invoked. If no
+argument is specified, conversion behaves as if -1 had been
+supplied. This is an exception to the usual <b>printf</b>
+behavior.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">The %b, %q, and
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">The %b, %q, and
%T format specifiers all use the field width and precision
arguments from the format specification and write that many
bytes from (or use that wide a field for) the expanded
argument, which usually contains more characters than the
original.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">The %n format
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">The %n format
specifier accepts a corresponding argument that is treated
as a shell variable name.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">The %s and %c
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">The %s and %c
format specifiers accept an l (long) modifier, which forces
them to convert the argument string to a wide-character
string and apply any supplied field width and precision in
terms of characters, not bytes. The %S and %C format
specifiers are equivalent to %ls and %lc, respectively.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">Arguments to
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">Arguments to
non-string format specifiers are treated as C constants,
except that a leading plus or minus sign is allowed, and if
the leading character is a single or double quote, the value
is the numeric value of the following character, using the
current locale.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">Format
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">Format
specifiers may apply to the <i>n</i>th argument rather than
the next sequential argument. In this case, the
’%’ in the format specifier is replaced by the
unnumbered specifier; numbered argument specifiers refer to
absolute positions in the argument list.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">The
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">The
<i>format</i> is reused as necessary to consume all of the
<i>arguments</i>. If the <i>format</i> requires more
<i>arguments</i> than are supplied, the extra format
numbered argument consumed by the previous use of
<i>format</i>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">The return
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">The return
value is zero on success, non-zero if an invalid option is
supplied or a write or assignment error occurs.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>pushd</b> [<b>−n</b>]
-[+<i>n</i>] [−<i>n</i>] <b><br>
-pushd</b> [<b>−n</b>] [<i>dir</i>]</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>pushd</b> [<b>-n</b>]
+[+<i>n</i>] [-<i>n</i>] <b><br>
+pushd</b> [<b>-n</b>] [<i>dir</i>]</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Add a directory to the top of
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Add a directory to the top of
the directory stack, or rotate the stack, making the new top
of the stack the current working directory. With no
arguments, <b>pushd</b> exchanges the top two elements of
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="4%">
-<p><b>−n</b></p></td>
+<p><b>-n</b></p></td>
<td width="5%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
<p>Suppress the normal change of directory when rotating or
adding directories to the stack, only manipulate the
stack.</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="4%">
-<p><b>+</b><i>n</i></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>+</b><i>n</i></p></td>
<td width="5%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>Rotate the stack so that the <i>n</i>th directory
-(counting from the left of the list shown by <b>dirs</b>,
-starting with zero) is at the top.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Rotate the stack so that the
+<i>n</i>th directory (counting from the left of the list
+shown by <b>dirs</b>, starting with zero) is at the top.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="4%">
-<p><b>−</b><i>n</i></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-</b><i>n</i></p></td>
<td width="5%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>Rotates the stack so that the <i>n</i>th directory
-(counting from the right of the list shown by <b>dirs</b>,
-starting with zero) is at the top.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Rotates the stack so that the
+<i>n</i>th directory (counting from the right of the list
+shown by <b>dirs</b>, starting with zero) is at the top.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="4%">
-<p><i>dir</i></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><i>dir</i></p></td>
<td width="5%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>Adds <i>dir</i> to the directory stack at the top.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Adds <i>dir</i> to the directory
+stack at the top.</p></td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">After the stack
-has been modified, if the <b>−n</b> option was not
-supplied, <b>pushd</b> uses the <b>cd</b> builtin to change
-to the directory at the top of the stack. If the <b>cd</b>
-fails, <b>pushd</b> returns a non-zero value.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">After the stack
+has been modified, if the <b>-n</b> option was not supplied,
+<b>pushd</b> uses the <b>cd</b> builtin to change to the
+directory at the top of the stack. If the <b>cd</b> fails,
+<b>pushd</b> returns a non-zero value.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">Otherwise, if
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">Otherwise, if
no arguments are supplied, <b>pushd</b> returns zero unless
the directory stack is empty. When rotating the directory
stack, <b>pushd</b> returns zero unless the directory stack
is empty or <i>n</i> specifies a non-existent directory
stack element.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If the
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If the
<b>pushd</b> command is successful, <b>bash</b> runs
<b>dirs</b> to show the final contents of the directory
stack.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>pwd</b>
-[<b>−LP</b>]</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>pwd</b> [<b>-LP</b>]</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Print the absolute pathname of
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Print the absolute pathname of
the current working directory. The pathname printed contains
-no symbolic links if the <b>−P</b> option is supplied
-or the <b>−o physical</b> option to the <b>set</b>
-builtin command is enabled. If the <b>−L</b> option is
-used, the pathname printed may contain symbolic links. The
-return status is 0 unless an error occurs while reading the
-name of the current directory or an invalid option is
-supplied.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>read</b> [<b>−Eers</b>]
-[<b>−a</b> <i>aname</i>] [<b>−d</b>
-<i>delim</i>] [<b>−i</b> <i>text</i>] [<b>−n</b>
-<i>nchars</i>] [<b>−N</b> <i>nchars</i>] <br>
-[<b>−p</b> <i>prompt</i>] [<b>−t</b>
-<i>timeout</i>] [<b>−u</b> <i>fd</i>] [<i>name</i>
-...]</p>
+no symbolic links if the <b>-P</b> option is supplied or the
+<b>-o physical</b> option to the <b>set</b> builtin command
+is enabled. If the <b>-L</b> option is used, the pathname
+printed may contain symbolic links. The return status is 0
+unless an error occurs while reading the name of the current
+directory or an invalid option is supplied.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>read</b> [<b>-Eers</b>]
+[<b>-a</b> <i>aname</i>] [<b>-d</b> <i>delim</i>] [<b>-i</b>
+<i>text</i>] [<b>-n</b> <i>nchars</i>] [<b>-N</b>
+<i>nchars</i>] [<b>-p</b> <i><br>
+prompt</i>] [<b>-t</b> <i>timeout</i>] [<b>-u</b> <i>fd</i>]
+[<i>name</i> ...]</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Read one line from the standard
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Read one line from the standard
input, or from the file descriptor <i>fd</i> supplied as an
-argument to the <b>−u</b> option, split it into words
-as described above under <b>Word Splitting</b>, and assign
-the first word to the first <i>name</i>, the second word to
-the second <i>name</i>, and so on. If there are more words
-than names, the remaining words and their intervening
-delimiters are assigned to the last <i>name</i>. If there
-are fewer words read from the input stream than names, the
-remaining names are assigned empty values. The characters in
-the value of the <b><small>IFS</small></b> variable are used
-to split the line into words using the same rules the shell
-uses for expansion (described above under <b>Word
-Splitting</b>). The backslash character (<b>\</b>) removes
-any special meaning for the next character read and is used
-for line continuation.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">Options, if
+argument to the <b>-u</b> option, split it into words as
+described above under <b>Word Splitting</b>, and assign the
+first word to the first <i>name</i>, the second word to the
+second <i>name</i>, and so on. If there are more words than
+names, the remaining words and their intervening delimiters
+are assigned to the last <i>name</i>. If there are fewer
+words read from the input stream than names, the remaining
+names are assigned empty values. The characters in the value
+of the <b>IFS</b> variable are used to split the line into
+words using the same rules the shell uses for expansion
+(described above under <b>Word Splitting</b>). The backslash
+character (<b>\</b>) removes any special meaning for the
+next character read and is used for line continuation.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">Options, if
supplied, have the following meanings: <b><br>
-−a</b> <i>aname</i></p>
+-a</b> <i>aname</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:27%;">The words are assigned to
+<p style="margin-left:24%;">The words are assigned to
sequential indices of the array variable <i>aname</i>,
starting at 0. <i>aname</i> is unset before any new values
are assigned. Other <i>name</i> arguments are ignored.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>−d</b>
-<i>delim</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>-d</b> <i>delim</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:27%;">The first character of
+<p style="margin-left:24%;">The first character of
<i>delim</i> terminates the input line, rather than newline.
If <i>delim</i> is the empty string, <b>read</b> will
terminate a line when it reads a NUL character.</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−e</b></p></td>
+<p><b>-e</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
<p>If the standard input is coming from a terminal,
-<b>read</b> uses <b>readline</b> (see
-<b><small>READLINE</small></b> above) to obtain the line.
-<b>Readline</b> uses the current (or default, if line
-editing was not previously active) editing settings, but
-uses <b>readline</b>’s default filename
+<b>read</b> uses <b>readline</b> (see <b>READLINE</b> above)
+to obtain the line. <b>Readline</b> uses the current (or
+default, if line editing was not previously active) editing
+settings, but uses <b>readline</b>’s default filename
completion.</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−E</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-E</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>If the standard input is coming from a terminal,
-<b>read</b> uses <b>readline</b> (see
-<b><small>READLINE</small></b> above) to obtain the line.
-<b>Readline</b> uses the current (or default, if line
-editing was not previously active) editing settings, but
-uses bash’s default completion, including programmable
-completion.</p> </td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">If the standard input is coming
+from a terminal, <b>read</b> uses <b>readline</b> (see
+<b>READLINE</b> above) to obtain the line. <b>Readline</b>
+uses the current (or default, if line editing was not
+previously active) editing settings, but uses bash’s
+default completion, including programmable completion.</p></td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>−i</b> <i>text</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>-i</b> <i>text</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:27%;">If <b>readline</b> is being
+<p style="margin-left:24%;">If <b>readline</b> is being
used to read the line, <b>read</b> places <i>text</i> into
the editing buffer before editing begins.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>−n</b>
-<i>nchars</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>-n</b> <i>nchars</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:27%;"><b>read</b> returns after
+<p style="margin-left:24%;"><b>read</b> returns after
reading <i>nchars</i> characters rather than waiting for a
complete line of input, unless it encounters EOF or
<b>read</b> times out, but honors a delimiter if it reads
fewer than <i>nchars</i> characters before the
delimiter.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>−N</b>
-<i>nchars</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>-N</b> <i>nchars</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:27%;"><b>read</b> returns after
+<p style="margin-left:24%;"><b>read</b> returns after
reading exactly <i>nchars</i> characters rather than waiting
for a complete line of input, unless it encounters EOF or
<b>read</b> times out. Any delimiter characters in the input
result is not split on the characters in <b>IFS</b>; the
intent is that the variable is assigned exactly the
characters read (with the exception of backslash; see the
-<b>−r</b> option below).</p>
+<b>-r</b> option below).</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>−p</b>
-<i>prompt</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>-p</b> <i>prompt</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:27%;">Display <i>prompt</i> on
+<p style="margin-left:24%;">Display <i>prompt</i> on
standard error, without a trailing newline, before
attempting to read any input, but only if input is coming
from a terminal.</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−r</b></p></td>
+<p><b>-r</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
<p>Backslash does not act as an escape character. The
particular, a backslash-newline pair may not then be used as
a line continuation.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−s</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-s</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal,
-characters are not echoed.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Silent mode. If input is coming
+from a terminal, characters are not echoed.</p></td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>−t</b>
-<i>timeout</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>-t</b> <i>timeout</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:27%;">Cause <b>read</b> to time out
+<p style="margin-left:24%;">Cause <b>read</b> to time out
and return failure if it does not read a complete line of
input (or a specified number of characters) within
<i>timeout</i> seconds. <i>timeout</i> may be a decimal
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="6%">
-<p><b>−u</b> <i>fd</i></p></td>
+<p><b>-u</b> <i>fd</i></p></td>
<td width="3%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
<p>Read input from file descriptor <i>fd</i> instead of the
standard input.</p></td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">Other than the
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">Other than the
case where <i>delim</i> is the empty string, <b>read</b>
ignores any NUL characters in the input.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If no
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If no
<i>names</i> are supplied, <b>read</b> assigns the line
read, without the ending delimiter but otherwise unmodified,
-to the variable
-<b><small>REPLY</small></b><small>.</small></p>
+to the variable <b>REPLY</b>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">The exit status
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">The exit status
is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, <b>read</b>
times out (in which case the status is greater than 128), a
variable assignment error (such as assigning to a readonly
variable) occurs, or an invalid file descriptor is supplied
-as the argument to <b>−u</b>.</p>
+as the argument to <b>-u</b>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>readonly</b>
-[<b>−aAf</b>] [<b>−p</b>]
-[<i>name</i>[=<i>word</i>] ...]</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>readonly</b> [<b>-aAf</b>]
+[<b>-p</b>] [<i>name</i>[=<i>word</i>] ...]</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">The given <i>names</i> are
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">The given <i>names</i> are
marked readonly; the values of these <i>names</i> may not be
-changed by subsequent assignment or unset. If the
-<b>−f</b> option is supplied, each <i>name</i> refers
-to a shell function. The <b>−a</b> option restricts
-the variables to indexed arrays; the <b>−A</b> option
-restricts the variables to associative arrays. If both
-options are supplied, <b>−A</b> takes precedence. If
-no <i>name</i> arguments are supplied, or if the
-<b>−p</b> option is supplied, print a list of all
-readonly names. The other options may be used to restrict
-the output to a subset of the set of readonly names. The
-<b>−p</b> option displays output in a format that may
-be reused as input.</p>
-
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em"><b>readonly</b>
+changed by subsequent assignment or unset. If the <b>-f</b>
+option is supplied, each <i>name</i> refers to a shell
+function. The <b>-a</b> option restricts the variables to
+indexed arrays; the <b>-A</b> option restricts the variables
+to associative arrays. If both options are supplied,
+<b>-A</b> takes precedence. If no <i>name</i> arguments are
+supplied, or if the <b>-p</b> option is supplied, print a
+list of all readonly names. The other options may be used to
+restrict the output to a subset of the set of readonly
+names. The <b>-p</b> option displays output in a format that
+may be reused as input.</p>
+
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em"><b>readonly</b>
allows the value of a variable to be set at the same time
the readonly attribute is changed by following the variable
name with =<i>value</i>. This sets the value of the variable
is to <i>value</i> while modifying the readonly
attribute.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">The return
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">The return
status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one of
the <i>names</i> is not a valid shell variable name, or
-<b>−f</b> is supplied with a <i>name</i> that is not a
+<b>-f</b> is supplied with a <i>name</i> that is not a
function.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>return</b> [<i>n</i>]</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>return</b> [<i>n</i>]</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Stop executing a shell function
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Stop executing a shell function
or sourced file and return the value specified by <i>n</i>
to its caller. If <i>n</i> is omitted, the return status is
that of the last command executed. If <b>return</b> is
status is the last command executed by the trap handler
before <b>return</b> was invoked.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">When
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">When
<b>return</b> is used to terminate execution of a script
being executed by the <b>.</b> (<b>source</b>) command, it
causes the shell to stop executing that script and return
If <i>n</i> is supplied, the return value is its least
significant 8 bits.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">Any command
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">Any command
associated with the <b>RETURN</b> trap is executed before
execution resumes after the function or script.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">The return
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">The return
status is non-zero if <b>return</b> is supplied a
non-numeric argument, or is used outside a function and not
during execution of a script by <b>.</b> or
<b>source</b>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>set</b>
-[<b>−abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT</b>] [<b>−o</b>
-<i>option−name</i>] [<b>−−</b>]
-[<b>−</b>] [<i>arg</i> ...] <b><br>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>set</b>
+[<b>-abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT</b>] [<b>-o</b> <i>option-name</i>]
+[<b>--</b>] [<b>-</b>] [<i>arg</i> ...] <b><br>
set</b> [<b>+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT</b>] [<b>+o</b>
-<i>option−name</i>] [<b>−−</b>]
-[<b>−</b>] [<i>arg</i> ...]</p>
+<i>option-name</i>] [<b>--</b>] [<b>-</b>] [<i>arg</i> ...]
+<b><br>
+set -o <br>
+set +o</b></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Without options, display the
+name and value of each shell variable in a format that can
+be reused as input for setting or resetting the
+currently-set variables. Read-only variables cannot be
+reset. In posix mode, only shell variables are listed. The
+output is sorted according to the current locale. When
+options are specified, they set or unset shell attributes.
+Any arguments remaining after option processing are treated
+as values for the positional parameters and are assigned, in
+order, to <b>$1</b>, <b>$2</b>, ..., <b>$</b><i>n</i>.
+Options, if specified, have the following meanings:</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="8%">
-
-
-<p><b>set −o</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
-</td></tr>
-<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="8%">
-
-
-<p><b>set +o</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
-
-
-<p>Without options, display the name and value of each
-shell variable in a format that can be reused as input for
-setting or resetting the currently-set variables. Read-only
-variables cannot be reset. In posix mode, only shell
-variables are listed. The output is sorted according to the
-current locale. When options are specified, they set or
-unset shell attributes. Any arguments remaining after option
-processing are treated as values for the positional
-parameters and are assigned, in order, to <b>$1</b>,
-<b>$2</b>, ..., <b>$</b><i>n</i>. Options, if specified,
-have the following meanings:</p></td></tr>
-</table>
+<td width="15%"></td>
+<td width="3%">
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>−a</b></p>
-<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
- cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
-<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
-<td width="3%"></td>
+<p><b>-a</b></p></td>
<td width="7%"></td>
-<td width="72%">
+<td width="75%">
-<p style="margin-top: 1em">Each variable or function that
-is created or modified is given the export attribute and
-marked for export to the environment of subsequent
-commands.</p> </td></tr>
+<p>Each variable or function that is created or modified is
+given the export attribute and marked for export to the
+environment of subsequent commands.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−b</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-b</b></p></td>
<td width="7%"></td>
-<td width="72%">
+<td width="75%">
-<p>Report the status of terminated background jobs
-immediately, rather than before the next primary prompt or
-after a foreground command terminates. This is effective
-only when job control is enabled.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Report the status of terminated
+background jobs immediately, rather than before the next
+primary prompt or after a foreground command terminates.
+This is effective only when job control is enabled.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−e</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-e</b></p></td>
<td width="7%"></td>
-<td width="72%">
-
-
-<p>Exit immediately if a <i>pipeline</i> (which may consist
-of a single <i>simple command</i>), a <i>list</i>, or a
-<i>compound command</i> (see <b><small>SHELL
-GRAMMAR</small></b> above), exits with a non-zero status.
-The shell does not exit if the command that fails is part of
-the command list immediately following a <b>while</b> or
-<b>until</b> reserved word, part of the test following the
-<b>if</b> or <b>elif</b> reserved words, part of any command
-executed in a <b>&&</b> or <b>||</b> list except the
-command following the final <b>&&</b> or <b>||</b>,
-any command in a pipeline but the last (subject to the state
-of the <b>pipefail</b> shell option), or if the
-command’s return value is being inverted with
-<b>!</b>. If a compound command other than a subshell
-returns a non-zero status because a command failed while
-<b>−e</b> was being ignored, the shell does not exit.
-A trap on <b>ERR</b>, if set, is executed before the shell
-exits. This option applies to the shell environment and each
-subshell environment separately (see <b><small>COMMAND
-EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT</small></b> above), and may cause
-subshells to exit before executing all the commands in the
-subshell.</p> </td></tr>
+<td width="75%">
+
+
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Exit immediately if a
+<i>pipeline</i> (which may consist of a single <i>simple
+command</i>), a <i>list</i>, or a <i>compound command</i>
+(see <b>SHELL GRAMMAR</b> above), exits with a non-zero
+status. The shell does not exit if the command that fails is
+part of the command list immediately following a
+<b>while</b> or <b>until</b> reserved word, part of the test
+following the <b>if</b> or <b>elif</b> reserved words, part
+of any command executed in a <b>&&</b> or <b>||</b>
+list except the command following the final
+<b>&&</b> or <b>||</b>, any command in a pipeline
+but the last (subject to the state of the <b>pipefail</b>
+shell option), or if the command’s return value is
+being inverted with <b>!</b>. If a compound command other
+than a subshell returns a non-zero status because a command
+failed while <b>-e</b> was being ignored, the shell does not
+exit. A trap on <b>ERR</b>, if set, is executed before the
+shell exits. This option applies to the shell environment
+and each subshell environment separately (see <b>COMMAND
+EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT</b> above), and may cause subshells to
+exit before executing all the commands in the subshell.</p></td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:28%; margin-top: 1em">If a compound
+<p style="margin-left:25%; margin-top: 1em">If a compound
command or shell function executes in a context where
-<b>−e</b> is being ignored, none of the commands
-executed within the compound command or function body will
-be affected by the <b>−e</b> setting, even if
-<b>−e</b> is set and a command returns a failure
-status. If a compound command or shell function sets
-<b>−e</b> while executing in a context where
-<b>−e</b> is ignored, that setting will not have any
-effect until the compound command or the command containing
-the function call completes.</p>
+<b>-e</b> is being ignored, none of the commands executed
+within the compound command or function body will be
+affected by the <b>-e</b> setting, even if <b>-e</b> is set
+and a command returns a failure status. If a compound
+command or shell function sets <b>-e</b> while executing in
+a context where <b>-e</b> is ignored, that setting will not
+have any effect until the compound command or the command
+containing the function call completes.</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−f</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-f</b></p></td>
<td width="7%"></td>
-<td width="72%">
+<td width="75%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em">Disable pathname expansion.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−h</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-h</b></p></td>
<td width="7%"></td>
-<td width="72%">
+<td width="75%">
-<p>Remember the location of commands as they are looked up
-for execution. This is enabled by default.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Remember the location of
+commands as they are looked up for execution. This is
+enabled by default.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−k</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-k</b></p></td>
<td width="7%"></td>
-<td width="72%">
+<td width="75%">
-<p>All arguments in the form of assignment statements are
-placed in the environment for a command, not just those that
-precede the command name.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">All arguments in the form of
+assignment statements are placed in the environment for a
+command, not just those that precede the command name.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−m</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-m</b></p></td>
<td width="7%"></td>
-<td width="72%">
+<td width="75%">
-<p>Monitor mode. Job control is enabled. This option is on
-by default for interactive shells on systems that support it
-(see <b><small>JOB CONTROL</small></b> above). All processes
-run in a separate process group. When a background job
-completes, the shell prints a line containing its exit
-status.</p> </td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Monitor mode. Job control is
+enabled. This option is on by default for interactive shells
+on systems that support it (see <b>JOB CONTROL</b> above).
+All processes run in a separate process group. When a
+background job completes, the shell prints a line containing
+its exit status.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−n</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-n</b></p></td>
<td width="7%"></td>
-<td width="72%">
+<td width="75%">
-<p>Read commands but do not execute them. This may be used
-to check a shell script for syntax errors. This is ignored
-by interactive shells.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Read commands but do not execute
+them. This may be used to check a shell script for syntax
+errors. This is ignored by interactive shells.</p></td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>−o</b>
-<i>option−name</i></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>-o</b>
+<i>option-name</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;">The <i>option−name</i>
-can be one of the following: <b><br>
+<p style="margin-left:25%;">The <i>option-name</i> can be
+one of the following: <b><br>
allexport</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:38%;">Same as <b>−a</b>.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:35%;">Same as <b>-a</b>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;"><b>braceexpand</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:25%;"><b>braceexpand</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:38%;">Same as <b>−B</b>.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:35%;">Same as <b>-B</b>.</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="28%"></td>
-<td width="9%">
+<td width="25%"></td>
+<td width="6%">
<p><b>emacs</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="62%">
+<td width="4%"></td>
+<td width="65%">
<p>Use an emacs-style command line editing interface. This
is enabled by default when the shell is interactive, unless
-the shell is started with the <b>−−noediting</b>
-option. This also affects the editing interface used for
-<b>read −e</b>.</p></td></tr>
-<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="28%"></td>
-<td width="9%">
-
-
-<p><b>errexit</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="62%">
-
-
-<p>Same as <b>−e</b>.</p></td></tr>
+the shell is started with the <b>--noediting</b> option.
+This also affects the editing interface used for <b>read
+-e</b>.</p> </td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;"><b>errtrace</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:38%;">Same as <b>−E</b>.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:28%;"><b>functrace</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:38%;">Same as <b>−T</b>.</p>
-
-<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
- cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
-<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="28%"></td>
-<td width="9%">
+<p style="margin-left:25%;"><b>errexit</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:35%;">Same as <b>-e</b>.</p>
-<p><b>hashall</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="15%">
+<p style="margin-left:25%;"><b>errtrace</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:35%;">Same as <b>-E</b>.</p>
-<p>Same as <b>−h</b>.</p></td>
-<td width="47%">
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<p style="margin-left:25%;"><b>functrace</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;"><b>histexpand</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:35%;">Same as <b>-T</b>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:38%;">Same as <b>−H</b>.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:25%;"><b>hashall</b></p>
-<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
- cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
-<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="28%"></td>
-<td width="9%">
+<p style="margin-left:35%;">Same as <b>-h</b>.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:25%;"><b>histexpand</b></p>
-<p><b>history</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="62%">
+<p style="margin-left:35%;">Same as <b>-H</b>.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:25%;"><b>history</b></p>
-<p>Enable command history, as described above under
-<b><small>HISTORY</small></b><small>.</small> This option is
-on by default in interactive shells.</p></td></tr>
-</table>
+<p style="margin-left:35%;">Enable command history, as
+described above under <b>HISTORY</b>. This option is on by
+default in interactive shells.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;"><b>ignoreeof</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:25%;"><b>ignoreeof</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:38%;">The effect is as if the shell
+<p style="margin-left:35%;">The effect is as if the shell
command “IGNOREEOF=10” had been executed (see
<b>Shell Variables</b> above).</p>
-<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
- cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
-<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="28%"></td>
-<td width="9%">
-
-
-<p><b>keyword</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="15%">
-
-
-<p>Same as <b>−k</b>.</p></td>
-<td width="47%">
-</td></tr>
-<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="28%"></td>
-<td width="9%">
-
+<p style="margin-left:25%;"><b>keyword</b></p>
-<p><b>monitor</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="15%">
+<p style="margin-left:35%;">Same as <b>-k</b>.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:25%;"><b>monitor</b></p>
-<p>Same as <b>−m</b>.</p></td>
-<td width="47%">
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<p style="margin-left:35%;">Same as <b>-m</b>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;"><b>noclobber</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:25%;"><b>noclobber</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:38%;">Same as <b>−C</b>.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:35%;">Same as <b>-C</b>.</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="28%"></td>
-<td width="9%">
+<td width="25%"></td>
+<td width="8%">
<p><b>noexec</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="24%">
+<td width="2%"></td>
+<td width="23%">
-<p>Same as <b>−n</b>.</p></td>
-<td width="38%">
+<p>Same as <b>-n</b>.</p></td>
+<td width="42%">
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="28%"></td>
-<td width="9%">
+<td width="25%"></td>
+<td width="8%">
-<p><b>noglob</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="24%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>noglob</b></p></td>
+<td width="2%"></td>
+<td width="23%">
-<p>Same as <b>−f</b>.</p></td>
-<td width="38%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Same as <b>-f</b>.</p></td>
+<td width="42%">
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="28%"></td>
-<td width="9%">
+<td width="25%"></td>
+<td width="8%">
-<p><b>nolog</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="24%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>nolog</b></p></td>
+<td width="2%"></td>
+<td width="23%">
-<p>Currently ignored.</p></td>
-<td width="38%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Currently ignored.</p></td>
+<td width="42%">
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="28%"></td>
-<td width="9%">
+<td width="25%"></td>
+<td width="8%">
-<p><b>notify</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="24%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>notify</b></p></td>
+<td width="2%"></td>
+<td width="23%">
-<p>Same as <b>−b</b>.</p></td>
-<td width="38%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Same as <b>-b</b>.</p></td>
+<td width="42%">
</td></tr>
-<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="28%"></td>
-<td width="9%">
-
+</table>
-<p><b>nounset</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="24%">
+<p style="margin-left:25%;"><b>nounset</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:35%;">Same as <b>-u</b>.</p>
-<p>Same as <b>−u</b>.</p></td>
-<td width="38%">
-</td></tr>
+<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
+ cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="28%"></td>
-<td width="9%">
+<td width="25%"></td>
+<td width="8%">
<p><b>onecmd</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="24%">
+<td width="2%"></td>
+<td width="14%">
-<p>Same as <b>−t</b>.</p></td>
-<td width="38%">
+<p>Same as <b>-t</b>.</p></td>
+<td width="51%">
</td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;"><b>physical</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:25%;"><b>physical</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:38%;">Same as <b>−P</b>.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:35%;">Same as <b>-P</b>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;"><b>pipefail</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:25%;"><b>pipefail</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:38%;">If set, the return value of a
+<p style="margin-left:35%;">If set, the return value of a
pipeline is the value of the last (rightmost) command to
exit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands in the
pipeline exit successfully. This option is disabled by
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="28%"></td>
-<td width="7%">
+<td width="25%"></td>
+<td width="6%">
<p><b>posix</b></p></td>
-<td width="3%"></td>
-<td width="62%">
+<td width="4%"></td>
+<td width="65%">
<p>Enable posix mode; change the behavior of <b>bash</b>
-where the default operation differs from the
-<small>POSIX</small> standard to match the standard. See
-<b><small>SEE ALSO</small></b> below for a reference to a
-document that details how posix mode affects bash’s
-behavior.</p> </td></tr>
+where the default operation differs from the POSIX standard
+to match the standard. See <b>SEE ALSO</b> below for a
+reference to a document that details how posix mode affects
+bash’s behavior.</p></td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;"><b>privileged</b></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:38%;">Same as <b>−p</b>.</p>
-
-<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
- cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
-<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="28%"></td>
-<td width="9%">
+<p style="margin-left:25%;"><b>privileged</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:35%;">Same as <b>-p</b>.</p>
-<p><b>verbose</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="62%">
+<p style="margin-left:25%;"><b>verbose</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:35%;">Same as <b>-v</b>.</p>
-<p>Same as <b>−v</b>.</p></td></tr>
+<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
+ cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="28%"></td>
-<td width="9%">
+<td width="25%"></td>
+<td width="8%">
<p><b>vi</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="62%">
+<td width="2%"></td>
+<td width="65%">
<p>Use a vi-style command line editing interface. This also
-affects the editing interface used for <b>read
-−e</b>.</p> </td></tr>
+affects the editing interface used for <b>read -e</b>.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="28%"></td>
-<td width="9%">
+<td width="25%"></td>
+<td width="8%">
-<p><b>xtrace</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="62%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>xtrace</b></p></td>
+<td width="2%"></td>
+<td width="65%">
-<p>Same as <b>−x</b>.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Same as <b>-x</b>.</p></td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;">If <b>−o</b> is supplied
-with no <i>option−name</i>, <b>set</b> prints the
-current shell option settings. If <b>+o</b> is supplied with
-no <i>option−name</i>, <b>set</b> prints a series of
-<b>set</b> commands to recreate the current option settings
-on the standard output.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:25%;">If <b>-o</b> is supplied with
+no <i>option-name</i>, <b>set</b> prints the current shell
+option settings. If <b>+o</b> is supplied with no
+<i>option-name</i>, <b>set</b> prints a series of <b>set</b>
+commands to recreate the current option settings on the
+standard output.</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>−p</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-p</b></p></td>
<td width="7%"></td>
-<td width="72%">
+<td width="75%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em">Turn on <i>privileged</i> mode.
-In this mode, the shell does not read the
-<b><small>$ENV</small></b> and
-<b><small>$BASH_ENV</small></b> files, shell functions are
-not inherited from the environment, and the
-<b><small>SHELLOPTS</small></b><small>, <b>BASHOPTS</b>,
-<b>CDPATH</b>,</small> and <b><small>GLOBIGNORE</small></b>
-variables, if they appear in the environment, are ignored.
-If the shell is started with the effective user (group) id
-not equal to the real user (group) id, and the
-<b>−p</b> option is not supplied, these actions are
-taken and the effective user id is set to the real user id.
-If the <b>−p</b> option is supplied at startup, the
-effective user id is not reset. Turning this option off
-causes the effective user and group ids to be set to the
-real user and group ids.</p></td></tr>
-<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+In this mode, the shell does not read the <b>$ENV</b> and
+<b>$BASH_ENV</b> files, does not inherit shell functions
+from the environment, and ignores the <b>SHELLOPTS</b>,
+<b>BASHOPTS</b>, <b>CDPATH</b>, and <b>GLOBIGNORE</b>
+variables, if they appear in the environment. If the shell
+is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to
+the real user (group) id, and the <b>-p</b> option is not
+supplied, these actions are taken and the effective user id
+is set to the real user id (see <b>INVOCATION</b> above for
+more details). If the <b>-p</b> option is supplied at
+startup, the effective user id is not reset. Turning this
+option off causes the effective user and group ids to be set
+to the real user and group ids.</p></td></tr>
+<tr valign="top" align="left">
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−r</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-r</b></p></td>
<td width="7%"></td>
-<td width="72%">
+<td width="75%">
-<p>Enable restricted shell mode. This option cannot be
-unset once it has been set.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Enable restricted shell mode.
+This option cannot be unset once it has been set.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−t</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-t</b></p></td>
<td width="7%"></td>
-<td width="72%">
+<td width="75%">
-<p>Exit after reading and executing one command.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Exit after reading and executing
+one command.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−u</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-u</b></p></td>
<td width="7%"></td>
-<td width="72%">
+<td width="75%">
-<p>Treat unset variables and parameters other than the
-special parameters “@” and “*”, or
-array variables subscripted with “@” or
-“*”, as an error when performing parameter
-expansion. If expansion is attempted on an unset variable or
-parameter, the shell prints an error message, and, if not
-interactive, exits with a non-zero status.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Treat unset variables and
+parameters other than the special parameters “@”
+and “*”, or array variables subscripted with
+“@” or “*”, as an error when
+performing parameter expansion. If expansion is attempted on
+an unset variable or parameter, the shell prints an error
+message, and, if not interactive, exits with a non-zero
+status.</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−v</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-v</b></p></td>
<td width="7%"></td>
-<td width="72%">
+<td width="75%">
-<p>Print shell input lines as they are read.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Print shell input lines as they
+are read.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−x</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-x</b></p></td>
<td width="7%"></td>
-<td width="72%">
+<td width="75%">
-<p>After expanding each <i>simple command</i>, <b>for</b>
-command, <b>case</b> command, <b>select</b> command, or
-arithmetic <b>for</b> command, display the expanded value of
-<b><small>PS4</small></b><small>,</small> followed by the
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">After expanding each <i>simple
+command</i>, <b>for</b> command, <b>case</b> command,
+<b>select</b> command, or arithmetic <b>for</b> command,
+display the expanded value of <b>PS4</b>, followed by the
command and its expanded arguments or associated word list,
to the standard error.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−B</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-B</b></p></td>
<td width="7%"></td>
-<td width="72%">
+<td width="75%">
-<p>The shell performs brace expansion (see <b>Brace
-Expansion</b> above). This is on by default.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The shell performs brace
+expansion (see <b>Brace Expansion</b> above). This is on by
+default.</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−C</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-C</b></p></td>
<td width="7%"></td>
-<td width="72%">
+<td width="75%">
-<p>If set, <b>bash</b> does not overwrite an existing file
-with the <b>></b>, <b>>&</b>, and <b><></b>
-redirection operators. Using the redirection operator
-<b>>|</b> instead of <b>></b> will override this and
-force the creation of an output file.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">If set, <b>bash</b> does not
+overwrite an existing file with the <b>></b>,
+<b>>&</b>, and <b><></b> redirection operators.
+Using the redirection operator <b>>|</b> instead of
+<b>></b> will override this and force the creation of an
+output file.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−E</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-E</b></p></td>
<td width="7%"></td>
-<td width="72%">
+<td width="75%">
-<p>If set, any trap on <b>ERR</b> is inherited by shell
-functions, command substitutions, and commands executed in a
-subshell environment. The <b>ERR</b> trap is normally not
-inherited in such cases.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">If set, any trap on <b>ERR</b>
+is inherited by shell functions, command substitutions, and
+commands executed in a subshell environment. The <b>ERR</b>
+trap is normally not inherited in such cases.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−H</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-H</b></p></td>
<td width="7%"></td>
-<td width="72%">
+<td width="75%">
-<p>Enable <b>!</b> style history substitution. This option
-is on by default when the shell is interactive.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Enable <b>!</b> style history
+substitution. This option is on by default when the shell is
+interactive.</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−P</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-P</b></p></td>
<td width="7%"></td>
-<td width="72%">
+<td width="75%">
-<p>If set, the shell does not resolve symbolic links when
-executing commands such as <b>cd</b> that change the current
-working directory. It uses the physical directory structure
-instead. By default, <b>bash</b> follows the logical chain
-of directories when performing commands which change the
-current directory.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">If set, the shell does not
+resolve symbolic links when executing commands such as
+<b>cd</b> that change the current working directory. It uses
+the physical directory structure instead. By default,
+<b>bash</b> follows the logical chain of directories when
+performing commands which change the current directory.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−T</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-T</b></p></td>
<td width="7%"></td>
-<td width="72%">
+<td width="75%">
-<p>If set, any traps on <b>DEBUG</b> and <b>RETURN</b> are
-inherited by shell functions, command substitutions, and
-commands executed in a subshell environment. The
-<b>DEBUG</b> and <b>RETURN</b> traps are normally not
-inherited in such cases.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">If set, any traps on
+<b>DEBUG</b> and <b>RETURN</b> are inherited by shell
+functions, command substitutions, and commands executed in a
+subshell environment. The <b>DEBUG</b> and <b>RETURN</b>
+traps are normally not inherited in such cases.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−−</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>--</b></p></td>
<td width="7%"></td>
-<td width="72%">
+<td width="75%">
-<p>If no arguments follow this option, unset the positional
-parameters. Otherwise, set the positional parameters to the
-<i>arg</i>s, even if some of them begin with a
-<b>−</b>.</p> </td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">If no arguments follow this
+option, unset the positional parameters. Otherwise, set the
+positional parameters to the <i>arg</i>s, even if some of
+them begin with a <b>-</b>.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-</b></p></td>
<td width="7%"></td>
-<td width="72%">
+<td width="75%">
-<p>Signal the end of options, and assign all remaining
-<i>arg</i>s to the positional parameters. The
-<b>−x</b> and <b>−v</b> options are turned off.
-If there are no <i>arg</i>s, the positional parameters
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Signal the end of options, and
+assign all remaining <i>arg</i>s to the positional
+parameters. The <b>-x</b> and <b>-v</b> options are turned
+off. If there are no <i>arg</i>s, the positional parameters
remain unchanged.</p></td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">The options are
-off by default unless otherwise noted. Using + rather than
-− causes these options to be turned off. The options
-can also be specified as arguments to an invocation of the
-shell. The current set of options may be found in
-<b>$−</b>. The return status is always zero unless an
-invalid option is encountered.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">The options are
+off by default unless otherwise noted. Using + rather than -
+causes these options to be turned off. The options can also
+be specified as arguments to an invocation of the shell. The
+current set of options may be found in <b>$-</b>. The return
+status is always zero unless an invalid option is
+encountered.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>shift</b> [<i>n</i>]</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>shift</b> [<i>n</i>]</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Rename positional parameters
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Rename positional parameters
from <i>n</i>+1 ... to <b>$1 ....</b> Parameters represented
-by the numbers <b>$#</b> down to <b>$#</b>−<i>n</i>+1
-are unset. <i>n</i> must be a non-negative number less than
-or equal to <b>$#</b>. If <i>n</i> is 0, no parameters are
+by the numbers <b>$#</b> down to <b>$#</b>-<i>n</i>+1 are
+unset. <i>n</i> must be a non-negative number less than or
+equal to <b>$#</b>. If <i>n</i> is 0, no parameters are
changed. If <i>n</i> is not given, it is assumed to be 1. If
<i>n</i> is greater than <b>$#</b>, the positional
parameters are not changed. The return status is greater
than zero if <i>n</i> is greater than <b>$#</b> or less than
zero; otherwise 0.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>shopt</b>
-[<b>−pqsu</b>] [<b>−o</b>] [<i>optname</i>
-...]</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>shopt</b> [<b>-pqsu</b>]
+[<b>-o</b>] [<i>optname</i> ...]</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Toggle the values of settings
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Toggle the values of settings
controlling optional shell behavior. The settings can be
-either those listed below, or, if the <b>−o</b> option
-is used, those available with the <b>−o</b> option to
-the <b>set</b> builtin command.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">With no
-options, or with the <b>−p</b> option, display a list
-of all settable options, with an indication of whether or
-not each is set; if any <i>optnames</i> are supplied, the
-output is restricted to those options. The <b>−p</b>
-option displays output in a form that may be reused as
-input.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">Other options
+either those listed below, or, if the <b>-o</b> option is
+used, those available with the <b>-o</b> option to the
+<b>set</b> builtin command.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">With no
+options, or with the <b>-p</b> option, display a list of all
+settable options, with an indication of whether or not each
+is set; if any <i>optnames</i> are supplied, the output is
+restricted to those options. The <b>-p</b> option displays
+output in a form that may be reused as input.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">Other options
have the following meanings:</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−s</b></p></td>
+<p><b>-s</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
<p>Enable (set) each <i>optname</i>.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−u</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-u</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>Disable (unset) each <i>optname</i>.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Disable (unset) each
+<i>optname</i>.</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−q</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-q</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status
-indicates whether the <i>optname</i> is set or unset. If
-multiple <i>optname</i> arguments are supplied with
-<b>−q</b>, the return status is zero if all
-<i>optnames</i> are enabled; non-zero otherwise.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Suppresses normal output (quiet
+mode); the return status indicates whether the
+<i>optname</i> is set or unset. If multiple <i>optname</i>
+arguments are supplied with <b>-q</b>, the return status is
+zero if all <i>optnames</i> are enabled; non-zero
+otherwise.</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−o</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-o</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>Restricts the values of <i>optname</i> to be those
-defined for the <b>−o</b> option to the <b>set</b>
-builtin.</p> </td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Restricts the values of
+<i>optname</i> to be those defined for the <b>-o</b> option
+to the <b>set</b> builtin.</p></td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If either
-<b>−s</b> or <b>−u</b> is used with no
-<i>optname</i> arguments, <b>shopt</b> shows only those
-options which are set or unset, respectively. Unless
-otherwise noted, the <b>shopt</b> options are disabled
-(unset) by default.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If either
+<b>-s</b> or <b>-u</b> is used with no <i>optname</i>
+arguments, <b>shopt</b> shows only those options which are
+set or unset, respectively. Unless otherwise noted, the
+<b>shopt</b> options are disabled (unset) by default.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">The return
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">The return
status when listing options is zero if all <i>optnames</i>
are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting
options, the return status is zero unless an <i>optname</i>
is not a valid shell option.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">The list of
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">The list of
<b>shopt</b> options is: <b><br>
array_expand_once</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;">If set, the shell suppresses
+<p style="margin-left:25%;">If set, the shell suppresses
multiple evaluation of associative and indexed array
subscripts during arithmetic expression evaluation, while
executing builtins that can perform variable assignments,
and while executing builtins that perform array
dereferencing.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>assoc_expand_once</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>assoc_expand_once</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;">Deprecated; a synonym for
+<p style="margin-left:25%;">Deprecated; a synonym for
<b>array_expand_once</b>.</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="8%">
<p><b>autocd</b></p></td>
<td width="2%"></td>
-<td width="72%">
+<td width="75%">
<p>If set, a command name that is the name of a directory
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>bash_source_fullpath</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>bash_source_fullpath</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;">If set, filenames added to the
+<p style="margin-left:25%;">If set, filenames added to the
<b>BASH_SOURCE</b> array variable are converted to full
pathnames (see <b>Shell Variables</b> above).</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>cdable_vars</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>cdable_vars</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;">If set, an argument to the
+<p style="margin-left:25%;">If set, an argument to the
<b>cd</b> builtin command that is not a directory is assumed
to be the name of a variable whose value is the directory to
change to.</p>
-<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
- cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
-<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
-<td width="9%">
-
-
-<p><b>cdspell</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="72%">
-
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>cdspell</b></p>
-<p>If set, the <b>cd</b> command attempts to correct minor
-errors in the spelling of a directory component. Minor
-errors include transposed characters, a missing character,
-and one extra character. If <b>cd</b> corrects the directory
-name, it prints the corrected filename, and the command
-proceeds. This option is only used by interactive
-shells.</p> </td></tr>
-</table>
+<p style="margin-left:25%;">If set, the <b>cd</b> command
+attempts to correct minor errors in the spelling of a
+directory component. Minor errors include transposed
+characters, a missing character, and one extra character. If
+<b>cd</b> corrects the directory name, it prints the
+corrected filename, and the command proceeds. This option is
+only used by interactive shells.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>checkhash</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>checkhash</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;">If set, <b>bash</b> checks that
+<p style="margin-left:25%;">If set, <b>bash</b> checks that
a command found in the hash table exists before trying to
execute it. If a hashed command no longer exists,
<b>bash</b> performs a normal path search.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>checkjobs</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>checkjobs</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;">If set, <b>bash</b> lists the
+<p style="margin-left:25%;">If set, <b>bash</b> lists the
status of any stopped and running jobs before exiting an
interactive shell. If any jobs are running, <b>bash</b>
defers the exit until a second exit is attempted without an
-intervening command (see <b><small>JOB CONTROL</small></b>
-above). The shell always postpones exiting if any jobs are
-stopped.</p>
+intervening command (see <b>JOB CONTROL</b> above). The
+shell always postpones exiting if any jobs are stopped.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>checkwinsize</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>checkwinsize</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;">If set, <b>bash</b> checks the
+<p style="margin-left:25%;">If set, <b>bash</b> checks the
window size after each external (non-builtin) command and,
-if necessary, updates the values of
-<b><small>LINES</small></b> and
-<b><small>COLUMNS</small></b><small>,</small> using the file
-descriptor associated with the standard error if it is a
-terminal. This option is enabled by default.</p>
-
-<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
- cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
-<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
-<td width="9%">
-
-
-<p><b>cmdhist</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="72%">
+if necessary, updates the values of <b>LINES</b> and
+<b>COLUMNS</b>, using the file descriptor associated with
+the standard error if it is a terminal. This option is
+enabled by default.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>cmdhist</b></p>
-<p>If set, <b>bash</b> attempts to save all lines of a
-multiple-line command in the same history entry. This allows
-easy re-editing of multi-line commands. This option is
-enabled by default, but only has an effect if command
-history is enabled, as described above under
-<b><small>HISTORY</small></b><small>.</small></p> </td></tr>
-</table>
+<p style="margin-left:25%;">If set, <b>bash</b> attempts to
+save all lines of a multiple-line command in the same
+history entry. This allows easy re-editing of multi-line
+commands. This option is enabled by default, but only has an
+effect if command history is enabled, as described above
+under <b>HISTORY</b>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>compat31 <br>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>compat31 <br>
compat32 <br>
compat40 <br>
compat41 <br>
compat43 <br>
compat44</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;">These control aspects of the
-shell’s compatibility mode (see <b><small>SHELL
-COMPATIBILITY MODE</small></b> below).</p>
+<p style="margin-left:25%;">These control aspects of the
+shell’s compatibility mode (see <b>SHELL COMPATIBILITY
+MODE</b> below).</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>complete_fullquote</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>complete_fullquote</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;">If set, <b>bash</b> quotes all
+<p style="margin-left:25%;">If set, <b>bash</b> quotes all
shell metacharacters in filenames and directory names when
performing completion. If not set, <b>bash</b> removes
metacharacters such as the dollar sign from the set of
variable is set by default, which is the default bash
behavior in versions through 4.2.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>direxpand</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>direxpand</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;">If set, <b>bash</b> replaces
+<p style="margin-left:25%;">If set, <b>bash</b> replaces
directory names with the results of word expansion when
performing filename completion. This changes the contents of
the <b>readline</b> editing buffer. If not set, <b>bash</b>
attempts to preserve what the user typed.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>dirspell</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>dirspell</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;">If set, <b>bash</b> attempts
+<p style="margin-left:25%;">If set, <b>bash</b> attempts
spelling correction on directory names during word
completion if the directory name initially supplied does not
exist.</p>
-<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
- cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
-<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
-<td width="9%">
-
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>dotglob</b></p>
-<p><b>dotglob</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="72%">
-
-
-<p>If set, <b>bash</b> includes filenames beginning with a
-“.” in the results of pathname expansion. The
-filenames <i>.</i> and <i>..</i> must always be matched
-explicitly, even if <b>dotglob</b> is set.</p></td></tr>
-</table>
+<p style="margin-left:25%;">If set, <b>bash</b> includes
+filenames beginning with a “.” in the results of
+pathname expansion. The filenames <i>.</i> and <i>..</i>
+must always be matched explicitly, even if <b>dotglob</b> is
+set.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>execfail</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>execfail</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;">If set, a non-interactive shell
+<p style="margin-left:25%;">If set, a non-interactive shell
will not exit if it cannot execute the file specified as an
argument to the <b>exec</b> builtin. An interactive shell
does not exit if <b>exec</b> fails.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>expand_aliases</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>expand_aliases</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;">If set, aliases are expanded as
-described above under
-<b><small>ALIASES</small></b><small>.</small> This option is
-enabled by default for interactive shells.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:25%;">If set, aliases are expanded as
+described above under <b>ALIASES</b>. This option is enabled
+by default for interactive shells.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>extdebug</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>extdebug</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;">If set at shell invocation, or
+<p style="margin-left:25%;">If set at shell invocation, or
in a shell startup file, arrange to execute the debugger
profile before the shell starts, identical to the
-<b>−−debugger</b> option. If set after
-invocation, behavior intended for use by debuggers is
-enabled:</p>
+<b>--debugger</b> option. If set after invocation, behavior
+intended for use by debuggers is enabled:</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
-<td width="13%">
+<td width="25%"></td>
+<td width="3%">
<p><b>1.</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="63%">
+<td width="66%">
-<p>The <b>−F</b> option to the <b>declare</b> builtin
+<p>The <b>-F</b> option to the <b>declare</b> builtin
displays the source file name and line number corresponding
to each function name supplied as an argument.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
-<td width="13%">
-
-
-<p><b>2.</b></p></td>
-<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="63%">
-
-
-<p>If the command run by the <b>DEBUG</b> trap returns a
-non-zero value, the next command is skipped and not
-executed.</p> </td></tr>
-<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
-<td width="13%">
+<td width="25%"></td>
+<td width="3%">
-<p><b>3.</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>2.</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="63%">
+<td width="66%">
-<p>If the command run by the <b>DEBUG</b> trap returns a
-value of 2, and the shell is executing in a subroutine (a
-shell function or a shell script executed by the <b>.</b> or
-<b>source</b> builtins), the shell simulates a call to
-<b>return</b>.</p> </td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">If the command run by the
+<b>DEBUG</b> trap returns a non-zero value, the next command
+is skipped and not executed.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
-<td width="13%">
+<td width="25%"></td>
+<td width="3%">
-<p><b>4.</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>3.</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="63%">
+<td width="66%">
-<p><b><small>BASH_ARGC</small></b> and
-<b><small>BASH_ARGV</small></b> are updated as described in
-their descriptions above).</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">If the command run by the
+<b>DEBUG</b> trap returns a value of 2, and the shell is
+executing in a subroutine (a shell function or a shell
+script executed by the <b>.</b> or <b>source</b> builtins),
+the shell simulates a call to <b>return</b>.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
-<td width="13%">
+<td width="25%"></td>
+<td width="3%">
-<p><b>5.</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>4.</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="63%">
+<td width="66%">
-<p>Function tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell
-functions, and subshells invoked with <b>(</b>
-<i>command</i> <b>)</b> inherit the <b>DEBUG</b> and
-<b>RETURN</b> traps.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>BASH_ARGC</b> and
+<b>BASH_ARGV</b> are updated as described in their
+descriptions above).</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
-<td width="13%">
+<td width="25%"></td>
+<td width="3%">
-<p><b>6.</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>5.</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="63%">
+<td width="66%">
-<p>Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell
-functions, and subshells invoked with <b>(</b>
-<i>command</i> <b>)</b> inherit the <b>ERR</b> trap.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Function tracing is enabled:
+command substitution, shell functions, and subshells invoked
+with <b>(</b> <i>command</i> <b>)</b> inherit the
+<b>DEBUG</b> and <b>RETURN</b> traps.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
-<td width="13%">
+<td width="25%"></td>
+<td width="3%">
-<p><b>extglob</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>6.</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="63%">
-</td></tr>
+<td width="66%">
+
+
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Error tracing is enabled:
+command substitution, shell functions, and subshells invoked
+with <b>(</b> <i>command</i> <b>)</b> inherit the <b>ERR</b>
+trap.</p> </td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:28%; margin-top: 1em">If set, enable
-the extended pattern matching features described above under
-<b>Pathname Expansion</b>.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>extglob</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>extquote</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:25%;">If set, enable the extended
+pattern matching features described above under <b>Pathname
+Expansion</b>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;">If set, <b>$</b>'<i>string</i>'
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>extquote</b></p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:25%;">If set, <b>$</b>'<i>string</i>'
and <b>$</b>"<i>string</i>" quoting is performed
within <b>${</b><i>parameter</i><b>}</b> expansions enclosed
in double quotes. This option is enabled by default.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>failglob</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>failglob</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;">If set, patterns which fail to
+<p style="margin-left:25%;">If set, patterns which fail to
match filenames during pathname expansion result in an
expansion error.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>force_fignore</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>force_fignore</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;">If set, the suffixes specified
-by the <b><small>FIGNORE</small></b> shell variable cause
-words to be ignored when performing word completion even if
-the ignored words are the only possible completions. See
-<b>Shell Variables</b> above for a description of
-<b><small>FIGNORE</small></b><small>.</small> This option is
-enabled by default.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:25%;">If set, the suffixes specified
+by the <b>FIGNORE</b> shell variable cause words to be
+ignored when performing word completion even if the ignored
+words are the only possible completions. See <b>Shell
+Variables</b> above for a description of <b>FIGNORE</b>.
+This option is enabled by default.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>globasciiranges</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>globasciiranges</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;">If set, range expressions used
-in pattern matching bracket expressions (see
-<b><small>Pattern Matching</small></b> above) behave as if
-in the traditional C locale when performing comparisons.
-That is, pattern matching does not take the current
-locale’s collating sequence into account, so <b>b</b>
-will not collate between <b>A</b> and <b>B</b>, and
-upper-case and lower-case ASCII characters will collate
-together.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:25%;">If set, range expressions used
+in pattern matching bracket expressions (see <b>Pattern
+Matching</b> above) behave as if in the traditional C locale
+when performing comparisons. That is, pattern matching does
+not take the current locale’s collating sequence into
+account, so <b>b</b> will not collate between <b>A</b> and
+<b>B</b>, and upper-case and lower-case ASCII characters
+will collate together.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>globskipdots</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>globskipdots</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;">If set, pathname expansion will
+<p style="margin-left:25%;">If set, pathname expansion will
never match the filenames <i>.</i> and <i>..</i>, even if
the pattern begins with a “.”. This option is
enabled by default.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>globstar</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>globstar</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;">If set, the pattern <b>**</b>
+<p style="margin-left:25%;">If set, the pattern <b>**</b>
used in a pathname expansion context will match all files
and zero or more directories and subdirectories. If the
pattern is followed by a <b>/</b>, only directories and
subdirectories match.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>gnu_errfmt</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>gnu_errfmt</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;">If set, shell error messages
+<p style="margin-left:25%;">If set, shell error messages
are written in the standard GNU error message format.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>histappend</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>histappend</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;">If set, the history list is
+<p style="margin-left:25%;">If set, the history list is
appended to the file named by the value of the
-<b><small>HISTFILE</small></b> variable when the shell
-exits, rather than overwriting the file.</p>
+<b>HISTFILE</b> variable when the shell exits, rather than
+overwriting the file.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>histreedit</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>histreedit</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;">If set, and <b>readline</b> is
+<p style="margin-left:25%;">If set, and <b>readline</b> is
being used, the user is given the opportunity to re-edit a
failed history substitution.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>histverify</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>histverify</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;">If set, and <b>readline</b> is
+<p style="margin-left:25%;">If set, and <b>readline</b> is
being used, the results of history substitution are not
immediately passed to the shell parser. Instead, the
resulting line is loaded into the <b>readline</b> editing
buffer, allowing further modification.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>hostcomplete</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>hostcomplete</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;">If set, and <b>readline</b> is
+<p style="margin-left:25%;">If set, and <b>readline</b> is
being used, <b>bash</b> will attempt to perform hostname
completion when a word containing a <b>@</b> is being
-completed (see <b>Completing</b> under
-<b><small>READLINE</small></b> above). This is enabled by
-default.</p>
+completed (see <b>Completing</b> under <b>READLINE</b>
+above). This is enabled by default.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>huponexit</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>huponexit</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;">If set, <b>bash</b> will send
-<b><small>SIGHUP</small></b> to all jobs when an interactive
-login shell exits.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:25%;">If set, <b>bash</b> will send
+<b>SIGHUP</b> to all jobs when an interactive login shell
+exits.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>inherit_errexit</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>inherit_errexit</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;">If set, command substitution
+<p style="margin-left:25%;">If set, command substitution
inherits the value of the <b>errexit</b> option, instead of
unsetting it in the subshell environment. This option is
enabled when posix mode is enabled.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>interactive_comments</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>interactive_comments</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;">In an interactive shell, a word
+<p style="margin-left:25%;">In an interactive shell, a word
beginning with <b>#</b> causes that word and all remaining
characters on that line to be ignored, as in a
-non-interactive shell (see <b><small>COMMENTS</small></b>
-above). This option is enabled by default.</p>
+non-interactive shell (see <b>COMMENTS</b> above). This
+option is enabled by default.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>lastpipe</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>lastpipe</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;">If set, and job control is not
+<p style="margin-left:25%;">If set, and job control is not
active, the shell runs the last command of a pipeline not
executed in the background in the current shell
environment.</p>
-<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
- cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
-<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
-<td width="9%">
-
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>lithist</b></p>
-<p><b>lithist</b></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="72%">
-
-
-<p>If set, and the <b>cmdhist</b> option is enabled,
-multi-line commands are saved to the history with embedded
-newlines rather than using semicolon separators where
-possible.</p> </td></tr>
-</table>
+<p style="margin-left:25%;">If set, and the <b>cmdhist</b>
+option is enabled, multi-line commands are saved to the
+history with embedded newlines rather than using semicolon
+separators where possible.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>localvar_inherit</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>localvar_inherit</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;">If set, local variables inherit
+<p style="margin-left:25%;">If set, local variables inherit
the value and attributes of a variable of the same name that
exists at a previous scope before any new value is assigned.
The nameref attribute is not inherited.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>localvar_unset</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>localvar_unset</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;">If set, calling <b>unset</b> on
+<p style="margin-left:25%;">If set, calling <b>unset</b> on
local variables in previous function scopes marks them so
subsequent lookups find them unset until that function
returns. This is identical to the behavior of unsetting
local variables at the current function scope.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>login_shell</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>login_shell</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;">The shell sets this option if
-it is started as a login shell (see
-<b><small>INVOCATION</small></b> above). The value may not
-be changed.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:25%;">The shell sets this option if
+it is started as a login shell (see <b>INVOCATION</b>
+above). The value may not be changed.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>mailwarn</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>mailwarn</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;">If set, and a file that
+<p style="margin-left:25%;">If set, and a file that
<b>bash</b> is checking for mail has been accessed since the
last time it was checked, <b>bash</b> displays the message
“The mail in <i>mailfile</i> has been read”.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>no_empty_cmd_completion</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>no_empty_cmd_completion</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;">If set, and <b>readline</b> is
-being used, <b>bash</b> does not search
-<b><small>PATH</small></b> for possible completions when
-completion is attempted on an empty line.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:25%;">If set, and <b>readline</b> is
+being used, <b>bash</b> does not search <b>PATH</b> for
+possible completions when completion is attempted on an
+empty line.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>nocaseglob</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>nocaseglob</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;">If set, <b>bash</b> matches
-filenames in a case−insensitive fashion when
-performing pathname expansion (see <b>Pathname Expansion</b>
+<p style="margin-left:25%;">If set, <b>bash</b> matches
+filenames in a case-insensitive fashion when performing
+pathname expansion (see <b>Pathname Expansion</b>
above).</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>nocasematch</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>nocasematch</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;">If set, <b>bash</b> matches
-patterns in a case−insensitive fashion when performing
+<p style="margin-left:25%;">If set, <b>bash</b> matches
+patterns in a case-insensitive fashion when performing
matching while executing <b>case</b> or <b>[[</b>
conditional commands, when performing pattern substitution
word expansions, or when filtering possible completions as
part of programmable completion.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>noexpand_translation</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>noexpand_translation</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;">If set, <b>bash</b> encloses
+<p style="margin-left:25%;">If set, <b>bash</b> encloses
the translated results of <b>$"</b>...<b>"</b>
quoting in single quotes instead of double quotes. If the
string is not translated, this has no effect.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>nullglob</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>nullglob</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;">If set, pathname expansion
+<p style="margin-left:25%;">If set, pathname expansion
patterns which match no files (see <b>Pathname Expansion</b>
above) expand to nothing and are removed, rather than
expanding to themselves.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>patsub_replacement</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>patsub_replacement</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;">If set, <b>bash</b> expands
+<p style="margin-left:25%;">If set, <b>bash</b> expands
occurrences of <b>&</b> in the replacement string of
pattern substitution to the text matched by the pattern, as
described under <b>Parameter Expansion</b> above. This
option is enabled by default.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>progcomp</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>progcomp</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;">If set, enable the programmable
+<p style="margin-left:25%;">If set, enable the programmable
completion facilities (see <b>Programmable Completion</b>
above). This option is enabled by default.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>progcomp_alias</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>progcomp_alias</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;">If set, and programmable
+<p style="margin-left:25%;">If set, and programmable
completion is enabled, <b>bash</b> treats a command name
that doesn’t have any completions as a possible alias
and attempts alias expansion. If it has an alias,
<b>bash</b> attempts programmable completion using the
command word resulting from the expanded alias.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>promptvars</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>promptvars</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;">If set, prompt strings undergo
+<p style="margin-left:25%;">If set, prompt strings undergo
parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
expansion, and quote removal after being expanded as
-described in <b><small>PROMPTING</small></b> above. This
-option is enabled by default.</p>
+described in <b>PROMPTING</b> above. This option is enabled
+by default.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>restricted_shell</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>restricted_shell</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;">The shell sets this option if
-it is started in restricted mode (see <b><small>RESTRICTED
-SHELL</small></b> below). The value may not be changed. This
-is not reset when the startup files are executed, allowing
-the startup files to discover whether or not a shell is
+<p style="margin-left:25%;">The shell sets this option if
+it is started in restricted mode (see <b>RESTRICTED
+SHELL</b> below). The value may not be changed. This is not
+reset when the startup files are executed, allowing the
+startup files to discover whether or not a shell is
restricted.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>shift_verbose</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>shift_verbose</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;">If set, the <b>shift</b>
+<p style="margin-left:25%;">If set, the <b>shift</b>
builtin prints an error message when the shift count exceeds
the number of positional parameters.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>sourcepath</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>sourcepath</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;">If set, the <b>.</b>
-(<b>source</b>) builtin uses the value of
-<b><small>PATH</small></b> to find the directory containing
-the file supplied as an argument when the <b>−p</b>
-option is not supplied. This option is enabled by
-default.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:25%;">If set, the <b>.</b>
+(<b>source</b>) builtin uses the value of <b>PATH</b> to
+find the directory containing the file supplied as an
+argument when the <b>-p</b> option is not supplied. This
+option is enabled by default.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>varredir_close</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>varredir_close</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;">If set, the shell automatically
+<p style="margin-left:25%;">If set, the shell automatically
closes file descriptors assigned using the <i>{varname}</i>
-redirection syntax (see <b><small>REDIRECTION</small></b>
-above) instead of leaving them open when the command
-completes.</p>
+redirection syntax (see <b>REDIRECTION</b> above) instead of
+leaving them open when the command completes.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>xpg_echo</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>xpg_echo</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:28%;">If set, the <b>echo</b> builtin
+<p style="margin-left:25%;">If set, the <b>echo</b> builtin
expands backslash-escape sequences by default. If the
<b>posix</b> shell option is also enabled, <b>echo</b> does
not interpret any options.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>suspend</b>
-[<b>−f</b>]</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>suspend</b> [<b>-f</b>]</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Suspend the execution of this
-shell until it receives a <b><small>SIGCONT</small></b>
-signal. A login shell, or a shell without job control
-enabled, cannot be suspended; the <b>−f</b> option
-will override this and force the suspension. The return
-status is 0 unless the shell is a login shell or job control
-is not enabled and <b>−f</b> is not supplied.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Suspend the execution of this
+shell until it receives a <b>SIGCONT</b> signal. A login
+shell, or a shell without job control enabled, cannot be
+suspended; the <b>-f</b> option will override this and force
+the suspension. The return status is 0 unless the shell is a
+login shell or job control is not enabled and <b>-f</b> is
+not supplied.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>test</b> <i>expr</i> <b><br>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>test</b> <i>expr</i> <b><br>
[</b> <i>expr</i> <b>]</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Return a status of 0 (true) or
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Return a status of 0 (true) or
1 (false) depending on the evaluation of the conditional
expression <i>expr</i>. Each operator and operand must be a
separate argument. Expressions are composed of the primaries
-described above under <b><small>CONDITIONAL
-EXPRESSIONS</small></b><small>.</small> <b>test</b> does not
-accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore an
-argument of <b>−−</b> as signifying the end of
+described above under <b>CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS</b>.
+<b>test</b> does not accept any options, nor does it accept
+and ignore an argument of <b>--</b> as signifying the end of
options.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">Expressions may
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">Expressions may
be combined using the following operators, listed in
decreasing order of precedence. The evaluation depends on
the number of arguments; see below. <b>test</b> uses
-operator precedence when there are five or more
-arguments.</p>
-
-<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
- cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
-<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
-<td width="8%">
-
-
-<p><b>!</b> <i>expr</i></p></td>
-<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="28%">
-
+operator precedence when there are five or more arguments.
+<b><br>
+!</b> <i>expr</i></p>
-<p>True if <i>expr</i> is false.</p></td>
-<td width="45%">
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<p style="margin-left:24%;">True if <i>expr</i> is
+false.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><b>(</b> <i>expr</i>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><b>(</b> <i>expr</i>
<b>)</b></p>
-<p style="margin-left:27%;">Returns the value of
+<p style="margin-left:24%;">Returns the value of
<i>expr</i>. This may be used to override normal operator
precedence.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><i>expr1</i> −<b>a</b>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><i>expr1</i> -<b>a</b>
<i>expr2</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:27%;">True if both <i>expr1</i> and
+<p style="margin-left:24%;">True if both <i>expr1</i> and
<i>expr2</i> are true.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;"><i>expr1</i> −<b>o</b>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;"><i>expr1</i> -<b>o</b>
<i>expr2</i></p>
-<p style="margin-left:27%;">True if either <i>expr1</i> or
+<p style="margin-left:24%;">True if either <i>expr1</i> or
<i>expr2</i> is true.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em"><b>test</b> and
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em"><b>test</b> and
<b>[</b> evaluate conditional expressions using a set of
rules based on the number of arguments. <br>
0 arguments</p>
-<p style="margin-left:27%;">The expression is false.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:24%;">The expression is false.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">1 argument</p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">1 argument</p>
-<p style="margin-left:27%;">The expression is true if and
+<p style="margin-left:24%;">The expression is true if and
only if the argument is not null.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">2 arguments</p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">2 arguments</p>
-<p style="margin-left:27%;">If the first argument is
+<p style="margin-left:24%;">If the first argument is
<b>!</b>, the expression is true if and only if the second
argument is null. If the first argument is one of the unary
-conditional operators listed above under
-<b><small>CONDITIONAL
-EXPRESSIONS</small></b><small>,</small> the expression is
-true if the unary test is true. If the first argument is not
-a valid unary conditional operator, the expression is
-false.</p>
+conditional operators listed above under <b>CONDITIONAL
+EXPRESSIONS</b>, the expression is true if the unary test is
+true. If the first argument is not a valid unary conditional
+operator, the expression is false.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">3 arguments</p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">3 arguments</p>
-<p style="margin-left:27%;">The following conditions are
+<p style="margin-left:24%;">The following conditions are
applied in the order listed. If the second argument is one
of the binary conditional operators listed above under
-<b><small>CONDITIONAL
-EXPRESSIONS</small></b><small>,</small> the result of the
-expression is the result of the binary test using the first
-and third arguments as operands. The <b>−a</b> and
-<b>−o</b> operators are considered binary operators
-when there are three arguments. If the first argument is
-<b>!</b>, the value is the negation of the two-argument test
-using the second and third arguments. If the first argument
-is exactly <b>(</b> and the third argument is exactly
-<b>)</b>, the result is the one-argument test of the second
-argument. Otherwise, the expression is false.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">4 arguments</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:27%;">The following conditions are
+<b>CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS</b>, the result of the expression
+is the result of the binary test using the first and third
+arguments as operands. The <b>-a</b> and <b>-o</b> operators
+are considered binary operators when there are three
+arguments. If the first argument is <b>!</b>, the value is
+the negation of the two-argument test using the second and
+third arguments. If the first argument is exactly <b>(</b>
+and the third argument is exactly <b>)</b>, the result is
+the one-argument test of the second argument. Otherwise, the
+expression is false.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">4 arguments</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:24%;">The following conditions are
applied in the order listed. If the first argument is
<b>!</b>, the result is the negation of the three-argument
expression composed of the remaining arguments. If the first
parsed and evaluated according to precedence using the rules
listed above.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">5 or more arguments</p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">5 or more arguments</p>
-<p style="margin-left:27%;">The expression is parsed and
+<p style="margin-left:24%;">The expression is parsed and
evaluated according to precedence using the rules listed
above.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">When the shell
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">When the shell
is in posix mode, or if the expression is part of the
<b>[[</b> command, the <b><</b> and <b>></b> operators
sort using the current locale. If the shell is not in posix
mode, the <b>test</b> and <b>[</b> commands sort
lexicographically using ASCII ordering.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">The historical
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">The historical
operator-precedence parsing with 4 or more arguments can
lead to ambiguities when it encounters strings that look
-like primaries. The <small>POSIX</small> standard has
-deprecated the <b>−a</b> and <b>−o</b> primaries
-and enclosing expressions within parentheses. Scripts should
-no longer use them. It’s much more reliable to
-restrict test invocations to a single primary, and to
-replace uses of <b>−a</b> and <b>−o</b> with the
-shell’s <b>&&</b> and <b>||</b> list
-operators.</p>
+like primaries. The POSIX standard has deprecated the
+<b>-a</b> and <b>-o</b> primaries and enclosing expressions
+within parentheses. Scripts should no longer use them.
+It’s much more reliable to restrict test invocations
+to a single primary, and to replace uses of <b>-a</b> and
+<b>-o</b> with the shell’s <b>&&</b> and
+<b>||</b> list operators.</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="6%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="7%">
<p><b>times</b></p></td>
-<td width="3%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<td width="2%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
<p>Print the accumulated user and system times for the
status is 0.</p></td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>trap</b> [<b>−lpP</b>]
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>trap</b> [<b>-lpP</b>]
[[<i>action</i>] <i>sigspec</i> ...]</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">The <i>action</i> is a command
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">The <i>action</i> is a command
that is read and executed when the shell receives any of the
signals <i>sigspec</i>. If <i>action</i> is absent (and
-there is a single <i>sigspec</i>) or <b>−</b>, each
+there is a single <i>sigspec</i>) or <b>-</b>, each
specified <i>sigspec</i> is reset to the value it had when
the shell was started. If <i>action</i> is the null string
the signal specified by each <i>sigspec</i> is ignored by
the shell and by the commands it invokes.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If no arguments
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If no arguments
are supplied, <b>trap</b> displays the actions associated
with each trapped signal as a set of <b>trap</b> commands
that can be reused as shell input to restore the current
-signal dispositions. If <b>−p</b> is given, and
+signal dispositions. If <b>-p</b> is given, and
<i>action</i> is not present, then <b>trap</b> displays the
actions associated with each <i>sigspec</i> or, if none are
supplied, for all trapped signals, as a set of <b>trap</b>
commands that can be reused as shell input to restore the
-current signal dispositions. The <b>−P</b> option
-behaves similarly, but displays only the actions associated
-with each <i>sigspec</i> argument. <b>−P</b> requires
-at least one <i>sigspec</i> argument. The <b>−P</b> or
-<b>−p</b> options may be used in a subshell
-environment (e.g., command substitution) and, as long as
-they are used before <b>trap</b> is used to change a
-signal’s handling, will display the state of its
-parent’s traps.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">The
-<b>−l</b> option prints a list of signal names and
-their corresponding numbers. Each <i>sigspec</i> is either a
-signal name defined in <<i>signal.h</i>>, or a signal
-number. Signal names are case insensitive and the
-<b><small>SIG</small></b> prefix is optional. If
-<b>−l</b> is supplied with no <i>sigspec</i>
-arguments, it prints a list of valid signal names.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If a
-<i>sigspec</i> is <b><small>EXIT</small></b> (0),
-<i>action</i> is executed on exit from the shell. If a
-<i>sigspec</i> is
-<b><small>DEBUG</small></b><small>,</small> <i>action</i> is
-executed before every <i>simple command</i>, <i>for</i>
-command, <i>case</i> command, <i>select</i> command, ((
-arithmetic command, [[ conditional command, arithmetic
-<i>for</i> command, and before the first command executes in
-a shell function (see <b><small>SHELL GRAMMAR</small></b>
-above). Refer to the description of the <b>extdebug</b>
-shell option (see <b>shopt</b> above) for details of its
-effect on the <b>DEBUG</b> trap. If a <i>sigspec</i> is
-<b><small>RETURN</small></b><small>,</small> <i>action</i>
-is executed each time a shell function or a script executed
-with the <b>.</b> or <b>source</b> builtins finishes
-executing.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If a
-<i>sigspec</i> is <b><small>ERR</small></b><small>,</small>
-<i>action</i> is executed whenever a pipeline (which may
-consist of a single simple command), a list, or a compound
-command returns a non−zero exit status, subject to the
-following conditions. The <b><small>ERR</small></b> trap is
-not executed if the failed command is part of the command
-list immediately following a <b>while</b> or <b>until</b>
-reserved word, part of the test in an <i>if</i> statement,
-part of a command executed in a <b>&&</b> or
-<b>||</b> list except the command following the final
-<b>&&</b> or <b>||</b>, any command in a pipeline
-but the last (subject to the state of the <b>pipefail</b>
-shell option), or if the command’s return value is
-being inverted using <b>!</b>. These are the same conditions
-obeyed by the <b>errexit</b> (<b>−e</b>) option.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">When the shell
+current signal dispositions. The <b>-P</b> option behaves
+similarly, but displays only the actions associated with
+each <i>sigspec</i> argument. <b>-P</b> requires at least
+one <i>sigspec</i> argument. The <b>-P</b> or <b>-p</b>
+options may be used in a subshell environment (e.g., command
+substitution) and, as long as they are used before
+<b>trap</b> is used to change a signal’s handling,
+will display the state of its parent’s traps.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">The <b>-l</b>
+option prints a list of signal names and their corresponding
+numbers. Each <i>sigspec</i> is either a signal name defined
+in <<i>signal.h</i>>, or a signal number. Signal names
+are case insensitive and the <b>SIG</b> prefix is optional.
+If <b>-l</b> is supplied with no <i>sigspec</i> arguments,
+it prints a list of valid signal names.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If a
+<i>sigspec</i> is <b>EXIT</b> (0), <i>action</i> is executed
+on exit from the shell. If a <i>sigspec</i> is <b>DEBUG</b>,
+<i>action</i> is executed before every <i>simple
+command</i>, <i>for</i> command, <i>case</i> command,
+<i>select</i> command, (( arithmetic command, [[ conditional
+command, arithmetic <i>for</i> command, and before the first
+command executes in a shell function (see <b>SHELL
+GRAMMAR</b> above). Refer to the description of the
+<b>extdebug</b> shell option (see <b>shopt</b> above) for
+details of its effect on the <b>DEBUG</b> trap. If a
+<i>sigspec</i> is <b>RETURN</b>, <i>action</i> is executed
+each time a shell function or a script executed with the
+<b>.</b> or <b>source</b> builtins finishes executing.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If a
+<i>sigspec</i> is <b>ERR</b>, <i>action</i> is executed
+whenever a pipeline (which may consist of a single simple
+command), a list, or a compound command returns a non-zero
+exit status, subject to the following conditions. The
+<b>ERR</b> trap is not executed if the failed command is
+part of the command list immediately following a
+<b>while</b> or <b>until</b> reserved word, part of the test
+in an <i>if</i> statement, part of a command executed in a
+<b>&&</b> or <b>||</b> list except the command
+following the final <b>&&</b> or <b>||</b>, any
+command in a pipeline but the last (subject to the state of
+the <b>pipefail</b> shell option), or if the command’s
+return value is being inverted using <b>!</b>. These are the
+same conditions obeyed by the <b>errexit</b> (<b>-e</b>)
+option.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">When the shell
is not interactive, signals ignored upon entry to the shell
cannot be trapped or reset. Interactive shells permit
trapping signals ignored on entry. Trapped signals that are
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
+<td width="6%"></td>
<td width="5%">
<p><b>true</b></p></td>
<td width="4%"></td>
-<td width="42%">
+<td width="41%">
<p>Does nothing, returns a 0 status.</p></td>
-<td width="40%">
+<td width="44%">
</td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>type</b>
-[<b>−aftpP</b>] <i>name</i> [<i>name</i> ...]</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>type</b> [<b>-aftpP</b>]
+<i>name</i> [<i>name</i> ...]</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Indicate how each <i>name</i>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Indicate how each <i>name</i>
would be interpreted if used as a command name.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If the
-<b>−t</b> option is used, <b>type</b> prints a string
-which is one of <i>alias</i>, <i>keyword</i>,
-<i>function</i>, <i>builtin</i>, or <i>file</i> if
-<i>name</i> is an alias, shell reserved word, function,
-builtin, or executable file, respectively. If the
-<i>name</i> is not found, <b>type</b> prints nothing and
-returns a non-zero exit status.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If the
-<b>−p</b> option is used, <b>type</b> either returns
-the pathname of the executable file that would be found by
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If the
+<b>-t</b> option is used, <b>type</b> prints a string which
+is one of <i>alias</i>, <i>keyword</i>, <i>function</i>,
+<i>builtin</i>, or <i>file</i> if <i>name</i> is an alias,
+shell reserved word, function, builtin, or executable file,
+respectively. If the <i>name</i> is not found, <b>type</b>
+prints nothing and returns a non-zero exit status.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If the
+<b>-p</b> option is used, <b>type</b> either returns the
+pathname of the executable file that would be found by
searching <b>$PATH</b> for <i>name</i> or nothing if
-“type −t name” would not return
-<i>file</i>. The <b>−P</b> option forces a
-<b><small>PATH</small></b> search for each <i>name</i>, even
-if “type −t name” would not return
-<i>file</i>. If <i>name</i> is present in the table of
-hashed commands, <b>−p</b> and <b>−P</b> print
-the hashed value, which is not necessarily the file that
-appears first in
-<b><small>PATH</small></b><small>.</small></p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If the
-<b>−a</b> option is used, <b>type</b> prints all of
-the places that contain a command named <i>name</i>. This
+“type -t name” would not return <i>file</i>. The
+<b>-P</b> option forces a <b>PATH</b> search for each
+<i>name</i>, even if “type -t name” would not
+return <i>file</i>. If <i>name</i> is present in the table
+of hashed commands, <b>-p</b> and <b>-P</b> print the hashed
+value, which is not necessarily the file that appears first
+in <b>PATH</b>.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If the
+<b>-a</b> option is used, <b>type</b> prints all of the
+places that contain a command named <i>name</i>. This
includes aliases, reserved words, functions, and builtins,
-but the path search options (<b>−p</b> and
-<b>−P</b>) can be supplied to restrict the output to
-executable files. <b>type</b> does not consult the table of
-hashed commands when using <b>−a</b> with
-<b>−p</b>, and only performs a
-<b><small>PATH</small></b> search for <i>name</i>.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">The
-<b>−f</b> option suppresses shell function lookup, as
-with the <b>command</b> builtin. <b>type</b> returns true if
-all of the arguments are found, false if any are not
-found.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>ulimit</b> [<b>−HS</b>]
-<b>−a <br>
-ulimit</b> [<b>−HS</b>]
-[<b>−bcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPRT</b> [<i>limit</i>]]</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Provides control over the
+but the path search options (<b>-p</b> and <b>-P</b>) can be
+supplied to restrict the output to executable files.
+<b>type</b> does not consult the table of hashed commands
+when using <b>-a</b> with <b>-p</b>, and only performs a
+<b>PATH</b> search for <i>name</i>.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">The <b>-f</b>
+option suppresses shell function lookup, as with the
+<b>command</b> builtin. <b>type</b> returns true if all of
+the arguments are found, false if any are not found.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>ulimit</b> [<b>-HS</b>] <b>-a
+<br>
+ulimit</b> [<b>-HS</b>] [<b>-bcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPRT</b>
+[<i>limit</i>]]</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Provides control over the
resources available to the shell and to processes it starts,
on systems that allow such control.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">The
-<b>−H</b> and <b>−S</b> options specify whether
-the hard or soft limit is set for the given resource. A hard
-limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set;
-a soft limit may be increased up to the value of the hard
-limit. If neither <b>−H</b> nor <b>−S</b> is
-specified, <b>ulimit</b> sets both the soft and hard
-limits.</p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">The <b>-H</b>
+and <b>-S</b> options specify whether the hard or soft limit
+is set for the given resource. A hard limit cannot be
+increased by a non-root user once it is set; a soft limit
+may be increased up to the value of the hard limit. If
+neither <b>-H</b> nor <b>-S</b> is specified, <b>ulimit</b>
+sets both the soft and hard limits.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">The value of
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">The value of
<i>limit</i> can be a number in the unit specified for the
resource or one of the special values <b>hard</b>,
<b>soft</b>, or <b>unlimited</b>, which stand for the
current hard limit, the current soft limit, and no limit,
respectively. If <i>limit</i> is omitted, <b>ulimit</b>
prints the current value of the soft limit of the resource,
-unless the <b>−H</b> option is given. When more than
-one resource is specified, the limit name and unit, if
+unless the <b>-H</b> option is given. When more than one
+resource is specified, the limit name and unit, if
appropriate, are printed before the value. Other options are
interpreted as follows:</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−a</b></p></td>
+<p><b>-a</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
<p>Report all current limits; no limits are set.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−b</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-b</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>The maximum socket buffer size.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The maximum socket buffer
+size.</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−c</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-c</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>The maximum size of core files created.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The maximum size of core files
+created.</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−d</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-d</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>The maximum size of a process’s data segment.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The maximum size of a
+process’s data segment.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−e</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-e</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>The maximum scheduling priority
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The maximum scheduling priority
(“nice”).</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−f</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-f</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>The maximum size of files written by the shell and its
-children.</p> </td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The maximum size of files
+written by the shell and its children.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−i</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-i</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>The maximum number of pending signals.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The maximum number of pending
+signals.</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−k</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-k</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The maximum number of kqueues
+that may be allocated.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−l</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-l</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>The maximum size that may be locked into memory.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The maximum size that may be
+locked into memory.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−m</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-m</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor
-this limit).</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The maximum resident set size
+(many systems do not honor this limit).</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−n</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-n</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>The maximum number of open file descriptors (most
-systems do not allow this value to be set).</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The maximum number of open file
+descriptors (most systems do not allow this value to be
+set).</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−p</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-p</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>The pipe size in 512-byte blocks (this may not be
-set).</p> </td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The pipe size in 512-byte blocks
+(this may not be set).</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−q</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-q</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>The maximum number of bytes in <small>POSIX</small>
-message queues.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The maximum number of bytes in
+POSIX message queues.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−r</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-r</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>The maximum real-time scheduling priority.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The maximum real-time scheduling
+priority.</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−s</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-s</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>The maximum stack size.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The maximum stack size.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−t</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-t</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The maximum amount of cpu time
+in seconds.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−u</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-u</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>The maximum number of processes available to a single
-user.</p> </td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The maximum number of processes
+available to a single user.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−v</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-v</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the
-shell and, on some systems, to its children.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The maximum amount of virtual
+memory available to the shell and, on some systems, to its
+children.</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−x</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-x</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>The maximum number of file locks.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The maximum number of file
+locks.</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−P</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-P</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>The maximum number of pseudoterminals.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The maximum number of
+pseudoterminals.</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−R</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-R</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>The maximum time a real-time process can run before
-blocking, in microseconds.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The maximum time a real-time
+process can run before blocking, in microseconds.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="3%">
-<p><b>−T</b></p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>-T</b></p></td>
<td width="6%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>The maximum number of threads.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The maximum number of
+threads.</p> </td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If <i>limit</i>
-is supplied, and the <b>−a</b> option is not used,
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If <i>limit</i>
+is supplied, and the <b>-a</b> option is not used,
<i>limit</i> is the new value of the specified resource. If
-no option is supplied, then <b>−f</b> is assumed.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">Values are in
-1024-byte increments, except for <b>−t</b>, which is
-in seconds; <b>−R</b>, which is in microseconds;
-<b>−p</b>, which is in units of 512-byte blocks;
-<b>−P</b>, <b>−T</b>, <b>−b</b>,
-<b>−k</b>, <b>−n</b>, and <b>−u</b>, which
-are unscaled values; and, when in posix mode,
-<b>−c</b> and <b>−f</b>, which are in 512-byte
-increments. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option
-or argument is supplied, or an error occurs while setting a
-new limit.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>umask</b> [<b>−p</b>]
-[<b>−S</b>] [<i>mode</i>]</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Set the user file-creation mask
+no option is supplied, then <b>-f</b> is assumed.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">Values are in
+1024-byte increments, except for <b>-t</b>, which is in
+seconds; <b>-R</b>, which is in microseconds; <b>-p</b>,
+which is in units of 512-byte blocks; <b>-P</b>, <b>-T</b>,
+<b>-b</b>, <b>-k</b>, <b>-n</b>, and <b>-u</b>, which are
+unscaled values; and, when in posix mode, <b>-c</b> and
+<b>-f</b>, which are in 512-byte increments. The return
+status is 0 unless an invalid option or argument is
+supplied, or an error occurs while setting a new limit.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>umask</b> [<b>-p</b>]
+[<b>-S</b>] [<i>mode</i>]</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Set the user file-creation mask
to <i>mode</i>. If <i>mode</i> begins with a digit, it is
interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is interpreted
as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by
<i>chmod</i>(1). If <i>mode</i> is omitted, <b>umask</b>
-prints the current value of the mask. The <b>−S</b>
-option without a <i>mode</i> argument prints the mask in a
-symbolic format; the default output is an octal number. If
-the <b>−p</b> option is supplied, and <i>mode</i> is
-omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as
-input. The return status is zero if the mode was
-successfully changed or if no <i>mode</i> argument was
-supplied, and non-zero otherwise.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>unalias</b> [−<b>a</b>]
+prints the current value of the mask. The <b>-S</b> option
+without a <i>mode</i> argument prints the mask in a symbolic
+format; the default output is an octal number. If the
+<b>-p</b> option is supplied, and <i>mode</i> is omitted,
+the output is in a form that may be reused as input. The
+return status is zero if the mode was successfully changed
+or if no <i>mode</i> argument was supplied, and non-zero
+otherwise.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>unalias</b> [-<b>a</b>]
[<i>name</i> ...]</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Remove each <i>name</i> from
-the list of defined aliases. If <b>−a</b> is supplied,
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Remove each <i>name</i> from
+the list of defined aliases. If <b>-a</b> is supplied,
remove all alias definitions. The return value is true
unless a supplied <i>name</i> is not a defined alias.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>unset</b> [−<b>fv</b>]
-[−<b>n</b>] [<i>name</i> ...]</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">For each <i>name</i>, remove
-the corresponding variable or function. If the
-<b>−v</b> option is given, each <i>name</i> refers to
-a shell variable, and that variable is removed. If
-<b>−f</b> is specified, each <i>name</i> refers to a
-shell function, and the function definition is removed. If
-the <b>−n</b> option is supplied, and <i>name</i> is a
-variable with the <i>nameref</i> attribute, <i>name</i> will
-be unset rather than the variable it references.
-<b>−n</b> has no effect if the <b>−f</b> option
-is supplied. Read-only variables and functions may not be
-unset. When variables or functions are removed, they are
-also removed from the environment passed to subsequent
-commands. If no options are supplied, each <i>name</i>
-refers to a variable; if there is no variable by that name,
-a function with that name, if any, is unset. Some shell
-variables may not be unset. If any of
-<b><small>BASH_ALIASES</small></b><small>,
-<b>BASH_ARGV0</b>, <b>BASH_CMDS</b>, <b>BASH_COMMAND</b>,
-<b>BASH_SUBSHELL</b>, <b>BASHPID</b>,
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>unset</b> [-<b>fv</b>]
+[-<b>n</b>] [<i>name</i> ...]</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">For each <i>name</i>, remove
+the corresponding variable or function. If the <b>-v</b>
+option is given, each <i>name</i> refers to a shell
+variable, and that variable is removed. If <b>-f</b> is
+specified, each <i>name</i> refers to a shell function, and
+the function definition is removed. If the <b>-n</b> option
+is supplied, and <i>name</i> is a variable with the
+<i>nameref</i> attribute, <i>name</i> will be unset rather
+than the variable it references. <b>-n</b> has no effect if
+the <b>-f</b> option is supplied. Read-only variables and
+functions may not be unset. When variables or functions are
+removed, they are also removed from the environment passed
+to subsequent commands. If no options are supplied, each
+<i>name</i> refers to a variable; if there is no variable by
+that name, a function with that name, if any, is unset. Some
+shell variables may not be unset. If any of
+<b>BASH_ALIASES</b>, <b>BASH_ARGV0</b>, <b>BASH_CMDS</b>,
+<b>BASH_COMMAND</b>, <b>BASH_SUBSHELL</b>, <b>BASHPID</b>,
<b>COMP_WORDBREAKS</b>, <b>DIRSTACK</b>,
<b>EPOCHREALTIME</b>, <b>EPOCHSECONDS</b>, <b>FUNCNAME</b>,
<b>GROUPS</b>, <b>HISTCMD</b>, <b>LINENO</b>, <b>RANDOM</b>,
-<b>SECONDS</b>,</small> or <b><small>SRANDOM</small></b> are
-unset, they lose their special properties, even if they are
-subsequently reset. The exit status is true unless a
-<i>name</i> is readonly or may not be unset.</p>
+<b>SECONDS</b>, or <b>SRANDOM</b> are unset, they lose their
+special properties, even if they are subsequently reset. The
+exit status is true unless a <i>name</i> is readonly or may
+not be unset.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>wait</b> [<b>−fn</b>]
-[<b>−p</b> <i>varname</i>] [<i>id</i> ...]</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>wait</b> [<b>-fn</b>]
+[<b>-p</b> <i>varname</i>] [<i>id</i> ...]</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Wait for each specified child
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Wait for each specified child
process <i>id</i> and return the termination status of the
last <i>id</i>. Each <i>id</i> may be a process ID
<i>pid</i> or a job specification <i>jobspec</i>; if a
jobspec is supplied, <b>wait</b> waits for all processes in
the job.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If no options
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If no options
or <i>id</i>s are supplied, <b>wait</b> waits for all
running background jobs and the last-executed process
substitution, if its process id is the same as <b>$!</b>,
and the return status is zero.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If the
-<b>−n</b> option is supplied, <b>wait</b> waits for
-any one of the given <i>id</i>s or, if no <i>id</i>s are
-supplied, any job or process substitution, to complete and
-returns its exit status. If none of the supplied <i>id</i>s
-is a child of the shell, or if no <i>id</i>s are supplied
-and the shell has no unwaited-for children, the exit status
-is 127.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If the
-<b>−p</b> option is supplied, <b>wait</b> assigns the
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If the
+<b>-n</b> option is supplied, <b>wait</b> waits for any one
+of the given <i>id</i>s or, if no <i>id</i>s are supplied,
+any job or process substitution, to complete and returns its
+exit status. If none of the supplied <i>id</i>s is a child
+of the shell, or if no <i>id</i>s are supplied and the shell
+has no unwaited-for children, the exit status is 127.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If the
+<b>-p</b> option is supplied, <b>wait</b> assigns the
process or job identifier of the job for which the exit
status is returned to the variable <i>varname</i> named by
the option argument. The variable, which cannot be readonly,
will be unset initially, before any assignment. This is
-useful only when used with the <b>−n</b> option.</p>
+useful only when used with the <b>-n</b> option.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">Supplying the
-<b>−f</b> option, when job control is enabled, forces
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">Supplying the
+<b>-f</b> option, when job control is enabled, forces
<b>wait</b> to wait for each <i>id</i> to terminate before
returning its status, instead of returning when it changes
status. If there are no <i>id</i> arguments, <b>wait</b>
waits until all background processes have terminated.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%; margin-top: 1em">If none of the
+<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-top: 1em">If none of the
<i>id</i>s specify one of the shell’s active child
processes, the return status is 127. If <b>wait</b> is
interrupted by a signal, any <i>varname</i> will remain
</h2>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Bash-4.0
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Bash-4.0
introduced the concept of a <i>shell compatibility
level</i>, specified as a set of options to the shopt
builtin (<b>compat31</b>, <b>compat32</b>, <b>compat40</b>,
to use current features and behavior. It’s intended to
be a temporary solution.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">This section
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">This section
does not mention behavior that is standard for a particular
version (e.g., setting <b>compat32</b> means that quoting
the right hand side of the regexp matching operator quotes
special regexp characters in the word, which is default
behavior in bash-3.2 and subsequent versions).</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">If a user
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">If a user
enables, say, <b>compat32</b>, it may affect the behavior of
other compatibility levels up to and including the current
compatibility level. The idea is that each compatibility
compatibility levels carefully. Read the documentation for a
particular feature to find out the current behavior.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Bash-4.3
-introduced a new shell variable:
-<b><small>BASH_COMPAT</small></b><small>.</small> The value
-assigned to this variable (a decimal version number like
-4.2, or an integer corresponding to the
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Bash-4.3
+introduced a new shell variable: <b>BASH_COMPAT</b>. The
+value assigned to this variable (a decimal version number
+like 4.2, or an integer corresponding to the
<b>compat</b><i>NN</i> option, like 42) determines the
compatibility level.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Starting with
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Starting with
bash-4.4, <b>bash</b> began deprecating older compatibility
levels. Eventually, the options will be removed in favor of
-<b><small>BASH_COMPAT</small></b><small>.</small></p>
+<b>BASH_COMPAT</b>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Bash-5.0 was the
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Bash-5.0 was the
final version for which there was an individual shopt option
-for the previous version. <b><small>BASH_COMPAT</small></b>
-is the only mechanism to control the compatibility level in
-versions newer than bash-5.0.</p>
+for the previous version. <b>BASH_COMPAT</b> is the only
+mechanism to control the compatibility level in versions
+newer than bash-5.0.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">The following
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">The following
table describes the behavior changes controlled by each
compatibility level setting. The <b>compat</b><i>NN</i> tag
is used as shorthand for setting the compatibility level to
versions prior to bash-5.0, the compatibility level may be
set using the corresponding <b>compat</b><i>NN</i> shopt
option. For bash-4.3 and later versions, the
-<b><small>BASH_COMPAT</small></b> variable is preferred, and
-it is required for bash-5.1 and later versions. <b><br>
+<b>BASH_COMPAT</b> variable is preferred, and it is required
+for bash-5.1 and later versions. <b><br>
compat31</b></p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="1%">
<p>•</p></td>
<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
<p>Quoting the rhs of the <b>[[</b> command’s regexp
matching operator (=~) has no special effect.</p></td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>compat32</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>compat32</b></p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="1%">
<p>•</p></td>
<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
<p>The <b><</b> and <b>></b> operators to the
comparing strings; they use ASCII ordering.</p></td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>compat40</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>compat40</b></p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="1%">
<p>•</p></td>
<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
<p>The <b><</b> and <b>></b> operators to the
locale’s collation sequence and <i>strcoll</i>(3).</p></td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>compat41</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>compat41</b></p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="1%">
<p>•</p></td>
<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
<p>In posix mode, <b>time</b> may be followed by options
-and still be recognized as a reserved word (this is
-<small>POSIX</small> interpretation 267).</p></td></tr>
+and still be recognized as a reserved word (this is POSIX
+interpretation 267).</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="1%">
-<p>•</p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">•</p></td>
<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>In <i>posix</i> mode, the parser requires that an even
-number of single quotes occur in the <i>word</i> portion of
-a double-quoted parameter expansion and treats them
-specially, so that characters within the single quotes are
-considered quoted (this is <small>POSIX</small>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">In <i>posix</i> mode, the parser
+requires that an even number of single quotes occur in the
+<i>word</i> portion of a double-quoted parameter expansion
+and treats them specially, so that characters within the
+single quotes are considered quoted (this is POSIX
interpretation 221).</p></td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>compat42</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>compat42</b></p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="1%">
<p>•</p></td>
<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
<p>The replacement string in double-quoted pattern
substitution does not undergo quote removal, as it does in
versions after bash-4.2.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="1%">
-<p>•</p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">•</p></td>
<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>In posix mode, single quotes are considered special when
-expanding the <i>word</i> portion of a double-quoted
-parameter expansion and can be used to quote a closing brace
-or other special character (this is part of
-<small>POSIX</small> interpretation 221); in later versions,
-single quotes are not special within double-quoted word
-expansions.</p> </td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">In posix mode, single quotes are
+considered special when expanding the <i>word</i> portion of
+a double-quoted parameter expansion and can be used to quote
+a closing brace or other special character (this is part of
+POSIX interpretation 221); in later versions, single quotes
+are not special within double-quoted word expansions.</p></td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>compat43</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>compat43</b></p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="1%">
<p>•</p></td>
<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
<p>Word expansion errors are considered non-fatal errors
(the default behavior is to make them fatal errors that
cause the shell to exit).</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="1%">
-<p>•</p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">•</p></td>
<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>When executing a shell function, the loop state
-(while/until/etc.) is not reset, so <b>break</b> or
-<b>continue</b> in that function will break or continue
-loops in the calling context. Bash-4.4 and later reset the
-loop state to prevent this.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">When executing a shell function,
+the loop state (while/until/etc.) is not reset, so
+<b>break</b> or <b>continue</b> in that function will break
+or continue loops in the calling context. Bash-4.4 and later
+reset the loop state to prevent this.</p></td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>compat44</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>compat44</b></p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="1%">
<p>•</p></td>
<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>The shell sets up the values used by
-<b><small>BASH_ARGV</small></b> and
-<b><small>BASH_ARGC</small></b> so they can expand to the
-shell’s positional parameters even if extended
-debugging mode is not enabled.</p></td></tr>
+<p>The shell sets up the values used by <b>BASH_ARGV</b>
+and <b>BASH_ARGC</b> so they can expand to the shell’s
+positional parameters even if extended debugging mode is not
+enabled.</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="1%">
-<p>•</p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">•</p></td>
<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>A subshell inherits loops from its parent context, so
-<b>break</b> or <b>continue</b> will cause the subshell to
-exit. Bash-5.0 and later reset the loop state to prevent the
-exit</p> </td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">A subshell inherits loops from
+its parent context, so <b>break</b> or <b>continue</b> will
+cause the subshell to exit. Bash-5.0 and later reset the
+loop state to prevent the exit</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="1%">
-<p>•</p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">•</p></td>
<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>Variable assignments preceding builtins like
-<b>export</b> and <b>readonly</b> that set attributes
-continue to affect variables with the same name in the
-calling environment even if the shell is not in posix
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Variable assignments preceding
+builtins like <b>export</b> and <b>readonly</b> that set
+attributes continue to affect variables with the same name
+in the calling environment even if the shell is not in posix
mode.</p> </td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>compat50</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>compat50</b></p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="1%">
<p>•</p></td>
<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>Bash-5.1 changed the way <b><small>$RANDOM</small></b>
-is generated to introduce slightly more randomness. If the
-shell compatibility level is set to 50 or lower, it reverts
-to the method from bash-5.0 and previous versions, so
-seeding the random number generator by assigning a value to
-<b><small>RANDOM</small></b> will produce the same sequence
-as in bash-5.0.</p></td></tr>
+<p>Bash-5.1 changed the way <b>$RANDOM</b> is generated to
+introduce slightly more randomness. If the shell
+compatibility level is set to 50 or lower, it reverts to the
+method from bash-5.0 and previous versions, so seeding the
+random number generator by assigning a value to
+<b>RANDOM</b> will produce the same sequence as in
+bash-5.0.</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="1%">
-<p>•</p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">•</p></td>
<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>If the command hash table is empty, bash versions prior
-to bash-5.1 printed an informational message to that effect,
-even when producing output that can be reused as input.
-Bash-5.1 suppresses that message when the <b>−l</b>
-option is supplied.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">If the command hash table is
+empty, bash versions prior to bash-5.1 printed an
+informational message to that effect, even when producing
+output that can be reused as input. Bash-5.1 suppresses that
+message when the <b>-l</b> option is supplied.</p></td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>compat51</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>compat51</b></p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="1%">
<p>•</p></td>
<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
<p>The <b>unset</b> builtin treats attempts to unset array
whether the array is indexed or associative, and differently
than in previous versions.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="1%">
-<p>•</p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">•</p></td>
<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>Arithmetic commands ( <b>((</b>...<b>))</b> ) and the
-expressions in an arithmetic for statement can be expanded
-more than once.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Arithmetic commands (
+<b>((</b>...<b>))</b> ) and the expressions in an arithmetic
+for statement can be expanded more than once.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="1%">
-<p>•</p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">•</p></td>
<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>Expressions used as arguments to arithmetic operators in
-the <b>[[</b> conditional command can be expanded more than
-once.</p> </td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Expressions used as arguments to
+arithmetic operators in the <b>[[</b> conditional command
+can be expanded more than once.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="1%">
-<p>•</p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">•</p></td>
<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>The expressions in substring parameter brace expansion
-can be expanded more than once.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The expressions in substring
+parameter brace expansion can be expanded more than
+once.</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="1%">
-<p>•</p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">•</p></td>
<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>The expressions in the <b>$((</b>...<b>))</b> word
-expansion can be expanded more than once.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The expressions in the
+<b>$((</b>...<b>))</b> word expansion can be expanded more
+than once.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="1%">
-<p>•</p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">•</p></td>
<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>Arithmetic expressions used as indexed array subscripts
-can be expanded more than once.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Arithmetic expressions used as
+indexed array subscripts can be expanded more than once.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="1%">
-<p>•</p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">•</p></td>
<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p><b>test −v</b>, when given an argument of
-<b>A[@]</b>, where <b>A</b> is an existing associative
-array, will return true if the array has any set elements.
-Bash-5.2 will look for and report on a key named
+<p style="margin-top: 1em"><b>test -v</b>, when given an
+argument of <b>A[@]</b>, where <b>A</b> is an existing
+associative array, will return true if the array has any set
+elements. Bash-5.2 will look for and report on a key named
<b>@</b>.</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="1%">
-<p>•</p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">•</p></td>
<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>The ${<i>parameter</i><b>[:]=</b><i>value</i>} word
-expansion will return <i>value</i>, before any
-variable-specific transformations have been performed (e.g.,
-converting to lowercase). Bash-5.2 will return the final
-value assigned to the variable.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">The
+${<i>parameter</i><b>[:]=</b><i>value</i>} word expansion
+will return <i>value</i>, before any variable-specific
+transformations have been performed (e.g., converting to
+lowercase). Bash-5.2 will return the final value assigned to
+the variable.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="1%">
-<p>•</p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">•</p></td>
<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
-
-
-<p>Parsing command substitutions will behave as if extended
-globbing (see the description of the <b>shopt</b> builtin
-above) is enabled, so that parsing a command substitution
-containing an extglob pattern (say, as part of a shell
-function) will not fail. This assumes the intent is to
-enable extglob before the command is executed and word
-expansions are performed. It will fail at word expansion
-time if extglob hasn’t been enabled by the time the
-command is executed.</p></td></tr>
+<td width="76%">
+
+
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Parsing command substitutions
+will behave as if extended globbing (see the description of
+the <b>shopt</b> builtin above) is enabled, so that parsing
+a command substitution containing an extglob pattern (say,
+as part of a shell function) will not fail. This assumes the
+intent is to enable extglob before the command is executed
+and word expansions are performed. It will fail at word
+expansion time if extglob hasn’t been enabled by the
+time the command is executed.</p></td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><b>compat52</b></p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><b>compat52</b></p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="1%">
<p>•</p></td>
<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
<p>The <b>test</b> builtin uses its historical algorithm to
parse parenthesized subexpressions when given five or more
arguments.</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="18%"></td>
+<td width="15%"></td>
<td width="1%">
-<p>•</p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">•</p></td>
<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="73%">
+<td width="76%">
-<p>If the <b>−p</b> or <b>−P</b> option is
-supplied to the <b>bind</b> builtin, <b>bind</b> treats any
-arguments remaining after option processing as bindable
-command names, and displays any key sequences bound to those
-commands, instead of treating the arguments as key sequences
-to bind.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">If the <b>-p</b> or <b>-P</b>
+option is supplied to the <b>bind</b> builtin, <b>bind</b>
+treats any arguments remaining after option processing as
+bindable command names, and displays any key sequences bound
+to those commands, instead of treating the arguments as key
+sequences to bind.</p></td></tr>
</table>
<h2>RESTRICTED SHELL
</h2>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">If <b>bash</b>
-is started with the name <b>rbash</b>, or the
-<b>−r</b> option is supplied at invocation, the shell
-becomes <i>restricted</i>. A restricted shell is used to set
-up an environment more controlled than the standard shell.
-It behaves identically to <b>bash</b> with the exception
-that the following are disallowed or not performed:</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">If <b>bash</b>
+is started with the name <b>rbash</b>, or the <b>-r</b>
+option is supplied at invocation, the shell becomes
+<i>restricted</i>. A restricted shell is used to set up an
+environment more controlled than the standard shell. It
+behaves identically to <b>bash</b> with the exception that
+the following are disallowed or not performed:</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="1%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="2%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em">•</p></td>
-<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<td width="7%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em">Changing directories with
<b>cd</b>.</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="1%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="2%">
-<p>•</p></td>
-<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">•</p></td>
+<td width="7%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
-<p>Setting or unsetting the values of
-<b><small>SHELL</small></b><small>, <b>PATH</b>,
-<b>HISTFILE</b>, <b>ENV</b>,</small> or
-<b><small>BASH_ENV</small></b><small>.</small></p> </td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Setting or unsetting the values
+of <b>SHELL</b>, <b>PATH</b>, <b>HISTFILE</b>, <b>ENV</b>,
+or <b>BASH_ENV</b>.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="1%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="2%">
-<p>•</p></td>
-<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">•</p></td>
+<td width="7%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
-<p>Specifying command names containing <b>/</b>.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Specifying command names
+containing <b>/</b>.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="1%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="2%">
-<p>•</p></td>
-<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">•</p></td>
+<td width="7%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
-<p>Specifying a filename containing a <b>/</b> as an
-argument to the <b>.</b> builtin command.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Specifying a filename containing
+a <b>/</b> as an argument to the <b>.</b> builtin
+command.</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="1%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="2%">
-<p>•</p></td>
-<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">•</p></td>
+<td width="7%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
-<p>Using the <b>−p</b> option to the <b>.</b> builtin
-command to specify a search path.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Using the <b>-p</b> option to
+the <b>.</b> builtin command to specify a search path.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="1%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="2%">
-<p>•</p></td>
-<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">•</p></td>
+<td width="7%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
-<p>Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument
-to the <b>history</b> builtin command.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Specifying a filename containing
+a slash as an argument to the <b>history</b> builtin
+command.</p> </td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="1%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="2%">
-<p>•</p></td>
-<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">•</p></td>
+<td width="7%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
-<p>Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument
-to the <b>−p</b> option to the <b>hash</b> builtin
-command.</p> </td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Specifying a filename containing
+a slash as an argument to the <b>-p</b> option to the
+<b>hash</b> builtin command.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="1%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="2%">
-<p>•</p></td>
-<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">•</p></td>
+<td width="7%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
-<p>Importing function definitions from the shell
-environment at startup.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Importing function definitions
+from the shell environment at startup.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="1%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="2%">
-<p>•</p></td>
-<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">•</p></td>
+<td width="7%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
-<p>Parsing the values of <b><small>BASHOPTS</small></b> and
-<b><small>SHELLOPTS</small></b> from the shell environment
-at startup.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Parsing the values of
+<b>BASHOPTS</b> and <b>SHELLOPTS</b> from the shell
+environment at startup.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="1%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="2%">
-<p>•</p></td>
-<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">•</p></td>
+<td width="7%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
-<p>Redirecting output using the >, >|, <>,
->&, &>, and >> redirection
-operators.</p> </td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Redirecting output using the
+>, >|, <>, >&, &>, and >>
+redirection operators.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="1%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="2%">
-<p>•</p></td>
-<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">•</p></td>
+<td width="7%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
-<p>Using the <b>exec</b> builtin command to replace the
-shell with another command.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Using the <b>exec</b> builtin
+command to replace the shell with another command.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="1%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="2%">
-<p>•</p></td>
-<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">•</p></td>
+<td width="7%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
-<p>Adding or deleting builtin commands with the
-<b>−f</b> and <b>−d</b> options to the
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Adding or deleting builtin
+commands with the <b>-f</b> and <b>-d</b> options to the
<b>enable</b> builtin command.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="1%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="2%">
-<p>•</p></td>
-<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">•</p></td>
+<td width="7%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
-<p>Using the <b>enable</b> builtin command to enable
-disabled shell builtins.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Using the <b>enable</b> builtin
+command to enable disabled shell builtins.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="1%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="2%">
-<p>•</p></td>
-<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">•</p></td>
+<td width="7%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
-<p>Specifying the <b>−p</b> option to the
-<b>command</b> builtin command.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Specifying the <b>-p</b> option
+to the <b>command</b> builtin command.</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="1%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="2%">
-<p>•</p></td>
-<td width="8%"></td>
-<td width="82%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">•</p></td>
+<td width="7%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
-<p>Turning off restricted mode with <b>set +r</b> or
-<b>shopt −u restricted_shell</b>.</p></td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">Turning off restricted mode with
+<b>set +r</b> or <b>shopt -u restricted_shell</b>.</p></td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">These
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">These
restrictions are enforced after any startup files are
read.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">When a command
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">When a command
that is found to be a shell script is executed (see
-<b><small>COMMAND EXECUTION</small></b> above), <b>rbash</b>
-turns off any restrictions in the shell spawned to execute
-the script.</p>
+<b>COMMAND EXECUTION</b> above), <b>rbash</b> turns off any
+restrictions in the shell spawned to execute the script.</p>
<h2>SEE ALSO
<a name="SEE ALSO"></a>
</h2>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em"><i>Bash
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em"><i>Bash
Reference Manual</i>, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey <i><br>
The GNU Readline Library</i>, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey
<i><br>
POSIX.1-2024, The IEEE and The Open Group</p>
-<p style="margin-left:1
8%;"><a href="https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799/">https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799/</a></p>
+<p style="margin-left:1
5%;"><a href="https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799/">https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799/</a></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;">a description of posix mode</p>
+<p style="margin-left:6%;">a description of posix mode</p>
-<p style="margin-left:1
8%;"><a href="http://tiswww.case.edu/~chet/bash/POSIX">http://tiswww.case.edu/~chet/bash/POSIX</a></p>
+<p style="margin-left:1
5%;"><a href="http://tiswww.case.edu/~chet/bash/POSIX">http://tiswww.case.edu/~chet/bash/POSIX</a></p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%;"><i>sh</i>(1), <i>ksh</i>(1),
+<p style="margin-left:6%;"><i>sh</i>(1), <i>ksh</i>(1),
<i>csh</i>(1) <i><br>
emacs</i>(1), <i>vi</i>(1) <i><br>
readline</i>(3)</p>
-<p style="margin-left:
9%; margin-top: 1em"><A HREF="file:/bin/bash"><i>/bin/bash</i></A></p>
+<p style="margin-left:
6%; margin-top: 1em"><A HREF="file:/bin/bash"><i>/bin/bash</i></A></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">The <b>bash</b> executable</p>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">The <b>bash</b> executable</p>
-<p style="margin-left:
9%;"><A HREF="file:/etc/profile"><i>/etc/profile</i></A></p>
+<p style="margin-left:
6%;"><A HREF="file:/etc/profile"><i>/etc/profile</i></A></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">The systemwide initialization
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">The systemwide initialization
file, executed for login shells</p>
-<p style="margin-left:
9%;"><A HREF="file:~/.bash_profile"><i>~/.bash_profile</i></A></p>
+<p style="margin-left:
6%;"><A HREF="file:~/.bash_profile"><i>~/.bash_profile</i></A></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">The personal initialization
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">The personal initialization
file, executed for login shells</p>
-<p style="margin-left:
9%;"><A HREF="file:~/.bashrc"><i>~/.bashrc</i></A></p>
+<p style="margin-left:
6%;"><A HREF="file:~/.bashrc"><i>~/.bashrc</i></A></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">The individual
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">The individual
per-interactive-shell startup file</p>
-<p style="margin-left:
9%;"><A HREF="file:~/.bash_logout"><i>~/.bash_logout</i></A></p>
+<p style="margin-left:
6%;"><A HREF="file:~/.bash_logout"><i>~/.bash_logout</i></A></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">The individual login shell
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">The individual login shell
cleanup file, executed when a login shell exits</p>
-<p style="margin-left:
9%;"><A HREF="file:~/.bash_history"><i>~/.bash_history</i></A></p>
+<p style="margin-left:
6%;"><A HREF="file:~/.bash_history"><i>~/.bash_history</i></A></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">The default value of
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">The default value of
<b>HISTFILE</b>, the file in which bash saves the command
history</p>
-<p style="margin-left:
9%;"><A HREF="file:~/.inputrc"><i>~/.inputrc</i></A></p>
+<p style="margin-left:
6%;"><A HREF="file:~/.inputrc"><i>~/.inputrc</i></A></p>
-<p style="margin-left:18%;">Individual <i>readline</i>
+<p style="margin-left:15%;">Individual <i>readline</i>
initialization file</p>
<h2>AUTHORS
-<p style="margin-left:
9%; margin-top: 1em"><a href="mailto:bfox@gnu.org">Brian
+<p style="margin-left:
6%; margin-top: 1em"><a href="mailto:bfox@gnu.org">Brian
Fox, Free Software Foundation</a> <br>
<a href="mailto:chet.ramey@case.edu">Chet Ramey, Case
Western Reserve University</a></p>
</h2>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">If you find a
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">If you find a
bug in <b>bash</b>, you should report it. But first, you
should make sure that it really is a bug, and that it
appears in the latest version of <b>bash</b>. The latest
and
<a href="http://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/bash.git/snapshot/bash-master.tar.gz">http://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/bash.git/snapshot/bash-master.tar.gz</a>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Once you have
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Once you have
determined that a bug actually exists, use the
<i>bashbug</i> command to submit a bug report. If you have a
fix, you are encouraged to mail that as well! You may send
page, to to
<a href="mailto:bug-bash@gnu.org">bug-bash@gnu.org</a>.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em"><i>All</i> bug
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em"><i>All</i> bug
reports should include:</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="1%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="2%">
<p>•</p></td>
-<td width="2%"></td>
-<td width="66%">
+<td width="1%"></td>
+<td width="65%">
<p>the version number of <b>bash</b> (“echo
$BASH_VERSION”),</p> </td>
-<td width="22%">
+<td width="26%">
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="1%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="2%">
-<p>•</p></td>
-<td width="2%"></td>
-<td width="66%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">•</p></td>
+<td width="1%"></td>
+<td width="65%">
-<p>the host platform and operating system (“uname
-−a”),</p> </td>
-<td width="22%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">the host platform and operating
+system (“uname -a”),</p></td>
+<td width="26%">
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="1%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="2%">
-<p>•</p></td>
-<td width="2%"></td>
-<td width="66%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">•</p></td>
+<td width="1%"></td>
+<td width="65%">
-<p>either</p></td>
-<td width="22%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">either</p></td>
+<td width="26%">
</td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:14%; margin-top: 1em">(a)</p>
+<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em">(a)</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
+<td width="6%"></td>
<td width="9%"></td>
<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="81%">
+<td width="84%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em">if you or an administrator built
of the compiler used to build it, as reported by
<b>bash</b>’s “configure” script; or</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
+<td width="6%"></td>
<td width="9%">
-<p>(b)</p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">(b)</p></td>
<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="81%">
+<td width="84%">
-<p>if your site uses a distributor’s <b>bash</b>
-package, the version of that package (for example,
-“dpkg −i bash” or “rpm −qi
-bash”),</p> </td></tr>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">if your site uses a
+distributor’s <b>bash</b> package, the version of that
+package (for example, “dpkg -i bash” or
+“rpm -qi bash”),</p></td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
+<td width="6%"></td>
<td width="9%">
-<p>•</p></td>
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">•</p></td>
<td width="1%"></td>
-<td width="81%">
+<td width="84%">
</td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:12%; margin-top: 1em">a description
-of the behavior <b>bash</b> exhibited,</p>
+<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">a description of
+the behavior <b>bash</b> exhibited,</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="1%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="2%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em">•</p></td>
-<td width="2%"></td>
-<td width="87%">
+<td width="1%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em">a description of the behavior
you expected from <b>bash</b>, and</p></td>
-<td width="1%">
+<td width="6%">
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
-<td width="9%"></td>
-<td width="1%">
+<td width="6%"></td>
+<td width="2%">
-<p>•</p></td>
-<td width="2%"></td>
-<td width="87%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">•</p></td>
+<td width="1%"></td>
+<td width="85%">
-<p>a short shell script or “recipe” exercising
-the unexpected behavior.</p></td>
-<td width="1%">
+<p style="margin-top: 1em">a short shell script or
+“recipe” exercising the unexpected behavior.</p></td>
+<td width="6%">
</td></tr>
</table>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em"><i>bashbug</i>
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em"><i>bashbug</i>
inserts the first three items automatically into the
template it provides for filing a bug report.</p>
</h2>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">It’s too
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">It’s too
big and too slow.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">There are some
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">There are some
subtle differences between <b>bash</b> and historical
versions of <b>sh</b>, due mostly to <b>bash</b>’s
-independent implementation and the evolution of the
-<small>POSIX</small> specification.</p>
+independent implementation and the evolution of the POSIX
+specification.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Aliases are
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Aliases are
confusing in some uses.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Shell builtin
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Shell builtin
commands and functions are not stoppable/restartable.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Compound
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Compound
commands and command lists of the form “a ; b ;
c” are not handled gracefully when combined with
process suspension. When a process is stopped, the shell
may be stopped as a unit, or to start the command in the
background and immediately bring it into the foreground.</p>
-<p style="margin-left:9%; margin-top: 1em">Array variables
+<p style="margin-left:6%; margin-top: 1em">Array variables
may not (yet) be exported.</p>
<hr>
</body>
This is bash.info, produced by makeinfo version 7.3 from bashref.texi.
This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the
-Bash shell (version 5.3, 1 July 2026).
+Bash shell (version 5.3, 9 July 2026).
- This is Edition 5.3, last updated 1 July 2026, of ‘The GNU Bash
+ This is Edition 5.3, last updated 9 July 2026, of ‘The GNU Bash
Reference Manual’, for ‘Bash’, Version 5.3.
Copyright © 1988-2026 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
*************
This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the
-Bash shell (version 5.3, 1 July 2026). The Bash home page is
+Bash shell (version 5.3, 9 July 2026). The Bash home page is
<http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/>.
- This is Edition 5.3, last updated 1 July 2026, of ‘The GNU Bash
+ This is Edition 5.3, last updated 9 July 2026, of ‘The GNU Bash
Reference Manual’, for ‘Bash’, Version 5.3.
Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some
quote special pattern characters where that's necessary.
The array variable ‘BASH_REMATCH’ records which parts of the string
- matched the pattern. Bash unsets ‘BASH_REMATCH’ before attempting
- the match, so if there is no match, it remains unset. The element
- of ‘BASH_REMATCH’ with index 0 contains the portion of the string
- matching the entire regular expression. Substrings matched by
- parenthesized subexpressions within the regular expression are
- saved in the remaining ‘BASH_REMATCH’ indices. The element of
- ‘BASH_REMATCH’ with index N is the portion of the string matching
- the Nth parenthesized subexpression.
+ matched the pattern. Bash unsets each element of ‘BASH_REMATCH’
+ before attempting the match, so if there is no match, it remains
+ empty. The element of ‘BASH_REMATCH’ with index 0 contains the
+ portion of the string matching the entire regular expression.
+ Substrings matched by parenthesized subexpressions within the
+ regular expression are saved in the remaining ‘BASH_REMATCH’
+ indices. The element of ‘BASH_REMATCH’ with index N is the portion
+ of the string matching the Nth parenthesized subexpression.
Bash sets ‘BASH_REMATCH’ in the global scope if it is not set; if
it is declared as a local variable before running ‘[[’, Bash keeps
previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument inserts
the Nth word from the end of the previous command. Once the
argument N is computed, this uses the history expansion facilities
- to extract the Nth word, as if the ‘!N’ history expansion had been
- specified.
+ to extract the Nth word, as if the ‘!!:N’ history expansion had
+ been specified.
‘yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)’
Insert last argument to the previous command (the last word of the
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-Node: Arrays\7f323846
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-Node: Word Designators\7f513706
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-Node: Installation Names\7f525530
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-Node: Sharing Defaults\7f528510
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-Node: Optional Features\7f530243
-Node: Reporting Bugs\7f542966
-Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell\7f544323
-Node: GNU Free Documentation License\7f565750
-Node: Indexes\7f590927
-Node: Builtin Index\7f591378
-Node: Reserved Word Index\7f598476
-Node: Variable Index\7f600921
-Node: Function Index\7f618334
-Node: Concept Index\7f632467
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+Node: Coprocesses\7f53287
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+Node: Shell Functions\7f56891
+Node: Shell Parameters\7f65339
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+Node: Special Parameters\7f71330
+Node: Shell Expansions\7f74791
+Node: Brace Expansion\7f76980
+Node: Tilde Expansion\7f80316
+Node: Shell Parameter Expansion\7f83271
+Node: Command Substitution\7f104119
+Node: Arithmetic Expansion\7f107970
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+Node: Word Splitting\7f110321
+Node: Filename Expansion\7f112765
+Node: Pattern Matching\7f115989
+Node: Quote Removal\7f121755
+Node: Redirections\7f122059
+Node: Executing Commands\7f132328
+Node: Simple Command Expansion\7f132995
+Node: Command Search and Execution\7f135103
+Node: Command Execution Environment\7f137547
+Node: Environment\7f141073
+Node: Exit Status\7f142976
+Node: Signals\7f145035
+Node: Shell Scripts\7f149983
+Node: Shell Builtin Commands\7f153287
+Node: Bourne Shell Builtins\7f155628
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+Node: Special Builtins\7f249509
+Node: Shell Variables\7f250498
+Node: Bourne Shell Variables\7f250932
+Node: Bash Variables\7f253440
+Node: Bash Features\7f292724
+Node: Invoking Bash\7f293738
+Node: Bash Startup Files\7f300968
+Node: Interactive Shells\7f306328
+Node: What is an Interactive Shell?\7f306736
+Node: Is this Shell Interactive?\7f307398
+Node: Interactive Shell Behavior\7f308222
+Node: Bash Conditional Expressions\7f311983
+Node: Shell Arithmetic\7f317400
+Node: Aliases\7f320727
+Node: Arrays\7f323861
+Node: The Directory Stack\7f331563
+Node: Directory Stack Builtins\7f332360
+Node: Controlling the Prompt\7f336805
+Node: The Restricted Shell\7f339924
+Node: Bash POSIX Mode\7f343017
+Node: Shell Compatibility Mode\7f362976
+Node: Job Control\7f371983
+Node: Job Control Basics\7f372440
+Node: Job Control Builtins\7f378808
+Node: Job Control Variables\7f385596
+Node: Command Line Editing\7f386827
+Node: Introduction and Notation\7f388530
+Node: Readline Interaction\7f390882
+Node: Readline Bare Essentials\7f392070
+Node: Readline Movement Commands\7f393878
+Node: Readline Killing Commands\7f394874
+Node: Readline Arguments\7f396897
+Node: Searching\7f397987
+Node: Readline Init File\7f400230
+Node: Readline Init File Syntax\7f401533
+Node: Conditional Init Constructs\7f428484
+Node: Sample Init File\7f432869
+Node: Bindable Readline Commands\7f435989
+Node: Commands For Moving\7f437527
+Node: Commands For History\7f439991
+Node: Commands For Text\7f445384
+Node: Commands For Killing\7f449509
+Node: Numeric Arguments\7f452297
+Node: Commands For Completion\7f453449
+Node: Keyboard Macros\7f459145
+Node: Miscellaneous Commands\7f459846
+Node: Readline vi Mode\7f467389
+Node: Programmable Completion\7f468366
+Node: Programmable Completion Builtins\7f478102
+Node: A Programmable Completion Example\7f489839
+Node: Using History Interactively\7f495184
+Node: Bash History Facilities\7f495865
+Node: Bash History Builtins\7f499600
+Node: History Interaction\7f507195
+Node: Event Designators\7f512145
+Node: Word Designators\7f513723
+Node: Modifiers\7f516115
+Node: Installing Bash\7f518052
+Node: Basic Installation\7f519168
+Node: Compilers and Options\7f523044
+Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures\7f523794
+Node: Installation Names\7f525547
+Node: Specifying the System Type\7f527781
+Node: Sharing Defaults\7f528527
+Node: Operation Controls\7f529241
+Node: Optional Features\7f530260
+Node: Reporting Bugs\7f542983
+Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell\7f544340
+Node: GNU Free Documentation License\7f565767
+Node: Indexes\7f590944
+Node: Builtin Index\7f591395
+Node: Reserved Word Index\7f598493
+Node: Variable Index\7f600938
+Node: Function Index\7f618351
+Node: Concept Index\7f632484
\1f
End Tag Table
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@xrdef{Filename Expansion-pg}{39}
-@xrdef{Pattern Matching-pg}{39}
+@xrdef{Pattern Matching-pg}{40}
@xrdef{Quote Removal-title}{Quote Removal}
@xrdef{Quote Removal-snt}{Section@tie 3.5.9}
@xrdef{Redirections-title}{Redirections}
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\entry{filename expansion}{39}{filename expansion}
\entry{pathname expansion}{39}{pathname expansion}
-\entry{pattern matching}{39}{pattern matching}
-\entry{matching, pattern}{39}{matching, pattern}
+\entry{pattern matching}{40}{pattern matching}
+\entry{matching, pattern}{40}{matching, pattern}
\entry{redirection}{41}{redirection}
\entry{command expansion}{45}{command expansion}
\entry{command execution}{46}{command execution}
\entry{localization}{7}
\entry{login shell}{102}
\initial {M}
-\entry{matching, pattern}{39}
+\entry{matching, pattern}{40}
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\initial {N}
\entry{name}{3}
\entry{parameters, positional}{23}
\entry{parameters, special}{24}
\entry{pathname expansion}{39}
-\entry{pattern matching}{39}
+\entry{pattern matching}{40}
\entry{pipeline}{10}
\entry{POSIX}{3}
\entry{POSIX description}{116}
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
-<!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 7.2, https://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ -->
+<!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 7.3, https://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ -->
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
<!-- This text is a brief description of the features that are present in
-the Bash shell (version 5.3, 29 April 2026).
+the Bash shell (version 5.3, 9 July 2026).
-This is Edition 5.3, last updated 29 April 2026,
+This is Edition 5.3, last updated 9 July 2026,
of The GNU Bash Reference Manual,
for Bash, Version 5.3.
<link href="#Introduction" rel="next" title="Introduction">
<link href="dir.html#Top" rel="prev" title="(dir)">
<style type="text/css">
-<!--
a.copiable-link {visibility: hidden; text-decoration: none; line-height: 0em}
a.summary-letter-printindex {text-decoration: none}
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span.r {font-family: initial; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal}
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ul.mark-bullet {list-style-type: disc}
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--->
</style>
</head>
-<body lang="en">
+<body>
<div class="top-level-extent" id="Top">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Introduction" accesskey="n" rel="next">Introduction</a>, Previous: <a href="dir.html#Top" accesskey="p" rel="prev">(dir)</a>, Up: <a href="dir.html#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">(dir)</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Introduction" rel="next">Introduction</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="dir.html#Top" rel="prev">(dir)</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="dir.html#Top" rel="up">(dir)</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h1 class="top" id="Bash-Features-1"><span>Bash Features<a class="copiable-link" href="#Bash-Features-1"> ¶</a></span></h1>
<p>This text is a brief description of the features that are present in
-the Bash shell (version 5.3, 29 April 2026).
+the Bash shell (version 5.3, 9 July 2026).
The Bash home page is <a class="url" href="http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/">http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/</a>.
</p>
-<p>This is Edition 5.3, last updated 29 April 2026,
+<p>This is Edition 5.3, last updated 9 July 2026,
of <cite class="cite">The GNU Bash Reference Manual</cite>,
for <code class="code">Bash</code>, Version 5.3.
</p>
</div>
<hr>
<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Introduction">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Definitions</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Definitions" rel="next">Definitions</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Top" rel="up">Bash Features</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h2 class="chapter" id="Introduction-1"><span>1 Introduction<a class="copiable-link" href="#Introduction-1"> ¶</a></span></h2>
<ul class="mini-toc">
-<li><a href="#What-is-Bash_003f" accesskey="1">What is Bash?</a></li>
-<li><a href="#What-is-a-shell_003f" accesskey="2">What is a shell?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#What-is-Bash_003f">What is Bash?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#What-is-a-shell_003f">What is a shell?</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="What-is-Bash_003f">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#What-is-a-shell_003f" accesskey="n" rel="next">What is a shell?</a>, Up: <a href="#Introduction" accesskey="u" rel="up">Introduction</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#What-is-a-shell_003f" rel="next">What is a shell?</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Introduction" rel="up">Introduction</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h3 class="section" id="What-is-Bash_003f-1"><span>1.1 What is Bash?<a class="copiable-link" href="#What-is-Bash_003f-1"> ¶</a></span></h3>
<p>Bash is the shell, or command language interpreter,
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="What-is-a-shell_003f">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Previous: <a href="#What-is-Bash_003f" accesskey="p" rel="prev">What is Bash?</a>, Up: <a href="#Introduction" accesskey="u" rel="up">Introduction</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#What-is-Bash_003f" rel="prev">What is Bash?</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Introduction" rel="up">Introduction</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h3 class="section" id="What-is-a-shell_003f-1"><span>1.2 What is a shell?<a class="copiable-link" href="#What-is-a-shell_003f-1"> ¶</a></span></h3>
<p>At its base, a shell is simply a macro processor that executes commands.
</div>
</div>
<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Definitions">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" accesskey="n" rel="next">Basic Shell Features</a>, Previous: <a href="#Introduction" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Introduction</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" rel="next">Basic Shell Features</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Introduction" rel="prev">Introduction</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Top" rel="up">Bash Features</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h2 class="chapter" id="Definitions-1"><span>2 Definitions<a class="copiable-link" href="#Definitions-1"> ¶</a></span></h2>
<p>These definitions are used throughout the remainder of this manual.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Basic-Shell-Features">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Shell-Builtin-Commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Shell Builtin Commands</a>, Previous: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Definitions</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Shell-Builtin-Commands" rel="next">Shell Builtin Commands</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Definitions" rel="prev">Definitions</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Top" rel="up">Bash Features</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h2 class="chapter" id="Basic-Shell-Features-1"><span>3 Basic Shell Features<a class="copiable-link" href="#Basic-Shell-Features-1"> ¶</a></span></h2>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Bourne-shell"></a>
</p>
<ul class="mini-toc">
-<li><a href="#Shell-Syntax" accesskey="1">Shell Syntax</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Shell-Commands" accesskey="2">Shell Commands</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Shell-Functions" accesskey="3">Shell Functions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Shell-Parameters" accesskey="4">Shell Parameters</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Shell-Expansions" accesskey="5">Shell Expansions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Redirections" accesskey="6">Redirections</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Executing-Commands" accesskey="7">Executing Commands</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Shell-Scripts" accesskey="8">Shell Scripts</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Shell-Syntax">Shell Syntax</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Shell-Commands">Shell Commands</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Shell-Functions">Shell Functions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Shell-Parameters">Shell Parameters</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Shell-Expansions">Shell Expansions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Redirections">Redirections</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Executing-Commands">Executing Commands</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Shell-Scripts">Shell Scripts</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Shell-Syntax">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Shell-Commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Shell Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Basic Shell Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Shell-Commands" rel="next">Shell Commands</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" rel="up">Basic Shell Features</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h3 class="section" id="Shell-Syntax-1"><span>3.1 Shell Syntax<a class="copiable-link" href="#Shell-Syntax-1"> ¶</a></span></h3>
<p>When the shell reads input, it proceeds through a
available for further inspection or processing.
</p>
<ul class="mini-toc">
-<li><a href="#Shell-Operation" accesskey="1">Shell Operation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Quoting" accesskey="2">Quoting</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Comments" accesskey="3">Comments</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Shell-Operation">Shell Operation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Quoting">Quoting</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Comments">Comments</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Shell-Operation">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
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-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Quoting" rel="next">Quoting</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Shell-Syntax" rel="up">Shell Syntax</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h4 class="subsection" id="Shell-Operation-1"><span>3.1.1 Shell Operation<a class="copiable-link" href="#Shell-Operation-1"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<p>The following is a brief description of the shell’s operation when it
<hr>
</div>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Quoting">
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+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Comments" rel="next">Comments</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Shell-Operation" rel="prev">Shell Operation</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Shell-Syntax" rel="up">Shell Syntax</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h4 class="subsection" id="Quoting-1"><span>3.1.2 Quoting<a class="copiable-link" href="#Quoting-1"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-quoting"></a>
and dollar-single quotes.
</p>
<ul class="mini-toc">
-<li><a href="#Escape-Character" accesskey="1">Escape Character</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Single-Quotes" accesskey="2">Single Quotes</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Double-Quotes" accesskey="3">Double Quotes</a></li>
-<li><a href="#ANSI_002dC-Quoting" accesskey="4">ANSI-C Quoting</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Locale-Translation" accesskey="5">Locale-Specific Translation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Escape-Character">Escape Character</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Single-Quotes">Single Quotes</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Double-Quotes">Double Quotes</a></li>
+<li><a href="#ANSI_002dC-Quoting">ANSI-C Quoting</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Locale-Translation">Locale-Specific Translation</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<div class="subsubsection-level-extent" id="Escape-Character">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
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-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Single-Quotes" rel="next">Single Quotes</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Quoting" rel="up">Quoting</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h4 class="subsubsection" id="Escape-Character-1"><span>3.1.2.1 Escape Character<a class="copiable-link" href="#Escape-Character-1"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<p>A non-quoted backslash ‘<samp class="samp">\</samp>’ is the Bash escape character.
It preserves the literal value of the next character that follows,
<hr>
</div>
<div class="subsubsection-level-extent" id="Single-Quotes">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Double-Quotes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Double Quotes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Escape-Character" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Escape Character</a>, Up: <a href="#Quoting" accesskey="u" rel="up">Quoting</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Double-Quotes" rel="next">Double Quotes</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Escape-Character" rel="prev">Escape Character</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Quoting" rel="up">Quoting</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h4 class="subsubsection" id="Single-Quotes-1"><span>3.1.2.2 Single Quotes<a class="copiable-link" href="#Single-Quotes-1"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<p>Enclosing characters in single quotes (‘<samp class="samp">'</samp>’) preserves the literal value
<hr>
</div>
<div class="subsubsection-level-extent" id="Double-Quotes">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#ANSI_002dC-Quoting" accesskey="n" rel="next">ANSI-C Quoting</a>, Previous: <a href="#Single-Quotes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Single Quotes</a>, Up: <a href="#Quoting" accesskey="u" rel="up">Quoting</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#ANSI_002dC-Quoting" rel="next">ANSI-C Quoting</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Single-Quotes" rel="prev">Single Quotes</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Quoting" rel="up">Quoting</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h4 class="subsubsection" id="Double-Quotes-1"><span>3.1.2.3 Double Quotes<a class="copiable-link" href="#Double-Quotes-1"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<p>Enclosing characters in double quotes (‘<samp class="samp">"</samp>’) preserves the literal value
<hr>
</div>
<div class="subsubsection-level-extent" id="ANSI_002dC-Quoting">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Locale-Translation" accesskey="n" rel="next">Locale-Specific Translation</a>, Previous: <a href="#Double-Quotes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Double Quotes</a>, Up: <a href="#Quoting" accesskey="u" rel="up">Quoting</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Locale-Translation" rel="next">Locale-Specific Translation</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Double-Quotes" rel="prev">Double Quotes</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Quoting" rel="up">Quoting</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h4 class="subsubsection" id="ANSI_002dC-Quoting-1"><span>3.1.2.4 ANSI-C Quoting<a class="copiable-link" href="#ANSI_002dC-Quoting-1"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-quoting_002c-ANSI"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dollar_002dsingle-quote-quoting"></a>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="subsubsection-level-extent" id="Locale-Translation">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Previous: <a href="#ANSI_002dC-Quoting" accesskey="p" rel="prev">ANSI-C Quoting</a>, Up: <a href="#Quoting" accesskey="u" rel="up">Quoting</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#ANSI_002dC-Quoting" rel="prev">ANSI-C Quoting</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Quoting" rel="up">Quoting</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h4 class="subsubsection" id="Locale_002dSpecific-Translation"><span>3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation<a class="copiable-link" href="#Locale_002dSpecific-Translation"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-localization"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-internationalization"></a>
There are more details in the gettext documentation.
</p>
<hr>
-<a class="node-id" id="Creating-Internationalized-Scripts"></a><div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<a class="node-id" id="Creating-Internationalized-Scripts"></a><p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h4 class="node"><span>Creating Internationalized Scripts<a class="copiable-link" href="#Creating-Internationalized-Scripts"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-internationalized-scripts"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-string-translations"></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Comments">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Previous: <a href="#Quoting" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Quoting</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Syntax" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Syntax</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Quoting" rel="prev">Quoting</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Shell-Syntax" rel="up">Shell Syntax</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h4 class="subsection" id="Comments-1"><span>3.1.3 Comments<a class="copiable-link" href="#Comments-1"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-comments_002c-shell"></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Shell-Commands">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Shell-Functions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Shell Functions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Shell-Syntax" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Shell Syntax</a>, Up: <a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Basic Shell Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Shell-Functions" rel="next">Shell Functions</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Shell-Syntax" rel="prev">Shell Syntax</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" rel="up">Basic Shell Features</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h3 class="section" id="Shell-Commands-1"><span>3.2 Shell Commands<a class="copiable-link" href="#Shell-Commands-1"> ¶</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-commands_002c-shell"></a>
</p>
<ul class="mini-toc">
-<li><a href="#Reserved-Words" accesskey="1">Reserved Words</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Simple-Commands" accesskey="2">Simple Commands</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Pipelines" accesskey="3">Pipelines</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Lists" accesskey="4">Lists of Commands</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Compound-Commands" accesskey="5">Compound Commands</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Coprocesses" accesskey="6">Coprocesses</a></li>
-<li><a href="#GNU-Parallel" accesskey="7">GNU Parallel</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Reserved-Words">Reserved Words</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Simple-Commands">Simple Commands</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Pipelines">Pipelines</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Lists">Lists of Commands</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Compound-Commands">Compound Commands</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Coprocesses">Coprocesses</a></li>
+<li><a href="#GNU-Parallel">GNU Parallel</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Reserved-Words">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Simple-Commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Simple Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Simple-Commands" rel="next">Simple Commands</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Shell-Commands" rel="up">Shell Commands</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h4 class="subsection" id="Reserved-Words-1"><span>3.2.1 Reserved Words<a class="copiable-link" href="#Reserved-Words-1"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-reserved-words"></a>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Simple-Commands">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Pipelines" accesskey="n" rel="next">Pipelines</a>, Previous: <a href="#Reserved-Words" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Reserved Words</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Pipelines" rel="next">Pipelines</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Reserved-Words" rel="prev">Reserved Words</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Shell-Commands" rel="up">Shell Commands</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h4 class="subsection" id="Simple-Commands-1"><span>3.2.2 Simple Commands<a class="copiable-link" href="#Simple-Commands-1"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-commands_002c-simple"></a>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Pipelines">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Lists" accesskey="n" rel="next">Lists of Commands</a>, Previous: <a href="#Simple-Commands" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Simple Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Lists" rel="next">Lists of Commands</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Simple-Commands" rel="prev">Simple Commands</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Shell-Commands" rel="up">Shell Commands</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h4 class="subsection" id="Pipelines-1"><span>3.2.3 Pipelines<a class="copiable-link" href="#Pipelines-1"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-pipeline"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-commands_002c-pipelines"></a>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Lists">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Compound-Commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Compound Commands</a>, Previous: <a href="#Pipelines" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Pipelines</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Compound-Commands" rel="next">Compound Commands</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Pipelines" rel="prev">Pipelines</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Shell-Commands" rel="up">Shell Commands</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h4 class="subsection" id="Lists-of-Commands"><span>3.2.4 Lists of Commands<a class="copiable-link" href="#Lists-of-Commands"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-commands_002c-lists"></a>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Compound-Commands">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Coprocesses" accesskey="n" rel="next">Coprocesses</a>, Previous: <a href="#Lists" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Lists of Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Coprocesses" rel="next">Coprocesses</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Lists" rel="prev">Lists of Commands</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Shell-Commands" rel="up">Shell Commands</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h4 class="subsection" id="Compound-Commands-1"><span>3.2.5 Compound Commands<a class="copiable-link" href="#Compound-Commands-1"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-commands_002c-compound"></a>
to group commands and execute them as a unit.
</p>
<ul class="mini-toc">
-<li><a href="#Looping-Constructs" accesskey="1">Looping Constructs</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Conditional-Constructs" accesskey="2">Conditional Constructs</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Command-Grouping" accesskey="3">Grouping Commands</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Looping-Constructs">Looping Constructs</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Command-Grouping">Grouping Commands</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<div class="subsubsection-level-extent" id="Looping-Constructs">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Conditional-Constructs" accesskey="n" rel="next">Conditional Constructs</a>, Up: <a href="#Compound-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Compound Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Conditional-Constructs" rel="next">Conditional Constructs</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Compound-Commands" rel="up">Compound Commands</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h4 class="subsubsection" id="Looping-Constructs-1"><span>3.2.5.1 Looping Constructs<a class="copiable-link" href="#Looping-Constructs-1"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-commands_002c-looping"></a>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="subsubsection-level-extent" id="Conditional-Constructs">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Command-Grouping" accesskey="n" rel="next">Grouping Commands</a>, Previous: <a href="#Looping-Constructs" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Looping Constructs</a>, Up: <a href="#Compound-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Compound Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Command-Grouping" rel="next">Grouping Commands</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Looping-Constructs" rel="prev">Looping Constructs</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Compound-Commands" rel="up">Compound Commands</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h4 class="subsubsection" id="Conditional-Constructs-1"><span>3.2.5.2 Conditional Constructs<a class="copiable-link" href="#Conditional-Constructs-1"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-commands_002c-conditional"></a>
</p>
<p>The array variable <code class="code">BASH_REMATCH</code> records which parts of the string
matched the pattern.
-Bash unsets <code class="code">BASH_REMATCH</code>
-before attempting the match, so if there is no match, it remains unset.
+Bash unsets each element of <code class="code">BASH_REMATCH</code>
+before attempting the match, so if there is no match, it remains empty.
The element of <code class="code">BASH_REMATCH</code> with index 0 contains the portion of
the string matching the entire regular expression.
Substrings matched by parenthesized subexpressions within the regular
<hr>
</div>
<div class="subsubsection-level-extent" id="Command-Grouping">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Previous: <a href="#Conditional-Constructs" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Conditional Constructs</a>, Up: <a href="#Compound-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Compound Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Conditional-Constructs" rel="prev">Conditional Constructs</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Compound-Commands" rel="up">Compound Commands</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h4 class="subsubsection" id="Grouping-Commands"><span>3.2.5.3 Grouping Commands<a class="copiable-link" href="#Grouping-Commands"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-commands_002c-grouping"></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Coprocesses">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#GNU-Parallel" accesskey="n" rel="next">GNU Parallel</a>, Previous: <a href="#Compound-Commands" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Compound Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#GNU-Parallel" rel="next">GNU Parallel</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Compound-Commands" rel="prev">Compound Commands</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Shell-Commands" rel="up">Shell Commands</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h4 class="subsection" id="Coprocesses-1"><span>3.2.6 Coprocesses<a class="copiable-link" href="#Coprocesses-1"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-coprocess"></a>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="GNU-Parallel">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Previous: <a href="#Coprocesses" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Coprocesses</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Coprocesses" rel="prev">Coprocesses</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Shell-Commands" rel="up">Shell Commands</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h4 class="subsection" id="GNU-Parallel-1"><span>3.2.7 GNU Parallel<a class="copiable-link" href="#GNU-Parallel-1"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<p>There are ways to run commands in parallel that are not built into Bash.
</div>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Shell-Functions">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Shell-Parameters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Shell Parameters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Shell-Commands" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Shell Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Basic Shell Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Shell-Parameters" rel="next">Shell Parameters</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Shell-Commands" rel="prev">Shell Commands</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" rel="up">Basic Shell Features</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h3 class="section" id="Shell-Functions-1"><span>3.3 Shell Functions<a class="copiable-link" href="#Shell-Functions-1"> ¶</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-shell-function"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-functions_002c-shell"></a>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Shell-Parameters">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Shell-Expansions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Shell Expansions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Shell-Functions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Shell Functions</a>, Up: <a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Basic Shell Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Shell-Expansions" rel="next">Shell Expansions</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Shell-Functions" rel="prev">Shell Functions</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" rel="up">Basic Shell Features</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h3 class="section" id="Shell-Parameters-1"><span>3.4 Shell Parameters<a class="copiable-link" href="#Shell-Parameters-1"> ¶</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-parameters"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-variable_002c-shell"></a>
as described below (see <a class="pxref" href="#Environment">Environment</a>).
</p>
<ul class="mini-toc">
-<li><a href="#Positional-Parameters" accesskey="1">Positional Parameters</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Special-Parameters" accesskey="2">Special Parameters</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Positional-Parameters">Positional Parameters</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Positional-Parameters">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Special-Parameters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Special Parameters</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Parameters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Parameters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Special-Parameters" rel="next">Special Parameters</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Shell-Parameters" rel="up">Shell Parameters</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h4 class="subsection" id="Positional-Parameters-1"><span>3.4.1 Positional Parameters<a class="copiable-link" href="#Positional-Parameters-1"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-parameters_002c-positional"></a>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Special-Parameters">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Previous: <a href="#Positional-Parameters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Positional Parameters</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Parameters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Parameters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Positional-Parameters" rel="prev">Positional Parameters</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Shell-Parameters" rel="up">Shell Parameters</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h4 class="subsection" id="Special-Parameters-1"><span>3.4.2 Special Parameters<a class="copiable-link" href="#Special-Parameters-1"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-parameters_002c-special"></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Shell-Expansions">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Redirections" accesskey="n" rel="next">Redirections</a>, Previous: <a href="#Shell-Parameters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Shell Parameters</a>, Up: <a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Basic Shell Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Redirections" rel="next">Redirections</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Shell-Parameters" rel="prev">Shell Parameters</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" rel="up">Basic Shell Features</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h3 class="section" id="Shell-Expansions-1"><span>3.5 Shell Expansions<a class="copiable-link" href="#Shell-Expansions-1"> ¶</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-expansion"></a>
(see <a class="pxref" href="#Arrays">Arrays</a>).
</p>
<ul class="mini-toc">
-<li><a href="#Brace-Expansion" accesskey="1">Brace Expansion</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Tilde-Expansion" accesskey="2">Tilde Expansion</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion" accesskey="3">Shell Parameter Expansion</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Command-Substitution" accesskey="4">Command Substitution</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Arithmetic-Expansion" accesskey="5">Arithmetic Expansion</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Process-Substitution" accesskey="6">Process Substitution</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Word-Splitting" accesskey="7">Word Splitting</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Filename-Expansion" accesskey="8">Filename Expansion</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Quote-Removal" accesskey="9">Quote Removal</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Brace-Expansion">Brace Expansion</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Tilde-Expansion">Tilde Expansion</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion">Shell Parameter Expansion</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Command-Substitution">Command Substitution</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Arithmetic-Expansion">Arithmetic Expansion</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Process-Substitution">Process Substitution</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Word-Splitting">Word Splitting</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Filename-Expansion">Filename Expansion</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Quote-Removal">Quote Removal</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Brace-Expansion">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Tilde-Expansion" accesskey="n" rel="next">Tilde Expansion</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Expansions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Expansions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Tilde-Expansion" rel="next">Tilde Expansion</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Shell-Expansions" rel="up">Shell Expansions</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h4 class="subsection" id="Brace-Expansion-1"><span>3.5.1 Brace Expansion<a class="copiable-link" href="#Brace-Expansion-1"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-brace-expansion"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-expansion_002c-brace"></a>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Tilde-Expansion">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion" accesskey="n" rel="next">Shell Parameter Expansion</a>, Previous: <a href="#Brace-Expansion" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Brace Expansion</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Expansions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Expansions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion" rel="next">Shell Parameter Expansion</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Brace-Expansion" rel="prev">Brace Expansion</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Shell-Expansions" rel="up">Shell Expansions</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h4 class="subsection" id="Tilde-Expansion-1"><span>3.5.2 Tilde Expansion<a class="copiable-link" href="#Tilde-Expansion-1"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-tilde-expansion"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-expansion_002c-tilde"></a>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Shell-Parameter-Expansion">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Command-Substitution" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Substitution</a>, Previous: <a href="#Tilde-Expansion" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Tilde Expansion</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Expansions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Expansions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Command-Substitution" rel="next">Command Substitution</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Tilde-Expansion" rel="prev">Tilde Expansion</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Shell-Expansions" rel="up">Shell Expansions</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h4 class="subsection" id="Shell-Parameter-Expansion-1"><span>3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion<a class="copiable-link" href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion-1"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-parameter-expansion"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-expansion_002c-parameter"></a>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Command-Substitution">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Arithmetic-Expansion" accesskey="n" rel="next">Arithmetic Expansion</a>, Previous: <a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Shell Parameter Expansion</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Expansions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Expansions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Arithmetic-Expansion" rel="next">Arithmetic Expansion</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion" rel="prev">Shell Parameter Expansion</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Shell-Expansions" rel="up">Shell Expansions</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h4 class="subsection" id="Command-Substitution-1"><span>3.5.4 Command Substitution<a class="copiable-link" href="#Command-Substitution-1"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-command-substitution"></a>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Arithmetic-Expansion">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Process-Substitution" accesskey="n" rel="next">Process Substitution</a>, Previous: <a href="#Command-Substitution" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Command Substitution</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Expansions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Expansions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Process-Substitution" rel="next">Process Substitution</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Command-Substitution" rel="prev">Command Substitution</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Shell-Expansions" rel="up">Shell Expansions</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h4 class="subsection" id="Arithmetic-Expansion-1"><span>3.5.5 Arithmetic Expansion<a class="copiable-link" href="#Arithmetic-Expansion-1"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-expansion_002c-arithmetic"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-arithmetic-expansion"></a>
If the expression is invalid, Bash prints a message indicating
failure to the standard error,
does not perform the substitution,
-and does not execute the command associated with the expansion.
+and does not
+continue to execute the command in which the error occurs.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Process-Substitution">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Word-Splitting" accesskey="n" rel="next">Word Splitting</a>, Previous: <a href="#Arithmetic-Expansion" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Arithmetic Expansion</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Expansions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Expansions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Word-Splitting" rel="next">Word Splitting</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Arithmetic-Expansion" rel="prev">Arithmetic Expansion</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Shell-Expansions" rel="up">Shell Expansions</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h4 class="subsection" id="Process-Substitution-1"><span>3.5.6 Process Substitution<a class="copiable-link" href="#Process-Substitution-1"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-process-substitution"></a>
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">>(<var class="var">list</var>)
</pre></div>
-<p>The process <var class="var">list</var> is run asynchronously, and its input or output
+<p>The process <var class="var">list</var>,
+as long as it is not a null command without redirections,
+is run asynchronously, and its input or output
appears as a filename.
This filename is
passed as an argument to the current command as the result of the
<hr>
</div>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Word-Splitting">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Filename-Expansion" accesskey="n" rel="next">Filename Expansion</a>, Previous: <a href="#Process-Substitution" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Process Substitution</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Expansions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Expansions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Filename-Expansion" rel="next">Filename Expansion</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Process-Substitution" rel="prev">Process Substitution</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Shell-Expansions" rel="up">Shell Expansions</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h4 class="subsection" id="Word-Splitting-1"><span>3.5.7 Word Splitting<a class="copiable-link" href="#Word-Splitting-1"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-word-splitting"></a>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Filename-Expansion">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Quote-Removal" accesskey="n" rel="next">Quote Removal</a>, Previous: <a href="#Word-Splitting" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Word Splitting</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Expansions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Expansions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Quote-Removal" rel="next">Quote Removal</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Word-Splitting" rel="prev">Word Splitting</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Shell-Expansions" rel="up">Shell Expansions</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h4 class="subsection" id="Filename-Expansion-1"><span>3.5.8 Filename Expansion<a class="copiable-link" href="#Filename-Expansion-1"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-expansion_002c-filename"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-expansion_002c-pathname"></a>
as described below (see <a class="pxref" href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a>).
</p>
<ul class="mini-toc">
-<li><a href="#Pattern-Matching" accesskey="1">Pattern Matching</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<div class="subsubsection-level-extent" id="Pattern-Matching">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Up: <a href="#Filename-Expansion" accesskey="u" rel="up">Filename Expansion</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Filename-Expansion" rel="up">Filename Expansion</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h4 class="subsubsection" id="Pattern-Matching-1"><span>3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching<a class="copiable-link" href="#Pattern-Matching-1"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-pattern-matching"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-matching_002c-pattern"></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Quote-Removal">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Previous: <a href="#Filename-Expansion" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Filename Expansion</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Expansions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Expansions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Filename-Expansion" rel="prev">Filename Expansion</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Shell-Expansions" rel="up">Shell Expansions</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h4 class="subsection" id="Quote-Removal-1"><span>3.5.9 Quote Removal<a class="copiable-link" href="#Quote-Removal-1"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<p>After the preceding expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the
</div>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Redirections">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Executing-Commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Executing Commands</a>, Previous: <a href="#Shell-Expansions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Shell Expansions</a>, Up: <a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Basic Shell Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Executing-Commands" rel="next">Executing Commands</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Shell-Expansions" rel="prev">Shell Expansions</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" rel="up">Basic Shell Features</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h3 class="section" id="Redirections-1"><span>3.6 Redirections<a class="copiable-link" href="#Redirections-1"> ¶</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-redirection"></a>
internally.
</p>
<ul class="mini-toc">
-<li><a href="#Redirecting-Input" accesskey="1">Redirecting Input</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Redirecting-Output" accesskey="2">Redirecting Output</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Appending-Redirected-Output" accesskey="3">Appending Redirected Output</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Redirecting-Standard-Output-and-Standard-Error" accesskey="4">Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Appending-Standard-Output-and-Standard-Error" accesskey="5">Appending Standard Output and Standard Error</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Here-Documents" accesskey="6">Here Documents</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Here-Strings" accesskey="7">Here Strings</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Duplicating-File-Descriptors" accesskey="8">Duplicating File Descriptors</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Moving-File-Descriptors" accesskey="9">Moving File Descriptors</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Redirecting-Input">Redirecting Input</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Redirecting-Output">Redirecting Output</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Appending-Redirected-Output">Appending Redirected Output</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Redirecting-Standard-Output-and-Standard-Error">Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Appending-Standard-Output-and-Standard-Error">Appending Standard Output and Standard Error</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Here-Documents">Here Documents</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Here-Strings">Here Strings</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Duplicating-File-Descriptors">Duplicating File Descriptors</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Moving-File-Descriptors">Moving File Descriptors</a></li>
<li><a href="#Opening-File-Descriptors-for-Reading-and-Writing">Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing</a></li>
</ul>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Redirecting-Input">
and the here-document text is treated similarly to a double-quoted string:
all lines of the here-document are subjected to
parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion,
-the character sequence <code class="code">\newline</code> is treated literally,
+the character sequence <code class="code">\newline</code> is treated as a line continuation,
and ‘<samp class="samp">\</samp>’ must be used to quote the characters
‘<samp class="samp">\</samp>’, ‘<samp class="samp">$</samp>’, and ‘<samp class="samp">`</samp>’;
however, double quote characters have no special meaning.
</div>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Executing-Commands">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Shell-Scripts" accesskey="n" rel="next">Shell Scripts</a>, Previous: <a href="#Redirections" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Redirections</a>, Up: <a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Basic Shell Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Shell-Scripts" rel="next">Shell Scripts</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Redirections" rel="prev">Redirections</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" rel="up">Basic Shell Features</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h3 class="section" id="Executing-Commands-1"><span>3.7 Executing Commands<a class="copiable-link" href="#Executing-Commands-1"> ¶</a></span></h3>
<ul class="mini-toc">
-<li><a href="#Simple-Command-Expansion" accesskey="1">Simple Command Expansion</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Command-Search-and-Execution" accesskey="2">Command Search and Execution</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Command-Execution-Environment" accesskey="3">Command Execution Environment</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Environment" accesskey="4">Environment</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Exit-Status" accesskey="5">Exit Status</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Signals" accesskey="6">Signals</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Simple-Command-Expansion">Simple Command Expansion</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Command-Search-and-Execution">Command Search and Execution</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Command-Execution-Environment">Command Execution Environment</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Environment">Environment</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Exit-Status">Exit Status</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Signals">Signals</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Simple-Command-Expansion">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Command-Search-and-Execution" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Search and Execution</a>, Up: <a href="#Executing-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Executing Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Command-Search-and-Execution" rel="next">Command Search and Execution</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Executing-Commands" rel="up">Executing Commands</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h4 class="subsection" id="Simple-Command-Expansion-1"><span>3.7.1 Simple Command Expansion<a class="copiable-link" href="#Simple-Command-Expansion-1"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-command-expansion"></a>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Command-Search-and-Execution">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Command-Execution-Environment" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Execution Environment</a>, Previous: <a href="#Simple-Command-Expansion" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Simple Command Expansion</a>, Up: <a href="#Executing-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Executing Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Command-Execution-Environment" rel="next">Command Execution Environment</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Simple-Command-Expansion" rel="prev">Simple Command Expansion</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Executing-Commands" rel="up">Executing Commands</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h4 class="subsection" id="Command-Search-and-Execution-1"><span>3.7.2 Command Search and Execution<a class="copiable-link" href="#Command-Search-and-Execution-1"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-command-execution"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-command-search"></a>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Command-Execution-Environment">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Environment" accesskey="n" rel="next">Environment</a>, Previous: <a href="#Command-Search-and-Execution" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Command Search and Execution</a>, Up: <a href="#Executing-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Executing Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Environment" rel="next">Environment</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Command-Search-and-Execution" rel="prev">Command Search and Execution</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Executing-Commands" rel="up">Executing Commands</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h4 class="subsection" id="Command-Execution-Environment-1"><span>3.7.3 Command Execution Environment<a class="copiable-link" href="#Command-Execution-Environment-1"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-execution-environment"></a>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Environment">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Exit-Status" accesskey="n" rel="next">Exit Status</a>, Previous: <a href="#Command-Execution-Environment" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Command Execution Environment</a>, Up: <a href="#Executing-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Executing Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Exit-Status" rel="next">Exit Status</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Command-Execution-Environment" rel="prev">Command Execution Environment</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Executing-Commands" rel="up">Executing Commands</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h4 class="subsection" id="Environment-1"><span>3.7.4 Environment<a class="copiable-link" href="#Environment-1"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment"></a>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Exit-Status">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Signals" accesskey="n" rel="next">Signals</a>, Previous: <a href="#Environment" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Environment</a>, Up: <a href="#Executing-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Executing Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Signals" rel="next">Signals</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Environment" rel="prev">Environment</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Executing-Commands" rel="up">Executing Commands</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h4 class="subsection" id="Exit-Status-1"><span>3.7.5 Exit Status<a class="copiable-link" href="#Exit-Status-1"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-exit-status-1"></a>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Signals">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Previous: <a href="#Exit-Status" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Exit Status</a>, Up: <a href="#Executing-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Executing Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Exit-Status" rel="prev">Exit Status</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Executing-Commands" rel="up">Executing Commands</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h4 class="subsection" id="Signals-1"><span>3.7.6 Signals<a class="copiable-link" href="#Signals-1"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-signal-handling"></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Shell-Scripts">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Previous: <a href="#Executing-Commands" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Executing Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Basic Shell Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Executing-Commands" rel="prev">Executing Commands</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" rel="up">Basic Shell Features</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h3 class="section" id="Shell-Scripts-1"><span>3.8 Shell Scripts<a class="copiable-link" href="#Shell-Scripts-1"> ¶</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-shell-script"></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Shell-Builtin-Commands">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Shell-Variables" accesskey="n" rel="next">Shell Variables</a>, Previous: <a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Basic Shell Features</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Shell-Variables" rel="next">Shell Variables</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" rel="prev">Basic Shell Features</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Top" rel="up">Bash Features</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h2 class="chapter" id="Shell-Builtin-Commands-1"><span>4 Shell Builtin Commands<a class="copiable-link" href="#Shell-Builtin-Commands-1"> ¶</a></span></h2>
a help message and exit with a status of 0.
</p>
<ul class="mini-toc">
-<li><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins" accesskey="1">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Bash-Builtins" accesskey="2">Bash Builtin Commands</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Modifying-Shell-Behavior" accesskey="3">Modifying Shell Behavior</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Special-Builtins" accesskey="4">Special Builtins</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtin Commands</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Modifying-Shell-Behavior">Modifying Shell Behavior</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Special-Builtins">Special Builtins</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Bourne-Shell-Builtins">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Bash-Builtins" accesskey="n" rel="next">Bash Builtin Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Builtin-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Builtin Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Bash-Builtins" rel="next">Bash Builtin Commands</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Shell-Builtin-Commands" rel="up">Shell Builtin Commands</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h3 class="section" id="Bourne-Shell-Builtins-1"><span>4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins<a class="copiable-link" href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins-1"> ¶</a></span></h3>
<p>The following shell builtin commands are inherited from the Bourne Shell.
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Bash-Builtins">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Modifying-Shell-Behavior" accesskey="n" rel="next">Modifying Shell Behavior</a>, Previous: <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Builtin-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Builtin Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Modifying-Shell-Behavior" rel="next">Modifying Shell Behavior</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins" rel="prev">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Shell-Builtin-Commands" rel="up">Shell Builtin Commands</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h3 class="section" id="Bash-Builtin-Commands"><span>4.2 Bash Builtin Commands<a class="copiable-link" href="#Bash-Builtin-Commands"> ¶</a></span></h3>
<p>This section describes builtin commands which are unique to
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Modifying-Shell-Behavior">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Special-Builtins" accesskey="n" rel="next">Special Builtins</a>, Previous: <a href="#Bash-Builtins" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Bash Builtin Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Builtin-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Builtin Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Special-Builtins" rel="next">Special Builtins</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Bash-Builtins" rel="prev">Bash Builtin Commands</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Shell-Builtin-Commands" rel="up">Shell Builtin Commands</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h3 class="section" id="Modifying-Shell-Behavior-1"><span>4.3 Modifying Shell Behavior<a class="copiable-link" href="#Modifying-Shell-Behavior-1"> ¶</a></span></h3>
<ul class="mini-toc">
-<li><a href="#The-Set-Builtin" accesskey="1">The Set Builtin</a></li>
-<li><a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin" accesskey="2">The Shopt Builtin</a></li>
+<li><a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a></li>
+<li><a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="The-Set-Builtin">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin" accesskey="n" rel="next">The Shopt Builtin</a>, Up: <a href="#Modifying-Shell-Behavior" accesskey="u" rel="up">Modifying Shell Behavior</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin" rel="next">The Shopt Builtin</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Modifying-Shell-Behavior" rel="up">Modifying Shell Behavior</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h4 class="subsection" id="The-Set-Builtin-1"><span>4.3.1 The Set Builtin<a class="copiable-link" href="#The-Set-Builtin-1"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<p>This builtin is so complicated that it deserves its own section. <code class="code">set</code>
</dd>
<dt><code class="code">-p</code></dt>
<dd><p>Turn on privileged mode.
-In this mode, the <code class="env">$BASH_ENV</code> and <code class="env">$ENV</code> files are not
-processed, shell functions are not inherited from the environment,
-and the <code class="env">SHELLOPTS</code>, <code class="env">BASHOPTS</code>, <code class="env">CDPATH</code> and <code class="env">GLOBIGNORE</code>
-variables, if they appear in the environment, are ignored.
+In this mode, Bash does not process the <code class="env">$BASH_ENV</code> and <code class="env">$ENV</code> files,
+does not inherit shell functions from the environment,
+and ignores the
+<code class="env">SHELLOPTS</code>, <code class="env">BASHOPTS</code>, <code class="env">CDPATH</code> and <code class="env">GLOBIGNORE</code>
+variables, if they appear in the environment.
If the shell is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the
-real user (group) id, and the <samp class="option">-p</samp> option is not supplied, these actions
-are taken and the effective user id is set to the real user id.
+real user (group) id,
+and the <samp class="option">-p</samp> option is not supplied,
+these actions are taken and the effective user id is set to the real user id
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Bash-Startup-Files">Bash Startup Files</a> for details).
If the <samp class="option">-p</samp> option is supplied at startup, the effective user id is
not reset.
Turning this option off causes the effective user
<hr>
</div>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="The-Shopt-Builtin">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Previous: <a href="#The-Set-Builtin" accesskey="p" rel="prev">The Set Builtin</a>, Up: <a href="#Modifying-Shell-Behavior" accesskey="u" rel="up">Modifying Shell Behavior</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#The-Set-Builtin" rel="prev">The Set Builtin</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Modifying-Shell-Behavior" rel="up">Modifying Shell Behavior</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h4 class="subsection" id="The-Shopt-Builtin-1"><span>4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin<a class="copiable-link" href="#The-Shopt-Builtin-1"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<p>This builtin allows you to change additional optional shell behavior.
</div>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Special-Builtins">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Previous: <a href="#Modifying-Shell-Behavior" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Modifying Shell Behavior</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Builtin-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Builtin Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Modifying-Shell-Behavior" rel="prev">Modifying Shell Behavior</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Shell-Builtin-Commands" rel="up">Shell Builtin Commands</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h3 class="section" id="Special-Builtins-1"><span>4.4 Special Builtins<a class="copiable-link" href="#Special-Builtins-1"> ¶</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-special-builtin-1"></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Shell-Variables">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="n" rel="next">Bash Features</a>, Previous: <a href="#Shell-Builtin-Commands" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Shell Builtin Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Bash-Features" rel="next">Bash Features</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Shell-Builtin-Commands" rel="prev">Shell Builtin Commands</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Top" rel="up">Bash Features</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h2 class="chapter" id="Shell-Variables-1"><span>5 Shell Variables<a class="copiable-link" href="#Shell-Variables-1"> ¶</a></span></h2>
Bash automatically assigns default values to a number of variables.
</p>
<ul class="mini-toc">
-<li><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables" accesskey="1">Bourne Shell Variables</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Bash-Variables" accesskey="2">Bash Variables</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables">Bourne Shell Variables</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Bourne-Shell-Variables">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Bash-Variables" accesskey="n" rel="next">Bash Variables</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Variables" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Variables</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Bash-Variables" rel="next">Bash Variables</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Shell-Variables" rel="up">Shell Variables</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h3 class="section" id="Bourne-Shell-Variables-1"><span>5.1 Bourne Shell Variables<a class="copiable-link" href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables-1"> ¶</a></span></h3>
<p>Bash uses certain shell variables in the same way as the Bourne shell.
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Bash-Variables">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Previous: <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Bourne Shell Variables</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Variables" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Variables</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables" rel="prev">Bourne Shell Variables</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Shell-Variables" rel="up">Shell Variables</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h3 class="section" id="Bash-Variables-1"><span>5.2 Bash Variables<a class="copiable-link" href="#Bash-Variables-1"> ¶</a></span></h3>
<p>These variables are set or used by Bash, but other shells
</div>
</div>
<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Bash-Features">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Job-Control" accesskey="n" rel="next">Job Control</a>, Previous: <a href="#Shell-Variables" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Shell Variables</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Job-Control" rel="next">Job Control</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Shell-Variables" rel="prev">Shell Variables</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Top" rel="up">Bash Features</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h2 class="chapter" id="Bash-Features-2"><span>6 Bash Features<a class="copiable-link" href="#Bash-Features-2"> ¶</a></span></h2>
<p>This chapter describes features unique to Bash.
</p>
<ul class="mini-toc">
-<li><a href="#Invoking-Bash" accesskey="1">Invoking Bash</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Bash-Startup-Files" accesskey="2">Bash Startup Files</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Interactive-Shells" accesskey="3">Interactive Shells</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Bash-Conditional-Expressions" accesskey="4">Bash Conditional Expressions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Shell-Arithmetic" accesskey="5">Shell Arithmetic</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Aliases" accesskey="6">Aliases</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Arrays" accesskey="7">Arrays</a></li>
-<li><a href="#The-Directory-Stack" accesskey="8">The Directory Stack</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Controlling-the-Prompt" accesskey="9">Controlling the Prompt</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Invoking-Bash">Invoking Bash</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Bash-Startup-Files">Bash Startup Files</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Interactive-Shells">Interactive Shells</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Bash-Conditional-Expressions">Bash Conditional Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Aliases">Aliases</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Arrays">Arrays</a></li>
+<li><a href="#The-Directory-Stack">The Directory Stack</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Controlling-the-Prompt">Controlling the Prompt</a></li>
<li><a href="#The-Restricted-Shell">The Restricted Shell</a></li>
<li><a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash and POSIX</a></li>
<li><a href="#Shell-Compatibility-Mode">Shell Compatibility Mode</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Invoking-Bash">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Bash-Startup-Files" accesskey="n" rel="next">Bash Startup Files</a>, Up: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Bash-Startup-Files" rel="next">Bash Startup Files</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Bash-Features" rel="up">Bash Features</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h3 class="section" id="Invoking-Bash-1"><span>6.1 Invoking Bash<a class="copiable-link" href="#Invoking-Bash-1"> ¶</a></span></h3>
<div class="example">
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Bash-Startup-Files">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Interactive-Shells" accesskey="n" rel="next">Interactive Shells</a>, Previous: <a href="#Invoking-Bash" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Invoking Bash</a>, Up: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Interactive-Shells" rel="next">Interactive Shells</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Invoking-Bash" rel="prev">Invoking Bash</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Bash-Features" rel="up">Bash Features</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h3 class="section" id="Bash-Startup-Files-1"><span>6.2 Bash Startup Files<a class="copiable-link" href="#Bash-Startup-Files-1"> ¶</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-startup-files"></a>
<h4 class="subsubheading" id="Invoked-with-unequal-effective-and-real-uid_002fgids"><span>Invoked with unequal effective and real <small class="sc">UID/GID</small>s<a class="copiable-link" href="#Invoked-with-unequal-effective-and-real-uid_002fgids"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<p>If Bash is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the
-real user (group) id, and the <samp class="option">-p</samp> option is not supplied, no startup
-files are read, shell functions are not inherited from the environment,
-the <code class="env">SHELLOPTS</code>, <code class="env">BASHOPTS</code>, <code class="env">CDPATH</code>, and <code class="env">GLOBIGNORE</code>
-variables, if they appear in the environment, are ignored, and the effective
-user id is set to the real user id.
+real user (group) id,
+and the <samp class="option">-p</samp> option is not supplied,
+Bash does not attempt to read any startup files or
+<samp class="file">~/.bash_logout</samp>,
+does not inherit shell functions from the environment,
+ignores the
+<code class="env">SHELLOPTS</code>, <code class="env">BASHOPTS</code>, <code class="env">CDPATH</code>, and <code class="env">GLOBIGNORE</code>
+variables,
+if they appear in the environment,
+and sets the effective user id to the real user id.
If the <samp class="option">-p</samp> option is supplied at invocation, the startup behavior is
the same, but Bash does not reset the effective user id.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Interactive-Shells">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Bash-Conditional-Expressions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Bash Conditional Expressions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Bash-Startup-Files" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Bash Startup Files</a>, Up: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Bash-Conditional-Expressions" rel="next">Bash Conditional Expressions</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Bash-Startup-Files" rel="prev">Bash Startup Files</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Bash-Features" rel="up">Bash Features</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h3 class="section" id="Interactive-Shells-1"><span>6.3 Interactive Shells<a class="copiable-link" href="#Interactive-Shells-1"> ¶</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-interactive-shell-1"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-shell_002c-interactive"></a>
<ul class="mini-toc">
-<li><a href="#What-is-an-Interactive-Shell_003f" accesskey="1">What is an Interactive Shell?</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Is-this-Shell-Interactive_003f" accesskey="2">Is this Shell Interactive?</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Interactive-Shell-Behavior" accesskey="3">Interactive Shell Behavior</a></li>
+<li><a href="#What-is-an-Interactive-Shell_003f">What is an Interactive Shell?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Is-this-Shell-Interactive_003f">Is this Shell Interactive?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Interactive-Shell-Behavior">Interactive Shell Behavior</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="What-is-an-Interactive-Shell_003f">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Is-this-Shell-Interactive_003f" accesskey="n" rel="next">Is this Shell Interactive?</a>, Up: <a href="#Interactive-Shells" accesskey="u" rel="up">Interactive Shells</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Is-this-Shell-Interactive_003f" rel="next">Is this Shell Interactive?</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Interactive-Shells" rel="up">Interactive Shells</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h4 class="subsection" id="What-is-an-Interactive-Shell_003f-1"><span>6.3.1 What is an Interactive Shell?<a class="copiable-link" href="#What-is-an-Interactive-Shell_003f-1"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<p>An interactive shell
<hr>
</div>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Is-this-Shell-Interactive_003f">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Interactive-Shell-Behavior" accesskey="n" rel="next">Interactive Shell Behavior</a>, Previous: <a href="#What-is-an-Interactive-Shell_003f" accesskey="p" rel="prev">What is an Interactive Shell?</a>, Up: <a href="#Interactive-Shells" accesskey="u" rel="up">Interactive Shells</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Interactive-Shell-Behavior" rel="next">Interactive Shell Behavior</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#What-is-an-Interactive-Shell_003f" rel="prev">What is an Interactive Shell?</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Interactive-Shells" rel="up">Interactive Shells</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h4 class="subsection" id="Is-this-Shell-Interactive_003f-1"><span>6.3.2 Is this Shell Interactive?<a class="copiable-link" href="#Is-this-Shell-Interactive_003f-1"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<p>To determine within a startup script whether or not Bash is
<hr>
</div>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Interactive-Shell-Behavior">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Previous: <a href="#Is-this-Shell-Interactive_003f" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Is this Shell Interactive?</a>, Up: <a href="#Interactive-Shells" accesskey="u" rel="up">Interactive Shells</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Is-this-Shell-Interactive_003f" rel="prev">Is this Shell Interactive?</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Interactive-Shells" rel="up">Interactive Shells</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h4 class="subsection" id="Interactive-Shell-Behavior-1"><span>6.3.3 Interactive Shell Behavior<a class="copiable-link" href="#Interactive-Shell-Behavior-1"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<p>When the shell is running interactively, it changes its behavior in
</div>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Bash-Conditional-Expressions">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Shell-Arithmetic" accesskey="n" rel="next">Shell Arithmetic</a>, Previous: <a href="#Interactive-Shells" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Interactive Shells</a>, Up: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Shell-Arithmetic" rel="next">Shell Arithmetic</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Interactive-Shells" rel="prev">Interactive Shells</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Bash-Features" rel="up">Bash Features</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h3 class="section" id="Bash-Conditional-Expressions-1"><span>6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions<a class="copiable-link" href="#Bash-Conditional-Expressions-1"> ¶</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-expressions_002c-conditional"></a>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Shell-Arithmetic">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Aliases" accesskey="n" rel="next">Aliases</a>, Previous: <a href="#Bash-Conditional-Expressions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Bash Conditional Expressions</a>, Up: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Aliases" rel="next">Aliases</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Bash-Conditional-Expressions" rel="prev">Bash Conditional Expressions</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Bash-Features" rel="up">Bash Features</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h3 class="section" id="Shell-Arithmetic-1"><span>6.5 Shell Arithmetic<a class="copiable-link" href="#Shell-Arithmetic-1"> ¶</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-arithmetic_002c-shell"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-shell-arithmetic"></a>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Aliases">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Arrays" accesskey="n" rel="next">Arrays</a>, Previous: <a href="#Shell-Arithmetic" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Shell Arithmetic</a>, Up: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Arrays" rel="next">Arrays</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Shell-Arithmetic" rel="prev">Shell Arithmetic</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Bash-Features" rel="up">Bash Features</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h3 class="section" id="Aliases-1"><span>6.6 Aliases<a class="copiable-link" href="#Aliases-1"> ¶</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-alias-expansion"></a>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Arrays">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#The-Directory-Stack" accesskey="n" rel="next">The Directory Stack</a>, Previous: <a href="#Aliases" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Aliases</a>, Up: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#The-Directory-Stack" rel="next">The Directory Stack</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Aliases" rel="prev">Aliases</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Bash-Features" rel="up">Bash Features</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h3 class="section" id="Arrays-1"><span>6.7 Arrays<a class="copiable-link" href="#Arrays-1"> ¶</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-arrays"></a>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="The-Directory-Stack">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Controlling-the-Prompt" accesskey="n" rel="next">Controlling the Prompt</a>, Previous: <a href="#Arrays" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Arrays</a>, Up: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Controlling-the-Prompt" rel="next">Controlling the Prompt</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Arrays" rel="prev">Arrays</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Bash-Features" rel="up">Bash Features</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h3 class="section" id="The-Directory-Stack-1"><span>6.8 The Directory Stack<a class="copiable-link" href="#The-Directory-Stack-1"> ¶</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-directory-stack"></a>
as the value of the <code class="env">DIRSTACK</code> shell variable.
</p>
<ul class="mini-toc">
-<li><a href="#Directory-Stack-Builtins" accesskey="1">Directory Stack Builtins</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Directory-Stack-Builtins">Directory Stack Builtins</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Directory-Stack-Builtins">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Up: <a href="#The-Directory-Stack" accesskey="u" rel="up">The Directory Stack</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#The-Directory-Stack" rel="up">The Directory Stack</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h4 class="subsection" id="Directory-Stack-Builtins-1"><span>6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins<a class="copiable-link" href="#Directory-Stack-Builtins-1"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<dl class="table">
</div>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Controlling-the-Prompt">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#The-Restricted-Shell" accesskey="n" rel="next">The Restricted Shell</a>, Previous: <a href="#The-Directory-Stack" accesskey="p" rel="prev">The Directory Stack</a>, Up: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#The-Restricted-Shell" rel="next">The Restricted Shell</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#The-Directory-Stack" rel="prev">The Directory Stack</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Bash-Features" rel="up">Bash Features</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h3 class="section" id="Controlling-the-Prompt-1"><span>6.9 Controlling the Prompt<a class="copiable-link" href="#Controlling-the-Prompt-1"> ¶</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-prompting"></a>
<dd><p>Begin a sequence of non-printing characters.
This could be used to
embed a terminal control sequence into the prompt.
-</p></dd>
+This escape is only useful when the prompt will be supplied to
+Readline,
+and is ignored and removed otherwise,
+so it shouldn’t be used in <code class="env">PS0</code> or <code class="env">PS4</code>,
+or when line editing is not enabled.
+</p>
+</dd>
<dt><code class="code">\]</code></dt>
-<dd><p>End a sequence of non-printing characters.
+<dd><p>End a sequence of non-printing characters begun with ‘<samp class="samp">\[</samp>’
</p></dd>
</dl>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="The-Restricted-Shell">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode" accesskey="n" rel="next">Bash and POSIX</a>, Previous: <a href="#Controlling-the-Prompt" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Controlling the Prompt</a>, Up: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode" rel="next">Bash and POSIX</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Controlling-the-Prompt" rel="prev">Controlling the Prompt</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Bash-Features" rel="up">Bash Features</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h3 class="section" id="The-Restricted-Shell-1"><span>6.10 The Restricted Shell<a class="copiable-link" href="#The-Restricted-Shell-1"> ¶</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-restricted-shell"></a>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Bash-POSIX-Mode">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Shell-Compatibility-Mode" accesskey="n" rel="next">Shell Compatibility Mode</a>, Previous: <a href="#The-Restricted-Shell" accesskey="p" rel="prev">The Restricted Shell</a>, Up: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Shell-Compatibility-Mode" rel="next">Shell Compatibility Mode</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#The-Restricted-Shell" rel="prev">The Restricted Shell</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Bash-Features" rel="up">Bash Features</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h3 class="section" id="Bash-and-POSIX"><span>6.11 Bash and POSIX<a class="copiable-link" href="#Bash-and-POSIX"> ¶</a></span></h3>
<ul class="mini-toc">
-<li><a href="#What-is-POSIX_003f" accesskey="1">What is POSIX?</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode-1" accesskey="2">Bash POSIX Mode</a></li>
+<li><a href="#What-is-POSIX_003f">What is POSIX?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode-1">Bash POSIX Mode</a></li>
</ul>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="What-is-POSIX_003f">
<h4 class="subsection"><span>6.11.1 What is POSIX?<a class="copiable-link" href="#What-is-POSIX_003f"> ¶</a></span></h4>
exceeds <code class="code">PATH_MAX</code> when canonicalized, <code class="code">cd</code> will
attempt to use the supplied directory name.
+</li><li> The <code class="code">command</code> builtin prints command name arguments containing a
+slash as full pathnames when the <samp class="option">-v</samp> option is supplied.
+
</li><li> When the <code class="code">xpg_echo</code> option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to
interpret any arguments to <code class="code">echo</code> as options.
<code class="code">echo</code> displays each argument after converting escape sequences.
</div>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Shell-Compatibility-Mode">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Previous: <a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Bash and POSIX</a>, Up: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode" rel="prev">Bash and POSIX</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Bash-Features" rel="up">Bash Features</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h3 class="section" id="Shell-Compatibility-Mode-1"><span>6.12 Shell Compatibility Mode<a class="copiable-link" href="#Shell-Compatibility-Mode-1"> ¶</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Compatibility-Level"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Compatibility-Mode"></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Job-Control">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Command-Line-Editing" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Line Editing</a>, Previous: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Bash Features</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Command-Line-Editing" rel="next">Command Line Editing</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Bash-Features" rel="prev">Bash Features</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Top" rel="up">Bash Features</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h2 class="chapter" id="Job-Control-1"><span>7 Job Control<a class="copiable-link" href="#Job-Control-1"> ¶</a></span></h2>
<p>This chapter discusses what job control is, how it works, and how
</p>
<ul class="mini-toc">
-<li><a href="#Job-Control-Basics" accesskey="1">Job Control Basics</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Job-Control-Builtins" accesskey="2">Job Control Builtins</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Job-Control-Variables" accesskey="3">Job Control Variables</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Job-Control-Basics">Job Control Basics</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Job-Control-Builtins">Job Control Builtins</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Job-Control-Variables">Job Control Variables</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Job-Control-Basics">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Job-Control-Builtins" accesskey="n" rel="next">Job Control Builtins</a>, Up: <a href="#Job-Control" accesskey="u" rel="up">Job Control</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Job-Control-Builtins" rel="next">Job Control Builtins</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Job-Control" rel="up">Job Control</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h3 class="section" id="Job-Control-Basics-1"><span>7.1 Job Control Basics<a class="copiable-link" href="#Job-Control-Basics-1"> ¶</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-job-control-1"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-foreground"></a>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Job-Control-Builtins">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Job-Control-Variables" accesskey="n" rel="next">Job Control Variables</a>, Previous: <a href="#Job-Control-Basics" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Job Control Basics</a>, Up: <a href="#Job-Control" accesskey="u" rel="up">Job Control</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Job-Control-Variables" rel="next">Job Control Variables</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Job-Control-Basics" rel="prev">Job Control Basics</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Job-Control" rel="up">Job Control</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h3 class="section" id="Job-Control-Builtins-1"><span>7.2 Job Control Builtins<a class="copiable-link" href="#Job-Control-Builtins-1"> ¶</a></span></h3>
<dl class="table">
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Job-Control-Variables">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Previous: <a href="#Job-Control-Builtins" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Job Control Builtins</a>, Up: <a href="#Job-Control" accesskey="u" rel="up">Job Control</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Job-Control-Builtins" rel="prev">Job Control Builtins</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Job-Control" rel="up">Job Control</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h3 class="section" id="Job-Control-Variables-1"><span>7.3 Job Control Variables<a class="copiable-link" href="#Job-Control-Variables-1"> ¶</a></span></h3>
<dl class="vtable">
</div>
</div>
<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Command-Line-Editing">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Using-History-Interactively" accesskey="n" rel="next">Using History Interactively</a>, Previous: <a href="#Job-Control" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Job Control</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Using-History-Interactively" rel="next">Using History Interactively</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Job-Control" rel="prev">Job Control</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Top" rel="up">Bash Features</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h2 class="chapter" id="Command-Line-Editing-1"><span>8 Command Line Editing<a class="copiable-link" href="#Command-Line-Editing-1"> ¶</a></span></h2>
<p>This chapter describes the basic features of the <small class="sc">GNU</small>
</p>
<ul class="mini-toc">
-<li><a href="#Introduction-and-Notation" accesskey="1">Introduction to Line Editing</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Readline-Interaction" accesskey="2">Readline Interaction</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Readline-Init-File" accesskey="3">Readline Init File</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="4">Bindable Readline Commands</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Readline-vi-Mode" accesskey="5">Readline vi Mode</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Programmable-Completion" accesskey="6">Programmable Completion</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Programmable-Completion-Builtins" accesskey="7">Programmable Completion Builtins</a></li>
-<li><a href="#A-Programmable-Completion-Example" accesskey="8">A Programmable Completion Example</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Introduction-and-Notation">Introduction to Line Editing</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Readline-Interaction">Readline Interaction</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Readline-Init-File">Readline Init File</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands">Bindable Readline Commands</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Readline-vi-Mode">Readline vi Mode</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Programmable-Completion">Programmable Completion</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Programmable-Completion-Builtins">Programmable Completion Builtins</a></li>
+<li><a href="#A-Programmable-Completion-Example">A Programmable Completion Example</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Introduction-and-Notation">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Readline-Interaction" accesskey="n" rel="next">Readline Interaction</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-Line-Editing" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command Line Editing</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Readline-Interaction" rel="next">Readline Interaction</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Command-Line-Editing" rel="up">Command Line Editing</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h3 class="section" id="Introduction-to-Line-Editing"><span>8.1 Introduction to Line Editing<a class="copiable-link" href="#Introduction-to-Line-Editing"> ¶</a></span></h3>
<p>The following paragraphs use Emacs style to
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Readline-Interaction">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Readline-Init-File" accesskey="n" rel="next">Readline Init File</a>, Previous: <a href="#Introduction-and-Notation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Introduction to Line Editing</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-Line-Editing" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command Line Editing</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Readline-Init-File" rel="next">Readline Init File</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Introduction-and-Notation" rel="prev">Introduction to Line Editing</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Command-Line-Editing" rel="up">Command Line Editing</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h3 class="section" id="Readline-Interaction-1"><span>8.2 Readline Interaction<a class="copiable-link" href="#Readline-Interaction-1"> ¶</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-interaction_002c-readline"></a>
</p>
<ul class="mini-toc">
-<li><a href="#Readline-Bare-Essentials" accesskey="1">Readline Bare Essentials</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Readline-Movement-Commands" accesskey="2">Readline Movement Commands</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Readline-Killing-Commands" accesskey="3">Readline Killing Commands</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Readline-Arguments" accesskey="4">Readline Arguments</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Searching" accesskey="5">Searching for Commands in the History</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Readline-Bare-Essentials">Readline Bare Essentials</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Readline-Movement-Commands">Readline Movement Commands</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Readline-Killing-Commands">Readline Killing Commands</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Readline-Arguments">Readline Arguments</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Searching">Searching for Commands in the History</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Readline-Bare-Essentials">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Readline-Movement-Commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Readline Movement Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Readline-Interaction" accesskey="u" rel="up">Readline Interaction</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Readline-Movement-Commands" rel="next">Readline Movement Commands</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Readline-Interaction" rel="up">Readline Interaction</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h4 class="subsection" id="Readline-Bare-Essentials-1"><span>8.2.1 Readline Bare Essentials<a class="copiable-link" href="#Readline-Bare-Essentials-1"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-notation_002c-readline"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-command-editing"></a>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Readline-Movement-Commands">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Readline-Killing-Commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Readline Killing Commands</a>, Previous: <a href="#Readline-Bare-Essentials" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Readline Bare Essentials</a>, Up: <a href="#Readline-Interaction" accesskey="u" rel="up">Readline Interaction</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Readline-Killing-Commands" rel="next">Readline Killing Commands</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Readline-Bare-Essentials" rel="prev">Readline Bare Essentials</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Readline-Interaction" rel="up">Readline Interaction</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h4 class="subsection" id="Readline-Movement-Commands-1"><span>8.2.2 Readline Movement Commands<a class="copiable-link" href="#Readline-Movement-Commands-1"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<p>The above table describes the most basic keystrokes that you need
<hr>
</div>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Readline-Killing-Commands">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Readline-Arguments" accesskey="n" rel="next">Readline Arguments</a>, Previous: <a href="#Readline-Movement-Commands" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Readline Movement Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Readline-Interaction" accesskey="u" rel="up">Readline Interaction</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Readline-Arguments" rel="next">Readline Arguments</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Readline-Movement-Commands" rel="prev">Readline Movement Commands</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Readline-Interaction" rel="up">Readline Interaction</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h4 class="subsection" id="Readline-Killing-Commands-1"><span>8.2.3 Readline Killing Commands<a class="copiable-link" href="#Readline-Killing-Commands-1"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-killing-text"></a>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Readline-Arguments">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Searching" accesskey="n" rel="next">Searching for Commands in the History</a>, Previous: <a href="#Readline-Killing-Commands" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Readline Killing Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Readline-Interaction" accesskey="u" rel="up">Readline Interaction</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Searching" rel="next">Searching for Commands in the History</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Readline-Killing-Commands" rel="prev">Readline Killing Commands</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Readline-Interaction" rel="up">Readline Interaction</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h4 class="subsection" id="Readline-Arguments-1"><span>8.2.4 Readline Arguments<a class="copiable-link" href="#Readline-Arguments-1"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<p>You can pass numeric arguments to Readline commands.
<hr>
</div>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Searching">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Previous: <a href="#Readline-Arguments" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Readline Arguments</a>, Up: <a href="#Readline-Interaction" accesskey="u" rel="up">Readline Interaction</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Readline-Arguments" rel="prev">Readline Arguments</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Readline-Interaction" rel="up">Readline Interaction</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h4 class="subsection" id="Searching-for-Commands-in-the-History"><span>8.2.5 Searching for Commands in the History<a class="copiable-link" href="#Searching-for-Commands-in-the-History"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<p>Readline provides commands for searching through the command history
</div>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Readline-Init-File">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Bindable Readline Commands</a>, Previous: <a href="#Readline-Interaction" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Readline Interaction</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-Line-Editing" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command Line Editing</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" rel="next">Bindable Readline Commands</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Readline-Interaction" rel="prev">Readline Interaction</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Command-Line-Editing" rel="up">Command Line Editing</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h3 class="section" id="Readline-Init-File-1"><span>8.3 Readline Init File<a class="copiable-link" href="#Readline-Init-File-1"> ¶</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-initialization-file_002c-readline"></a>
</p>
<ul class="mini-toc">
-<li><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax" accesskey="1">Readline Init File Syntax</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Conditional-Init-Constructs" accesskey="2">Conditional Init Constructs</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Sample-Init-File" accesskey="3">Sample Init File</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Conditional-Init-Constructs">Conditional Init Constructs</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Sample-Init-File">Sample Init File</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Readline-Init-File-Syntax">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Conditional-Init-Constructs" accesskey="n" rel="next">Conditional Init Constructs</a>, Up: <a href="#Readline-Init-File" accesskey="u" rel="up">Readline Init File</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Conditional-Init-Constructs" rel="next">Conditional Init Constructs</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Readline-Init-File" rel="up">Readline Init File</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h4 class="subsection" id="Readline-Init-File-Syntax-1"><span>8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax<a class="copiable-link" href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax-1"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<p>There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the
<hr>
</div>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Conditional-Init-Constructs">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Sample-Init-File" accesskey="n" rel="next">Sample Init File</a>, Previous: <a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Readline Init File Syntax</a>, Up: <a href="#Readline-Init-File" accesskey="u" rel="up">Readline Init File</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Sample-Init-File" rel="next">Sample Init File</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax" rel="prev">Readline Init File Syntax</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Readline-Init-File" rel="up">Readline Init File</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h4 class="subsection" id="Conditional-Init-Constructs-1"><span>8.3.2 Conditional Init Constructs<a class="copiable-link" href="#Conditional-Init-Constructs-1"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<p>Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional
<hr>
</div>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Sample-Init-File">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Previous: <a href="#Conditional-Init-Constructs" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Conditional Init Constructs</a>, Up: <a href="#Readline-Init-File" accesskey="u" rel="up">Readline Init File</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Conditional-Init-Constructs" rel="prev">Conditional Init Constructs</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Readline-Init-File" rel="up">Readline Init File</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h4 class="subsection" id="Sample-Init-File-1"><span>8.3.3 Sample Init File<a class="copiable-link" href="#Sample-Init-File-1"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<p>Here is an example of an <var class="var">inputrc</var> file. This illustrates key
</div>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Bindable-Readline-Commands">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Readline-vi-Mode" accesskey="n" rel="next">Readline vi Mode</a>, Previous: <a href="#Readline-Init-File" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Readline Init File</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-Line-Editing" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command Line Editing</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Readline-vi-Mode" rel="next">Readline vi Mode</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Readline-Init-File" rel="prev">Readline Init File</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Command-Line-Editing" rel="up">Command Line Editing</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h3 class="section" id="Bindable-Readline-Commands-1"><span>8.4 Bindable Readline Commands<a class="copiable-link" href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands-1"> ¶</a></span></h3>
Several commands set the region to active; those are noted below.
</p>
<ul class="mini-toc">
-<li><a href="#Commands-For-Moving" accesskey="1">Commands For Moving</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Commands-For-History" accesskey="2">Commands For Manipulating The History</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Commands-For-Text" accesskey="3">Commands For Changing Text</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Commands-For-Killing" accesskey="4">Killing And Yanking</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Numeric-Arguments" accesskey="5">Specifying Numeric Arguments</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Commands-For-Completion" accesskey="6">Letting Readline Type For You</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Keyboard-Macros" accesskey="7">Keyboard Macros</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands" accesskey="8">Some Miscellaneous Commands</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For Manipulating The History</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Changing Text</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Killing And Yanking</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Numeric-Arguments">Specifying Numeric Arguments</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Letting Readline Type For You</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Keyboard-Macros">Keyboard Macros</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Some Miscellaneous Commands</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Commands-For-Moving">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Commands-For-History" accesskey="n" rel="next">Commands For Manipulating The History</a>, Up: <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bindable Readline Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Commands-For-History" rel="next">Commands For Manipulating The History</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" rel="up">Bindable Readline Commands</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h4 class="subsection" id="Commands-For-Moving-1"><span>8.4.1 Commands For Moving<a class="copiable-link" href="#Commands-For-Moving-1"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<dl class="ftable">
<dt><a id="index-beginning_002dof_002dline-_0028C_002da_0029"></a><span><code class="code">beginning-of-line (C-a)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-beginning_002dof_002dline-_0028C_002da_0029"> ¶</a></span></dt>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Commands-For-History">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Commands-For-Text" accesskey="n" rel="next">Commands For Changing Text</a>, Previous: <a href="#Commands-For-Moving" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Commands For Moving</a>, Up: <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bindable Readline Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Commands-For-Text" rel="next">Commands For Changing Text</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving" rel="prev">Commands For Moving</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" rel="up">Bindable Readline Commands</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h4 class="subsection" id="Commands-For-Manipulating-The-History"><span>8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History<a class="copiable-link" href="#Commands-For-Manipulating-The-History"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<dl class="ftable">
Once the argument <var class="var">n</var> is computed,
this uses the history expansion facilities to extract the
<var class="var">n</var>th word, as if the
-‘<samp class="samp">!<var class="var">n</var></samp>’ history expansion had been specified.
+‘<samp class="samp">!!:<var class="var">n</var></samp>’ history expansion had been specified.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><a id="index-yank_002dlast_002darg-_0028M_002d_002e-or-M_002d_005f_0029"></a><span><code class="code">yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-yank_002dlast_002darg-_0028M_002d_002e-or-M_002d_005f_0029"> ¶</a></span></dt>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Commands-For-Text">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Commands-For-Killing" accesskey="n" rel="next">Killing And Yanking</a>, Previous: <a href="#Commands-For-History" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Commands For Manipulating The History</a>, Up: <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bindable Readline Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing" rel="next">Killing And Yanking</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Commands-For-History" rel="prev">Commands For Manipulating The History</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" rel="up">Bindable Readline Commands</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h4 class="subsection" id="Commands-For-Changing-Text"><span>8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text<a class="copiable-link" href="#Commands-For-Changing-Text"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<dl class="ftable">
<hr>
</div>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Commands-For-Killing">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Numeric-Arguments" accesskey="n" rel="next">Specifying Numeric Arguments</a>, Previous: <a href="#Commands-For-Text" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Commands For Changing Text</a>, Up: <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bindable Readline Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Numeric-Arguments" rel="next">Specifying Numeric Arguments</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Commands-For-Text" rel="prev">Commands For Changing Text</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" rel="up">Bindable Readline Commands</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h4 class="subsection" id="Killing-And-Yanking"><span>8.4.4 Killing And Yanking<a class="copiable-link" href="#Killing-And-Yanking"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<dl class="ftable">
<hr>
</div>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Numeric-Arguments">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Commands-For-Completion" accesskey="n" rel="next">Letting Readline Type For You</a>, Previous: <a href="#Commands-For-Killing" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Killing And Yanking</a>, Up: <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bindable Readline Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion" rel="next">Letting Readline Type For You</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing" rel="prev">Killing And Yanking</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" rel="up">Bindable Readline Commands</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h4 class="subsection" id="Specifying-Numeric-Arguments"><span>8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments<a class="copiable-link" href="#Specifying-Numeric-Arguments"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<dl class="ftable">
<dt><a id="index-digit_002dargument-_0028M_002d0_002c-M_002d1_002c-_002e_002e_002e-M_002d_002d_0029"></a><span><code class="code">digit-argument (<kbd class="kbd">M-0</kbd>, <kbd class="kbd">M-1</kbd>, … <kbd class="kbd">M--</kbd>)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-digit_002dargument-_0028M_002d0_002c-M_002d1_002c-_002e_002e_002e-M_002d_002d_0029"> ¶</a></span></dt>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Commands-For-Completion">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Keyboard-Macros" accesskey="n" rel="next">Keyboard Macros</a>, Previous: <a href="#Numeric-Arguments" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Specifying Numeric Arguments</a>, Up: <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bindable Readline Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Keyboard-Macros" rel="next">Keyboard Macros</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Numeric-Arguments" rel="prev">Specifying Numeric Arguments</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" rel="up">Bindable Readline Commands</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h4 class="subsection" id="Letting-Readline-Type-For-You"><span>8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You<a class="copiable-link" href="#Letting-Readline-Type-For-You"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<dl class="ftable">
<hr>
</div>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Keyboard-Macros">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Some Miscellaneous Commands</a>, Previous: <a href="#Commands-For-Completion" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Letting Readline Type For You</a>, Up: <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bindable Readline Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands" rel="next">Some Miscellaneous Commands</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion" rel="prev">Letting Readline Type For You</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" rel="up">Bindable Readline Commands</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h4 class="subsection" id="Keyboard-Macros-1"><span>8.4.7 Keyboard Macros<a class="copiable-link" href="#Keyboard-Macros-1"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<dl class="ftable">
<dt><a id="index-start_002dkbd_002dmacro-_0028C_002dx-_0028_0029"></a><span><code class="code">start-kbd-macro (C-x ()</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-start_002dkbd_002dmacro-_0028C_002dx-_0028_0029"> ¶</a></span></dt>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Miscellaneous-Commands">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Previous: <a href="#Keyboard-Macros" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Keyboard Macros</a>, Up: <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bindable Readline Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Keyboard-Macros" rel="prev">Keyboard Macros</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" rel="up">Bindable Readline Commands</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h4 class="subsection" id="Some-Miscellaneous-Commands"><span>8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands<a class="copiable-link" href="#Some-Miscellaneous-Commands"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<dl class="ftable">
<dt><a id="index-re_002dread_002dinit_002dfile-_0028C_002dx-C_002dr_0029"></a><span><code class="code">re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-re_002dread_002dinit_002dfile-_0028C_002dx-C_002dr_0029"> ¶</a></span></dt>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Readline-vi-Mode">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Programmable-Completion" accesskey="n" rel="next">Programmable Completion</a>, Previous: <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Bindable Readline Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-Line-Editing" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command Line Editing</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Programmable-Completion" rel="next">Programmable Completion</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" rel="prev">Bindable Readline Commands</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Command-Line-Editing" rel="up">Command Line Editing</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h3 class="section" id="Readline-vi-Mode-1"><span>8.5 Readline vi Mode<a class="copiable-link" href="#Readline-vi-Mode-1"> ¶</a></span></h3>
<p>While the Readline library does not have a full set of <code class="code">vi</code>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Programmable-Completion">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Programmable-Completion-Builtins" accesskey="n" rel="next">Programmable Completion Builtins</a>, Previous: <a href="#Readline-vi-Mode" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Readline vi Mode</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-Line-Editing" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command Line Editing</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Programmable-Completion-Builtins" rel="next">Programmable Completion Builtins</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Readline-vi-Mode" rel="prev">Readline vi Mode</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Command-Line-Editing" rel="up">Command Line Editing</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h3 class="section" id="Programmable-Completion-1"><span>8.6 Programmable Completion<a class="copiable-link" href="#Programmable-Completion-1"> ¶</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-programmable-completion"></a>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Programmable-Completion-Builtins">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#A-Programmable-Completion-Example" accesskey="n" rel="next">A Programmable Completion Example</a>, Previous: <a href="#Programmable-Completion" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Programmable Completion</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-Line-Editing" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command Line Editing</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#A-Programmable-Completion-Example" rel="next">A Programmable Completion Example</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Programmable-Completion" rel="prev">Programmable Completion</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Command-Line-Editing" rel="up">Command Line Editing</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h3 class="section" id="Programmable-Completion-Builtins-1"><span>8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins<a class="copiable-link" href="#Programmable-Completion-Builtins-1"> ¶</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-completion-builtins"></a>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="A-Programmable-Completion-Example">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Previous: <a href="#Programmable-Completion-Builtins" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Programmable Completion Builtins</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-Line-Editing" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command Line Editing</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Programmable-Completion-Builtins" rel="prev">Programmable Completion Builtins</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Command-Line-Editing" rel="up">Command Line Editing</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h3 class="section" id="A-Programmable-Completion-Example-1"><span>8.8 A Programmable Completion Example<a class="copiable-link" href="#A-Programmable-Completion-Example-1"> ¶</a></span></h3>
<p>The most common way to obtain additional completion functionality beyond
</div>
</div>
<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Using-History-Interactively">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Installing-Bash" accesskey="n" rel="next">Installing Bash</a>, Previous: <a href="#Command-Line-Editing" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Command Line Editing</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Installing-Bash" rel="next">Installing Bash</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Command-Line-Editing" rel="prev">Command Line Editing</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Top" rel="up">Bash Features</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h2 class="chapter" id="Using-History-Interactively-1"><span>9 Using History Interactively<a class="copiable-link" href="#Using-History-Interactively-1"> ¶</a></span></h2>
</p>
<ul class="mini-toc">
-<li><a href="#Bash-History-Facilities" accesskey="1">Bash History Facilities</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Bash-History-Builtins" accesskey="2">Bash History Builtins</a></li>
-<li><a href="#History-Interaction" accesskey="3">History Expansion</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Bash-History-Facilities">Bash History Facilities</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Bash-History-Builtins">Bash History Builtins</a></li>
+<li><a href="#History-Interaction">History Expansion</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Bash-History-Facilities">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Bash-History-Builtins" accesskey="n" rel="next">Bash History Builtins</a>, Up: <a href="#Using-History-Interactively" accesskey="u" rel="up">Using History Interactively</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Bash-History-Builtins" rel="next">Bash History Builtins</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Using-History-Interactively" rel="up">Using History Interactively</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h3 class="section" id="Bash-History-Facilities-1"><span>9.1 Bash History Facilities<a class="copiable-link" href="#Bash-History-Facilities-1"> ¶</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-command-history"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-history-list"></a>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Bash-History-Builtins">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#History-Interaction" accesskey="n" rel="next">History Expansion</a>, Previous: <a href="#Bash-History-Facilities" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Bash History Facilities</a>, Up: <a href="#Using-History-Interactively" accesskey="u" rel="up">Using History Interactively</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#History-Interaction" rel="next">History Expansion</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Bash-History-Facilities" rel="prev">Bash History Facilities</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Using-History-Interactively" rel="up">Using History Interactively</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h3 class="section" id="Bash-History-Builtins-1"><span>9.2 Bash History Builtins<a class="copiable-link" href="#Bash-History-Builtins-1"> ¶</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-history-builtins"></a>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="History-Interaction">
-<div class="nav-panel">
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-Previous: <a href="#Bash-History-Builtins" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Bash History Builtins</a>, Up: <a href="#Using-History-Interactively" accesskey="u" rel="up">Using History Interactively</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
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+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Bash-History-Builtins" rel="prev">Bash History Builtins</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Using-History-Interactively" rel="up">Using History Interactively</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h3 class="section" id="History-Expansion"><span>9.3 History Expansion<a class="copiable-link" href="#History-Expansion"> ¶</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-history-expansion"></a>
</p>
<ul class="mini-toc">
-<li><a href="#Event-Designators" accesskey="1">Event Designators</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Word-Designators" accesskey="2">Word Designators</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Modifiers" accesskey="3">Modifiers</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Event-Designators">Event Designators</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Word-Designators">Word Designators</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Modifiers">Modifiers</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Event-Designators">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
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-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Word-Designators" rel="next">Word Designators</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#History-Interaction" rel="up">History Expansion</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h4 class="subsection" id="Event-Designators-1"><span>9.3.1 Event Designators<a class="copiable-link" href="#Event-Designators-1"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-event-designators"></a>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Word-Designators">
-<div class="nav-panel">
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-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Modifiers" rel="next">Modifiers</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Event-Designators" rel="prev">Event Designators</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#History-Interaction" rel="up">History Expansion</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h4 class="subsection" id="Word-Designators-1"><span>9.3.2 Word Designators<a class="copiable-link" href="#Word-Designators-1"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<p>Word designators are used to select desired words from the event.
<hr>
</div>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Modifiers">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Previous: <a href="#Word-Designators" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Word Designators</a>, Up: <a href="#History-Interaction" accesskey="u" rel="up">History Expansion</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Word-Designators" rel="prev">Word Designators</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#History-Interaction" rel="up">History Expansion</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h4 class="subsection" id="Modifiers-1"><span>9.3.3 Modifiers<a class="copiable-link" href="#Modifiers-1"> ¶</a></span></h4>
<p>After the optional word designator, you can add a sequence of one or more
</div>
</div>
<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Installing-Bash">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Reporting-Bugs" accesskey="n" rel="next">Reporting Bugs</a>, Previous: <a href="#Using-History-Interactively" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Using History Interactively</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Reporting-Bugs" rel="next">Reporting Bugs</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Using-History-Interactively" rel="prev">Using History Interactively</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Top" rel="up">Bash Features</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h2 class="chapter" id="Installing-Bash-1"><span>10 Installing Bash<a class="copiable-link" href="#Installing-Bash-1"> ¶</a></span></h2>
<p>This chapter provides basic instructions for installing Bash on
</p>
<ul class="mini-toc">
-<li><a href="#Basic-Installation" accesskey="1">Basic Installation</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Compilers-and-Options" accesskey="2">Compilers and Options</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Compiling-For-Multiple-Architectures" accesskey="3">Compiling For Multiple Architectures</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Installation-Names" accesskey="4">Installation Names</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Specifying-the-System-Type" accesskey="5">Specifying the System Type</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Sharing-Defaults" accesskey="6">Sharing Defaults</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Operation-Controls" accesskey="7">Operation Controls</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Optional-Features" accesskey="8">Optional Features</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Basic-Installation">Basic Installation</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Compilers-and-Options">Compilers and Options</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Compiling-For-Multiple-Architectures">Compiling For Multiple Architectures</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Installation-Names">Installation Names</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Specifying-the-System-Type">Specifying the System Type</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Sharing-Defaults">Sharing Defaults</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Operation-Controls">Operation Controls</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Optional-Features">Optional Features</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Basic-Installation">
-<div class="nav-panel">
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-</div>
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<h3 class="section" id="Basic-Installation-1"><span>10.1 Basic Installation<a class="copiable-link" href="#Basic-Installation-1"> ¶</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-installation"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-configuration"></a>
<hr>
</div>
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-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Compiling-For-Multiple-Architectures" accesskey="n" rel="next">Compiling For Multiple Architectures</a>, Previous: <a href="#Basic-Installation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Basic Installation</a>, Up: <a href="#Installing-Bash" accesskey="u" rel="up">Installing Bash</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Compiling-For-Multiple-Architectures" rel="next">Compiling For Multiple Architectures</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Basic-Installation" rel="prev">Basic Installation</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Installing-Bash" rel="up">Installing Bash</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h3 class="section" id="Compilers-and-Options-1"><span>10.2 Compilers and Options<a class="copiable-link" href="#Compilers-and-Options-1"> ¶</a></span></h3>
<p>Some systems require unusual options for compilation or linking
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Compiling-For-Multiple-Architectures">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Installation-Names" accesskey="n" rel="next">Installation Names</a>, Previous: <a href="#Compilers-and-Options" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Compilers and Options</a>, Up: <a href="#Installing-Bash" accesskey="u" rel="up">Installing Bash</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Installation-Names" rel="next">Installation Names</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Compilers-and-Options" rel="prev">Compilers and Options</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Installing-Bash" rel="up">Installing Bash</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h3 class="section" id="Compiling-For-Multiple-Architectures-1"><span>10.3 Compiling For Multiple Architectures<a class="copiable-link" href="#Compiling-For-Multiple-Architectures-1"> ¶</a></span></h3>
<p>You can compile Bash for more than one kind of computer at the
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Installation-Names">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Specifying-the-System-Type" accesskey="n" rel="next">Specifying the System Type</a>, Previous: <a href="#Compiling-For-Multiple-Architectures" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Compiling For Multiple Architectures</a>, Up: <a href="#Installing-Bash" accesskey="u" rel="up">Installing Bash</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Specifying-the-System-Type" rel="next">Specifying the System Type</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Compiling-For-Multiple-Architectures" rel="prev">Compiling For Multiple Architectures</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Installing-Bash" rel="up">Installing Bash</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h3 class="section" id="Installation-Names-1"><span>10.4 Installation Names<a class="copiable-link" href="#Installation-Names-1"> ¶</a></span></h3>
<p>By default, ‘<samp class="samp">make install</samp>’ will install into
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Specifying-the-System-Type">
-<div class="nav-panel">
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-Next: <a href="#Sharing-Defaults" accesskey="n" rel="next">Sharing Defaults</a>, Previous: <a href="#Installation-Names" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Installation Names</a>, Up: <a href="#Installing-Bash" accesskey="u" rel="up">Installing Bash</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Sharing-Defaults" rel="next">Sharing Defaults</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Installation-Names" rel="prev">Installation Names</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Installing-Bash" rel="up">Installing Bash</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h3 class="section" id="Specifying-the-System-Type-1"><span>10.5 Specifying the System Type<a class="copiable-link" href="#Specifying-the-System-Type-1"> ¶</a></span></h3>
<p>There may be some features <code class="code">configure</code> can not figure out
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Sharing-Defaults">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Operation-Controls" accesskey="n" rel="next">Operation Controls</a>, Previous: <a href="#Specifying-the-System-Type" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Specifying the System Type</a>, Up: <a href="#Installing-Bash" accesskey="u" rel="up">Installing Bash</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Operation-Controls" rel="next">Operation Controls</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Specifying-the-System-Type" rel="prev">Specifying the System Type</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Installing-Bash" rel="up">Installing Bash</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h3 class="section" id="Sharing-Defaults-1"><span>10.6 Sharing Defaults<a class="copiable-link" href="#Sharing-Defaults-1"> ¶</a></span></h3>
<p>If you want to set default values for <code class="code">configure</code> scripts to
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Operation-Controls">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
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-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Optional-Features" rel="next">Optional Features</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Sharing-Defaults" rel="prev">Sharing Defaults</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Installing-Bash" rel="up">Installing Bash</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h3 class="section" id="Operation-Controls-1"><span>10.7 Operation Controls<a class="copiable-link" href="#Operation-Controls-1"> ¶</a></span></h3>
<p><code class="code">configure</code> recognizes the following options to control how it
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Optional-Features">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
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-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Operation-Controls" rel="prev">Operation Controls</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Installing-Bash" rel="up">Installing Bash</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h3 class="section" id="Optional-Features-1"><span>10.8 Optional Features<a class="copiable-link" href="#Optional-Features-1"> ¶</a></span></h3>
<p>The Bash <code class="code">configure</code> has a number of <samp class="option">--enable-<var class="var">feature</var></samp>
</div>
</div>
<div class="appendix-level-extent" id="Reporting-Bugs">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Major-Differences-From-The-Bourne-Shell" accesskey="n" rel="next">Major Differences From The Bourne Shell</a>, Previous: <a href="#Installing-Bash" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Installing Bash</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Major-Differences-From-The-Bourne-Shell" rel="next">Major Differences From The Bourne Shell</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Installing-Bash" rel="prev">Installing Bash</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Top" rel="up">Bash Features</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h2 class="appendix" id="Reporting-Bugs-1"><span>Appendix A Reporting Bugs<a class="copiable-link" href="#Reporting-Bugs-1"> ¶</a></span></h2>
<p>Please report all bugs you find in Bash.
<hr>
</div>
<div class="appendix-level-extent" id="Major-Differences-From-The-Bourne-Shell">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#GNU-Free-Documentation-License" accesskey="n" rel="next">GNU Free Documentation License</a>, Previous: <a href="#Reporting-Bugs" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Reporting Bugs</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#GNU-Free-Documentation-License" rel="next">GNU Free Documentation License</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Reporting-Bugs" rel="prev">Reporting Bugs</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Top" rel="up">Bash Features</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h2 class="appendix" id="Major-Differences-From-The-Bourne-Shell-1"><span>Appendix B Major Differences From The Bourne Shell<a class="copiable-link" href="#Major-Differences-From-The-Bourne-Shell-1"> ¶</a></span></h2>
<p>Bash implements essentially the same grammar, parameter and
<p>More features unique to Bash may be found in <a class="ref" href="#Bash-Features">Bash Features</a>.
</p>
<ul class="mini-toc">
-<li><a href="#Implementation-Differences-From-The-SVR4_002e2-Shell" accesskey="1">Implementation Differences From The SVR4.2 Shell</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Implementation-Differences-From-The-SVR4_002e2-Shell">Implementation Differences From The SVR4.2 Shell</a></li>
</ul>
<div class="appendixsec-level-extent" id="Implementation-Differences-From-The-SVR4_002e2-Shell">
<h3 class="appendixsec"><span>B.1 Implementation Differences From The SVR4.2 Shell<a class="copiable-link" href="#Implementation-Differences-From-The-SVR4_002e2-Shell"> ¶</a></span></h3>
</div>
</div>
<div class="appendix-level-extent" id="GNU-Free-Documentation-License">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Indexes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Major-Differences-From-The-Bourne-Shell" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Major Differences From The Bourne Shell</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Indexes" rel="next">Indexes</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Major-Differences-From-The-Bourne-Shell" rel="prev">Major Differences From The Bourne Shell</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Top" rel="up">Bash Features</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h2 class="appendix" id="GNU-Free-Documentation-License-1"><span>Appendix C GNU Free Documentation License<a class="copiable-link" href="#GNU-Free-Documentation-License-1"> ¶</a></span></h2>
<div class="center">Version 1.3, 3 November 2008
<hr>
</div>
<div class="appendix-level-extent" id="Indexes">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Previous: <a href="#GNU-Free-Documentation-License" accesskey="p" rel="prev">GNU Free Documentation License</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#GNU-Free-Documentation-License" rel="prev">GNU Free Documentation License</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Top" rel="up">Bash Features</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h2 class="appendix" id="Indexes-1"><span>Appendix D Indexes<a class="copiable-link" href="#Indexes-1"> ¶</a></span></h2>
<ul class="mini-toc">
-<li><a href="#Builtin-Index" accesskey="1">Index of Shell Builtin Commands</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Reserved-Word-Index" accesskey="2">Index of Shell Reserved Words</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Variable-Index" accesskey="3">Parameter and Variable Index</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Function-Index" accesskey="4">Function Index</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="5">Concept Index</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Builtin-Index">Index of Shell Builtin Commands</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Reserved-Word-Index">Index of Shell Reserved Words</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Variable-Index">Parameter and Variable Index</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Function-Index">Function Index</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Concept-Index">Concept Index</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<div class="appendixsec-level-extent" id="Builtin-Index">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Reserved-Word-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Index of Shell Reserved Words</a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Reserved-Word-Index" rel="next">Index of Shell Reserved Words</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Indexes" rel="up">Indexes</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h3 class="appendixsec" id="Index-of-Shell-Builtin-Commands"><span>D.1 Index of Shell Builtin Commands<a class="copiable-link" href="#Index-of-Shell-Builtin-Commands"> ¶</a></span></h3>
<div class="printindex bt-printindex">
-<table class="bt-letters-header-printindex"><tr><th>Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_symbol-1"><b>:</b></a>
+<table class="
index-letters-header-printindex bt-letters-header-printindex"><tr><th>Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_symbol-1"><b>:</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_symbol-2"><b>.</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-W"><b>W</b></a>
</td></tr></table>
-<table class="bt-entries-printindex">
-<tr><td></td><th class="entries-header-printindex">Index Entry</th><th class="sections-header-printindex">Section</th></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Builtin-Index_bt_symbol-1">:</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_003a"><code>:</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Builtin-Index_bt_symbol-2">.</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002e"><code>.</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Builtin-Index_bt_symbol-3">[</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005b"><code>[</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-A">A</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-alias"><code>alias</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-B">B</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bg"><code>bg</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Job-Control-Builtins">Job Control Builtins</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bind"><code>bind</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-break"><code>break</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-builtin"><code>builtin</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-C">C</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-caller"><code>caller</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cd"><code>cd</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-command"><code>command</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-compgen"><code>compgen</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Programmable-Completion-Builtins">Programmable Completion Builtins</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-complete"><code>complete</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Programmable-Completion-Builtins">Programmable Completion Builtins</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-compopt"><code>compopt</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Programmable-Completion-Builtins">Programmable Completion Builtins</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-continue"><code>continue</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-D">D</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-declare"><code>declare</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dirs"><code>dirs</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Directory-Stack-Builtins">Directory Stack Builtins</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-disown"><code>disown</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Job-Control-Builtins">Job Control Builtins</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-E">E</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-echo"><code>echo</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-enable"><code>enable</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-eval"><code>eval</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-exec"><code>exec</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-exit"><code>exit</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-export"><code>export</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-F">F</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-false"><code>false</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fc"><code>fc</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-History-Builtins">Bash History Builtins</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fg"><code>fg</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Job-Control-Builtins">Job Control Builtins</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-G">G</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-getopts"><code>getopts</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-H">H</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hash"><code>hash</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-help"><code>help</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-history"><code>history</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-History-Builtins">Bash History Builtins</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-J">J</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-jobs"><code>jobs</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Job-Control-Builtins">Job Control Builtins</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-K">K</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-kill"><code>kill</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Job-Control-Builtins">Job Control Builtins</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-L">L</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-let"><code>let</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-local"><code>local</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-logout"><code>logout</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-M">M</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mapfile"><code>mapfile</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-P">P</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-popd"><code>popd</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Directory-Stack-Builtins">Directory Stack Builtins</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-printf"><code>printf</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pushd"><code>pushd</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Directory-Stack-Builtins">Directory Stack Builtins</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pwd"><code>pwd</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-R">R</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-read"><code>read</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-readarray"><code>readarray</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-readonly"><code>readonly</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-return"><code>return</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-S">S</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-set"><code>set</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-shift"><code>shift</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-shopt"><code>shopt</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-source"><code>source</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-suspend"><code>suspend</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Job-Control-Builtins">Job Control Builtins</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-T">T</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-test"><code>test</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-times"><code>times</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-trap"><code>trap</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-true"><code>true</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-type"><code>type</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-typeset"><code>typeset</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-U">U</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ulimit"><code>ulimit</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-umask"><code>umask</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-unalias"><code>unalias</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-unset"><code>unset</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-W">W</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-wait"><code>wait</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Job-Control-Builtins">Job Control Builtins</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
+<table class="index-entries-printindex bt-entries-printindex">
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex bt-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Builtin-Index_bt_symbol-1">:</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_003a"><code>:</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex bt-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Builtin-Index_bt_symbol-2">.</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002e"><code>.</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex bt-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Builtin-Index_bt_symbol-3">[</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005b"><code>[</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex bt-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-A">A</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-alias"><code>alias</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex bt-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-B">B</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bg"><code>bg</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Job-Control-Builtins">Job Control Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bind"><code>bind</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-break"><code>break</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-builtin"><code>builtin</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex bt-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-C">C</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-caller"><code>caller</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cd"><code>cd</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-command"><code>command</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-compgen"><code>compgen</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Programmable-Completion-Builtins">Programmable Completion Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-complete"><code>complete</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Programmable-Completion-Builtins">Programmable Completion Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-compopt"><code>compopt</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Programmable-Completion-Builtins">Programmable Completion Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-continue"><code>continue</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex bt-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-D">D</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-declare"><code>declare</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dirs"><code>dirs</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Directory-Stack-Builtins">Directory Stack Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-disown"><code>disown</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Job-Control-Builtins">Job Control Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex bt-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-E">E</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-echo"><code>echo</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-enable"><code>enable</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-eval"><code>eval</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-exec"><code>exec</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-exit"><code>exit</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-export"><code>export</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex bt-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-F">F</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-false"><code>false</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fc"><code>fc</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-History-Builtins">Bash History Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fg"><code>fg</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Job-Control-Builtins">Job Control Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex bt-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-G">G</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-getopts"><code>getopts</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex bt-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-H">H</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hash"><code>hash</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-help"><code>help</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-history"><code>history</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-History-Builtins">Bash History Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex bt-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-J">J</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-jobs"><code>jobs</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Job-Control-Builtins">Job Control Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex bt-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-K">K</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-kill"><code>kill</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Job-Control-Builtins">Job Control Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex bt-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-L">L</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-let"><code>let</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-local"><code>local</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-logout"><code>logout</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex bt-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-M">M</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mapfile"><code>mapfile</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex bt-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-P">P</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-popd"><code>popd</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Directory-Stack-Builtins">Directory Stack Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-printf"><code>printf</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pushd"><code>pushd</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Directory-Stack-Builtins">Directory Stack Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pwd"><code>pwd</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex bt-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-R">R</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-read"><code>read</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-readarray"><code>readarray</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-readonly"><code>readonly</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-return"><code>return</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex bt-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-S">S</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-set"><code>set</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-shift"><code>shift</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-shopt"><code>shopt</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-source"><code>source</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-suspend"><code>suspend</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Job-Control-Builtins">Job Control Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex bt-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-T">T</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-test"><code>test</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-times"><code>times</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-trap"><code>trap</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-true"><code>true</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-type"><code>type</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-typeset"><code>typeset</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex bt-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-U">U</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ulimit"><code>ulimit</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-umask"><code>umask</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-unalias"><code>unalias</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-unset"><code>unset</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex bt-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-W">W</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-wait"><code>wait</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Job-Control-Builtins">Job Control Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
</table>
-<table class="bt-letters-footer-printindex"><tr><th>Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_symbol-1"><b>:</b></a>
+<table class="
index-letters-footer-printindex bt-letters-footer-printindex"><tr><th>Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_symbol-1"><b>:</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_symbol-2"><b>.</b></a>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="appendixsec-level-extent" id="Reserved-Word-Index">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Variable-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Parameter and Variable Index</a>, Previous: <a href="#Builtin-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Index of Shell Builtin Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Variable-Index" rel="next">Parameter and Variable Index</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Builtin-Index" rel="prev">Index of Shell Builtin Commands</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Indexes" rel="up">Indexes</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h3 class="appendixsec" id="Index-of-Shell-Reserved-Words"><span>D.2 Index of Shell Reserved Words<a class="copiable-link" href="#Index-of-Shell-Reserved-Words"> ¶</a></span></h3>
<div class="printindex rw-printindex">
-<table class="rw-letters-header-printindex"><tr><th>Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-1"><b>!</b></a>
+<table class="
index-letters-header-printindex rw-letters-header-printindex"><tr><th>Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-1"><b>!</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-2"><b>[</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-W"><b>W</b></a>
</td></tr></table>
-<table class="rw-entries-printindex">
-<tr><td></td><th class="entries-header-printindex">Index Entry</th><th class="sections-header-printindex">Section</th></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-1">!</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_0021"><code>!</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Pipelines">Pipelines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-2">[</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005b_005b"><code>[[</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-3">]</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005d_005d"><code>]]</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-4">{</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_007b"><code>{</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-Grouping">Command Grouping</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-5">}</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_007d"><code>}</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-Grouping">Command Grouping</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-C">C</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-case"><code>case</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-D">D</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-do"><code>do</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Looping-Constructs">Looping Constructs</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-done"><code>done</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Looping-Constructs">Looping Constructs</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-E">E</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-elif"><code>elif</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-else"><code>else</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-esac"><code>esac</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-F">F</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fi"><code>fi</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-for"><code>for</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Looping-Constructs">Looping Constructs</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-function"><code>function</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-Functions">Shell Functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-I">I</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-if"><code>if</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-in"><code>in</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-S">S</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-select"><code>select</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-T">T</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-then"><code>then</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-time"><code>time</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Pipelines">Pipelines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-U">U</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-until"><code>until</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Looping-Constructs">Looping Constructs</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-W">W</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-while"><code>while</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Looping-Constructs">Looping Constructs</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
+<table class="index-entries-printindex rw-entries-printindex">
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex rw-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-1">!</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_0021"><code>!</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Pipelines">Pipelines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex rw-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-2">[</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005b_005b"><code>[[</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex rw-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-3">]</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005d_005d"><code>]]</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex rw-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-4">{</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_007b"><code>{</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-Grouping">Command Grouping</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex rw-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-5">}</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_007d"><code>}</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-Grouping">Command Grouping</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex rw-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-C">C</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-case"><code>case</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex rw-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-D">D</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-do"><code>do</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Looping-Constructs">Looping Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-done"><code>done</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Looping-Constructs">Looping Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex rw-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-E">E</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-elif"><code>elif</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-else"><code>else</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-esac"><code>esac</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex rw-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-F">F</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fi"><code>fi</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-for"><code>for</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Looping-Constructs">Looping Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-function"><code>function</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-Functions">Shell Functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex rw-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-I">I</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-if"><code>if</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-in"><code>in</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex rw-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-S">S</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-select"><code>select</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex rw-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-T">T</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-then"><code>then</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-time"><code>time</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Pipelines">Pipelines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex rw-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-U">U</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-until"><code>until</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Looping-Constructs">Looping Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex rw-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-W">W</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-while"><code>while</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Looping-Constructs">Looping Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
</table>
-<table class="rw-letters-footer-printindex"><tr><th>Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-1"><b>!</b></a>
+<table class="
index-letters-footer-printindex rw-letters-footer-printindex"><tr><th>Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-1"><b>!</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-2"><b>[</b></a>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="appendixsec-level-extent" id="Variable-Index">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Function-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Function Index</a>, Previous: <a href="#Reserved-Word-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Index of Shell Reserved Words</a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Function-Index" rel="next">Function Index</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Reserved-Word-Index" rel="prev">Index of Shell Reserved Words</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Indexes" rel="up">Indexes</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h3 class="appendixsec" id="Parameter-and-Variable-Index"><span>D.3 Parameter and Variable Index<a class="copiable-link" href="#Parameter-and-Variable-Index"> ¶</a></span></h3>
<div class="printindex vr-printindex">
-<table class="vr-letters-header-printindex"><tr><th>Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Variable-Index_vr_symbol-1"><b>_</b></a>
+<table class="
index-letters-header-printindex vr-letters-header-printindex"><tr><th>Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Variable-Index_vr_symbol-1"><b>_</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Variable-Index_vr_symbol-2"><b>-</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-V"><b>V</b></a>
</td></tr></table>
-<table class="vr-entries-printindex">
-<tr><td></td><th class="entries-header-printindex">Index Entry</th><th class="sections-header-printindex">Section</th></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Variable-Index_vr_symbol-1">_</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005f"><code>_</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Variable-Index_vr_symbol-2">-</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d"><code>-</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Variable-Index_vr_symbol-3">!</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_0021-1"><code>!</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Variable-Index_vr_symbol-4">?</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_003f"><code>?</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Variable-Index_vr_symbol-5">@</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_0040"><code>@</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Variable-Index_vr_symbol-6">*</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002a"><code>*</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Variable-Index_vr_symbol-7">#</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_0023"><code>#</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Variable-Index_vr_symbol-8">$</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_0024"><code>$</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_0024_005f"><code>$_</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_0024_002d"><code>$-</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_0024_0021"><code>$!</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_0024_003f"><code>$?</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_0024_0040"><code>$@</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_0024_002a"><code>$*</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_0024_0023"><code>$#</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_0024_0024"><code>$$</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_00240"><code>$0</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Variable-Index_vr_symbol-9">0</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-0"><code>0</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Variable-Index_vr_letter-A">A</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-active_002dregion_002dend_002dcolor"><code>active-region-end-color</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-active_002dregion_002dstart_002dcolor"><code>active-region-start-color</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-auto_005fresume"><code>auto_resume</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Job-Control-Variables">Job Control Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Variable-Index_vr_letter-B">B</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-BASH"><code>BASH</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-BASH_005fALIASES"><code>BASH_ALIASES</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-BASH_005fARGC"><code>BASH_ARGC</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-BASH_005fARGV"><code>BASH_ARGV</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-BASH_005fARGV0"><code>BASH_ARGV0</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-BASH_005fCMDS"><code>BASH_CMDS</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-BASH_005fCOMMAND"><code>BASH_COMMAND</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-BASH_005fCOMPAT"><code>BASH_COMPAT</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-BASH_005fENV"><code>BASH_ENV</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-BASH_005fEXECUTION_005fSTRING"><code>BASH_EXECUTION_STRING</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-BASH_005fLINENO"><code>BASH_LINENO</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-BASH_005fLOADABLES_005fPATH"><code>BASH_LOADABLES_PATH</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-BASH_005fMONOSECONDS"><code>BASH_MONOSECONDS</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-BASH_005fREMATCH"><code>BASH_REMATCH</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-BASH_005fSOURCE"><code>BASH_SOURCE</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-BASH_005fSUBSHELL"><code>BASH_SUBSHELL</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-BASH_005fTRAPSIG"><code>BASH_TRAPSIG</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-BASH_005fVERSINFO"><code>BASH_VERSINFO</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-BASH_005fVERSION"><code>BASH_VERSION</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-BASH_005fXTRACEFD"><code>BASH_XTRACEFD</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-BASHOPTS"><code>BASHOPTS</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-BASHPID"><code>BASHPID</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bell_002dstyle"><code>bell-style</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bind_002dtty_002dspecial_002dchars"><code>bind-tty-special-chars</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-blink_002dmatching_002dparen"><code>blink-matching-paren</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Variable-Index_vr_letter-C">C</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-CDPATH"><code>CDPATH</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables">Bourne Shell Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-CHILD_005fMAX"><code>CHILD_MAX</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-colored_002dcompletion_002dprefix"><code>colored-completion-prefix</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-colored_002dstats"><code>colored-stats</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-COLUMNS"><code>COLUMNS</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-comment_002dbegin"><code>comment-begin</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-COMP_005fCWORD"><code>COMP_CWORD</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-COMP_005fKEY"><code>COMP_KEY</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-COMP_005fLINE"><code>COMP_LINE</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-COMP_005fPOINT"><code>COMP_POINT</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-COMP_005fTYPE"><code>COMP_TYPE</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-COMP_005fWORDBREAKS"><code>COMP_WORDBREAKS</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-COMP_005fWORDS"><code>COMP_WORDS</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-completion_002ddisplay_002dwidth"><code>completion-display-width</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-completion_002dignore_002dcase"><code>completion-ignore-case</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-completion_002dmap_002dcase"><code>completion-map-case</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-completion_002dprefix_002ddisplay_002dlength"><code>completion-prefix-display-length</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-completion_002dquery_002ditems"><code>completion-query-items</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-COMPREPLY"><code>COMPREPLY</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-convert_002dmeta"><code>convert-meta</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-COPROC"><code>COPROC</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Variable-Index_vr_letter-D">D</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-DIRSTACK"><code>DIRSTACK</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-disable_002dcompletion"><code>disable-completion</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Variable-Index_vr_letter-E">E</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-echo_002dcontrol_002dcharacters"><code>echo-control-characters</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-editing_002dmode"><code>editing-mode</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-EMACS"><code>EMACS</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-emacs_002dmode_002dstring"><code>emacs-mode-string</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-enable_002dactive_002dregion-The"><code>enable-active-region The</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-enable_002dbracketed_002dpaste"><code>enable-bracketed-paste</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-enable_002dkeypad"><code>enable-keypad</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-enable_002dmeta_002dkey"><code>enable-meta-key</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ENV"><code>ENV</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-EPOCHREALTIME"><code>EPOCHREALTIME</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-EPOCHSECONDS"><code>EPOCHSECONDS</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-EUID"><code>EUID</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-EXECIGNORE"><code>EXECIGNORE</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-expand_002dtilde"><code>expand-tilde</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Variable-Index_vr_letter-F">F</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-FCEDIT"><code>FCEDIT</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-FIGNORE"><code>FIGNORE</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-force_002dmeta_002dprefix"><code>force-meta-prefix</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-FUNCNAME"><code>FUNCNAME</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-FUNCNEST"><code>FUNCNEST</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Variable-Index_vr_letter-G">G</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-GLOBIGNORE"><code>GLOBIGNORE</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-GLOBSORT"><code>GLOBSORT</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-GROUPS"><code>GROUPS</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Variable-Index_vr_letter-H">H</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-histchars"><code>histchars</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-HISTCMD"><code>HISTCMD</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-HISTCONTROL"><code>HISTCONTROL</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-HISTFILE"><code>HISTFILE</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-HISTFILESIZE"><code>HISTFILESIZE</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-HISTIGNORE"><code>HISTIGNORE</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-history_002dpreserve_002dpoint"><code>history-preserve-point</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-history_002dsize"><code>history-size</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-HISTSIZE"><code>HISTSIZE</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-HISTTIMEFORMAT"><code>HISTTIMEFORMAT</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-HOME"><code>HOME</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables">Bourne Shell Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-horizontal_002dscroll_002dmode"><code>horizontal-scroll-mode</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-HOSTFILE"><code>HOSTFILE</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-HOSTNAME"><code>HOSTNAME</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-HOSTTYPE"><code>HOSTTYPE</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Variable-Index_vr_letter-I">I</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-IFS"><code>IFS</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables">Bourne Shell Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-IGNOREEOF"><code>IGNOREEOF</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-input_002dmeta"><code>input-meta</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-INPUTRC"><code>INPUTRC</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-INSIDE_005fEMACS"><code>INSIDE_EMACS</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-isearch_002dterminators"><code>isearch-terminators</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Variable-Index_vr_letter-K">K</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-keymap"><code>keymap</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Variable-Index_vr_letter-L">L</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LANG"><code>LANG</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Creating-Internationalized-Scripts">Creating Internationalized Scripts</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LANG-1"><code>LANG</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LC_005fALL"><code>LC_ALL</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LC_005fCOLLATE"><code>LC_COLLATE</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LC_005fCTYPE"><code>LC_CTYPE</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LC_005fMESSAGES"><code>LC_MESSAGES</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Creating-Internationalized-Scripts">Creating Internationalized Scripts</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LC_005fMESSAGES-1"><code>LC_MESSAGES</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LC_005fNUMERIC"><code>LC_NUMERIC</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LC_005fTIME"><code>LC_TIME</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LINENO"><code>LINENO</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LINES"><code>LINES</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Variable-Index_vr_letter-M">M</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-MACHTYPE"><code>MACHTYPE</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-MAIL"><code>MAIL</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables">Bourne Shell Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-MAILCHECK"><code>MAILCHECK</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-MAILPATH"><code>MAILPATH</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables">Bourne Shell Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-MAPFILE"><code>MAPFILE</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mark_002dmodified_002dlines"><code>mark-modified-lines</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mark_002dsymlinked_002ddirectories"><code>mark-symlinked-directories</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-match_002dhidden_002dfiles"><code>match-hidden-files</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-menu_002dcomplete_002ddisplay_002dprefix"><code>menu-complete-display-prefix</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-meta_002dflag"><code>meta-flag</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Variable-Index_vr_letter-O">O</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-OLDPWD"><code>OLDPWD</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-OPTARG"><code>OPTARG</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables">Bourne Shell Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-OPTERR"><code>OPTERR</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-OPTIND"><code>OPTIND</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables">Bourne Shell Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-OSTYPE"><code>OSTYPE</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-output_002dmeta"><code>output-meta</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Variable-Index_vr_letter-P">P</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-page_002dcompletions"><code>page-completions</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-PATH"><code>PATH</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables">Bourne Shell Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-PIPESTATUS"><code>PIPESTATUS</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-POSIXLY_005fCORRECT"><code>POSIXLY_CORRECT</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-PPID"><code>PPID</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-PROMPT_005fCOMMAND"><code>PROMPT_COMMAND</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-PROMPT_005fDIRTRIM"><code>PROMPT_DIRTRIM</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-PS0"><code>PS0</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-PS1"><code>PS1</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables">Bourne Shell Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-PS2"><code>PS2</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables">Bourne Shell Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-PS3"><code>PS3</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-PS4"><code>PS4</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-PWD"><code>PWD</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Variable-Index_vr_letter-R">R</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-RANDOM"><code>RANDOM</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-READLINE_005fARGUMENT"><code>READLINE_ARGUMENT</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-READLINE_005fLINE"><code>READLINE_LINE</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-READLINE_005fMARK"><code>READLINE_MARK</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-READLINE_005fPOINT"><code>READLINE_POINT</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-REPLY"><code>REPLY</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-revert_002dall_002dat_002dnewline"><code>revert-all-at-newline</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Variable-Index_vr_letter-S">S</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-search_002dignore_002dcase"><code>search-ignore-case</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-SECONDS"><code>SECONDS</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-SHELL"><code>SHELL</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-SHELLOPTS"><code>SHELLOPTS</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-SHLVL"><code>SHLVL</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-show_002dall_002dif_002dambiguous"><code>show-all-if-ambiguous</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-show_002dall_002dif_002dunmodified"><code>show-all-if-unmodified</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-show_002dmode_002din_002dprompt"><code>show-mode-in-prompt</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-skip_002dcompleted_002dtext"><code>skip-completed-text</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-SRANDOM"><code>SRANDOM</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Variable-Index_vr_letter-T">T</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TEXTDOMAIN"><code>TEXTDOMAIN</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Creating-Internationalized-Scripts">Creating Internationalized Scripts</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TEXTDOMAINDIR"><code>TEXTDOMAINDIR</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Creating-Internationalized-Scripts">Creating Internationalized Scripts</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TIMEFORMAT"><code>TIMEFORMAT</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TMOUT"><code>TMOUT</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TMPDIR"><code>TMPDIR</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Variable-Index_vr_letter-U">U</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-UID"><code>UID</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Variable-Index_vr_letter-V">V</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-vi_002dcmd_002dmode_002dstring"><code>vi-cmd-mode-string</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-vi_002dins_002dmode_002dstring"><code>vi-ins-mode-string</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-visible_002dstats"><code>visible-stats</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
+<table class="index-entries-printindex vr-entries-printindex">
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex vr-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Variable-Index_vr_symbol-1">_</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005f"><code>_</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex vr-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Variable-Index_vr_symbol-2">-</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d"><code>-</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex vr-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Variable-Index_vr_symbol-3">!</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_0021-1"><code>!</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex vr-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Variable-Index_vr_symbol-4">?</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_003f"><code>?</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex vr-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Variable-Index_vr_symbol-5">@</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_0040"><code>@</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex vr-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Variable-Index_vr_symbol-6">*</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002a"><code>*</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex vr-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Variable-Index_vr_symbol-7">#</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_0023"><code>#</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex vr-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Variable-Index_vr_symbol-8">$</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_0024"><code>$</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_0024_005f"><code>$_</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_0024_002d"><code>$-</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_0024_0021"><code>$!</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_0024_003f"><code>$?</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_0024_0040"><code>$@</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_0024_002a"><code>$*</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_0024_0023"><code>$#</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_0024_0024"><code>$$</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_00240"><code>$0</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex vr-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Variable-Index_vr_symbol-9">0</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-0"><code>0</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex vr-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Variable-Index_vr_letter-A">A</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-active_002dregion_002dend_002dcolor"><code>active-region-end-color</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-active_002dregion_002dstart_002dcolor"><code>active-region-start-color</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-auto_005fresume"><code>auto_resume</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Job-Control-Variables">Job Control Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex vr-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Variable-Index_vr_letter-B">B</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-BASH"><code>BASH</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-BASH_005fALIASES"><code>BASH_ALIASES</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-BASH_005fARGC"><code>BASH_ARGC</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-BASH_005fARGV"><code>BASH_ARGV</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-BASH_005fARGV0"><code>BASH_ARGV0</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-BASH_005fCMDS"><code>BASH_CMDS</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-BASH_005fCOMMAND"><code>BASH_COMMAND</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-BASH_005fCOMPAT"><code>BASH_COMPAT</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-BASH_005fENV"><code>BASH_ENV</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-BASH_005fEXECUTION_005fSTRING"><code>BASH_EXECUTION_STRING</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-BASH_005fLINENO"><code>BASH_LINENO</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-BASH_005fLOADABLES_005fPATH"><code>BASH_LOADABLES_PATH</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-BASH_005fMONOSECONDS"><code>BASH_MONOSECONDS</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-BASH_005fREMATCH"><code>BASH_REMATCH</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-BASH_005fSOURCE"><code>BASH_SOURCE</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-BASH_005fSUBSHELL"><code>BASH_SUBSHELL</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-BASH_005fTRAPSIG"><code>BASH_TRAPSIG</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-BASH_005fVERSINFO"><code>BASH_VERSINFO</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-BASH_005fVERSION"><code>BASH_VERSION</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-BASH_005fXTRACEFD"><code>BASH_XTRACEFD</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-BASHOPTS"><code>BASHOPTS</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-BASHPID"><code>BASHPID</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bell_002dstyle"><code>bell-style</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bind_002dtty_002dspecial_002dchars"><code>bind-tty-special-chars</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-blink_002dmatching_002dparen"><code>blink-matching-paren</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex vr-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Variable-Index_vr_letter-C">C</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-CDPATH"><code>CDPATH</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables">Bourne Shell Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-CHILD_005fMAX"><code>CHILD_MAX</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-colored_002dcompletion_002dprefix"><code>colored-completion-prefix</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-colored_002dstats"><code>colored-stats</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-COLUMNS"><code>COLUMNS</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-comment_002dbegin"><code>comment-begin</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-COMP_005fCWORD"><code>COMP_CWORD</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-COMP_005fKEY"><code>COMP_KEY</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-COMP_005fLINE"><code>COMP_LINE</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-COMP_005fPOINT"><code>COMP_POINT</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-COMP_005fTYPE"><code>COMP_TYPE</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-COMP_005fWORDBREAKS"><code>COMP_WORDBREAKS</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-COMP_005fWORDS"><code>COMP_WORDS</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-completion_002ddisplay_002dwidth"><code>completion-display-width</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-completion_002dignore_002dcase"><code>completion-ignore-case</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-completion_002dmap_002dcase"><code>completion-map-case</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-completion_002dprefix_002ddisplay_002dlength"><code>completion-prefix-display-length</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-completion_002dquery_002ditems"><code>completion-query-items</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-COMPREPLY"><code>COMPREPLY</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-convert_002dmeta"><code>convert-meta</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-COPROC"><code>COPROC</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex vr-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Variable-Index_vr_letter-D">D</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-DIRSTACK"><code>DIRSTACK</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-disable_002dcompletion"><code>disable-completion</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex vr-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Variable-Index_vr_letter-E">E</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-echo_002dcontrol_002dcharacters"><code>echo-control-characters</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-editing_002dmode"><code>editing-mode</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-EMACS"><code>EMACS</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-emacs_002dmode_002dstring"><code>emacs-mode-string</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-enable_002dactive_002dregion-The"><code>enable-active-region The</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-enable_002dbracketed_002dpaste"><code>enable-bracketed-paste</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-enable_002dkeypad"><code>enable-keypad</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-enable_002dmeta_002dkey"><code>enable-meta-key</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ENV"><code>ENV</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-EPOCHREALTIME"><code>EPOCHREALTIME</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-EPOCHSECONDS"><code>EPOCHSECONDS</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-EUID"><code>EUID</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-EXECIGNORE"><code>EXECIGNORE</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-expand_002dtilde"><code>expand-tilde</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex vr-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Variable-Index_vr_letter-F">F</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-FCEDIT"><code>FCEDIT</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-FIGNORE"><code>FIGNORE</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-force_002dmeta_002dprefix"><code>force-meta-prefix</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-FUNCNAME"><code>FUNCNAME</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-FUNCNEST"><code>FUNCNEST</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex vr-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Variable-Index_vr_letter-G">G</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-GLOBIGNORE"><code>GLOBIGNORE</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-GLOBSORT"><code>GLOBSORT</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-GROUPS"><code>GROUPS</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex vr-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Variable-Index_vr_letter-H">H</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-histchars"><code>histchars</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-HISTCMD"><code>HISTCMD</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-HISTCONTROL"><code>HISTCONTROL</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-HISTFILE"><code>HISTFILE</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-HISTFILESIZE"><code>HISTFILESIZE</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-HISTIGNORE"><code>HISTIGNORE</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-history_002dpreserve_002dpoint"><code>history-preserve-point</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-history_002dsize"><code>history-size</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-HISTSIZE"><code>HISTSIZE</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-HISTTIMEFORMAT"><code>HISTTIMEFORMAT</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-HOME"><code>HOME</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables">Bourne Shell Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-horizontal_002dscroll_002dmode"><code>horizontal-scroll-mode</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-HOSTFILE"><code>HOSTFILE</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-HOSTNAME"><code>HOSTNAME</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-HOSTTYPE"><code>HOSTTYPE</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex vr-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Variable-Index_vr_letter-I">I</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-IFS"><code>IFS</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables">Bourne Shell Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-IGNOREEOF"><code>IGNOREEOF</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-input_002dmeta"><code>input-meta</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-INPUTRC"><code>INPUTRC</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-INSIDE_005fEMACS"><code>INSIDE_EMACS</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-isearch_002dterminators"><code>isearch-terminators</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex vr-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Variable-Index_vr_letter-K">K</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-keymap"><code>keymap</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex vr-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Variable-Index_vr_letter-L">L</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LANG"><code>LANG</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Creating-Internationalized-Scripts">Creating Internationalized Scripts</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LANG-1"><code>LANG</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LC_005fALL"><code>LC_ALL</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LC_005fCOLLATE"><code>LC_COLLATE</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LC_005fCTYPE"><code>LC_CTYPE</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LC_005fMESSAGES"><code>LC_MESSAGES</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Creating-Internationalized-Scripts">Creating Internationalized Scripts</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LC_005fMESSAGES-1"><code>LC_MESSAGES</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LC_005fNUMERIC"><code>LC_NUMERIC</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LC_005fTIME"><code>LC_TIME</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LINENO"><code>LINENO</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LINES"><code>LINES</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex vr-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Variable-Index_vr_letter-M">M</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-MACHTYPE"><code>MACHTYPE</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-MAIL"><code>MAIL</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables">Bourne Shell Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-MAILCHECK"><code>MAILCHECK</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-MAILPATH"><code>MAILPATH</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables">Bourne Shell Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-MAPFILE"><code>MAPFILE</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mark_002dmodified_002dlines"><code>mark-modified-lines</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mark_002dsymlinked_002ddirectories"><code>mark-symlinked-directories</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-match_002dhidden_002dfiles"><code>match-hidden-files</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-menu_002dcomplete_002ddisplay_002dprefix"><code>menu-complete-display-prefix</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-meta_002dflag"><code>meta-flag</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex vr-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Variable-Index_vr_letter-O">O</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-OLDPWD"><code>OLDPWD</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-OPTARG"><code>OPTARG</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables">Bourne Shell Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-OPTERR"><code>OPTERR</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-OPTIND"><code>OPTIND</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables">Bourne Shell Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-OSTYPE"><code>OSTYPE</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-output_002dmeta"><code>output-meta</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex vr-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Variable-Index_vr_letter-P">P</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-page_002dcompletions"><code>page-completions</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-PATH"><code>PATH</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables">Bourne Shell Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-PIPESTATUS"><code>PIPESTATUS</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-POSIXLY_005fCORRECT"><code>POSIXLY_CORRECT</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-PPID"><code>PPID</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-PROMPT_005fCOMMAND"><code>PROMPT_COMMAND</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-PROMPT_005fDIRTRIM"><code>PROMPT_DIRTRIM</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-PS0"><code>PS0</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-PS1"><code>PS1</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables">Bourne Shell Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-PS2"><code>PS2</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables">Bourne Shell Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-PS3"><code>PS3</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-PS4"><code>PS4</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-PWD"><code>PWD</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex vr-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Variable-Index_vr_letter-R">R</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-RANDOM"><code>RANDOM</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-READLINE_005fARGUMENT"><code>READLINE_ARGUMENT</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-READLINE_005fLINE"><code>READLINE_LINE</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-READLINE_005fMARK"><code>READLINE_MARK</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-READLINE_005fPOINT"><code>READLINE_POINT</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-REPLY"><code>REPLY</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-revert_002dall_002dat_002dnewline"><code>revert-all-at-newline</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex vr-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Variable-Index_vr_letter-S">S</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-search_002dignore_002dcase"><code>search-ignore-case</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-SECONDS"><code>SECONDS</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-SHELL"><code>SHELL</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-SHELLOPTS"><code>SHELLOPTS</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-SHLVL"><code>SHLVL</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-show_002dall_002dif_002dambiguous"><code>show-all-if-ambiguous</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-show_002dall_002dif_002dunmodified"><code>show-all-if-unmodified</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-show_002dmode_002din_002dprompt"><code>show-mode-in-prompt</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-skip_002dcompleted_002dtext"><code>skip-completed-text</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-SRANDOM"><code>SRANDOM</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex vr-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Variable-Index_vr_letter-T">T</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TEXTDOMAIN"><code>TEXTDOMAIN</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Creating-Internationalized-Scripts">Creating Internationalized Scripts</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TEXTDOMAINDIR"><code>TEXTDOMAINDIR</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Creating-Internationalized-Scripts">Creating Internationalized Scripts</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TIMEFORMAT"><code>TIMEFORMAT</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TMOUT"><code>TMOUT</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TMPDIR"><code>TMPDIR</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex vr-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Variable-Index_vr_letter-U">U</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-UID"><code>UID</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex vr-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Variable-Index_vr_letter-V">V</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-vi_002dcmd_002dmode_002dstring"><code>vi-cmd-mode-string</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-vi_002dins_002dmode_002dstring"><code>vi-ins-mode-string</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-visible_002dstats"><code>visible-stats</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
</table>
-<table class="vr-letters-footer-printindex"><tr><th>Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Variable-Index_vr_symbol-1"><b>_</b></a>
+<table class="
index-letters-footer-printindex vr-letters-footer-printindex"><tr><th>Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Variable-Index_vr_symbol-1"><b>_</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Variable-Index_vr_symbol-2"><b>-</b></a>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="appendixsec-level-extent" id="Function-Index">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Concept Index</a>, Previous: <a href="#Variable-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Parameter and Variable Index</a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Next: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Concept-Index" rel="next">Concept Index</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Variable-Index" rel="prev">Parameter and Variable Index</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Indexes" rel="up">Indexes</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h3 class="appendixsec" id="Function-Index-1"><span>D.4 Function Index<a class="copiable-link" href="#Function-Index-1"> ¶</a></span></h3>
<div class="printindex fn-printindex">
-<table class="fn-letters-header-printindex"><tr><th>Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
+<table class="
index-letters-header-printindex fn-letters-header-printindex"><tr><th>Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-B"><b>B</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-Y"><b>Y</b></a>
</td></tr></table>
-<table class="fn-entries-printindex">
-<tr><td></td><th class="entries-header-printindex">Index Entry</th><th class="sections-header-printindex">Section</th></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Function-Index_fn_letter-A">A</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-abort-_0028C_002dg_0029"><code>abort (C-g)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-accept_002dline-_0028Newline-or-Return_0029"><code>accept-line (Newline or Return)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-alias_002dexpand_002dline-_0028_0029"><code>alias-expand-line ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Function-Index_fn_letter-B">B</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-backward_002dchar-_0028C_002db_0029"><code>backward-char (C-b)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-backward_002ddelete_002dchar-_0028Rubout_0029"><code>backward-delete-char (Rubout)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-backward_002dkill_002dline-_0028C_002dx-Rubout_0029"><code>backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-backward_002dkill_002dword-_0028M_002dDEL_0029"><code>backward-kill-word (M-<kbd class="key">DEL</kbd>)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-backward_002dword-_0028M_002db_0029"><code>backward-word (M-b)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-beginning_002dof_002dhistory-_0028M_002d_003c_0029"><code>beginning-of-history (M-<)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-beginning_002dof_002dline-_0028C_002da_0029"><code>beginning-of-line (C-a)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bracketed_002dpaste_002dbegin-_0028_0029"><code>bracketed-paste-begin ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Function-Index_fn_letter-C">C</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-call_002dlast_002dkbd_002dmacro-_0028C_002dx-e_0029"><code>call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Keyboard-Macros">Keyboard Macros</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-capitalize_002dword-_0028M_002dc_0029"><code>capitalize-word (M-c)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-character_002dsearch-_0028C_002d_005d_0029"><code>character-search (C-])</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-character_002dsearch_002dbackward-_0028M_002dC_002d_005d_0029"><code>character-search-backward (M-C-])</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-clear_002ddisplay-_0028M_002dC_002dl_0029"><code>clear-display (M-C-l)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-clear_002dscreen-_0028C_002dl_0029"><code>clear-screen (C-l)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-complete-_0028TAB_0029"><code>complete (<kbd class="key">TAB</kbd>)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-complete_002dcommand-_0028M_002d_0021_0029"><code>complete-command (M-!)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-complete_002dfilename-_0028M_002d_002f_0029"><code>complete-filename (M-/)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-complete_002dhostname-_0028M_002d_0040_0029"><code>complete-hostname (M-@)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-complete_002dinto_002dbraces-_0028M_002d_007b_0029"><code>complete-into-braces (M-{)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-complete_002dusername-_0028M_002d_007e_0029"><code>complete-username (M-~)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-complete_002dvariable-_0028M_002d_0024_0029"><code>complete-variable (M-$)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-copy_002dbackward_002dword-_0028_0029"><code>copy-backward-word ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-copy_002dforward_002dword-_0028_0029"><code>copy-forward-word ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-copy_002dregion_002das_002dkill-_0028_0029"><code>copy-region-as-kill ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Function-Index_fn_letter-D">D</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dabbrev_002dexpand-_0028_0029"><code>dabbrev-expand ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-delete_002dchar-_0028C_002dd_0029"><code>delete-char (C-d)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-delete_002dchar_002dor_002dlist-_0028_0029"><code>delete-char-or-list ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-delete_002dhorizontal_002dspace-_0028_0029"><code>delete-horizontal-space ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-digit_002dargument-_0028M_002d0_002c-M_002d1_002c-_002e_002e_002e-M_002d_002d_0029"><code>digit-argument (<kbd class="kbd">M-0</kbd>, <kbd class="kbd">M-1</kbd>, … <kbd class="kbd">M--</kbd>)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Numeric-Arguments">Numeric Arguments</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-display_002dshell_002dversion-_0028C_002dx-C_002dv_0029"><code>display-shell-version (C-x C-v)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-do_002dlowercase_002dversion-_0028M_002dA_002c-M_002dB_002c-M_002dx_002c-_002e_002e_002e_0029"><code>do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-<var class="var">x</var>, …)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-downcase_002dword-_0028M_002dl_0029"><code>downcase-word (M-l)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dump_002dfunctions-_0028_0029"><code>dump-functions ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dump_002dmacros-_0028_0029"><code>dump-macros ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dump_002dvariables-_0028_0029"><code>dump-variables ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dynamic_002dcomplete_002dhistory-_0028M_002dTAB_0029"><code>dynamic-complete-history (M-<kbd class="key">TAB</kbd>)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Function-Index_fn_letter-E">E</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-edit_002dand_002dexecute_002dcommand-_0028C_002dx-C_002de_0029"><code>edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-end_002dkbd_002dmacro-_0028C_002dx-_0029_0029"><code>end-kbd-macro (C-x ))</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Keyboard-Macros">Keyboard Macros</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-end_002dof_002dfile-_0028usually-C_002dd_0029"><code><i class="i">end-of-file</i> (usually C-d)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-end_002dof_002dhistory-_0028M_002d_003e_0029"><code>end-of-history (M->)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-end_002dof_002dline-_0028C_002de_0029"><code>end-of-line (C-e)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-exchange_002dpoint_002dand_002dmark-_0028C_002dx-C_002dx_0029"><code>exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-execute_002dnamed_002dcommand-_0028M_002dx_0029"><code>execute-named-command (M-x)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-export_002dcompletions-_0028_0029"><code>export-completions ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Function-Index_fn_letter-F">F</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fetch_002dhistory-_0028_0029"><code>fetch-history ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-forward_002dbackward_002ddelete_002dchar-_0028_0029"><code>forward-backward-delete-char ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-forward_002dchar-_0028C_002df_0029"><code>forward-char (C-f)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-forward_002dsearch_002dhistory-_0028C_002ds_0029"><code>forward-search-history (C-s)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-forward_002dword-_0028M_002df_0029"><code>forward-word (M-f)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Function-Index_fn_letter-G">G</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-glob_002dcomplete_002dword-_0028M_002dg_0029"><code>glob-complete-word (M-g)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-glob_002dexpand_002dword-_0028C_002dx-_002a_0029"><code>glob-expand-word (C-x *)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-glob_002dlist_002dexpansions-_0028C_002dx-g_0029"><code>glob-list-expansions (C-x g)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Function-Index_fn_letter-H">H</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-history_002dand_002dalias_002dexpand_002dline-_0028_0029"><code>history-and-alias-expand-line ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-history_002dexpand_002dline-_0028M_002d_005e_0029"><code>history-expand-line (M-^)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-history_002dsearch_002dbackward-_0028_0029"><code>history-search-backward ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-history_002dsearch_002dforward-_0028_0029"><code>history-search-forward ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-history_002dsubstring_002dsearch_002dbackward-_0028_0029"><code>history-substring-search-backward ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-history_002dsubstring_002dsearch_002dforward-_0028_0029"><code>history-substring-search-forward ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Function-Index_fn_letter-I">I</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-insert_002dcomment-_0028M_002d_0023_0029"><code>insert-comment (M-#)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-insert_002dcompletions-_0028M_002d_002a_0029"><code>insert-completions (M-*)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-insert_002dlast_002dargument-_0028M_002d_002e-or-M_002d_005f_0029"><code>insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Function-Index_fn_letter-K">K</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-kill_002dline-_0028C_002dk_0029"><code>kill-line (C-k)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-kill_002dregion-_0028_0029"><code>kill-region ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-kill_002dwhole_002dline-_0028_0029"><code>kill-whole-line ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-kill_002dword-_0028M_002dd_0029"><code>kill-word (M-d)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Function-Index_fn_letter-M">M</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-magic_002dspace-_0028_0029"><code>magic-space ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-menu_002dcomplete-_0028_0029"><code>menu-complete ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-menu_002dcomplete_002dbackward-_0028_0029"><code>menu-complete-backward ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Function-Index_fn_letter-N">N</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-next_002dhistory-_0028C_002dn_0029"><code>next-history (C-n)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-next_002dscreen_002dline-_0028_0029"><code>next-screen-line ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-non_002dincremental_002dforward_002dsearch_002dhistory-_0028M_002dn_0029"><code>non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-non_002dincremental_002dreverse_002dsearch_002dhistory-_0028M_002dp_0029"><code>non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Function-Index_fn_letter-O">O</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-operate_002dand_002dget_002dnext-_0028C_002do_0029"><code>operate-and-get-next (C-o)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-overwrite_002dmode-_0028_0029"><code>overwrite-mode ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Function-Index_fn_letter-P">P</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-possible_002dcommand_002dcompletions-_0028C_002dx-_0021_0029"><code>possible-command-completions (C-x !)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-possible_002dcompletions-_0028M_002d_003f_0029"><code>possible-completions (M-?)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-possible_002dfilename_002dcompletions-_0028C_002dx-_002f_0029"><code>possible-filename-completions (C-x /)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-possible_002dhostname_002dcompletions-_0028C_002dx-_0040_0029"><code>possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-possible_002dusername_002dcompletions-_0028C_002dx-_007e_0029"><code>possible-username-completions (C-x ~)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-possible_002dvariable_002dcompletions-_0028C_002dx-_0024_0029"><code>possible-variable-completions (C-x $)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-prefix_002dmeta-_0028ESC_0029"><code>prefix-meta (<kbd class="key">ESC</kbd>)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-previous_002dhistory-_0028C_002dp_0029"><code>previous-history (C-p)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-previous_002dscreen_002dline-_0028_0029"><code>previous-screen-line ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-print_002dlast_002dkbd_002dmacro-_0028_0029"><code>print-last-kbd-macro ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Keyboard-Macros">Keyboard Macros</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Function-Index_fn_letter-Q">Q</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-quoted_002dinsert-_0028C_002dq-or-C_002dv_0029"><code>quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Function-Index_fn_letter-R">R</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-re_002dread_002dinit_002dfile-_0028C_002dx-C_002dr_0029"><code>re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-redraw_002dcurrent_002dline-_0028_0029"><code>redraw-current-line ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-reverse_002dsearch_002dhistory-_0028C_002dr_0029"><code>reverse-search-history (C-r)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-revert_002dline-_0028M_002dr_0029"><code>revert-line (M-r)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Function-Index_fn_letter-S">S</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-self_002dinsert-_0028a_002c-b_002c-A_002c-1_002c-_0021_002c-_002e_002e_002e_0029"><code>self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, …)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-set_002dmark-_0028C_002d_0040_0029"><code>set-mark (C-@)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-shell_002dbackward_002dkill_002dword-_0028_0029"><code>shell-backward-kill-word ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-shell_002dbackward_002dword-_0028M_002dC_002db_0029"><code>shell-backward-word (M-C-b)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-shell_002dexpand_002dand_002drequote_002dline-_0028_0029"><code>shell-expand-and-requote-line ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-shell_002dexpand_002dline-_0028M_002dC_002de_0029"><code>shell-expand-line (M-C-e)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-shell_002dforward_002dword-_0028M_002dC_002df_0029"><code>shell-forward-word (M-C-f)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-shell_002dkill_002dword-_0028M_002dC_002dd_0029"><code>shell-kill-word (M-C-d)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-shell_002dtranspose_002dwords-_0028M_002dC_002dt_0029"><code>shell-transpose-words (M-C-t)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-skip_002dcsi_002dsequence-_0028_0029"><code>skip-csi-sequence ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-spell_002dcorrect_002dword-_0028C_002dx-s_0029"><code>spell-correct-word (C-x s)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-start_002dkbd_002dmacro-_0028C_002dx-_0028_0029"><code>start-kbd-macro (C-x ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Keyboard-Macros">Keyboard Macros</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Function-Index_fn_letter-T">T</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tilde_002dexpand-_0028M_002d_0026_0029"><code>tilde-expand (M-&)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-transpose_002dchars-_0028C_002dt_0029"><code>transpose-chars (C-t)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-transpose_002dwords-_0028M_002dt_0029"><code>transpose-words (M-t)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Function-Index_fn_letter-U">U</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-undo-_0028C_002d_005f-or-C_002dx-C_002du_0029"><code>undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-universal_002dargument-_0028_0029"><code>universal-argument ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Numeric-Arguments">Numeric Arguments</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-unix_002dfilename_002drubout-_0028_0029"><code>unix-filename-rubout ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-unix_002dline_002ddiscard-_0028C_002du_0029"><code>unix-line-discard (C-u)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-unix_002dword_002drubout-_0028C_002dw_0029"><code>unix-word-rubout (C-w)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-upcase_002dword-_0028M_002du_0029"><code>upcase-word (M-u)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Function-Index_fn_letter-Y">Y</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-yank-_0028C_002dy_0029"><code>yank (C-y)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-yank_002dlast_002darg-_0028M_002d_002e-or-M_002d_005f_0029"><code>yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-yank_002dnth_002darg-_0028M_002dC_002dy_0029"><code>yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-yank_002dpop-_0028M_002dy_0029"><code>yank-pop (M-y)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
+<table class="index-entries-printindex fn-entries-printindex">
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex fn-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Function-Index_fn_letter-A">A</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-abort-_0028C_002dg_0029"><code>abort (C-g)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-accept_002dline-_0028Newline-or-Return_0029"><code>accept-line (Newline or Return)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-alias_002dexpand_002dline-_0028_0029"><code>alias-expand-line ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex fn-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Function-Index_fn_letter-B">B</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-backward_002dchar-_0028C_002db_0029"><code>backward-char (C-b)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-backward_002ddelete_002dchar-_0028Rubout_0029"><code>backward-delete-char (Rubout)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-backward_002dkill_002dline-_0028C_002dx-Rubout_0029"><code>backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-backward_002dkill_002dword-_0028M_002dDEL_0029"><code>backward-kill-word (M-<kbd class="key">DEL</kbd>)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-backward_002dword-_0028M_002db_0029"><code>backward-word (M-b)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-beginning_002dof_002dhistory-_0028M_002d_003c_0029"><code>beginning-of-history (M-<)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-beginning_002dof_002dline-_0028C_002da_0029"><code>beginning-of-line (C-a)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bracketed_002dpaste_002dbegin-_0028_0029"><code>bracketed-paste-begin ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex fn-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Function-Index_fn_letter-C">C</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-call_002dlast_002dkbd_002dmacro-_0028C_002dx-e_0029"><code>call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Keyboard-Macros">Keyboard Macros</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-capitalize_002dword-_0028M_002dc_0029"><code>capitalize-word (M-c)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-character_002dsearch-_0028C_002d_005d_0029"><code>character-search (C-])</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-character_002dsearch_002dbackward-_0028M_002dC_002d_005d_0029"><code>character-search-backward (M-C-])</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-clear_002ddisplay-_0028M_002dC_002dl_0029"><code>clear-display (M-C-l)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-clear_002dscreen-_0028C_002dl_0029"><code>clear-screen (C-l)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-complete-_0028TAB_0029"><code>complete (<kbd class="key">TAB</kbd>)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-complete_002dcommand-_0028M_002d_0021_0029"><code>complete-command (M-!)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-complete_002dfilename-_0028M_002d_002f_0029"><code>complete-filename (M-/)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-complete_002dhostname-_0028M_002d_0040_0029"><code>complete-hostname (M-@)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-complete_002dinto_002dbraces-_0028M_002d_007b_0029"><code>complete-into-braces (M-{)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-complete_002dusername-_0028M_002d_007e_0029"><code>complete-username (M-~)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-complete_002dvariable-_0028M_002d_0024_0029"><code>complete-variable (M-$)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-copy_002dbackward_002dword-_0028_0029"><code>copy-backward-word ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-copy_002dforward_002dword-_0028_0029"><code>copy-forward-word ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-copy_002dregion_002das_002dkill-_0028_0029"><code>copy-region-as-kill ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex fn-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Function-Index_fn_letter-D">D</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dabbrev_002dexpand-_0028_0029"><code>dabbrev-expand ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-delete_002dchar-_0028C_002dd_0029"><code>delete-char (C-d)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-delete_002dchar_002dor_002dlist-_0028_0029"><code>delete-char-or-list ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-delete_002dhorizontal_002dspace-_0028_0029"><code>delete-horizontal-space ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-digit_002dargument-_0028M_002d0_002c-M_002d1_002c-_002e_002e_002e-M_002d_002d_0029"><code>digit-argument (<kbd class="kbd">M-0</kbd>, <kbd class="kbd">M-1</kbd>, … <kbd class="kbd">M--</kbd>)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Numeric-Arguments">Numeric Arguments</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-display_002dshell_002dversion-_0028C_002dx-C_002dv_0029"><code>display-shell-version (C-x C-v)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-do_002dlowercase_002dversion-_0028M_002dA_002c-M_002dB_002c-M_002dx_002c-_002e_002e_002e_0029"><code>do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-<var class="var">x</var>, …)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-downcase_002dword-_0028M_002dl_0029"><code>downcase-word (M-l)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dump_002dfunctions-_0028_0029"><code>dump-functions ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dump_002dmacros-_0028_0029"><code>dump-macros ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dump_002dvariables-_0028_0029"><code>dump-variables ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dynamic_002dcomplete_002dhistory-_0028M_002dTAB_0029"><code>dynamic-complete-history (M-<kbd class="key">TAB</kbd>)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex fn-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Function-Index_fn_letter-E">E</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-edit_002dand_002dexecute_002dcommand-_0028C_002dx-C_002de_0029"><code>edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-end_002dkbd_002dmacro-_0028C_002dx-_0029_0029"><code>end-kbd-macro (C-x ))</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Keyboard-Macros">Keyboard Macros</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-end_002dof_002dfile-_0028usually-C_002dd_0029"><code><i class="i">end-of-file</i> (usually C-d)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-end_002dof_002dhistory-_0028M_002d_003e_0029"><code>end-of-history (M->)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-end_002dof_002dline-_0028C_002de_0029"><code>end-of-line (C-e)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-exchange_002dpoint_002dand_002dmark-_0028C_002dx-C_002dx_0029"><code>exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-execute_002dnamed_002dcommand-_0028M_002dx_0029"><code>execute-named-command (M-x)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-export_002dcompletions-_0028_0029"><code>export-completions ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex fn-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Function-Index_fn_letter-F">F</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fetch_002dhistory-_0028_0029"><code>fetch-history ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-forward_002dbackward_002ddelete_002dchar-_0028_0029"><code>forward-backward-delete-char ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-forward_002dchar-_0028C_002df_0029"><code>forward-char (C-f)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-forward_002dsearch_002dhistory-_0028C_002ds_0029"><code>forward-search-history (C-s)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-forward_002dword-_0028M_002df_0029"><code>forward-word (M-f)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex fn-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Function-Index_fn_letter-G">G</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-glob_002dcomplete_002dword-_0028M_002dg_0029"><code>glob-complete-word (M-g)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-glob_002dexpand_002dword-_0028C_002dx-_002a_0029"><code>glob-expand-word (C-x *)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-glob_002dlist_002dexpansions-_0028C_002dx-g_0029"><code>glob-list-expansions (C-x g)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex fn-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Function-Index_fn_letter-H">H</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-history_002dand_002dalias_002dexpand_002dline-_0028_0029"><code>history-and-alias-expand-line ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-history_002dexpand_002dline-_0028M_002d_005e_0029"><code>history-expand-line (M-^)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-history_002dsearch_002dbackward-_0028_0029"><code>history-search-backward ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-history_002dsearch_002dforward-_0028_0029"><code>history-search-forward ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-history_002dsubstring_002dsearch_002dbackward-_0028_0029"><code>history-substring-search-backward ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-history_002dsubstring_002dsearch_002dforward-_0028_0029"><code>history-substring-search-forward ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex fn-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Function-Index_fn_letter-I">I</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-insert_002dcomment-_0028M_002d_0023_0029"><code>insert-comment (M-#)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-insert_002dcompletions-_0028M_002d_002a_0029"><code>insert-completions (M-*)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-insert_002dlast_002dargument-_0028M_002d_002e-or-M_002d_005f_0029"><code>insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex fn-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Function-Index_fn_letter-K">K</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-kill_002dline-_0028C_002dk_0029"><code>kill-line (C-k)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-kill_002dregion-_0028_0029"><code>kill-region ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-kill_002dwhole_002dline-_0028_0029"><code>kill-whole-line ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-kill_002dword-_0028M_002dd_0029"><code>kill-word (M-d)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex fn-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Function-Index_fn_letter-M">M</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-magic_002dspace-_0028_0029"><code>magic-space ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-menu_002dcomplete-_0028_0029"><code>menu-complete ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-menu_002dcomplete_002dbackward-_0028_0029"><code>menu-complete-backward ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex fn-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Function-Index_fn_letter-N">N</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-next_002dhistory-_0028C_002dn_0029"><code>next-history (C-n)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-next_002dscreen_002dline-_0028_0029"><code>next-screen-line ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-non_002dincremental_002dforward_002dsearch_002dhistory-_0028M_002dn_0029"><code>non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-non_002dincremental_002dreverse_002dsearch_002dhistory-_0028M_002dp_0029"><code>non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex fn-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Function-Index_fn_letter-O">O</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-operate_002dand_002dget_002dnext-_0028C_002do_0029"><code>operate-and-get-next (C-o)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-overwrite_002dmode-_0028_0029"><code>overwrite-mode ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex fn-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Function-Index_fn_letter-P">P</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-possible_002dcommand_002dcompletions-_0028C_002dx-_0021_0029"><code>possible-command-completions (C-x !)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-possible_002dcompletions-_0028M_002d_003f_0029"><code>possible-completions (M-?)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-possible_002dfilename_002dcompletions-_0028C_002dx-_002f_0029"><code>possible-filename-completions (C-x /)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-possible_002dhostname_002dcompletions-_0028C_002dx-_0040_0029"><code>possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-possible_002dusername_002dcompletions-_0028C_002dx-_007e_0029"><code>possible-username-completions (C-x ~)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-possible_002dvariable_002dcompletions-_0028C_002dx-_0024_0029"><code>possible-variable-completions (C-x $)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-prefix_002dmeta-_0028ESC_0029"><code>prefix-meta (<kbd class="key">ESC</kbd>)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-previous_002dhistory-_0028C_002dp_0029"><code>previous-history (C-p)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-previous_002dscreen_002dline-_0028_0029"><code>previous-screen-line ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-print_002dlast_002dkbd_002dmacro-_0028_0029"><code>print-last-kbd-macro ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Keyboard-Macros">Keyboard Macros</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex fn-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Function-Index_fn_letter-Q">Q</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-quoted_002dinsert-_0028C_002dq-or-C_002dv_0029"><code>quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex fn-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Function-Index_fn_letter-R">R</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-re_002dread_002dinit_002dfile-_0028C_002dx-C_002dr_0029"><code>re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-redraw_002dcurrent_002dline-_0028_0029"><code>redraw-current-line ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-reverse_002dsearch_002dhistory-_0028C_002dr_0029"><code>reverse-search-history (C-r)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-revert_002dline-_0028M_002dr_0029"><code>revert-line (M-r)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex fn-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Function-Index_fn_letter-S">S</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-self_002dinsert-_0028a_002c-b_002c-A_002c-1_002c-_0021_002c-_002e_002e_002e_0029"><code>self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, …)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-set_002dmark-_0028C_002d_0040_0029"><code>set-mark (C-@)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-shell_002dbackward_002dkill_002dword-_0028_0029"><code>shell-backward-kill-word ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-shell_002dbackward_002dword-_0028M_002dC_002db_0029"><code>shell-backward-word (M-C-b)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-shell_002dexpand_002dand_002drequote_002dline-_0028_0029"><code>shell-expand-and-requote-line ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-shell_002dexpand_002dline-_0028M_002dC_002de_0029"><code>shell-expand-line (M-C-e)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-shell_002dforward_002dword-_0028M_002dC_002df_0029"><code>shell-forward-word (M-C-f)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-shell_002dkill_002dword-_0028M_002dC_002dd_0029"><code>shell-kill-word (M-C-d)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-shell_002dtranspose_002dwords-_0028M_002dC_002dt_0029"><code>shell-transpose-words (M-C-t)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-skip_002dcsi_002dsequence-_0028_0029"><code>skip-csi-sequence ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-spell_002dcorrect_002dword-_0028C_002dx-s_0029"><code>spell-correct-word (C-x s)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-start_002dkbd_002dmacro-_0028C_002dx-_0028_0029"><code>start-kbd-macro (C-x ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Keyboard-Macros">Keyboard Macros</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex fn-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Function-Index_fn_letter-T">T</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tilde_002dexpand-_0028M_002d_0026_0029"><code>tilde-expand (M-&)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-transpose_002dchars-_0028C_002dt_0029"><code>transpose-chars (C-t)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-transpose_002dwords-_0028M_002dt_0029"><code>transpose-words (M-t)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex fn-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Function-Index_fn_letter-U">U</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-undo-_0028C_002d_005f-or-C_002dx-C_002du_0029"><code>undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-universal_002dargument-_0028_0029"><code>universal-argument ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Numeric-Arguments">Numeric Arguments</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-unix_002dfilename_002drubout-_0028_0029"><code>unix-filename-rubout ()</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-unix_002dline_002ddiscard-_0028C_002du_0029"><code>unix-line-discard (C-u)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-unix_002dword_002drubout-_0028C_002dw_0029"><code>unix-word-rubout (C-w)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-upcase_002dword-_0028M_002du_0029"><code>upcase-word (M-u)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex fn-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Function-Index_fn_letter-Y">Y</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-yank-_0028C_002dy_0029"><code>yank (C-y)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-yank_002dlast_002darg-_0028M_002d_002e-or-M_002d_005f_0029"><code>yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-yank_002dnth_002darg-_0028M_002dC_002dy_0029"><code>yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-yank_002dpop-_0028M_002dy_0029"><code>yank-pop (M-y)</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
</table>
-<table class="fn-letters-footer-printindex"><tr><th>Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
+<table class="
index-letters-footer-printindex fn-letters-footer-printindex"><tr><th>Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-B"><b>B</b></a>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="appendixsec-level-extent" id="Concept-Index">
-<div class="nav-panel">
-<p>
-Previous: <a href="#Function-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Function Index</a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
+<p class="nav-panel">
+<span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Previous: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Function-Index" rel="prev">Function Index</a></span></span>, <span class="nav-button"><span class="nav-label">Up: </span><span class="nav-link"><a href="#Indexes" rel="up">Indexes</a></span></span><span class="nav-button"> </span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</span><span class="nav-button">[<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</span></p>
<h3 class="appendixsec" id="Concept-Index-1"><span>D.5 Concept Index<a class="copiable-link" href="#Concept-Index-1"> ¶</a></span></h3>
<div class="printindex cp-printindex">
-<table class="cp-letters-header-printindex"><tr><th>Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
+<table class="
index-letters-header-printindex cp-letters-header-printindex"><tr><th>Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-B"><b>B</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-Y"><b>Y</b></a>
</td></tr></table>
-<table class="cp-entries-printindex">
-<tr><td></td><th class="entries-header-printindex">Index Entry</th><th class="sections-header-printindex">Section</th></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Concept-Index_cp_letter-A">A</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-alias-expansion">alias expansion</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Aliases">Aliases</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-arithmetic-evaluation">arithmetic evaluation</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-arithmetic-expansion">arithmetic expansion</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Arithmetic-Expansion">Arithmetic Expansion</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-arithmetic-operators">arithmetic operators</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-arithmetic_002c-shell">arithmetic, shell</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-arrays">arrays</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Arrays">Arrays</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Concept-Index_cp_letter-B">B</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-background">background</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Job-Control-Basics">Job Control Basics</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Bash-configuration">Bash configuration</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Basic-Installation">Basic Installation</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Bash-installation">Bash installation</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Basic-Installation">Basic Installation</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-binary-arithmetic-operators">binary arithmetic operators</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bitwise-arithmetic-operators">bitwise arithmetic operators</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Bourne-shell">Bourne shell</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Basic-Shell-Features">Basic Shell Features</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-brace-expansion">brace expansion</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Brace-Expansion">Brace Expansion</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-builtin-1">builtin</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Concept-Index_cp_letter-C">C</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-command-editing">command editing</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Bare-Essentials">Readline Bare Essentials</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-command-execution">command execution</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-Search-and-Execution">Command Search and Execution</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-command-expansion">command expansion</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Simple-Command-Expansion">Simple Command Expansion</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-command-history">command history</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-History-Facilities">Bash History Facilities</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-command-search">command search</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-Search-and-Execution">Command Search and Execution</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-command-substitution">command substitution</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-Substitution">Command Substitution</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-command-timing">command timing</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Pipelines">Pipelines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-commands_002c-compound">commands, compound</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Compound-Commands">Compound Commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-commands_002c-conditional">commands, conditional</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-commands_002c-grouping">commands, grouping</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-Grouping">Command Grouping</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-commands_002c-lists">commands, lists</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Lists">Lists</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-commands_002c-looping">commands, looping</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Looping-Constructs">Looping Constructs</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-commands_002c-pipelines">commands, pipelines</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Pipelines">Pipelines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-commands_002c-shell">commands, shell</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-Commands">Shell Commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-commands_002c-simple">commands, simple</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Simple-Commands">Simple Commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-comments_002c-shell">comments, shell</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Comments">Comments</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Compatibility-Level">Compatibility Level</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-Compatibility-Mode">Shell Compatibility Mode</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Compatibility-Mode">Compatibility Mode</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-Compatibility-Mode">Shell Compatibility Mode</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-completion-builtins">completion builtins</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Programmable-Completion-Builtins">Programmable Completion Builtins</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-conditional-arithmetic-operator">conditional arithmetic operator</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-configuration">configuration</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Basic-Installation">Basic Installation</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-control-operator">control operator</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-coprocess">coprocess</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Coprocesses">Coprocesses</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Concept-Index_cp_letter-D">D</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-directory-stack">directory stack</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#The-Directory-Stack">The Directory Stack</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dollar_002dsingle-quote-quoting">dollar-single quote quoting</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#ANSI_002dC-Quoting">ANSI-C Quoting</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Concept-Index_cp_letter-E">E</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-editing-command-lines">editing command lines</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Bare-Essentials">Readline Bare Essentials</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment">environment</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Environment">Environment</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-evaluation_002c-arithmetic">evaluation, arithmetic</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-event-designators">event designators</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Event-Designators">Event Designators</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-execution-environment">execution environment</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-Execution-Environment">Command Execution Environment</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-exit-status">exit status</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-exit-status-1">exit status</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Exit-Status">Exit Status</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-expansion">expansion</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-Expansions">Shell Expansions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-expansion_002c-arithmetic">expansion, arithmetic</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Arithmetic-Expansion">Arithmetic Expansion</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-expansion_002c-brace">expansion, brace</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Brace-Expansion">Brace Expansion</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-expansion_002c-filename">expansion, filename</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Filename-Expansion">Filename Expansion</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-expansion_002c-parameter">expansion, parameter</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion">Shell Parameter Expansion</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-expansion_002c-pathname">expansion, pathname</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Filename-Expansion">Filename Expansion</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-expansion_002c-tilde">expansion, tilde</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Tilde-Expansion">Tilde Expansion</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-expressions_002c-arithmetic">expressions, arithmetic</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-expressions_002c-conditional">expressions, conditional</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Conditional-Expressions">Bash Conditional Expressions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Concept-Index_cp_letter-F">F</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-field">field</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-filename">filename</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-filename-expansion">filename expansion</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Filename-Expansion">Filename Expansion</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-foreground">foreground</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Job-Control-Basics">Job Control Basics</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-functions_002c-shell">functions, shell</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-Functions">Shell Functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Concept-Index_cp_letter-H">H</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-history-builtins">history builtins</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-History-Builtins">Bash History Builtins</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-history-events">history events</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Event-Designators">Event Designators</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-history-expansion">history expansion</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#History-Interaction">History Interaction</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-history-list">history list</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-History-Facilities">Bash History Facilities</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-History_002c-how-to-use">History, how to use</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#A-Programmable-Completion-Example">A Programmable Completion Example</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Concept-Index_cp_letter-I">I</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-identifier">identifier</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-initialization-file_002c-readline">initialization file, readline</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File">Readline Init File</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-installation">installation</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Basic-Installation">Basic Installation</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-interaction_002c-readline">interaction, readline</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Interaction">Readline Interaction</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-interactive-shell">interactive shell</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Invoking-Bash">Invoking Bash</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-interactive-shell-1">interactive shell</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Interactive-Shells">Interactive Shells</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-internationalization">internationalization</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Locale-Translation">Locale Translation</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-internationalized-scripts">internationalized scripts</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Creating-Internationalized-Scripts">Creating Internationalized Scripts</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Concept-Index_cp_letter-J">J</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-job">job</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-job-control">job control</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-job-control-1">job control</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Job-Control-Basics">Job Control Basics</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Concept-Index_cp_letter-K">K</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-kill-ring">kill ring</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Killing-Commands">Readline Killing Commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-killing-text">killing text</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Killing-Commands">Readline Killing Commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Concept-Index_cp_letter-L">L</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-localization">localization</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Locale-Translation">Locale Translation</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-login-shell">login shell</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Invoking-Bash">Invoking Bash</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Concept-Index_cp_letter-M">M</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-matching_002c-pattern">matching, pattern</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-metacharacter">metacharacter</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Concept-Index_cp_letter-N">N</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-name">name</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-native-languages">native languages</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Locale-Translation">Locale Translation</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-notation_002c-readline">notation, readline</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Bare-Essentials">Readline Bare Essentials</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Concept-Index_cp_letter-O">O</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-operator_002c-shell">operator, shell</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Concept-Index_cp_letter-P">P</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-parameter-expansion">parameter expansion</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion">Shell Parameter Expansion</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-parameters">parameters</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-Parameters">Shell Parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-parameters_002c-positional">parameters, positional</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Positional-Parameters">Positional Parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-parameters_002c-special">parameters, special</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pathname-expansion">pathname expansion</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Filename-Expansion">Filename Expansion</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pattern-matching">pattern matching</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pipeline">pipeline</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Pipelines">Pipelines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-POSIX">POSIX</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-POSIX-description">POSIX description</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash POSIX Mode</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-POSIX-Mode">POSIX Mode</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash POSIX Mode</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-process-group">process group</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-process-group-ID">process group ID</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-process-substitution">process substitution</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Process-Substitution">Process Substitution</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-programmable-completion">programmable completion</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Programmable-Completion">Programmable Completion</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-prompting">prompting</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Controlling-the-Prompt">Controlling the Prompt</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Concept-Index_cp_letter-Q">Q</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-quoting">quoting</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Quoting">Quoting</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-quoting_002c-ANSI">quoting, ANSI</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#ANSI_002dC-Quoting">ANSI-C Quoting</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Concept-Index_cp_letter-R">R</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Readline_002c-how-to-use">Readline, how to use</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Job-Control-Variables">Job Control Variables</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-redirection">redirection</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Redirections">Redirections</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-reserved-word">reserved word</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-reserved-words">reserved words</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Reserved-Words">Reserved Words</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-restricted-shell">restricted shell</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#The-Restricted-Shell">The Restricted Shell</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-return-status">return status</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Concept-Index_cp_letter-S">S</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-shell-arithmetic">shell arithmetic</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-shell-function">shell function</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-Functions">Shell Functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-shell-script">shell script</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-Scripts">Shell Scripts</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-shell-variable">shell variable</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-Parameters">Shell Parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-shell_002c-interactive">shell, interactive</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Interactive-Shells">Interactive Shells</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-signal">signal</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-signal-handling">signal handling</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Signals">Signals</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-special-builtin">special builtin</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-special-builtin-1">special builtin</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-Builtins">Special Builtins</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-startup-files">startup files</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Startup-Files">Bash Startup Files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-string-translations">string translations</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Creating-Internationalized-Scripts">Creating Internationalized Scripts</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-suspending-jobs">suspending jobs</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Job-Control-Basics">Job Control Basics</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Concept-Index_cp_letter-T">T</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tilde-expansion">tilde expansion</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Tilde-Expansion">Tilde Expansion</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-token">token</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-translation_002c-native-languages">translation, native languages</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Locale-Translation">Locale Translation</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Concept-Index_cp_letter-U">U</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-unary-arithmetic-operators">unary arithmetic operators</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Concept-Index_cp_letter-V">V</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-variable_002c-shell">variable, shell</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-Parameters">Shell Parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-variables_002c-readline">variables, readline</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Concept-Index_cp_letter-W">W</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-word">word</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-word-splitting">word splitting</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Word-Splitting">Word Splitting</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Concept-Index_cp_letter-Y">Y</th></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-yanking-text">yanking text</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Killing-Commands">Readline Killing Commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
+<table class="index-entries-printindex cp-entries-printindex">
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex cp-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Concept-Index_cp_letter-A">A</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-alias-expansion">alias expansion</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Aliases">Aliases</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-arithmetic-evaluation">arithmetic evaluation</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-arithmetic-expansion">arithmetic expansion</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Arithmetic-Expansion">Arithmetic Expansion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-arithmetic-operators">arithmetic operators</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-arithmetic_002c-shell">arithmetic, shell</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-arrays">arrays</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Arrays">Arrays</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex cp-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Concept-Index_cp_letter-B">B</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-background">background</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Job-Control-Basics">Job Control Basics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Bash-configuration">Bash configuration</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Basic-Installation">Basic Installation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Bash-installation">Bash installation</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Basic-Installation">Basic Installation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-binary-arithmetic-operators">binary arithmetic operators</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bitwise-arithmetic-operators">bitwise arithmetic operators</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Bourne-shell">Bourne shell</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Basic-Shell-Features">Basic Shell Features</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-brace-expansion">brace expansion</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Brace-Expansion">Brace Expansion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-builtin-1">builtin</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex cp-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Concept-Index_cp_letter-C">C</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-command-editing">command editing</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Bare-Essentials">Readline Bare Essentials</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-command-execution">command execution</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-Search-and-Execution">Command Search and Execution</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-command-expansion">command expansion</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Simple-Command-Expansion">Simple Command Expansion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-command-history">command history</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-History-Facilities">Bash History Facilities</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-command-search">command search</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-Search-and-Execution">Command Search and Execution</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-command-substitution">command substitution</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-Substitution">Command Substitution</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-command-timing">command timing</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Pipelines">Pipelines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-commands_002c-compound">commands, compound</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Compound-Commands">Compound Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-commands_002c-conditional">commands, conditional</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-commands_002c-grouping">commands, grouping</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-Grouping">Command Grouping</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-commands_002c-lists">commands, lists</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Lists">Lists</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-commands_002c-looping">commands, looping</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Looping-Constructs">Looping Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-commands_002c-pipelines">commands, pipelines</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Pipelines">Pipelines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-commands_002c-shell">commands, shell</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-Commands">Shell Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-commands_002c-simple">commands, simple</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Simple-Commands">Simple Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-comments_002c-shell">comments, shell</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Comments">Comments</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Compatibility-Level">Compatibility Level</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-Compatibility-Mode">Shell Compatibility Mode</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Compatibility-Mode">Compatibility Mode</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-Compatibility-Mode">Shell Compatibility Mode</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-completion-builtins">completion builtins</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Programmable-Completion-Builtins">Programmable Completion Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-conditional-arithmetic-operator">conditional arithmetic operator</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-configuration">configuration</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Basic-Installation">Basic Installation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-control-operator">control operator</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-coprocess">coprocess</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Coprocesses">Coprocesses</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex cp-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Concept-Index_cp_letter-D">D</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-directory-stack">directory stack</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#The-Directory-Stack">The Directory Stack</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dollar_002dsingle-quote-quoting">dollar-single quote quoting</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#ANSI_002dC-Quoting">ANSI-C Quoting</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex cp-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Concept-Index_cp_letter-E">E</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-editing-command-lines">editing command lines</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Bare-Essentials">Readline Bare Essentials</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment">environment</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Environment">Environment</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-evaluation_002c-arithmetic">evaluation, arithmetic</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-event-designators">event designators</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Event-Designators">Event Designators</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-execution-environment">execution environment</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-Execution-Environment">Command Execution Environment</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-exit-status">exit status</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-exit-status-1">exit status</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Exit-Status">Exit Status</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-expansion">expansion</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-Expansions">Shell Expansions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-expansion_002c-arithmetic">expansion, arithmetic</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Arithmetic-Expansion">Arithmetic Expansion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-expansion_002c-brace">expansion, brace</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Brace-Expansion">Brace Expansion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-expansion_002c-filename">expansion, filename</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Filename-Expansion">Filename Expansion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-expansion_002c-parameter">expansion, parameter</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion">Shell Parameter Expansion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-expansion_002c-pathname">expansion, pathname</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Filename-Expansion">Filename Expansion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-expansion_002c-tilde">expansion, tilde</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Tilde-Expansion">Tilde Expansion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-expressions_002c-arithmetic">expressions, arithmetic</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-expressions_002c-conditional">expressions, conditional</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Conditional-Expressions">Bash Conditional Expressions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex cp-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Concept-Index_cp_letter-F">F</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-field">field</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-filename">filename</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-filename-expansion">filename expansion</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Filename-Expansion">Filename Expansion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-foreground">foreground</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Job-Control-Basics">Job Control Basics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-functions_002c-shell">functions, shell</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-Functions">Shell Functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex cp-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Concept-Index_cp_letter-H">H</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-history-builtins">history builtins</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-History-Builtins">Bash History Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-history-events">history events</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Event-Designators">Event Designators</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-history-expansion">history expansion</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#History-Interaction">History Interaction</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-history-list">history list</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-History-Facilities">Bash History Facilities</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-History_002c-how-to-use">History, how to use</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#A-Programmable-Completion-Example">A Programmable Completion Example</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex cp-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Concept-Index_cp_letter-I">I</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-identifier">identifier</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-initialization-file_002c-readline">initialization file, readline</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File">Readline Init File</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-installation">installation</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Basic-Installation">Basic Installation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-interaction_002c-readline">interaction, readline</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Interaction">Readline Interaction</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-interactive-shell">interactive shell</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Invoking-Bash">Invoking Bash</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-interactive-shell-1">interactive shell</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Interactive-Shells">Interactive Shells</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-internationalization">internationalization</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Locale-Translation">Locale Translation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-internationalized-scripts">internationalized scripts</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Creating-Internationalized-Scripts">Creating Internationalized Scripts</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex cp-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Concept-Index_cp_letter-J">J</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-job">job</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-job-control">job control</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-job-control-1">job control</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Job-Control-Basics">Job Control Basics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex cp-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Concept-Index_cp_letter-K">K</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-kill-ring">kill ring</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Killing-Commands">Readline Killing Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-killing-text">killing text</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Killing-Commands">Readline Killing Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex cp-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Concept-Index_cp_letter-L">L</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-localization">localization</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Locale-Translation">Locale Translation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-login-shell">login shell</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Invoking-Bash">Invoking Bash</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex cp-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Concept-Index_cp_letter-M">M</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-matching_002c-pattern">matching, pattern</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-metacharacter">metacharacter</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex cp-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Concept-Index_cp_letter-N">N</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-name">name</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-native-languages">native languages</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Locale-Translation">Locale Translation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-notation_002c-readline">notation, readline</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Bare-Essentials">Readline Bare Essentials</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex cp-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Concept-Index_cp_letter-O">O</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-operator_002c-shell">operator, shell</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex cp-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Concept-Index_cp_letter-P">P</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-parameter-expansion">parameter expansion</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion">Shell Parameter Expansion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-parameters">parameters</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-Parameters">Shell Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-parameters_002c-positional">parameters, positional</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Positional-Parameters">Positional Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-parameters_002c-special">parameters, special</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pathname-expansion">pathname expansion</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Filename-Expansion">Filename Expansion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pattern-matching">pattern matching</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pipeline">pipeline</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Pipelines">Pipelines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-POSIX">POSIX</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-POSIX-description">POSIX description</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash POSIX Mode</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-POSIX-Mode">POSIX Mode</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash POSIX Mode</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-process-group">process group</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-process-group-ID">process group ID</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-process-substitution">process substitution</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Process-Substitution">Process Substitution</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-programmable-completion">programmable completion</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Programmable-Completion">Programmable Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-prompting">prompting</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Controlling-the-Prompt">Controlling the Prompt</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex cp-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Concept-Index_cp_letter-Q">Q</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-quoting">quoting</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Quoting">Quoting</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-quoting_002c-ANSI">quoting, ANSI</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#ANSI_002dC-Quoting">ANSI-C Quoting</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex cp-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Concept-Index_cp_letter-R">R</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Readline_002c-how-to-use">Readline, how to use</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Job-Control-Variables">Job Control Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-redirection">redirection</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Redirections">Redirections</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-reserved-word">reserved word</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-reserved-words">reserved words</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Reserved-Words">Reserved Words</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-restricted-shell">restricted shell</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#The-Restricted-Shell">The Restricted Shell</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-return-status">return status</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex cp-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Concept-Index_cp_letter-S">S</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-shell-arithmetic">shell arithmetic</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-shell-function">shell function</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-Functions">Shell Functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-shell-script">shell script</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-Scripts">Shell Scripts</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-shell-variable">shell variable</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-Parameters">Shell Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-shell_002c-interactive">shell, interactive</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Interactive-Shells">Interactive Shells</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-signal">signal</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-signal-handling">signal handling</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Signals">Signals</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-special-builtin">special builtin</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-special-builtin-1">special builtin</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-Builtins">Special Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-startup-files">startup files</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Bash-Startup-Files">Bash Startup Files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-string-translations">string translations</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Creating-Internationalized-Scripts">Creating Internationalized Scripts</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-suspending-jobs">suspending jobs</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Job-Control-Basics">Job Control Basics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex cp-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Concept-Index_cp_letter-T">T</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tilde-expansion">tilde expansion</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Tilde-Expansion">Tilde Expansion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-token">token</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-translation_002c-native-languages">translation, native languages</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Locale-Translation">Locale Translation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex cp-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Concept-Index_cp_letter-U">U</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-unary-arithmetic-operators">unary arithmetic operators</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex cp-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Concept-Index_cp_letter-V">V</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-variable_002c-shell">variable, shell</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-Parameters">Shell Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-variables_002c-readline">variables, readline</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex cp-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Concept-Index_cp_letter-W">W</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-word">word</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-word-splitting">word splitting</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Word-Splitting">Word Splitting</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th class="index-letter-header-printindex cp-letter-header-printindex" colspan="2" id="Concept-Index_cp_letter-Y">Y</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-yanking-text">yanking text</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Readline-Killing-Commands">Readline Killing Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr></td></tr>
</table>
-<table class="cp-letters-footer-printindex"><tr><th>Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
+<table class="
index-letters-footer-printindex cp-letters-footer-printindex"><tr><th>Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-B"><b>B</b></a>
bashref.texi.
This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the
-Bash shell (version 5.3, 1 July 2026).
+Bash shell (version 5.3, 9 July 2026).
- This is Edition 5.3, last updated 1 July 2026, of ‘The GNU Bash
+ This is Edition 5.3, last updated 9 July 2026, of ‘The GNU Bash
Reference Manual’, for ‘Bash’, Version 5.3.
Copyright © 1988-2026 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
*************
This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the
-Bash shell (version 5.3, 1 July 2026). The Bash home page is
+Bash shell (version 5.3, 9 July 2026). The Bash home page is
<http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/>.
- This is Edition 5.3, last updated 1 July 2026, of ‘The GNU Bash
+ This is Edition 5.3, last updated 9 July 2026, of ‘The GNU Bash
Reference Manual’, for ‘Bash’, Version 5.3.
Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some
quote special pattern characters where that's necessary.
The array variable ‘BASH_REMATCH’ records which parts of the string
- matched the pattern. Bash unsets ‘BASH_REMATCH’ before attempting
- the match, so if there is no match, it remains unset. The element
- of ‘BASH_REMATCH’ with index 0 contains the portion of the string
- matching the entire regular expression. Substrings matched by
- parenthesized subexpressions within the regular expression are
- saved in the remaining ‘BASH_REMATCH’ indices. The element of
- ‘BASH_REMATCH’ with index N is the portion of the string matching
- the Nth parenthesized subexpression.
+ matched the pattern. Bash unsets each element of ‘BASH_REMATCH’
+ before attempting the match, so if there is no match, it remains
+ empty. The element of ‘BASH_REMATCH’ with index 0 contains the
+ portion of the string matching the entire regular expression.
+ Substrings matched by parenthesized subexpressions within the
+ regular expression are saved in the remaining ‘BASH_REMATCH’
+ indices. The element of ‘BASH_REMATCH’ with index N is the portion
+ of the string matching the Nth parenthesized subexpression.
Bash sets ‘BASH_REMATCH’ in the global scope if it is not set; if
it is declared as a local variable before running ‘[[’, Bash keeps
previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument inserts
the Nth word from the end of the previous command. Once the
argument N is computed, this uses the history expansion facilities
- to extract the Nth word, as if the ‘!N’ history expansion had been
- specified.
+ to extract the Nth word, as if the ‘!!:N’ history expansion had
+ been specified.
‘yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)’
Insert last argument to the previous command (the last word of the
Node: Compound Commands\7f32991
Node: Looping Constructs\7f34003
Node: Conditional Constructs\7f36555
-Node: Command Grouping\7f51855
-Node: Coprocesses\7f53350
-Node: GNU Parallel\7f56039
-Node: Shell Functions\7f56960
-Node: Shell Parameters\7f65411
-Node: Positional Parameters\7f70315
-Node: Special Parameters\7f71408
-Node: Shell Expansions\7f74872
-Node: Brace Expansion\7f77064
-Node: Tilde Expansion\7f80403
-Node: Shell Parameter Expansion\7f83361
-Node: Command Substitution\7f104212
-Node: Arithmetic Expansion\7f108066
-Node: Process Substitution\7f109253
-Node: Word Splitting\7f110423
-Node: Filename Expansion\7f112870
-Node: Pattern Matching\7f116097
-Node: Quote Removal\7f121866
-Node: Redirections\7f122173
-Node: Executing Commands\7f132445
-Node: Simple Command Expansion\7f133115
-Node: Command Search and Execution\7f135226
-Node: Command Execution Environment\7f137673
-Node: Environment\7f141202
-Node: Exit Status\7f143108
-Node: Signals\7f145170
-Node: Shell Scripts\7f150121
-Node: Shell Builtin Commands\7f153428
-Node: Bourne Shell Builtins\7f155772
-Node: Bash Builtins\7f182494
-Node: Modifying Shell Behavior\7f220232
-Node: The Set Builtin\7f220577
-Node: The Shopt Builtin\7f232612
-Node: Special Builtins\7f249668
-Node: Shell Variables\7f250660
-Node: Bourne Shell Variables\7f251097
-Node: Bash Variables\7f253608
-Node: Bash Features\7f292895
-Node: Invoking Bash\7f293912
-Node: Bash Startup Files\7f301145
-Node: Interactive Shells\7f306508
-Node: What is an Interactive Shell?\7f306919
-Node: Is this Shell Interactive?\7f307584
-Node: Interactive Shell Behavior\7f308411
-Node: Bash Conditional Expressions\7f312175
-Node: Shell Arithmetic\7f317595
-Node: Aliases\7f320925
-Node: Arrays\7f324062
-Node: The Directory Stack\7f331767
-Node: Directory Stack Builtins\7f332567
-Node: Controlling the Prompt\7f337015
-Node: The Restricted Shell\7f340137
-Node: Bash POSIX Mode\7f343233
-Node: Shell Compatibility Mode\7f363195
-Node: Job Control\7f372205
-Node: Job Control Basics\7f372665
-Node: Job Control Builtins\7f379036
-Node: Job Control Variables\7f385827
-Node: Command Line Editing\7f387061
-Node: Introduction and Notation\7f388767
-Node: Readline Interaction\7f391122
-Node: Readline Bare Essentials\7f392313
-Node: Readline Movement Commands\7f394124
-Node: Readline Killing Commands\7f395123
-Node: Readline Arguments\7f397149
-Node: Searching\7f398242
-Node: Readline Init File\7f400488
-Node: Readline Init File Syntax\7f401794
-Node: Conditional Init Constructs\7f428748
-Node: Sample Init File\7f433136
-Node: Bindable Readline Commands\7f436259
-Node: Commands For Moving\7f437800
-Node: Commands For History\7f440267
-Node: Commands For Text\7f445661
-Node: Commands For Killing\7f449789
-Node: Numeric Arguments\7f452580
-Node: Commands For Completion\7f453735
-Node: Keyboard Macros\7f459434
-Node: Miscellaneous Commands\7f460138
-Node: Readline vi Mode\7f467684
-Node: Programmable Completion\7f468664
-Node: Programmable Completion Builtins\7f478403
-Node: A Programmable Completion Example\7f490143
-Node: Using History Interactively\7f495491
-Node: Bash History Facilities\7f496175
-Node: Bash History Builtins\7f499913
-Node: History Interaction\7f507511
-Node: Event Designators\7f512464
-Node: Word Designators\7f514045
-Node: Modifiers\7f516440
-Node: Installing Bash\7f518380
-Node: Basic Installation\7f519499
-Node: Compilers and Options\7f523378
-Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures\7f524131
-Node: Installation Names\7f525887
-Node: Specifying the System Type\7f528124
-Node: Sharing Defaults\7f528873
-Node: Operation Controls\7f529590
-Node: Optional Features\7f530612
-Node: Reporting Bugs\7f543338
-Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell\7f544698
-Node: GNU Free Documentation License\7f566128
-Node: Indexes\7f591308
-Node: Builtin Index\7f591762
-Node: Reserved Word Index\7f598863
-Node: Variable Index\7f601311
-Node: Function Index\7f618727
-Node: Concept Index\7f632863
+Node: Command Grouping\7f51870
+Node: Coprocesses\7f53365
+Node: GNU Parallel\7f56054
+Node: Shell Functions\7f56975
+Node: Shell Parameters\7f65426
+Node: Positional Parameters\7f70330
+Node: Special Parameters\7f71423
+Node: Shell Expansions\7f74887
+Node: Brace Expansion\7f77079
+Node: Tilde Expansion\7f80418
+Node: Shell Parameter Expansion\7f83376
+Node: Command Substitution\7f104227
+Node: Arithmetic Expansion\7f108081
+Node: Process Substitution\7f109268
+Node: Word Splitting\7f110438
+Node: Filename Expansion\7f112885
+Node: Pattern Matching\7f116112
+Node: Quote Removal\7f121881
+Node: Redirections\7f122188
+Node: Executing Commands\7f132460
+Node: Simple Command Expansion\7f133130
+Node: Command Search and Execution\7f135241
+Node: Command Execution Environment\7f137688
+Node: Environment\7f141217
+Node: Exit Status\7f143123
+Node: Signals\7f145185
+Node: Shell Scripts\7f150136
+Node: Shell Builtin Commands\7f153443
+Node: Bourne Shell Builtins\7f155787
+Node: Bash Builtins\7f182509
+Node: Modifying Shell Behavior\7f220247
+Node: The Set Builtin\7f220592
+Node: The Shopt Builtin\7f232627
+Node: Special Builtins\7f249683
+Node: Shell Variables\7f250675
+Node: Bourne Shell Variables\7f251112
+Node: Bash Variables\7f253623
+Node: Bash Features\7f292910
+Node: Invoking Bash\7f293927
+Node: Bash Startup Files\7f301160
+Node: Interactive Shells\7f306523
+Node: What is an Interactive Shell?\7f306934
+Node: Is this Shell Interactive?\7f307599
+Node: Interactive Shell Behavior\7f308426
+Node: Bash Conditional Expressions\7f312190
+Node: Shell Arithmetic\7f317610
+Node: Aliases\7f320940
+Node: Arrays\7f324077
+Node: The Directory Stack\7f331782
+Node: Directory Stack Builtins\7f332582
+Node: Controlling the Prompt\7f337030
+Node: The Restricted Shell\7f340152
+Node: Bash POSIX Mode\7f343248
+Node: Shell Compatibility Mode\7f363210
+Node: Job Control\7f372220
+Node: Job Control Basics\7f372680
+Node: Job Control Builtins\7f379051
+Node: Job Control Variables\7f385842
+Node: Command Line Editing\7f387076
+Node: Introduction and Notation\7f388782
+Node: Readline Interaction\7f391137
+Node: Readline Bare Essentials\7f392328
+Node: Readline Movement Commands\7f394139
+Node: Readline Killing Commands\7f395138
+Node: Readline Arguments\7f397164
+Node: Searching\7f398257
+Node: Readline Init File\7f400503
+Node: Readline Init File Syntax\7f401809
+Node: Conditional Init Constructs\7f428763
+Node: Sample Init File\7f433151
+Node: Bindable Readline Commands\7f436274
+Node: Commands For Moving\7f437815
+Node: Commands For History\7f440282
+Node: Commands For Text\7f445678
+Node: Commands For Killing\7f449806
+Node: Numeric Arguments\7f452597
+Node: Commands For Completion\7f453752
+Node: Keyboard Macros\7f459451
+Node: Miscellaneous Commands\7f460155
+Node: Readline vi Mode\7f467701
+Node: Programmable Completion\7f468681
+Node: Programmable Completion Builtins\7f478420
+Node: A Programmable Completion Example\7f490160
+Node: Using History Interactively\7f495508
+Node: Bash History Facilities\7f496192
+Node: Bash History Builtins\7f499930
+Node: History Interaction\7f507528
+Node: Event Designators\7f512481
+Node: Word Designators\7f514062
+Node: Modifiers\7f516457
+Node: Installing Bash\7f518397
+Node: Basic Installation\7f519516
+Node: Compilers and Options\7f523395
+Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures\7f524148
+Node: Installation Names\7f525904
+Node: Specifying the System Type\7f528141
+Node: Sharing Defaults\7f528890
+Node: Operation Controls\7f529607
+Node: Optional Features\7f530629
+Node: Reporting Bugs\7f543355
+Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell\7f544715
+Node: GNU Free Documentation License\7f566145
+Node: Indexes\7f591325
+Node: Builtin Index\7f591779
+Node: Reserved Word Index\7f598880
+Node: Variable Index\7f601328
+Node: Function Index\7f618744
+Node: Concept Index\7f632880
\1f
End Tag Table
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-**\input /usr/local/src/bash/bash-20260428/doc/bashref.texi \input /usr/local/s
-rc/bash/bash-20260428/doc/bashref.texi
-(/usr/local/src/bash/bash-20260428/doc/bashref.texi
-(/usr/local/src/bash/bash-20260428/doc/texinfo.tex
+**\input /usr/local/src/bash/bash-20260724/doc/bashref.texi \input /usr/local/s
+rc/bash/bash-20260724/doc/bashref.texi
+(/usr/local/src/bash/bash-20260724/doc/bashref.texi
+(/usr/local/src/bash/bash-20260724/doc/texinfo.tex
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-(/usr/local/build/bash/bash-20260428/doc/bashref.toc)
-(/usr/local/build/bash/bash-20260428/doc/bashref.toc) Chapter 1
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[1] Chapter 2 [2]
[52]
[53] [54] [55] [56] [57] [58] [59] [60] [61] [62] [63] [64] [65] [66] [67]
[68] [69] [70] [71] [72] [73]
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[]@texttt set [-abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [-o @textttsl option-name@texttt ] [--] [
-] [@textttsl ar-gu-ment []@texttt ][]
.etc.
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-] [@textttsl ar-gu-ment []@texttt ][]
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[168] [169] [170] [171] [172] [173] [174]) Chapter 10 [175] [176] [177]
[178] [179]
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[]@textrm All of the fol-low-ing op-tions ex-cept for `@texttt alt-array-implem
entation[]@textrm '[],
.etc.
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extrm '[], `@texttt strict-posix-default[]@textrm '[], and
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[197] [198] [199]) Appendix D [200] [201] [202] [203] [204] [205] [206]
[207] [208] [209] )
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@numsubsecentry{Process Substitution}{3.5.6}{Process Substitution}{38}
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@numsubsecentry{Filename Expansion}{3.5.8}{Filename Expansion}{39}
-@numsubsubsecentry{Pattern Matching}{3.5.8.1}{Pattern Matching}{39}
+@numsubsubsecentry{Pattern Matching}{3.5.8.1}{Pattern Matching}{40}
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-_\bB_\bA_\bS_\bH_\b__\bB_\bU_\bI_\bL_\bT_\bI_\bN_\bS(1) General Commands Manual _\bB_\bA_\bS_\bH_\b__\bB_\bU_\bI_\bL_\bT_\bI_\bN_\bS(1)
+_\bB_\bA_\bS_\bH_\b__\bB_\bU_\bI_\bL_\bT_\bI_\bN_\bS(1) General Commands Manual _\bB_\bA_\bS_\bH_\b__\bB_\bU_\bI_\bL_\bT_\bI_\bN_\bS(1)
N\bNA\bAM\bME\bE
- :, ., [, alias, bg, bind, break, builtin, caller, cd, command, compgen,
- complete, compopt, continue, declare, dirs, disown, echo, enable, eval,
- exec, exit, export, false, fc, fg, getopts, hash, help, history, jobs,
- kill, let, local, logout, mapfile, popd, printf, pushd, pwd, read,
- readarray, readonly, return, set, shift, shopt, source, suspend, test,
- times, trap, true, type, typeset, ulimit, umask, unalias, unset, wait -
- bash built-in commands, see b\bba\bas\bsh\bh(1)
+ :, ., [, alias, bg, bind, break, builtin, caller, cd, command, compgen,
+ complete, compopt, continue, declare, dirs, disown, echo, enable, eval,
+ exec, exit, export, false, fc, fg, getopts, hash, help, history, jobs,
+ kill, let, local, logout, mapfile, popd, printf, pushd, pwd, read, readar-
+ ray, readonly, return, set, shift, shopt, source, suspend, test, times,
+ trap, true, type, typeset, ulimit, umask, unalias, unset, wait - bash
+ built-in commands, see b\bba\bas\bsh\bh(1)
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS
- Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented in this section
- as accepting options preceded by -\b- accepts -\b--\b- to signify the end of the
- options. The :\b:, t\btr\bru\bue\be, f\bfa\bal\bls\bse\be, and t\bte\bes\bst\bt/[\b[ builtins do not accept options
- and do not treat -\b--\b- specially. The e\bex\bxi\bit\bt, l\blo\bog\bgo\bou\but\bt, r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn, b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk, c\bco\bon\bn-\b-
- t\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be, l\ble\bet\bt, and s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt builtins accept and process arguments beginning
- with -\b- without requiring -\b--\b-. Other builtins that accept arguments but
- are not specified as accepting options interpret arguments beginning
- with -\b- as invalid options and require -\b--\b- to prevent this interpreta-
- tion.
-
- All builtins except :\b:, t\btr\bru\bue\be, f\bfa\bal\bls\bse\be, e\bec\bch\bho\bo, and t\bte\bes\bst\bt/[\b[ accept -\b--\b-h\bhe\bel\blp\bp as a
- special option. If -\b--\b-h\bhe\bel\blp\bp is supplied, these builtins output a help
- message and exit with a status of 0.
-
- :\b: [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]
- No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs
- and performing any specified redirections. The return status is
- zero.
-
- .\b. [-\b-p\bp _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bh] _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]
- s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be [-\b-p\bp _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bh] _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]
- The .\b. command (s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be) reads and execute commands from _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
- in the current shell environment and returns the exit status of
- the last command executed from _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
-
- If _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be does not contain a slash, .\b. searches for it. If the
- -\b-p\bp option is supplied, .\b. treats _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bh as a colon-separated list
- of directories in which to find _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be; otherwise, .\b. uses the
- entries in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH to find the directory containing _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
- _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be does not need to be executable. When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is not in
- posix mode, it searches the current directory if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not
- found in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, but does not search the current directory if -\b-p\bp
- is supplied. If the s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\bep\bpa\bat\bth\bh option to the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin com-
- mand is turned off, .\b. does not search P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH.
-
- If any _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs are supplied, they become the positional para-
- meters when _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is executed. Otherwise the positional pa-
- rameters are unchanged.
-
- If the -\b-T\bT option is enabled, .\b. inherits any trap on D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG; if it
- is not, any D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap string is saved and restored around the
- call to .\b., and .\b. unsets the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap while it executes. If -\b-T\bT
- is not set, and the sourced file changes the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap, the new
- value persists after .\b. completes. The return status is the sta-
- tus of the last command executed from _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be (0 if no commands
- are executed), and non-zero if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found or cannot
- be read.
-
- a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs [-\b-p\bp] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be] ...]
- With no arguments or with the -\b-p\bp option, a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs prints the list
- of aliases in the form a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be on standard output.
- When arguments are supplied, define an alias for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be whose
- _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be is given. A trailing space in _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be causes the next word
- to be checked for alias substitution when the alias is expanded
- during command parsing. For each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be in the argument list for
- which no _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be is supplied, print the name and value of the
- alias _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs returns true unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is given (without
- a corresponding =_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be) for which no alias has been defined.
-
- b\bbg\bg [_\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc ...]
- Resume each suspended job _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc in the background, as if it
- had been started with &\b&. If _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not present, the shell
- uses its notion of the _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bj_\bo_\bb. b\bbg\bg _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc returns 0 unless
- run when job control is disabled or, when run with job control
- enabled, any specified _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc was not found or was started
- without job control.
-
- b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd [-\b-m\bm _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp] [-\b-l\bls\bsv\bvS\bSV\bVX\bX]
- b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd [-\b-m\bm _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp] [-\b-q\bq _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [-\b-u\bu _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [-\b-r\br _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq]
- b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd [-\b-m\bm _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp] -\b-f\bf _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
- b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd [-\b-m\bm _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp] -\b-x\bx _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq[:] _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
- b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd [-\b-m\bm _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp] _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq:_\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
- b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd [-\b-m\bm _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp] -\b-p\bp|-\b-P\bP [_\br_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd]
- b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd [-\b-m\bm _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp] _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq:_\br_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
- b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd _\br_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b-_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be
- Display current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key and function bindings, bind a key
- sequence to a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be function or macro or to a shell command,
- or set a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be variable. Each non-option argument is a key
- binding or command as it would appear in a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be initializa-
- tion file such as _\b._\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc, but each binding or command must be
- passed as a separate argument; e.g., \C-x\C-r:
- re-read-init-file. In the following descriptions, output avail-
- able to be re-read is formatted as commands that would appear in
- a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be initialization file or that would be supplied as in-
- dividual arguments to a b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd command. Options, if supplied,
- have the following meanings:
- -\b-m\bm _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp
- Use _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp as the keymap to be affected by the subsequent
- bindings. Acceptable _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp names are _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\b-
- _\bd_\ba_\br_\bd_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bc_\bt_\bl_\bx_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bm_\bo_\bv_\be_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd,
- and _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bi_\bn_\bs_\be_\br_\bt. _\bv_\bi is equivalent to _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd (_\bv_\bi_\b-_\bm_\bo_\bv_\be
- is also a synonym); _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs is equivalent to _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\b-
- _\bd_\ba_\br_\bd.
- -\b-l\bl List the names of all r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be functions.
- -\b-p\bp Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be function names and bindings in such a
- way that they can be used as an argument to a subsequent
- b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd command or in a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be initialization file. If
- arguments remain after option processing, b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd treats
- them as r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be command names and restricts output to
- those names.
- -\b-P\bP List current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be function names and bindings. If
- arguments remain after option processing, b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd treats
- them as r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be command names and restricts output to
- those names.
- -\b-s\bs Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key sequences bound to macros and the
- strings they output in such a way that they can be used
- as an argument to a subsequent b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd command or in a r\bre\bea\bad\bd-\b-
- l\bli\bin\bne\be initialization file.
- -\b-S\bS Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key sequences bound to macros and the
- strings they output.
- -\b-v\bv Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be variable names and values in such a way
- that they can be used as an argument to a subsequent b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd
- command or in a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be initialization file.
- -\b-V\bV List current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be variable names and values.
- -\b-f\bf _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
- Read key bindings from _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
- -\b-q\bq _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn
- Display key sequences that invoke the named r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
- _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn.
- -\b-u\bu _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn
- Unbind all key sequences bound to the named r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
- _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn.
- -\b-r\br _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq
- Remove any current binding for _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq.
- -\b-x\bx _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq[\b[:\b: ]\b]_\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
- Cause _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd to be executed whenever _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq is en-
- tered. The separator between _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq and _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is
- either whitespace or a colon optionally followed by
- whitespace. If the separator is whitespace, _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\b-
- _\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd must be enclosed in double quotes and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be ex-
- pands any of its special backslash-escapes in _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\b-
- _\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd before saving it. If the separator is a colon, any
- enclosing double quotes are optional, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be does
- not expand the command string before saving it. Since
- the entire key binding expression must be a single argu-
- ment, it should be enclosed in single quotes. When
- _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is executed, the shell sets the R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bD-\b-
- L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE variable to the contents of the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be line
- buffer and the R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_P\bPO\bOI\bIN\bNT\bT and R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_M\bMA\bAR\bRK\bK variables
- to the current location of the insertion point and the
- saved insertion point (the mark), respectively. The
- shell assigns any numeric argument the user supplied to
- the R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGU\bUM\bME\bEN\bNT\bT variable. If there was no argu-
- ment, that variable is not set. If the executed command
- changes the value of any of R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE, R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bD-\b-
- L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_P\bPO\bOI\bIN\bNT\bT, or R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_M\bMA\bAR\bRK\bK, those new values will be
- reflected in the editing state.
- -\b-X\bX List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the
- associated commands in a format that can be reused as an
- argument to a subsequent b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd command.
-
- The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is supplied
- or an error occurred.
-
- b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk [_\bn]
- Exit from within a f\bfo\bor\br, w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be, u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl, or s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt loop. If _\bn is
- specified, b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk exits _\bn enclosing loops. _\bn must be >= 1. If _\bn
- is greater than the number of enclosing loops, all enclosing
- loops are exited. The return value is 0 unless _\bn is not greater
- than or equal to 1.
-
- b\bbu\bui\bil\blt\bti\bin\bn _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]
- Execute the specified shell builtin _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn, passing it
- _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs, and return its exit status. This is useful when
- defining a function whose name is the same as a shell builtin,
- retaining the functionality of the builtin within the function.
- The c\bcd\bd builtin is commonly redefined this way. The return sta-
- tus is false if _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn is not a shell builtin command.
-
- c\bca\bal\bll\ble\ber\br [_\be_\bx_\bp_\br]
- Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell func-
- tion or a script executed with the .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins).
-
- Without _\be_\bx_\bp_\br, c\bca\bal\bll\ble\ber\br displays the line number and source file-
- name of the current subroutine call. If a non-negative integer
- is supplied as _\be_\bx_\bp_\br, c\bca\bal\bll\ble\ber\br displays the line number, subroutine
- name, and source file corresponding to that position in the cur-
- rent execution call stack. This extra information may be used,
- for example, to print a stack trace. The current frame is frame
- 0.
-
- The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a sub-
- routine call or _\be_\bx_\bp_\br does not correspond to a valid position in
- the call stack.
-
- c\bcd\bd [-\b-L\bL] [-\b-@\b@] [_\bd_\bi_\br]
- c\bcd\bd -\b-P\bP [-\b-e\be] [-\b-@\b@] [_\bd_\bi_\br]
- Change the current directory to _\bd_\bi_\br. if _\bd_\bi_\br is not supplied,
- the value of the H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE shell variable is used as _\bd_\bi_\br. If _\bd_\bi_\br is
- the empty string, c\bcd\bd treats it as an error. The variable C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH
- exists, and _\bd_\bi_\br does not begin with a slash (/), c\bcd\bd uses it as a
- search path: the shell searches each directory name in C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH
- for _\bd_\bi_\br. Alternative directory names in C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH are separated by
- a colon (:). A null directory name in C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is the same as the
- current directory, i.e.,
-
- The -\b-P\bP option causes c\bcd\bd to use the physical directory structure
- by resolving symbolic links while traversing _\bd_\bi_\br and before pro-
- cessing instances of _\b._\b. in _\bd_\bi_\br (see also the -\b-P\bP option to the
- s\bse\bet\bt builtin command).
-
- The -\b-L\bL option forces c\bcd\bd to follow symbolic links by resolving
- the link after processing instances of _\b._\b. in _\bd_\bi_\br. If _\b._\b. appears
- in _\bd_\bi_\br, c\bcd\bd processes it by removing the immediately previous
- pathname component from _\bd_\bi_\br, back to a slash or the beginning of
- _\bd_\bi_\br, and verifying that the portion of _\bd_\bi_\br it has processed to
- that point is still a valid directory name after removing the
- pathname component. If it is not a valid directory name, c\bcd\bd re-
- turns a non-zero status. If neither -\b-L\bL nor -\b-P\bP is supplied, c\bcd\bd
- behaves as if -\b-L\bL had been supplied.
-
- If the -\b-e\be option is supplied with -\b-P\bP, and c\bcd\bd cannot successfully
- determine the current working directory after a successful di-
- rectory change, it returns a non-zero status.
-
- On systems that support it, the -\b-@\b@ option presents the extended
- attributes associated with a file as a directory.
-
- An argument of -\b- is converted to $\b$O\bOL\bLD\bDP\bPW\bWD\bD before attempting the
- directory change.
-
- If c\bcd\bd uses a non-empty directory name from C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, or if -\b- is
- the first argument, and the directory change is successful, c\bcd\bd
- writes the absolute pathname of the new working directory to the
- standard output.
-
- If the directory change is successful, c\bcd\bd sets the value of the
- P\bPW\bWD\bD environment variable to the new directory name, and sets the
- O\bOL\bLD\bDP\bPW\bWD\bD environment variable to the value of the current working
- directory before the change.
-
- The return value is true if the directory was successfully
- changed; false otherwise.
-
- c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd [-\b-p\bpV\bVv\bv] _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
- The c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd builtin runs _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd with _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs suppressing the nor-
- mal shell function lookup for _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd. Only builtin commands or
- commands found in the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH named _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd are executed. If the
- -\b-p\bp option is supplied, the search for _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is performed using
- a default value for P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH that is guaranteed to find all of the
- standard utilities.
-
- If either the -\b-V\bV or -\b-v\bv option is supplied, c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd prints a de-
- scription of _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd. The -\b-v\bv option displays a single word in-
- dicating the command or filename used to invoke _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd; the -\b-V\bV
- option produces a more verbose description.
-
- If the -\b-V\bV or -\b-v\bv option is supplied, the exit status is zero if
- _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd was found, and non-zero if not. If neither option is
- supplied and an error occurred or _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd cannot be found, the
- exit status is 127. Otherwise, the exit status of the c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd
- builtin is the exit status of _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd.
-
- c\bco\bom\bmp\bpg\bge\ben\bn [-\b-V\bV _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd]
- Generate possible completion matches for _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd according to the
- _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bns, which may be any option accepted by the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be
- builtin with the exceptions of -\b-p\bp, -\b-r\br, -\b-D\bD, -\b-E\bE, and -\b-I\bI, and write
- the matches to the standard output.
-
- If the -\b-V\bV option is supplied, c\bco\bom\bmp\bpg\bge\ben\bn stores the generated com-
- pletions into the indexed array variable _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be instead of
- writing them to the standard output.
-
- When using the -\b-F\bF or -\b-C\bC options, the various shell variables set
- by the programmable completion facilities, while available, will
- not have useful values.
-
- The matches will be generated in the same way as if the program-
- mable completion code had generated them directly from a comple-
- tion specification with the same flags. If _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is specified,
- only those completions matching _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd will be displayed or
- stored.
-
- The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
- or no matches were generated.
-
- c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be [-\b-a\bab\bbc\bcd\bde\bef\bfg\bgj\bjk\bks\bsu\buv\bv] [-\b-o\bo _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [-\b-D\bDE\bEI\bI] [-\b-A\bA _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn]
- [-\b-G\bG _\bg_\bl_\bo_\bb_\bp_\ba_\bt] [-\b-W\bW _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt] [-\b-F\bF _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [-\b-C\bC _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd]
- [-\b-X\bX _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt] [-\b-P\bP _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx] [-\b-S\bS _\bs_\bu_\bf_\bf_\bi_\bx] _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be -\b-p\bpr\br [-\b-D\bDE\bEI\bI] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- Specify how arguments to each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be should be completed.
-
- If the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, or if no options or _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are sup-
- plied, print existing completion specifications in a way that
- allows them to be reused as input. The -\b-r\br option removes a com-
- pletion specification for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, or, if no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are sup-
- plied, all completion specifications.
-
- The -\b-D\bD option indicates that other supplied options and actions
- should apply to the command completion; that is, completion at-
- tempted on a command for which no completion has previously been
- defined. The -\b-E\bE option indicates that other supplied options
- and actions should apply to command completion; that is, comple-
- tion attempted on a blank line. The -\b-I\bI option indicates that
- other supplied options and actions should apply to completion on
- the initial non-assignment word on the line, or after a command
- delimiter such as ;\b; or |\b|, which is usually command name comple-
- tion. If multiple options are supplied, the -\b-D\bD option takes
- precedence over -\b-E\bE, and both take precedence over -\b-I\bI. If any of
- -\b-D\bD, -\b-E\bE, or -\b-I\bI are supplied, any other _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are ig-
- nored; these completions only apply to the case specified by the
- option.
-
- The process of applying these completion specifications when at-
- tempting word completion is described in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1).
-
- Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The
- arguments to the -\b-G\bG, -\b-W\bW, and -\b-X\bX options (and, if necessary, the
- -\b-P\bP and -\b-S\bS options) should be quoted to protect them from expan-
- sion before the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be builtin is invoked.
-
- -\b-o\bo _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn
- The _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn controls several aspects of the comp-
- spec's behavior beyond the simple generation of comple-
- tions. _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn may be one of:
- b\bba\bas\bsh\bhd\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt
- Perform the rest of the default b\bba\bas\bsh\bh completions
- if the compspec generates no matches.
- d\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt Use r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be's default filename completion if
- the compspec generates no matches.
- d\bdi\bir\brn\bna\bam\bme\bes\bs
- Perform directory name completion if the comp-
- spec generates no matches.
- f\bfi\bil\ble\ben\bna\bam\bme\bes\bs
- Tell r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be that the compspec generates file-
- names, so it can perform any filename-specific
- processing (such as adding a slash to directory
- names, quoting special characters, or suppress-
- ing trailing spaces). This is intended to be
- used with shell functions.
- f\bfu\bul\bll\blq\bqu\buo\bot\bte\be
- Tell r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be to quote all the completed words
- even if they are not filenames.
- n\bno\boq\bqu\buo\bot\bte\be Tell r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be not to quote the completed words
- if they are filenames (quoting filenames is the
- default).
- n\bno\bos\bso\bor\brt\bt Tell r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be not to sort the list of possible
- completions alphabetically.
- n\bno\bos\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be Tell r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be not to append a space (the de-
- fault) to words completed at the end of the
- line.
- p\bpl\blu\bus\bsd\bdi\bir\brs\bs
- After generating any matches defined by the
- compspec, attempt directory name completion and
- add any matches to the results of the other ac-
- tions.
- -\b-A\bA _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn
- The _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn may be one of the following to generate a
- list of possible completions:
- a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs Alias names. May also be specified as -\b-a\ba.
- a\bar\brr\bra\bay\byv\bva\bar\br
- Array variable names.
- b\bbi\bin\bnd\bdi\bin\bng\bg R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key binding names.
- b\bbu\bui\bil\blt\bti\bin\bn Names of shell builtin commands. May also be
- specified as -\b-b\bb.
- c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd Command names. May also be specified as -\b-c\bc.
- d\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bry\by
- Directory names. May also be specified as -\b-d\bd.
- d\bdi\bis\bsa\bab\bbl\ble\bed\bd
- Names of disabled shell builtins.
- e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\bed\bd Names of enabled shell builtins.
- e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt Names of exported shell variables. May also be
- specified as -\b-e\be.
- f\bfi\bil\ble\be File and directory names, similar to r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be's
- filename completion. May also be specified as
- -\b-f\bf.
- f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\bti\bio\bon\bn
- Names of shell functions.
- g\bgr\bro\bou\bup\bp Group names. May also be specified as -\b-g\bg.
- h\bhe\bel\blp\bpt\bto\bop\bpi\bic\bc
- Help topics as accepted by the h\bhe\bel\blp\bp builtin.
- h\bho\bos\bst\btn\bna\bam\bme\be
- Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by
- the H\bHO\bOS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE shell variable.
- j\bjo\bob\bb Job names, if job control is active. May also
- be specified as -\b-j\bj.
- k\bke\bey\byw\bwo\bor\brd\bd Shell reserved words. May also be specified as
- -\b-k\bk.
- r\bru\bun\bnn\bni\bin\bng\bg Names of running jobs, if job control is active.
- s\bse\ber\brv\bvi\bic\bce\be Service names. May also be specified as -\b-s\bs.
- s\bse\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bt Valid arguments for the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt
- builtin.
- s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt Shell option names as accepted by the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt
- builtin.
- s\bsi\big\bgn\bna\bal\bl Signal names.
- s\bst\bto\bop\bpp\bpe\bed\bd Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active.
- u\bus\bse\ber\br User names. May also be specified as -\b-u\bu.
- v\bva\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\be
- Names of all shell variables. May also be spec-
- ified as -\b-v\bv.
- -\b-C\bC _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
- _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is executed in a subshell environment, and its
- output is used as the possible completions. Arguments
- are passed as with the -\b-F\bF option.
- -\b-F\bF _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn
- The shell function _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed in the current
- shell environment. When the function is executed, the
- first argument ($\b$1\b1) is the name of the command whose ar-
- guments are being completed, the second argument ($\b$2\b2) is
- the word being completed, and the third argument ($\b$3\b3) is
- the word preceding the word being completed on the cur-
- rent command line. When _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn finishes, programmable
- completion retrieves the possible completions from the
- value of the C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPR\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY array variable.
- -\b-G\bG _\bg_\bl_\bo_\bb_\bp_\ba_\bt
- Expand the pathname expansion pattern _\bg_\bl_\bo_\bb_\bp_\ba_\bt to gener-
- ate the possible completions.
- -\b-P\bP _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx
- Add _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx to the beginning of each possible completion
- after all other options have been applied.
- -\b-S\bS _\bs_\bu_\bf_\bf_\bi_\bx
- Append _\bs_\bu_\bf_\bf_\bi_\bx to each possible completion after all
- other options have been applied.
- -\b-W\bW _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt
- Split the _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt using the characters in the I\bIF\bFS\bS spe-
- cial variable as delimiters, and expand each resulting
- word. Shell quoting is honored within _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt, in or-
- der to provide a mechanism for the words to contain
- shell metacharacters or characters in the value of I\bIF\bFS\bS.
- The possible completions are the members of the resul-
- tant list which match a prefix of the word being com-
- pleted.
- -\b-X\bX _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt
- _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt is a pattern as used for pathname expansion.
- It is applied to the list of possible completions gener-
- ated by the preceding options and arguments, and each
- completion matching _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt is removed from the list.
- A leading !\b! in _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt negates the pattern; in this
- case, any completion not matching _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt is removed.
-
- The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
- an option other than -\b-p\bp, -\b-r\br, -\b-D\bD, -\b-E\bE, or -\b-I\bI is supplied without a
- _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be argument, an attempt is made to remove a completion speci-
- fication for a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be for which no specification exists, or an er-
- ror occurs adding a completion specification.
-
- c\bco\bom\bmp\bpo\bop\bpt\bt [-\b-o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [-\b-D\bDE\bEI\bI] [+\b+o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be]
- Modify completion options for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be according to the _\bo_\bp_\b-
- _\bt_\bi_\bo_\bns, or for the currently-executing completion if no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are
- supplied. If no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bns are supplied, display the completion
- options for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be or the current completion. The possible
- values of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn are those valid for the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be builtin de-
- scribed above.
-
- The -\b-D\bD option indicates that other supplied options should apply
- to the command completion; the -\b-E\bE option indicates that other
- supplied options should apply to command completion; and the -\b-I\bI
- option indicates that other supplied options should apply to
- completion on the initial word on the line. These are deter-
- mined in the same way as the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be builtin.
-
- If multiple options are supplied, the -\b-D\bD option takes precedence
- over -\b-E\bE, and both take precedence over -\b-I\bI.
-
- The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
- an attempt is made to modify the options for a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be for which no
- completion specification exists, or an output error occurs.
-
- c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be [_\bn]
- c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be resumes the next iteration of the enclosing f\bfo\bor\br, w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be,
- u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl, or s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt loop. If _\bn is specified, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh resumes the _\bnth
- enclosing loop. _\bn must be >= 1. If _\bn is greater than the num-
- ber of enclosing loops, the shell resumes the last enclosing
- loop (the loop). The return value is 0 unless _\bn is not greater
- than or equal to 1.
-
- d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be [-\b-a\baA\bAf\bfF\bFg\bgi\biI\bIl\bln\bnr\brt\btu\bux\bx] [-\b-p\bp] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be] ...]
- t\bty\byp\bpe\bes\bse\bet\bt [-\b-a\baA\bAf\bfF\bFg\bgi\biI\bIl\bln\bnr\brt\btu\bux\bx] [-\b-p\bp] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be] ...]
- Declare variables and/or give them attributes. If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are
- given then display the values of variables or functions. The -\b-p\bp
- option will display the attributes and values of each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
- When -\b-p\bp is used with _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments, additional options, other
- than -\b-f\bf and -\b-F\bF, are ignored.
-
- When -\b-p\bp is supplied without _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments, d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be will display
- the attributes and values of all variables having the attributes
- specified by the additional options. If no other options are
- supplied with -\b-p\bp, d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be will display the attributes and values
- of all shell variables. The -\b-f\bf option restricts the display to
- shell functions.
-
- The -\b-F\bF option inhibits the display of function definitions; only
- the function name and attributes are printed. If the e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg
- shell option is enabled using s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt, the source file name and
- line number where each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is defined are displayed as well.
- The -\b-F\bF option implies -\b-f\bf.
-
- The -\b-g\bg option forces variables to be created or modified at the
- global scope, even when d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be is executed in a shell function.
- It is ignored when d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be is not executed in a shell function.
-
- The -\b-I\bI option causes local variables to inherit the attributes
- (except the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf attribute) and value of any existing vari-
- able with the same _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be at a surrounding scope. If there is no
- existing variable, the local variable is initially unset.
-
- The following options can be used to restrict output to vari-
- ables with the specified attribute or to give variables attrib-
- utes:
- -\b-a\ba Each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an indexed array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs in
- _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)).
- -\b-A\bA Each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an associative array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs in
- _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)).
- -\b-f\bf Each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be refers to a shell function.
- -\b-i\bi The variable is treated as an integer; arithmetic evalua-
- tion (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)) is performed
- when the variable is assigned a value.
- -\b-l\bl When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case
- characters are converted to lower-case. The upper-case
- attribute is disabled.
- -\b-n\bn Give each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf attribute, making it a name
- reference to another variable. That other variable is
- defined by the value of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. All references, assign-
- ments, and attribute modifications to _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, except those
- using or changing the -\b-n\bn attribute itself, are performed
- on the variable referenced by _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be's value. The nameref
- attribute cannot be applied to array variables.
- -\b-r\br Make _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes readonly. These names cannot then be assigned
- values by subsequent assignment statements or unset.
- -\b-t\bt Give each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be the _\bt_\br_\ba_\bc_\be attribute. Traced functions in-
- herit the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN traps from the calling shell.
- The trace attribute has no special meaning for variables.
- -\b-u\bu When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case
- characters are converted to upper-case. The lower-case
- attribute is disabled.
- -\b-x\bx Mark each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be for export to subsequent commands via the
- environment.
-
- Using instead of turns off the specified attribute instead, with
- the exceptions that +\b+a\ba and +\b+A\bA may not be used to destroy array
- variables and +\b+r\br will not remove the readonly attribute.
-
- When used in a function, d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be and t\bty\byp\bpe\bes\bse\bet\bt make each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be lo-
- cal, as with the l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl command, unless the -\b-g\bg option is sup-
- plied. If a variable name is followed by =_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be, the value of
- the variable is set to _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. When using -\b-a\ba or -\b-A\bA and the com-
- pound assignment syntax to create array variables, additional
- attributes do not take effect until subsequent assignments.
-
- The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered,
- an attempt is made to define a function using an attempt is made
- to assign a value to a readonly variable, an attempt is made to
- assign a value to an array variable without using the compound
- assignment syntax (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)), one of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is
- not a valid shell variable name, an attempt is made to turn off
- readonly status for a readonly variable, an attempt is made to
- turn off array status for an array variable, or an attempt is
- made to display a non-existent function with -\b-f\bf.
-
- d\bdi\bir\brs\bs [\b[-\b-c\bcl\blp\bpv\bv]\b] [\b[+\b+_\bn]\b] [\b[-\b-_\bn]\b]
- Without options, display the list of currently remembered direc-
- tories. The default display is on a single line with directory
- names separated by spaces. Directories are added to the list
- with the p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd command; the p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd command removes entries from
- the list. The current directory is always the first directory
- in the stack.
-
- Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
- -\b-c\bc Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the en-
- tries.
- -\b-l\bl Produces a listing using full pathnames; the default
- listing format uses a tilde to denote the home directory.
- -\b-p\bp Print the directory stack with one entry per line.
- -\b-v\bv Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pre-
- fixing each entry with its index in the stack.
- +\b+_\bn Displays the _\bnth entry counting from the left of the list
- shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs when invoked without options, starting with
- zero.
- -\b-_\bn Displays the _\bnth entry counting from the right of the
- list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs when invoked without options, starting
- with zero.
-
- The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is supplied or _\bn
- indexes beyond the end of the directory stack.
-
- d\bdi\bis\bso\bow\bwn\bn [-\b-a\bar\br] [-\b-h\bh] [_\bi_\bd ...]
- Without options, remove each _\bi_\bd from the table of active jobs.
- Each _\bi_\bd may be a job specification _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc or a process ID _\bp_\bi_\bd;
- if _\bi_\bd is a _\bp_\bi_\bd, d\bdi\bis\bso\bow\bwn\bn uses the job containing _\bp_\bi_\bd as _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc.
-
- If the -\b-h\bh option is supplied, d\bdi\bis\bso\bow\bwn\bn does not remove the jobs
- corresponding to each _\bi_\bd from the jobs table, but rather marks
- them so the shell does not send S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP to the job if the shell
- receives a S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP.
-
- If no _\bi_\bd is supplied, the -\b-a\ba option means to remove or mark all
- jobs; the -\b-r\br option without an _\bi_\bd argument removes or marks run-
- ning jobs. If no _\bi_\bd is supplied, and neither the -\b-a\ba nor the -\b-r\br
- option is supplied, d\bdi\bis\bso\bow\bwn\bn removes or marks the current job.
-
- The return value is 0 unless an _\bi_\bd does not specify a valid job.
-
- e\bec\bch\bho\bo [-\b-n\bne\beE\bE] [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
- Output the _\ba_\br_\bgs, separated by spaces, followed by a newline.
- The return status is 0 unless a write error occurs. If -\b-n\bn is
- specified, the trailing newline is not printed.
-
- If the -\b-e\be option is given, e\bec\bch\bho\bo interprets the following back-
- slash-escaped characters. The -\b-E\bE option disables interpretation
- of these escape characters, even on systems where they are in-
- terpreted by default. The x\bxp\bpg\bg_\b_e\bec\bch\bho\bo shell option determines
- whether or not e\bec\bch\bho\bo interprets any options and expands these es-
- cape characters. e\bec\bch\bho\bo does not interpret -\b--\b- to mean the end of
- options.
-
- e\bec\bch\bho\bo interprets the following escape sequences:
- \\b\a\ba alert (bell)
- \\b\b\bb backspace
- \\b\c\bc suppress further output
- \\b\e\be
- \\b\E\bE an escape character
- \\b\f\bf form feed
- \\b\n\bn new line
- \\b\r\br carriage return
- \\b\t\bt horizontal tab
- \\b\v\bv vertical tab
- \\b\\\b\ backslash
- \\b\0\b0_\bn_\bn_\bn The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value
- _\bn_\bn_\bn (zero to three octal digits).
- \\b\x\bx_\bH_\bH The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal
- value _\bH_\bH (one or two hex digits).
- \\b\u\bu_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
- hexadecimal value _\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH (one to four hex digits).
- \\b\U\bU_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH
- The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
- hexadecimal value _\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH (one to eight hex digits).
-
- e\bec\bch\bho\bo writes any unrecognized backslash-escaped characters un-
- changed.
-
- e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be [-\b-a\ba] [-\b-d\bdn\bnp\bps\bs] [-\b-f\bf _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin
- allows an executable file which has the same name as a shell
- builtin to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even
- though the shell normally searches for builtins before files.
-
- If -\b-n\bn is supplied, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is disabled; otherwise, _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are
- enabled. For example, to use the t\bte\bes\bst\bt binary found using P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH
- instead of the shell builtin version, run
-
- If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are supplied, or if the -\b-p\bp option is sup-
- plied, print a list of shell builtins. With no other option ar-
- guments, the list consists of all enabled shell builtins. If -\b-n\bn
- is supplied, print only disabled builtins. If -\b-a\ba is supplied,
- the list printed includes all builtins, with an indication of
- whether or not each is enabled. The -\b-s\bs option means to restrict
- the output to the POSIX _\bs_\bp_\be_\bc_\bi_\ba_\bl builtins.
-
- The -\b-f\bf option means to load the new builtin command _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from
- shared object _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, on systems that support dynamic loading.
- If _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be does not contain a slash, B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh will use the value of
- the B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLO\bOA\bAD\bDA\bAB\bBL\bLE\bES\bS_\b_P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH variable as a colon-separated list of
- directories in which to search for _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. The default for
- B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLO\bOA\bAD\bDA\bAB\bBL\bLE\bES\bS_\b_P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is system-dependent, and may include to
- force a search of the current directory. The -\b-d\bd option will
- delete a builtin previously loaded with -\b-f\bf. If -\b-s\bs is used with
- -\b-f\bf, the new builtin becomes a POSIX special builtin.
-
- If no options are supplied and a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a shell builtin,
- e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be will attempt to load _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from a shared object named
- _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, as if the command were
-
- The return value is 0 unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a shell builtin or
- there is an error loading a new builtin from a shared object.
-
- e\bev\bva\bal\bl [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
- Concatenate the _\ba_\br_\bgs together into a single command, separating
- them with spaces. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh then reads and execute this command, and
- returns its exit status as the return status of e\bev\bva\bal\bl. If there
- are no _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs, or only null arguments, e\bev\bva\bal\bl returns 0.
-
- e\bex\bxe\bec\bc [-\b-c\bcl\bl] [-\b-a\ba _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]]
- If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is specified, it replaces the shell without creating
- a new process. _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd cannot be a shell builtin or function.
- The _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs become the arguments to _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd. If the -\b-l\bl option
- is supplied, the shell places a dash at the beginning of the ze-
- roth argument passed to _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd. This is what _\bl_\bo_\bg_\bi_\bn(1) does.
- The -\b-c\bc option causes _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd to be executed with an empty envi-
- ronment. If -\b-a\ba is supplied, the shell passes _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be as the zeroth
- argument to the executed command.
-
- If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd cannot be executed for some reason, a non-interactive
- shell exits, unless the e\bex\bxe\bec\bcf\bfa\bai\bil\bl shell option is enabled. In
- that case, it returns a non-zero status. An interactive shell
- returns a non-zero status if the file cannot be executed. A
- subshell exits unconditionally if e\bex\bxe\bec\bc fails.
-
- If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is not specified, any redirections take effect in the
- current shell, and the return status is 0. If there is a redi-
- rection error, the return status is 1.
-
- e\bex\bxi\bit\bt [_\bn]
- Cause the shell to exit with a status of _\bn. If _\bn is omitted,
- the exit status is that of the last command executed. Any trap
- on E\bEX\bXI\bIT\bT is executed before the shell terminates.
-
- e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt [-\b-f\bfn\bn] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be]] ...
- e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt -\b-p\bp [\b[-\b-f\bf]\b]
- The supplied _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are marked for automatic export to the envi-
- ronment of subsequently executed commands. If the -\b-f\bf option is
- given, the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs refer to functions.
-
- The -\b-n\bn option unexports, or removes the export attribute, from
- each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are given, or if only the -\b-p\bp option is
- supplied, e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt displays a list of names of all exported vari-
- ables on the standard output. Using -\b-p\bp and -\b-f\bf together displays
- exported functions. The -\b-p\bp option displays output in a form
- that may be reused as input.
-
- e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt allows the value of a variable to be set when it is ex-
- ported or unexported by following the variable name with =_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be.
- This sets the value of the variable to _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be while modifying the
- export attribute. e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt returns an exit status of 0 unless an
- invalid option is encountered, one of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a valid
- shell variable name, or -\b-f\bf is supplied with a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be that is not a
- function.
-
- f\bfa\bal\bls\bse\be Does nothing; returns a non-zero status.
-
- f\bfc\bc [-\b-e\be _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b-D\bD] [-\b-l\bln\bnr\br] [_\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt] [_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt]
- f\bfc\bc -\b-s\bs [_\bp_\ba_\bt=_\br_\be_\bp] [_\bc_\bm_\bd]
- The first form selects a range of commands from _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt to _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt
- from the history list and displays or edits and re-executes
- them. _\bF_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt and _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt may be specified as a string (to locate
- the last command beginning with that string) or as a number (an
- index into the history list, where a negative number is used as
- an offset from the current command number).
-
- When listing, a _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt or _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt of 0 is equivalent to -1 and -0 is
- equivalent to the current command (usually the f\bfc\bc command); oth-
- erwise 0 is equivalent to -1 and -0 is invalid. If _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt is not
- specified, it is set to the current command for listing (so that
- prints the last 10 commands) and to _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt otherwise. If _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt
- is not specified, it is set to the previous command for editing
- and -16 for listing.
-
- If the -\b-l\bl option is supplied, the commands are listed on the
- standard output. The -\b-n\bn option suppresses the command numbers
- when listing. The -\b-r\br option reverses the order of the commands.
-
- Otherwise, f\bfc\bc invokes the editor named by _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be on a file con-
- taining those commands. If _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not supplied, f\bfc\bc uses the
- value of the F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT variable, and the value of E\bED\bDI\bIT\bTO\bOR\bR if F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT
- is not set. If neither variable is set, f\bfc\bc uses _\bv_\bi_\b. When edit-
- ing is complete, f\bfc\bc reads the file containing the edited com-
- mands and echoes and executes them. The -\b-D\bD option, if supplied,
- causes f\bfc\bc to remove the selected commands from the history list
- before executing the file of edited commands. -\b-D\bD is only effec-
- tive when f\bfc\bc is invoked in this way.
-
- In the second form, f\bfc\bc re-executes _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd after replacing each
- instance of _\bp_\ba_\bt with _\br_\be_\bp. _\bC_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is interpreted the same as
- _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt above.
-
- A useful alias to use with f\bfc\bc is so that typing runs the last
- command beginning with and typing re-executes the last command.
-
- If the first form is used, the return value is zero unless an
- invalid option is encountered or _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt or _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt specify history
- lines out of range. When editing and re-executing a file of
- commands, the return value is the value of the last command exe-
- cuted or failure if an error occurs with the temporary file. If
- the second form is used, the return status is that of the re-ex-
- ecuted command, unless _\bc_\bm_\bd does not specify a valid history en-
- try, in which case f\bfc\bc returns a non-zero status.
-
- f\bfg\bg [_\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc]
- Resume _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc in the foreground, and make it the current job.
- If _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not present, f\bfg\bg uses the shell's notion of the
- _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bj_\bo_\bb. The return value is that of the command placed
- into the foreground, or failure if run when job control is dis-
- abled or, when run with job control enabled, if _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc does not
- specify a valid job or _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc specifies a job that was started
- without job control.
-
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is used by shell scripts and functions to parse posi-
- tional parameters and obtain options and their arguments. _\bo_\bp_\bt_\b-
- _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg contains the option characters to be recognized; if a
- character is followed by a colon, the option is expected to have
- an argument, which should be separated from it by white space.
- The colon and question mark characters may not be used as option
- characters.
-
- Each time it is invoked, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs places the next option in the
- shell variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, initializing _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be if it does not exist, and
- the index of the next argument to be processed into the variable
- O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD. O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD is initialized to 1 each time the shell or a
- shell script is invoked. When an option requires an argument,
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs places that argument into the variable O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG.
-
- The shell does not reset O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD automatically; it must be manu-
- ally reset between multiple calls to g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs within the same
- shell invocation to use a new set of parameters.
-
- When it reaches the end of options, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs exits with a return
- value greater than zero. O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD is set to the index of the
- first non-option argument, and _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set to ?.
-
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs normally parses the positional parameters, but if more
- arguments are supplied as _\ba_\br_\bg values, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs parses those in-
- stead.
-
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs can report errors in two ways. If the first character
- of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is a colon, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs uses _\bs_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\bt error reporting.
- In normal operation, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs prints diagnostic messages when it
- encounters invalid options or missing option arguments. If the
- variable O\bOP\bPT\bTE\bER\bRR\bR is set to 0, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs does not display any error
- messages, even if the first character of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is not a
- colon.
-
- If g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs detects an invalid option, it places ? into _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be and,
- if not silent, prints an error message and unsets O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG. If
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is silent, it assigns the option character found to O\bOP\bP-\b-
- T\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG and does not print a diagnostic message.
-
- If a required argument is not found, and g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is not silent,
- it sets the value of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to a question mark (?\b?), unsets O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG,
- and prints a diagnostic message. If g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is silent, it sets
- the value of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to a colon (:\b:) and sets O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG to the option
- character found.
-
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is
- found. It returns false if the end of options is encountered or
- an error occurs.
-
- h\bha\bas\bsh\bh [-\b-l\blr\br] [-\b-p\bp _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b-d\bdt\bt] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be]
- Each time h\bha\bas\bsh\bh is invoked, it remembers the full pathname of the
- command _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be as determined by searching the directories in
- $\b$P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH. Any previously-remembered pathname associated with _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
- is discarded. If the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, h\bha\bas\bsh\bh uses _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
- as the full pathname of the command.
-
- The -\b-r\br option causes the shell to forget all remembered loca-
- tions. Assigning to the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH variable also clears all hashed
- filenames. The -\b-d\bd option causes the shell to forget the remem-
- bered location of each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
-
- If the -\b-t\bt option is supplied, h\bha\bas\bsh\bh prints the full pathname cor-
- responding to each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If multiple _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are sup-
- plied with -\b-t\bt, h\bha\bas\bsh\bh prints the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be before the corresponding
- hashed full pathname. The -\b-l\bl option displays output in a format
- that may be reused as input.
-
- If no arguments are given, or if only -\b-l\bl is supplied, h\bha\bas\bsh\bh
- prints information about remembered commands. The -\b-t\bt, -\b-d\bd, and
- -\b-p\bp options (the options that act on the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments) are mu-
- tually exclusive. Only one will be active. If more than one is
- supplied, -\b-t\bt has higher priority than -\b-p\bp, and both have higher
- priority than -\b-d\bd.
-
- The return status is zero unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found or an in-
- valid option is supplied.
-
- h\bhe\bel\blp\bp [-\b-d\bdm\bms\bs] [_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn]
- Display helpful information about builtin commands. If _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn
- is specified, h\bhe\bel\blp\bp gives detailed help on all commands matching
- _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn as described below; otherwise it displays a list of all
- the builtins and shell compound commands.
-
- Options, if supplied, have the follow meanings:
-
- -\b-d\bd Display a short description of each _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn
- -\b-m\bm Display the description of each _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn in a manpage-like
- format
- -\b-s\bs Display only a short usage synopsis for each _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn
-
- If _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn contains pattern matching characters (see P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn
- M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg above) it's treated as a shell pattern and h\bhe\bel\blp\bp prints
- the description of each help topic matching _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn.
-
- If not, and _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn exactly matches the name of a help topic,
- h\bhe\bel\blp\bp prints the description associated with that topic. Other-
- wise, h\bhe\bel\blp\bp performs prefix matching and prints the descriptions
- of all matching help topics.
-
- The return status is 0 unless no command matches _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn.
-
- h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by [\b[-\b-H\bH]\b] [\b[_\br_\ba_\bn_\bg_\be]\b]
- h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by -\b-c\bc
- h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by -\b-d\bd _\br_\ba_\bn_\bg_\be
- h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by -\b-a\ban\bnr\brw\bw [_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be]
- h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by -\b-p\bp _\ba_\br_\bg [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
- h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by -\b-s\bs _\ba_\br_\bg [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
- With no options, or with the -\b-H\bH option, display the portion of
- the command history list specified by _\br_\ba_\bn_\bg_\be, as described below.
- If _\br_\ba_\bn_\bg_\be is not specified, display the entire history list.
- Without -\b-H\bH, display the list with command numbers, prefixing en-
- tries that have been modified with a
-
- A _\br_\ba_\bn_\bg_\be argument is specified in the form of a number _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt or
- a range _\bs_\bt_\ba_\br_\bt-_\be_\bn_\bd. If _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt is supplied, it references the
- history entry at position _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt in the history list; when list-
- ing this displays the last _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt entries. A negative _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt
- counts back from the end of the history list, relative to one
- greater than the last history position. When listing, negative
- and positive _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt_\bs have identical results. _\bs_\bt_\ba_\br_\bt and _\be_\bn_\bd, if
- supplied, reference the portion of the history list beginning at
- position _\bs_\bt_\ba_\br_\bt through position _\be_\bn_\bd. If _\bs_\bt_\ba_\br_\bt or _\be_\bn_\bd are nega-
- tive, they count back from the end of the history list. When
- listing, if _\bs_\bt_\ba_\br_\bt is greater than _\be_\bn_\bd, the history entries are
- displayed in reverse order from _\be_\bn_\bd to _\bs_\bt_\ba_\br_\bt.
-
- If the shell variable H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT is set and not null, it is
- used as a format string for _\bs_\bt_\br_\bf_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3) to display the time
- stamp associated with each displayed history entry. If h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by
- uses H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT, it does not print an intervening space be-
- tween the formatted time stamp and the history entry.
-
- If _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is supplied, h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by uses it as the name of the his-
- tory file; if not, it uses the value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE. If _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
- is not supplied and H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is unset or null, the -\b-a\ba,\b, -\b-n\bn,\b, -\b-r\br,\b,
- and -\b-w\bw options have no effect.
-
- Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
- -\b-c\bc Clear the history list by deleting all the entries. This
- can be used with the other options to replace the history
- list.
- -\b-d\bd _\br_\ba_\bn_\bg_\be
- Delete the history entries specified by _\br_\ba_\bn_\bg_\be, as de-
- scribed above. An index of -1 refers to the current h\bhi\bis\bs-\b-
- t\bto\bor\bry\by -\b-d\bd command.
- -\b-H\bH Display the selected history entries in the format that
- would be written to the history file, including any time
- stamp information as described below, without prefixing
- the entry with any line number or
- -\b-a\ba Append the history lines to the history file. These are
- history lines entered since the beginning of the current
- b\bba\bas\bsh\bh session, but not already appended to the history
- file.
- -\b-n\bn Read the history lines not already read from the history
- file and add them to the current history list. These are
- lines appended to the history file since the beginning of
- the current b\bba\bas\bsh\bh session.
- -\b-r\br Read the history file and append its contents to the cur-
- rent history list.
- -\b-w\bw Write the current history list to the history file, over-
- writing the history file.
- -\b-p\bp Perform history substitution on the following _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs and
- display the result on the standard output, without stor-
- ing the results in the history list. Each _\ba_\br_\bg must be
- quoted to disable normal history expansion.
- -\b-s\bs Store the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs in the history list as a single entry.
- The last command in the history list is removed before
- adding the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs.
-
- If the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT variable is set, h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by writes the time
- stamp information associated with each history entry to the his-
- tory file, marked with the history comment character as de-
- scribed above. When the history file is read, lines beginning
- with the history comment character followed immediately by a
- digit are interpreted as timestamps for the following history
- entry.
-
- The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered,
- an error occurs while reading or writing the history file, an
- invalid _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt or range is supplied as an argument to -\b-d\bd, or the
- history expansion supplied as an argument to -\b-p\bp fails.
-
- j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs [-\b-l\bln\bnp\bpr\brs\bs] [ _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc ... ]
- j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs -\b-x\bx _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd [ _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs ... ]
- The first form lists the active jobs. The options have the fol-
- lowing meanings:
- -\b-l\bl List process IDs in addition to the normal information.
- -\b-n\bn Display information only about jobs that have changed
- status since the user was last notified of their status.
- -\b-p\bp List only the process ID of the job's process group
- leader.
- -\b-r\br Display only running jobs.
- -\b-s\bs Display only stopped jobs.
-
- If _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is supplied, j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs restricts output to information
- about that job. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option
- is encountered or an invalid _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is supplied.
-
- If the -\b-x\bx option is supplied, j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs replaces any _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc found in
- _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd or _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs with the corresponding process group ID, and ex-
- ecutes _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, passing it _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs, returning its exit status.
-
- k\bki\bil\bll\bl [-\b-s\bs _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc | -\b-n\bn _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm | -\b-_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc] _\bi_\bd [ ... ]
- k\bki\bil\bll\bl -\b-l\bl|-\b-L\bL [_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc | _\be_\bx_\bi_\bt_\b__\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt_\bu_\bs]
- Send the signal specified by _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc or _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm to the processes
- named by each _\bi_\bd. Each _\bi_\bd may be a job specification _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc or
- a process ID _\bp_\bi_\bd. _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is either a case-insensitive signal
- name such as S\bSI\bIG\bGK\bKI\bIL\bLL\bL (with or without the S\bSI\bIG\bG prefix) or a sig-
- nal number; _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm is a signal number. If _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not sup-
- plied, then k\bki\bil\bll\bl sends S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTE\bER\bRM\bM.
-
- The -\b-l\bl option lists the signal names. If any arguments are sup-
- plied when -\b-l\bl is given, k\bki\bil\bll\bl lists the names of the signals cor-
- responding to the arguments, and the return status is 0. The
- _\be_\bx_\bi_\bt_\b__\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt_\bu_\bs argument to -\b-l\bl is a number specifying either a sig-
- nal number or the exit status of a process terminated by a sig-
- nal; if it is supplied, k\bki\bil\bll\bl prints the name of the signal that
- caused the process to terminate. k\bki\bil\bll\bl assumes that process exit
- statuses are greater than 128; anything less than that is a sig-
- nal number. The -\b-L\bL option is equivalent to -\b-l\bl.
-
- k\bki\bil\bll\bl returns true if at least one signal was successfully sent,
- or false if an error occurs or an invalid option is encountered.
-
- l\ble\bet\bt _\ba_\br_\bg [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
- Each _\ba_\br_\bg is evaluated as an arithmetic expression (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bH-\b-
- M\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)). If the last _\ba_\br_\bg evaluates to 0,
- l\ble\bet\bt returns 1; otherwise l\ble\bet\bt returns 0.
-
- l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl [_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be] ... | - ]
- For each argument, create a local variable named _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be and assign
- it _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. The _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn can be any of the options accepted by d\bde\be-\b-
- c\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be. When l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl is used within a function, it causes the
- variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to have a visible scope restricted to that func-
- tion and its children. It is an error to use l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl when not
- within a function.
-
- If _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is -, it makes the set of shell options local to the
- function in which l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl is invoked: any shell options changed
- using the s\bse\bet\bt builtin inside the function after the call to l\blo\bo-\b-
- c\bca\bal\bl are restored to their original values when the function re-
- turns. The restore is performed as if a series of s\bse\bet\bt commands
- were executed to restore the values that were in place before
- the function.
-
- With no operands, l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl writes a list of local variables to the
- standard output.
-
- The return status is 0 unless l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl is used outside a function,
- an invalid _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is supplied, or _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is a readonly variable.
-
- l\blo\bog\bgo\bou\but\bt [\b[_\bn]\b]
- Exit a login shell, returning a status of _\bn to the shell's par-
- ent.
-
- m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be [-\b-d\bd _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm] [-\b-n\bn _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt] [-\b-O\bO _\bo_\br_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bn] [-\b-s\bs _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt] [-\b-t\bt] [-\b-u\bu _\bf_\bd] [-\b-C\bC
- _\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk] [-\b-c\bc _\bq_\bu_\ba_\bn_\bt_\bu_\bm] [_\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by]
- r\bre\bea\bad\bda\bar\brr\bra\bay\by [-\b-d\bd _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm] [-\b-n\bn _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt] [-\b-O\bO _\bo_\br_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bn] [-\b-s\bs _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt] [-\b-t\bt] [-\b-u\bu _\bf_\bd] [-\b-C\bC
- _\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk] [-\b-c\bc _\bq_\bu_\ba_\bn_\bt_\bu_\bm] [_\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by]
- Read lines from the standard input, or from file descriptor _\bf_\bd
- if the -\b-u\bu option is supplied, into the indexed array variable
- _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by. The variable M\bMA\bAP\bPF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is the default _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by. Options, if
- supplied, have the following meanings:
- -\b-d\bd Use the first character of _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm to terminate each input
- line, rather than newline. If _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm is the empty string,
- m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be will terminate a line when it reads a NUL charac-
- ter.
- -\b-n\bn Copy at most _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt lines. If _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt is 0, copy all lines.
- -\b-O\bO Begin assigning to _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by at index _\bo_\br_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bn. The default
- index is 0.
- -\b-s\bs Discard the first _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt lines read.
- -\b-t\bt Remove a trailing _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm (default newline) from each line
- read.
- -\b-u\bu Read lines from file descriptor _\bf_\bd instead of the stan-
- dard input.
- -\b-C\bC Evaluate _\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk each time _\bq_\bu_\ba_\bn_\bt_\bu_\bm lines are read. The
- -\b-c\bc option specifies _\bq_\bu_\ba_\bn_\bt_\bu_\bm.
- -\b-c\bc Specify the number of lines read between each call to
- _\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk.
-
- If -\b-C\bC is specified without -\b-c\bc, the default quantum is 5000.
- When _\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next
- array element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that
- element as additional arguments. _\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk is evaluated after
- the line is read but before the array element is assigned.
-
- If not supplied with an explicit origin, m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be will clear _\ba_\br_\b-
- _\br_\ba_\by before assigning to it.
-
- m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be returns zero unless an invalid option or option argument
- is supplied, _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by is invalid or unassignable, or if _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by is
- not an indexed array.
-
- p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd [-n\bn] [+_\bn] [-_\bn]
- Remove entries from the directory stack. The elements are num-
- bered from 0 starting at the first directory listed by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, so
- p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd is equivalent to With no arguments, p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd removes the top
- directory from the stack, and changes to the new top directory.
- Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings:
- -\b-n\bn Suppress the normal change of directory when removing di-
- rectories from the stack, only manipulate the stack.
- +\b+_\bn Remove the _\bnth entry counting from the left of the list
- shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with zero, from the stack. For
- example: removes the first directory, the second.
- -\b-_\bn Remove the _\bnth entry counting from the right of the list
- shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with zero. For example: removes
- the last directory, the next to last.
-
- If the top element of the directory stack is modified, and the
- -\b-n\bn option was not supplied, p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd uses the c\bcd\bd builtin to change
- to the directory at the top of the stack. If the c\bcd\bd fails, p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd
- returns a non-zero value.
-
- Otherwise, p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd returns false if an invalid option is supplied,
- the directory stack is empty, or _\bn specifies a non-existent di-
- rectory stack entry.
-
- If the p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd command is successful, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh runs d\bdi\bir\brs\bs to show the
- final contents of the directory stack, and the return status is
- 0.
-
- p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf [-\b-v\bv _\bv_\ba_\br] _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]
- Write the formatted _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs to the standard output under the
- control of the _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt. The -\b-v\bv option assigns the output to the
- variable _\bv_\ba_\br rather than printing it to the standard output.
-
- The _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is a character string which contains three types of
- objects: plain characters, which are simply copied to standard
- output, character escape sequences, which are converted and
- copied to the standard output, and format specifications, each
- of which causes printing of the next successive _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt. In
- addition to the standard _\bp_\br_\bi_\bn_\bt_\bf(3) format characters c\bcC\bCs\bsS\bS-\b-
- n\bnd\bdi\bio\bou\bux\bxX\bXe\beE\bEf\bfF\bFg\bgG\bGa\baA\bA, p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf interprets the following additional for-
- mat specifiers:
- %\b%b\bb causes p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf to expand backslash escape sequences in the
- corresponding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt in the same way as e\bec\bch\bho\bo -\b-e\be.
- %\b%q\bq causes p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf to output the corresponding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt in a
- format that can be reused as shell input. %\b%q\bq and %\b%Q\bQ use
- the $\b$ quoting style if any characters in the argument
- string require it, and backslash quoting otherwise. If
- the format string uses the _\bp_\br_\bi_\bn_\bt_\bf alternate form, these
- two formats quote the argument string using single
- quotes.
- %\b%Q\bQ like %\b%q\bq, but applies any supplied precision to the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\b-
- _\bm_\be_\bn_\bt before quoting it.
- %\b%(\b(_\bd_\ba_\bt_\be_\bf_\bm_\bt)\b)T\bT
- causes p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf to output the date-time string resulting
- from using _\bd_\ba_\bt_\be_\bf_\bm_\bt as a format string for _\bs_\bt_\br_\bf_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3).
- The corresponding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt is an integer representing the
- number of seconds since the epoch. This format specifier
- recognizes two special argument values: -1 represents the
- current time, and -2 represents the time the shell was
- invoked. If no argument is specified, conversion behaves
- as if -1 had been supplied. This is an exception to the
- usual p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf behavior.
-
- The %b, %q, and %T format specifiers all use the field width and
- precision arguments from the format specification and write that
- many bytes from (or use that wide a field for) the expanded ar-
- gument, which usually contains more characters than the origi-
- nal.
-
- The %n format specifier accepts a corresponding argument that is
- treated as a shell variable name.
-
- The %s and %c format specifiers accept an l (long) modifier,
- which forces them to convert the argument string to a wide-char-
- acter string and apply any supplied field width and precision in
- terms of characters, not bytes. The %S and %C format specifiers
- are equivalent to %ls and %lc, respectively.
-
- Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C con-
- stants, except that a leading plus or minus sign is allowed, and
- if the leading character is a single or double quote, the value
- is the numeric value of the following character, using the cur-
- rent locale.
-
- Format specifiers may apply to the _\bnth argument rather than the
- next sequential argument. In this case, the '%' in the format
- specifier is replaced by the sequence where _\bn is a decimal inte-
- ger greater than 0, giving the argument number to use as the
- operand. The format string should not mix numbered and unnum-
- bered argument specifiers, though this is allowed. Unnumbered
- argument specifiers always refer to the next argument following
- the last argument consumed by an unnumbered specifier; numbered
- argument specifiers refer to absolute positions in the argument
- list.
-
- The _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is reused as necessary to consume all of the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\b-
- _\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs. If the _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt requires more _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs than are supplied,
- the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or
- null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. If _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is
- reused, a numbered argument specifier refers to the _\bnth argument
- following the highest numbered argument consumed by the previous
- use of _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt.
-
- The return value is zero on success, non-zero if an invalid op-
- tion is supplied or a write or assignment error occurs.
-
- p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd [-\b-n\bn] [+_\bn] [-_\bn]
- p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd [-\b-n\bn] [_\bd_\bi_\br]
- Add a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotate the
- stack, making the new top of the stack the current working di-
- rectory. With no arguments, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd exchanges the top two ele-
- ments of the directory stack. Arguments, if supplied, have the
- following meanings:
- -\b-n\bn Suppress the normal change of directory when rotating or
- adding directories to the stack, only manipulate the
- stack.
- +\b+_\bn Rotate the stack so that the _\bnth directory (counting from
- the left of the list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with zero)
- is at the top.
- -\b-_\bn Rotates the stack so that the _\bnth directory (counting
- from the right of the list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with
- zero) is at the top.
- _\bd_\bi_\br Adds _\bd_\bi_\br to the directory stack at the top.
-
- After the stack has been modified, if the -\b-n\bn option was not sup-
- plied, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd uses the c\bcd\bd builtin to change to the directory at
- the top of the stack. If the c\bcd\bd fails, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd returns a non-zero
- value.
-
- Otherwise, if no arguments are supplied, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd returns zero un-
- less the directory stack is empty. When rotating the directory
- stack, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd returns zero unless the directory stack is empty or
- _\bn specifies a non-existent directory stack element.
-
- If the p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd command is successful, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh runs d\bdi\bir\brs\bs to show the
- final contents of the directory stack.
-
- p\bpw\bwd\bd [-\b-L\bLP\bP]
- Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory.
- The pathname printed contains no symbolic links if the -\b-P\bP option
- is supplied or the -\b-o\bo p\bph\bhy\bys\bsi\bic\bca\bal\bl option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command
- is enabled. If the -\b-L\bL option is used, the pathname printed may
- contain symbolic links. The return status is 0 unless an error
- occurs while reading the name of the current directory or an in-
- valid option is supplied.
-
- r\bre\bea\bad\bd [-\b-E\bEe\ber\brs\bs] [-\b-a\ba _\ba_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b-d\bd _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm] [-\b-i\bi _\bt_\be_\bx_\bt] [-\b-n\bn _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs] [-\b-N\bN _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs]
- [-\b-p\bp _\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt] [-\b-t\bt _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt] [-\b-u\bu _\bf_\bd] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- Read one line from the standard input, or from the file descrip-
- tor _\bf_\bd supplied as an argument to the -\b-u\bu option, split it into
- words as described in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh (1) under W\bWo\bor\brd\bd S\bSp\bpl\bli\bit\btt\bti\bin\bng\bg, and assign
- the first word to the first _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, the second word to the second
- _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, and so on. If there are more words than names, the re-
- maining words and their intervening delimiters are assigned to
- the last _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If there are fewer words read from the input
- stream than names, the remaining names are assigned empty val-
- ues. The characters in the value of the I\bIF\bFS\bS variable are used
- to split the line into words using the same rules the shell uses
- for expansion (described in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh (1) under W\bWo\bor\brd\bd S\bSp\bpl\bli\bit\btt\bti\bin\bng\bg). The
- backslash character (\\b\) removes any special meaning for the next
- character read and is used for line continuation.
-
- Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
- -\b-a\ba _\ba_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
- The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array
- variable _\ba_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, starting at 0. _\ba_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is unset before any
- new values are assigned. Other _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are ig-
- nored.
- -\b-d\bd _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm
- The first character of _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm terminates the input line,
- rather than newline. If _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm is the empty string, r\bre\bea\bad\bd
- will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character.
- -\b-e\be If the standard input is coming from a terminal, r\bre\bea\bad\bd
- uses r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be (see R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)) to obtain the
- line. R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be uses the current (or default, if line
- editing was not previously active) editing settings, but
- uses r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be's default filename completion.
- -\b-E\bE If the standard input is coming from a terminal, r\bre\bea\bad\bd
- uses r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be (see R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)) to obtain the
- line. R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be uses the current (or default, if line
- editing was not previously active) editing settings, but
- uses bash's default completion, including programmable
- completion.
- -\b-i\bi _\bt_\be_\bx_\bt
- If r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used to read the line, r\bre\bea\bad\bd places
- _\bt_\be_\bx_\bt into the editing buffer before editing begins.
- -\b-n\bn _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs
- r\bre\bea\bad\bd returns after reading _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters rather than
- waiting for a complete line of input, unless it encoun-
- ters EOF or r\bre\bea\bad\bd times out, but honors a delimiter if it
- reads fewer than _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters before the delimiter.
- -\b-N\bN _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs
- r\bre\bea\bad\bd returns after reading exactly _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters
- rather than waiting for a complete line of input, unless
- it encounters EOF or r\bre\bea\bad\bd times out. Any delimiter char-
- acters in the input are not treated specially and do not
- cause r\bre\bea\bad\bd to return until it has read _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters.
- The result is not split on the characters in I\bIF\bFS\bS; the in-
- tent is that the variable is assigned exactly the charac-
- ters read (with the exception of backslash; see the -\b-r\br
- option below).
- -\b-p\bp _\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt
- Display _\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt on standard error, without a trailing new-
- line, before attempting to read any input, but only if
- input is coming from a terminal.
- -\b-r\br Backslash does not act as an escape character. The back-
- slash is considered to be part of the line. In particu-
- lar, a backslash-newline pair may not then be used as a
- line continuation.
- -\b-s\bs Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, charac-
- ters are not echoed.
- -\b-t\bt _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt
- Cause r\bre\bea\bad\bd to time out and return failure if it does not
- read a complete line of input (or a specified number of
- characters) within _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt seconds. _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt may be a
- decimal number with a fractional portion following the
- decimal point. This option is only effective if r\bre\bea\bad\bd is
- reading input from a terminal, pipe, or other special
- file; it has no effect when reading from regular files.
- If r\bre\bea\bad\bd times out, it saves any partial input read into
- the specified variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, and the exit status is
- greater than 128. If _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt is 0, r\bre\bea\bad\bd returns immedi-
- ately, without trying to read any data. In this case,
- the exit status is 0 if input is available on the speci-
- fied file descriptor, or the read will return EOF, non-
- zero otherwise.
- -\b-u\bu _\bf_\bd Read input from file descriptor _\bf_\bd instead of the stan-
- dard input.
-
- Other than the case where _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm is the empty string, r\bre\bea\bad\bd ig-
- nores any NUL characters in the input.
-
- If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are supplied, r\bre\bea\bad\bd assigns the line read, without
- the ending delimiter but otherwise unmodified, to the variable
- R\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY.
-
- The exit status is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, r\bre\bea\bad\bd
- times out (in which case the status is greater than 128), a
- variable assignment error (such as assigning to a readonly vari-
- able) occurs, or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as the
- argument to -\b-u\bu.
-
- r\bre\bea\bad\bdo\bon\bnl\bly\by [-\b-a\baA\bAf\bf] [-\b-p\bp] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd] ...]
- The given _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are marked readonly; the values of these _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs
- may not be changed by subsequent assignment or unset. If the -\b-f\bf
- option is supplied, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be refers to a shell function. The
- -\b-a\ba option restricts the variables to indexed arrays; the -\b-A\bA op-
- tion restricts the variables to associative arrays. If both op-
- tions are supplied, -\b-A\bA takes precedence. If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments
- are supplied, or if the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, print a list of
- all readonly names. The other options may be used to restrict
- the output to a subset of the set of readonly names. The -\b-p\bp op-
- tion displays output in a format that may be reused as input.
-
- r\bre\bea\bad\bdo\bon\bnl\bly\by allows the value of a variable to be set at the same
- time the readonly attribute is changed by following the variable
- name with =_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. This sets the value of the variable is to
- _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be while modifying the readonly attribute.
-
- The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered,
- one of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a valid shell variable name, or -\b-f\bf is
- supplied with a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be that is not a function.
-
- r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn [_\bn]
- Stop executing a shell function or sourced file and return the
- value specified by _\bn to its caller. If _\bn is omitted, the return
- status is that of the last command executed. If r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is exe-
- cuted by a trap handler, the last command used to determine the
- status is the last command executed before the trap handler. If
- r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is executed during a D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap, the last command used to
- determine the status is the last command executed by the trap
- handler before r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn was invoked.
-
- When r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is used to terminate execution of a script being ex-
- ecuted by the .\b. (s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be) command, it causes the shell to stop
- executing that script and return either _\bn or the exit status of
- the last command executed within the script as the exit status
- of the script. If _\bn is supplied, the return value is its least
- significant 8 bits.
-
- Any command associated with the R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN trap is executed before
- execution resumes after the function or script.
-
- The return status is non-zero if r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is supplied a non-nu-
- meric argument, or is used outside a function and not during ex-
- ecution of a script by .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be.
-
- s\bse\bet\bt [-\b-a\bab\bbe\bef\bfh\bhk\bkm\bmn\bnp\bpt\btu\buv\bvx\bxB\bBC\bCE\bEH\bHP\bPT\bT] [-\b-o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b--\b-] [-\b-] [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
- s\bse\bet\bt [+\b+a\bab\bbe\bef\bfh\bhk\bkm\bmn\bnp\bpt\btu\buv\bvx\bxB\bBC\bCE\bEH\bHP\bPT\bT] [+\b+o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b--\b-] [-\b-] [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
- s\bse\bet\bt -\b-o\bo
- s\bse\bet\bt +\b+o\bo Without options, display the name and value of each shell vari-
- able in a format that can be reused as input for setting or re-
- setting the currently-set variables. Read-only variables cannot
- be reset. In posix mode, only shell variables are listed. The
- output is sorted according to the current locale. When options
- are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. Any argu-
- ments remaining after option processing are treated as values
- for the positional parameters and are assigned, in order, to $\b$1\b1,
- $\b$2\b2, ..., $\b$_\bn. Options, if specified, have the following mean-
- ings:
- -\b-a\ba Each variable or function that is created or modified is
- given the export attribute and marked for export to the
- environment of subsequent commands.
- -\b-b\bb Report the status of terminated background jobs immedi-
- ately, rather than before the next primary prompt or af-
- ter a foreground command terminates. This is effective
- only when job control is enabled.
- -\b-e\be Exit immediately if a _\bp_\bi_\bp_\be_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be (which may consist of a
- single _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd), a _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt, or a _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
- (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)), exits with a non-zero
- status. The shell does not exit if the command that
- fails is part of the command list immediately following
- a w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl reserved word, part of the test follow-
- ing the i\bif\bf or e\bel\bli\bif\bf reserved words, part of any command
- executed in a &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b| list except the command following
- the final &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b|, any command in a pipeline but the
- last (subject to the state of the p\bpi\bip\bpe\bef\bfa\bai\bil\bl shell op-
- tion), or if the command's return value is being in-
- verted with !\b!. If a compound command other than a sub-
- shell returns a non-zero status because a command failed
- while -\b-e\be was being ignored, the shell does not exit. A
- trap on E\bER\bRR\bR, if set, is executed before the shell exits.
- This option applies to the shell environment and each
- subshell environment separately (see C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
- E\bEN\bNV\bVI\bIR\bRO\bON\bNM\bME\bEN\bNT\bT in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)), and may cause subshells to exit
- before executing all the commands in the subshell.
-
- If a compound command or shell function executes in a
- context where -\b-e\be is being ignored, none of the commands
- executed within the compound command or function body
- will be affected by the -\b-e\be setting, even if -\b-e\be is set
- and a command returns a failure status. If a compound
- command or shell function sets -\b-e\be while executing in a
- context where -\b-e\be is ignored, that setting will not have
- any effect until the compound command or the command
- containing the function call completes.
- -\b-f\bf Disable pathname expansion.
- -\b-h\bh Remember the location of commands as they are looked up
- for execution. This is enabled by default.
- -\b-k\bk All arguments in the form of assignment statements are
- placed in the environment for a command, not just those
- that precede the command name.
- -\b-m\bm Monitor mode. Job control is enabled. This option is
- on by default for interactive shells on systems that
- support it (see J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)). All processes
- run in a separate process group. When a background job
- completes, the shell prints a line containing its exit
- status.
- -\b-n\bn Read commands but do not execute them. This may be used
- to check a shell script for syntax errors. This is ig-
- nored by interactive shells.
- -\b-o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
- The _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be can be one of the following:
- a\bal\bll\ble\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt
- Same as -\b-a\ba.
- b\bbr\bra\bac\bce\bee\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd
- Same as -\b-B\bB.
- e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs Use an emacs-style command line editing inter-
- face. This is enabled by default when the shell
- is interactive, unless the shell is started with
- the -\b--\b-n\bno\boe\bed\bdi\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg option. This also affects the
- editing interface used for r\bre\bea\bad\bd -\b-e\be.
- e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt Same as -\b-e\be.
- e\ber\brr\brt\btr\bra\bac\bce\be
- Same as -\b-E\bE.
- f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\btr\bra\bac\bce\be
- Same as -\b-T\bT.
- h\bha\bas\bsh\bha\bal\bll\bl Same as -\b-h\bh.
- h\bhi\bis\bst\bte\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd
- Same as -\b-H\bH.
- h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by Enable command history, as described in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)
- under H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY. This option is on by default in
- interactive shells.
- i\big\bgn\bno\bor\bre\bee\beo\bof\bf
- The effect is as if the shell command had been
- executed (see S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)).
- k\bke\bey\byw\bwo\bor\brd\bd Same as -\b-k\bk.
- m\bmo\bon\bni\bit\bto\bor\br Same as -\b-m\bm.
- n\bno\boc\bcl\blo\bob\bbb\bbe\ber\br
- Same as -\b-C\bC.
- n\bno\boe\bex\bxe\bec\bc Same as -\b-n\bn.
- n\bno\bog\bgl\blo\bob\bb Same as -\b-f\bf.
- n\bno\bol\blo\bog\bg Currently ignored.
- n\bno\bot\bti\bif\bfy\by Same as -\b-b\bb.
- n\bno\bou\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt Same as -\b-u\bu.
- o\bon\bne\bec\bcm\bmd\bd Same as -\b-t\bt.
- p\bph\bhy\bys\bsi\bic\bca\bal\bl
- Same as -\b-P\bP.
- p\bpi\bip\bpe\bef\bfa\bai\bil\bl
- If set, the return value of a pipeline is the
- value of the last (rightmost) command to exit
- with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands
- in the pipeline exit successfully. This option
- is disabled by default.
- p\bpo\bos\bsi\bix\bx Enable posix mode; change the behavior of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
- where the default operation differs from the
- POSIX standard to match the standard. See S\bSE\bEE\bE
- A\bAL\bLS\bSO\bO in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1) for a reference to a document
- that details how posix mode affects bash's be-
- havior.
- p\bpr\bri\biv\bvi\bil\ble\beg\bge\bed\bd
- Same as -\b-p\bp.
- v\bve\ber\brb\bbo\bos\bse\be Same as -\b-v\bv.
- v\bvi\bi Use a vi-style command line editing interface.
- This also affects the editing interface used for
- r\bre\bea\bad\bd -\b-e\be.
- x\bxt\btr\bra\bac\bce\be Same as -\b-x\bx.
- If -\b-o\bo is supplied with no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, s\bse\bet\bt prints the
- current shell option settings. If +\b+o\bo is supplied with
- no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, s\bse\bet\bt prints a series of s\bse\bet\bt commands to
- recreate the current option settings on the standard
- output.
- -\b-p\bp Turn on _\bp_\br_\bi_\bv_\bi_\bl_\be_\bg_\be_\bd mode. In this mode, the shell does
- not read the $\b$E\bEN\bNV\bV and $\b$B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEN\bNV\bV files, shell functions
- are not inherited from the environment, and the S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bL-\b-
- L\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bHO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS, C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, and G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE variables, if
- they appear in the environment, are ignored. If the
- shell is started with the effective user (group) id not
- equal to the real user (group) id, and the -\b-p\bp option is
- not supplied, these actions are taken and the effective
- user id is set to the real user id. If the -\b-p\bp option is
- supplied at startup, the effective user id is not reset.
- Turning this option off causes the effective user and
- group ids to be set to the real user and group ids.
- -\b-r\br Enable restricted shell mode. This option cannot be un-
- set once it has been set.
- -\b-t\bt Exit after reading and executing one command.
- -\b-u\bu Treat unset variables and parameters other than the spe-
- cial parameters and or array variables subscripted with
- or as an error when performing parameter expansion. If
- expansion is attempted on an unset variable or parame-
- ter, the shell prints an error message, and, if not in-
- teractive, exits with a non-zero status.
- -\b-v\bv Print shell input lines as they are read.
- -\b-x\bx After expanding each _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, f\bfo\bor\br command, c\bca\bas\bse\be
- command, s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt command, or arithmetic f\bfo\bor\br command, dis-
- play the expanded value of P\bPS\bS4\b4, followed by the command
- and its expanded arguments or associated word list, to
- the standard error.
- -\b-B\bB The shell performs brace expansion (see B\bBr\bra\bac\bce\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
- in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)). This is on by default.
- -\b-C\bC If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not overwrite an existing file with
- the >\b>, >\b>&\b&, and <\b<>\b> redirection operators. Using the
- redirection operator >\b>|\b| instead of >\b> will override this
- and force the creation of an output file.
- -\b-E\bE If set, any trap on E\bER\bRR\bR is inherited by shell functions,
- command substitutions, and commands executed in a sub-
- shell environment. The E\bER\bRR\bR trap is normally not inher-
- ited in such cases.
- -\b-H\bH Enable !\b! style history substitution. This option is on
- by default when the shell is interactive.
- -\b-P\bP If set, the shell does not resolve symbolic links when
- executing commands such as c\bcd\bd that change the current
- working directory. It uses the physical directory
- structure instead. By default, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh follows the logical
- chain of directories when performing commands which
- change the current directory.
- -\b-T\bT If set, any traps on D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN are inherited by
- shell functions, command substitutions, and commands ex-
- ecuted in a subshell environment. The D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN
- traps are normally not inherited in such cases.
- -\b--\b- If no arguments follow this option, unset the positional
- parameters. Otherwise, set the positional parameters to
- the _\ba_\br_\bgs, even if some of them begin with a -\b-.
- -\b- Signal the end of options, and assign all remaining _\ba_\br_\bgs
- to the positional parameters. The -\b-x\bx and -\b-v\bv options are
- turned off. If there are no _\ba_\br_\bgs, the positional para-
- meters remain unchanged.
-
- The options are off by default unless otherwise noted. Using +
- rather than - causes these options to be turned off. The op-
- tions can also be specified as arguments to an invocation of the
- shell. The current set of options may be found in $\b$-\b-. The re-
- turn status is always zero unless an invalid option is encoun-
- tered.
-
- s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt [_\bn]
- Rename positional parameters from _\bn+1 ... to $\b$1\b1 .\b..\b..\b..\b. Parameters
- represented by the numbers $\b$#\b# down to $\b$#\b#-_\bn+1 are unset. _\bn must
- be a non-negative number less than or equal to $\b$#\b#. If _\bn is 0,
- no parameters are changed. If _\bn is not given, it is assumed to
- be 1. If _\bn is greater than $\b$#\b#, the positional parameters are
- not changed. The return status is greater than zero if _\bn is
- greater than $\b$#\b# or less than zero; otherwise 0.
-
- s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt [-\b-p\bpq\bqs\bsu\bu] [-\b-o\bo] [_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behav-
- ior. The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the
- -\b-o\bo option is used, those available with the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt
- builtin command.
-
- With no options, or with the -\b-p\bp option, display a list of all
- settable options, with an indication of whether or not each is
- set; if any _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are supplied, the output is restricted to
- those options. The -\b-p\bp option displays output in a form that may
- be reused as input.
-
- Other options have the following meanings:
- -\b-s\bs Enable (set) each _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
- -\b-u\bu Disable (unset) each _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
- -\b-q\bq Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status
- indicates whether the _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set or unset. If multi-
- ple _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are supplied with -\b-q\bq, the return
- status is zero if all _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are enabled; non-zero oth-
- erwise.
- -\b-o\bo Restricts the values of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to be those defined for
- the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin.
-
- If either -\b-s\bs or -\b-u\bu is used with no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments, s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt
- shows only those options which are set or unset, respectively.
- Unless otherwise noted, the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt options are disabled (unset)
- by default.
-
- The return status when listing options is zero if all _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs
- are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting op-
- tions, the return status is zero unless an _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a
- valid shell option.
-
- The list of s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt options is:
-
- a\bar\brr\bra\bay\by_\b_e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_o\bon\bnc\bce\be
- If set, the shell suppresses multiple evaluation of as-
- sociative and indexed array subscripts during arithmetic
- expression evaluation, while executing builtins that can
- perform variable assignments, and while executing
- builtins that perform array dereferencing.
- a\bas\bss\bso\boc\bc_\b_e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_o\bon\bnc\bce\be
- Deprecated; a synonym for a\bar\brr\bra\bay\by_\b_e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_o\bon\bnc\bce\be.
- a\bau\but\bto\boc\bcd\bd If set, a command name that is the name of a directory
- is executed as if it were the argument to the c\bcd\bd com-
- mand. This option is only used by interactive shells.
- b\bba\bas\bsh\bh_\b_s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be_\b_f\bfu\bul\bll\blp\bpa\bat\bth\bh
- If set, filenames added to the B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSO\bOU\bUR\bRC\bCE\bE array vari-
- able are converted to full pathnames (see S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl V\bVa\bar\bri\bi-\b-
- a\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs above).
- c\bcd\bda\bab\bbl\ble\be_\b_v\bva\bar\brs\bs
- If set, an argument to the c\bcd\bd builtin command that is
- not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable
- whose value is the directory to change to.
- c\bcd\bds\bsp\bpe\bel\bll\bl If set, the c\bcd\bd command attempts to correct minor errors
- in the spelling of a directory component. Minor errors
- include transposed characters, a missing character, and
- one extra character. If c\bcd\bd corrects the directory name,
- it prints the corrected filename, and the command pro-
- ceeds. This option is only used by interactive shells.
- c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkh\bha\bas\bsh\bh
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh checks that a command found in the hash ta-
- ble exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed
- command no longer exists, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh performs a normal path
- search.
- c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkj\bjo\bob\bbs\bs
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh lists the status of any stopped and running
- jobs before exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs
- are running, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh defers the exit until a second exit is
- attempted without an intervening command (see J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bN-\b-
- T\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)). The shell always postpones exiting if
- any jobs are stopped.
- c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkw\bwi\bin\bns\bsi\biz\bze\be
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh checks the window size after each external
- (non-builtin) command and, if necessary, updates the
- values of L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bES\bS and C\bCO\bOL\bLU\bUM\bMN\bNS\bS, using the file descriptor
- associated with the standard error if it is a terminal.
- This option is enabled by default.
- c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to save all lines of a multiple-
- line command in the same history entry. This allows
- easy re-editing of multi-line commands. This option is
- enabled by default, but only has an effect if command
- history is enabled, as described in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1) under H\bHI\bIS\bS-\b-
- T\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY.
- c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b31\b1
- c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2
- c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b40\b0
- c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b41\b1
- c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b42\b2
- c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b43\b3
- c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b44\b4
- These control aspects of the shell's compatibility mode
- (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bTI\bIB\bBI\bIL\bLI\bIT\bTY\bY M\bMO\bOD\bDE\bE in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)).
- c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be_\b_f\bfu\bul\bll\blq\bqu\buo\bot\bte\be
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh quotes all shell metacharacters in file-
- names and directory names when performing completion.
- If not set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh removes metacharacters such as the dol-
- lar sign from the set of characters that will be quoted
- in completed filenames when these metacharacters appear
- in shell variable references in words to be completed.
- This means that dollar signs in variable names that ex-
- pand to directories will not be quoted; however, any
- dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be quoted,
- either. This is active only when bash is using back-
- slashes to quote completed filenames. This variable is
- set by default, which is the default bash behavior in
- versions through 4.2.
- d\bdi\bir\bre\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh replaces directory names with the results
- of word expansion when performing filename completion.
- This changes the contents of the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be editing
- buffer. If not set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to preserve what the
- user typed.
- d\bdi\bir\brs\bsp\bpe\bel\bll\bl
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts spelling correction on directory
- names during word completion if the directory name ini-
- tially supplied does not exist.
- d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh includes filenames beginning with a in the
- results of pathname expansion. The filenames _\b. and _\b._\b.
- must always be matched explicitly, even if d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb is
- set.
- e\bex\bxe\bec\bcf\bfa\bai\bil\bl
- If set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it can-
- not execute the file specified as an argument to the
- e\bex\bxe\bec\bc builtin. An interactive shell does not exit if
- e\bex\bxe\bec\bc fails.
- e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bse\bes\bs
- If set, aliases are expanded as described in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1) un-
- der A\bAL\bLI\bIA\bAS\bSE\bES\bS. This option is enabled by default for in-
- teractive shells.
- e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg
- If set at shell invocation, or in a shell startup file,
- arrange to execute the debugger profile before the shell
- starts, identical to the -\b--\b-d\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bgg\bge\ber\br option. If set af-
- ter invocation, behavior intended for use by debuggers
- is enabled:
- 1\b1.\b. The -\b-F\bF option to the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin displays the
- source file name and line number corresponding to
- each function name supplied as an argument.
- 2\b2.\b. If the command run by the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap returns a
- non-zero value, the next command is skipped and
- not executed.
- 3\b3.\b. If the command run by the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap returns a
- value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub-
- routine (a shell function or a shell script exe-
- cuted by the .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins), the shell
- simulates a call to r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn.
- 4\b4.\b. B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGC\bC and B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV are updated as described
- in their descriptions in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)).
- 5\b5.\b. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu-
- tion, shell functions, and subshells invoked with
- (\b( _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd )\b) inherit the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN traps.
- 6\b6.\b. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution,
- shell functions, and subshells invoked with (\b(
- _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd )\b) inherit the E\bER\bRR\bR trap.
- e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb If set, enable the extended pattern matching features
- described in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1) under P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn.
- e\bex\bxt\btq\bqu\buo\bot\bte\be
- If set, $\b$_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg and $\b$_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg quoting is performed within
- $\b${\b{_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br}\b} expansions enclosed in double quotes. This
- option is enabled by default.
- f\bfa\bai\bil\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
- If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during
- pathname expansion result in an expansion error.
- f\bfo\bor\brc\bce\be_\b_f\bfi\big\bgn\bno\bor\bre\be
- If set, the suffixes specified by the F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE shell
- variable cause words to be ignored when performing word
- completion even if the ignored words are the only possi-
- ble completions. See S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1) for a
- description of F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE. This option is enabled by de-
- fault.
- g\bgl\blo\bob\bba\bas\bsc\bci\bii\bir\bra\ban\bng\bge\bes\bs
- If set, range expressions used in pattern matching
- bracket expressions (see P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1))
- behave as if in the traditional C locale when performing
- comparisons. That is, pattern matching does not take
- the current locale's collating sequence into account, so
- b\bb will not collate between A\bA and B\bB, and upper-case and
- lower-case ASCII characters will collate together.
- g\bgl\blo\bob\bbs\bsk\bki\bip\bpd\bdo\bot\bts\bs
- If set, pathname expansion will never match the file-
- names _\b. and _\b._\b. even if the pattern begins with a This
- option is enabled by default.
- g\bgl\blo\bob\bbs\bst\bta\bar\br
- If set, the pattern *\b**\b* used in a pathname expansion con-
- text will match all files and zero or more directories
- and subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by a /\b/,
- only directories and subdirectories match.
- g\bgn\bnu\bu_\b_e\ber\brr\brf\bfm\bmt\bt
- If set, shell error messages are written in the standard
- GNU error message format.
- h\bhi\bis\bst\bta\bap\bpp\bpe\ben\bnd\bd
- If set, the history list is appended to the file named
- by the value of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE variable when the shell ex-
- its, rather than overwriting the file.
- h\bhi\bis\bst\btr\bre\bee\bed\bdi\bit\bt
- If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, the user is given
- the opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitu-
- tion.
- h\bhi\bis\bst\btv\bve\ber\bri\bif\bfy\by
- If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, the results of his-
- tory substitution are not immediately passed to the
- shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded
- into the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be editing buffer, allowing further modi-
- fication.
- h\bho\bos\bst\btc\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be
- If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh will attempt to
- perform hostname completion when a word containing a @\b@
- is being completed (see C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bin\bng\bg under R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE in
- _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)). This is enabled by default.
- h\bhu\bup\bpo\bon\bne\bex\bxi\bit\bt
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh will send S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP to all jobs when an inter-
- active login shell exits.
- i\bin\bnh\bhe\ber\bri\bit\bt_\b_e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt
- If set, command substitution inherits the value of the
- e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt option, instead of unsetting it in the subshell
- environment. This option is enabled when posix mode is
- enabled.
- i\bin\bnt\bte\ber\bra\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be_\b_c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bts\bs
- In an interactive shell, a word beginning with #\b# causes
- that word and all remaining characters on that line to
- be ignored, as in a non-interactive shell (see C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bME\bEN\bNT\bTS\bS
- in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)). This option is enabled by default.
- l\bla\bas\bst\btp\bpi\bip\bpe\be
- If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs
- the last command of a pipeline not executed in the back-
- ground in the current shell environment.
- l\bli\bit\bth\bhi\bis\bst\bt If set, and the c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt option is enabled, multi-line
- commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines
- rather than using semicolon separators where possible.
- l\blo\boc\bca\bal\blv\bva\bar\br_\b_i\bin\bnh\bhe\ber\bri\bit\bt
- If set, local variables inherit the value and attributes
- of a variable of the same name that exists at a previous
- scope before any new value is assigned. The nameref at-
- tribute is not inherited.
- l\blo\boc\bca\bal\blv\bva\bar\br_\b_u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt
- If set, calling u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt on local variables in previous
- function scopes marks them so subsequent lookups find
- them unset until that function returns. This is identi-
- cal to the behavior of unsetting local variables at the
- current function scope.
- l\blo\bog\bgi\bin\bn_\b_s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl
- The shell sets this option if it is started as a login
- shell (see I\bIN\bNV\bVO\bOC\bCA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)). The value may not be
- changed.
- m\bma\bai\bil\blw\bwa\bar\brn\bn
- If set, and a file that b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is checking for mail has
- been accessed since the last time it was checked, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
- displays the message
- n\bno\bo_\b_e\bem\bmp\bpt\bty\by_\b_c\bcm\bmd\bd_\b_c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn
- If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not search
- P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH for possible completions when completion is at-
- tempted on an empty line.
- n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\beg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh matches filenames in a case-insensitive
- fashion when performing pathname expansion (see P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be
- E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)).
- n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\bem\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh matches patterns in a case-insensitive
- fashion when performing matching while executing c\bca\bas\bse\be or
- [\b[[\b[ conditional commands, when performing pattern substi-
- tution word expansions, or when filtering possible com-
- pletions as part of programmable completion.
- n\bno\boe\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_t\btr\bra\ban\bns\bsl\bla\bat\bti\bio\bon\bn
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh encloses the translated results of $\b$...
- quoting in single quotes instead of double quotes. If
- the string is not translated, this has no effect.
- n\bnu\bul\bll\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
- If set, pathname expansion patterns which match no files
- (see P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)) expand to nothing
- and are removed, rather than expanding to themselves.
- p\bpa\bat\bts\bsu\bub\bb_\b_r\bre\bep\bpl\bla\bac\bce\bem\bme\ben\bnt\bt
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh expands occurrences of &\b& in the replacement
- string of pattern substitution to the text matched by
- the pattern, as described under P\bPa\bar\bra\bam\bme\bet\bte\ber\br E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn in
- _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1). This option is enabled by default.
- p\bpr\bro\bog\bgc\bco\bom\bmp\bp
- If set, enable the programmable completion facilities
- (see P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)). This option
- is enabled by default.
- p\bpr\bro\bog\bgc\bco\bom\bmp\bp_\b_a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs
- If set, and programmable completion is enabled, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
- treats a command name that doesn't have any completions
- as a possible alias and attempts alias expansion. If it
- has an alias, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts programmable completion us-
- ing the command word resulting from the expanded alias.
- p\bpr\bro\bom\bmp\bpt\btv\bva\bar\brs\bs
- If set, prompt strings undergo parameter expansion, com-
- mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote re-
- moval after being expanded as described in P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG in
- _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1). This option is enabled by default.
- r\bre\bes\bst\btr\bri\bic\bct\bte\bed\bd_\b_s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl
- The shell sets this option if it is started in re-
- stricted mode (see R\bRE\bES\bST\bTR\bRI\bIC\bCT\bTE\bED\bD S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)). The
- value may not be changed. This is not reset when the
- startup files are executed, allowing the startup files
- to discover whether or not a shell is restricted.
- s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt_\b_v\bve\ber\brb\bbo\bos\bse\be
- If set, the s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt builtin prints an error message when
- the shift count exceeds the number of positional parame-
- ters.
- s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\bep\bpa\bat\bth\bh
- If set, the .\b. (s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be) builtin uses the value of P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH to
- find the directory containing the file supplied as an
- argument when the -\b-p\bp option is not supplied. This op-
- tion is enabled by default.
- v\bva\bar\brr\bre\bed\bdi\bir\br_\b_c\bcl\blo\bos\bse\be
- If set, the shell automatically closes file descriptors
- assigned using the _\b{_\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\b} redirection syntax (see
- R\bRE\bED\bDI\bIR\bRE\bEC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)) instead of leaving them open
- when the command completes.
- x\bxp\bpg\bg_\b_e\bec\bch\bho\bo
- If set, the e\bec\bch\bho\bo builtin expands backslash-escape se-
- quences by default. If the p\bpo\bos\bsi\bix\bx shell option is also
- enabled, e\bec\bch\bho\bo does not interpret any options.
-
- s\bsu\bus\bsp\bpe\ben\bnd\bd [-\b-f\bf]
- Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a S\bSI\bIG\bGC\bCO\bON\bNT\bT
- signal. A login shell, or a shell without job control enabled,
- cannot be suspended; the -\b-f\bf option will override this and force
- the suspension. The return status is 0 unless the shell is a
- login shell or job control is not enabled and -\b-f\bf is not sup-
- plied.
-
- t\bte\bes\bst\bt _\be_\bx_\bp_\br
- [\b[ _\be_\bx_\bp_\br ]\b]
- Return a status of 0 (true) or 1 (false) depending on the evalu-
- ation of the conditional expression _\be_\bx_\bp_\br. Each operator and
- operand must be a separate argument. Expressions are composed
- of the primaries described in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1) under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bS-\b-
- S\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS. t\bte\bes\bst\bt does not accept any options, nor does it accept and
- ignore an argument of -\b--\b- as signifying the end of options.
-
- Expressions may be combined using the following operators,
- listed in decreasing order of precedence. The evaluation de-
- pends on the number of arguments; see below. t\bte\bes\bst\bt uses operator
- precedence when there are five or more arguments.
- !\b! _\be_\bx_\bp_\br True if _\be_\bx_\bp_\br is false.
- (\b( _\be_\bx_\bp_\br )\b)
- Returns the value of _\be_\bx_\bp_\br. This may be used to override
- normal operator precedence.
- _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b1 -a\ba _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2
- True if both _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b1 and _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2 are true.
- _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b1 -o\bo _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2
- True if either _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b1 or _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2 is true.
-
- t\bte\bes\bst\bt and [\b[ evaluate conditional expressions using a set of rules
- based on the number of arguments.
-
- 0 arguments
- The expression is false.
- 1 argument
- The expression is true if and only if the argument is not
- null.
- 2 arguments
- If the first argument is !\b!, the expression is true if and
- only if the second argument is null. If the first argu-
- ment is one of the unary conditional operators listed in
- _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1) under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS, the expression is
- true if the unary test is true. If the first argument is
- not a valid unary conditional operator, the expression is
- false.
- 3 arguments
- The following conditions are applied in the order listed.
- If the second argument is one of the binary conditional
- operators listed in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1) under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bS-\b-
- S\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS, the result of the expression is the result of the
- binary test using the first and third arguments as
- operands. The -\b-a\ba and -\b-o\bo operators are considered binary
- operators when there are three arguments. If the first
- argument is !\b!, the value is the negation of the two-argu-
- ment test using the second and third arguments. If the
- first argument is exactly (\b( and the third argument is ex-
- actly )\b), the result is the one-argument test of the sec-
- ond argument. Otherwise, the expression is false.
- 4 arguments
- The following conditions are applied in the order listed.
- If the first argument is !\b!, the result is the negation of
- the three-argument expression composed of the remaining
- arguments. If the first argument is exactly (\b( and the
- fourth argument is exactly )\b), the result is the two-argu-
- ment test of the second and third arguments. Otherwise,
- the expression is parsed and evaluated according to
- precedence using the rules listed above.
- 5 or more arguments
- The expression is parsed and evaluated according to
- precedence using the rules listed above.
-
- When the shell is in posix mode, or if the expression is part of
- the [\b[[\b[ command, the <\b< and >\b> operators sort using the current lo-
- cale. If the shell is not in posix mode, the t\bte\bes\bst\bt and [\b[ com-
- mands sort lexicographically using ASCII ordering.
-
- The historical operator-precedence parsing with 4 or more argu-
- ments can lead to ambiguities when it encounters strings that
- look like primaries. The POSIX standard has deprecated the -\b-a\ba
- and -\b-o\bo primaries and enclosing expressions within parentheses.
- Scripts should no longer use them. It's much more reliable to
- restrict test invocations to a single primary, and to replace
- uses of -\b-a\ba and -\b-o\bo with the shell's &\b&&\b& and |\b||\b| list operators.
-
- t\bti\bim\bme\bes\bs Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and
- for processes run from the shell. The return status is 0.
-
- t\btr\bra\bap\bp [-\b-l\blp\bpP\bP] [[_\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc ...]
- The _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is a command that is read and executed when the shell
- receives any of the signals _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc. If _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is absent (and
- there is a single _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc) or -\b-, each specified _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is reset
- to the value it had when the shell was started. If _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is
- the null string the signal specified by each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is ignored
- by the shell and by the commands it invokes.
-
- If no arguments are supplied, t\btr\bra\bap\bp displays the actions associ-
- ated with each trapped signal as a set of t\btr\bra\bap\bp commands that can
- be reused as shell input to restore the current signal disposi-
- tions. If -\b-p\bp is given, and _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is not present, then t\btr\bra\bap\bp
- displays the actions associated with each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc or, if none
- are supplied, for all trapped signals, as a set of t\btr\bra\bap\bp commands
- that can be reused as shell input to restore the current signal
- dispositions. The -\b-P\bP option behaves similarly, but displays
- only the actions associated with each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc argument. -\b-P\bP re-
- quires at least one _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc argument. The -\b-P\bP or -\b-p\bp options may
- be used in a subshell environment (e.g., command substitution)
- and, as long as they are used before t\btr\bra\bap\bp is used to change a
- signal's handling, will display the state of its parent's traps.
-
- The -\b-l\bl option prints a list of signal names and their corre-
- sponding numbers. Each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is either a signal name defined
- in <_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\ba_\bl_\b._\bh>, or a signal number. Signal names are case insen-
- sitive and the S\bSI\bIG\bG prefix is optional. If -\b-l\bl is supplied with
- no _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc arguments, it prints a list of valid signal names.
-
- If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is E\bEX\bXI\bIT\bT (0), _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed on exit from the
- shell. If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG, _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed before every
- _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, _\bf_\bo_\br command, _\bc_\ba_\bs_\be command, _\bs_\be_\bl_\be_\bc_\bt command, ((
- arithmetic command, [[ conditional command, arithmetic _\bf_\bo_\br com-
- mand, and before the first command executes in a shell function
- (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)). Refer to the description of the
- e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg shell option (see s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)) for details of its
- effect on the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap. If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN, _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is ex-
- ecuted each time a shell function or a script executed with the
- .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins finishes executing.
-
- If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is E\bER\bRR\bR, _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed whenever a pipeline
- (which may consist of a single simple command), a list, or a
- compound command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to the
- following conditions. The E\bER\bRR\bR trap is not executed if the
- failed command is part of the command list immediately following
- a w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl reserved word, part of the test in an _\bi_\bf state-
- ment, part of a command executed in a &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b| list except the
- command following the final &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b|, any command in a pipeline
- but the last (subject to the state of the p\bpi\bip\bpe\bef\bfa\bai\bil\bl shell op-
- tion), or if the command's return value is being inverted using
- !\b!. These are the same conditions obeyed by the e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt (-\b-e\be) op-
- tion.
-
- When the shell is not interactive, signals ignored upon entry to
- the shell cannot be trapped or reset. Interactive shells permit
- trapping signals ignored on entry. Trapped signals that are not
- being ignored are reset to their original values in a subshell
- or subshell environment when one is created. The return status
- is false if any _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is invalid; otherwise t\btr\bra\bap\bp returns true.
-
- t\btr\bru\bue\be Does nothing, returns a 0 status.
-
- t\bty\byp\bpe\be [-\b-a\baf\bft\btp\bpP\bP] _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- Indicate how each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be would be interpreted if used as a command
- name.
-
- If the -\b-t\bt option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints a string which is one of
- _\ba_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs, _\bk_\be_\by_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn, or _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be if _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an alias,
- shell reserved word, function, builtin, or executable file, re-
- spectively. If the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints nothing and
- returns a non-zero exit status.
-
- If the -\b-p\bp option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be either returns the pathname of
- the executable file that would be found by searching $\b$P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH for
- _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be or nothing if would not return _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be. The -\b-P\bP option forces
- a P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH search for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, even if would not return _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be. If
- _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is present in the table of hashed commands, -\b-p\bp and -\b-P\bP print
- the hashed value, which is not necessarily the file that appears
- first in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH.
-
- If the -\b-a\ba option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints all of the places that
- contain a command named _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. This includes aliases, reserved
- words, functions, and builtins, but the path search options (-\b-p\bp
- and -\b-P\bP) can be supplied to restrict the output to executable
- files. t\bty\byp\bpe\be does not consult the table of hashed commands when
- using -\b-a\ba with -\b-p\bp, and only performs a P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH search for _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
-
- The -\b-f\bf option suppresses shell function lookup, as with the c\bco\bom\bm-\b-
- m\bma\ban\bnd\bd builtin. t\bty\byp\bpe\be returns true if all of the arguments are
- found, false if any are not found.
-
- u\bul\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt [-\b-H\bHS\bS] -\b-a\ba
- u\bul\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt [-\b-H\bHS\bS] [-\b-b\bbc\bcd\bde\bef\bfi\bik\bkl\blm\bmn\bnp\bpq\bqr\brs\bst\btu\buv\bvx\bxP\bPR\bRT\bT [_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt]]
- Provides control over the resources available to the shell and
- to processes it starts, on systems that allow such control.
-
- The -\b-H\bH and -\b-S\bS options specify whether the hard or soft limit is
- set for the given resource. A hard limit cannot be increased by
- a non-root user once it is set; a soft limit may be increased up
- to the value of the hard limit. If neither -\b-H\bH nor -\b-S\bS is speci-
- fied, u\bul\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt sets both the soft and hard limits.
-
- The value of _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt can be a number in the unit specified for the
- resource or one of the special values h\bha\bar\brd\bd, s\bso\bof\bft\bt, or u\bun\bnl\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bte\bed\bd,
- which stand for the current hard limit, the current soft limit,
- and no limit, respectively. If _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is omitted, u\bul\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt prints
- the current value of the soft limit of the resource, unless the
- -\b-H\bH option is given. When more than one resource is specified,
- the limit name and unit, if appropriate, are printed before the
- value. Other options are interpreted as follows:
- -\b-a\ba Report all current limits; no limits are set.
- -\b-b\bb The maximum socket buffer size.
- -\b-c\bc The maximum size of core files created.
- -\b-d\bd The maximum size of a process's data segment.
- -\b-e\be The maximum scheduling priority (
- -\b-f\bf The maximum size of files written by the shell and its
- children.
- -\b-i\bi The maximum number of pending signals.
- -\b-k\bk The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated.
- -\b-l\bl The maximum size that may be locked into memory.
- -\b-m\bm The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor
- this limit).
- -\b-n\bn The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems
- do not allow this value to be set).
- -\b-p\bp The pipe size in 512-byte blocks (this may not be set).
- -\b-q\bq The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues.
- -\b-r\br The maximum real-time scheduling priority.
- -\b-s\bs The maximum stack size.
- -\b-t\bt The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds.
- -\b-u\bu The maximum number of processes available to a single
- user.
- -\b-v\bv The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the
- shell and, on some systems, to its children.
- -\b-x\bx The maximum number of file locks.
- -\b-P\bP The maximum number of pseudoterminals.
- -\b-R\bR The maximum time a real-time process can run before
- blocking, in microseconds.
- -\b-T\bT The maximum number of threads.
-
- If _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is supplied, and the -\b-a\ba option is not used, _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is
- the new value of the specified resource. If no option is sup-
- plied, then -\b-f\bf is assumed.
-
- Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for -\b-t\bt, which is in
- seconds; -\b-R\bR, which is in microseconds; -\b-p\bp, which is in units of
- 512-byte blocks; -\b-P\bP, -\b-T\bT, -\b-b\bb, -\b-k\bk, -\b-n\bn, and -\b-u\bu, which are unscaled
- values; and, when in posix mode, -\b-c\bc and -\b-f\bf, which are in
- 512-byte increments. The return status is 0 unless an invalid
- option or argument is supplied, or an error occurs while setting
- a new limit.
-
- u\bum\bma\bas\bsk\bk [-\b-p\bp] [-\b-S\bS] [_\bm_\bo_\bd_\be]
- Set the user file-creation mask to _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be. If _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be begins with a
- digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is in-
- terpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by
- _\bc_\bh_\bm_\bo_\bd(1). If _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be is omitted, u\bum\bma\bas\bsk\bk prints the current value of
- the mask. The -\b-S\bS option without a _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be argument prints the mask
- in a symbolic format; the default output is an octal number. If
- the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, and _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be is omitted, the output is in
- a form that may be reused as input. The return status is zero
- if the mode was successfully changed or if no _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be argument was
- supplied, and non-zero otherwise.
-
- u\bun\bna\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs [-a\ba] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- Remove each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from the list of defined aliases. If -\b-a\ba is
- supplied, remove all alias definitions. The return value is
- true unless a supplied _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a defined alias.
-
- u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt [-f\bfv\bv] [-n\bn] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- For each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, remove the corresponding variable or function.
- If the -\b-v\bv option is given, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be refers to a shell variable,
- and that variable is removed. If -\b-f\bf is specified, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
- refers to a shell function, and the function definition is re-
- moved. If the -\b-n\bn option is supplied, and _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is a variable
- with the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf attribute, _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be will be unset rather than the
- variable it references. -\b-n\bn has no effect if the -\b-f\bf option is
- supplied. Read-only variables and functions may not be unset.
- When variables or functions are removed, they are also removed
- from the environment passed to subsequent commands. If no op-
- tions are supplied, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be refers to a variable; if there is
- no variable by that name, a function with that name, if any, is
- unset. Some shell variables may not be unset. If any of
- B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAL\bLI\bIA\bAS\bSE\bES\bS, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV0\b0, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCM\bMD\bDS\bS, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSU\bUB\bB-\b-
- S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bHP\bPI\bID\bD, C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDB\bBR\bRE\bEA\bAK\bKS\bS, D\bDI\bIR\bRS\bST\bTA\bAC\bCK\bK, E\bEP\bPO\bOC\bCH\bHR\bRE\bEA\bAL\bLT\bTI\bIM\bME\bE,
- E\bEP\bPO\bOC\bCH\bHS\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS, F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE, G\bGR\bRO\bOU\bUP\bPS\bS, H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCM\bMD\bD, L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO, R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM, S\bSE\bEC\bC-\b-
- O\bON\bND\bDS\bS, or S\bSR\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM are unset, they lose their special properties,
- even if they are subsequently reset. The exit status is true
- unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is readonly or may not be unset.
-
- w\bwa\bai\bit\bt [-\b-f\bfn\bn] [-\b-p\bp _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [_\bi_\bd ...]
- Wait for each specified child process _\bi_\bd and return the termina-
- tion status of the last _\bi_\bd. Each _\bi_\bd may be a process ID _\bp_\bi_\bd or
- a job specification _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc; if a jobspec is supplied, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt
- waits for all processes in the job.
-
- If no options or _\bi_\bds are supplied, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt waits for all running
- background jobs and the last-executed process substitution, if
- its process id is the same as $\b$!\b!, and the return status is zero.
-
- If the -\b-n\bn option is supplied, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt waits for any one of the
- given _\bi_\bds or, if no _\bi_\bds are supplied, any job or process substi-
- tution, to complete and returns its exit status. If none of the
- supplied _\bi_\bds is a child of the shell, or if no _\bi_\bds are supplied
- and the shell has no unwaited-for children, the exit status is
- 127.
-
- If the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt assigns the process or job
- identifier of the job for which the exit status is returned to
- the variable _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be named by the option argument. The vari-
- able, which cannot be readonly, will be unset initially, before
- any assignment. This is useful only when used with the -\b-n\bn op-
- tion.
-
- Supplying the -\b-f\bf option, when job control is enabled, forces
- w\bwa\bai\bit\bt to wait for each _\bi_\bd to terminate before returning its sta-
- tus, instead of returning when it changes status. If there are
- no _\bi_\bd arguments, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt waits until all background processes have
- terminated.
-
- If none of the _\bi_\bds specify one of the shell's active child
- processes, the return status is 127. If w\bwa\bai\bit\bt is interrupted by
- a signal, any _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be will remain unset, and the return status
- will be greater than 128, as described under S\bSI\bIG\bGN\bNA\bAL\bLS\bS in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1).
- Otherwise, the return status is the exit status of the last _\bi_\bd.
+ Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented in this section as
+ accepting options preceded by -\b- accepts -\b--\b- to signify the end of the op-
+ tions. The :\b:, t\btr\bru\bue\be, f\bfa\bal\bls\bse\be, and t\bte\bes\bst\bt/[\b[ builtins do not accept options and
+ do not treat -\b--\b- specially. The e\bex\bxi\bit\bt, l\blo\bog\bgo\bou\but\bt, r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn, b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk, c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be, l\ble\bet\bt,
+ and s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt builtins accept and process arguments beginning with -\b- without
+ requiring -\b--\b-. Other builtins that accept arguments but are not specified
+ as accepting options interpret arguments beginning with -\b- as invalid op-
+ tions and require -\b--\b- to prevent this interpretation.
+
+ All builtins except :\b:, t\btr\bru\bue\be, f\bfa\bal\bls\bse\be, e\bec\bch\bho\bo, and t\bte\bes\bst\bt/[\b[ accept -\b--\b-h\bhe\bel\blp\bp as a
+ special option. If -\b--\b-h\bhe\bel\blp\bp is supplied, these builtins output a help mes-
+ sage and exit with a status of 0.
+
+ :\b: [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]
+ No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs and
+ performing any specified redirections. The return status is zero.
+
+ .\b. [-\b-p\bp _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bh] _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]
+ s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be [-\b-p\bp _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bh] _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]
+ The .\b. command (s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be) reads and execute commands from _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be in
+ the current shell environment and returns the exit status of the
+ last command executed from _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
+
+ If _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be does not contain a slash, .\b. searches for it. If the -\b-p\bp
+ option is supplied, .\b. treats _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bh as a colon-separated list of di-
+ rectories in which to find _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be; otherwise, .\b. uses the entries
+ in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH to find the directory containing _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be does
+ not need to be executable. When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is not in posix mode, it
+ searches the current directory if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, but
+ does not search the current directory if -\b-p\bp is supplied. If the
+ s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\bep\bpa\bat\bth\bh option to the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin command is turned off, .\b. does
+ not search P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH.
+
+ If any _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs are supplied, they become the positional parameters
+ when _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is executed. Otherwise the positional parameters are
+ unchanged.
+
+ If the -\b-T\bT option is enabled, .\b. inherits any trap on D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG; if it is
+ not, any D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap string is saved and restored around the call to
+ .\b., and .\b. unsets the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap while it executes. If -\b-T\bT is not set,
+ and the sourced file changes the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap, the new value persists
+ after .\b. completes. The return status is the status of the last com-
+ mand executed from _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be (0 if no commands are executed), and
+ non-zero if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found or cannot be read.
+
+ a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs [-\b-p\bp] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be] ...]
+ With no arguments or with the -\b-p\bp option, a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs prints the list of
+ aliases in the form a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be on standard output. When argu-
+ ments are supplied, define an alias for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be whose _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be is
+ given. A trailing space in _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be causes the next word to be checked
+ for alias substitution when the alias is expanded during command
+ parsing. For each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be in the argument list for which no _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be is
+ supplied, print the name and value of the alias _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs returns
+ true unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is given (without a corresponding =_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be) for
+ which no alias has been defined.
+
+ b\bbg\bg [_\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc ...]
+ Resume each suspended job _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc in the background, as if it had
+ been started with &\b&. If _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not present, the shell uses its
+ notion of the _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bj_\bo_\bb. b\bbg\bg _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc returns 0 unless run when job
+ control is disabled or, when run with job control enabled, any spec-
+ ified _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc was not found or was started without job control.
+
+ b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd [-\b-m\bm _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp] [-\b-l\bls\bsv\bvS\bSV\bVX\bX]
+ b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd [-\b-m\bm _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp] [-\b-q\bq _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [-\b-u\bu _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [-\b-r\br _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq]
+ b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd [-\b-m\bm _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp] -\b-f\bf _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
+ b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd [-\b-m\bm _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp] -\b-x\bx _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq[:] _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
+ b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd [-\b-m\bm _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp] _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq:_\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
+ b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd [-\b-m\bm _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp] -\b-p\bp|-\b-P\bP [_\br_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd]
+ b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd [-\b-m\bm _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp] _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq:_\br_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
+ b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd _\br_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b-_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be
+ Display current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key and function bindings, bind a key se-
+ quence to a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be function or macro or to a shell command, or set
+ a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be variable. Each non-option argument is a key binding or
+ command as it would appear in a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be initialization file such as
+ _\b._\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc, but each binding or command must be passed as a separate
+ argument; e.g., \C-x\C-r: re-read-init-file. In the following de-
+ scriptions, output available to be re-read is formatted as commands
+ that would appear in a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be initialization file or that would be
+ supplied as individual arguments to a b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd command. Options, if
+ supplied, have the following meanings:
+ -\b-m\bm _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp
+ Use _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp as the keymap to be affected by the subsequent
+ bindings. Acceptable _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp names are _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\bd_\ba_\br_\bd_\b,
+ _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bc_\bt_\bl_\bx_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bm_\bo_\bv_\be_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, and _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bi_\bn_\b-
+ _\bs_\be_\br_\bt. _\bv_\bi is equivalent to _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd (_\bv_\bi_\b-_\bm_\bo_\bv_\be is also a syn-
+ onym); _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs is equivalent to _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\bd_\ba_\br_\bd.
+ -\b-l\bl List the names of all r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be functions.
+ -\b-p\bp Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be function names and bindings in such a way
+ that they can be used as an argument to a subsequent b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd
+ command or in a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be initialization file. If arguments
+ remain after option processing, b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd treats them as r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
+ command names and restricts output to those names.
+ -\b-P\bP List current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be function names and bindings. If argu-
+ ments remain after option processing, b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd treats them as
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be command names and restricts output to those names.
+ -\b-s\bs Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key sequences bound to macros and the
+ strings they output in such a way that they can be used as an
+ argument to a subsequent b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd command or in a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be ini-
+ tialization file.
+ -\b-S\bS Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key sequences bound to macros and the
+ strings they output.
+ -\b-v\bv Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be variable names and values in such a way that
+ they can be used as an argument to a subsequent b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd command
+ or in a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be initialization file.
+ -\b-V\bV List current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be variable names and values.
+ -\b-f\bf _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
+ Read key bindings from _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
+ -\b-q\bq _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn
+ Display key sequences that invoke the named r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\b-
+ _\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn.
+ -\b-u\bu _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn
+ Unbind all key sequences bound to the named r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\b-
+ _\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn.
+ -\b-r\br _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq
+ Remove any current binding for _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq.
+ -\b-x\bx _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq[\b[:\b: ]\b]_\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
+ Cause _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd to be executed whenever _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq is en-
+ tered. The separator between _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq and _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is ei-
+ ther whitespace or a colon optionally followed by whitespace.
+ If the separator is whitespace, _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd must be en-
+ closed in double quotes and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be expands any of its spe-
+ cial backslash-escapes in _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd before saving it. If
+ the separator is a colon, any enclosing double quotes are op-
+ tional, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be does not expand the command string be-
+ fore saving it. Since the entire key binding expression must
+ be a single argument, it should be enclosed in single quotes.
+ When _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is executed, the shell sets the R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bD-\b-
+ L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE variable to the contents of the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be line
+ buffer and the R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_P\bPO\bOI\bIN\bNT\bT and R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_M\bMA\bAR\bRK\bK variables to
+ the current location of the insertion point and the saved in-
+ sertion point (the mark), respectively. The shell assigns
+ any numeric argument the user supplied to the R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGU\bU-\b-
+ M\bME\bEN\bNT\bT variable. If there was no argument, that variable is
+ not set. If the executed command changes the value of any of
+ R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE, R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_P\bPO\bOI\bIN\bNT\bT, or R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_M\bMA\bAR\bRK\bK, those new
+ values will be reflected in the editing state.
+ -\b-X\bX List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the asso-
+ ciated commands in a format that can be reused as an argument
+ to a subsequent b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd command.
+
+ The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is supplied or
+ an error occurred.
+
+ b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk [_\bn]
+ Exit from within a f\bfo\bor\br, w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be, u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl, or s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt loop. If _\bn is spec-
+ ified, b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk exits _\bn enclosing loops. _\bn must be >= 1. If _\bn is
+ greater than the number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are
+ exited. The return value is 0 unless _\bn is not greater than or equal
+ to 1.
+
+ b\bbu\bui\bil\blt\bti\bin\bn _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]
+ Execute the specified shell builtin _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn, passing it _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\b-
+ _\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs, and return its exit status. This is useful when defining a
+ function whose name is the same as a shell builtin, retaining the
+ functionality of the builtin within the function. The c\bcd\bd builtin is
+ commonly redefined this way. The return status is false if
+ _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn is not a shell builtin command.
+
+ c\bca\bal\bll\ble\ber\br [_\be_\bx_\bp_\br]
+ Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell function
+ or a script executed with the .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins).
+
+ Without _\be_\bx_\bp_\br, c\bca\bal\bll\ble\ber\br displays the line number and source filename of
+ the current subroutine call. If a non-negative integer is supplied
+ as _\be_\bx_\bp_\br, c\bca\bal\bll\ble\ber\br displays the line number, subroutine name, and
+ source file corresponding to that position in the current execution
+ call stack. This extra information may be used, for example, to
+ print a stack trace. The current frame is frame 0.
+
+ The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a subroutine
+ call or _\be_\bx_\bp_\br does not correspond to a valid position in the call
+ stack.
+
+ c\bcd\bd [-\b-L\bL] [-\b-@\b@] [_\bd_\bi_\br]
+ c\bcd\bd -\b-P\bP [-\b-e\be] [-\b-@\b@] [_\bd_\bi_\br]
+ Change the current directory to _\bd_\bi_\br. if _\bd_\bi_\br is not supplied, the
+ value of the H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE shell variable is used as _\bd_\bi_\br. If _\bd_\bi_\br is the
+ empty string, c\bcd\bd treats it as an error. The variable C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH exists,
+ and _\bd_\bi_\br does not begin with a slash (/), c\bcd\bd uses it as a search
+ path: the shell searches each directory name in C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH for _\bd_\bi_\br. Al-
+ ternative directory names in C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH are separated by a colon (:). A
+ null directory name in C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is the same as the current directory,
+ i.e.,
+
+ The -\b-P\bP option causes c\bcd\bd to use the physical directory structure by
+ resolving symbolic links while traversing _\bd_\bi_\br and before processing
+ instances of _\b._\b. in _\bd_\bi_\br (see also the -\b-P\bP option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin
+ command).
+
+ The -\b-L\bL option forces c\bcd\bd to follow symbolic links by resolving the
+ link after processing instances of _\b._\b. in _\bd_\bi_\br. If _\b._\b. appears in _\bd_\bi_\br,
+ c\bcd\bd processes it by removing the immediately previous pathname compo-
+ nent from _\bd_\bi_\br, back to a slash or the beginning of _\bd_\bi_\br, and verify-
+ ing that the portion of _\bd_\bi_\br it has processed to that point is still
+ a valid directory name after removing the pathname component. If it
+ is not a valid directory name, c\bcd\bd returns a non-zero status. If
+ neither -\b-L\bL nor -\b-P\bP is supplied, c\bcd\bd behaves as if -\b-L\bL had been sup-
+ plied.
+
+ If the -\b-e\be option is supplied with -\b-P\bP, and c\bcd\bd cannot successfully de-
+ termine the current working directory after a successful directory
+ change, it returns a non-zero status.
+
+ On systems that support it, the -\b-@\b@ option presents the extended at-
+ tributes associated with a file as a directory.
+
+ An argument of -\b- is converted to $\b$O\bOL\bLD\bDP\bPW\bWD\bD before attempting the di-
+ rectory change.
+
+ If c\bcd\bd uses a non-empty directory name from C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, or if -\b- is the
+ first argument, and the directory change is successful, c\bcd\bd writes
+ the absolute pathname of the new working directory to the standard
+ output.
+
+ If the directory change is successful, c\bcd\bd sets the value of the P\bPW\bWD\bD
+ environment variable to the new directory name, and sets the O\bOL\bLD\bDP\bPW\bWD\bD
+ environment variable to the value of the current working directory
+ before the change.
+
+ The return value is true if the directory was successfully changed;
+ false otherwise.
+
+ c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd [-\b-p\bpV\bVv\bv] _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
+ The c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd builtin runs _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd with _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs suppressing the normal
+ shell function lookup for _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd. Only builtin commands or com-
+ mands found in the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH named _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd are executed. If the -\b-p\bp op-
+ tion is supplied, the search for _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is performed using a de-
+ fault value for P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH that is guaranteed to find all of the standard
+ utilities.
+
+ If either the -\b-V\bV or -\b-v\bv option is supplied, c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd prints a descrip-
+ tion of _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd. The -\b-v\bv option displays a single word indicating
+ the command or filename used to invoke _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd; the -\b-V\bV option pro-
+ duces a more verbose description.
+
+ If the -\b-V\bV or -\b-v\bv option is supplied, the exit status is zero if _\bc_\bo_\bm_\b-
+ _\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd was found, and non-zero if not. If neither option is supplied
+ and an error occurred or _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd cannot be found, the exit status is
+ 127. Otherwise, the exit status of the c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd builtin is the exit
+ status of _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd.
+
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpg\bge\ben\bn [-\b-V\bV _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd]
+ Generate possible completion matches for _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd according to the _\bo_\bp_\b-
+ _\bt_\bi_\bo_\bns, which may be any option accepted by the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be builtin with
+ the exceptions of -\b-p\bp, -\b-r\br, -\b-D\bD, -\b-E\bE, and -\b-I\bI, and write the matches to
+ the standard output.
+
+ If the -\b-V\bV option is supplied, c\bco\bom\bmp\bpg\bge\ben\bn stores the generated comple-
+ tions into the indexed array variable _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be instead of writing
+ them to the standard output.
+
+ When using the -\b-F\bF or -\b-C\bC options, the various shell variables set by
+ the programmable completion facilities, while available, will not
+ have useful values.
+
+ The matches will be generated in the same way as if the programmable
+ completion code had generated them directly from a completion speci-
+ fication with the same flags. If _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is specified, only those com-
+ pletions matching _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd will be displayed or stored.
+
+ The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, or no
+ matches were generated.
+
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be [-\b-a\bab\bbc\bcd\bde\bef\bfg\bgj\bjk\bks\bsu\buv\bv] [-\b-o\bo _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [-\b-D\bDE\bEI\bI] [-\b-A\bA _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn]
+ [-\b-G\bG _\bg_\bl_\bo_\bb_\bp_\ba_\bt] [-\b-W\bW _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt] [-\b-F\bF _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [-\b-C\bC _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd]
+ [-\b-X\bX _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt] [-\b-P\bP _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx] [-\b-S\bS _\bs_\bu_\bf_\bf_\bi_\bx] _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be -\b-p\bpr\br [-\b-D\bDE\bEI\bI] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
+ Specify how arguments to each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be should be completed.
+
+ If the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, or if no options or _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are sup-
+ plied, print existing completion specifications in a way that allows
+ them to be reused as input. The -\b-r\br option removes a completion
+ specification for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, or, if no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are supplied, all com-
+ pletion specifications.
+
+ The -\b-D\bD option indicates that other supplied options and actions
+ should apply to the command completion; that is, completion at-
+ tempted on a command for which no completion has previously been de-
+ fined. The -\b-E\bE option indicates that other supplied options and ac-
+ tions should apply to command completion; that is, completion at-
+ tempted on a blank line. The -\b-I\bI option indicates that other sup-
+ plied options and actions should apply to completion on the initial
+ non-assignment word on the line, or after a command delimiter such
+ as ;\b; or |\b|, which is usually command name completion. If multiple
+ options are supplied, the -\b-D\bD option takes precedence over -\b-E\bE, and
+ both take precedence over -\b-I\bI. If any of -\b-D\bD, -\b-E\bE, or -\b-I\bI are supplied,
+ any other _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are ignored; these completions only apply
+ to the case specified by the option.
+
+ The process of applying these completion specifications when at-
+ tempting word completion is described in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1).
+
+ Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The argu-
+ ments to the -\b-G\bG, -\b-W\bW, and -\b-X\bX options (and, if necessary, the -\b-P\bP and
+ -\b-S\bS options) should be quoted to protect them from expansion before
+ the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be builtin is invoked.
+
+ -\b-o\bo _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn
+ The _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn controls several aspects of the compspec's
+ behavior beyond the simple generation of completions. _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-
+ _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn may be one of:
+ b\bba\bas\bsh\bhd\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt
+ Perform the rest of the default b\bba\bas\bsh\bh completions if
+ the compspec generates no matches.
+ d\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt
+ Use r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be's default filename completion if the
+ compspec generates no matches.
+ d\bdi\bir\brn\bna\bam\bme\bes\bs
+ Perform directory name completion if the compspec
+ generates no matches.
+ f\bfi\bil\ble\ben\bna\bam\bme\bes\bs
+ Tell r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be that the compspec generates filenames,
+ so it can perform any filename-specific processing
+ (such as adding a slash to directory names, quoting
+ special characters, or suppressing trailing spaces).
+ This is intended to be used with shell functions.
+ f\bfu\bul\bll\blq\bqu\buo\bot\bte\be
+ Tell r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be to quote all the completed words even
+ if they are not filenames.
+ n\bno\boq\bqu\buo\bot\bte\be
+ Tell r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be not to quote the completed words if
+ they are filenames (quoting filenames is the de-
+ fault).
+ n\bno\bos\bso\bor\brt\bt Tell r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be not to sort the list of possible com-
+ pletions alphabetically.
+ n\bno\bos\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be
+ Tell r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be not to append a space (the default) to
+ words completed at the end of the line.
+ p\bpl\blu\bus\bsd\bdi\bir\brs\bs
+ After generating any matches defined by the comp-
+ spec, attempt directory name completion and add any
+ matches to the results of the other actions.
+ -\b-A\bA _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn
+ The _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn may be one of the following to generate a list of
+ possible completions:
+ a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs Alias names. May also be specified as -\b-a\ba.
+ a\bar\brr\bra\bay\byv\bva\bar\br
+ Array variable names.
+ b\bbi\bin\bnd\bdi\bin\bng\bg
+ R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key binding names.
+ b\bbu\bui\bil\blt\bti\bin\bn
+ Names of shell builtin commands. May also be speci-
+ fied as -\b-b\bb.
+ c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd
+ Command names. May also be specified as -\b-c\bc.
+ d\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bry\by
+ Directory names. May also be specified as -\b-d\bd.
+ d\bdi\bis\bsa\bab\bbl\ble\bed\bd
+ Names of disabled shell builtins.
+ e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\bed\bd
+ Names of enabled shell builtins.
+ e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt Names of exported shell variables. May also be
+ specified as -\b-e\be.
+ f\bfi\bil\ble\be File and directory names, similar to r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be's
+ filename completion. May also be specified as -\b-f\bf.
+ f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\bti\bio\bon\bn
+ Names of shell functions.
+ g\bgr\bro\bou\bup\bp Group names. May also be specified as -\b-g\bg.
+ h\bhe\bel\blp\bpt\bto\bop\bpi\bic\bc
+ Help topics as accepted by the h\bhe\bel\blp\bp builtin.
+ h\bho\bos\bst\btn\bna\bam\bme\be
+ Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by the
+ H\bHO\bOS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE shell variable.
+ j\bjo\bob\bb Job names, if job control is active. May also be
+ specified as -\b-j\bj.
+ k\bke\bey\byw\bwo\bor\brd\bd
+ Shell reserved words. May also be specified as -\b-k\bk.
+ r\bru\bun\bnn\bni\bin\bng\bg
+ Names of running jobs, if job control is active.
+ s\bse\ber\brv\bvi\bic\bce\be
+ Service names. May also be specified as -\b-s\bs.
+ s\bse\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bt Valid arguments for the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt
+ builtin.
+ s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt Shell option names as accepted by the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin.
+ s\bsi\big\bgn\bna\bal\bl Signal names.
+ s\bst\bto\bop\bpp\bpe\bed\bd
+ Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active.
+ u\bus\bse\ber\br User names. May also be specified as -\b-u\bu.
+ v\bva\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\be
+ Names of all shell variables. May also be specified
+ as -\b-v\bv.
+ -\b-C\bC _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
+ _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is executed in a subshell environment, and its out-
+ put is used as the possible completions. Arguments are
+ passed as with the -\b-F\bF option.
+ -\b-F\bF _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn
+ The shell function _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed in the current shell
+ environment. When the function is executed, the first argu-
+ ment ($\b$1\b1) is the name of the command whose arguments are be-
+ ing completed, the second argument ($\b$2\b2) is the word being
+ completed, and the third argument ($\b$3\b3) is the word preceding
+ the word being completed on the current command line. When
+ _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn finishes, programmable completion retrieves the
+ possible completions from the value of the C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPR\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY array
+ variable.
+ -\b-G\bG _\bg_\bl_\bo_\bb_\bp_\ba_\bt
+ Expand the pathname expansion pattern _\bg_\bl_\bo_\bb_\bp_\ba_\bt to generate
+ the possible completions.
+ -\b-P\bP _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx
+ Add _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx to the beginning of each possible completion af-
+ ter all other options have been applied.
+ -\b-S\bS _\bs_\bu_\bf_\bf_\bi_\bx
+ Append _\bs_\bu_\bf_\bf_\bi_\bx to each possible completion after all other
+ options have been applied.
+ -\b-W\bW _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt
+ Split the _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt using the characters in the I\bIF\bFS\bS special
+ variable as delimiters, and expand each resulting word.
+ Shell quoting is honored within _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt, in order to pro-
+ vide a mechanism for the words to contain shell metacharac-
+ ters or characters in the value of I\bIF\bFS\bS. The possible com-
+ pletions are the members of the resultant list which match a
+ prefix of the word being completed.
+ -\b-X\bX _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt
+ _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt is a pattern as used for pathname expansion. It
+ is applied to the list of possible completions generated by
+ the preceding options and arguments, and each completion
+ matching _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt is removed from the list. A leading !\b! in
+ _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt negates the pattern; in this case, any completion
+ not matching _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt is removed.
+
+ The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an
+ option other than -\b-p\bp, -\b-r\br, -\b-D\bD, -\b-E\bE, or -\b-I\bI is supplied without a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
+ argument, an attempt is made to remove a completion specification
+ for a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be for which no specification exists, or an error occurs
+ adding a completion specification.
+
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpo\bop\bpt\bt [-\b-o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [-\b-D\bDE\bEI\bI] [+\b+o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be]
+ Modify completion options for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be according to the _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bns, or
+ for the currently-executing completion if no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are supplied. If
+ no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bns are supplied, display the completion options for each
+ _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be or the current completion. The possible values of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn are
+ those valid for the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be builtin described above.
+
+ The -\b-D\bD option indicates that other supplied options should apply to
+ the command completion; the -\b-E\bE option indicates that other supplied
+ options should apply to command completion; and the -\b-I\bI option indi-
+ cates that other supplied options should apply to completion on the
+ initial word on the line. These are determined in the same way as
+ the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be builtin.
+
+ If multiple options are supplied, the -\b-D\bD option takes precedence
+ over -\b-E\bE, and both take precedence over -\b-I\bI.
+
+ The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an
+ attempt is made to modify the options for a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be for which no com-
+ pletion specification exists, or an output error occurs.
+
+ c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be [_\bn]
+ c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be resumes the next iteration of the enclosing f\bfo\bor\br, w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be, u\bun\bn-\b-
+ t\bti\bil\bl, or s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt loop. If _\bn is specified, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh resumes the _\bnth en-
+ closing loop. _\bn must be >= 1. If _\bn is greater than the number of
+ enclosing loops, the shell resumes the last enclosing loop (the
+ loop). The return value is 0 unless _\bn is not greater than or equal
+ to 1.
+
+ d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be [-\b-a\baA\bAf\bfF\bFg\bgi\biI\bIl\bln\bnr\brt\btu\bux\bx] [-\b-p\bp] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be] ...]
+ t\bty\byp\bpe\bes\bse\bet\bt [-\b-a\baA\bAf\bfF\bFg\bgi\biI\bIl\bln\bnr\brt\btu\bux\bx] [-\b-p\bp] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be] ...]
+ Declare variables and/or give them attributes. If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are
+ given then display the values of variables or functions. The -\b-p\bp op-
+ tion will display the attributes and values of each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. When -\b-p\bp
+ is used with _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments, additional options, other than -\b-f\bf and
+ -\b-F\bF, are ignored.
+
+ When -\b-p\bp is supplied without _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments, d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be will display the
+ attributes and values of all variables having the attributes speci-
+ fied by the additional options. If no other options are supplied
+ with -\b-p\bp, d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be will display the attributes and values of all shell
+ variables. The -\b-f\bf option restricts the display to shell functions.
+
+ The -\b-F\bF option inhibits the display of function definitions; only the
+ function name and attributes are printed. If the e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg shell op-
+ tion is enabled using s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt, the source file name and line number
+ where each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is defined are displayed as well. The -\b-F\bF option im-
+ plies -\b-f\bf.
+
+ The -\b-g\bg option forces variables to be created or modified at the
+ global scope, even when d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be is executed in a shell function. It
+ is ignored when d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be is not executed in a shell function.
+
+ The -\b-I\bI option causes local variables to inherit the attributes (ex-
+ cept the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf attribute) and value of any existing variable with
+ the same _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be at a surrounding scope. If there is no existing vari-
+ able, the local variable is initially unset.
+
+ The following options can be used to restrict output to variables
+ with the specified attribute or to give variables attributes:
+ -\b-a\ba Each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an indexed array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs in
+ _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)).
+ -\b-A\bA Each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an associative array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs in
+ _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)).
+ -\b-f\bf Each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be refers to a shell function.
+ -\b-i\bi The variable is treated as an integer; arithmetic evaluation
+ (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)) is performed when the
+ variable is assigned a value.
+ -\b-l\bl When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case charac-
+ ters are converted to lower-case. The upper-case attribute
+ is disabled.
+ -\b-n\bn Give each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf attribute, making it a name refer-
+ ence to another variable. That other variable is defined by
+ the value of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. All references, assignments, and at-
+ tribute modifications to _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, except those using or changing
+ the -\b-n\bn attribute itself, are performed on the variable refer-
+ enced by _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be's value. The nameref attribute cannot be ap-
+ plied to array variables.
+ -\b-r\br Make _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes readonly. These names cannot then be assigned
+ values by subsequent assignment statements or unset.
+ -\b-t\bt Give each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be the _\bt_\br_\ba_\bc_\be attribute. Traced functions inherit
+ the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN traps from the calling shell. The trace
+ attribute has no special meaning for variables.
+ -\b-u\bu When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case charac-
+ ters are converted to upper-case. The lower-case attribute
+ is disabled.
+ -\b-x\bx Mark each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be for export to subsequent commands via the en-
+ vironment.
+
+ Using instead of turns off the specified attribute instead, with the
+ exceptions that +\b+a\ba and +\b+A\bA may not be used to destroy array variables
+ and +\b+r\br will not remove the readonly attribute.
+
+ When used in a function, d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be and t\bty\byp\bpe\bes\bse\bet\bt make each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be local,
+ as with the l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl command, unless the -\b-g\bg option is supplied. If a
+ variable name is followed by =_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be, the value of the variable is
+ set to _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. When using -\b-a\ba or -\b-A\bA and the compound assignment syn-
+ tax to create array variables, additional attributes do not take ef-
+ fect until subsequent assignments.
+
+ The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an
+ attempt is made to define a function using an attempt is made to as-
+ sign a value to a readonly variable, an attempt is made to assign a
+ value to an array variable without using the compound assignment
+ syntax (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)), one of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a valid
+ shell variable name, an attempt is made to turn off readonly status
+ for a readonly variable, an attempt is made to turn off array status
+ for an array variable, or an attempt is made to display a non-exis-
+ tent function with -\b-f\bf.
+
+ d\bdi\bir\brs\bs [\b[-\b-c\bcl\blp\bpv\bv]\b] [\b[+\b+_\bn]\b] [\b[-\b-_\bn]\b]
+ Without options, display the list of currently remembered directo-
+ ries. The default display is on a single line with directory names
+ separated by spaces. Directories are added to the list with the
+ p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd command; the p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd command removes entries from the list. The
+ current directory is always the first directory in the stack.
+
+ Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+ -\b-c\bc Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries.
+ -\b-l\bl Produces a listing using full pathnames; the default listing
+ format uses a tilde to denote the home directory.
+ -\b-p\bp Print the directory stack with one entry per line.
+ -\b-v\bv Print the directory stack with one entry per line, prefixing
+ each entry with its index in the stack.
+ +\b+_\bn Displays the _\bnth entry counting from the left of the list
+ shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs when invoked without options, starting with
+ zero.
+ -\b-_\bn Displays the _\bnth entry counting from the right of the list
+ shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs when invoked without options, starting with
+ zero.
+
+ The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is supplied or _\bn in-
+ dexes beyond the end of the directory stack.
+
+ d\bdi\bis\bso\bow\bwn\bn [-\b-a\bar\br] [-\b-h\bh] [_\bi_\bd ...]
+ Without options, remove each _\bi_\bd from the table of active jobs. Each
+ _\bi_\bd may be a job specification _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc or a process ID _\bp_\bi_\bd; if _\bi_\bd is
+ a _\bp_\bi_\bd, d\bdi\bis\bso\bow\bwn\bn uses the job containing _\bp_\bi_\bd as _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc.
+
+ If the -\b-h\bh option is supplied, d\bdi\bis\bso\bow\bwn\bn does not remove the jobs corre-
+ sponding to each _\bi_\bd from the jobs table, but rather marks them so
+ the shell does not send S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP to the job if the shell receives a
+ S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP.
+
+ If no _\bi_\bd is supplied, the -\b-a\ba option means to remove or mark all
+ jobs; the -\b-r\br option without an _\bi_\bd argument removes or marks running
+ jobs. If no _\bi_\bd is supplied, and neither the -\b-a\ba nor the -\b-r\br option is
+ supplied, d\bdi\bis\bso\bow\bwn\bn removes or marks the current job.
+
+ The return value is 0 unless an _\bi_\bd does not specify a valid job.
+
+ e\bec\bch\bho\bo [-\b-n\bne\beE\bE] [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
+ Output the _\ba_\br_\bgs, separated by spaces, followed by a newline. The
+ return status is 0 unless a write error occurs. If -\b-n\bn is specified,
+ the trailing newline is not printed.
+
+ If the -\b-e\be option is given, e\bec\bch\bho\bo interprets the following backslash-
+ escaped characters. The -\b-E\bE option disables interpretation of these
+ escape characters, even on systems where they are interpreted by de-
+ fault. The x\bxp\bpg\bg_\b_e\bec\bch\bho\bo shell option determines whether or not e\bec\bch\bho\bo in-
+ terprets any options and expands these escape characters. e\bec\bch\bho\bo does
+ not interpret -\b--\b- to mean the end of options.
+
+ e\bec\bch\bho\bo interprets the following escape sequences:
+ \\b\a\ba alert (bell)
+ \\b\b\bb backspace
+ \\b\c\bc suppress further output
+ \\b\e\be
+ \\b\E\bE an escape character
+ \\b\f\bf form feed
+ \\b\n\bn new line
+ \\b\r\br carriage return
+ \\b\t\bt horizontal tab
+ \\b\v\bv vertical tab
+ \\b\\\b\ backslash
+ \\b\0\b0_\bn_\bn_\bn The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value _\bn_\bn_\bn
+ (zero to three octal digits).
+ \\b\x\bx_\bH_\bH The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+ _\bH_\bH (one or two hex digits).
+ \\b\u\bu_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH
+ The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
+ hexadecimal value _\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH (one to four hex digits).
+ \\b\U\bU_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH
+ The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
+ hexadecimal value _\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH (one to eight hex digits).
+
+ e\bec\bch\bho\bo writes any unrecognized backslash-escaped characters unchanged.
+
+ e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be [-\b-a\ba] [-\b-d\bdn\bnp\bps\bs] [-\b-f\bf _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
+ Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin al-
+ lows an executable file which has the same name as a shell builtin
+ to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though the
+ shell normally searches for builtins before files.
+
+ If -\b-n\bn is supplied, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is disabled; otherwise, _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are en-
+ abled. For example, to use the t\bte\bes\bst\bt binary found using P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH instead
+ of the shell builtin version, run
+
+ If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are supplied, or if the -\b-p\bp option is supplied,
+ print a list of shell builtins. With no other option arguments, the
+ list consists of all enabled shell builtins. If -\b-n\bn is supplied,
+ print only disabled builtins. If -\b-a\ba is supplied, the list printed
+ includes all builtins, with an indication of whether or not each is
+ enabled. The -\b-s\bs option means to restrict the output to the POSIX
+ _\bs_\bp_\be_\bc_\bi_\ba_\bl builtins.
+
+ The -\b-f\bf option means to load the new builtin command _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from shared
+ object _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, on systems that support dynamic loading. If _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b-
+ _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be does not contain a slash, B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh will use the value of the
+ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLO\bOA\bAD\bDA\bAB\bBL\bLE\bES\bS_\b_P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH variable as a colon-separated list of directo-
+ ries in which to search for _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. The default for B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLO\bOA\bAD\bD-\b-
+ A\bAB\bBL\bLE\bES\bS_\b_P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is system-dependent, and may include to force a search of
+ the current directory. The -\b-d\bd option will delete a builtin previ-
+ ously loaded with -\b-f\bf. If -\b-s\bs is used with -\b-f\bf, the new builtin be-
+ comes a POSIX special builtin.
+
+ If no options are supplied and a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a shell builtin, e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be
+ will attempt to load _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from a shared object named _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, as if the
+ command were
+
+ The return value is 0 unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a shell builtin or there
+ is an error loading a new builtin from a shared object.
+
+ e\bev\bva\bal\bl [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
+ Concatenate the _\ba_\br_\bgs together into a single command, separating them
+ with spaces. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh then reads and execute this command, and returns
+ its exit status as the return status of e\bev\bva\bal\bl. If there are no _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs,
+ or only null arguments, e\bev\bva\bal\bl returns 0.
+
+ e\bex\bxe\bec\bc [-\b-c\bcl\bl] [-\b-a\ba _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]]
+ If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is specified, it replaces the shell without creating a
+ new process. _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd cannot be a shell builtin or function. The
+ _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs become the arguments to _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd. If the -\b-l\bl option is sup-
+ plied, the shell places a dash at the beginning of the zeroth argu-
+ ment passed to _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd. This is what _\bl_\bo_\bg_\bi_\bn(1) does. The -\b-c\bc option
+ causes _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd to be executed with an empty environment. If -\b-a\ba is
+ supplied, the shell passes _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be as the zeroth argument to the exe-
+ cuted command.
+
+ If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd cannot be executed for some reason, a non-interactive
+ shell exits, unless the e\bex\bxe\bec\bcf\bfa\bai\bil\bl shell option is enabled. In that
+ case, it returns a non-zero status. An interactive shell returns a
+ non-zero status if the file cannot be executed. A subshell exits
+ unconditionally if e\bex\bxe\bec\bc fails.
+
+ If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is not specified, any redirections take effect in the
+ current shell, and the return status is 0. If there is a redirec-
+ tion error, the return status is 1.
+
+ e\bex\bxi\bit\bt [_\bn]
+ Cause the shell to exit with a status of _\bn. If _\bn is omitted, the
+ exit status is that of the last command executed. Any trap on E\bEX\bXI\bIT\bT
+ is executed before the shell terminates.
+
+ e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt [-\b-f\bfn\bn] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be]] ...
+ e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt -\b-p\bp [\b[-\b-f\bf]\b]
+ The supplied _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are marked for automatic export to the environ-
+ ment of subsequently executed commands. If the -\b-f\bf option is given,
+ the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs refer to functions.
+
+ The -\b-n\bn option unexports, or removes the export attribute, from each
+ _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are given, or if only the -\b-p\bp option is supplied,
+ e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt displays a list of names of all exported variables on the
+ standard output. Using -\b-p\bp and -\b-f\bf together displays exported func-
+ tions. The -\b-p\bp option displays output in a form that may be reused
+ as input.
+
+ e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt allows the value of a variable to be set when it is exported
+ or unexported by following the variable name with =_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. This sets
+ the value of the variable to _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be while modifying the export at-
+ tribute. e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt returns an exit status of 0 unless an invalid op-
+ tion is encountered, one of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a valid shell variable
+ name, or -\b-f\bf is supplied with a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be that is not a function.
+
+ f\bfa\bal\bls\bse\be Does nothing; returns a non-zero status.
+
+ f\bfc\bc [-\b-e\be _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b-D\bD] [-\b-l\bln\bnr\br] [_\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt] [_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt]
+ f\bfc\bc -\b-s\bs [_\bp_\ba_\bt=_\br_\be_\bp] [_\bc_\bm_\bd]
+ The first form selects a range of commands from _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt to _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt from
+ the history list and displays or edits and re-executes them. _\bF_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt
+ and _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt may be specified as a string (to locate the last command
+ beginning with that string) or as a number (an index into the his-
+ tory list, where a negative number is used as an offset from the
+ current command number).
+
+ When listing, a _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt or _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt of 0 is equivalent to -1 and -0 is
+ equivalent to the current command (usually the f\bfc\bc command); other-
+ wise 0 is equivalent to -1 and -0 is invalid. If _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt is not speci-
+ fied, it is set to the current command for listing (so that prints
+ the last 10 commands) and to _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt otherwise. If _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt is not spec-
+ ified, it is set to the previous command for editing and -16 for
+ listing.
+
+ If the -\b-l\bl option is supplied, the commands are listed on the stan-
+ dard output. The -\b-n\bn option suppresses the command numbers when
+ listing. The -\b-r\br option reverses the order of the commands.
+
+ Otherwise, f\bfc\bc invokes the editor named by _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be on a file containing
+ those commands. If _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not supplied, f\bfc\bc uses the value of the
+ F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT variable, and the value of E\bED\bDI\bIT\bTO\bOR\bR if F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT is not set. If
+ neither variable is set, f\bfc\bc uses _\bv_\bi_\b. When editing is complete, f\bfc\bc
+ reads the file containing the edited commands and echoes and exe-
+ cutes them. The -\b-D\bD option, if supplied, causes f\bfc\bc to remove the se-
+ lected commands from the history list before executing the file of
+ edited commands. -\b-D\bD is only effective when f\bfc\bc is invoked in this
+ way.
+
+ In the second form, f\bfc\bc re-executes _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd after replacing each in-
+ stance of _\bp_\ba_\bt with _\br_\be_\bp. _\bC_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is interpreted the same as _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt
+ above.
+
+ A useful alias to use with f\bfc\bc is so that typing runs the last com-
+ mand beginning with and typing re-executes the last command.
+
+ If the first form is used, the return value is zero unless an in-
+ valid option is encountered or _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt or _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt specify history lines
+ out of range. When editing and re-executing a file of commands, the
+ return value is the value of the last command executed or failure if
+ an error occurs with the temporary file. If the second form is
+ used, the return status is that of the re-executed command, unless
+ _\bc_\bm_\bd does not specify a valid history entry, in which case f\bfc\bc returns
+ a non-zero status.
+
+ f\bfg\bg [_\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc]
+ Resume _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc in the foreground, and make it the current job. If
+ _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not present, f\bfg\bg uses the shell's notion of the _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt
+ _\bj_\bo_\bb. The return value is that of the command placed into the fore-
+ ground, or failure if run when job control is disabled or, when run
+ with job control enabled, if _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc does not specify a valid job or
+ _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc specifies a job that was started without job control.
+
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is used by shell scripts and functions to parse positional
+ parameters and obtain options and their arguments. _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg con-
+ tains the option characters to be recognized; if a character is fol-
+ lowed by a colon, the option is expected to have an argument, which
+ should be separated from it by white space. The colon and question
+ mark characters may not be used as option characters.
+
+ Each time it is invoked, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs places the next option in the shell
+ variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, initializing _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be if it does not exist, and the index
+ of the next argument to be processed into the variable O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD.
+ O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD is initialized to 1 each time the shell or a shell script is
+ invoked. When an option requires an argument, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs places that
+ argument into the variable O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG.
+
+ The shell does not reset O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD automatically; it must be manually
+ reset between multiple calls to g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs within the same shell invo-
+ cation to use a new set of parameters.
+
+ When it reaches the end of options, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs exits with a return
+ value greater than zero. O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD is set to the index of the first
+ non-option argument, and _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set to ?.
+
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs normally parses the positional parameters, but if more argu-
+ ments are supplied as _\ba_\br_\bg values, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs parses those instead.
+
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs can report errors in two ways. If the first character of
+ _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is a colon, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs uses _\bs_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\bt error reporting. In nor-
+ mal operation, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs prints diagnostic messages when it encounters
+ invalid options or missing option arguments. If the variable O\bOP\bPT\bTE\bER\bRR\bR
+ is set to 0, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs does not display any error messages, even if
+ the first character of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is not a colon.
+
+ If g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs detects an invalid option, it places ? into _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be and, if
+ not silent, prints an error message and unsets O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG. If g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs
+ is silent, it assigns the option character found to O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG and does
+ not print a diagnostic message.
+
+ If a required argument is not found, and g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is not silent, it
+ sets the value of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to a question mark (?\b?), unsets O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG, and
+ prints a diagnostic message. If g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is silent, it sets the
+ value of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to a colon (:\b:) and sets O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG to the option character
+ found.
+
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is
+ found. It returns false if the end of options is encountered or an
+ error occurs.
+
+ h\bha\bas\bsh\bh [-\b-l\blr\br] [-\b-p\bp _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b-d\bdt\bt] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be]
+ Each time h\bha\bas\bsh\bh is invoked, it remembers the full pathname of the
+ command _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be as determined by searching the directories in $\b$P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH.
+ Any previously-remembered pathname associated with _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is dis-
+ carded. If the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, h\bha\bas\bsh\bh uses _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be as the
+ full pathname of the command.
+
+ The -\b-r\br option causes the shell to forget all remembered locations.
+ Assigning to the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH variable also clears all hashed filenames.
+ The -\b-d\bd option causes the shell to forget the remembered location of
+ each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
+
+ If the -\b-t\bt option is supplied, h\bha\bas\bsh\bh prints the full pathname corre-
+ sponding to each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If multiple _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are supplied with
+ -\b-t\bt, h\bha\bas\bsh\bh prints the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be before the corresponding hashed full path-
+ name. The -\b-l\bl option displays output in a format that may be reused
+ as input.
+
+ If no arguments are given, or if only -\b-l\bl is supplied, h\bha\bas\bsh\bh prints
+ information about remembered commands. The -\b-t\bt, -\b-d\bd, and -\b-p\bp options
+ (the options that act on the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments) are mutually exclusive.
+ Only one will be active. If more than one is supplied, -\b-t\bt has
+ higher priority than -\b-p\bp, and both have higher priority than -\b-d\bd.
+
+ The return status is zero unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found or an invalid
+ option is supplied.
+
+ h\bhe\bel\blp\bp [-\b-d\bdm\bms\bs] [_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn]
+ Display helpful information about builtin commands. If _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn is
+ specified, h\bhe\bel\blp\bp gives detailed help on all commands matching _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn
+ as described below; otherwise it displays a list of all the builtins
+ and shell compound commands.
+
+ Options, if supplied, have the follow meanings:
+
+ -\b-d\bd Display a short description of each _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn
+ -\b-m\bm Display the description of each _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn in a manpage-like
+ format
+ -\b-s\bs Display only a short usage synopsis for each _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn
+
+ If _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn contains pattern matching characters (see P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bh-\b-
+ i\bin\bng\bg above) it's treated as a shell pattern and h\bhe\bel\blp\bp prints the de-
+ scription of each help topic matching _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn.
+
+ If not, and _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn exactly matches the name of a help topic, h\bhe\bel\blp\bp
+ prints the description associated with that topic. Otherwise, h\bhe\bel\blp\bp
+ performs prefix matching and prints the descriptions of all matching
+ help topics.
+
+ The return status is 0 unless no command matches _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn.
+
+ h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by [\b[-\b-H\bH]\b] [\b[_\br_\ba_\bn_\bg_\be]\b]
+ h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by -\b-c\bc
+ h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by -\b-d\bd _\br_\ba_\bn_\bg_\be
+ h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by -\b-a\ban\bnr\brw\bw [_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be]
+ h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by -\b-p\bp _\ba_\br_\bg [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
+ h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by -\b-s\bs _\ba_\br_\bg [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
+ With no options, or with the -\b-H\bH option, display the portion of the
+ command history list specified by _\br_\ba_\bn_\bg_\be, as described below. If
+ _\br_\ba_\bn_\bg_\be is not specified, display the entire history list. Without
+ -\b-H\bH, display the list with command numbers, prefixing entries that
+ have been modified with a
+
+ A _\br_\ba_\bn_\bg_\be argument is specified in the form of a number _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt or a
+ range _\bs_\bt_\ba_\br_\bt-_\be_\bn_\bd. If _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt is supplied, it references the history
+ entry at position _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt in the history list; when listing this dis-
+ plays the last _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt entries. A negative _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt counts back from
+ the end of the history list, relative to one greater than the last
+ history position. When listing, negative and positive _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt_\bs have
+ identical results. _\bs_\bt_\ba_\br_\bt and _\be_\bn_\bd, if supplied, reference the por-
+ tion of the history list beginning at position _\bs_\bt_\ba_\br_\bt through posi-
+ tion _\be_\bn_\bd. If _\bs_\bt_\ba_\br_\bt or _\be_\bn_\bd are negative, they count back from the
+ end of the history list. When listing, if _\bs_\bt_\ba_\br_\bt is greater than
+ _\be_\bn_\bd, the history entries are displayed in reverse order from _\be_\bn_\bd to
+ _\bs_\bt_\ba_\br_\bt.
+
+ If the shell variable H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT is set and not null, it is used
+ as a format string for _\bs_\bt_\br_\bf_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3) to display the time stamp associ-
+ ated with each displayed history entry. If h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by uses H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bE-\b-
+ F\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT, it does not print an intervening space between the formatted
+ time stamp and the history entry.
+
+ If _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is supplied, h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by uses it as the name of the history
+ file; if not, it uses the value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE. If _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not
+ supplied and H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is unset or null, the -\b-a\ba,\b, -\b-n\bn,\b, -\b-r\br,\b, and -\b-w\bw op-
+ tions have no effect.
+
+ Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+ -\b-c\bc Clear the history list by deleting all the entries. This can
+ be used with the other options to replace the history list.
+ -\b-d\bd _\br_\ba_\bn_\bg_\be
+ Delete the history entries specified by _\br_\ba_\bn_\bg_\be, as described
+ above. An index of -1 refers to the current h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by -\b-d\bd com-
+ mand.
+ -\b-H\bH Display the selected history entries in the format that would
+ be written to the history file, including any time stamp in-
+ formation as described below, without prefixing the entry
+ with any line number or
+ -\b-a\ba Append the history lines to the history file. These are his-
+ tory lines entered since the beginning of the current b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
+ session, but not already appended to the history file.
+ -\b-n\bn Read the history lines not already read from the history file
+ and add them to the current history list. These are lines
+ appended to the history file since the beginning of the cur-
+ rent b\bba\bas\bsh\bh session.
+ -\b-r\br Read the history file and append its contents to the current
+ history list.
+ -\b-w\bw Write the current history list to the history file, overwrit-
+ ing the history file.
+ -\b-p\bp Perform history substitution on the following _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs and dis-
+ play the result on the standard output, without storing the
+ results in the history list. Each _\ba_\br_\bg must be quoted to dis-
+ able normal history expansion.
+ -\b-s\bs Store the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs in the history list as a single entry. The
+ last command in the history list is removed before adding the
+ _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs.
+
+ If the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT variable is set, h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by writes the time stamp
+ information associated with each history entry to the history file,
+ marked with the history comment character as described above. When
+ the history file is read, lines beginning with the history comment
+ character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted as time-
+ stamps for the following history entry.
+
+ The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an
+ error occurs while reading or writing the history file, an invalid
+ _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt or range is supplied as an argument to -\b-d\bd, or the history ex-
+ pansion supplied as an argument to -\b-p\bp fails.
+
+ j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs [-\b-l\bln\bnp\bpr\brs\bs] [ _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc ... ]
+ j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs -\b-x\bx _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd [ _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs ... ]
+ The first form lists the active jobs. The options have the follow-
+ ing meanings:
+ -\b-l\bl List process IDs in addition to the normal information.
+ -\b-n\bn Display information only about jobs that have changed status
+ since the user was last notified of their status.
+ -\b-p\bp List only the process ID of the job's process group leader.
+ -\b-r\br Display only running jobs.
+ -\b-s\bs Display only stopped jobs.
+
+ If _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is supplied, j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs restricts output to information about
+ that job. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is en-
+ countered or an invalid _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is supplied.
+
+ If the -\b-x\bx option is supplied, j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs replaces any _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc found in
+ _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd or _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs with the corresponding process group ID, and exe-
+ cutes _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, passing it _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs, returning its exit status.
+
+ k\bki\bil\bll\bl [-\b-s\bs _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc | -\b-n\bn _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm | -\b-_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc] _\bi_\bd [ ... ]
+ k\bki\bil\bll\bl -\b-l\bl|-\b-L\bL [_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc | _\be_\bx_\bi_\bt_\b__\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt_\bu_\bs]
+ Send the signal specified by _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc or _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm to the processes
+ named by each _\bi_\bd. Each _\bi_\bd may be a job specification _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc or a
+ process ID _\bp_\bi_\bd. _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is either a case-insensitive signal name
+ such as S\bSI\bIG\bGK\bKI\bIL\bLL\bL (with or without the S\bSI\bIG\bG prefix) or a signal number;
+ _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm is a signal number. If _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not supplied, then k\bki\bil\bll\bl
+ sends S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTE\bER\bRM\bM.
+
+ The -\b-l\bl option lists the signal names. If any arguments are supplied
+ when -\b-l\bl is given, k\bki\bil\bll\bl lists the names of the signals corresponding
+ to the arguments, and the return status is 0. The _\be_\bx_\bi_\bt_\b__\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt_\bu_\bs argu-
+ ment to -\b-l\bl is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit
+ status of a process terminated by a signal; if it is supplied, k\bki\bil\bll\bl
+ prints the name of the signal that caused the process to terminate.
+ k\bki\bil\bll\bl assumes that process exit statuses are greater than 128; any-
+ thing less than that is a signal number. The -\b-L\bL option is equiva-
+ lent to -\b-l\bl.
+
+ k\bki\bil\bll\bl returns true if at least one signal was successfully sent, or
+ false if an error occurs or an invalid option is encountered.
+
+ l\ble\bet\bt _\ba_\br_\bg [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
+ Each _\ba_\br_\bg is evaluated as an arithmetic expression (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC
+ E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)). If the last _\ba_\br_\bg evaluates to 0, l\ble\bet\bt returns
+ 1; otherwise l\ble\bet\bt returns 0.
+
+ l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl [_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be] ... | - ]
+ For each argument, create a local variable named _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be and assign it
+ _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. The _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn can be any of the options accepted by d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be.
+ When l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl is used within a function, it causes the variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to
+ have a visible scope restricted to that function and its children.
+ It is an error to use l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl when not within a function.
+
+ If _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is -, it makes the set of shell options local to the func-
+ tion in which l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl is invoked: any shell options changed using the
+ s\bse\bet\bt builtin inside the function after the call to l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl are restored
+ to their original values when the function returns. The restore is
+ performed as if a series of s\bse\bet\bt commands were executed to restore
+ the values that were in place before the function.
+
+ With no operands, l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl writes a list of local variables to the
+ standard output.
+
+ The return status is 0 unless l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl is used outside a function, an
+ invalid _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is supplied, or _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is a readonly variable.
+
+ l\blo\bog\bgo\bou\but\bt [\b[_\bn]\b]
+ Exit a login shell, returning a status of _\bn to the shell's parent.
+
+ m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be [-\b-d\bd _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm] [-\b-n\bn _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt] [-\b-O\bO _\bo_\br_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bn] [-\b-s\bs _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt] [-\b-t\bt] [-\b-u\bu _\bf_\bd] [-\b-C\bC _\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\b-
+ _\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk] [-\b-c\bc _\bq_\bu_\ba_\bn_\bt_\bu_\bm] [_\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by]
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bda\bar\brr\bra\bay\by [-\b-d\bd _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm] [-\b-n\bn _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt] [-\b-O\bO _\bo_\br_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bn] [-\b-s\bs _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt] [-\b-t\bt] [-\b-u\bu _\bf_\bd] [-\b-C\bC
+ _\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk] [-\b-c\bc _\bq_\bu_\ba_\bn_\bt_\bu_\bm] [_\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by]
+ Read lines from the standard input, or from file descriptor _\bf_\bd if
+ the -\b-u\bu option is supplied, into the indexed array variable _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by.
+ The variable M\bMA\bAP\bPF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is the default _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by. Options, if supplied,
+ have the following meanings:
+ -\b-d\bd Use the first character of _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm to terminate each input
+ line, rather than newline. If _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm is the empty string,
+ m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character.
+ -\b-n\bn Copy at most _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt lines. If _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt is 0, copy all lines.
+ -\b-O\bO Begin assigning to _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by at index _\bo_\br_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bn. The default index
+ is 0.
+ -\b-s\bs Discard the first _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt lines read.
+ -\b-t\bt Remove a trailing _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm (default newline) from each line
+ read.
+ -\b-u\bu Read lines from file descriptor _\bf_\bd instead of the standard
+ input.
+ -\b-C\bC Evaluate _\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk each time _\bq_\bu_\ba_\bn_\bt_\bu_\bm lines are read. The -\b-c\bc
+ option specifies _\bq_\bu_\ba_\bn_\bt_\bu_\bm.
+ -\b-c\bc Specify the number of lines read between each call to _\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\b-
+ _\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk.
+
+ If -\b-C\bC is specified without -\b-c\bc, the default quantum is 5000. When
+ _\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next array
+ element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that element
+ as additional arguments. _\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk is evaluated after the line is
+ read but before the array element is assigned.
+
+ If not supplied with an explicit origin, m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be will clear _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by
+ before assigning to it.
+
+ m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be returns zero unless an invalid option or option argument is
+ supplied, _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by is invalid or unassignable, or if _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by is not an
+ indexed array.
+
+ p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd [-n\bn] [+_\bn] [-_\bn]
+ Remove entries from the directory stack. The elements are numbered
+ from 0 starting at the first directory listed by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, so p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd is
+ equivalent to With no arguments, p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd removes the top directory from
+ the stack, and changes to the new top directory. Arguments, if sup-
+ plied, have the following meanings:
+ -\b-n\bn Suppress the normal change of directory when removing direc-
+ tories from the stack, only manipulate the stack.
+ +\b+_\bn Remove the _\bnth entry counting from the left of the list shown
+ by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with zero, from the stack. For example:
+ removes the first directory, the second.
+ -\b-_\bn Remove the _\bnth entry counting from the right of the list
+ shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with zero. For example: removes the
+ last directory, the next to last.
+
+ If the top element of the directory stack is modified, and the -\b-n\bn
+ option was not supplied, p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd uses the c\bcd\bd builtin to change to the
+ directory at the top of the stack. If the c\bcd\bd fails, p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd returns a
+ non-zero value.
+
+ Otherwise, p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd returns false if an invalid option is supplied, the
+ directory stack is empty, or _\bn specifies a non-existent directory
+ stack entry.
+
+ If the p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd command is successful, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh runs d\bdi\bir\brs\bs to show the final
+ contents of the directory stack, and the return status is 0.
+
+ p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf [-\b-v\bv _\bv_\ba_\br] _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]
+ Write the formatted _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs to the standard output under the con-
+ trol of the _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt. The -\b-v\bv option assigns the output to the vari-
+ able _\bv_\ba_\br rather than printing it to the standard output.
+
+ The _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is a character string which contains three types of ob-
+ jects: plain characters, which are simply copied to standard output,
+ character escape sequences, which are converted and copied to the
+ standard output, and format specifications, each of which causes
+ printing of the next successive _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt. In addition to the stan-
+ dard _\bp_\br_\bi_\bn_\bt_\bf(3) format characters c\bcC\bCs\bsS\bSn\bnd\bdi\bio\bou\bux\bxX\bXe\beE\bEf\bfF\bFg\bgG\bGa\baA\bA, p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf inter-
+ prets the following additional format specifiers:
+ %\b%b\bb causes p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf to expand backslash escape sequences in the
+ corresponding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt in the same way as e\bec\bch\bho\bo -\b-e\be.
+ %\b%q\bq causes p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf to output the corresponding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt in a for-
+ mat that can be reused as shell input. %\b%q\bq and %\b%Q\bQ use the $\b$
+ quoting style if any characters in the argument string re-
+ quire it, and backslash quoting otherwise. If the format
+ string uses the _\bp_\br_\bi_\bn_\bt_\bf alternate form, these two formats
+ quote the argument string using single quotes.
+ %\b%Q\bQ like %\b%q\bq, but applies any supplied precision to the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt
+ before quoting it.
+ %\b%(\b(_\bd_\ba_\bt_\be_\bf_\bm_\bt)\b)T\bT
+ causes p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf to output the date-time string resulting from
+ using _\bd_\ba_\bt_\be_\bf_\bm_\bt as a format string for _\bs_\bt_\br_\bf_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3). The corre-
+ sponding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt is an integer representing the number of
+ seconds since the epoch. This format specifier recognizes
+ two special argument values: -1 represents the current time,
+ and -2 represents the time the shell was invoked. If no ar-
+ gument is specified, conversion behaves as if -1 had been
+ supplied. This is an exception to the usual p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf behavior.
+
+ The %b, %q, and %T format specifiers all use the field width and
+ precision arguments from the format specification and write that
+ many bytes from (or use that wide a field for) the expanded argu-
+ ment, which usually contains more characters than the original.
+
+ The %n format specifier accepts a corresponding argument that is
+ treated as a shell variable name.
+
+ The %s and %c format specifiers accept an l (long) modifier, which
+ forces them to convert the argument string to a wide-character
+ string and apply any supplied field width and precision in terms of
+ characters, not bytes. The %S and %C format specifiers are equiva-
+ lent to %ls and %lc, respectively.
+
+ Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C con-
+ stants, except that a leading plus or minus sign is allowed, and if
+ the leading character is a single or double quote, the value is the
+ numeric value of the following character, using the current locale.
+
+ Format specifiers may apply to the _\bnth argument rather than the next
+ sequential argument. In this case, the '%' in the format specifier
+ is replaced by the sequence where _\bn is a decimal integer greater
+ than 0, giving the argument number to use as the operand. The for-
+ mat string should not mix numbered and unnumbered argument speci-
+ fiers, though this is allowed. Unnumbered argument specifiers al-
+ ways refer to the next argument following the last argument consumed
+ by an unnumbered specifier; numbered argument specifiers refer to
+ absolute positions in the argument list.
+
+ The _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is reused as necessary to consume all of the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs.
+ If the _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt requires more _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs than are supplied, the extra
+ format specifications behave as if a zero value or null string, as
+ appropriate, had been supplied. If _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is reused, a numbered ar-
+ gument specifier refers to the _\bnth argument following the highest
+ numbered argument consumed by the previous use of _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt.
+
+ The return value is zero on success, non-zero if an invalid option
+ is supplied or a write or assignment error occurs.
+
+ p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd [-\b-n\bn] [+_\bn] [-_\bn]
+ p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd [-\b-n\bn] [_\bd_\bi_\br]
+ Add a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotate the
+ stack, making the new top of the stack the current working direc-
+ tory. With no arguments, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd exchanges the top two elements of
+ the directory stack. Arguments, if supplied, have the following
+ meanings:
+ -\b-n\bn Suppress the normal change of directory when rotating or
+ adding directories to the stack, only manipulate the stack.
+ +\b+_\bn Rotate the stack so that the _\bnth directory (counting from the
+ left of the list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with zero) is at the
+ top.
+ -\b-_\bn Rotates the stack so that the _\bnth directory (counting from
+ the right of the list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with zero) is
+ at the top.
+ _\bd_\bi_\br Adds _\bd_\bi_\br to the directory stack at the top.
+
+ After the stack has been modified, if the -\b-n\bn option was not sup-
+ plied, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd uses the c\bcd\bd builtin to change to the directory at the
+ top of the stack. If the c\bcd\bd fails, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd returns a non-zero value.
+
+ Otherwise, if no arguments are supplied, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd returns zero unless
+ the directory stack is empty. When rotating the directory stack,
+ p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd returns zero unless the directory stack is empty or _\bn speci-
+ fies a non-existent directory stack element.
+
+ If the p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd command is successful, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh runs d\bdi\bir\brs\bs to show the final
+ contents of the directory stack.
+
+ p\bpw\bwd\bd [-\b-L\bLP\bP]
+ Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory. The
+ pathname printed contains no symbolic links if the -\b-P\bP option is sup-
+ plied or the -\b-o\bo p\bph\bhy\bys\bsi\bic\bca\bal\bl option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command is en-
+ abled. If the -\b-L\bL option is used, the pathname printed may contain
+ symbolic links. The return status is 0 unless an error occurs while
+ reading the name of the current directory or an invalid option is
+ supplied.
+
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bd [-\b-E\bEe\ber\brs\bs] [-\b-a\ba _\ba_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b-d\bd _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm] [-\b-i\bi _\bt_\be_\bx_\bt] [-\b-n\bn _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs] [-\b-N\bN _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs] [-\b-p\bp
+ _\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt] [-\b-t\bt _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt] [-\b-u\bu _\bf_\bd] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
+ Read one line from the standard input, or from the file descriptor
+ _\bf_\bd supplied as an argument to the -\b-u\bu option, split it into words as
+ described in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh (1) under W\bWo\bor\brd\bd S\bSp\bpl\bli\bit\btt\bti\bin\bng\bg, and assign the first
+ word to the first _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, the second word to the second _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, and so
+ on. If there are more words than names, the remaining words and
+ their intervening delimiters are assigned to the last _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If
+ there are fewer words read from the input stream than names, the re-
+ maining names are assigned empty values. The characters in the
+ value of the I\bIF\bFS\bS variable are used to split the line into words us-
+ ing the same rules the shell uses for expansion (described in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh
+ (1) under W\bWo\bor\brd\bd S\bSp\bpl\bli\bit\btt\bti\bin\bng\bg). The backslash character (\\b\) removes any
+ special meaning for the next character read and is used for line
+ continuation.
+
+ Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+ -\b-a\ba _\ba_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
+ The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array
+ variable _\ba_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, starting at 0. _\ba_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is unset before any new
+ values are assigned. Other _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are ignored.
+ -\b-d\bd _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm
+ The first character of _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm terminates the input line,
+ rather than newline. If _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm is the empty string, r\bre\bea\bad\bd will
+ terminate a line when it reads a NUL character.
+ -\b-e\be If the standard input is coming from a terminal, r\bre\bea\bad\bd uses
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be (see R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)) to obtain the line. R\bRe\bea\bad\bd-\b-
+ l\bli\bin\bne\be uses the current (or default, if line editing was not
+ previously active) editing settings, but uses r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be's de-
+ fault filename completion.
+ -\b-E\bE If the standard input is coming from a terminal, r\bre\bea\bad\bd uses
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be (see R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)) to obtain the line. R\bRe\bea\bad\bd-\b-
+ l\bli\bin\bne\be uses the current (or default, if line editing was not
+ previously active) editing settings, but uses bash's default
+ completion, including programmable completion.
+ -\b-i\bi _\bt_\be_\bx_\bt
+ If r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used to read the line, r\bre\bea\bad\bd places _\bt_\be_\bx_\bt
+ into the editing buffer before editing begins.
+ -\b-n\bn _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bd returns after reading _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters rather than
+ waiting for a complete line of input, unless it encounters
+ EOF or r\bre\bea\bad\bd times out, but honors a delimiter if it reads
+ fewer than _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters before the delimiter.
+ -\b-N\bN _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bd returns after reading exactly _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters rather
+ than waiting for a complete line of input, unless it encoun-
+ ters EOF or r\bre\bea\bad\bd times out. Any delimiter characters in the
+ input are not treated specially and do not cause r\bre\bea\bad\bd to re-
+ turn until it has read _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters. The result is not
+ split on the characters in I\bIF\bFS\bS; the intent is that the vari-
+ able is assigned exactly the characters read (with the excep-
+ tion of backslash; see the -\b-r\br option below).
+ -\b-p\bp _\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt
+ Display _\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt on standard error, without a trailing newline,
+ before attempting to read any input, but only if input is
+ coming from a terminal.
+ -\b-r\br Backslash does not act as an escape character. The backslash
+ is considered to be part of the line. In particular, a back-
+ slash-newline pair may not then be used as a line continua-
+ tion.
+ -\b-s\bs Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, characters
+ are not echoed.
+ -\b-t\bt _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt
+ Cause r\bre\bea\bad\bd to time out and return failure if it does not read
+ a complete line of input (or a specified number of charac-
+ ters) within _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt seconds. _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt may be a decimal num-
+ ber with a fractional portion following the decimal point.
+ This option is only effective if r\bre\bea\bad\bd is reading input from a
+ terminal, pipe, or other special file; it has no effect when
+ reading from regular files. If r\bre\bea\bad\bd times out, it saves any
+ partial input read into the specified variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, and the
+ exit status is greater than 128. If _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt is 0, r\bre\bea\bad\bd re-
+ turns immediately, without trying to read any data. In this
+ case, the exit status is 0 if input is available on the spec-
+ ified file descriptor, or the read will return EOF, non-zero
+ otherwise.
+ -\b-u\bu _\bf_\bd Read input from file descriptor _\bf_\bd instead of the standard
+ input.
+
+ Other than the case where _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm is the empty string, r\bre\bea\bad\bd ignores
+ any NUL characters in the input.
+
+ If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are supplied, r\bre\bea\bad\bd assigns the line read, without the
+ ending delimiter but otherwise unmodified, to the variable R\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY.
+
+ The exit status is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, r\bre\bea\bad\bd
+ times out (in which case the status is greater than 128), a variable
+ assignment error (such as assigning to a readonly variable) occurs,
+ or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as the argument to -\b-u\bu.
+
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bdo\bon\bnl\bly\by [-\b-a\baA\bAf\bf] [-\b-p\bp] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd] ...]
+ The given _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are marked readonly; the values of these _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs may
+ not be changed by subsequent assignment or unset. If the -\b-f\bf option
+ is supplied, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be refers to a shell function. The -\b-a\ba option
+ restricts the variables to indexed arrays; the -\b-A\bA option restricts
+ the variables to associative arrays. If both options are supplied,
+ -\b-A\bA takes precedence. If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are supplied, or if the
+ -\b-p\bp option is supplied, print a list of all readonly names. The
+ other options may be used to restrict the output to a subset of the
+ set of readonly names. The -\b-p\bp option displays output in a format
+ that may be reused as input.
+
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bdo\bon\bnl\bly\by allows the value of a variable to be set at the same time
+ the readonly attribute is changed by following the variable name
+ with =_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. This sets the value of the variable is to _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be while
+ modifying the readonly attribute.
+
+ The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one
+ of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a valid shell variable name, or -\b-f\bf is supplied
+ with a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be that is not a function.
+
+ r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn [_\bn]
+ Stop executing a shell function or sourced file and return the value
+ specified by _\bn to its caller. If _\bn is omitted, the return status is
+ that of the last command executed. If r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is executed by a trap
+ handler, the last command used to determine the status is the last
+ command executed before the trap handler. If r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is executed
+ during a D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap, the last command used to determine the status
+ is the last command executed by the trap handler before r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn was
+ invoked.
+
+ When r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is used to terminate execution of a script being exe-
+ cuted by the .\b. (s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be) command, it causes the shell to stop exe-
+ cuting that script and return either _\bn or the exit status of the
+ last command executed within the script as the exit status of the
+ script. If _\bn is supplied, the return value is its least significant
+ 8 bits.
+
+ Any command associated with the R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN trap is executed before exe-
+ cution resumes after the function or script.
+
+ The return status is non-zero if r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is supplied a non-numeric
+ argument, or is used outside a function and not during execution of
+ a script by .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be.
+
+ s\bse\bet\bt [-\b-a\bab\bbe\bef\bfh\bhk\bkm\bmn\bnp\bpt\btu\buv\bvx\bxB\bBC\bCE\bEH\bHP\bPT\bT] [-\b-o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b--\b-] [-\b-] [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
+ s\bse\bet\bt [+\b+a\bab\bbe\bef\bfh\bhk\bkm\bmn\bnp\bpt\btu\buv\bvx\bxB\bBC\bCE\bEH\bHP\bPT\bT] [+\b+o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b--\b-] [-\b-] [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
+ s\bse\bet\bt -\b-o\bo
+ s\bse\bet\bt +\b+o\bo
+ Without options, display the name and value of each shell variable
+ in a format that can be reused as input for setting or resetting the
+ currently-set variables. Read-only variables cannot be reset. In
+ posix mode, only shell variables are listed. The output is sorted
+ according to the current locale. When options are specified, they
+ set or unset shell attributes. Any arguments remaining after option
+ processing are treated as values for the positional parameters and
+ are assigned, in order, to $\b$1\b1, $\b$2\b2, ..., $\b$_\bn. Options, if specified,
+ have the following meanings:
+ -\b-a\ba Each variable or function that is created or modified is
+ given the export attribute and marked for export to the en-
+ vironment of subsequent commands.
+ -\b-b\bb Report the status of terminated background jobs immediately,
+ rather than before the next primary prompt or after a fore-
+ ground command terminates. This is effective only when job
+ control is enabled.
+ -\b-e\be Exit immediately if a _\bp_\bi_\bp_\be_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be (which may consist of a sin-
+ gle _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd), a _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt, or a _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd (see
+ S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)), exits with a non-zero status.
+ The shell does not exit if the command that fails is part of
+ the command list immediately following a w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl re-
+ served word, part of the test following the i\bif\bf or e\bel\bli\bif\bf re-
+ served words, part of any command executed in a &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b|
+ list except the command following the final &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b|, any
+ command in a pipeline but the last (subject to the state of
+ the p\bpi\bip\bpe\bef\bfa\bai\bil\bl shell option), or if the command's return value
+ is being inverted with !\b!. If a compound command other than
+ a subshell returns a non-zero status because a command
+ failed while -\b-e\be was being ignored, the shell does not exit.
+ A trap on E\bER\bRR\bR, if set, is executed before the shell exits.
+ This option applies to the shell environment and each sub-
+ shell environment separately (see C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN E\bEN\bNV\bVI\bIR\bRO\bON\bN-\b-
+ M\bME\bEN\bNT\bT in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)), and may cause subshells to exit before ex-
+ ecuting all the commands in the subshell.
+
+ If a compound command or shell function executes in a con-
+ text where -\b-e\be is being ignored, none of the commands exe-
+ cuted within the compound command or function body will be
+ affected by the -\b-e\be setting, even if -\b-e\be is set and a command
+ returns a failure status. If a compound command or shell
+ function sets -\b-e\be while executing in a context where -\b-e\be is
+ ignored, that setting will not have any effect until the
+ compound command or the command containing the function call
+ completes.
+ -\b-f\bf Disable pathname expansion.
+ -\b-h\bh Remember the location of commands as they are looked up for
+ execution. This is enabled by default.
+ -\b-k\bk All arguments in the form of assignment statements are
+ placed in the environment for a command, not just those that
+ precede the command name.
+ -\b-m\bm Monitor mode. Job control is enabled. This option is on by
+ default for interactive shells on systems that support it
+ (see J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)). All processes run in a sepa-
+ rate process group. When a background job completes, the
+ shell prints a line containing its exit status.
+ -\b-n\bn Read commands but do not execute them. This may be used to
+ check a shell script for syntax errors. This is ignored by
+ interactive shells.
+ -\b-o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
+ The _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be can be one of the following:
+ a\bal\bll\ble\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt
+ Same as -\b-a\ba.
+ b\bbr\bra\bac\bce\bee\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd
+ Same as -\b-B\bB.
+ e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs Use an emacs-style command line editing interface.
+ This is enabled by default when the shell is inter-
+ active, unless the shell is started with the
+ -\b--\b-n\bno\boe\bed\bdi\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg option. This also affects the editing
+ interface used for r\bre\bea\bad\bd -\b-e\be.
+ e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt
+ Same as -\b-e\be.
+ e\ber\brr\brt\btr\bra\bac\bce\be
+ Same as -\b-E\bE.
+ f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\btr\bra\bac\bce\be
+ Same as -\b-T\bT.
+ h\bha\bas\bsh\bha\bal\bll\bl
+ Same as -\b-h\bh.
+ h\bhi\bis\bst\bte\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd
+ Same as -\b-H\bH.
+ h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by
+ Enable command history, as described in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1) un-
+ der H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY. This option is on by default in inter-
+ active shells.
+ i\big\bgn\bno\bor\bre\bee\beo\bof\bf
+ The effect is as if the shell command had been exe-
+ cuted (see S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)).
+ k\bke\bey\byw\bwo\bor\brd\bd
+ Same as -\b-k\bk.
+ m\bmo\bon\bni\bit\bto\bor\br
+ Same as -\b-m\bm.
+ n\bno\boc\bcl\blo\bob\bbb\bbe\ber\br
+ Same as -\b-C\bC.
+ n\bno\boe\bex\bxe\bec\bc Same as -\b-n\bn.
+ n\bno\bog\bgl\blo\bob\bb Same as -\b-f\bf.
+ n\bno\bol\blo\bog\bg Currently ignored.
+ n\bno\bot\bti\bif\bfy\by Same as -\b-b\bb.
+ n\bno\bou\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt
+ Same as -\b-u\bu.
+ o\bon\bne\bec\bcm\bmd\bd Same as -\b-t\bt.
+ p\bph\bhy\bys\bsi\bic\bca\bal\bl
+ Same as -\b-P\bP.
+ p\bpi\bip\bpe\bef\bfa\bai\bil\bl
+ If set, the return value of a pipeline is the value
+ of the last (rightmost) command to exit with a non-
+ zero status, or zero if all commands in the pipeline
+ exit successfully. This option is disabled by de-
+ fault.
+ p\bpo\bos\bsi\bix\bx Enable posix mode; change the behavior of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh where
+ the default operation differs from the POSIX stan-
+ dard to match the standard. See S\bSE\bEE\bE A\bAL\bLS\bSO\bO in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)
+ for a reference to a document that details how posix
+ mode affects bash's behavior.
+ p\bpr\bri\biv\bvi\bil\ble\beg\bge\bed\bd
+ Same as -\b-p\bp.
+ v\bve\ber\brb\bbo\bos\bse\be
+ Same as -\b-v\bv.
+ v\bvi\bi Use a vi-style command line editing interface. This
+ also affects the editing interface used for r\bre\bea\bad\bd -\b-e\be.
+ x\bxt\btr\bra\bac\bce\be Same as -\b-x\bx.
+ If -\b-o\bo is supplied with no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, s\bse\bet\bt prints the cur-
+ rent shell option settings. If +\b+o\bo is supplied with no _\bo_\bp_\b-
+ _\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, s\bse\bet\bt prints a series of s\bse\bet\bt commands to recreate
+ the current option settings on the standard output.
+ -\b-p\bp Turn on _\bp_\br_\bi_\bv_\bi_\bl_\be_\bg_\be_\bd mode. In this mode, the shell does not
+ read the $\b$E\bEN\bNV\bV and $\b$B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEN\bNV\bV files, does not inherit shell
+ functions from the environment, and ignores the S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS,
+ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bHO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS, C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, and G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE variables, if they appear
+ in the environment. If the shell is started with the effec-
+ tive user (group) id not equal to the real user (group) id,
+ and the -\b-p\bp option is not supplied, these actions are taken
+ and the effective user id is set to the real user id (see
+ I\bIN\bNV\bVO\bOC\bCA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above for more details). If the -\b-p\bp option is
+ supplied at startup, the effective user id is not reset.
+ Turning this option off causes the effective user and group
+ ids to be set to the real user and group ids.
+ -\b-r\br Enable restricted shell mode. This option cannot be unset
+ once it has been set.
+ -\b-t\bt Exit after reading and executing one command.
+ -\b-u\bu Treat unset variables and parameters other than the special
+ parameters and or array variables subscripted with or as an
+ error when performing parameter expansion. If expansion is
+ attempted on an unset variable or parameter, the shell
+ prints an error message, and, if not interactive, exits with
+ a non-zero status.
+ -\b-v\bv Print shell input lines as they are read.
+ -\b-x\bx After expanding each _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, f\bfo\bor\br command, c\bca\bas\bse\be com-
+ mand, s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt command, or arithmetic f\bfo\bor\br command, display the
+ expanded value of P\bPS\bS4\b4, followed by the command and its ex-
+ panded arguments or associated word list, to the standard
+ error.
+ -\b-B\bB The shell performs brace expansion (see B\bBr\bra\bac\bce\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn in
+ _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)). This is on by default.
+ -\b-C\bC If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not overwrite an existing file with the >\b>,
+ >\b>&\b&, and <\b<>\b> redirection operators. Using the redirection op-
+ erator >\b>|\b| instead of >\b> will override this and force the cre-
+ ation of an output file.
+ -\b-E\bE If set, any trap on E\bER\bRR\bR is inherited by shell functions,
+ command substitutions, and commands executed in a subshell
+ environment. The E\bER\bRR\bR trap is normally not inherited in such
+ cases.
+ -\b-H\bH Enable !\b! style history substitution. This option is on by
+ default when the shell is interactive.
+ -\b-P\bP If set, the shell does not resolve symbolic links when exe-
+ cuting commands such as c\bcd\bd that change the current working
+ directory. It uses the physical directory structure in-
+ stead. By default, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh follows the logical chain of direc-
+ tories when performing commands which change the current di-
+ rectory.
+ -\b-T\bT If set, any traps on D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN are inherited by shell
+ functions, command substitutions, and commands executed in a
+ subshell environment. The D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN traps are nor-
+ mally not inherited in such cases.
+ -\b--\b- If no arguments follow this option, unset the positional pa-
+ rameters. Otherwise, set the positional parameters to the
+ _\ba_\br_\bgs, even if some of them begin with a -\b-.
+ -\b- Signal the end of options, and assign all remaining _\ba_\br_\bgs to
+ the positional parameters. The -\b-x\bx and -\b-v\bv options are turned
+ off. If there are no _\ba_\br_\bgs, the positional parameters remain
+ unchanged.
+
+ The options are off by default unless otherwise noted. Using +
+ rather than - causes these options to be turned off. The options
+ can also be specified as arguments to an invocation of the shell.
+ The current set of options may be found in $\b$-\b-. The return status is
+ always zero unless an invalid option is encountered.
+
+ s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt [_\bn]
+ Rename positional parameters from _\bn+1 ... to $\b$1\b1 .\b..\b..\b..\b. Parameters
+ represented by the numbers $\b$#\b# down to $\b$#\b#-_\bn+1 are unset. _\bn must be a
+ non-negative number less than or equal to $\b$#\b#. If _\bn is 0, no parame-
+ ters are changed. If _\bn is not given, it is assumed to be 1. If _\bn
+ is greater than $\b$#\b#, the positional parameters are not changed. The
+ return status is greater than zero if _\bn is greater than $\b$#\b# or less
+ than zero; otherwise 0.
+
+ s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt [-\b-p\bpq\bqs\bsu\bu] [-\b-o\bo] [_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
+ Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behavior.
+ The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the -\b-o\bo option
+ is used, those available with the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin com-
+ mand.
+
+ With no options, or with the -\b-p\bp option, display a list of all set-
+ table options, with an indication of whether or not each is set; if
+ any _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are supplied, the output is restricted to those op-
+ tions. The -\b-p\bp option displays output in a form that may be reused
+ as input.
+
+ Other options have the following meanings:
+ -\b-s\bs Enable (set) each _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
+ -\b-u\bu Disable (unset) each _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
+ -\b-q\bq Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status in-
+ dicates whether the _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set or unset. If multiple
+ _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are supplied with -\b-q\bq, the return status is
+ zero if all _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are enabled; non-zero otherwise.
+ -\b-o\bo Restricts the values of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to be those defined for the
+ -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin.
+
+ If either -\b-s\bs or -\b-u\bu is used with no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments, s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt shows
+ only those options which are set or unset, respectively. Unless
+ otherwise noted, the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt options are disabled (unset) by default.
+
+ The return status when listing options is zero if all _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are
+ enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting options, the
+ return status is zero unless an _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a valid shell option.
+
+ The list of s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt options is:
+
+ a\bar\brr\bra\bay\by_\b_e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_o\bon\bnc\bce\be
+ If set, the shell suppresses multiple evaluation of associa-
+ tive and indexed array subscripts during arithmetic expres-
+ sion evaluation, while executing builtins that can perform
+ variable assignments, and while executing builtins that per-
+ form array dereferencing.
+ a\bas\bss\bso\boc\bc_\b_e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_o\bon\bnc\bce\be
+ Deprecated; a synonym for a\bar\brr\bra\bay\by_\b_e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_o\bon\bnc\bce\be.
+ a\bau\but\bto\boc\bcd\bd If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is
+ executed as if it were the argument to the c\bcd\bd command. This
+ option is only used by interactive shells.
+ b\bba\bas\bsh\bh_\b_s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be_\b_f\bfu\bul\bll\blp\bpa\bat\bth\bh
+ If set, filenames added to the B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSO\bOU\bUR\bRC\bCE\bE array variable
+ are converted to full pathnames (see S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs above).
+ c\bcd\bda\bab\bbl\ble\be_\b_v\bva\bar\brs\bs
+ If set, an argument to the c\bcd\bd builtin command that is not a
+ directory is assumed to be the name of a variable whose
+ value is the directory to change to.
+ c\bcd\bds\bsp\bpe\bel\bll\bl
+ If set, the c\bcd\bd command attempts to correct minor errors in
+ the spelling of a directory component. Minor errors include
+ transposed characters, a missing character, and one extra
+ character. If c\bcd\bd corrects the directory name, it prints the
+ corrected filename, and the command proceeds. This option
+ is only used by interactive shells.
+ c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkh\bha\bas\bsh\bh
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh checks that a command found in the hash table
+ exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed command no
+ longer exists, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh performs a normal path search.
+ c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkj\bjo\bob\bbs\bs
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh lists the status of any stopped and running
+ jobs before exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs are
+ running, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh defers the exit until a second exit is at-
+ tempted without an intervening command (see J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL in
+ _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)). The shell always postpones exiting if any jobs
+ are stopped.
+ c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkw\bwi\bin\bns\bsi\biz\bze\be
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh checks the window size after each external
+ (non-builtin) command and, if necessary, updates the values
+ of L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bES\bS and C\bCO\bOL\bLU\bUM\bMN\bNS\bS, using the file descriptor associated
+ with the standard error if it is a terminal. This option is
+ enabled by default.
+ c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to save all lines of a multiple-line
+ command in the same history entry. This allows easy re-
+ editing of multi-line commands. This option is enabled by
+ default, but only has an effect if command history is en-
+ abled, as described in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1) under H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY.
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b31\b1
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b40\b0
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b41\b1
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b42\b2
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b43\b3
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b44\b4
+ These control aspects of the shell's compatibility mode (see
+ S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bTI\bIB\bBI\bIL\bLI\bIT\bTY\bY M\bMO\bOD\bDE\bE in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)).
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be_\b_f\bfu\bul\bll\blq\bqu\buo\bot\bte\be
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh quotes all shell metacharacters in filenames
+ and directory names when performing completion. If not set,
+ b\bba\bas\bsh\bh removes metacharacters such as the dollar sign from the
+ set of characters that will be quoted in completed filenames
+ when these metacharacters appear in shell variable refer-
+ ences in words to be completed. This means that dollar
+ signs in variable names that expand to directories will not
+ be quoted; however, any dollar signs appearing in filenames
+ will not be quoted, either. This is active only when bash
+ is using backslashes to quote completed filenames. This
+ variable is set by default, which is the default bash behav-
+ ior in versions through 4.2.
+ d\bdi\bir\bre\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh replaces directory names with the results of
+ word expansion when performing filename completion. This
+ changes the contents of the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be editing buffer. If not
+ set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to preserve what the user typed.
+ d\bdi\bir\brs\bsp\bpe\bel\bll\bl
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts spelling correction on directory names
+ during word completion if the directory name initially sup-
+ plied does not exist.
+ d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh includes filenames beginning with a in the re-
+ sults of pathname expansion. The filenames _\b. and _\b._\b. must
+ always be matched explicitly, even if d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb is set.
+ e\bex\bxe\bec\bcf\bfa\bai\bil\bl
+ If set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it cannot
+ execute the file specified as an argument to the e\bex\bxe\bec\bc
+ builtin. An interactive shell does not exit if e\bex\bxe\bec\bc fails.
+ e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bse\bes\bs
+ If set, aliases are expanded as described in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1) under
+ A\bAL\bLI\bIA\bAS\bSE\bES\bS. This option is enabled by default for interactive
+ shells.
+ e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg
+ If set at shell invocation, or in a shell startup file,
+ arrange to execute the debugger profile before the shell
+ starts, identical to the -\b--\b-d\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bgg\bge\ber\br option. If set after
+ invocation, behavior intended for use by debuggers is en-
+ abled:
+ 1\b1.\b. The -\b-F\bF option to the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin displays the
+ source file name and line number corresponding to
+ each function name supplied as an argument.
+ 2\b2.\b. If the command run by the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap returns a non-
+ zero value, the next command is skipped and not exe-
+ cuted.
+ 3\b3.\b. If the command run by the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap returns a value
+ of 2, and the shell is executing in a subroutine (a
+ shell function or a shell script executed by the .\b. or
+ s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins), the shell simulates a call to r\bre\be-\b-
+ t\btu\bur\brn\bn.
+ 4\b4.\b. B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGC\bC and B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV are updated as described in
+ their descriptions in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)).
+ 5\b5.\b. Function tracing is enabled: command substitution,
+ shell functions, and subshells invoked with (\b( _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
+ )\b) inherit the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN traps.
+ 6\b6.\b. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell
+ functions, and subshells invoked with (\b( _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd )\b) in-
+ herit the E\bER\bRR\bR trap.
+ e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
+ If set, enable the extended pattern matching features de-
+ scribed in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1) under P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn.
+ e\bex\bxt\btq\bqu\buo\bot\bte\be
+ If set, $\b$_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg and $\b$_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg quoting is performed within
+ $\b${\b{_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br}\b} expansions enclosed in double quotes. This op-
+ tion is enabled by default.
+ f\bfa\bai\bil\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
+ If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during path-
+ name expansion result in an expansion error.
+ f\bfo\bor\brc\bce\be_\b_f\bfi\big\bgn\bno\bor\bre\be
+ If set, the suffixes specified by the F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE shell variable
+ cause words to be ignored when performing word completion
+ even if the ignored words are the only possible completions.
+ See S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1) for a description of F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE.
+ This option is enabled by default.
+ g\bgl\blo\bob\bba\bas\bsc\bci\bii\bir\bra\ban\bng\bge\bes\bs
+ If set, range expressions used in pattern matching bracket
+ expressions (see P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)) behave as if
+ in the traditional C locale when performing comparisons.
+ That is, pattern matching does not take the current locale's
+ collating sequence into account, so b\bb will not collate be-
+ tween A\bA and B\bB, and upper-case and lower-case ASCII charac-
+ ters will collate together.
+ g\bgl\blo\bob\bbs\bsk\bki\bip\bpd\bdo\bot\bts\bs
+ If set, pathname expansion will never match the filenames _\b.
+ and _\b._\b. even if the pattern begins with a This option is en-
+ abled by default.
+ g\bgl\blo\bob\bbs\bst\bta\bar\br
+ If set, the pattern *\b**\b* used in a pathname expansion context
+ will match all files and zero or more directories and subdi-
+ rectories. If the pattern is followed by a /\b/, only directo-
+ ries and subdirectories match.
+ g\bgn\bnu\bu_\b_e\ber\brr\brf\bfm\bmt\bt
+ If set, shell error messages are written in the standard GNU
+ error message format.
+ h\bhi\bis\bst\bta\bap\bpp\bpe\ben\bnd\bd
+ If set, the history list is appended to the file named by
+ the value of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE variable when the shell exits,
+ rather than overwriting the file.
+ h\bhi\bis\bst\btr\bre\bee\bed\bdi\bit\bt
+ If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, the user is given the
+ opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitution.
+ h\bhi\bis\bst\btv\bve\ber\bri\bif\bfy\by
+ If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, the results of history
+ substitution are not immediately passed to the shell parser.
+ Instead, the resulting line is loaded into the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
+ editing buffer, allowing further modification.
+ h\bho\bos\bst\btc\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be
+ If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh will attempt to
+ perform hostname completion when a word containing a @\b@ is
+ being completed (see C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bin\bng\bg under R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)).
+ This is enabled by default.
+ h\bhu\bup\bpo\bon\bne\bex\bxi\bit\bt
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh will send S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP to all jobs when an interac-
+ tive login shell exits.
+ i\bin\bnh\bhe\ber\bri\bit\bt_\b_e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt
+ If set, command substitution inherits the value of the e\ber\br-\b-
+ r\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt option, instead of unsetting it in the subshell envi-
+ ronment. This option is enabled when posix mode is enabled.
+ i\bin\bnt\bte\ber\bra\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be_\b_c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bts\bs
+ In an interactive shell, a word beginning with #\b# causes that
+ word and all remaining characters on that line to be ig-
+ nored, as in a non-interactive shell (see C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bME\bEN\bNT\bTS\bS in
+ _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)). This option is enabled by default.
+ l\bla\bas\bst\btp\bpi\bip\bpe\be
+ If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs the
+ last command of a pipeline not executed in the background in
+ the current shell environment.
+ l\bli\bit\bth\bhi\bis\bst\bt
+ If set, and the c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt option is enabled, multi-line com-
+ mands are saved to the history with embedded newlines rather
+ than using semicolon separators where possible.
+ l\blo\boc\bca\bal\blv\bva\bar\br_\b_i\bin\bnh\bhe\ber\bri\bit\bt
+ If set, local variables inherit the value and attributes of
+ a variable of the same name that exists at a previous scope
+ before any new value is assigned. The nameref attribute is
+ not inherited.
+ l\blo\boc\bca\bal\blv\bva\bar\br_\b_u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt
+ If set, calling u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt on local variables in previous func-
+ tion scopes marks them so subsequent lookups find them unset
+ until that function returns. This is identical to the be-
+ havior of unsetting local variables at the current function
+ scope.
+ l\blo\bog\bgi\bin\bn_\b_s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl
+ The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell
+ (see I\bIN\bNV\bVO\bOC\bCA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)). The value may not be changed.
+ m\bma\bai\bil\blw\bwa\bar\brn\bn
+ If set, and a file that b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is checking for mail has been
+ accessed since the last time it was checked, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh displays
+ the message
+ n\bno\bo_\b_e\bem\bmp\bpt\bty\by_\b_c\bcm\bmd\bd_\b_c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn
+ If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not search
+ P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH for possible completions when completion is attempted
+ on an empty line.
+ n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\beg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh matches filenames in a case-insensitive fashion
+ when performing pathname expansion (see P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
+ in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)).
+ n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\bem\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh matches patterns in a case-insensitive fashion
+ when performing matching while executing c\bca\bas\bse\be or [\b[[\b[ condi-
+ tional commands, when performing pattern substitution word
+ expansions, or when filtering possible completions as part
+ of programmable completion.
+ n\bno\boe\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_t\btr\bra\ban\bns\bsl\bla\bat\bti\bio\bon\bn
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh encloses the translated results of $\b$... quoting
+ in single quotes instead of double quotes. If the string is
+ not translated, this has no effect.
+ n\bnu\bul\bll\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
+ If set, pathname expansion patterns which match no files
+ (see P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)) expand to nothing and
+ are removed, rather than expanding to themselves.
+ p\bpa\bat\bts\bsu\bub\bb_\b_r\bre\bep\bpl\bla\bac\bce\bem\bme\ben\bnt\bt
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh expands occurrences of &\b& in the replacement
+ string of pattern substitution to the text matched by the
+ pattern, as described under P\bPa\bar\bra\bam\bme\bet\bte\ber\br E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1).
+ This option is enabled by default.
+ p\bpr\bro\bog\bgc\bco\bom\bmp\bp
+ If set, enable the programmable completion facilities (see
+ P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)). This option is enabled
+ by default.
+ p\bpr\bro\bog\bgc\bco\bom\bmp\bp_\b_a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs
+ If set, and programmable completion is enabled, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh treats
+ a command name that doesn't have any completions as a possi-
+ ble alias and attempts alias expansion. If it has an alias,
+ b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts programmable completion using the command word
+ resulting from the expanded alias.
+ p\bpr\bro\bom\bmp\bpt\btv\bva\bar\brs\bs
+ If set, prompt strings undergo parameter expansion, command
+ substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal after
+ being expanded as described in P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1). This
+ option is enabled by default.
+ r\bre\bes\bst\btr\bri\bic\bct\bte\bed\bd_\b_s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl
+ The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted
+ mode (see R\bRE\bES\bST\bTR\bRI\bIC\bCT\bTE\bED\bD S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)). The value may not
+ be changed. This is not reset when the startup files are
+ executed, allowing the startup files to discover whether or
+ not a shell is restricted.
+ s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt_\b_v\bve\ber\brb\bbo\bos\bse\be
+ If set, the s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt builtin prints an error message when the
+ shift count exceeds the number of positional parameters.
+ s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\bep\bpa\bat\bth\bh
+ If set, the .\b. (s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be) builtin uses the value of P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH to
+ find the directory containing the file supplied as an argu-
+ ment when the -\b-p\bp option is not supplied. This option is en-
+ abled by default.
+ v\bva\bar\brr\bre\bed\bdi\bir\br_\b_c\bcl\blo\bos\bse\be
+ If set, the shell automatically closes file descriptors as-
+ signed using the _\b{_\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\b} redirection syntax (see R\bRE\bED\bDI\bIR\bRE\bEC\bC-\b-
+ T\bTI\bIO\bON\bN in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)) instead of leaving them open when the com-
+ mand completes.
+ x\bxp\bpg\bg_\b_e\bec\bch\bho\bo
+ If set, the e\bec\bch\bho\bo builtin expands backslash-escape sequences
+ by default. If the p\bpo\bos\bsi\bix\bx shell option is also enabled, e\bec\bch\bho\bo
+ does not interpret any options.
+
+ s\bsu\bus\bsp\bpe\ben\bnd\bd [-\b-f\bf]
+ Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a S\bSI\bIG\bGC\bCO\bON\bNT\bT sig-
+ nal. A login shell, or a shell without job control enabled, cannot
+ be suspended; the -\b-f\bf option will override this and force the suspen-
+ sion. The return status is 0 unless the shell is a login shell or
+ job control is not enabled and -\b-f\bf is not supplied.
+
+ t\bte\bes\bst\bt _\be_\bx_\bp_\br
+ [\b[ _\be_\bx_\bp_\br ]\b]
+ Return a status of 0 (true) or 1 (false) depending on the evaluation
+ of the conditional expression _\be_\bx_\bp_\br. Each operator and operand must
+ be a separate argument. Expressions are composed of the primaries
+ described in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1) under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS. t\bte\bes\bst\bt does not
+ accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore an argument of -\b--\b-
+ as signifying the end of options.
+
+ Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed in
+ decreasing order of precedence. The evaluation depends on the num-
+ ber of arguments; see below. t\bte\bes\bst\bt uses operator precedence when
+ there are five or more arguments.
+ !\b! _\be_\bx_\bp_\br
+ True if _\be_\bx_\bp_\br is false.
+ (\b( _\be_\bx_\bp_\br )\b)
+ Returns the value of _\be_\bx_\bp_\br. This may be used to override nor-
+ mal operator precedence.
+ _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b1 -a\ba _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2
+ True if both _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b1 and _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2 are true.
+ _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b1 -o\bo _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2
+ True if either _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b1 or _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2 is true.
+
+ t\bte\bes\bst\bt and [\b[ evaluate conditional expressions using a set of rules
+ based on the number of arguments.
+
+ 0 arguments
+ The expression is false.
+ 1 argument
+ The expression is true if and only if the argument is not
+ null.
+ 2 arguments
+ If the first argument is !\b!, the expression is true if and
+ only if the second argument is null. If the first argument
+ is one of the unary conditional operators listed in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)
+ under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS, the expression is true if the
+ unary test is true. If the first argument is not a valid
+ unary conditional operator, the expression is false.
+ 3 arguments
+ The following conditions are applied in the order listed. If
+ the second argument is one of the binary conditional opera-
+ tors listed in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1) under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS, the re-
+ sult of the expression is the result of the binary test using
+ the first and third arguments as operands. The -\b-a\ba and -\b-o\bo op-
+ erators are considered binary operators when there are three
+ arguments. If the first argument is !\b!, the value is the
+ negation of the two-argument test using the second and third
+ arguments. If the first argument is exactly (\b( and the third
+ argument is exactly )\b), the result is the one-argument test of
+ the second argument. Otherwise, the expression is false.
+ 4 arguments
+ The following conditions are applied in the order listed. If
+ the first argument is !\b!, the result is the negation of the
+ three-argument expression composed of the remaining argu-
+ ments. If the first argument is exactly (\b( and the fourth ar-
+ gument is exactly )\b), the result is the two-argument test of
+ the second and third arguments. Otherwise, the expression is
+ parsed and evaluated according to precedence using the rules
+ listed above.
+ 5 or more arguments
+ The expression is parsed and evaluated according to prece-
+ dence using the rules listed above.
+
+ When the shell is in posix mode, or if the expression is part of the
+ [\b[[\b[ command, the <\b< and >\b> operators sort using the current locale. If
+ the shell is not in posix mode, the t\bte\bes\bst\bt and [\b[ commands sort lexico-
+ graphically using ASCII ordering.
+
+ The historical operator-precedence parsing with 4 or more arguments
+ can lead to ambiguities when it encounters strings that look like
+ primaries. The POSIX standard has deprecated the -\b-a\ba and -\b-o\bo pri-
+ maries and enclosing expressions within parentheses. Scripts should
+ no longer use them. It's much more reliable to restrict test invo-
+ cations to a single primary, and to replace uses of -\b-a\ba and -\b-o\bo with
+ the shell's &\b&&\b& and |\b||\b| list operators.
+
+ t\bti\bim\bme\bes\bs Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and for
+ processes run from the shell. The return status is 0.
+
+ t\btr\bra\bap\bp [-\b-l\blp\bpP\bP] [[_\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc ...]
+ The _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is a command that is read and executed when the shell re-
+ ceives any of the signals _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc. If _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is absent (and there
+ is a single _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc) or -\b-, each specified _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is reset to the
+ value it had when the shell was started. If _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is the null
+ string the signal specified by each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is ignored by the shell
+ and by the commands it invokes.
+
+ If no arguments are supplied, t\btr\bra\bap\bp displays the actions associated
+ with each trapped signal as a set of t\btr\bra\bap\bp commands that can be
+ reused as shell input to restore the current signal dispositions.
+ If -\b-p\bp is given, and _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is not present, then t\btr\bra\bap\bp displays the
+ actions associated with each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc or, if none are supplied, for
+ all trapped signals, as a set of t\btr\bra\bap\bp commands that can be reused as
+ shell input to restore the current signal dispositions. The -\b-P\bP op-
+ tion behaves similarly, but displays only the actions associated
+ with each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc argument. -\b-P\bP requires at least one _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc argu-
+ ment. The -\b-P\bP or -\b-p\bp options may be used in a subshell environment
+ (e.g., command substitution) and, as long as they are used before
+ t\btr\bra\bap\bp is used to change a signal's handling, will display the state
+ of its parent's traps.
+
+ The -\b-l\bl option prints a list of signal names and their corresponding
+ numbers. Each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is either a signal name defined in <_\bs_\bi_\bg_\b-
+ _\bn_\ba_\bl_\b._\bh>, or a signal number. Signal names are case insensitive and
+ the S\bSI\bIG\bG prefix is optional. If -\b-l\bl is supplied with no _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc argu-
+ ments, it prints a list of valid signal names.
+
+ If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is E\bEX\bXI\bIT\bT (0), _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed on exit from the shell.
+ If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG, _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed before every _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\b-
+ _\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, _\bf_\bo_\br command, _\bc_\ba_\bs_\be command, _\bs_\be_\bl_\be_\bc_\bt command, (( arithmetic com-
+ mand, [[ conditional command, arithmetic _\bf_\bo_\br command, and before the
+ first command executes in a shell function (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR in
+ _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)). Refer to the description of the e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg shell option
+ (see s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)) for details of its effect on the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap.
+ If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN, _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed each time a shell func-
+ tion or a script executed with the .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins finishes ex-
+ ecuting.
+
+ If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is E\bER\bRR\bR, _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed whenever a pipeline (which
+ may consist of a single simple command), a list, or a compound com-
+ mand returns a non-zero exit status, subject to the following condi-
+ tions. The E\bER\bRR\bR trap is not executed if the failed command is part
+ of the command list immediately following a w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl reserved
+ word, part of the test in an _\bi_\bf statement, part of a command exe-
+ cuted in a &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b| list except the command following the final &\b&&\b&
+ or |\b||\b|, any command in a pipeline but the last (subject to the state
+ of the p\bpi\bip\bpe\bef\bfa\bai\bil\bl shell option), or if the command's return value is
+ being inverted using !\b!. These are the same conditions obeyed by the
+ e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt (-\b-e\be) option.
+
+ When the shell is not interactive, signals ignored upon entry to the
+ shell cannot be trapped or reset. Interactive shells permit trap-
+ ping signals ignored on entry. Trapped signals that are not being
+ ignored are reset to their original values in a subshell or subshell
+ environment when one is created. The return status is false if any
+ _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is invalid; otherwise t\btr\bra\bap\bp returns true.
+
+ t\btr\bru\bue\be Does nothing, returns a 0 status.
+
+ t\bty\byp\bpe\be [-\b-a\baf\bft\btp\bpP\bP] _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
+ Indicate how each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be would be interpreted if used as a command
+ name.
+
+ If the -\b-t\bt option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints a string which is one of
+ _\ba_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs, _\bk_\be_\by_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn, or _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be if _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an alias,
+ shell reserved word, function, builtin, or executable file, respec-
+ tively. If the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints nothing and returns a
+ non-zero exit status.
+
+ If the -\b-p\bp option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be either returns the pathname of the
+ executable file that would be found by searching $\b$P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH for _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be or
+ nothing if would not return _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be. The -\b-P\bP option forces a P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH
+ search for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, even if would not return _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be. If _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is
+ present in the table of hashed commands, -\b-p\bp and -\b-P\bP print the hashed
+ value, which is not necessarily the file that appears first in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH.
+
+ If the -\b-a\ba option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints all of the places that contain
+ a command named _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. This includes aliases, reserved words, func-
+ tions, and builtins, but the path search options (-\b-p\bp and -\b-P\bP) can be
+ supplied to restrict the output to executable files. t\bty\byp\bpe\be does not
+ consult the table of hashed commands when using -\b-a\ba with -\b-p\bp, and only
+ performs a P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH search for _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
+
+ The -\b-f\bf option suppresses shell function lookup, as with the c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd
+ builtin. t\bty\byp\bpe\be returns true if all of the arguments are found, false
+ if any are not found.
+
+ u\bul\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt [-\b-H\bHS\bS] -\b-a\ba
+ u\bul\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt [-\b-H\bHS\bS] [-\b-b\bbc\bcd\bde\bef\bfi\bik\bkl\blm\bmn\bnp\bpq\bqr\brs\bst\btu\buv\bvx\bxP\bPR\bRT\bT [_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt]]
+ Provides control over the resources available to the shell and to
+ processes it starts, on systems that allow such control.
+
+ The -\b-H\bH and -\b-S\bS options specify whether the hard or soft limit is set
+ for the given resource. A hard limit cannot be increased by a non-
+ root user once it is set; a soft limit may be increased up to the
+ value of the hard limit. If neither -\b-H\bH nor -\b-S\bS is specified, u\bul\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt
+ sets both the soft and hard limits.
+
+ The value of _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt can be a number in the unit specified for the re-
+ source or one of the special values h\bha\bar\brd\bd, s\bso\bof\bft\bt, or u\bun\bnl\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bte\bed\bd, which
+ stand for the current hard limit, the current soft limit, and no
+ limit, respectively. If _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is omitted, u\bul\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt prints the current
+ value of the soft limit of the resource, unless the -\b-H\bH option is
+ given. When more than one resource is specified, the limit name and
+ unit, if appropriate, are printed before the value. Other options
+ are interpreted as follows:
+ -\b-a\ba Report all current limits; no limits are set.
+ -\b-b\bb The maximum socket buffer size.
+ -\b-c\bc The maximum size of core files created.
+ -\b-d\bd The maximum size of a process's data segment.
+ -\b-e\be The maximum scheduling priority (
+ -\b-f\bf The maximum size of files written by the shell and its chil-
+ dren.
+ -\b-i\bi The maximum number of pending signals.
+ -\b-k\bk The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated.
+ -\b-l\bl The maximum size that may be locked into memory.
+ -\b-m\bm The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor this
+ limit).
+ -\b-n\bn The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems do
+ not allow this value to be set).
+ -\b-p\bp The pipe size in 512-byte blocks (this may not be set).
+ -\b-q\bq The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues.
+ -\b-r\br The maximum real-time scheduling priority.
+ -\b-s\bs The maximum stack size.
+ -\b-t\bt The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds.
+ -\b-u\bu The maximum number of processes available to a single user.
+ -\b-v\bv The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the shell
+ and, on some systems, to its children.
+ -\b-x\bx The maximum number of file locks.
+ -\b-P\bP The maximum number of pseudoterminals.
+ -\b-R\bR The maximum time a real-time process can run before blocking,
+ in microseconds.
+ -\b-T\bT The maximum number of threads.
+
+ If _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is supplied, and the -\b-a\ba option is not used, _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is the
+ new value of the specified resource. If no option is supplied, then
+ -\b-f\bf is assumed.
+
+ Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for -\b-t\bt, which is in sec-
+ onds; -\b-R\bR, which is in microseconds; -\b-p\bp, which is in units of
+ 512-byte blocks; -\b-P\bP, -\b-T\bT, -\b-b\bb, -\b-k\bk, -\b-n\bn, and -\b-u\bu, which are unscaled val-
+ ues; and, when in posix mode, -\b-c\bc and -\b-f\bf, which are in 512-byte in-
+ crements. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option or argu-
+ ment is supplied, or an error occurs while setting a new limit.
+
+ u\bum\bma\bas\bsk\bk [-\b-p\bp] [-\b-S\bS] [_\bm_\bo_\bd_\be]
+ Set the user file-creation mask to _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be. If _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be begins with a
+ digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is inter-
+ preted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by _\bc_\bh_\bm_\bo_\bd(1).
+ If _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be is omitted, u\bum\bma\bas\bsk\bk prints the current value of the mask. The
+ -\b-S\bS option without a _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be argument prints the mask in a symbolic for-
+ mat; the default output is an octal number. If the -\b-p\bp option is
+ supplied, and _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be is omitted, the output is in a form that may be
+ reused as input. The return status is zero if the mode was success-
+ fully changed or if no _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be argument was supplied, and non-zero oth-
+ erwise.
+
+ u\bun\bna\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs [-a\ba] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
+ Remove each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from the list of defined aliases. If -\b-a\ba is sup-
+ plied, remove all alias definitions. The return value is true un-
+ less a supplied _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a defined alias.
+
+ u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt [-f\bfv\bv] [-n\bn] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
+ For each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, remove the corresponding variable or function. If
+ the -\b-v\bv option is given, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be refers to a shell variable, and
+ that variable is removed. If -\b-f\bf is specified, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be refers to a
+ shell function, and the function definition is removed. If the -\b-n\bn
+ option is supplied, and _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is a variable with the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf at-
+ tribute, _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be will be unset rather than the variable it references.
+ -\b-n\bn has no effect if the -\b-f\bf option is supplied. Read-only variables
+ and functions may not be unset. When variables or functions are re-
+ moved, they are also removed from the environment passed to subse-
+ quent commands. If no options are supplied, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be refers to a
+ variable; if there is no variable by that name, a function with that
+ name, if any, is unset. Some shell variables may not be unset. If
+ any of B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAL\bLI\bIA\bAS\bSE\bES\bS, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV0\b0, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCM\bMD\bDS\bS, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSU\bUB\bB-\b-
+ S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bHP\bPI\bID\bD, C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDB\bBR\bRE\bEA\bAK\bKS\bS, D\bDI\bIR\bRS\bST\bTA\bAC\bCK\bK, E\bEP\bPO\bOC\bCH\bHR\bRE\bEA\bAL\bLT\bTI\bIM\bME\bE, E\bEP\bPO\bOC\bCH\bHS\bSE\bEC\bC-\b-
+ O\bON\bND\bDS\bS, F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE, G\bGR\bRO\bOU\bUP\bPS\bS, H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCM\bMD\bD, L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO, R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM, S\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS, or S\bSR\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM
+ are unset, they lose their special properties, even if they are sub-
+ sequently reset. The exit status is true unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is readonly
+ or may not be unset.
+
+ w\bwa\bai\bit\bt [-\b-f\bfn\bn] [-\b-p\bp _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [_\bi_\bd ...]
+ Wait for each specified child process _\bi_\bd and return the termination
+ status of the last _\bi_\bd. Each _\bi_\bd may be a process ID _\bp_\bi_\bd or a job
+ specification _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc; if a jobspec is supplied, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt waits for all
+ processes in the job.
+
+ If no options or _\bi_\bds are supplied, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt waits for all running back-
+ ground jobs and the last-executed process substitution, if its
+ process id is the same as $\b$!\b!, and the return status is zero.
+
+ If the -\b-n\bn option is supplied, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt waits for any one of the given
+ _\bi_\bds or, if no _\bi_\bds are supplied, any job or process substitution, to
+ complete and returns its exit status. If none of the supplied _\bi_\bds
+ is a child of the shell, or if no _\bi_\bds are supplied and the shell has
+ no unwaited-for children, the exit status is 127.
+
+ If the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt assigns the process or job iden-
+ tifier of the job for which the exit status is returned to the vari-
+ able _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be named by the option argument. The variable, which can-
+ not be readonly, will be unset initially, before any assignment.
+ This is useful only when used with the -\b-n\bn option.
+
+ Supplying the -\b-f\bf option, when job control is enabled, forces w\bwa\bai\bit\bt to
+ wait for each _\bi_\bd to terminate before returning its status, instead
+ of returning when it changes status. If there are no _\bi_\bd arguments,
+ w\bwa\bai\bit\bt waits until all background processes have terminated.
+
+ If none of the _\bi_\bds specify one of the shell's active child
+ processes, the return status is 127. If w\bwa\bai\bit\bt is interrupted by a
+ signal, any _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be will remain unset, and the return status will be
+ greater than 128, as described under S\bSI\bIG\bGN\bNA\bAL\bLS\bS in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1). Otherwise,
+ the return status is the exit status of the last _\bi_\bd.
S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bTI\bIB\bBI\bIL\bLI\bIT\bTY\bY M\bMO\bOD\bDE\bE
- Bash-4.0 introduced the concept of a _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bb_\bi_\bl_\bi_\bt_\by _\bl_\be_\bv_\be_\bl, speci-
- fied as a set of options to the shopt builtin (c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b31\b1, c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2, c\bco\bom\bm-\b-
- p\bpa\bat\bt4\b40\b0, c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b41\b1, and so on). There is only one current compatibility
- level -- each option is mutually exclusive. The compatibility level is
- intended to allow users to select behavior from previous versions that
- is incompatible with newer versions while they migrate scripts to use
- current features and behavior. It's intended to be a temporary solu-
- tion.
-
- This section does not mention behavior that is standard for a particu-
- lar version (e.g., setting c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2 means that quoting the right hand
- side of the regexp matching operator quotes special regexp characters
- in the word, which is default behavior in bash-3.2 and subsequent ver-
- sions).
-
- If a user enables, say, c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2, it may affect the behavior of other
- compatibility levels up to and including the current compatibility
- level. The idea is that each compatibility level controls behavior
- that changed in that version of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh, but that behavior may have been
- present in earlier versions. For instance, the change to use locale-
- based comparisons with the [\b[[\b[ command came in bash-4.1, and earlier
- versions used ASCII-based comparisons, so enabling c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2 will enable
- ASCII-based comparisons as well. That granularity may not be suffi-
- cient for all uses, and as a result users should employ compatibility
- levels carefully. Read the documentation for a particular feature to
- find out the current behavior.
-
- Bash-4.3 introduced a new shell variable: B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT. The value as-
- signed to this variable (a decimal version number like 4.2, or an inte-
- ger corresponding to the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt_\bN_\bN option, like 42) determines the com-
- patibility level.
-
- Starting with bash-4.4, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh began deprecating older compatibility lev-
- els. Eventually, the options will be removed in favor of B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT.
-
- Bash-5.0 was the final version for which there was an individual shopt
- option for the previous version. B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT is the only mechanism to
- control the compatibility level in versions newer than bash-5.0.
-
- The following table describes the behavior changes controlled by each
- compatibility level setting. The c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt_\bN_\bN tag is used as shorthand for
- setting the compatibility level to _\bN_\bN using one of the following mecha-
- nisms. For versions prior to bash-5.0, the compatibility level may be
- set using the corresponding c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt_\bN_\bN shopt option. For bash-4.3 and
- later versions, the B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT variable is preferred, and it is re-
- quired for bash-5.1 and later versions.
-
- c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b31\b1
- +\bo Quoting the rhs of the [\b[[\b[ command's regexp matching oper-
- ator (=) has no special effect.
-
- c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2
- +\bo The <\b< and >\b> operators to the [\b[[\b[ command do not consider
- the current locale when comparing strings; they use ASCII
- ordering.
-
- c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b40\b0
- +\bo The <\b< and >\b> operators to the [\b[[\b[ command do not consider
- the current locale when comparing strings; they use ASCII
- ordering. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII col-
- lation and _\bs_\bt_\br_\bc_\bm_\bp(3); bash-4.1 and later use the current
- locale's collation sequence and _\bs_\bt_\br_\bc_\bo_\bl_\bl(3).
-
- c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b41\b1
- +\bo In posix mode, t\bti\bim\bme\be may be followed by options and still
- be recognized as a reserved word (this is POSIX interpre-
- tation 267).
- +\bo In _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx mode, the parser requires that an even number of
- single quotes occur in the _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd portion of a double-
- quoted parameter expansion and treats them specially, so
- that characters within the single quotes are considered
- quoted (this is POSIX interpretation 221).
-
- c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b42\b2
- +\bo The replacement string in double-quoted pattern substitu-
- tion does not undergo quote removal, as it does in ver-
- sions after bash-4.2.
- +\bo In posix mode, single quotes are considered special when
- expanding the _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd portion of a double-quoted parameter
- expansion and can be used to quote a closing brace or
- other special character (this is part of POSIX interpre-
- tation 221); in later versions, single quotes are not
- special within double-quoted word expansions.
-
- c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b43\b3
- +\bo Word expansion errors are considered non-fatal errors
- that cause the current command to fail, even in posix
- mode (the default behavior is to make them fatal errors
- that cause the shell to exit).
- +\bo When executing a shell function, the loop state
- (while/until/etc.) is not reset, so b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk or c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be in
- that function will break or continue loops in the calling
- context. Bash-4.4 and later reset the loop state to pre-
- vent this.
-
- c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b44\b4
- +\bo The shell sets up the values used by B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV and
- B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGC\bC so they can expand to the shell's positional
- parameters even if extended debugging mode is not en-
- abled.
- +\bo A subshell inherits loops from its parent context, so
- b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk or c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be will cause the subshell to exit.
- Bash-5.0 and later reset the loop state to prevent the
- exit
- +\bo Variable assignments preceding builtins like e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt and
- r\bre\bea\bad\bdo\bon\bnl\bly\by that set attributes continue to affect variables
- with the same name in the calling environment even if the
- shell is not in posix mode.
-
- c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt5\b50\b0
- +\bo Bash-5.1 changed the way $\b$R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM is generated to intro-
- duce slightly more randomness. If the shell compatibil-
- ity level is set to 50 or lower, it reverts to the method
- from bash-5.0 and previous versions, so seeding the ran-
- dom number generator by assigning a value to R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM will
- produce the same sequence as in bash-5.0.
- +\bo If the command hash table is empty, bash versions prior
- to bash-5.1 printed an informational message to that ef-
- fect, even when producing output that can be reused as
- input. Bash-5.1 suppresses that message when the -\b-l\bl op-
- tion is supplied.
-
- c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt5\b51\b1
- +\bo The u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt builtin treats attempts to unset array sub-
- scripts @\b@ and *\b* differently depending on whether the ar-
- ray is indexed or associative, and differently than in
- previous versions.
- +\bo Arithmetic commands ( (\b((\b(...)\b))\b) ) and the expressions in an
- arithmetic for statement can be expanded more than once.
- +\bo Expressions used as arguments to arithmetic operators in
- the [\b[[\b[ conditional command can be expanded more than
- once.
- +\bo The expressions in substring parameter brace expansion
- can be expanded more than once.
- +\bo The expressions in the $\b$(\b((\b(...)\b))\b) word expansion can be ex-
- panded more than once.
- +\bo Arithmetic expressions used as indexed array subscripts
- can be expanded more than once.
- +\bo t\bte\bes\bst\bt -\b-v\bv, when given an argument of A\bA[\b[@\b@]\b], where A\bA is an
- existing associative array, will return true if the array
- has any set elements. Bash-5.2 will look for and report
- on a key named @\b@.
- +\bo The ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br[\b[:\b:]\b]=\b=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be} word expansion will return
- _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be, before any variable-specific transformations have
- been performed (e.g., converting to lowercase). Bash-5.2
- will return the final value assigned to the variable.
- +\bo Parsing command substitutions will behave as if extended
- globbing (see the description of the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin above)
- is enabled, so that parsing a command substitution con-
- taining an extglob pattern (say, as part of a shell func-
- tion) will not fail. This assumes the intent is to en-
- able extglob before the command is executed and word ex-
- pansions are performed. It will fail at word expansion
- time if extglob hasn't been enabled by the time the com-
- mand is executed.
-
- c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt5\b52\b2
- +\bo The t\bte\bes\bst\bt builtin uses its historical algorithm to parse
- parenthesized subexpressions when given five or more ar-
- guments.
- +\bo If the -\b-p\bp or -\b-P\bP option is supplied to the b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd builtin,
- b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd treats any arguments remaining after option process-
- ing as bindable command names, and displays any key se-
- quences bound to those commands, instead of treating the
- arguments as key sequences to bind.
+ Bash-4.0 introduced the concept of a _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bb_\bi_\bl_\bi_\bt_\by _\bl_\be_\bv_\be_\bl, specified
+ as a set of options to the shopt builtin (c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b31\b1, c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2, c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b40\b0,
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b41\b1, and so on). There is only one current compatibility level --
+ each option is mutually exclusive. The compatibility level is intended to
+ allow users to select behavior from previous versions that is incompatible
+ with newer versions while they migrate scripts to use current features and
+ behavior. It's intended to be a temporary solution.
+
+ This section does not mention behavior that is standard for a particular
+ version (e.g., setting c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2 means that quoting the right hand side of
+ the regexp matching operator quotes special regexp characters in the word,
+ which is default behavior in bash-3.2 and subsequent versions).
+
+ If a user enables, say, c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2, it may affect the behavior of other com-
+ patibility levels up to and including the current compatibility level. The
+ idea is that each compatibility level controls behavior that changed in
+ that version of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh, but that behavior may have been present in earlier
+ versions. For instance, the change to use locale-based comparisons with
+ the [\b[[\b[ command came in bash-4.1, and earlier versions used ASCII-based com-
+ parisons, so enabling c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2 will enable ASCII-based comparisons as well.
+ That granularity may not be sufficient for all uses, and as a result users
+ should employ compatibility levels carefully. Read the documentation for a
+ particular feature to find out the current behavior.
+
+ Bash-4.3 introduced a new shell variable: B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT. The value assigned
+ to this variable (a decimal version number like 4.2, or an integer corre-
+ sponding to the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt_\bN_\bN option, like 42) determines the compatibility
+ level.
+
+ Starting with bash-4.4, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh began deprecating older compatibility levels.
+ Eventually, the options will be removed in favor of B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT.
+
+ Bash-5.0 was the final version for which there was an individual shopt op-
+ tion for the previous version. B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT is the only mechanism to con-
+ trol the compatibility level in versions newer than bash-5.0.
+
+ The following table describes the behavior changes controlled by each com-
+ patibility level setting. The c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt_\bN_\bN tag is used as shorthand for set-
+ ting the compatibility level to _\bN_\bN using one of the following mechanisms.
+ For versions prior to bash-5.0, the compatibility level may be set using
+ the corresponding c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt_\bN_\bN shopt option. For bash-4.3 and later versions,
+ the B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT variable is preferred, and it is required for bash-5.1 and
+ later versions.
+
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b31\b1
+ * Quoting the rhs of the [\b[[\b[ command's regexp matching operator
+ (=) has no special effect.
+
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2
+ * The <\b< and >\b> operators to the [\b[[\b[ command do not consider the
+ current locale when comparing strings; they use ASCII order-
+ ing.
+
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b40\b0
+ * The <\b< and >\b> operators to the [\b[[\b[ command do not consider the
+ current locale when comparing strings; they use ASCII order-
+ ing. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII collation and
+ _\bs_\bt_\br_\bc_\bm_\bp(3); bash-4.1 and later use the current locale's colla-
+ tion sequence and _\bs_\bt_\br_\bc_\bo_\bl_\bl(3).
+
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b41\b1
+ * In posix mode, t\bti\bim\bme\be may be followed by options and still be
+ recognized as a reserved word (this is POSIX interpretation
+ 267).
+ * In _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx mode, the parser requires that an even number of
+ single quotes occur in the _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd portion of a double-quoted
+ parameter expansion and treats them specially, so that char-
+ acters within the single quotes are considered quoted (this
+ is POSIX interpretation 221).
+
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b42\b2
+ * The replacement string in double-quoted pattern substitution
+ does not undergo quote removal, as it does in versions after
+ bash-4.2.
+ * In posix mode, single quotes are considered special when ex-
+ panding the _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd portion of a double-quoted parameter expan-
+ sion and can be used to quote a closing brace or other spe-
+ cial character (this is part of POSIX interpretation 221); in
+ later versions, single quotes are not special within double-
+ quoted word expansions.
+
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b43\b3
+ * Word expansion errors are considered non-fatal errors that
+ cause the current command to fail, even in posix mode (the
+ default behavior is to make them fatal errors that cause the
+ shell to exit).
+ * When executing a shell function, the loop state (while/un-
+ til/etc.) is not reset, so b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk or c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be in that func-
+ tion will break or continue loops in the calling context.
+ Bash-4.4 and later reset the loop state to prevent this.
+
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b44\b4
+ * The shell sets up the values used by B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV and B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGC\bC
+ so they can expand to the shell's positional parameters even
+ if extended debugging mode is not enabled.
+ * A subshell inherits loops from its parent context, so b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk
+ or c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be will cause the subshell to exit. Bash-5.0 and
+ later reset the loop state to prevent the exit
+ * Variable assignments preceding builtins like e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt and r\bre\bea\bad\bd-\b-
+ o\bon\bnl\bly\by that set attributes continue to affect variables with
+ the same name in the calling environment even if the shell is
+ not in posix mode.
+
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt5\b50\b0
+ * Bash-5.1 changed the way $\b$R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM is generated to introduce
+ slightly more randomness. If the shell compatibility level
+ is set to 50 or lower, it reverts to the method from bash-5.0
+ and previous versions, so seeding the random number generator
+ by assigning a value to R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM will produce the same sequence
+ as in bash-5.0.
+ * If the command hash table is empty, bash versions prior to
+ bash-5.1 printed an informational message to that effect,
+ even when producing output that can be reused as input.
+ Bash-5.1 suppresses that message when the -\b-l\bl option is sup-
+ plied.
+
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt5\b51\b1
+ * The u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt builtin treats attempts to unset array subscripts @\b@
+ and *\b* differently depending on whether the array is indexed
+ or associative, and differently than in previous versions.
+ * Arithmetic commands ( (\b((\b(...)\b))\b) ) and the expressions in an
+ arithmetic for statement can be expanded more than once.
+ * Expressions used as arguments to arithmetic operators in the
+ [\b[[\b[ conditional command can be expanded more than once.
+ * The expressions in substring parameter brace expansion can be
+ expanded more than once.
+ * The expressions in the $\b$(\b((\b(...)\b))\b) word expansion can be ex-
+ panded more than once.
+ * Arithmetic expressions used as indexed array subscripts can
+ be expanded more than once.
+ * t\bte\bes\bst\bt -\b-v\bv, when given an argument of A\bA[\b[@\b@]\b], where A\bA is an exist-
+ ing associative array, will return true if the array has any
+ set elements. Bash-5.2 will look for and report on a key
+ named @\b@.
+ * The ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br[\b[:\b:]\b]=\b=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be} word expansion will return _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be,
+ before any variable-specific transformations have been per-
+ formed (e.g., converting to lowercase). Bash-5.2 will return
+ the final value assigned to the variable.
+ * Parsing command substitutions will behave as if extended
+ globbing (see the description of the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin above) is
+ enabled, so that parsing a command substitution containing an
+ extglob pattern (say, as part of a shell function) will not
+ fail. This assumes the intent is to enable extglob before
+ the command is executed and word expansions are performed.
+ It will fail at word expansion time if extglob hasn't been
+ enabled by the time the command is executed.
+
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt5\b52\b2
+ * The t\bte\bes\bst\bt builtin uses its historical algorithm to parse
+ parenthesized subexpressions when given five or more argu-
+ ments.
+ * If the -\b-p\bp or -\b-P\bP option is supplied to the b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd builtin, b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd
+ treats any arguments remaining after option processing as
+ bindable command names, and displays any key sequences bound
+ to those commands, instead of treating the arguments as key
+ sequences to bind.
S\bSE\bEE\bE A\bAL\bLS\bSO\bO
- bash(1), sh(1)
+ bash(1), sh(1)
-GNU Bash 5.3 2023 January 27 _\bB_\bA_\bS_\bH_\b__\bB_\bU_\bI_\bL_\bT_\bI_\bN_\bS(1)
+GNU Bash 5.3 2023 January 27 _\bB_\bA_\bS_\bH_\b__\bB_\bU_\bI_\bL_\bT_\bI_\bN_\bS(1)
-_\bR_\bB_\bA_\bS_\bH(1) General Commands Manual _\bR_\bB_\bA_\bS_\bH(1)
+_\bR_\bB_\bA_\bS_\bH(1) General Commands Manual _\bR_\bB_\bA_\bS_\bH(1)
N\bNA\bAM\bME\bE
- rbash - restricted bash, see b\bba\bas\bsh\bh(1)
+ rbash - restricted bash, see b\bba\bas\bsh\bh(1)
R\bRE\bES\bST\bTR\bRI\bIC\bCT\bTE\bED\bD S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL
- If b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is started with the name r\brb\bba\bas\bsh\bh, or the -\b-r\br option is supplied at
- invocation, the shell becomes _\br_\be_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bc_\bt_\be_\bd. A restricted shell is used
- to set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell. It
- behaves identically to b\bba\bas\bsh\bh with the exception that the following are
- disallowed or not performed:
+ If b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is started with the name r\brb\bba\bas\bsh\bh, or the -\b-r\br option is supplied at in-
+ vocation, the shell becomes _\br_\be_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bc_\bt_\be_\bd. A restricted shell is used to set
+ up an environment more controlled than the standard shell. It behaves
+ identically to b\bba\bas\bsh\bh with the exception that the following are disallowed or
+ not performed:
- +\bo Changing directories with c\bcd\bd.
+ * Changing directories with c\bcd\bd.
- +\bo Setting or unsetting the values of S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL, P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE, E\bEN\bNV\bV,
- or B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEN\bNV\bV.
+ * Setting or unsetting the values of S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL, P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE, E\bEN\bNV\bV, or
+ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEN\bNV\bV.
- +\bo Specifying command names containing /\b/.
+ * Specifying command names containing /\b/.
- +\bo Specifying a filename containing a /\b/ as an argument to the .\b.
- builtin command.
+ * Specifying a filename containing a /\b/ as an argument to the .\b.
+ builtin command.
- +\bo Using the -\b-p\bp option to the .\b. builtin command to specify a
- search path.
+ * Using the -\b-p\bp option to the .\b. builtin command to specify a search
+ path.
- +\bo Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the
- h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by builtin command.
+ * Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the h\bhi\bis\bs-\b-
+ t\bto\bor\bry\by builtin command.
- +\bo Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the
- -\b-p\bp option to the h\bha\bas\bsh\bh builtin command.
+ * Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the -\b-p\bp
+ option to the h\bha\bas\bsh\bh builtin command.
- +\bo Importing function definitions from the shell environment at
- startup.
+ * Importing function definitions from the shell environment at
+ startup.
- +\bo Parsing the values of B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bHO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS and S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS from the shell en-
- vironment at startup.
+ * Parsing the values of B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bHO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS and S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS from the shell environ-
+ ment at startup.
- +\bo Redirecting output using the >, >|, <>, >&, &>, and >> redirec-
- tion operators.
+ * Redirecting output using the >, >|, <>, >&, &>, and >> redirection
+ operators.
- +\bo Using the e\bex\bxe\bec\bc builtin command to replace the shell with another
- command.
+ * Using the e\bex\bxe\bec\bc builtin command to replace the shell with another
+ command.
- +\bo Adding or deleting builtin commands with the -\b-f\bf and -\b-d\bd options
- to the e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be builtin command.
+ * Adding or deleting builtin commands with the -\b-f\bf and -\b-d\bd options to
+ the e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be builtin command.
- +\bo Using the e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be builtin command to enable disabled shell
- builtins.
+ * Using the e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be builtin command to enable disabled shell builtins.
- +\bo Specifying the -\b-p\bp option to the c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd builtin command.
+ * Specifying the -\b-p\bp option to the c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd builtin command.
- +\bo Turning off restricted mode with s\bse\bet\bt +\b+r\br or s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt -\b-u\bu r\bre\be-\b-
- s\bst\btr\bri\bic\bct\bte\bed\bd_\b_s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl.
+ * Turning off restricted mode with s\bse\bet\bt +\b+r\br or s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt -\b-u\bu r\bre\be-\b-
+ s\bst\btr\bri\bic\bct\bte\bed\bd_\b_s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl.
- These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read.
+ These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read.
- When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed, r\brb\bba\bas\bsh\bh
- turns off any restrictions in the shell spawned to execute the script.
+ When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed, r\brb\bba\bas\bsh\bh turns
+ off any restrictions in the shell spawned to execute the script.
S\bSE\bEE\bE A\bAL\bLS\bSO\bO
- bash(1)
+ bash(1)
-Bash-5.3 2021 November 22 _\bR_\bB_\bA_\bS_\bH(1)
+Bash-5.3 2021 November 22 _\bR_\bB_\bA_\bS_\bH(1)
#define INT_BUFSIZE_BOUND(t) (INT_STRLEN_BOUND (t) + 1)
/* Define exactly what a legal shell identifier consists of. */
-#define legal_variable_starter(c) (ISALPHA(c) || (c == '_'))
-#define legal_variable_char(c) (ISALNUM(c) || c == '_')
+#if 0
+#define legal_variable_starter(c) (c < 128 && (ISALPHA(c) || c == '_'))
+#define legal_variable_char(c) (c < 128 && (ISALNUM(c) || c == '_'))
+#else
+#define legal_variable_starter(c) (sh_syntaxtab[c] & CNAMESTART)
+#define legal_variable_char(c) (sh_syntaxtab[c] & CNAME)
+#endif
/* Definitions used in subst.c and by the `read' builtin for field
splitting. */
#define DIGIT(c) ((c) >= '0' && (c) <= '9')
-#define ISWORD(c) (ISLETTER(c) || DIGIT(c) || ((c) == '_'))
+#define ISNAME(c) (IN_CTYPE_DOMAIN(c) && (sh_syntaxtab[(unsigned char)c] & CNAME))
+#define ISNAMESTART(c) (IN_CTYPE_DOMAIN(c) && (sh_syntaxtab[(unsigned char)c] & CNAMESTART))
#define HEXVALUE(c) \
(((c) >= 'a' && (c) <= 'f') \
}
#endif
+static inline int
+_rl_vi_check_arrows (void)
+{
+ return ((RL_ISSTATE (RL_STATE_INPUTPENDING|RL_STATE_MACROINPUT) == 0) &&
+ _rl_pushed_input_available () == 0 &&
+ _rl_input_queued (0));
+}
+
/* Functions to save and restore marks. */
static int
_rl_vi_set_mark (void)
if (ch < 0 || ch < 'a' || ch > 'z') /* make test against 0 explicit */
{
rl_ding ();
+ if (ch == ESC && _rl_vi_check_arrows ())
+ _rl_unget_char (ch); /* assume arrow key or other CSI sequence */
return 1;
}
ch -= 'a';
else if (ch < 0 || ch < 'a' || ch > 'z') /* make test against 0 explicit */
{
rl_ding ();
+ if (ch == ESC && _rl_vi_check_arrows ())
+ _rl_unget_char (ch); /* assume arrow key or other CSI sequence */
return 1;
}
* mksyntax.c - construct shell syntax table for fast char attribute lookup.
*/
-/* Copyright (C) 2000-2009,2012,2022-2024 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+/* Copyright (C) 2000-2009,2012,2022-2024,2026 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell.
{ CSPECVAR, "CSPECVAR" },
{ CSUBSTOP, "CSUBSTOP" },
{ CBLANK, "CBLANK" },
+ { CNAME, "CNAME" },
+ { CNAMESTART, "CNAMESTART" }
};
#define N_WFLAGS (sizeof (wordflags) / sizeof (wordflags[0]))
}
}
+static void
+setnamechars(void)
+{
+ lsyntax['_'] |= CNAME|CNAMESTART;
+
+ lsyntax['0'] |= CNAME; lsyntax['1'] |= CNAME; lsyntax['2'] |= CNAME;
+ lsyntax['3'] |= CNAME; lsyntax['4'] |= CNAME; lsyntax['5'] |= CNAME;
+ lsyntax['6'] |= CNAME; lsyntax['7'] |= CNAME; lsyntax['8'] |= CNAME;
+ lsyntax['9'] |= CNAME;
+
+ lsyntax['a'] |= CNAME|CNAMESTART; lsyntax['b'] |= CNAME|CNAMESTART;
+ lsyntax['c'] |= CNAME|CNAMESTART; lsyntax['d'] |= CNAME|CNAMESTART;
+ lsyntax['e'] |= CNAME|CNAMESTART; lsyntax['f'] |= CNAME|CNAMESTART;
+ lsyntax['g'] |= CNAME|CNAMESTART; lsyntax['h'] |= CNAME|CNAMESTART;
+ lsyntax['i'] |= CNAME|CNAMESTART; lsyntax['j'] |= CNAME|CNAMESTART;
+ lsyntax['k'] |= CNAME|CNAMESTART; lsyntax['l'] |= CNAME|CNAMESTART;
+ lsyntax['m'] |= CNAME|CNAMESTART; lsyntax['n'] |= CNAME|CNAMESTART;
+ lsyntax['o'] |= CNAME|CNAMESTART; lsyntax['p'] |= CNAME|CNAMESTART;
+ lsyntax['q'] |= CNAME|CNAMESTART; lsyntax['r'] |= CNAME|CNAMESTART;
+ lsyntax['s'] |= CNAME|CNAMESTART; lsyntax['t'] |= CNAME|CNAMESTART;
+ lsyntax['u'] |= CNAME|CNAMESTART; lsyntax['v'] |= CNAME|CNAMESTART;
+ lsyntax['w'] |= CNAME|CNAMESTART; lsyntax['x'] |= CNAME|CNAMESTART;
+ lsyntax['y'] |= CNAME|CNAMESTART; lsyntax['z'] |= CNAME|CNAMESTART;
+
+ lsyntax['A'] |= CNAME|CNAMESTART; lsyntax['B'] |= CNAME|CNAMESTART;
+ lsyntax['C'] |= CNAME|CNAMESTART; lsyntax['D'] |= CNAME|CNAMESTART;
+ lsyntax['E'] |= CNAME|CNAMESTART; lsyntax['F'] |= CNAME|CNAMESTART;
+ lsyntax['G'] |= CNAME|CNAMESTART; lsyntax['H'] |= CNAME|CNAMESTART;
+ lsyntax['I'] |= CNAME|CNAMESTART; lsyntax['J'] |= CNAME|CNAMESTART;
+ lsyntax['K'] |= CNAME|CNAMESTART; lsyntax['L'] |= CNAME|CNAMESTART;
+ lsyntax['M'] |= CNAME|CNAMESTART; lsyntax['N'] |= CNAME|CNAMESTART;
+ lsyntax['O'] |= CNAME|CNAMESTART; lsyntax['P'] |= CNAME|CNAMESTART;
+ lsyntax['Q'] |= CNAME|CNAMESTART; lsyntax['R'] |= CNAME|CNAMESTART;
+ lsyntax['S'] |= CNAME|CNAMESTART; lsyntax['T'] |= CNAME|CNAMESTART;
+ lsyntax['U'] |= CNAME|CNAMESTART; lsyntax['V'] |= CNAME|CNAMESTART;
+ lsyntax['W'] |= CNAME|CNAMESTART; lsyntax['X'] |= CNAME|CNAMESTART;
+ lsyntax['Y'] |= CNAME|CNAMESTART; lsyntax['Z'] |= CNAME|CNAMESTART;
+}
+
/* load up the correct flag values in lsyntax */
static void
load_lsyntax (void)
addcstr ("-=?+", CSUBSTOP); /* OP in ${paramOPword} */
addblanks ();
+
+ setnamechars ();
}
static void
# Pesan Bahasa Indonesia untuk bash
# Copyright (C) 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
# This file is distributed under the same license as the bash package.
-# Arif E. Nugroho <arif_endro@yahoo.com>, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021.
+# Arif E. Nugroho <arif_endro@yahoo.com>, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026.
#
msgid ""
msgstr ""
-"Project-Id-Version: bash 5.1\n"
+"Project-Id-Version: bash 5.3-rc2\n"
"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n"
"POT-Creation-Date: 2025-04-22 09:37-0400\n"
-"PO-Revision-Date: 2021-09-17 19:30+0700\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2026-07-31 20:06+0700\n"
"Last-Translator: Arif E. Nugroho <arif_endro@yahoo.com>\n"
"Language-Team: Indonesian <translation-team-id@lists.sourceforge.net>\n"
"Language: id\n"
#: bashhist.c:464
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "%s: cannot create: %s"
msgid "cannot create"
msgstr "%s: tidak dapat membuat: %s"
#: bashline.c:4873
#, fuzzy, c-format
+#| msgid "%s: missing colon separator"
msgid "%s: missing separator"
msgstr "%s: hilang pemisah colon"
#: braces.c:403
#, fuzzy, c-format
+#| msgid "brace expansion: failed to allocate memory for %u elements"
msgid "brace expansion: failed to allocate memory for %s elements"
msgstr "brace expansion: failed to allocate memory for %u elements"
#: builtins/bind.def:277
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "%s: cannot read: %s"
msgid "cannot read"
msgstr "%s: tidak dapat membaca: %s"
#: builtins/caller.def:135
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Return the context of the current subroutine call.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Without EXPR, returns \"$line $filename\". With EXPR, returns\n"
+#| " \"$line $subroutine $filename\"; this extra information can be used to\n"
+#| " provide a stack trace.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " The value of EXPR indicates how many call frames to go back before the\n"
+#| " current one; the top frame is frame 0.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Exit Status:\n"
+#| " Returns 0 unless the shell is not executing a shell function or EXPR\n"
+#| " is invalid."
msgid ""
"Returns the context of the current subroutine call.\n"
" \n"
" mengembalikan \"$line $subroutine $filename\"; informasi extra ini\n"
" dapat digunakan untuk menyediakan jejak stack.\n"
" \n"
-" Nilai dari EXPR mengindikasikan bagaimana banyak panggilan frames "
-"kembali sebelum\n"
+" Nilai dari EXPR mengindikasikan bagaimana banyak panggilan frames kembali sebelum\n"
" yang ada; Top frame adalah frame 0. \n"
" Status Keluar:\n"
-" Mengembalikan 0 kecuali shell sedang tidak menjalankan sebuah fungsi "
-"shell atau EXPR\n"
+" Mengembalikan 0 kecuali shell sedang tidak menjalankan sebuah fungsi shell atau EXPR\n"
" tidak valid."
#: builtins/cd.def:321
#: builtins/common.c:248
#, fuzzy, c-format
+#| msgid "%s: cannot unset"
msgid "%s: cannot assign"
msgstr "%s: tidak dapat unset"
#: builtins/common.c:279
#, fuzzy, c-format
+#| msgid "%s: invalid timeout specification"
msgid "%s: invalid job specification"
msgstr "%s: spesifikasi timeout tidak valid"
#: builtins/common.c:307
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "write error: %s"
msgid "write error"
msgstr "gagal menulis: %s"
#: builtins/common.c:314
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "error setting terminal attributes: %s"
msgid "error setting terminal attributes"
msgstr "error menentukan atribut terminal: %s"
#: builtins/common.c:316
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "error getting terminal attributes: %s"
msgid "error getting terminal attributes"
msgstr "error mendapatkan atribut terminal: %s"
#: builtins/common.c:611
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "%s: error retrieving current directory: %s: %s\n"
msgid "error retrieving current directory"
msgstr "%s: error mengambil direktori saat ini: %s: %s\n"
#: builtins/common.c:709
#, fuzzy, c-format
+#| msgid "%s: option requires an argument"
msgid "%s: job specification requires leading `%%'"
msgstr "%s: pilihan membutuhkan sebuah argumen"
#: builtins/complete.def:703
msgid "warning: -F option may not work as you expect"
-msgstr ""
-"peringatan: pilihan -F mungkin tidak bekerja seperti yang anda harapkan"
+msgstr "peringatan: pilihan -F mungkin tidak bekerja seperti yang anda harapkan"
#: builtins/complete.def:705
msgid "warning: -C option may not work as you expect"
-msgstr ""
-"peringatan: pilihan -C mungkin tidak bekerja seperti yang anda harapkan"
+msgstr "peringatan: pilihan -C mungkin tidak bekerja seperti yang anda harapkan"
#: builtins/complete.def:872
msgid "not currently executing completion function"
#: builtins/enable.def:408
#, c-format
msgid "%s: builtin names may not contain slashes"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "%s: nama builtin tidak boleh ada slashes"
#: builtins/enable.def:423
#, c-format
#: builtins/evalfile.c:189 builtins/evalfile.c:207 execute_cmd.c:6222
#: shell.c:1687
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "%s: cannot execute binary file"
msgid "cannot execute binary file"
msgstr "%s: tidak dapat menjalankan berkas binary"
#: builtins/evalstring.c:478
#, fuzzy, c-format
+#| msgid "error importing function definition for `%s'"
msgid "%s: ignoring function definition attempt"
msgstr "error mengimpor definisi fungsi untuk `%s'"
#: builtins/exec.def:158 builtins/exec.def:160 builtins/exec.def:249
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "%s: cannot execute: %s"
msgid "cannot execute"
msgstr "%s: tidak dapat menjalankan: %s"
#: builtins/fc.def:462
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "%s: cannot open temp file: %s"
msgid "cannot open temp file"
msgstr "%s: tidak dapat membuka file sementara: %s"
#: builtins/help.def:185
#, c-format
-msgid ""
-"no help topics match `%s'. Try `help help' or `man -k %s' or `info %s'."
-msgstr ""
-"tidak ada topik bantuan yang cocok dengan `%s'. Coba `help help' atau 'man -"
-"k %s' atau `info %s'."
+msgid "no help topics match `%s'. Try `help help' or `man -k %s' or `info %s'."
+msgstr "tidak ada topik bantuan yang cocok dengan `%s'. Coba `help help' atau 'man -k %s' atau `info %s'."
#: builtins/help.def:214
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "cannot suspend"
msgid "cannot open"
msgstr "tidak dapat suspend"
#: builtins/help.def:264 builtins/help.def:306 builtins/history.def:306
#: builtins/history.def:325 builtins/read.def:909
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "read error: %d: %s"
msgid "read error"
msgstr "error baca: %d: %s"
"A star (*) next to a name means that the command is disabled.\n"
"\n"
msgstr ""
-"Perintah shell ini didefinisikan secara internal. Ketik `help' untuk melihat "
-"daftar ini.\n"
+"Perintah shell ini didefinisikan secara internal. Ketik `help' untuk melihat daftar ini.\n"
"Ketik `help nama' untuk informasi lebih lanjut mengenai fungsi `nama'.\n"
-"Gunakan `info bash' untuk informasi lebih lanjut mengenasi shell secara "
-"umum.\n"
-"Gunakan `man -k' atau `info' untuk informasi lebih lanjut mengenai perintah "
-"yang tidak ada dalam daftar ini.\n"
+"Gunakan `info bash' untuk informasi lebih lanjut mengenasi shell secara umum.\n"
+"Gunakan `man -k' atau `info' untuk informasi lebih lanjut mengenai perintah yang tidak ada dalam daftar ini.\n"
"\n"
-"Sebuah asterisk (*) disebelah dari nama berarti perintah tersebut tidak "
-"aktif.\n"
+"Sebuah asterisk (*) disebelah dari nama berarti perintah tersebut tidak aktif.\n"
"\n"
#: builtins/history.def:164
#: builtins/history.def:280
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "empty array variable name"
msgid "empty filename"
msgstr "nama variabel array kosong"
#: builtins/mapfile.def:257 builtins/read.def:380
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "%d: invalid file descriptor: %s"
msgid "invalid file descriptor"
msgstr "%d: file deskriptor %s tidak valid"
#: builtins/printf.def:711
msgid "string length"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "panjang string"
#: builtins/printf.def:811
#, c-format
" \twith its position in the stack\n"
" \n"
" Arguments:\n"
-" +N\tDisplays the Nth entry counting from the left of the list shown "
-"by\n"
+" +N\tDisplays the Nth entry counting from the left of the list shown by\n"
" \tdirs when invoked without options, starting with zero.\n"
" \n"
-" -N\tDisplays the Nth entry counting from the right of the list shown "
-"by\n"
+" -N\tDisplays the Nth entry counting from the right of the list shown by\n"
"\tdirs when invoked without options, starting with zero."
msgstr ""
"Menampilkan daftar dari direktori yang diingat saat ini. Direktori\n"
-" menemukan jalannya kedalam daftar dengan perintah `pushd'; anda dapat "
-"memperoleh\n"
+" menemukan jalannya kedalam daftar dengan perintah `pushd'; anda dapat memperoleh\n"
" backup melalui daftar dengan perintah `popd'.\n"
" \n"
" Pilihan:\n"
" \tdengan posisnya dalam stack\n"
" \n"
" Argumen:\n"
-" +N\tMenampilkan masukan ke N dihitung dari kiri dari daftar yang "
-"ditampilkan oleh\n"
+" +N\tMenampilkan masukan ke N dihitung dari kiri dari daftar yang ditampilkan oleh\n"
" \tdirs ketika dipanggil tanpa pilihan, dimulai dari nol.\n"
" \n"
-" -N\tMenampilkan masukan ke N dihitung dari kanan dari daftar yang "
-"ditampilkan oleh\n"
+" -N\tMenampilkan masukan ke N dihitung dari kanan dari daftar yang ditampilkan oleh\n"
" \tdirs ketika dipanggil tanpa pilihan, dimulai dari nol."
#: builtins/pushd.def:730
" Tanpa argumen, menukar top dari dua direktori.\n"
" \n"
" Pilihan:\n"
-" -n\tmenekan perubahan normal dari direktori ketika menambahkan "
-"direktori\n"
+" -n\tmenekan perubahan normal dari direktori ketika menambahkan direktori\n"
" \tke stack, jadi hanya stack yang dimanipulasi.\n"
" \n"
" Argumen:\n"
" \n"
" Argumen:\n"
" -N\tmenghapus masukan ke N dihitung dari kiri dari daftar\n"
-" \tyang ditampilkan oleh `dirs', dimulai dari nol. Sebagai contoh: `popd "
-"+0'\n"
+" \tyang ditampilkan oleh `dirs', dimulai dari nol. Sebagai contoh: `popd +0'\n"
" \tmenghapus direktori terakhir, `popd -1' sebelum terakhir.\n"
" \n"
" Builtin `dirs' menampilkan direktori stack."
#: builtins/ulimit.def:465 builtins/ulimit.def:748
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "%s: cannot get limit: %s"
msgid "cannot get limit"
msgstr "%s: tidak dapat get limit: %s"
#: builtins/ulimit.def:511 builtins/ulimit.def:812
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "%s: cannot modify limit: %s"
msgid "cannot modify limit"
msgstr "%s: tidak dapat memodifikasi batas: %s"
#: error.c:261
#, fuzzy, c-format
+#| msgid "warning: "
msgid "DEBUG warning: "
msgstr "peringatan: "
#: execute_cmd.c:606
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "cannot redirect standard input from /dev/null: %s"
msgid "cannot redirect standard input from /dev/null"
msgstr "tidak dapat menyalurkan masukan standar dari /dev/null: %s"
#: execute_cmd.c:4100
#, c-format
msgid "invalid regular expression `%s': %s"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "ekspresi regular tidak valid '%s': %s"
#: execute_cmd.c:4102
#, c-format
msgid "invalid regular expression `%s'"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "ekspresi regular tidak valid '%s'"
#: execute_cmd.c:5056
#, c-format
#: execute_cmd.c:5754
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "%s: command not found"
msgid "command not found"
msgstr "%s: perintah tidak ditemukan"
#: execute_cmd.c:5783
#, c-format
msgid "%s: restricted: cannot specify `/' in command names"
-msgstr ""
-"%s: dibatasi: tidak dapat menspesifikasikan '/' dalam nama nama perintah"
+msgstr "%s: dibatasi: tidak dapat menspesifikasikan '/' dalam nama nama perintah"
#: execute_cmd.c:6176
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "%s: %s: bad interpreter"
msgid "bad interpreter"
msgstr "%s: %s: interpreter buruk"
#: execute_cmd.c:6185
#, fuzzy, c-format
+#| msgid "%s: cannot execute binary file"
msgid "%s: cannot execute: required file not found"
msgstr "%s: tidak dapat menjalankan berkas binary"
#: expr.c:485
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "syntax error in expression"
msgid "arithmetic syntax error in expression"
msgstr "syntax error dalam expresi"
#: expr.c:538
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "syntax error in variable assignment"
msgid "arithmetic syntax error in variable assignment"
msgstr "syntax error dalam menempatkan variabel"
#: expr.c:1120 expr.c:1507
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "syntax error: operand expected"
msgid "arithmetic syntax error: operand expected"
msgstr "syntax error: operand diharapkan"
#: expr.c:1468 expr.c:1489
msgid "--: assignment requires lvalue"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "--: assignment memerlukan lvalue"
#: expr.c:1470 expr.c:1491
msgid "++: assignment requires lvalue"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "++: assignment memerlukan lvalue"
#: expr.c:1509
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "syntax error: invalid arithmetic operator"
msgid "arithmetic syntax error: invalid arithmetic operator"
msgstr "syntax error: operator arithmetic tidak valid"
#: input.c:254
#, c-format
msgid "cannot allocate new file descriptor for bash input from fd %d"
-msgstr ""
-"tidak dapat mengalokasikan berkas deskripsi bari untuk masukan bash dari fd "
-"%d"
+msgstr "tidak dapat mengalokasikan berkas deskripsi bari untuk masukan bash dari fd %d"
#: input.c:262
#, c-format
#: lib/malloc/table.c:188
#, c-format
msgid "register_alloc: %p already in table as allocated?\n"
-msgstr ""
-"register_alloc: %p sudah berada dalam tabel sepertinya sudah dialokasikan?\n"
+msgstr "register_alloc: %p sudah berada dalam tabel sepertinya sudah dialokasikan?\n"
#: lib/malloc/table.c:237
#, c-format
#: locale.c:226 locale.c:228 locale.c:301 locale.c:303
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "setlocale: %s: cannot change locale (%s)"
msgid "cannot change locale"
msgstr "setlocale: %s: tidak dapat mengubah lokal (%s)"
#: make_cmd.c:627
#, c-format
msgid "here-document at line %d delimited by end-of-file (wanted `%s')"
-msgstr ""
-"dokumen-disini di baris %d dibatasi oleh akhir-dari-berkas (diinginkan `%s')"
+msgstr "dokumen-disini di baris %d dibatasi oleh akhir-dari-berkas (diinginkan `%s')"
#: make_cmd.c:722
#, c-format
#: parse.y:2572
#, c-format
-msgid ""
-"shell_getc: shell_input_line_size (%zu) exceeds SIZE_MAX (%lu): line "
-"truncated"
-msgstr ""
-"shell_getc: shell_input_line_size (%zu) terlampaui SIZE_MAX (%lu): baris "
-"terpotong"
+msgid "shell_getc: shell_input_line_size (%zu) exceeds SIZE_MAX (%lu): line truncated"
+msgstr "shell_getc: shell_input_line_size (%zu) terlampaui SIZE_MAX (%lu): baris terpotong"
#: parse.y:2864
-#, fuzzy
msgid "script file read error"
-msgstr "gagal menulis: %s"
+msgstr "kesalahan membaca berkas skrip"
#: parse.y:3101
msgid "maximum here-document count exceeded"
#: parse.y:6827
#, fuzzy, c-format
+#| msgid "unexpected EOF while looking for matching `%c'"
msgid "syntax error near unexpected token `%s' while looking for matching `%c'"
msgstr "EOF tidak terduga ketika mencari untuk pencocokan `%c'"
#: parse.y:6867
#, fuzzy, c-format
+#| msgid "syntax error: unexpected end of file"
msgid "syntax error: unexpected end of file from `%s' command on line %d"
msgstr "syntax error: tidak terduga diakhir dari berkas"
#: parse.y:6869
#, fuzzy, c-format
+#| msgid "syntax error: unexpected end of file"
msgid "syntax error: unexpected end of file from command on line %d"
msgstr "syntax error: tidak terduga diakhir dari berkas"
#: pathexp.c:897
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "invalid base"
msgid "invalid glob sort type"
msgstr "basis tidak valid"
#: redir.c:201
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "%s: ambiguous redirect"
msgid "ambiguous redirect"
msgstr "%s: redirect ambigu"
#: redir.c:205
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "%s: cannot overwrite existing file"
msgid "cannot overwrite existing file"
msgstr "%s: tidak dapat menulis berkas yang sudah ada"
#: redir.c:210
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "%s: restricted: cannot redirect output"
msgid "restricted: cannot redirect output"
msgstr "%s: restricted: tidak dapat meredirect keluaran"
#: redir.c:215
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "cannot create temp file for here-document: %s"
msgid "cannot create temp file for here-document"
msgstr "tidak dapat membuat berkas sementara untuk dokumen disini: %s"
#: redir.c:219
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "%s: cannot assign fd to variable"
msgid "cannot assign fd to variable"
msgstr "%s: tidak dapat meng-'assign' fd ke variabel"
#: shell.c:1748 shell.c:1750
msgid "error creating buffered stream"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "kesalahan membuat buffered stream "
#: shell.c:1899
msgid "I have no name!"
#: shell.c:2071
msgid "\t-ilrsD or -c command or -O shopt_option\t\t(invocation only)\n"
-msgstr ""
-"\t-ilrsD atau -c perintah atau -O shopt_option\t\t(hanya pemanggilan)\n"
+msgstr "\t-ilrsD atau -c perintah atau -O shopt_option\t\t(hanya pemanggilan)\n"
#: shell.c:2090
#, c-format
#: shell.c:2096
#, c-format
msgid "Type `%s -c \"help set\"' for more information about shell options.\n"
-msgstr ""
-"Ketik `%s -c \"help set\"' untuk informasi lebih lanjut mengenai pilihan "
-"shell.\n"
+msgstr "Ketik `%s -c \"help set\"' untuk informasi lebih lanjut mengenai pilihan shell.\n"
#: shell.c:2097
#, c-format
msgid "Type `%s -c help' for more information about shell builtin commands.\n"
-msgstr ""
-"Ketik `%s -c help' untuk informasi lebih lanjut mengenai perintah builting "
-"shell.\n"
+msgstr "Ketik `%s -c help' untuk informasi lebih lanjut mengenai perintah builting shell.\n"
#: shell.c:2098
#, c-format
#: shell.c:2101
#, c-format
msgid "General help using GNU software: <http://www.gnu.org/gethelp/>\n"
-msgstr ""
-"Bantuan umum menggunakan aplikasi GNU: <http:///www.gnu.org/gethelp/>\n"
+msgstr "Bantuan umum menggunakan aplikasi GNU: <http:///www.gnu.org/gethelp/>\n"
#: sig.c:809
#, c-format
#: subst.c:6962
msgid "function_substitute: cannot open anonymous file for output"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "function_substitute: tidak dapat membuka berkas anonim untuk keluaran"
#: subst.c:7036
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "command_substitute: cannot duplicate pipe as fd 1"
msgid "function_substitute: cannot duplicate anonymous file as standard output"
msgstr "command_substitute: tidak dapat menduplikasikan pipe sebagi fd 1"
msgstr "$%s: tidak dapat meng-assign dengan cara ini"
#: subst.c:10855
-msgid ""
-"future versions of the shell will force evaluation as an arithmetic "
-"substitution"
-msgstr ""
-"versi selanjutnya dari shell akan memaksa evaluasi dari sebuah penggantian "
-"aritmetika"
+msgid "future versions of the shell will force evaluation as an arithmetic substitution"
+msgstr "versi selanjutnya dari shell akan memaksa evaluasi dari sebuah penggantian aritmetika"
#: subst.c:11563
#, c-format
#: test.c:164
#, fuzzy, c-format
+#| msgid "%s: integer expression expected"
msgid "%s: integer expected"
msgstr "%s: expresi integer diduga"
#: trap.c:459
#, c-format
-msgid ""
-"run_pending_traps: signal handler is SIG_DFL, resending %d (%s) to myself"
-msgstr ""
-"run_pending_traps: sinyal handler adalah SIG_DFL, mengirimkan kembali %d "
-"(%s) kediri sendiri"
+msgid "run_pending_traps: signal handler is SIG_DFL, resending %d (%s) to myself"
+msgstr "run_pending_traps: sinyal handler adalah SIG_DFL, mengirimkan kembali %d (%s) kediri sendiri"
#: trap.c:592
#, c-format
#: unwind_prot.c:246 unwind_prot.c:292
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "%s: file not found"
msgid "frame not found"
msgstr "%s: berkas tidak ditemukan"
#: variables.c:2431 variables.c:3274 variables.c:3282 variables.c:3797
#: variables.c:3841
#, fuzzy, c-format
+#| msgid "maximum here-document count exceeded"
msgid "%s: maximum nameref depth (%d) exceeded"
msgstr "jumlah maksimal dokumen disini tercapai"
#: variables.c:2831 variables.c:2884
#, c-format
msgid "%s: cannot inherit value from incompatible type"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "%s: tidak dapat mewarisi nilai dari tipe tidak kompatibel"
#: variables.c:3437
#, c-format
#: variables.c:5354
msgid "pop_var_context: head of shell_variables not a function context"
-msgstr ""
-"pop_var_context: kepala dari shell_variables bukan sebuah fungsi cbntext"
+msgstr "pop_var_context: kepala dari shell_variables bukan sebuah fungsi cbntext"
#: variables.c:5367
msgid "pop_var_context: no global_variables context"
#: variables.c:5457
msgid "pop_scope: head of shell_variables not a temporary environment scope"
-msgstr ""
-"pop_scope: kepala dari shell_variables bukan sebuah scope lingkungan "
-"sementara"
+msgstr "pop_scope: kepala dari shell_variables bukan sebuah scope lingkungan sementara"
#: variables.c:6448
#, c-format
#: version.c:50
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "Copyright (C) 2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
msgid "Copyright (C) 2025 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
msgstr "Hak Cipta (C) 2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
#: version.c:51
-msgid ""
-"License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl."
-"html>\n"
-msgstr ""
-"Lisensi GPLv3+: GNU GPL versi 3 atau sesudahnya <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl."
-"html>\n"
+msgid "License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>\n"
+msgstr "Lisensi GPLv3+: GNU GPL versi 3 atau sesudahnya <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>\n"
#: version.c:90
#, c-format
#: version.c:95
msgid "This is free software; you are free to change and redistribute it."
-msgstr ""
-"Ini adalah perangkat lunak bebas; anda bebas untuk mengubah dan "
-"mendistribusikannya."
+msgstr "Ini adalah perangkat lunak bebas; anda bebas untuk mengubah dan mendistribusikannya."
#: version.c:96
msgid "There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law."
msgstr "unalias [-a] name [nama ...]"
#: builtins.c:53
-msgid ""
-"bind [-lpsvPSVX] [-m keymap] [-f filename] [-q name] [-u name] [-r keyseq] [-"
-"x keyseq:shell-command] [keyseq:readline-function or readline-command]"
-msgstr ""
-"bind [-lpvsPVSX] [-m keymap] [-f nama berkas] [-q nama] [-u nama] [-r "
-"keyseq] [-x keyseq:perintah-shell] [keyseq:readline-function atau readline-"
-"command]"
+msgid "bind [-lpsvPSVX] [-m keymap] [-f filename] [-q name] [-u name] [-r keyseq] [-x keyseq:shell-command] [keyseq:readline-function or readline-command]"
+msgstr "bind [-lpvsPVSX] [-m keymap] [-f nama_berkas] [-q nama] [-u nama] [-r keyseq] [-x keyseq:perintah-shell] [keyseq:readline-function atau readline-command]"
#: builtins.c:56
msgid "break [n]"
#: builtins.c:63
msgid "caller [expr]"
-msgstr "pemanggil [expr]"
+msgstr "caller [expr]"
#: builtins.c:66
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "cd [-L|[-P [-e]] [-@]] [dir]"
msgid "cd [-L|[-P [-e]]] [-@] [dir]"
msgstr "cd [-L|[-P [-e]] [-@]] [direktori]"
#: builtins.c:76
msgid "command [-pVv] command [arg ...]"
-msgstr "perintah [-pVv] perintah [argumen ...]"
+msgstr "command [-pVv] perintah [argumen ...]"
#: builtins.c:78
#, fuzzy
-msgid ""
-"declare [-aAfFgiIlnrtux] [name[=value] ...] or declare -p [-aAfFilnrtux] "
-"[name ...]"
+#| msgid "declare [-aAfFgiIlnrtux] [-p] [name[=value] ...]"
+msgid "declare [-aAfFgiIlnrtux] [name[=value] ...] or declare -p [-aAfFilnrtux] [name ...]"
msgstr "declare [-aAfFgiIlnrtux] [-p] [name[=nilai] ...]"
#: builtins.c:80
#, fuzzy
-msgid ""
-"typeset [-aAfFgiIlnrtux] name[=value] ... or typeset -p [-aAfFilnrtux] "
-"[name ...]"
+#| msgid "typeset [-aAfFgiIlnrtux] [-p] name[=value] ..."
+msgid "typeset [-aAfFgiIlnrtux] name[=value] ... or typeset -p [-aAfFilnrtux] [name ...]"
msgstr "typeset [-aAfFgiIlnrtux] [-p] name[=nilai] ..."
#: builtins.c:82
#: builtins.c:92
msgid "enable [-a] [-dnps] [-f filename] [name ...]"
-msgstr "enable [-a] [-dnps] [-f nama berkas] [name ...]"
+msgstr "enable [-a] [-dnps] [-f nama_berkas] [name ...]"
#: builtins.c:94
msgid "eval [arg ...]"
#: builtins.c:105
msgid "fc [-e ename] [-lnr] [first] [last] or fc -s [pat=rep] [command]"
-msgstr ""
-"fc [-e ename] [-lnr] [pertama] [terakhir] atau fc -s [pat=rep] [perintah]"
+msgstr "fc [-e ename] [-lnr] [pertama] [terakhir] atau fc -s [pat=rep] [perintah]"
#: builtins.c:109
msgid "fg [job_spec]"
#: builtins.c:119
msgid "help [-dms] [pattern ...]"
-msgstr "bantuan [-dms] [pola ...]"
+msgstr "help [-dms] [pola ...]"
#: builtins.c:123
-msgid ""
-"history [-c] [-d offset] [n] or history -anrw [filename] or history -ps arg "
-"[arg...]"
-msgstr ""
-"sejarah [-c] [-d ofset] [n] atau history -anrw [nama berkas] atau history -"
-"ps arg [arg...]"
+msgid "history [-c] [-d offset] [n] or history -anrw [filename] or history -ps arg [arg...]"
+msgstr "history [-c] [-d ofset] [n] atau history -anrw [nama_berkas] atau history -ps arg [arg...]"
#: builtins.c:127
msgid "jobs [-lnprs] [jobspec ...] or jobs -x command [args]"
msgstr "disown [-h] [-ar] [spesifikasi pekerjaan ... | pid ...]"
#: builtins.c:134
-msgid ""
-"kill [-s sigspec | -n signum | -sigspec] pid | jobspec ... or kill -l "
-"[sigspec]"
-msgstr ""
-"kill [-s spesifikasi sinyal | -n nomor sinyal | -sigspec] pid | jobsepc ... "
-"atau kill -l [sigspec]"
+msgid "kill [-s sigspec | -n signum | -sigspec] pid | jobspec ... or kill -l [sigspec]"
+msgstr "kill [-s spesifikasi sinyal | -n nomor sinyal | -sigspec] pid | jobsepc ... atau kill -l [sigspec]"
#: builtins.c:136
msgid "let arg [arg ...]"
-msgstr "biarkan arg [argumen ...]"
+msgstr "let arg [argumen ...]"
#: builtins.c:138
#, fuzzy
-msgid ""
-"read [-Eers] [-a array] [-d delim] [-i text] [-n nchars] [-N nchars] [-p "
-"prompt] [-t timeout] [-u fd] [name ...]"
-msgstr ""
-"read [-ers] [-a array] [-d pembatas] [-i text] [-n nchars] [-N nchars] [-p "
-"prompt] [-t timeout] [-u fd] [name ...]"
+#| msgid "read [-ers] [-a array] [-d delim] [-i text] [-n nchars] [-N nchars] [-p prompt] [-t timeout] [-u fd] [name ...]"
+msgid "read [-Eers] [-a array] [-d delim] [-i text] [-n nchars] [-N nchars] [-p prompt] [-t timeout] [-u fd] [name ...]"
+msgstr "read [-ers] [-a array] [-d pembatas] [-i text] [-n nchars] [-N nchars] [-p prompt] [-t timeout] [-u fd] [name ...]"
#: builtins.c:140
msgid "return [n]"
#: builtins.c:142
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "set [-abefhkmnptuvxBCHP] [-o option-name] [--] [arg ...]"
msgid "set [-abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [-o option-name] [--] [-] [arg ...]"
msgstr "set [-abefhkmnptuvxBCHP] [-o nama-pilihan] [--] [argumen ...]"
#: builtins.c:146
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "export [-fn] [name[=value] ...] or export -p"
msgid "export [-fn] [name[=value] ...] or export -p [-f]"
msgstr "export [-fn] [name[=nilai] ...] atau export -p"
#: builtins.c:152
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "source filename [arguments]"
msgid "source [-p path] filename [arguments]"
-msgstr "source nama berkas [argumen]"
+msgstr "source nama_berkas [argumen]"
#: builtins.c:154
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ". filename [arguments]"
msgid ". [-p path] filename [arguments]"
-msgstr ". nama berkas [argumen]"
+msgstr ". nama_berkas [argumen]"
#: builtins.c:157
msgid "suspend [-f]"
#: builtins.c:166
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "trap [-lp] [[arg] signal_spec ...]"
msgid "trap [-Plp] [[action] signal_spec ...]"
msgstr "trap [-lp] [[arg] spesifikasi sinyal ...]"
#: builtins.c:171
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "ulimit [-SHabcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPT] [limit]"
msgid "ulimit [-SHabcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPRT] [limit]"
msgstr "ulimit [-SHabcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPT] [batas]"
#: builtins.c:184
msgid "! PIPELINE"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "! PIPELINE"
#: builtins.c:186
msgid "for NAME [in WORDS ... ] ; do COMMANDS; done"
msgstr "case WORD in [POLA [| POLA]...) PERINTAH ;;]... esac"
#: builtins.c:196
-msgid ""
-"if COMMANDS; then COMMANDS; [ elif COMMANDS; then COMMANDS; ]... [ else "
-"COMMANDS; ] fi"
-msgstr ""
-"if PERINTAH; then PERINTAH; [ elif PERINTAH; then PERINTAH; ]... [ else "
-"PERINTAH; ] fi"
+msgid "if COMMANDS; then COMMANDS; [ elif COMMANDS; then COMMANDS; ]... [ else COMMANDS; ] fi"
+msgstr "if PERINTAH; then PERINTAH; [ elif PERINTAH; then PERINTAH; ]... [ else PERINTAH; ] fi"
#: builtins.c:198
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "while COMMANDS; do COMMANDS; done"
msgid "while COMMANDS; do COMMANDS-2; done"
msgstr "while PERINTAH; do PERINTAH; done"
#: builtins.c:200
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "until COMMANDS; do COMMANDS; done"
msgid "until COMMANDS; do COMMANDS-2; done"
msgstr "until PERINTAH; do PERINTAH; done"
msgstr "printf [-v var] format [argumen]"
#: builtins.c:233
-msgid ""
-"complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-pr] [-DEI] [-o option] [-A action] [-G globpat] [-"
-"W wordlist] [-F function] [-C command] [-X filterpat] [-P prefix] [-S "
-"suffix] [name ...]"
-msgstr ""
-"complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-pr] [-DEI] [-o pilihan] [-A action] [-G globpat] "
-"[-W daftar kata] [-F fungsi] [-C perintah] [-X filterpat] [-P prefix] [-S "
-"suffix] [name ...]"
+msgid "complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-pr] [-DEI] [-o option] [-A action] [-G globpat] [-W wordlist] [-F function] [-C command] [-X filterpat] [-P prefix] [-S suffix] [name ...]"
+msgstr "complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-pr] [-DEI] [-o pilihan] [-A action] [-G globpat] [-W daftar kata] [-F fungsi] [-C perintah] [-X filterpat] [-P prefix] [-S suffix] [name ...]"
#: builtins.c:237
#, fuzzy
-msgid ""
-"compgen [-V varname] [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o option] [-A action] [-G globpat] [-"
-"W wordlist] [-F function] [-C command] [-X filterpat] [-P prefix] [-S "
-"suffix] [word]"
-msgstr ""
-"compgen [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o pilihan] [-A aksi] [-G globpat] [-W wordlist] [-"
-"F fungsi] [-C perintah] [-X filterpat] [-P prefix] [-S suffix] [word]"
+#| msgid "compgen [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o option] [-A action] [-G globpat] [-W wordlist] [-F function] [-C command] [-X filterpat] [-P prefix] [-S suffix] [word]"
+msgid "compgen [-V varname] [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o option] [-A action] [-G globpat] [-W wordlist] [-F function] [-C command] [-X filterpat] [-P prefix] [-S suffix] [word]"
+msgstr "compgen [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o pilihan] [-A aksi] [-G globpat] [-W wordlist] [-F fungsi] [-C perintah] [-X filterpat] [-P prefix] [-S suffix] [word]"
#: builtins.c:241
msgid "compopt [-o|+o option] [-DEI] [name ...]"
msgstr "compopt [-o|+o pilihan] [-DEI] [nama ...]"
#: builtins.c:244
-msgid ""
-"mapfile [-d delim] [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [-t] [-u fd] [-C "
-"callback] [-c quantum] [array]"
-msgstr ""
-"mapfile [-d pembatas] [-n jumlah] [-O asal] [-s jumlah] [-t] [-u fd] [-C "
-"callback] [-c quantum] [array]"
+msgid "mapfile [-d delim] [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [-t] [-u fd] [-C callback] [-c quantum] [array]"
+msgstr "mapfile [-d pembatas] [-n jumlah] [-O asal] [-s jumlah] [-t] [-u fd] [-C callback] [-c quantum] [array]"
#: builtins.c:246
-msgid ""
-"readarray [-d delim] [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [-t] [-u fd] [-C "
-"callback] [-c quantum] [array]"
-msgstr ""
-"readarray [-d pembatas] [-n jumlah] [-O asal] [-s jumlah] [-t] [-u fd] [-C "
-"callback] [-c quantum] [array]"
+msgid "readarray [-d delim] [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [-t] [-u fd] [-C callback] [-c quantum] [array]"
+msgstr "readarray [-d pembatas] [-n jumlah] [-O asal] [-s jumlah] [-t] [-u fd] [-C callback] [-c quantum] [array]"
#: builtins.c:258
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Define or display aliases.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Without arguments, `alias' prints the list of aliases in the reusable\n"
+#| " form `alias NAME=VALUE' on standard output.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Otherwise, an alias is defined for each NAME whose VALUE is given.\n"
+#| " A trailing space in VALUE causes the next word to be checked for\n"
+#| " alias substitution when the alias is expanded.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Options:\n"
+#| " -p\tPrint all defined aliases in a reusable format\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Exit Status:\n"
+#| " alias returns true unless a NAME is supplied for which no alias has been\n"
+#| " defined."
msgid ""
"Define or display aliases.\n"
" \n"
" -p\tprint all defined aliases in a reusable format\n"
" \n"
" Exit Status:\n"
-" alias returns true unless a NAME is supplied for which no alias has "
-"been\n"
+" alias returns true unless a NAME is supplied for which no alias has been\n"
" defined."
msgstr ""
"Definisikan atau tampilkan aliases.\n"
" `alias' dengan tanpa argumen atau dengan pilihan -p menampilkan daftar\n"
" dari aliases dalam bentuk alias NAMA=NILAI di keluaran standar.\n"
" \n"
-" Jika tidak, sebuah alias didefinisikan untuk setiap NAMA yang NILAI-nya "
-"diberikan.\n"
-" sebuah tambahan spasi dalam NILAI menyebabkan kata selanjutnyan untuk "
-"diperikasi untuk\n"
+" Jika tidak, sebuah alias didefinisikan untuk setiap NAMA yang NILAI-nya diberikan.\n"
+" sebuah tambahan spasi dalam NILAI menyebabkan kata selanjutnyan untuk diperikasi untuk\n"
" pengganti alias ketika alias diexpand.\n"
" \n"
" Pilihan:\n"
-" -p\tTampilkan seluruh alias yang terdefinisi dalam format yang "
-"berguna\n"
+" -p\tTampilkan seluruh alias yang terdefinisi dalam format yang berguna\n"
" \n"
" Status Keluar:\n"
-" alias mengembalikan true sampai sebuah NAMA diberikan yang mana belum "
-"ada alias yang\n"
+" alias mengembalikan true sampai sebuah NAMA diberikan yang mana belum ada alias yang\n"
" terdefinisi."
#: builtins.c:280
#: builtins.c:293
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Set Readline key bindings and variables.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Bind a key sequence to a Readline function or a macro, or set a\n"
+#| " Readline variable. The non-option argument syntax is equivalent to\n"
+#| " that found in ~/.inputrc, but must be passed as a single argument:\n"
+#| " e.g., bind '\"\\C-x\\C-r\": re-read-init-file'.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Options:\n"
+#| " -m keymap Use KEYMAP as the keymap for the duration of this\n"
+#| " command. Acceptable keymap names are emacs,\n"
+#| " emacs-standard, emacs-meta, emacs-ctlx, vi, vi-move,\n"
+#| " vi-command, and vi-insert.\n"
+#| " -l List names of functions.\n"
+#| " -P List function names and bindings.\n"
+#| " -p List functions and bindings in a form that can be\n"
+#| " reused as input.\n"
+#| " -S List key sequences that invoke macros and their values\n"
+#| " -s List key sequences that invoke macros and their values\n"
+#| " in a form that can be reused as input.\n"
+#| " -V List variable names and values\n"
+#| " -v List variable names and values in a form that can\n"
+#| " be reused as input.\n"
+#| " -q function-name Query about which keys invoke the named function.\n"
+#| " -u function-name Unbind all keys which are bound to the named function.\n"
+#| " -r keyseq Remove the binding for KEYSEQ.\n"
+#| " -f filename Read key bindings from FILENAME.\n"
+#| " -x keyseq:shell-command\tCause SHELL-COMMAND to be executed when\n"
+#| " \t\t\t\tKEYSEQ is entered.\n"
+#| " -X\t\t List key sequences bound with -x and associated commands\n"
+#| " in a form that can be reused as input.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Exit Status:\n"
+#| " bind returns 0 unless an unrecognized option is given or an error occurs."
msgid ""
"Set Readline key bindings and variables.\n"
" \n"
" Options:\n"
" -m keymap Use KEYMAP as the keymap for the duration of this\n"
" command. Acceptable keymap names are emacs,\n"
-" emacs-standard, emacs-meta, emacs-ctlx, vi, vi-"
-"move,\n"
+" emacs-standard, emacs-meta, emacs-ctlx, vi, vi-move,\n"
" vi-command, and vi-insert.\n"
" -l List names of functions.\n"
" -P List function names and bindings.\n"
" -p List functions and bindings in a form that can be\n"
" reused as input.\n"
-" -S List key sequences that invoke macros and their "
-"values\n"
-" -s List key sequences that invoke macros and their "
-"values\n"
+" -S List key sequences that invoke macros and their values\n"
+" -s List key sequences that invoke macros and their values\n"
" in a form that can be reused as input.\n"
" -V List variable names and values\n"
" -v List variable names and values in a form that can\n"
" be reused as input.\n"
" -q function-name Query about which keys invoke the named function.\n"
-" -u function-name Unbind all keys which are bound to the named "
-"function.\n"
+" -u function-name Unbind all keys which are bound to the named function.\n"
" -r keyseq Remove the binding for KEYSEQ.\n"
" -f filename Read key bindings from FILENAME.\n"
" -x keyseq:shell-command\tCause SHELL-COMMAND to be executed when\n"
" \t\t\t\tKEYSEQ is entered.\n"
-" -X List key sequences bound with -x and associated "
-"commands\n"
+" -X List key sequences bound with -x and associated commands\n"
" in a form that can be reused as input.\n"
" \n"
-" If arguments remain after option processing, the -p and -P options "
-"treat\n"
+" If arguments remain after option processing, the -p and -P options treat\n"
" them as readline command names and restrict output to those names.\n"
" \n"
" Exit Status:\n"
" \n"
" Ikat sebuah urutan kunci ke fungsi readline atau sebuah macro, atau set\n"
" sebuah variabel readline. Argumen bukan-pilihan syntax yang equivalent\n"
-" yang ditemukan dalam ~/.inputrc, tetapi harus dilewatkan sebagai sebuah "
-"argumen tunggal:\n"
+" yang ditemukan dalam ~/.inputrc, tetapi harus dilewatkan sebagai sebuah argumen tunggal:\n"
" yang terikat '\"\\C-x\\C-r\": membaca kembali berkas inisialisasi.\n"
" \n"
" Pilihan:\n"
-" -m keymap Gunakan `keymap' sebagai keymap untuk durasi dari "
-"perintah\n"
+" -m keymap Gunakan `keymap' sebagai keymap untuk durasi dari perintah\n"
" ini. Nama keymap yang diterima adalah emacs,\n"
-" emacs-standard, emacs-meta, emacs-ctlx, vi, vi-"
-"move,\n"
+" emacs-standard, emacs-meta, emacs-ctlx, vi, vi-move,\n"
" vi-command, dan vi-insert.\n"
" -l Daftar dari nama fungsi.\n"
" -p Daftar dari nama fungsi dan bindings.\n"
-" -p Daftar dari fungsi dan bindings dalam bentuk yang "
-"dapat digunakan sebagai\n"
+" -p Daftar dari fungsi dan bindings dalam bentuk yang dapat digunakan sebagai\n"
" masukan.\n"
-" -S Daftar urutan kunci yang memanggil macros "
-"dannilainya\n"
-" -s Daftar urutan kunci yang memanggil macros "
-"dannilainya\n"
-" dalam sebuah bentuk yang dapat digunakan sebagai "
-"sebuah masukan. -V Daftar nama variabel dan nilai\n"
-" -v Daftar nama variabel dan nilai dalam bentuk yang "
-"dapat digunakan\n"
+" -S Daftar urutan kunci yang memanggil macros dannilainya\n"
+" -s Daftar urutan kunci yang memanggil macros dannilainya\n"
+" dalam sebuah bentuk yang dapat digunakan sebagai sebuah masukan. -V Daftar nama variabel dan nilai\n"
+" -v Daftar nama variabel dan nilai dalam bentuk yang dapat digunakan\n"
" sebagai masukan.\n"
-" -q nama-fungsi Minta tentang kunci mana yang dipanggil oleh fungsi "
-"yang disebut.\n"
-" -u nama-fungsi Unbind semua kunci yang terikat dengan nama-"
-"fungsi.\n"
+" -q nama-fungsi Minta tentang kunci mana yang dipanggil oleh fungsi yang disebut.\n"
+" -u nama-fungsi Unbind semua kunci yang terikat dengan nama-fungsi.\n"
" -r keyseq Hapus binding untuk KEYSEQ.\n"
" -f namafile Baca kunci bindings dari NAMAFILE.\n"
-" -x keyseq:shell-command\tMenyebabkan SHELL-COMMAND untuk dijalankan "
-"ketika\n"
+" -x keyseq:shell-command\tMenyebabkan SHELL-COMMAND untuk dijalankan ketika\n"
" \t\t\t\tKEYSEQ dimasuki.\n"
" \n"
" Status Keluar:\n"
-" bind memberikan kembalian 0 kecuali sebuah pilihan tidak dikenal "
-"diberikan atau sebuah error terjadi."
+" bind memberikan kembalian 0 kecuali sebuah pilihan tidak dikenal diberikan atau sebuah error terjadi."
#: builtins.c:335
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Keluar dari for, while, atau until loops.\n"
" \n"
-" Keluar untuk FOR, WHILE atau UNTIL loop. Jika N dispesifikasikan, keluar "
-"N yang melingkupi\n"
+" Keluar untuk FOR, WHILE atau UNTIL loop. Jika N dispesifikasikan, keluar N yang melingkupi\n"
" loops.\n"
" \n"
" Status Keluar:\n"
msgstr ""
"Melanjutkan for, while, atau until loops.\n"
" \n"
-" Melanjutkan ke iterasi selanjutnya dari loop yang dilingkupi oleh FOR, "
-"WHILE, atau UNTIL.\n"
-" Jika N dispesifikasikan, melanjutkan di posisi ke N dari loop yang "
-"dilingkupi. \n"
+" Melanjutkan ke iterasi selanjutnya dari loop yang dilingkupi oleh FOR, WHILE, atau UNTIL.\n"
+" Jika N dispesifikasikan, melanjutkan di posisi ke N dari loop yang dilingkupi. \n"
" Status Keluar:\n"
" Status keluar adalah 0 kecuali N tidak lebih besar atau sama dengan 1."
" \n"
" Execute SHELL-BUILTIN with arguments ARGs without performing command\n"
" lookup. This is useful when you wish to reimplement a shell builtin\n"
-" as a shell function, but need to execute the builtin within the "
-"function.\n"
+" as a shell function, but need to execute the builtin within the function.\n"
" \n"
" Exit Status:\n"
" Returns the exit status of SHELL-BUILTIN, or false if SHELL-BUILTIN is\n"
msgstr ""
"Menjalankan shell builtins.\n"
" \n"
-" Menjalankan SHELL-BUILTIN dengan argumen ARGs tanpa menjalankan "
-"pencarian\n"
-" perintah. Ini berguna ketika anda menginginkan untuk mengimplementasikan "
-"sebuah shell builtin\n"
-" sebagai sebuah fungsi shell, tetapi butuh untuk menjalankan builtin "
-"dalah fungsi.\n"
+" Menjalankan SHELL-BUILTIN dengan argumen ARGs tanpa menjalankan pencarian\n"
+" perintah. Ini berguna ketika anda menginginkan untuk mengimplementasikan sebuah shell builtin\n"
+" sebagai sebuah fungsi shell, tetapi butuh untuk menjalankan builtin dalah fungsi.\n"
" \n"
" Status Keluar:\n"
-" Mengembalikan status keluar dari SHELL-BUILTIN, atau salah jika SHELL-"
-"BUILTIN adalah\n"
+" Mengembalikan status keluar dari SHELL-BUILTIN, atau salah jika SHELL-BUILTIN adalah\n"
" bukan sebuah shell builtin."
#: builtins.c:374
" mengembalikan \"$line $subroutine $filename\"; informasi extra ini\n"
" dapat digunakan untuk menyediakan jejak stack.\n"
" \n"
-" Nilai dari EXPR mengindikasikan bagaimana banyak panggilan frames "
-"kembali sebelum\n"
+" Nilai dari EXPR mengindikasikan bagaimana banyak panggilan frames kembali sebelum\n"
" yang ada; Top frame adalah frame 0. \n"
" Status Keluar:\n"
-" Mengembalikan 0 kecuali shell sedang tidak menjalankan sebuah fungsi "
-"shell atau EXPR\n"
+" Mengembalikan 0 kecuali shell sedang tidak menjalankan sebuah fungsi shell atau EXPR\n"
" tidak valid."
#: builtins.c:392
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Change the shell working directory.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Change the current directory to DIR. The default DIR is the value of the\n"
+#| " HOME shell variable.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " The variable CDPATH defines the search path for the directory containing\n"
+#| " DIR. Alternative directory names in CDPATH are separated by a colon (:).\n"
+#| " A null directory name is the same as the current directory. If DIR begins\n"
+#| " with a slash (/), then CDPATH is not used.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " If the directory is not found, and the shell option `cdable_vars' is set,\n"
+#| " the word is assumed to be a variable name. If that variable has a value,\n"
+#| " its value is used for DIR.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Options:\n"
+#| " -L\tforce symbolic links to be followed: resolve symbolic links in\n"
+#| " \tDIR after processing instances of `..'\n"
+#| " -P\tuse the physical directory structure without following symbolic\n"
+#| " \tlinks: resolve symbolic links in DIR before processing instances\n"
+#| " \tof `..'\n"
+#| " -e\tif the -P option is supplied, and the current working directory\n"
+#| " \tcannot be determined successfully, exit with a non-zero status\n"
+#| " -@ on systems that support it, present a file with extended attributes\n"
+#| " as a directory containing the file attributes\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " The default is to follow symbolic links, as if `-L' were specified.\n"
+#| " `..' is processed by removing the immediately previous pathname component\n"
+#| " back to a slash or the beginning of DIR.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Exit Status:\n"
+#| " Returns 0 if the directory is changed, and if $PWD is set successfully when\n"
+#| " -P is used; non-zero otherwise."
msgid ""
"Change the shell working directory.\n"
" \n"
-" Change the current directory to DIR. The default DIR is the value of "
-"the\n"
+" Change the current directory to DIR. The default DIR is the value of the\n"
" HOME shell variable. If DIR is \"-\", it is converted to $OLDPWD.\n"
" \n"
-" The variable CDPATH defines the search path for the directory "
-"containing\n"
-" DIR. Alternative directory names in CDPATH are separated by a colon "
-"(:).\n"
-" A null directory name is the same as the current directory. If DIR "
-"begins\n"
+" The variable CDPATH defines the search path for the directory containing\n"
+" DIR. Alternative directory names in CDPATH are separated by a colon (:).\n"
+" A null directory name is the same as the current directory. If DIR begins\n"
" with a slash (/), then CDPATH is not used.\n"
" \n"
-" If the directory is not found, and the shell option `cdable_vars' is "
-"set,\n"
-" the word is assumed to be a variable name. If that variable has a "
-"value,\n"
+" If the directory is not found, and the shell option `cdable_vars' is set,\n"
+" the word is assumed to be a variable name. If that variable has a value,\n"
" its value is used for DIR.\n"
" \n"
" Options:\n"
" \t\tattributes as a directory containing the file attributes\n"
" \n"
" The default is to follow symbolic links, as if `-L' were specified.\n"
-" `..' is processed by removing the immediately previous pathname "
-"component\n"
+" `..' is processed by removing the immediately previous pathname component\n"
" back to a slash or the beginning of DIR.\n"
" \n"
" Exit Status:\n"
-" Returns 0 if the directory is changed, and if $PWD is set successfully "
-"when\n"
+" Returns 0 if the directory is changed, and if $PWD is set successfully when\n"
" -P is used; non-zero otherwise."
msgstr ""
"Pindah direktori kerja shell.\n"
" \n"
" Variabel CDPATH mendefinisikan jalur pencarian untuk\n"
" direktori yang berisi DIR. Alternatif nama direktori dalam CDPATH\n"
-" dipisahkan oleh sebuah colon (:). Sebuah nama direktori kosong adalah "
-"sama dengan\n"
+" dipisahkan oleh sebuah colon (:). Sebuah nama direktori kosong adalah sama dengan\n"
" direktori saat ini. i.e. `.'. Jika DIR dimulai dengan sebuah slash (/),\n"
" maka CDPATH tidak digunakan.\n"
" \n"
" Jika direktori tidak ditemukan, dan\n"
" pilihan shell cdable_vars' diset, maka coba kata sebagai sebuah nama\n"
-" variabel. Jika variabel itu memiliki sebuah nilai, maka nilai dari "
-"variabel itu yang digunakan\n"
+" variabel. Jika variabel itu memiliki sebuah nilai, maka nilai dari variabel itu yang digunakan\n"
" \n"
" Pilihan:\n"
" -L\tmemaksa link simbolik untuk diikuti\n"
" -P\tgunakan struktur physical direktori tanpa mengikuti link\n"
" symbolik\n"
" \n"
-" Default adalah mengikuti link simbolik, seperti dalam `-L' "
-"dispesifikasikan.\n"
+" Default adalah mengikuti link simbolik, seperti dalam `-L' dispesifikasikan.\n"
" \n"
" Status Keluar:\n"
" Mengembalikan 0 jika direktori berubah; bukan nol jika tidak."
" \t\tyang digunakan sekarang\n"
" -P\tmenampilkan direktori pisik, tanpa link simbolik apapun\n"
" \n"
-" Secara default, `pwd' berlaku seperi jika pilihan `-L' "
-"dispesifikasikan.\n"
+" Secara default, `pwd' berlaku seperi jika pilihan `-L' dispesifikasikan.\n"
" \n"
" Status Keluar:\n"
-" Mengembalikan 0 kecuali jika sebuah pilihan tidak valid diberikan atau "
-"direktori sekarang\n"
+" Mengembalikan 0 kecuali jika sebuah pilihan tidak valid diberikan atau direktori sekarang\n"
" tidak bisa dibaca."
#: builtins.c:447
#: builtins.c:476
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Execute a simple command or display information about commands.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Runs COMMAND with ARGS suppressing shell function lookup, or display\n"
+#| " information about the specified COMMANDs. Can be used to invoke commands\n"
+#| " on disk when a function with the same name exists.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Options:\n"
+#| " -p use a default value for PATH that is guaranteed to find all of\n"
+#| " the standard utilities\n"
+#| " -v print a description of COMMAND similar to the `type' builtin\n"
+#| " -V print a more verbose description of each COMMAND\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Exit Status:\n"
+#| " Returns exit status of COMMAND, or failure if COMMAND is not found."
msgid ""
"Execute a simple command or display information about commands.\n"
" \n"
" Runs COMMAND with ARGS suppressing shell function lookup, or display\n"
-" information about the specified COMMANDs. Can be used to invoke "
-"commands\n"
+" information about the specified COMMANDs. Can be used to invoke commands\n"
" on disk when a function with the same name exists.\n"
" \n"
" Options:\n"
" Exit Status:\n"
" Returns exit status of COMMAND, or failure if COMMAND is not found."
msgstr ""
-"Menjalankan sebuah perintah sederhana atau menampilkan informasi mengenai "
-"perintah.\n"
+"Menjalankan sebuah perintah sederhana atau menampilkan informasi mengenai perintah.\n"
" \n"
-" Menjalankan PERINTAH tanpa ARGS menekan fungsi pencarian shell, atau "
-"menampilkan\n"
-" informasi mengenasi PERINTAH tertentu. Dapat digunakan untuk memanggil "
-"perintah\n"
+" Menjalankan PERINTAH tanpa ARGS menekan fungsi pencarian shell, atau menampilkan\n"
+" informasi mengenasi PERINTAH tertentu. Dapat digunakan untuk memanggil perintah\n"
" dalam disk ketika sebuah fungsi dengan nama yang sama ada.\n"
" \n"
" Pilihan:\n"
-" -p gunakan sebuah nilai default untuk PATH yang menjamin untuk "
-"mencari seluruh\n"
+" -p gunakan sebuah nilai default untuk PATH yang menjamin untuk mencari seluruh\n"
" penggunaan stadar\n"
" -v menampilkan deskripsi dari PERINTAH sama dengan `type' builtin\n"
" -V menampilkan lebih jelas deskripsi dari setiap PERINTAH\n"
" \n"
" Status Keluar:\n"
-" Mengembalikan status keluar dari PERINTAH, atau gagal jika PERINTAH "
-"tidak ditemukan."
+" Mengembalikan status keluar dari PERINTAH, atau gagal jika PERINTAH tidak ditemukan."
#: builtins.c:496
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Set variable values and attributes.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Declare variables and give them attributes. If no NAMEs are given,\n"
+#| " display the attributes and values of all variables.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Options:\n"
+#| " -f\trestrict action or display to function names and definitions\n"
+#| " -F\trestrict display to function names only (plus line number and\n"
+#| " \tsource file when debugging)\n"
+#| " -g\tcreate global variables when used in a shell function; otherwise\n"
+#| " \tignored\n"
+#| " -p\tdisplay the attributes and value of each NAME\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Options which set attributes:\n"
+#| " -a\tto make NAMEs indexed arrays (if supported)\n"
+#| " -A\tto make NAMEs associative arrays (if supported)\n"
+#| " -i\tto make NAMEs have the `integer' attribute\n"
+#| " -l\tto convert NAMEs to lower case on assignment\n"
+#| " -n\tmake NAME a reference to the variable named by its value\n"
+#| " -r\tto make NAMEs readonly\n"
+#| " -t\tto make NAMEs have the `trace' attribute\n"
+#| " -u\tto convert NAMEs to upper case on assignment\n"
+#| " -x\tto make NAMEs export\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Using `+' instead of `-' turns off the given attribute.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Variables with the integer attribute have arithmetic evaluation (see\n"
+#| " the `let' command) performed when the variable is assigned a value.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " When used in a function, `declare' makes NAMEs local, as with the `local'\n"
+#| " command. The `-g' option suppresses this behavior.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Exit Status:\n"
+#| " Returns success unless an invalid option is supplied or a variable\n"
+#| " assignment error occurs."
msgid ""
"Set variable values and attributes.\n"
" \n"
" Variables with the integer attribute have arithmetic evaluation (see\n"
" the `let' command) performed when the variable is assigned a value.\n"
" \n"
-" When used in a function, `declare' makes NAMEs local, as with the "
-"`local'\n"
+" When used in a function, `declare' makes NAMEs local, as with the `local'\n"
" command. The `-g' option suppresses this behavior.\n"
" \n"
" Exit Status:\n"
msgstr ""
"Menset nilai variabel dan atribut.\n"
" \n"
-" Variabel deklarasi dan memberikan atribut untuknya. Jika tidak ada NAMA "
-"yang diberikan,\n"
+" Variabel deklarasi dan memberikan atribut untuknya. Jika tidak ada NAMA yang diberikan,\n"
" tampilkan atribut dan nilai dari seluruh variabel.\n"
" \n"
" Pilihan:\n"
" Variabel dengan atribut integer memiliki evaluasi aritmetic (lihat\n"
" perintah `let') ditampilkan ketika variabel diberi sebuah nilai.\n"
" \n"
-" Ketika digunakan dalam sebuah fungsi, `declare' membuat NAMA lokal, "
-"seperti dengan\n"
+" Ketika digunakan dalam sebuah fungsi, `declare' membuat NAMA lokal, seperti dengan\n"
" perintah `local'.\n"
" \n"
" Status Keluar:\n"
-" Mengembalikan sukses kecuali sebuah pilihan tidak valid diberikan atau "
-"sebuah error terjadi."
+" Mengembalikan sukses kecuali sebuah pilihan tidak valid diberikan atau sebuah error terjadi."
#: builtins.c:539
msgid ""
#: builtins.c:547
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Define local variables.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Create a local variable called NAME, and give it VALUE. OPTION can\n"
+#| " be any option accepted by `declare'.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Local variables can only be used within a function; they are visible\n"
+#| " only to the function where they are defined and its children.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Exit Status:\n"
+#| " Returns success unless an invalid option is supplied, a variable\n"
+#| " assignment error occurs, or the shell is not executing a function."
msgid ""
"Define local variables.\n"
" \n"
msgstr ""
"Mendefinisikan variabel lokal.\n"
" \n"
-" Membuat sebuah variabel locak dipanggil NAMA, dan memberikan kepadanya "
-"NILAI. OPSI dapat\n"
+" Membuat sebuah variabel locak dipanggil NAMA, dan memberikan kepadanya NILAI. OPSI dapat\n"
" berupa semua pilihan yang diterima oleh `declare'.\n"
" \n"
" Variabel lokal hanya dapat digunakan dalam sebuah fungsi; mereka hanya\n"
" dapat dilihat ke fungsi dimana mereka terdefinisi dan anaknya.\n"
" \n"
" Status Keluar:\n"
-" Mengembalikan sukses kecuali sebuah pilihan tidak valid diberikan, "
-"sebuah error terjadi.\n"
+" Mengembalikan sukses kecuali sebuah pilihan tidak valid diberikan, sebuah error terjadi.\n"
" atau shell tidak menjalankan sebuah fungsi."
#: builtins.c:567
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Write arguments to the standard output.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Display the ARGs, separated by a single space character and followed by a\n"
+#| " newline, on the standard output.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Options:\n"
+#| " -n\tdo not append a newline\n"
+#| " -e\tenable interpretation of the following backslash escapes\n"
+#| " -E\texplicitly suppress interpretation of backslash escapes\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " `echo' interprets the following backslash-escaped characters:\n"
+#| " \\a\talert (bell)\n"
+#| " \\b\tbackspace\n"
+#| " \\c\tsuppress further output\n"
+#| " \\e\tescape character\n"
+#| " \\E\tescape character\n"
+#| " \\f\tform feed\n"
+#| " \\n\tnew line\n"
+#| " \\r\tcarriage return\n"
+#| " \\t\thorizontal tab\n"
+#| " \\v\tvertical tab\n"
+#| " \\\\\tbackslash\n"
+#| " \\0nnn\tthe character whose ASCII code is NNN (octal). NNN can be\n"
+#| " \t0 to 3 octal digits\n"
+#| " \\xHH\tthe eight-bit character whose value is HH (hexadecimal). HH\n"
+#| " \tcan be one or two hex digits\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Exit Status:\n"
+#| " Returns success unless a write error occurs."
msgid ""
"Write arguments to the standard output.\n"
" \n"
-" Display the ARGs, separated by a single space character and followed by "
-"a\n"
+" Display the ARGs, separated by a single space character and followed by a\n"
" newline, on the standard output.\n"
" \n"
" Options:\n"
" \t\t0 to 3 octal digits\n"
" \\xHH\tthe eight-bit character whose value is HH (hexadecimal). HH\n"
" \t\tcan be one or two hex digits\n"
-" \\uHHHH\tthe Unicode character whose value is the hexadecimal value "
-"HHHH.\n"
+" \\uHHHH\tthe Unicode character whose value is the hexadecimal value HHHH.\n"
" \t\tHHHH can be one to four hex digits.\n"
-" \\UHHHHHHHH the Unicode character whose value is the hexadecimal "
-"value\n"
+" \\UHHHHHHHH the Unicode character whose value is the hexadecimal value\n"
" \t\tHHHHHHHH. HHHHHHHH can be one to eight hex digits.\n"
" \n"
" Exit Status:\n"
" \\r\tcarriage return\n"
" \\t\thorizontal tab\n"
" \\\\\tbackslash\n"
-" \\0nnn\tkarakter yang memiliki kode ASCII NNN (oktal). NNN dapat "
-"berupa\n"
+" \\0nnn\tkarakter yang memiliki kode ASCII NNN (oktal). NNN dapat berupa\n"
" \t0 sampai 3 oktal digit\n"
" \\xHH\tdelapan-bit karakter yang nilainya adalah HH (hexadesimal). HH\n"
" \tdapat satu dari dua bilangan hex\n"
#: builtins.c:622
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Enable and disable shell builtins.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Enables and disables builtin shell commands. Disabling allows you to\n"
+#| " execute a disk command which has the same name as a shell builtin\n"
+#| " without using a full pathname.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Options:\n"
+#| " -a\tprint a list of builtins showing whether or not each is enabled\n"
+#| " -n\tdisable each NAME or display a list of disabled builtins\n"
+#| " -p\tprint the list of builtins in a reusable format\n"
+#| " -s\tprint only the names of Posix `special' builtins\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Options controlling dynamic loading:\n"
+#| " -f\tLoad builtin NAME from shared object FILENAME\n"
+#| " -d\tRemove a builtin loaded with -f\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Without options, each NAME is enabled.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " To use the `test' found in $PATH instead of the shell builtin\n"
+#| " version, type `enable -n test'.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Exit Status:\n"
+#| " Returns success unless NAME is not a shell builtin or an error occurs."
msgid ""
"Enable and disable shell builtins.\n"
" \n"
" \n"
" On systems with dynamic loading, the shell variable BASH_LOADABLES_PATH\n"
" defines a search path for the directory containing FILENAMEs that do\n"
-" not contain a slash. It may include \".\" to force a search of the "
-"current\n"
+" not contain a slash. It may include \".\" to force a search of the current\n"
" directory.\n"
" \n"
" To use the `test' found in $PATH instead of the shell builtin\n"
msgstr ""
"Aktifkan dan non-aktifkan shell builtins.\n"
" \n"
-" Aktifkan dan non-aktifkan perintah builtin shell. Menonaktifkan "
-"membolehkan anda untuk\n"
-" menjalankan sebuah perintah disk yang memiliki nama yang sama dengan "
-"shell builtin\n"
+" Aktifkan dan non-aktifkan perintah builtin shell. Menonaktifkan membolehkan anda untuk\n"
+" menjalankan sebuah perintah disk yang memiliki nama yang sama dengan shell builtin\n"
" tanpa menggunakan sebuah nama jalur yang lengkap.\n"
" \n"
" Pilihan:\n"
-" -a\ttampilkan daftar dari builtins memperlihatkan aktif atau tidak "
-"setiap diaktifkan\n"
-" -n\tmenonaktifkan setiap NAMA atau tampilkan daftar dari builtin yang "
-"tidak aktif\n"
+" -a\ttampilkan daftar dari builtins memperlihatkan aktif atau tidak setiap diaktifkan\n"
+" -n\tmenonaktifkan setiap NAMA atau tampilkan daftar dari builtin yang tidak aktif\n"
" -p\ttampilkan daftar dari builtins dalam format yang berguna\n"
" -s\ttampilkan yang nama dari Posix `special' builtins\n"
" \n"
" \n"
" Tanpa pilihan, untuk setiap NAMA di aktifkan.\n"
" \n"
-" Untuk menggunakan `test' ditemukan dalam $PATH daripada dalam shell "
-"builtin\n"
+" Untuk menggunakan `test' ditemukan dalam $PATH daripada dalam shell builtin\n"
" versi, ketik `enable -n test'.\n"
" \n"
" Status Keluar:\n"
-" Mengembalikan sukses kecuali NAMA bukan sebuah shell builtin atau sebuah "
-"error terjadi."
+" Mengembalikan sukses kecuali NAMA bukan sebuah shell builtin atau sebuah error terjadi."
#: builtins.c:655
msgid ""
"Execute arguments as a shell command.\n"
" \n"
-" Combine ARGs into a single string, use the result as input to the "
-"shell,\n"
+" Combine ARGs into a single string, use the result as input to the shell,\n"
" and execute the resulting commands.\n"
" \n"
" Exit Status:\n"
msgstr ""
"Menjalankan argumen sebagai sebuah perintah shell.\n"
" \n"
-" Mengkombinasikan ARG dalam sebuah string tunggal, gunakan hasil sebagai "
-"masukan dalam shell,\n"
+" Mengkombinasikan ARG dalam sebuah string tunggal, gunakan hasil sebagai masukan dalam shell,\n"
" dan jalankan hasil dari perintah.\n"
" \n"
" Status Keluar:\n"
-" Mengembalikan status keluar dari perintah atau sukses jika perintah "
-"adalah kosong."
+" Mengembalikan status keluar dari perintah atau sukses jika perintah adalah kosong."
#: builtins.c:667
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Parse option arguments.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Getopts is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters\n"
+#| " as options.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " OPTSTRING contains the option letters to be recognized; if a letter\n"
+#| " is followed by a colon, the option is expected to have an argument,\n"
+#| " which should be separated from it by white space.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Each time it is invoked, getopts will place the next option in the\n"
+#| " shell variable $name, initializing name if it does not exist, and\n"
+#| " the index of the next argument to be processed into the shell\n"
+#| " variable OPTIND. OPTIND is initialized to 1 each time the shell or\n"
+#| " a shell script is invoked. When an option requires an argument,\n"
+#| " getopts places that argument into the shell variable OPTARG.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " getopts reports errors in one of two ways. If the first character\n"
+#| " of OPTSTRING is a colon, getopts uses silent error reporting. In\n"
+#| " this mode, no error messages are printed. If an invalid option is\n"
+#| " seen, getopts places the option character found into OPTARG. If a\n"
+#| " required argument is not found, getopts places a ':' into NAME and\n"
+#| " sets OPTARG to the option character found. If getopts is not in\n"
+#| " silent mode, and an invalid option is seen, getopts places '?' into\n"
+#| " NAME and unsets OPTARG. If a required argument is not found, a '?'\n"
+#| " is placed in NAME, OPTARG is unset, and a diagnostic message is\n"
+#| " printed.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " If the shell variable OPTERR has the value 0, getopts disables the\n"
+#| " printing of error messages, even if the first character of\n"
+#| " OPTSTRING is not a colon. OPTERR has the value 1 by default.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Getopts normally parses the positional parameters ($0 - $9), but if\n"
+#| " more arguments are given, they are parsed instead.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Exit Status:\n"
+#| " Returns success if an option is found; fails if the end of options is\n"
+#| " encountered or an error occurs."
msgid ""
"Parse option arguments.\n"
" \n"
" diikuti oleh sebuah colon, pilihan diduga akan berupa argumen,\n"
" yang seharusnya dipisahkan dari itu oleh spasi.\n"
" \n"
-" Setiap waktu ini dipanggil, getopts akan menempatkan pilihan selanjutnya "
-"dalam\n"
+" Setiap waktu ini dipanggil, getopts akan menempatkan pilihan selanjutnya dalam\n"
" $name shell variabel, menginisialisasi nama jiki ini tidak ada, dan\n"
" index dari argumen selanjutnya untuk diproses kedalam shell\n"
" variabel OPTIND. OPTIND diinisialisasi ke 1 setiap shell atau\n"
-" sebuah shell script dipanggil. Ketika sebuah pilihan membutuhkan sebuah "
-"argumen,\n"
+" sebuah shell script dipanggil. Ketika sebuah pilihan membutuhkan sebuah argumen,\n"
" getopts menempatkan argumen itu kedalam variabel shell OPTARG.\n"
" \n"
-" getopts melaporkan error dalam satu dari dua cara. Jika karakter "
-"pertama\n"
-" dari OPTSTRING adalah sebuah colon, getopts menggunakan silent error "
-"laporan. Dalam\n"
-" Mode ini, tidak ada pesan error yang ditampilkan. Jika sebuah pilihan "
-"tidak valid terlihat\n"
-" getops menempatkan karakter pilihan yang ditemukan ke OPTARG. Jika "
-"sebuah\n"
-" argumen yang dibutuhkan tidak ditemukan, getopts menempatkan sebuah ':' "
-"kedalam NAME dan\n"
-" menset OPTARG ke pilihan karakter yang ditemukan. Jika getopts tidak "
-"dalam\n"
-" mode silent, dan sebuah pilihan tidak valid terlihat getopts menempatkan "
-"'?' kedalam\n"
+" getopts melaporkan error dalam satu dari dua cara. Jika karakter pertama\n"
+" dari OPTSTRING adalah sebuah colon, getopts menggunakan silent error laporan. Dalam\n"
+" Mode ini, tidak ada pesan error yang ditampilkan. Jika sebuah pilihan tidak valid terlihat\n"
+" getops menempatkan karakter pilihan yang ditemukan ke OPTARG. Jika sebuah\n"
+" argumen yang dibutuhkan tidak ditemukan, getopts menempatkan sebuah ':' kedalam NAME dan\n"
+" menset OPTARG ke pilihan karakter yang ditemukan. Jika getopts tidak dalam\n"
+" mode silent, dan sebuah pilihan tidak valid terlihat getopts menempatkan '?' kedalam\n"
" variabel NAME, OPTARG tidak diset, dan sebuah pesan analisis\n"
" tampilkan.\n"
" \n"
-" Jika sebuah variabel shell OPTERR memiliki sebuah nilai 0, getopts "
-"mendisable\n"
+" Jika sebuah variabel shell OPTERR memiliki sebuah nilai 0, getopts mendisable\n"
" pencetakan dari pesan error, bahkan jika karakter pertama dari\n"
" OPTSTRING bukan sebuah colon. OPTERR memiliki nilai 1 secara default.\n"
" \n"
" Getopts secara normal memparse parameter posisi ($0 - $9), tetapi jika\n"
" lebih dari satu argumen diberikan, mereka diparse. \n"
" Status Keluar:\n"
-" Mengembalikan sukses jika sebuah pilihan ditemukan; gagal jika akhir "
-"dari pilihan\n"
+" Mengembalikan sukses jika sebuah pilihan ditemukan; gagal jika akhir dari pilihan\n"
" ditemui atau sebuah error terjadi."
#: builtins.c:709
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Replace the shell with the given command.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Execute COMMAND, replacing this shell with the specified program.\n"
+#| " ARGUMENTS become the arguments to COMMAND. If COMMAND is not specified,\n"
+#| " any redirections take effect in the current shell.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Options:\n"
+#| " -a name\tpass NAME as the zeroth argument to COMMAND\n"
+#| " -c\t\texecute COMMAND with an empty environment\n"
+#| " -l\t\tplace a dash in the zeroth argument to COMMAND\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " If the command cannot be executed, a non-interactive shell exits, unless\n"
+#| " the shell option `execfail' is set.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Exit Status:\n"
+#| " Returns success unless COMMAND is not found or a redirection error occurs."
msgid ""
"Replace the shell with the given command.\n"
" \n"
" Execute COMMAND, replacing this shell with the specified program.\n"
-" ARGUMENTS become the arguments to COMMAND. If COMMAND is not "
-"specified,\n"
+" ARGUMENTS become the arguments to COMMAND. If COMMAND is not specified,\n"
" any redirections take effect in the current shell.\n"
" \n"
" Options:\n"
" -c\texecute COMMAND with an empty environment\n"
" -l\tplace a dash in the zeroth argument to COMMAND\n"
" \n"
-" If the command cannot be executed, a non-interactive shell exits, "
-"unless\n"
+" If the command cannot be executed, a non-interactive shell exits, unless\n"
" the shell option `execfail' is set.\n"
" \n"
" Exit Status:\n"
-" Returns success unless COMMAND is not found or a redirection error "
-"occurs."
+" Returns success unless COMMAND is not found or a redirection error occurs."
msgstr ""
"Mengganti shell dengan perintah yang diberikan.\n"
" \n"
-" Jalankan PERINTAH, ganti shell ini dengan aplikasi yang "
-"dispesifikaskan.\n"
-" ARGUMEN menjadi argumen dari PERINTAH. Jika PERINTAH tidak "
-"dispesifikasikan,\n"
+" Jalankan PERINTAH, ganti shell ini dengan aplikasi yang dispesifikaskan.\n"
+" ARGUMEN menjadi argumen dari PERINTAH. Jika PERINTAH tidak dispesifikasikan,\n"
" setiap redireksi akan memiliki afek dalam shell sekarang.\n"
" \n"
" Pilihan:\n"
" -c\t\tjalankan PERINTAH dengan sebuah environment kosong\n"
" -l\t\ttempatkan sebuah dash dalam argumen ke nol ke PERINTAH\n"
" \n"
-" Jika perintah tidak dapat dijalankan, sebuah non-interaktif shell "
-"keluar, kecuali\n"
+" Jika perintah tidak dapat dijalankan, sebuah non-interaktif shell keluar, kecuali\n"
" pilihan shell `execfail' diset.\n"
" \n"
" Status Keluar:\n"
-" Mengembalikan sukses kecuali PERINTAH tidak ditemukan atau sebuah "
-"redireksi error terjadi."
+" Mengembalikan sukses kecuali PERINTAH tidak ditemukan atau sebuah redireksi error terjadi."
#: builtins.c:730
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Keluar dari shell.\n"
" \n"
-" Keluar dari shell dengan status dari N. Jika N diabaikan, status "
-"keluaran\n"
+" Keluar dari shell dengan status dari N. Jika N diabaikan, status keluaran\n"
" adalah status dari perintah terakhir yang dijalankan."
#: builtins.c:739
msgid ""
"Exit a login shell.\n"
" \n"
-" Exits a login shell with exit status N. Returns an error if not "
-"executed\n"
+" Exits a login shell with exit status N. Returns an error if not executed\n"
" in a login shell."
msgstr ""
"Keluar dari sebuah login shell.\n"
" \n"
-" Keluar sebuah login shell dengan status keluar N. Mengembalikan sebuah "
-"error jika tidak dijalankan\n"
+" Keluar sebuah login shell dengan status keluar N. Mengembalikan sebuah error jika tidak dijalankan\n"
" dalam sebuah login shell."
#: builtins.c:749
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Display or execute commands from the history list.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " fc is used to list or edit and re-execute commands from the history list.\n"
+#| " FIRST and LAST can be numbers specifying the range, or FIRST can be a\n"
+#| " string, which means the most recent command beginning with that\n"
+#| " string.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Options:\n"
+#| " -e ENAME\tselect which editor to use. Default is FCEDIT, then EDITOR,\n"
+#| " \t\tthen vi\n"
+#| " -l \tlist lines instead of editing\n"
+#| " -n\tomit line numbers when listing\n"
+#| " -r\treverse the order of the lines (newest listed first)\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " With the `fc -s [pat=rep ...] [command]' format, COMMAND is\n"
+#| " re-executed after the substitution OLD=NEW is performed.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " A useful alias to use with this is r='fc -s', so that typing `r cc'\n"
+#| " runs the last command beginning with `cc' and typing `r' re-executes\n"
+#| " the last command.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Exit Status:\n"
+#| " Returns success or status of executed command; non-zero if an error occurs."
msgid ""
"Display or execute commands from the history list.\n"
" \n"
-" fc is used to list or edit and re-execute commands from the history "
-"list.\n"
+" fc is used to list or edit and re-execute commands from the history list.\n"
" FIRST and LAST can be numbers specifying the range, or FIRST can be a\n"
" string, which means the most recent command beginning with that\n"
" string.\n"
" \n"
" Options:\n"
-" -e ENAME\tselect which editor to use. Default is FCEDIT, then "
-"EDITOR,\n"
+" -e ENAME\tselect which editor to use. Default is FCEDIT, then EDITOR,\n"
" \t\tthen vi\n"
" -l \tlist lines instead of editing\n"
" -n\tomit line numbers when listing\n"
" The history builtin also operates on the history list.\n"
" \n"
" Exit Status:\n"
-" Returns success or status of executed command; non-zero if an error "
-"occurs."
+" Returns success or status of executed command; non-zero if an error occurs."
msgstr ""
"Tampilkan atau jalankan perintah dari daftar sejarah.\n"
" \n"
-" fc biasa digunakan untuk mendaftar atau mengubah dan menjalankan "
-"perintah dari daftar sejarah.\n"
-" PERTAMA dan TERAKHIR dapat berupa nomor yang menspesifikasikan "
-"jangkauan, atau PERTAMA dapat berupa sebuah\n"
+" fc biasa digunakan untuk mendaftar atau mengubah dan menjalankan perintah dari daftar sejarah.\n"
+" PERTAMA dan TERAKHIR dapat berupa nomor yang menspesifikasikan jangkauan, atau PERTAMA dapat berupa sebuah\n"
" string, yang berarti adalah perintah yang berawal dengan string.\n"
" \n"
" Pilihan:\n"
-" -e ENAME\tmemilih editor yang akan digunakan. Default adalah FCEDIT, "
-"kemudian EDITOR,\n"
+" -e ENAME\tmemilih editor yang akan digunakan. Default adalah FCEDIT, kemudian EDITOR,\n"
" \t\tkemudian vi.\n"
" -l \tdaftar baris daripada mengubahnya.\n"
" -n \tabaikan nomor baris ketika MENDAFTAR.\n"
-" -r \tmembalik urutan dari baris (membuat yang terbaru terdaftar "
-"pertama).\n"
+" -r \tmembalik urutan dari baris (membuat yang terbaru terdaftar pertama).\n"
" \n"
" Dengan `fc -s [pat=rep ...] [perintah]' format, perintah\n"
" dijalankan setelah substitusi OLD=NEW dilakukan.\n"
" \n"
-" Sebuah alias yang berguna yang digunakan dengan ini r='fc -s', jadi "
-"mengetikan `r cc'\n"
-" menjalankan perintah terakhir yang diawali dengan `cc' dan mengetikan "
-"'r' menjalankan kembali\n"
+" Sebuah alias yang berguna yang digunakan dengan ini r='fc -s', jadi mengetikan `r cc'\n"
+" menjalankan perintah terakhir yang diawali dengan `cc' dan mengetikan 'r' menjalankan kembali\n"
" perintah terakhir.\n"
" \n"
" Status Keluar:\n"
-" Mengembalikan sukses atau status dari perintah yang dijalankan; tidak-"
-"nol jika sebuah error terjadi."
+" Mengembalikan sukses atau status dari perintah yang dijalankan; tidak-nol jika sebuah error terjadi."
#: builtins.c:781
msgid ""
" yang digunakan.\n"
" \n"
" Status Keluar:\n"
-" Status dari perintah yang ditempatkan di foreground, atau gagal jika "
-"sebuah error terjadi."
+" Status dari perintah yang ditempatkan di foreground, atau gagal jika sebuah error terjadi."
#: builtins.c:796
msgid ""
"Move jobs to the background.\n"
" \n"
-" Place the jobs identified by each JOB_SPEC in the background, as if "
-"they\n"
-" had been started with `&'. If JOB_SPEC is not present, the shell's "
-"notion\n"
+" Place the jobs identified by each JOB_SPEC in the background, as if they\n"
+" had been started with `&'. If JOB_SPEC is not present, the shell's notion\n"
" of the current job is used.\n"
" \n"
" Exit Status:\n"
msgstr ""
"Pindahkan pekerjaan ke background.\n"
" \n"
-" Tempatkan setiap JOB_SPEC dalam background, seperti jika ini telah "
-"dimulai dengan\n"
+" Tempatkan setiap JOB_SPEC dalam background, seperti jika ini telah dimulai dengan\n"
" `&'. Jika JOB_SPEC tidak ada, notion shell's dari pekerjaan\n"
" yang saat berjalan digunakan.\n"
" \n"
" Status Keluar:\n"
-" Mengembalikan sukses kecuali pengontrol pekerjaan tidak aktif atau "
-"sebuah error terjadi."
+" Mengembalikan sukses kecuali pengontrol pekerjaan tidak aktif atau sebuah error terjadi."
#: builtins.c:810
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Remember or display program locations.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Determine and remember the full pathname of each command NAME. If\n"
+#| " no arguments are given, information about remembered commands is displayed.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Options:\n"
+#| " -d\t\tforget the remembered location of each NAME\n"
+#| " -l\t\tdisplay in a format that may be reused as input\n"
+#| " -p pathname\tuse PATHNAME as the full pathname of NAME\n"
+#| " -r\t\tforget all remembered locations\n"
+#| " -t\t\tprint the remembered location of each NAME, preceding\n"
+#| " \t\teach location with the corresponding NAME if multiple\n"
+#| " \t\tNAMEs are given\n"
+#| " Arguments:\n"
+#| " NAME\t\tEach NAME is searched for in $PATH and added to the list\n"
+#| " \t\tof remembered commands.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Exit Status:\n"
+#| " Returns success unless NAME is not found or an invalid option is given."
msgid ""
"Remember or display program locations.\n"
" \n"
" Determine and remember the full pathname of each command NAME. If\n"
-" no arguments are given, information about remembered commands is "
-"displayed.\n"
+" no arguments are given, information about remembered commands is displayed.\n"
" \n"
" Options:\n"
" -d\tforget the remembered location of each NAME\n"
"Ingat atau tampilkan lokasi aplikasi.\n"
" \n"
" Tentukan dan ingat nama jalur lengkap dari setiap NAMA perintah. Jika\n"
-" tidak ada argumen yang diberikan, informasi mengenai perintah yang "
-"diingat akan ditampilkan.\n"
+" tidak ada argumen yang diberikan, informasi mengenai perintah yang diingat akan ditampilkan.\n"
" \n"
" Pilihan:\n"
" -d\t\tlupakan lokasi yang diingat untuk setiap NAMA\n"
" \t\tuntuk setiap lokasi diberikan NAMA yang sesuai jika multiple\n"
" \t\tNAMA diberikan\n"
" Argumen:\n"
-" NAMA\t\tSetiap NAMA yang ditemukan dalam $PATH dan ditambahkan dalam "
-"daftar\n"
+" NAMA\t\tSetiap NAMA yang ditemukan dalam $PATH dan ditambahkan dalam daftar\n"
" \t\tdari perintah yang diingat.\n"
" \n"
" Status Keluar:\n"
-" Mengembalikan sukses kecuali NAMA tidak ditemukan atau sebuah pilihan "
-"tidak valid telah diberikan."
+" Mengembalikan sukses kecuali NAMA tidak ditemukan atau sebuah pilihan tidak valid telah diberikan."
#: builtins.c:835
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Display information about builtin commands.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Displays brief summaries of builtin commands. If PATTERN is\n"
+#| " specified, gives detailed help on all commands matching PATTERN,\n"
+#| " otherwise the list of help topics is printed.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Options:\n"
+#| " -d\toutput short description for each topic\n"
+#| " -m\tdisplay usage in pseudo-manpage format\n"
+#| " -s\toutput only a short usage synopsis for each topic matching\n"
+#| " \tPATTERN\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Arguments:\n"
+#| " PATTERN\tPattern specifiying a help topic\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Exit Status:\n"
+#| " Returns success unless PATTERN is not found or an invalid option is given."
msgid ""
"Display information about builtin commands.\n"
" \n"
" PATTERN\tPattern specifying a help topic\n"
" \n"
" Exit Status:\n"
-" Returns success unless PATTERN is not found or an invalid option is "
-"given."
+" Returns success unless PATTERN is not found or an invalid option is given."
msgstr ""
"Tampilkan informasi mengenai perintah builtin.\n"
" \n"
" Tampilkan ringkasan singkat dari perintah builtin. Jika POLA\n"
-" dispesifikasikan, tampilkan bantuan lengkap di seluruh perintah yang "
-"cocok dengan POLA,\n"
+" dispesifikasikan, tampilkan bantuan lengkap di seluruh perintah yang cocok dengan POLA,\n"
" jika tidak daftar dari topik bantuan ditampilkan.\n"
" \n"
" Pilihan:\n"
" POLA\tPola menspesifikasikan topik bantuan\n"
" \n"
" Status Keluar:\n"
-" Mengembalikan sukses kecuali POLA tidak ditemukan atau pilihan tidak "
-"valid diberikan."
+" Mengembalikan sukses kecuali POLA tidak ditemukan atau pilihan tidak valid diberikan."
#: builtins.c:859
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Display or manipulate the history list.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Display the history list with line numbers, prefixing each modified\n"
+#| " entry with a `*'. An argument of N lists only the last N entries.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Options:\n"
+#| " -c\tclear the history list by deleting all of the entries\n"
+#| " -d offset\tdelete the history entry at offset OFFSET.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " -a\tappend history lines from this session to the history file\n"
+#| " -n\tread all history lines not already read from the history file\n"
+#| " -r\tread the history file and append the contents to the history\n"
+#| " \tlist\n"
+#| " -w\twrite the current history to the history file\n"
+#| " \tand append them to the history list\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " -p\tperform history expansion on each ARG and display the result\n"
+#| " \twithout storing it in the history list\n"
+#| " -s\tappend the ARGs to the history list as a single entry\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " If FILENAME is given, it is used as the history file. Otherwise,\n"
+#| " if $HISTFILE has a value, that is used, else ~/.bash_history.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " If the $HISTTIMEFORMAT variable is set and not null, its value is used\n"
+#| " as a format string for strftime(3) to print the time stamp associated\n"
+#| " with each displayed history entry. No time stamps are printed otherwise.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Exit Status:\n"
+#| " Returns success unless an invalid option is given or an error occurs."
msgid ""
"Display or manipulate the history list.\n"
" \n"
" \n"
" If the HISTTIMEFORMAT variable is set and not null, its value is used\n"
" as a format string for strftime(3) to print the time stamp associated\n"
-" with each displayed history entry. No time stamps are printed "
-"otherwise.\n"
+" with each displayed history entry. No time stamps are printed otherwise.\n"
" \n"
" Exit Status:\n"
" Returns success unless an invalid option is given or an error occurs."
msgstr ""
"Menampilkan atau memanipulasi daftar sejarah.\n"
" \n"
-" Menampilkan daftar sejarah dengan nomor baris. Baris yang ditampilkan "
-"dengan\n"
-" sebuah `*' telah diubah. Argumen dari N mengatakan untuk menampilkan "
-"hanya\n"
+" Menampilkan daftar sejarah dengan nomor baris. Baris yang ditampilkan dengan\n"
+" sebuah `*' telah diubah. Argumen dari N mengatakan untuk menampilkan hanya\n"
" N baris terakhir.\n"
" \n"
" Pilihan:\n"
" -d menghapus masukan sejarah di offset OFFSET.\n"
" \n"
" -a\tmenambahkan ke daftar sejarah dari sesi ini ke berkas sejarah.\n"
-" -n\tmembaca seluruh baris sejarah yang belum dibaca dari berkas "
-"sejarah\n"
+" -n\tmembaca seluruh baris sejarah yang belum dibaca dari berkas sejarah\n"
" -r\tmembaca berkas sejarah dan menambahkan isinya ke daftar\n"
" \tsejarah\n"
" -w menulis sejarah sekarang ke berkas sejarah\n"
" -s\ttambahkan ARG ke daftar sejarah sebagai sebuah masukan tunggal\n"
" \n"
" \n"
-" Jika NAMAFILE diberikan, maka itu digunakan sebagai berkas sejarah "
-"selain itu\n"
-" jika $HISTFILE memiliki nilai, maka itu digunakan, selain itu ~/."
-"bash_history.\n"
+" Jika NAMAFILE diberikan, maka itu digunakan sebagai berkas sejarah selain itu\n"
+" jika $HISTFILE memiliki nilai, maka itu digunakan, selain itu ~/.bash_history.\n"
" \n"
" \n"
-" Jika variabel $HISTTIMEFORMAT diset dan tidak kosong, nilai ini yang "
-"akan digunakan\n"
-" sebagai format untuk string untuk strftime(3) untuk mencetak timestamp "
-"yang berhubungan\n"
-" dengan setiap masukan sejarah yang ditampilkan. Tidak ada time stamp "
-"yang ditampilkan jika tidak.\n"
+" Jika variabel $HISTTIMEFORMAT diset dan tidak kosong, nilai ini yang akan digunakan\n"
+" sebagai format untuk string untuk strftime(3) untuk mencetak timestamp yang berhubungan\n"
+" dengan setiap masukan sejarah yang ditampilkan. Tidak ada time stamp yang ditampilkan jika tidak.\n"
" \n"
" Status Keluar:\n"
-" Mengembalikan sukses kecuali sebuah pilihan tidak valid diberikan atau "
-"sebuah error terjadi."
+" Mengembalikan sukses kecuali sebuah pilihan tidak valid diberikan atau sebuah error terjadi."
#: builtins.c:902
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Display status of jobs.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Lists the active jobs. JOBSPEC restricts output to that job.\n"
+#| " Without options, the status of all active jobs is displayed.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Options:\n"
+#| " -l\tlists process IDs in addition to the normal information\n"
+#| " -n\tlist only processes that have changed status since the last\n"
+#| " \tnotification\n"
+#| " -p\tlists process IDs only\n"
+#| " -r\trestrict output to running jobs\n"
+#| " -s\trestrict output to stopped jobs\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " If -x is supplied, COMMAND is run after all job specifications that\n"
+#| " appear in ARGS have been replaced with the process ID of that job's\n"
+#| " process group leader.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Exit Status:\n"
+#| " Returns success unless an invalid option is given or an error occurs.\n"
+#| " If -x is used, returns the exit status of COMMAND."
msgid ""
"Display status of jobs.\n"
" \n"
msgstr ""
"Menampilkan status dari pekerjaan.\n"
" \n"
-" Tampilkan pekerjaan yang aktif. JOBSPEC membatasi keluaran ke pekerjaan "
-"itu.\n"
+" Tampilkan pekerjaan yang aktif. JOBSPEC membatasi keluaran ke pekerjaan itu.\n"
" Tanpa pilihan, status dari seluruh aktif job ditampilkan.\n"
" \n"
" Pilihan:\n"
" -r membatasi keluaran ke pekerjaan yang sedang jalan\n"
" -s membatasi keluaran ke pekerjaan yang berhenti\n"
" \n"
-" Jika pilihan -x diberikan, PERINTAH dijalankan setelah semua spesifikasi "
-"pekerjaan\n"
-" yang tampil di ARGS telah diganti dengan proses ID dari proses "
-"pekerjaan\n"
+" Jika pilihan -x diberikan, PERINTAH dijalankan setelah semua spesifikasi pekerjaan\n"
+" yang tampil di ARGS telah diganti dengan proses ID dari proses pekerjaan\n"
" grup leader.\n"
" \n"
" Status Keluar:\n"
-" Mengembalikan sukses kecualis sebuah pilihan tidak valid diberikan atau "
-"sebuah error terjadi.\n"
+" Mengembalikan sukses kecualis sebuah pilihan tidak valid diberikan atau sebuah error terjadi.\n"
" Jika -x digunakan, mengembalikan status keluar dari PERINTAH."
#: builtins.c:929
" \n"
" Pilihan:\n"
" -a\thapus seluruh pekerjaan jika JOBSPEC tidak diberikan\n"
-" -h\ttandai setiap JOBSPEC sehingga SIGHUP tidak dikirim ke pekerjaan "
-"jika\n"
+" -h\ttandai setiap JOBSPEC sehingga SIGHUP tidak dikirim ke pekerjaan jika\n"
" \t\tshell menerima sebuah SIGHUP\n"
" -r\thapus hanya pekerjaan yang sedang berjalan\n"
" \n"
" Status Keluar:\n"
-" Mengembalikan sukses kecuali ada sebuah pilihan tidak valid atau JOBSPEC "
-"diberikan."
+" Mengembalikan sukses kecuali ada sebuah pilihan tidak valid atau JOBSPEC diberikan."
#: builtins.c:948
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Send a signal to a job.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Send the processes identified by PID or JOBSPEC the signal named by\n"
+#| " SIGSPEC or SIGNUM. If neither SIGSPEC nor SIGNUM is present, then\n"
+#| " SIGTERM is assumed.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Options:\n"
+#| " -s sig\tSIG is a signal name\n"
+#| " -n sig\tSIG is a signal number\n"
+#| " -l\tlist the signal names; if arguments follow `-l' they are\n"
+#| " \tassumed to be signal numbers for which names should be listed\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Kill is a shell builtin for two reasons: it allows job IDs to be used\n"
+#| " instead of process IDs, and allows processes to be killed if the limit\n"
+#| " on processes that you can create is reached.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Exit Status:\n"
+#| " Returns success unless an invalid option is given or an error occurs."
msgid ""
"Send a signal to a job.\n"
" \n"
msgstr ""
"Mengirim sebuah sinyal ke sebuah pekerjaan.\n"
" \n"
-" Mengirim ke sebuah proses yang diidentifikasikan oleh PID atau JOBSPEC "
-"dengan sinyal yang diberi name\n"
+" Mengirim ke sebuah proses yang diidentifikasikan oleh PID atau JOBSPEC dengan sinyal yang diberi name\n"
" oleh SIGSPEC atau SIGNUM. Jika SIGSPEC atau SIGNUM tidak ada, maka\n"
" SIGTERM diasumsikan.\n"
" \n"
" Pilihan:\n"
" -s sig\tSIG adalah sebuah nama sinyal\n"
" -n sig\tSIG adalah sebuah nomor sinyal\n"
-" -l\tdaftar dari nama sinyal; jika argumen diikuti dengan `-l' mereka "
-"mengasumsikan ke\n"
+" -l\tdaftar dari nama sinyal; jika argumen diikuti dengan `-l' mereka mengasumsikan ke\n"
" \tnomor sinyal yang namanya ditampilkan.\n"
-" Kill adalah sebuah shell builtin untuk dua alasan; ini membolehkan "
-"sebuah jobs ID untuk digunakan dari pada\n"
+" Kill adalah sebuah shell builtin untuk dua alasan; ini membolehkan sebuah jobs ID untuk digunakan dari pada\n"
" proses IDs, dan memperbolehkan proses untuk dimatikan jika batas\n"
" dari proses yang dibuat tercapai.\n"
" \n"
" Status Keluar:\n"
-" Mengembalikan sukses kecuali sebuah pilihan tidak valid diberikan atau "
-"sebuah error terjadi."
+" Mengembalikan sukses kecuali sebuah pilihan tidak valid diberikan atau sebuah error terjadi."
#: builtins.c:972
msgid ""
" Evaluate each ARG as an arithmetic expression. Evaluation is done in\n"
" fixed-width integers with no check for overflow, though division by 0\n"
" is trapped and flagged as an error. The following list of operators is\n"
-" grouped into levels of equal-precedence operators. The levels are "
-"listed\n"
+" grouped into levels of equal-precedence operators. The levels are listed\n"
" in order of decreasing precedence.\n"
" \n"
" \tid++, id--\tvariable post-increment, post-decrement\n"
"Evaluasi ekspresi arithmetic.\n"
" \n"
" Setiap ARG adalah sebuah ekspresi arithmetic yang dievaluasi. Evaluasi\n"
-" dilakukan dalam fixed-width integers dengan tidak ada pemeriksaan untuk "
-"overflow, walaupun\n"
+" dilakukan dalam fixed-width integers dengan tidak ada pemeriksaan untuk overflow, walaupun\n"
" pembagian dengan 0 ditangkap dan ditandai sebagai error. Berikut\n"
-" daftar dari operator yang dikelompokkan dalam tingkat tingkat dari equal "
-"precedence operators.\n"
+" daftar dari operator yang dikelompokkan dalam tingkat tingkat dari equal precedence operators.\n"
" Tingkat yang ditampilkan dalam urutan dari decreasing precedence.\n"
" \n"
" \tid++, id--\tvariabel post-increment, post-decrement\n"
" aturan diatasnya.\n"
" \n"
" Status Keluar:\n"
-" Jika ARG terakhir dievaluasi ke 0, membiarkan kembali ke 1; 0 "
-"dikembalikan Jika tidak."
+" Jika ARG terakhir dievaluasi ke 0, membiarkan kembali ke 1; 0 dikembalikan Jika tidak."
#: builtins.c:1017
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Read a line from the standard input and split it into fields.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Reads a single line from the standard input, or from file descriptor FD\n"
+#| " if the -u option is supplied. The line is split into fields as with word\n"
+#| " splitting, and the first word is assigned to the first NAME, the second\n"
+#| " word to the second NAME, and so on, with any leftover words assigned to\n"
+#| " the last NAME. Only the characters found in $IFS are recognized as word\n"
+#| " delimiters.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " If no NAMEs are supplied, the line read is stored in the REPLY variable.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Options:\n"
+#| " -a array\tassign the words read to sequential indices of the array\n"
+#| " \t\tvariable ARRAY, starting at zero\n"
+#| " -d delim\tcontinue until the first character of DELIM is read, rather\n"
+#| " \t\tthan newline\n"
+#| " -e\t\tuse Readline to obtain the line in an interactive shell\n"
+#| " -i text\tUse TEXT as the initial text for Readline\n"
+#| " -n nchars\treturn after reading NCHARS characters rather than waiting\n"
+#| " \t\tfor a newline, but honor a delimiter if fewer than NCHARS\n"
+#| " \t\tcharacters are read before the delimiter\n"
+#| " -N nchars\treturn only after reading exactly NCHARS characters, unless\n"
+#| " \t\tEOF is encountered or read times out, ignoring any delimiter\n"
+#| " -p prompt\toutput the string PROMPT without a trailing newline before\n"
+#| " \t\tattempting to read\n"
+#| " -r\t\tdo not allow backslashes to escape any characters\n"
+#| " -s\t\tdo not echo input coming from a terminal\n"
+#| " -t timeout\ttime out and return failure if a complete line of input is\n"
+#| " \t\tnot read within TIMEOUT seconds. The value of the TMOUT\n"
+#| " \t\tvariable is the default timeout. TIMEOUT may be a\n"
+#| " \t\tfractional number. If TIMEOUT is 0, read returns immediately,\n"
+#| " \t\twithout trying to read any data, returning success only if\n"
+#| " \t\tinput is available on the specified file descriptor. The\n"
+#| " \t\texit status is greater than 128 if the timeout is exceeded\n"
+#| " -u fd\t\tread from file descriptor FD instead of the standard input\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Exit Status:\n"
+#| " The return code is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, read times out\n"
+#| " (in which case it's greater than 128), a variable assignment error occurs,\n"
+#| " or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as the argument to -u."
msgid ""
"Read a line from the standard input and split it into fields.\n"
" \n"
" Reads a single line from the standard input, or from file descriptor FD\n"
-" if the -u option is supplied. The line is split into fields as with "
-"word\n"
+" if the -u option is supplied. The line is split into fields as with word\n"
" splitting, and the first word is assigned to the first NAME, the second\n"
" word to the second NAME, and so on, with any leftover words assigned to\n"
-" the last NAME. Only the characters found in $IFS are recognized as "
-"word\n"
-" delimiters. By default, the backslash character escapes delimiter "
-"characters\n"
+" the last NAME. Only the characters found in $IFS are recognized as word\n"
+" delimiters. By default, the backslash character escapes delimiter characters\n"
" and newline.\n"
" \n"
-" If no NAMEs are supplied, the line read is stored in the REPLY "
-"variable.\n"
+" If no NAMEs are supplied, the line read is stored in the REPLY variable.\n"
" \n"
" Options:\n"
" -a array\tassign the words read to sequential indices of the array\n"
" -n nchars\treturn after reading NCHARS characters rather than waiting\n"
" \t\tfor a newline, but honor a delimiter if fewer than\n"
" \t\tNCHARS characters are read before the delimiter\n"
-" -N nchars\treturn only after reading exactly NCHARS characters, "
-"unless\n"
+" -N nchars\treturn only after reading exactly NCHARS characters, unless\n"
" \t\tEOF is encountered or read times out, ignoring any\n"
" \t\tdelimiter\n"
" -p prompt\toutput the string PROMPT without a trailing newline before\n"
" -u fd\tread from file descriptor FD instead of the standard input\n"
" \n"
" Exit Status:\n"
-" The return code is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, read times "
-"out\n"
-" (in which case it's greater than 128), a variable assignment error "
-"occurs,\n"
+" The return code is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, read times out\n"
+" (in which case it's greater than 128), a variable assignment error occurs,\n"
" or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as the argument to -u."
msgstr ""
-"Membaca sebuah baris dari standar masukan dan membaginya dalam bagian "
-"bagian.\n"
+"Membaca sebuah baris dari standar masukan dan membaginya dalam bagian bagian.\n"
" \n"
-" Satu baris dibaca dari masukan standar, atau dari berkas deskripsi FD "
-"jika\n"
+" Satu baris dibaca dari masukan standar, atau dari berkas deskripsi FD jika\n"
" pilihan -u diberikan, dan kata pertama diberikan ke NAMA pertama,\n"
-" kata kedua ke NAMA kedua, dan seterusnya. dengan kata yang tersisa "
-"ditempatkan\n"
-" ke NAMA terakhir. Hanya karakter yang ditemukan dalam $IFS yang dikenal "
-"sebagai pembatas\n"
+" kata kedua ke NAMA kedua, dan seterusnya. dengan kata yang tersisa ditempatkan\n"
+" ke NAMA terakhir. Hanya karakter yang ditemukan dalam $IFS yang dikenal sebagai pembatas\n"
" kata.\n"
" \n"
-" Jika tidak ada NAMA yang diberikan, baris yang dibaca disimpan dalam "
-"variabel BALASAN\n"
+" Jika tidak ada NAMA yang diberikan, baris yang dibaca disimpan dalam variabel BALASAN\n"
" \n"
" Pilihan:\n"
" -a array\tditempatkan kata dibaca secara berurutan indice dari array\n"
" \t\tvariabel ARRAY, dimulai dari nol\n"
-" -d delim\tdilanjutkan sampai karakter pertama dari PEMBATAS dibaca, "
-"daripada\n"
+" -d delim\tdilanjutkan sampai karakter pertama dari PEMBATAS dibaca, daripada\n"
" \t\tbaris baru\n"
-" -e\t\tgunakan Readline untuk memperoleh baris dalam sebuah shell "
-"interaktif\n"
+" -e\t\tgunakan Readline untuk memperoleh baris dalam sebuah shell interaktif\n"
" -i text\tGunakan TEXT sebagai text inisial untuk Readline\n"
-" -n nchars\tkembali setelah membaca NCHARS characters daripada "
-"menunggu\n"
+" -n nchars\tkembali setelah membaca NCHARS characters daripada menunggu\n"
" \t\tuntuk sebuah baris baru\n"
-" -N nchars\thanya kembali setelah membaca tepat NCHARS karakter, "
-"kecuali\n"
-" \t\tEOF ditemui atau waktu habis dalam pembacaan, abaikan pembatas "
-"apapun\n"
+" -N nchars\thanya kembali setelah membaca tepat NCHARS karakter, kecuali\n"
+" \t\tEOF ditemui atau waktu habis dalam pembacaan, abaikan pembatas apapun\n"
" -p prompt\tkeluarkan string PROMPT tanpa tambahan baris baru sebelum\n"
" \t\tmencoba untuk membaca\n"
" -r\t\tjangan ijinkan backslash untuk mengeluarkan karakter apapun\n"
" -s\t\tjangan echo masukan yang datang dari sebuah terminal\n"
-" -t menyebabkan pembacaan untuk time out dan kembali gagal jika sebuah "
-"baris lengkap\n"
-" \t\tdari masukan tidak dibaca dalam TIMEOUT detik. Jika variabel TMOUT "
-"terset,\n"
-" \t\tnilai ini akan menjadi nilai default timeout. TIMEOUT mungkin "
-"sebuah\n"
+" -t menyebabkan pembacaan untuk time out dan kembali gagal jika sebuah baris lengkap\n"
+" \t\tdari masukan tidak dibaca dalam TIMEOUT detik. Jika variabel TMOUT terset,\n"
+" \t\tnilai ini akan menjadi nilai default timeout. TIMEOUT mungkin sebuah\n"
" \t\tbilangan fraksional. Status keluaran lebih besar dari 128 jika\n"
" \t\ttimeout dilewati\n"
" -u fd\t\tbaca dari berkas deskripsi FD daripada standar masukan\n"
" \n"
" Status Keluar:\n"
-" Kode kembali adalah nol, kecuali akhir-dari-berkas ditemui, baca "
-"kehabisan waktu,\n"
-" atau sebuah berkas deskripsi disupply sebagai sebuah argumen ke pilihan -"
-"u."
+" Kode kembali adalah nol, kecuali akhir-dari-berkas ditemui, baca kehabisan waktu,\n"
+" atau sebuah berkas deskripsi disupply sebagai sebuah argumen ke pilihan -u."
#: builtins.c:1067
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Kembali dari sebuah fungsi shell.\n"
" \n"
-" Menyebabkan sebuah fungsi atau sebuah script untuk keluar dengan nilai "
-"kembali\n"
+" Menyebabkan sebuah fungsi atau sebuah script untuk keluar dengan nilai kembali\n"
" yang dispesifikasikan oleh N. Jika N diabaikan, status kembalian adalah\n"
" perintah terakhir yang dijalankan dalam fungsi atau script.\n"
" \n"
" Status Keluar:\n"
-" Mengembalikan N, atau gagal jika shell tidak menjalan sebuah fungsi atau "
-"script."
+" Mengembalikan N, atau gagal jika shell tidak menjalan sebuah fungsi atau script."
#: builtins.c:1080
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Set or unset values of shell options and positional parameters.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Change the value of shell attributes and positional parameters, or\n"
+#| " display the names and values of shell variables.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Options:\n"
+#| " -a Mark variables which are modified or created for export.\n"
+#| " -b Notify of job termination immediately.\n"
+#| " -e Exit immediately if a command exits with a non-zero status.\n"
+#| " -f Disable file name generation (globbing).\n"
+#| " -h Remember the location of commands as they are looked up.\n"
+#| " -k All assignment arguments are placed in the environment for a\n"
+#| " command, not just those that precede the command name.\n"
+#| " -m Job control is enabled.\n"
+#| " -n Read commands but do not execute them.\n"
+#| " -o option-name\n"
+#| " Set the variable corresponding to option-name:\n"
+#| " allexport same as -a\n"
+#| " braceexpand same as -B\n"
+#| " emacs use an emacs-style line editing interface\n"
+#| " errexit same as -e\n"
+#| " errtrace same as -E\n"
+#| " functrace same as -T\n"
+#| " hashall same as -h\n"
+#| " histexpand same as -H\n"
+#| " history enable command history\n"
+#| " ignoreeof the shell will not exit upon reading EOF\n"
+#| " interactive-comments\n"
+#| " allow comments to appear in interactive commands\n"
+#| " keyword same as -k\n"
+#| " monitor same as -m\n"
+#| " noclobber same as -C\n"
+#| " noexec same as -n\n"
+#| " noglob same as -f\n"
+#| " nolog currently accepted but ignored\n"
+#| " notify same as -b\n"
+#| " nounset same as -u\n"
+#| " onecmd same as -t\n"
+#| " physical same as -P\n"
+#| " pipefail the return value of a pipeline is the status of\n"
+#| " the last command to exit with a non-zero status,\n"
+#| " or zero if no command exited with a non-zero status\n"
+#| " posix change the behavior of bash where the default\n"
+#| " operation differs from the Posix standard to\n"
+#| " match the standard\n"
+#| " privileged same as -p\n"
+#| " verbose same as -v\n"
+#| " vi use a vi-style line editing interface\n"
+#| " xtrace same as -x\n"
+#| " -p Turned on whenever the real and effective user ids do not match.\n"
+#| " Disables processing of the $ENV file and importing of shell\n"
+#| " functions. Turning this option off causes the effective uid and\n"
+#| " gid to be set to the real uid and gid.\n"
+#| " -t Exit after reading and executing one command.\n"
+#| " -u Treat unset variables as an error when substituting.\n"
+#| " -v Print shell input lines as they are read.\n"
+#| " -x Print commands and their arguments as they are executed.\n"
+#| " -B the shell will perform brace expansion\n"
+#| " -C If set, disallow existing regular files to be overwritten\n"
+#| " by redirection of output.\n"
+#| " -E If set, the ERR trap is inherited by shell functions.\n"
+#| " -H Enable ! style history substitution. This flag is on\n"
+#| " by default when the shell is interactive.\n"
+#| " -P If set, do not resolve symbolic links when executing commands\n"
+#| " such as cd which change the current directory.\n"
+#| " -T If set, the DEBUG trap is inherited by shell functions.\n"
+#| " -- Assign any remaining arguments to the positional parameters.\n"
+#| " If there are no remaining arguments, the positional parameters\n"
+#| " are unset.\n"
+#| " - Assign any remaining arguments to the positional parameters.\n"
+#| " The -x and -v options are turned off.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Using + rather than - causes these flags to be turned off. The\n"
+#| " flags can also be used upon invocation of the shell. The current\n"
+#| " set of flags may be found in $-. The remaining n ARGs are positional\n"
+#| " parameters and are assigned, in order, to $1, $2, .. $n. If no\n"
+#| " ARGs are given, all shell variables are printed.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Exit Status:\n"
+#| " Returns success unless an invalid option is given."
msgid ""
"Set or unset values of shell options and positional parameters.\n"
" \n"
" physical same as -P\n"
" pipefail the return value of a pipeline is the status of\n"
" the last command to exit with a non-zero status,\n"
-" or zero if no command exited with a non-zero "
-"status\n"
+" or zero if no command exited with a non-zero status\n"
" posix change the behavior of bash where the default\n"
" operation differs from the Posix standard to\n"
" match the standard\n"
" by default when the shell is interactive.\n"
" -P If set, do not resolve symbolic links when executing commands\n"
" such as cd which change the current directory.\n"
-" -T If set, the DEBUG and RETURN traps are inherited by shell "
-"functions.\n"
+" -T If set, the DEBUG and RETURN traps are inherited by shell functions.\n"
" -- Assign any remaining arguments to the positional parameters.\n"
" If there are no remaining arguments, the positional parameters\n"
" are unset.\n"
" tampilkan nama dan nilai dari variabel shell.\n"
" \n"
" Pilihan:\n"
-" -a Tandai variabel yang telah termodifikasi atau dibuat untuk "
-"export.\n"
+" -a Tandai variabel yang telah termodifikasi atau dibuat untuk export.\n"
" -b Notifikasi penyelesaian pekerjaan secara langsung.\n"
-" -e Keluar langsung jika sebuah perintah keluar dengan status tidak "
-"nol.\n"
+" -e Keluar langsung jika sebuah perintah keluar dengan status tidak nol.\n"
" -f Menonaktifkan pembuatan nama berkas (globbing).\n"
" -h Ingat lokasi dari perintah sebagai mereka dicari.\n"
-" -k Semua argumen assignment ditempatkan dalam environment untuk "
-"sebuah\n"
+" -k Semua argumen assignment ditempatkan dalam environment untuk sebuah\n"
" perintah, tidak hanya mengawali nama perintah.\n"
" -m Pengendali pekerjaan diaktifkan.\n"
" -n Baca perintah tapi jangan menjalankan perintah tersebut.\n"
" history aktifkan sejarah perintah\n"
" ignoreeof shell tidak akan keluar ketika membaca EOF\n"
" interactive-comments\n"
-" membolehkan komentar ada dalam perintah "
-"interaktif\n"
+" membolehkan komentar ada dalam perintah interaktif\n"
" keyword sama seperti -k\n"
" monitor sama seperti -m\n"
" noclobber sama seperti -C\n"
" nounset sama seperti -u\n"
" onecmd sama seperti -t\n"
" physical sama seperti -P\n"
-" pipefail nilai kembalian dari sebuah pipelie adalah status "
-"dari\n"
-" perintah terakhir yang keluar dengan sebuah status "
-"tidak nol,\n"
-" atau nol jika tidak ada perintah yang keluar "
-"dengan status tidak nol\n"
+" pipefail nilai kembalian dari sebuah pipelie adalah status dari\n"
+" perintah terakhir yang keluar dengan sebuah status tidak nol,\n"
+" atau nol jika tidak ada perintah yang keluar dengan status tidak nol\n"
" posix ubah perilaku dari bash dimana operasi\n"
" default berbeda dari 1003.2 standar ke\n"
" sesuai dengan standar\n"
" privileged sama seperti -p\n"
" verbose sama seperti -v\n"
-" vi gunakan sebuah gaya vi dalam line editing "
-"interface.\n"
+" vi gunakan sebuah gaya vi dalam line editing interface.\n"
" xtrace sama seperti -x\n"
" -p Aktif ketika real dan efektif id pengguna tidak cocok.\n"
-" Menonaktifkan pemrosesan dari berkas $ENV dan mengimpor dari "
-"fungsi\n"
+" Menonaktifkan pemrosesan dari berkas $ENV dan mengimpor dari fungsi\n"
" shell. Mengubah pilihan ini off menyebabkan efektif uid dan\n"
" gid untuk diset ke real uid dan gid.\n"
" -t Keluar setelah membaca dan menjalankan satu perintah.\n"
-" -u Perlakukan variabel yang tidak diset sebagai error ketika "
-"mensubstitusi.\n"
+" -u Perlakukan variabel yang tidak diset sebagai error ketika mensubstitusi.\n"
" -v Tampilkan baris masukan shell seperti ketika dibaca.\n"
-" -x Tampilkan perintah dan argumennya ketika menjalankan perintah "
-"tersebut.\n"
+" -x Tampilkan perintah dan argumennya ketika menjalankan perintah tersebut.\n"
" -B Shell akan melakukan expansi brace\n"
-" -C Jika diset, melarang berkas regular yang telah ada untuk "
-"ditulis\n"
+" -C Jika diset, melarang berkas regular yang telah ada untuk ditulis\n"
" oleh keluaran redirection.\n"
" -E Jika diset, trap ERR diturunkan oleh fungsi shell.\n"
" -H Mengaktifkan ! gaya pengubahan sejarah. Tanda ini aktif\n"
" secara default ketika shell interaktif.\n"
-" -P Jika diset, jangan ikuti symbolic link ketika menjalankan "
-"perintah\n"
+" -P Jika diset, jangan ikuti symbolic link ketika menjalankan perintah\n"
" seperti cd ketika mengubah direktori kerja sekarang.\n"
" -T Jika diset, Debug trap diturunkan oleh fungsi shell.\n"
" - Assign argumen yang tersisa ke parameter posisi.\n"
#: builtins.c:1169
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Unset values and attributes of shell variables and functions.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " For each NAME, remove the corresponding variable or function.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Options:\n"
+#| " -f\ttreat each NAME as a shell function\n"
+#| " -v\ttreat each NAME as a shell variable\n"
+#| " -n\ttreat each NAME as a name reference and unset the variable itself\n"
+#| " \trather than the variable it references\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Without options, unset first tries to unset a variable, and if that fails,\n"
+#| " tries to unset a function.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Some variables cannot be unset; also see `readonly'.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Exit Status:\n"
+#| " Returns success unless an invalid option is given or a NAME is read-only."
msgid ""
"Unset values and attributes of shell variables and functions.\n"
" \n"
" -n\ttreat each NAME as a name reference and unset the variable itself\n"
" \t\trather than the variable it references\n"
" \n"
-" Without options, unset first tries to unset a variable, and if that "
-"fails,\n"
+" Without options, unset first tries to unset a variable, and if that fails,\n"
" tries to unset a function.\n"
" \n"
" Some variables cannot be unset; also see `readonly'.\n"
" -f\tperlakukan setiap NAMA sebagai sebuah fungsi shell\n"
" -v\tperlakukan setiap NAMA sebagai sebuah variabel shell\n"
" \n"
-" Tanpa pilihan, unset pertama mencoba untuk menunset sebuah variabel, dan "
-"jika itu gagal,\n"
+" Tanpa pilihan, unset pertama mencoba untuk menunset sebuah variabel, dan jika itu gagal,\n"
" mencoba untuk menunset sebuah fungsi.\n"
" \n"
" Beberapa variabel tidak dapat diunset; Lihat juga `readonly'.\n"
" \n"
" Status Keluar:\n"
-" Mengembalikan sukses kecuali sebuah pilihan tidak valid diberikan atau "
-"sebuah NAMA adalah baca-saja."
+" Mengembalikan sukses kecuali sebuah pilihan tidak valid diberikan atau sebuah NAMA adalah baca-saja."
#: builtins.c:1191
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Set export attribute for shell variables.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Marks each NAME for automatic export to the environment of subsequently\n"
+#| " executed commands. If VALUE is supplied, assign VALUE before exporting.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Options:\n"
+#| " -f\trefer to shell functions\n"
+#| " -n\tremove the export property from each NAME\n"
+#| " -p\tdisplay a list of all exported variables and functions\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " An argument of `--' disables further option processing.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Exit Status:\n"
+#| " Returns success unless an invalid option is given or NAME is invalid."
msgid ""
"Set export attribute for shell variables.\n"
" \n"
" Marks each NAME for automatic export to the environment of subsequently\n"
-" executed commands. If VALUE is supplied, assign VALUE before "
-"exporting.\n"
+" executed commands. If VALUE is supplied, assign VALUE before exporting.\n"
" \n"
" Options:\n"
" -f\trefer to shell functions\n"
"Set export atribut untuk variabel shell.\n"
" \n"
" Tandai setiap NAMA untuk otomatis export ke environment setelah\n"
-" perintah dijalankan. Jika NILAI diberikan, berikan NILAI sebelum "
-"export.\n"
+" perintah dijalankan. Jika NILAI diberikan, berikan NILAI sebelum export.\n"
" \n"
" Pilihan:\n"
" -f\tmerujuk ke fungsi shell\n"
" Sebuah argumen dari `--' menonaktifkan pemrosesan pilihan selanjutnya.\n"
" \n"
" Status Keluar:\n"
-" Mengembalikan sukses kecuali sebuah pilihan tidak valid diberikan atau "
-"NAMA tidak valid."
+" Mengembalikan sukses kecuali sebuah pilihan tidak valid diberikan atau NAMA tidak valid."
#: builtins.c:1210
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Mark shell variables as unchangeable.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Mark each NAME as read-only; the values of these NAMEs may not be\n"
+#| " changed by subsequent assignment. If VALUE is supplied, assign VALUE\n"
+#| " before marking as read-only.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Options:\n"
+#| " -a\trefer to indexed array variables\n"
+#| " -A\trefer to associative array variables\n"
+#| " -f\trefer to shell functions\n"
+#| " -p\tdisplay a list of all readonly variables or functions, depending on\n"
+#| " whether or not the -f option is given\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " An argument of `--' disables further option processing.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Exit Status:\n"
+#| " Returns success unless an invalid option is given or NAME is invalid."
msgid ""
"Mark shell variables as unchangeable.\n"
" \n"
"Tandai variabel shell sebagai tidak bisa diubah.\n"
" \n"
" Tandai setiap NAMA sebagai baca-saja; nilai dari NAMA ini tidak boleh\n"
-" diubah untuk penggunaan selanjutnya. Jika NILAI diberikan, berikan "
-"NILAI\n"
+" diubah untuk penggunaan selanjutnya. Jika NILAI diberikan, berikan NILAI\n"
" sebelum menandainya sebagai baca-saja.\n"
" \n"
" Pilihan:\n"
" -a\tmerujuk ke aray index variabel\n"
" -A\tmerujuk ke variabel aray assosiasi\n"
" -f\tmerujuk ke fungsi shell\n"
-" -p\tmenampilkan sebuah daftar dari seluruh variabel dan fungsi baca-"
-"saja\n"
+" -p\tmenampilkan sebuah daftar dari seluruh variabel dan fungsi baca-saja\n"
" \n"
" Sebuah argumen dari `--' menonaktifkan pemrosesan pilihan selanjutnya.\n"
" \n"
" Status Keluar:\n"
-" Mengembalikan sukses kecual sebuah pilihan tidak valid diberikan atau "
-"NAMA tidak valid."
+" Mengembalikan sukses kecual sebuah pilihan tidak valid diberikan atau NAMA tidak valid."
#: builtins.c:1232
msgid ""
#: builtins.c:1244 builtins.c:1260
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Execute commands from a file in the current shell.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Read and execute commands from FILENAME in the current shell. The\n"
+#| " entries in $PATH are used to find the directory containing FILENAME.\n"
+#| " If any ARGUMENTS are supplied, they become the positional parameters\n"
+#| " when FILENAME is executed.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Exit Status:\n"
+#| " Returns the status of the last command executed in FILENAME; fails if\n"
+#| " FILENAME cannot be read."
msgid ""
"Execute commands from a file in the current shell.\n"
" \n"
" -p option is supplied, the PATH argument is treated as a colon-\n"
" separated list of directories to search for FILENAME. If -p is not\n"
" supplied, $PATH is searched to find FILENAME. If any ARGUMENTS are\n"
-" supplied, they become the positional parameters when FILENAME is "
-"executed.\n"
+" supplied, they become the positional parameters when FILENAME is executed.\n"
" \n"
" Exit Status:\n"
" Returns the status of the last command executed in FILENAME; fails if\n"
"Jalankan perintah dari sebuah berkas dalam shell sekarang.\n"
" \n"
" Baca dan jalankan perintah dari FILENAME dan kembali. Nama jalur dalam\n"
-" $PATH digunakan untuk mencari direktori yang berisi NAMABERKAS. Jika "
-"salah satu\n"
+" $PATH digunakan untuk mencari direktori yang berisi NAMABERKAS. Jika salah satu\n"
" dari ARGUMENTS diberikan, mereka menjadi parameter posisi ketika\n"
" NAMABERKAS dijalankan.\n"
" \n"
" Status Keluar:\n"
-" Mengembalikan status dari perintah terakhir yang dijalankan dalam NAMA "
-"BERKAS; gagal jika\n"
+" Mengembalikan status dari perintah terakhir yang dijalankan dalam NAMA BERKAS; gagal jika\n"
" NAMA BERKAS tidak dapat dibaca."
#: builtins.c:1277
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Suspend shell execution.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a SIGCONT signal.\n"
+#| " Unless forced, login shells cannot be suspended.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Options:\n"
+#| " -f\tforce the suspend, even if the shell is a login shell\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Exit Status:\n"
+#| " Returns success unless job control is not enabled or an error occurs."
msgid ""
"Suspend shell execution.\n"
" \n"
" Kecuali dipaksa, login shell tidak dapat disuspend.\n"
" \n"
" Pilihan:\n"
-" -f\tpaksa untuk suspend, walaupun jika shell adalah sebuah login "
-"shell\n"
+" -f\tpaksa untuk suspend, walaupun jika shell adalah sebuah login shell\n"
" \n"
" Status Keluar:\n"
-" Mengembalikan sukses kecuali pengontrol pekerjaan tidak aktif atau "
-"sebuah error terjadi."
+" Mengembalikan sukses kecuali pengontrol pekerjaan tidak aktif atau sebuah error terjadi."
#: builtins.c:1295
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Evaluate conditional expression.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Exits with a status of 0 (true) or 1 (false) depending on\n"
+#| " the evaluation of EXPR. Expressions may be unary or binary. Unary\n"
+#| " expressions are often used to examine the status of a file. There\n"
+#| " are string operators and numeric comparison operators as well.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " The behavior of test depends on the number of arguments. Read the\n"
+#| " bash manual page for the complete specification.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " File operators:\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " -a FILE True if file exists.\n"
+#| " -b FILE True if file is block special.\n"
+#| " -c FILE True if file is character special.\n"
+#| " -d FILE True if file is a directory.\n"
+#| " -e FILE True if file exists.\n"
+#| " -f FILE True if file exists and is a regular file.\n"
+#| " -g FILE True if file is set-group-id.\n"
+#| " -h FILE True if file is a symbolic link.\n"
+#| " -L FILE True if file is a symbolic link.\n"
+#| " -k FILE True if file has its `sticky' bit set.\n"
+#| " -p FILE True if file is a named pipe.\n"
+#| " -r FILE True if file is readable by you.\n"
+#| " -s FILE True if file exists and is not empty.\n"
+#| " -S FILE True if file is a socket.\n"
+#| " -t FD True if FD is opened on a terminal.\n"
+#| " -u FILE True if the file is set-user-id.\n"
+#| " -w FILE True if the file is writable by you.\n"
+#| " -x FILE True if the file is executable by you.\n"
+#| " -O FILE True if the file is effectively owned by you.\n"
+#| " -G FILE True if the file is effectively owned by your group.\n"
+#| " -N FILE True if the file has been modified since it was last read.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " FILE1 -nt FILE2 True if file1 is newer than file2 (according to\n"
+#| " modification date).\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " FILE1 -ot FILE2 True if file1 is older than file2.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " FILE1 -ef FILE2 True if file1 is a hard link to file2.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " String operators:\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " -z STRING True if string is empty.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " -n STRING\n"
+#| " STRING True if string is not empty.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " STRING1 = STRING2\n"
+#| " True if the strings are equal.\n"
+#| " STRING1 != STRING2\n"
+#| " True if the strings are not equal.\n"
+#| " STRING1 < STRING2\n"
+#| " True if STRING1 sorts before STRING2 lexicographically.\n"
+#| " STRING1 > STRING2\n"
+#| " True if STRING1 sorts after STRING2 lexicographically.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Other operators:\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " -o OPTION True if the shell option OPTION is enabled.\n"
+#| " -v VAR\t True if the shell variable VAR is set\n"
+#| " -R VAR\t True if the shell variable VAR is set and is a name reference.\n"
+#| " ! EXPR True if expr is false.\n"
+#| " EXPR1 -a EXPR2 True if both expr1 AND expr2 are true.\n"
+#| " EXPR1 -o EXPR2 True if either expr1 OR expr2 is true.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " arg1 OP arg2 Arithmetic tests. OP is one of -eq, -ne,\n"
+#| " -lt, -le, -gt, or -ge.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Arithmetic binary operators return true if ARG1 is equal, not-equal,\n"
+#| " less-than, less-than-or-equal, greater-than, or greater-than-or-equal\n"
+#| " than ARG2.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Exit Status:\n"
+#| " Returns success if EXPR evaluates to true; fails if EXPR evaluates to\n"
+#| " false or an invalid argument is given."
msgid ""
"Evaluate conditional expression.\n"
" \n"
" -x FILE True if the file is executable by you.\n"
" -O FILE True if the file is effectively owned by you.\n"
" -G FILE True if the file is effectively owned by your group.\n"
-" -N FILE True if the file has been modified since it was last "
-"read.\n"
+" -N FILE True if the file has been modified since it was last read.\n"
" \n"
" FILE1 -nt FILE2 True if file1 is newer than file2 (according to\n"
" modification date).\n"
" STRING1 != STRING2\n"
" True if the strings are not equal.\n"
" STRING1 < STRING2\n"
-" True if STRING1 sorts before STRING2 "
-"lexicographically.\n"
+" True if STRING1 sorts before STRING2 lexicographically.\n"
" STRING1 > STRING2\n"
" True if STRING1 sorts after STRING2 lexicographically.\n"
" \n"
msgstr ""
"Evaluasi ekspresi kondisi.\n"
" \n"
-" Keluar dengan sebuah status dari 0 (benar) atau 1 (salah) tergantung "
-"dari\n"
+" Keluar dengan sebuah status dari 0 (benar) atau 1 (salah) tergantung dari\n"
" evaluasi dari EXPR. Expresi dapat berupa unary atau binary. Unary\n"
" expresi sering digunakan untuk memeriksa status dari sebuah berkas.\n"
" Terdapat operator string juga, dan operator pembanding numerik.\n"
" -c BERKAS Benar jika berkas adalah karakter spesial.\n"
" -d BERKAS Benar jika berkas adalah sebuah direktori.\n"
" -e BERKAS Benar jika berkas ada.\n"
-" -f BERKAS Benar jika berkas ada dan berupa sebuah berkas "
-"regular.\n"
+" -f BERKAS Benar jika berkas ada dan berupa sebuah berkas regular.\n"
" -g BERKAS Benar jika berkas memiliki set-grup-id.\n"
" -h BERKAS Benar jika berkas adalah symbolic link.\n"
" -L BERKAS Benar jika berkas adalah symbolic link.\n"
" -u BERKAS Benar jika berkas memiliki set-user-id.\n"
" -w BERKAS Benar jika berkas dapat ditulis oleh anda.\n"
" -x BERKAS Benar jika berkas dapat dijalankan oleh anda.\n"
-" -O BERKAS Benar jika berkas secara efektif dimiliki oleh "
-"anda.\n"
-" -G BERKAS Benar jika berkas secara efektif dimiliki oleh grup "
-"anda.\n"
-" -N BERKAS Benar jika berkas telah dimodifikasi sejak terakhir "
-"ini dibaca.\n"
+" -O BERKAS Benar jika berkas secara efektif dimiliki oleh anda.\n"
+" -G BERKAS Benar jika berkas secara efektif dimiliki oleh grup anda.\n"
+" -N BERKAS Benar jika berkas telah dimodifikasi sejak terakhir ini dibaca.\n"
" \n"
" FILE1 -nt FILE2 Benar jika file1 lebih baru dari file2 (menurut \n"
" tanggal modifikasi).\n"
" STRING1 != STRING2\n"
" Benar jika string tidak sama.\n"
" STRING1 < STRING2\n"
-" Benar jika STRING1 sorts sebelum STRING2 "
-"lexicographically.\n"
+" Benar jika STRING1 sorts sebelum STRING2 lexicographically.\n"
" STRING1 > STRING2\n"
-" Benar jika STRING1 sorts sesudah STRING2 "
-"lexicographically.\n"
+" Benar jika STRING1 sorts sesudah STRING2 lexicographically.\n"
" \n"
" Operator lain:\n"
" \n"
" -o Pilihan Benar jika pilihan shell OPSI diaktifkan.\n"
" ! EXPR Benar jika expr salah.\n"
" EXPR1 -a EXPR2 Benar jika kedua expr1 dan expr2 adalah benar.\n"
-" EXPR1 -o EXPR2 Benar jika salah satu dari expr1 atau expr2 adalah "
-"benar.\n"
+" EXPR1 -o EXPR2 Benar jika salah satu dari expr1 atau expr2 adalah benar.\n"
" \n"
-" arg1 OP arg2 Pemeriksaan arithmetik. OP adalah salah satu dari -"
-"eq, -ne,\n"
+" arg1 OP arg2 Pemeriksaan arithmetik. OP adalah salah satu dari -eq, -ne,\n"
" -lt, -le, -gt, atau -ge.\n"
" \n"
-" Arithmetic binary operator mengembalikan benar jika ARG1 adalah "
-"equal, not-equal,\n"
-" less-than, less-than-or-equal, greater-than, atau greater-than-or-"
-"equal\n"
+" Arithmetic binary operator mengembalikan benar jika ARG1 adalah equal, not-equal,\n"
+" less-than, less-than-or-equal, greater-than, atau greater-than-or-equal\n"
" than ARG2.\n"
" \n"
" Status Keluar:\n"
-" Mengembalikan sukses jika EKSPR mengevaluasi ke benar; gagal jika "
-"EXPR mengevaluasi ke\n"
+" Mengembalikan sukses jika EKSPR mengevaluasi ke benar; gagal jika EXPR mengevaluasi ke\n"
" salah atau sebuah argumen tidak valid diberikan."
#: builtins.c:1377
msgid ""
"Display process times.\n"
" \n"
-" Prints the accumulated user and system times for the shell and all of "
-"its\n"
+" Prints the accumulated user and system times for the shell and all of its\n"
" child processes.\n"
" \n"
" Exit Status:\n"
msgstr ""
"Tampilkan waktu pemrosesan.\n"
" \n"
-" Tampilkan akumulasi waktu penggunaan pengguna dan sistem untuk shell dan "
-"seluruh proses dari\n"
+" Tampilkan akumulasi waktu penggunaan pengguna dan sistem untuk shell dan seluruh proses dari\n"
" anaknya.\n"
" \n"
" Status Keluar:\n"
#: builtins.c:1398
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Trap signals and other events.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Defines and activates handlers to be run when the shell receives signals\n"
+#| " or other conditions.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " ARG is a command to be read and executed when the shell receives the\n"
+#| " signal(s) SIGNAL_SPEC. If ARG is absent (and a single SIGNAL_SPEC\n"
+#| " is supplied) or `-', each specified signal is reset to its original\n"
+#| " value. If ARG is the null string each SIGNAL_SPEC is ignored by the\n"
+#| " shell and by the commands it invokes.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " If a SIGNAL_SPEC is EXIT (0) ARG is executed on exit from the shell. If\n"
+#| " a SIGNAL_SPEC is DEBUG, ARG is executed before every simple command. If\n"
+#| " a SIGNAL_SPEC is RETURN, ARG is executed each time a shell function or a\n"
+#| " script run by the . or source builtins finishes executing. A SIGNAL_SPEC\n"
+#| " of ERR means to execute ARG each time a command's failure would cause the\n"
+#| " shell to exit when the -e option is enabled.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " If no arguments are supplied, trap prints the list of commands associated\n"
+#| " with each signal.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Options:\n"
+#| " -l\tprint a list of signal names and their corresponding numbers\n"
+#| " -p\tdisplay the trap commands associated with each SIGNAL_SPEC\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Each SIGNAL_SPEC is either a signal name in <signal.h> or a signal number.\n"
+#| " Signal names are case insensitive and the SIG prefix is optional. A\n"
+#| " signal may be sent to the shell with \"kill -signal $$\".\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Exit Status:\n"
+#| " Returns success unless a SIGSPEC is invalid or an invalid option is given."
msgid ""
"Trap signals and other events.\n"
" \n"
-" Defines and activates handlers to be run when the shell receives "
-"signals\n"
+" Defines and activates handlers to be run when the shell receives signals\n"
" or other conditions.\n"
" \n"
" ACTION is a command to be read and executed when the shell receives the\n"
" shell and by the commands it invokes.\n"
" \n"
" If a SIGNAL_SPEC is EXIT (0) ACTION is executed on exit from the shell.\n"
-" If a SIGNAL_SPEC is DEBUG, ACTION is executed before every simple "
-"command\n"
+" If a SIGNAL_SPEC is DEBUG, ACTION is executed before every simple command\n"
" and selected other commands. If a SIGNAL_SPEC is RETURN, ACTION is\n"
" executed each time a shell function or a script run by the . or source\n"
-" builtins finishes executing. A SIGNAL_SPEC of ERR means to execute "
-"ACTION\n"
+" builtins finishes executing. A SIGNAL_SPEC of ERR means to execute ACTION\n"
" each time a command's failure would cause the shell to exit when the -e\n"
" option is enabled.\n"
" \n"
-" If no arguments are supplied, trap prints the list of commands "
-"associated\n"
+" If no arguments are supplied, trap prints the list of commands associated\n"
" with each trapped signal in a form that may be reused as shell input to\n"
" restore the same signal dispositions.\n"
" \n"
" -p\tdisplay the trap commands associated with each SIGNAL_SPEC in a\n"
" \t\tform that may be reused as shell input; or for all trapped\n"
" \t\tsignals if no arguments are supplied\n"
-" -P\tdisplay the trap commands associated with each SIGNAL_SPEC. At "
-"least\n"
+" -P\tdisplay the trap commands associated with each SIGNAL_SPEC. At least\n"
" \t\tone SIGNAL_SPEC must be supplied. -P and -p cannot be used\n"
" \t\ttogether.\n"
" \n"
-" Each SIGNAL_SPEC is either a signal name in <signal.h> or a signal "
-"number.\n"
+" Each SIGNAL_SPEC is either a signal name in <signal.h> or a signal number.\n"
" Signal names are case insensitive and the SIG prefix is optional. A\n"
" signal may be sent to the shell with \"kill -signal $$\".\n"
" \n"
" Exit Status:\n"
-" Returns success unless a SIGSPEC is invalid or an invalid option is "
-"given."
+" Returns success unless a SIGSPEC is invalid or an invalid option is given."
msgstr ""
"Tangkap sinyal dan even lainnya.\n"
" \n"
-" Definisikan dan aktivasi handlers yang harus dijalankan ketika shell "
-"menerima sinyal\n"
+" Definisikan dan aktivasi handlers yang harus dijalankan ketika shell menerima sinyal\n"
" atau kondisi lain.\n"
" \n"
" ARG perintah dibaca dan dijalankan ketika shell menerima\n"
" sinyal SIGNAL_SPEC. Jika ARG tidak ada (dan sebuah sinyal SIGNAL_SPEC\n"
-" diberikan) atau `-', setiap sinyal yang dispesifikasikan akan direset "
-"kenilai\n"
-" original. Jika ARG adalah string kosong untuk setiap SIGNAL_SPEC "
-"diabaikan oleh\n"
+" diberikan) atau `-', setiap sinyal yang dispesifikasikan akan direset kenilai\n"
+" original. Jika ARG adalah string kosong untuk setiap SIGNAL_SPEC diabaikan oleh\n"
" shell dan oleh perintah yang dipanggil.\n"
" \n"
-" Jika sebuah SIGNAL_SPEC adalah EXIT(0) perintah ARG dijalankan pada saat "
-"keluar dari shell. Jika\n"
-" sebuah SIGNAL_SPEC adalah DEBUG, ARG dijalankan setiap perintah "
-"sederhana.\n"
+" Jika sebuah SIGNAL_SPEC adalah EXIT(0) perintah ARG dijalankan pada saat keluar dari shell. Jika\n"
+" sebuah SIGNAL_SPEC adalah DEBUG, ARG dijalankan setiap perintah sederhana.\n"
" \n"
-" Jika tidak ada argumen yang diberikan, trap menampilkan daftar dari "
-"perintah yang berasosiasi\n"
+" Jika tidak ada argumen yang diberikan, trap menampilkan daftar dari perintah yang berasosiasi\n"
" dengan setiap sinyal.\n"
" \n"
" Pilihan:\n"
-" -l\tmenampilkan sebuah daftar dari nama sinyal dan nomor yang "
-"berhubungan\n"
-" -p\tmenampilkan perintah trap yang berasosiasi dengan setiap "
-"SIGNAL_SPEC\n"
+" -l\tmenampilkan sebuah daftar dari nama sinyal dan nomor yang berhubungan\n"
+" -p\tmenampilkan perintah trap yang berasosiasi dengan setiap SIGNAL_SPEC\n"
" \n"
-" Setiap SIGNAL_SPEC yang ada di nama sinyal dalam <signal.h> atau nomor "
-"sinyal. Nama sinyal\n"
+" Setiap SIGNAL_SPEC yang ada di nama sinyal dalam <signal.h> atau nomor sinyal. Nama sinyal\n"
" adalah case insensitive dan SIG prefix adalah opsional. sebuah\n"
" sinyal dapat dikirim ke sebuah shell dengan \"kill -signal $$\".\n"
" \n"
" Status Keluar:\n"
-" Mengembalikan sukses kecuali sebuah SIGSPEC adalah tidak valid atau "
-"sebuah pilihan tidak valid diberikan."
+" Mengembalikan sukses kecuali sebuah SIGSPEC adalah tidak valid atau sebuah pilihan tidak valid diberikan."
#: builtins.c:1441
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Display information about command type.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " For each NAME, indicate how it would be interpreted if used as a\n"
+#| " command name.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Options:\n"
+#| " -a\tdisplay all locations containing an executable named NAME;\n"
+#| " \tincludes aliases, builtins, and functions, if and only if\n"
+#| " \tthe `-p' option is not also used\n"
+#| " -f\tsuppress shell function lookup\n"
+#| " -P\tforce a PATH search for each NAME, even if it is an alias,\n"
+#| " \tbuiltin, or function, and returns the name of the disk file\n"
+#| " \tthat would be executed\n"
+#| " -p\treturns either the name of the disk file that would be executed,\n"
+#| " \tor nothing if `type -t NAME' would not return `file'.\n"
+#| " -t\toutput a single word which is one of `alias', `keyword',\n"
+#| " \t`function', `builtin', `file' or `', if NAME is an alias, shell\n"
+#| " \treserved word, shell function, shell builtin, disk file, or not\n"
+#| " \tfound, respectively\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Arguments:\n"
+#| " NAME\tCommand name to be interpreted.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Exit Status:\n"
+#| " Returns success if all of the NAMEs are found; fails if any are not found."
msgid ""
"Display information about command type.\n"
" \n"
" NAME\tCommand name to be interpreted.\n"
" \n"
" Exit Status:\n"
-" Returns success if all of the NAMEs are found; fails if any are not "
-"found."
+" Returns success if all of the NAMEs are found; fails if any are not found."
msgstr ""
"Tampilkan informasi tentang perintah yang diketik.\n"
" \n"
-" Untuk setiap NAMA, indikasikan bagaimana ini akan diinterpretasikan jika "
-"digunakan sebagai sebuah\n"
+" Untuk setiap NAMA, indikasikan bagaimana ini akan diinterpretasikan jika digunakan sebagai sebuah\n"
" nama perintah.\n"
" \n"
" Pilihan:\n"
-" -a\tmenampilkan seluruh lokasi yang berisi sebuah nama NAMA yang dapat "
-"dijalankan;\n"
+" -a\tmenampilkan seluruh lokasi yang berisi sebuah nama NAMA yang dapat dijalankan;\n"
" \tmeliputi aliases, builtins, dan fungsi, jika dan hanya jika\n"
" \tpilihan `-p' juga sedang tidak digunakan\n"
" -f\tmenekan pencarian fungsi shell\n"
-" -P\tmemaksa sebuah JALUR pencarian untuk setiap NAMA, bahkan jika ini "
-"adalah sebuah alias,\n"
+" -P\tmemaksa sebuah JALUR pencarian untuk setiap NAMA, bahkan jika ini adalah sebuah alias,\n"
" \tbuiltin, atau fungsi, dan mengembalikan nama dari berkas disk\n"
" \tyang akan dijalankan\n"
" -p\tmengembalikan baik nama dari berkas disk yang akan dijalankan,\n"
-" \tatau tidak sama sekali jika `type -t NAME' akan mengembalikan "
-"`berkas'.\n"
-" -t\tkeluarkan sebuah kata tunggal yang merupakan salah satu dari "
-"`alias', `keyword',\n"
-" \t`fungsi', `builtin', `berkas', atau `', jika NAMA adalah sebuah alias, "
-"shell\n"
+" \tatau tidak sama sekali jika `type -t NAME' akan mengembalikan `berkas'.\n"
+" -t\tkeluarkan sebuah kata tunggal yang merupakan salah satu dari `alias', `keyword',\n"
+" \t`fungsi', `builtin', `berkas', atau `', jika NAMA adalah sebuah alias, shell\n"
" \treserved word, fungsi shell, builtin shell, berkas disk, atau\n"
" \ttidak ditemukan\n"
" \n"
" NAMA\tNama perintah yang akan diinterpretasikan.\n"
" \n"
" Status Keluar:\n"
-" Mengembalikan sukses jika seluruh dari NAMA ditemukan; gagal jika ada "
-"yang tidak ditemukan."
+" Mengembalikan sukses jika seluruh dari NAMA ditemukan; gagal jika ada yang tidak ditemukan."
#: builtins.c:1472
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Modify shell resource limits.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Provides control over the resources available to the shell and processes\n"
+#| " it creates, on systems that allow such control.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Options:\n"
+#| " -S\tuse the `soft' resource limit\n"
+#| " -H\tuse the `hard' resource limit\n"
+#| " -a\tall current limits are reported\n"
+#| " -b\tthe socket buffer size\n"
+#| " -c\tthe maximum size of core files created\n"
+#| " -d\tthe maximum size of a process's data segment\n"
+#| " -e\tthe maximum scheduling priority (`nice')\n"
+#| " -f\tthe maximum size of files written by the shell and its children\n"
+#| " -i\tthe maximum number of pending signals\n"
+#| " -l\tthe maximum size a process may lock into memory\n"
+#| " -m\tthe maximum resident set size\n"
+#| " -n\tthe maximum number of open file descriptors\n"
+#| " -p\tthe pipe buffer size\n"
+#| " -q\tthe maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues\n"
+#| " -r\tthe maximum real-time scheduling priority\n"
+#| " -s\tthe maximum stack size\n"
+#| " -t\tthe maximum amount of cpu time in seconds\n"
+#| " -u\tthe maximum number of user processes\n"
+#| " -v\tthe size of virtual memory\n"
+#| " -x\tthe maximum number of file locks\n"
+#| " -T the maximum number of threads\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Not all options are available on all platforms.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " If LIMIT is given, it is the new value of the specified resource; the\n"
+#| " special LIMIT values `soft', `hard', and `unlimited' stand for the\n"
+#| " current soft limit, the current hard limit, and no limit, respectively.\n"
+#| " Otherwise, the current value of the specified resource is printed. If\n"
+#| " no option is given, then -f is assumed.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for -t, which is in seconds,\n"
+#| " -p, which is in increments of 512 bytes, and -u, which is an unscaled\n"
+#| " number of processes.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Exit Status:\n"
+#| " Returns success unless an invalid option is supplied or an error occurs."
msgid ""
"Modify shell resource limits.\n"
" \n"
-" Provides control over the resources available to the shell and "
-"processes\n"
+" Provides control over the resources available to the shell and processes\n"
" it creates, on systems that allow such control.\n"
" \n"
" Options:\n"
"Modifikasi batas sumber daya shell.\n"
" \n"
" memberikan kontrol terhadap sarana yang tersedia untuk proses\n"
-" yang dimulai oleh shell, dalam sistem yang mengijinkan untuk kontrol "
-"tersebut.\n"
+" yang dimulai oleh shell, dalam sistem yang mengijinkan untuk kontrol tersebut.\n"
" \n"
" Pilihan:\n"
" -S\tgunakan `soft' batas sarana\n"
" -v\tukuran dari memori virtual\n"
" -x\tjumlah maksimum dari berkas pengunci\n"
" \n"
-" Jika BATAS diberikan, maka nilai baru yang dispesifikasikan untuk "
-"sarana;\n"
+" Jika BATAS diberikan, maka nilai baru yang dispesifikasikan untuk sarana;\n"
" nilai spesial LIMIT `soft', `hard', dan `unlimited' berarti untuk\n"
-" soft limit saat ini, jika hard limit saat ini dan no limit, "
-"respectively.\n"
-" Jika tidak, nilai sekarang dari sarana yang dispesifikasikan "
-"ditampilkan.\n"
+" soft limit saat ini, jika hard limit saat ini dan no limit, respectively.\n"
+" Jika tidak, nilai sekarang dari sarana yang dispesifikasikan ditampilkan.\n"
" Jika tidak ada pilihan yang diberikan, maka -f diasumsikan.\n"
" \n"
-" Nilai adalah dalam 1024-byte increments, kecuali untuk -t, yang berarti "
-"dalam detik\n"
-" -p, yang berarti increment dalam 512 bytes, dan -u, yang berarti "
-"unscaled dari\n"
+" Nilai adalah dalam 1024-byte increments, kecuali untuk -t, yang berarti dalam detik\n"
+" -p, yang berarti increment dalam 512 bytes, dan -u, yang berarti unscaled dari\n"
" jumlah proses.\n"
" \n"
" Status Keluar:\n"
-" Mengembalikan sukses kecuali sebuah pilihan tidak valid diberikan atau "
-"sebuah error terjadi."
+" Mengembalikan sukses kecuali sebuah pilihan tidak valid diberikan atau sebuah error terjadi."
#: builtins.c:1527
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Tampilkan atau set mask mode dari berkas.\n"
" \n"
-" Set pembuatan berkas pengguna mask dengan MODE. Jika MODE diabaikan, "
-"tampilkan\n"
+" Set pembuatan berkas pengguna mask dengan MODE. Jika MODE diabaikan, tampilkan\n"
" nilai dari mask sekarang.\n"
" \n"
-" Jika MODE diawali dengan sebuah digit, ini diinterpretasikan sebagai "
-"sebuah bilangan oktal;\n"
-" jika tidak ini adalah sebuah mode simbolik seperti yang diterima oleh "
-"chmod(1).\n"
+" Jika MODE diawali dengan sebuah digit, ini diinterpretasikan sebagai sebuah bilangan oktal;\n"
+" jika tidak ini adalah sebuah mode simbolik seperti yang diterima oleh chmod(1).\n"
" \n"
" Pilihan:\n"
-" -p\tjika MODE diabaikan, keluarkan dalam sebuah format yang bisa "
-"digunakan sebagai masukan\n"
-" -S\tmembuat keluaran simbolik; jika tidak sebuah bilangan oktal adalah "
-"keluarannya\n"
+" -p\tjika MODE diabaikan, keluarkan dalam sebuah format yang bisa digunakan sebagai masukan\n"
+" -S\tmembuat keluaran simbolik; jika tidak sebuah bilangan oktal adalah keluarannya\n"
" \n"
" Status Keluar:\n"
-" Mengembalikan sukses kecuali MODE tidak valid atau sebuah pilihan tidak "
-"valid diberikan."
+" Mengembalikan sukses kecuali MODE tidak valid atau sebuah pilihan tidak valid diberikan."
#: builtins.c:1547
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Wait for job completion and return exit status.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Waits for each process identified by an ID, which may be a process ID or a\n"
+#| " job specification, and reports its termination status. If ID is not\n"
+#| " given, waits for all currently active child processes, and the return\n"
+#| " status is zero. If ID is a a job specification, waits for all processes\n"
+#| " in that job's pipeline.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " If the -n option is supplied, waits for the next job to terminate and\n"
+#| " returns its exit status.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Exit Status:\n"
+#| " Returns the status of the last ID; fails if ID is invalid or an invalid\n"
+#| " option is given."
msgid ""
"Wait for job completion and return exit status.\n"
" \n"
-" Waits for each process identified by an ID, which may be a process ID or "
-"a\n"
+" Waits for each process identified by an ID, which may be a process ID or a\n"
" job specification, and reports its termination status. If ID is not\n"
" given, waits for all currently active child processes, and the return\n"
" status is zero. If ID is a job specification, waits for all processes\n"
" in that job's pipeline.\n"
" \n"
-" If the -n option is supplied, waits for a single job from the list of "
-"IDs,\n"
-" or, if no IDs are supplied, for the next job to complete and returns "
-"its\n"
+" If the -n option is supplied, waits for a single job from the list of IDs,\n"
+" or, if no IDs are supplied, for the next job to complete and returns its\n"
" exit status.\n"
" \n"
" If the -p option is supplied, the process or job identifier of the job\n"
" for which the exit status is returned is assigned to the variable VAR\n"
-" named by the option argument. The variable will be unset initially, "
-"before\n"
+" named by the option argument. The variable will be unset initially, before\n"
" any assignment. This is useful only when the -n option is supplied.\n"
" \n"
" If the -f option is supplied, and job control is enabled, waits for the\n"
msgstr ""
"Tunggu untuk penyelesaian pekerjaan dan kembalikan status keluar.\n"
" \n"
-" Tunggu untuk proses yang diidentifikasikan oleh ID, yang mungkin sebuah "
-"proses ID atau sebuah\n"
+" Tunggu untuk proses yang diidentifikasikan oleh ID, yang mungkin sebuah proses ID atau sebuah\n"
" spesifikasi pekerjaan, dan laporkan status selesainya. Jika ID tidak\n"
-" diberikan, tunggu untuk seluruh proses anak yang aktif, dan status "
-"kembalian\n"
-" adalah nol. Jika ID adalah sebuah spesifikasi pekerjaan, tunggu untuk "
-"seluruh proses\n"
+" diberikan, tunggu untuk seluruh proses anak yang aktif, dan status kembalian\n"
+" adalah nol. Jika ID adalah sebuah spesifikasi pekerjaan, tunggu untuk seluruh proses\n"
" dalam pipeline pekerjaan.\n"
" \n"
" Status Keluar:\n"
-" Mengembalikan status dari ID; gagal jika ID tidak valid atau sebuah "
-"pilihan tidak\n"
+" Mengembalikan status dari ID; gagal jika ID tidak valid atau sebuah pilihan tidak\n"
" valid diberikan."
#: builtins.c:1578
msgid ""
"Wait for process completion and return exit status.\n"
" \n"
-" Waits for each process specified by a PID and reports its termination "
-"status.\n"
+" Waits for each process specified by a PID and reports its termination status.\n"
" If PID is not given, waits for all currently active child processes,\n"
" and the return status is zero. PID must be a process ID.\n"
" \n"
" Exit Status:\n"
-" Returns the status of the last PID; fails if PID is invalid or an "
-"invalid\n"
+" Returns the status of the last PID; fails if PID is invalid or an invalid\n"
" option is given."
msgstr ""
"Tunggu untuk penyelesaian proses dan kembalikan status keluar.\n"
" \n"
-" Tunggu untuk proses yang dispesifikasikan dan laporkan status "
-"selesainya. Jika\n"
+" Tunggu untuk proses yang dispesifikasikan dan laporkan status selesainya. Jika\n"
" PID tidak diberikan, maka semua aktif proses anak ditunggu,\n"
" dan kode kembalian adalah nol. PID dapat berupa proses ID.\n"
" \n"
" Status Keluar:\n"
-" Mengembalikan status dari ID; gagal jika ID tidak valid atau sebuah "
-"pilihan tidak valid\n"
+" Mengembalikan status dari ID; gagal jika ID tidak valid atau sebuah pilihan tidak valid\n"
" diberikan."
#: builtins.c:1593
" Exit Status:\n"
" The logical negation of PIPELINE's return status."
msgstr ""
+"Jalankan PIPELINE, yang dapat berupa sebuah perintah sederhana, dan negasikan PIPELINE's\n"
+" status kembali.\n"
+" \n"
+" Status Keluar:\n"
+" Negasi logika dari PIPELINE's status kembali."
#: builtins.c:1603
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Jalankan perintah untuk setiap anggota dalam sebuah daftar.\n"
" \n"
-" `for' loop menjalankan urutan dari perintah untuk setiap anggota dalam "
-"sebuah\n"
+" `for' loop menjalankan urutan dari perintah untuk setiap anggota dalam sebuah\n"
" daftar dari items. Jika `in KATA ...;' tidak ada, maka `in \"$@\"' yang\n"
-" menjadi asumsi. Untuk setiap elemen dalam KATA, NAMA di set untuk elemen "
-"tersebut, dan\n"
+" menjadi asumsi. Untuk setiap elemen dalam KATA, NAMA di set untuk elemen tersebut, dan\n"
" PERINTAH dijalankan.\n"
" \n"
" Status Keluar:\n"
" \n"
" WORDS diexpand, menghasilkan daftar dari kata.\n"
" set dari kata yang diexpand ditampilkan dalam standar error, setiap\n"
-" keluaran diawali dengan sebuah nomor. Jika `in WORDS' tidak ada, `in "
-"\"$@\"'\n"
+" keluaran diawali dengan sebuah nomor. Jika `in WORDS' tidak ada, `in \"$@\"'\n"
" diasumsikan. Kemudian PS3 prompt ditampilkan dan sebuah baris dibaca\n"
" dari standar masukan. Jika baris berisi dari nomor yang\n"
" berhubungan dengan salah sata kata yang ditampilkan, maka NAMA diset\n"
" ke WORD tersebut. Jika baris kosong, WORDS dan prompt\n"
-" ditampilkan kembali. Jika EOF dibaca, perintah selesai. Baris yang "
-"dibaca disimpan\n"
+" ditampilkan kembali. Jika EOF dibaca, perintah selesai. Baris yang dibaca disimpan\n"
" dalam variabel REPLY. PERINTAH dijalankan setelah setiap seleksi\n"
" sampai perintah break dijalankan.\n"
" \n"
msgstr ""
"Melaporkan waktu yang dihabiskan dalam menjalan eksekusi pipeline.\n"
" \n"
-" Jalankan PIPELINE dan tampilkan ringkasan dari real time, user CPU "
-"time,\n"
-" dan sistem CPU time yang dihabiskan dalam menjalankan PIPELINE ketika "
-"ini selesai.\n"
+" Jalankan PIPELINE dan tampilkan ringkasan dari real time, user CPU time,\n"
+" dan sistem CPU time yang dihabiskan dalam menjalankan PIPELINE ketika ini selesai.\n"
" \n"
" Pilihan:\n"
" -p\tmenampilkan ringkasan waktu dalam format portable Posix\n"
msgstr ""
"Menjalankan perintah berdasarkan pencocokan pola.\n"
" \n"
-" Secara selektif menjalankan PERINTAH berdasarkan dari KATA yang cocok "
-"dengan POLA.\n"
+" Secara selektif menjalankan PERINTAH berdasarkan dari KATA yang cocok dengan POLA.\n"
" `|' digunakan untuk memisahkan beberapa pola. \n"
" Status Keluar:\n"
" Mengembalikan setatus dari perintah terakhir yang dijalankan."
msgid ""
"Execute commands based on conditional.\n"
" \n"
-" The `if COMMANDS' list is executed. If its exit status is zero, then "
-"the\n"
-" `then COMMANDS' list is executed. Otherwise, each `elif COMMANDS' list "
-"is\n"
+" The `if COMMANDS' list is executed. If its exit status is zero, then the\n"
+" `then COMMANDS' list is executed. Otherwise, each `elif COMMANDS' list is\n"
" executed in turn, and if its exit status is zero, the corresponding\n"
-" `then COMMANDS' list is executed and the if command completes. "
-"Otherwise,\n"
-" the `else COMMANDS' list is executed, if present. The exit status of "
-"the\n"
-" entire construct is the exit status of the last command executed, or "
-"zero\n"
+" `then COMMANDS' list is executed and the if command completes. Otherwise,\n"
+" the `else COMMANDS' list is executed, if present. The exit status of the\n"
+" entire construct is the exit status of the last command executed, or zero\n"
" if no condition tested true.\n"
" \n"
" Exit Status:\n"
msgstr ""
"Menjalankan perintah berdasarkan kondisi.\n"
" \n"
-" Daftar `if PERINTAH' dijalankan. Jika ini memberikan status keluaran "
-"nol, maka\n"
-" daftar `then PERINTAH' dijalankan. Jika tidak, setiap daftar dari `elif "
-"PERINTAH' \n"
-" dijalankan satu satu, dan jika ini memberikan status keluaran nol, untuk "
-"setiap\n"
-" daftar dari `then PERINTAH' yang dijalankan maka perintah `if' selesai. "
-"Jika tidak,\n"
+" Daftar `if PERINTAH' dijalankan. Jika ini memberikan status keluaran nol, maka\n"
+" daftar `then PERINTAH' dijalankan. Jika tidak, setiap daftar dari `elif PERINTAH' \n"
+" dijalankan satu satu, dan jika ini memberikan status keluaran nol, untuk setiap\n"
+" daftar dari `then PERINTAH' yang dijalankan maka perintah `if' selesai. Jika tidak,\n"
" daftar `else PERINTAH' dijalankan, jika ada. Status keluaran dari \n"
-" seluruh construct adalah status keluaran dari perintah terakhir yang "
-"dijalankan, atau nol\n"
+" seluruh construct adalah status keluaran dari perintah terakhir yang dijalankan, atau nol\n"
" jika tidak ada kondisi yang diperiksa benar.\n"
" \n"
" Status Keluar:\n"
#: builtins.c:1702
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Execute commands as long as a test succeeds.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Expand and execute COMMANDS as long as the final command in the\n"
+#| " `while' COMMANDS has an exit status of zero.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Exit Status:\n"
+#| " Returns the status of the last command executed."
msgid ""
"Execute commands as long as a test succeeds.\n"
" \n"
-" Expand and execute COMMANDS-2 as long as the final command in COMMANDS "
-"has\n"
+" Expand and execute COMMANDS-2 as long as the final command in COMMANDS has\n"
" an exit status of zero.\n"
" \n"
" Exit Status:\n"
#: builtins.c:1714
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Execute commands as long as a test does not succeed.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Expand and execute COMMANDS as long as the final command in the\n"
+#| " `until' COMMANDS has an exit status which is not zero.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Exit Status:\n"
+#| " Returns the status of the last command executed."
msgid ""
"Execute commands as long as a test does not succeed.\n"
" \n"
-" Expand and execute COMMANDS-2 as long as the final command in COMMANDS "
-"has\n"
+" Expand and execute COMMANDS-2 as long as the final command in COMMANDS has\n"
" an exit status which is not zero.\n"
" \n"
" Exit Status:\n"
"Define shell function.\n"
" \n"
" Create a shell function named NAME. When invoked as a simple command,\n"
-" NAME runs COMMANDs in the calling shell's context. When NAME is "
-"invoked,\n"
+" NAME runs COMMANDs in the calling shell's context. When NAME is invoked,\n"
" the arguments are passed to the function as $1...$n, and the function's\n"
" name is in $FUNCNAME.\n"
" \n"
msgstr ""
"Definisikan fungsi shell.\n"
" \n"
-" Buat sebuah fungsi shell dengan nama NAMA. Ketika dipanggil sebagai "
-"sebuah perintah sederhana,\n"
-" NAMA menjalankan PERINTAH dalam context shell pemanggil. Ketika NAMA "
-"dipanggil,\n"
+" Buat sebuah fungsi shell dengan nama NAMA. Ketika dipanggil sebagai sebuah perintah sederhana,\n"
+" NAMA menjalankan PERINTAH dalam context shell pemanggil. Ketika NAMA dipanggil,\n"
" argumen dilewatkan ke fungsi sebagai $1...$n, dan nama fungsi\n"
" dalam $FUNCNAME.\n"
" \n"
msgstr ""
"Grup perintah sebagai sebuah unit.\n"
" \n"
-" Jalankan sebuah set dari perintah dalam grup. Ini adalah salah satu cara "
-"untuk meredirect\n"
+" Jalankan sebuah set dari perintah dalam grup. Ini adalah salah satu cara untuk meredirect\n"
" seluruh set dari perintah.\n"
" \n"
" Status Keluar:\n"
"Melanjutkan pekerjaan dalam foreground.\n"
" \n"
" Sama dengan JOB_SPEC argumen untuk perintah `fg'. Melanjutkan sebuah\n"
-" pekerjaan yang telah berhenti atau menjadi background. JOB_SPEC dapat "
-"dispesifikasikan dengan nama job\n"
-" atau nomor job. JOB_SPEC diikuti dengan sebuah `&' menempatkan job "
-"dalam\n"
-" background, seperti dalam spesifikasi pekerjaan yang telah "
-"dispesifikasikan sebagai sebuah\n"
+" pekerjaan yang telah berhenti atau menjadi background. JOB_SPEC dapat dispesifikasikan dengan nama job\n"
+" atau nomor job. JOB_SPEC diikuti dengan sebuah `&' menempatkan job dalam\n"
+" background, seperti dalam spesifikasi pekerjaan yang telah dispesifikasikan sebagai sebuah\n"
" argumen untuk `bg'.\n"
" \n"
" Status Keluar:\n"
msgid ""
"Execute conditional command.\n"
" \n"
-" Returns a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of the "
-"conditional\n"
-" expression EXPRESSION. Expressions are composed of the same primaries "
-"used\n"
-" by the `test' builtin, and may be combined using the following "
-"operators:\n"
+" Returns a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of the conditional\n"
+" expression EXPRESSION. Expressions are composed of the same primaries used\n"
+" by the `test' builtin, and may be combined using the following operators:\n"
" \n"
" ( EXPRESSION )\tReturns the value of EXPRESSION\n"
" ! EXPRESSION\t\tTrue if EXPRESSION is false; else false\n"
"Menjalankan perintah kondisional.\n"
" \n"
" Mengembalikan sebuah status dari 0 atau 1 tergantung dari evaluasi dari\n"
-" kondisi expresi EXPRESI. Expresi disusun dari primari yang sama dari "
-"yang digunakan\n"
-" oleh `test' builtin, dan boleh dikombinasikan dengan menggunakan "
-"operator berikut\n"
+" kondisi expresi EXPRESI. Expresi disusun dari primari yang sama dari yang digunakan\n"
+" oleh `test' builtin, dan boleh dikombinasikan dengan menggunakan operator berikut\n"
" \n"
" ( EXPRESI )\tMengembalikan nilai dari EXPRESI\n"
-" ! EXPRESI\t\tBenar jika kedua EXPR1 dan EXPR2 adalah benar; selain itu "
-"salah\n"
-" EXPR1 && EXPR2\tBenar jika kedua EXPR1 dan EXPR2 adalah benar; selain "
-"itu salah\n"
-" EXPR1 || EXPR2\tBenar jika salah satu EXPR1 atau EXPR2 adalah benar; "
-"selain itu salah\n"
-" \n"
-" Ketika operator `==' dan `!=' digunakan, string yang disebelah kanan "
-"dari \n"
-" operator yang digunakan sebagai sebuah pola dan pencocokan pola "
-"dilakukan.\n"
+" ! EXPRESI\t\tBenar jika kedua EXPR1 dan EXPR2 adalah benar; selain itu salah\n"
+" EXPR1 && EXPR2\tBenar jika kedua EXPR1 dan EXPR2 adalah benar; selain itu salah\n"
+" EXPR1 || EXPR2\tBenar jika salah satu EXPR1 atau EXPR2 adalah benar; selain itu salah\n"
+" \n"
+" Ketika operator `==' dan `!=' digunakan, string yang disebelah kanan dari \n"
+" operator yang digunakan sebagai sebuah pola dan pencocokan pola dilakukan.\n"
" Ketika operator `=~' digunakan, string yang dikanan dari operator\n"
" dicocokan sebagai sebuah ekspresi regular.\n"
" \n"
-" Operator && dan || tidak mengevaluasi EXPR2 jika EXPR1 tidak mencukupi "
-"untuk\n"
+" Operator && dan || tidak mengevaluasi EXPR2 jika EXPR1 tidak mencukupi untuk\n"
" menentukan nilai dari expresi.\n"
" \n"
" Status Keluar:\n"
"Nama variabel shell umum dan penggunaannya.\n"
" \n"
" BASH_VERSION\tInformasi versi dari Bash ini.\n"
-" CDPATH\tSebuah daftar yang dipisahkan oleh titik dua dari direktori "
-"untuk mencari\n"
+" CDPATH\tSebuah daftar yang dipisahkan oleh titik dua dari direktori untuk mencari\n"
" \t\tdirektori yang diberikan sebagai argumen untuk `cd'.\n"
-" GLOBIGNORE\tSebuah daftar pola yang dipisahkan dengan titik dua "
-"menjelaskan nama berkas yang\n"
+" GLOBIGNORE\tSebuah daftar pola yang dipisahkan dengan titik dua menjelaskan nama berkas yang\n"
" \t\tdiabaikan oleh pathname expansion.\n"
" HISTFILE\tNama dari berkas dimana sejara perintah anda disimpan.\n"
" HISTFILESIZE\tJumlah maksimum dari baris dimana berkas ini berisi.\n"
" \t\tdari jumlah karakter EOF yang bisa diterima\n"
" \t\tdalam sebuah baris dalam baris kosong sebelum shell keluar\n"
" \t\t(default 10). Ketika diunset, EOF menandakan akhir dari masukan.\n"
-" MACHTYPE\tSebuah kata yang menjelaskan system yang berjalan ketika Bash "
-"berjalan.\n"
+" MACHTYPE\tSebuah kata yang menjelaskan system yang berjalan ketika Bash berjalan.\n"
" MAILCHECK\tSeberapa sering, dalam detik, Bash memeriksa pesan baru.\n"
-" MAILPATH\tDaftar dari nama berkas yang dipisahkan oleh titik-dua dimana "
-"Bash memeriksa\n"
+" MAILPATH\tDaftar dari nama berkas yang dipisahkan oleh titik-dua dimana Bash memeriksa\n"
" \t\tpesan baru.\n"
" OSTYPE\tVersi Unix dari Versi Bash yang sedang berjalan.\n"
-" PATH\tDaftar direktori yang dipisahkan oleh titik-dua untuk mencari "
-"ketika\n"
+" PATH\tDaftar direktori yang dipisahkan oleh titik-dua untuk mencari ketika\n"
" \t\tmencari perintah.\n"
-" PROMPT_COMMAND\tSebuah perintah yang dijalankan sebelum menampilkan "
-"setiap\n"
+" PROMPT_COMMAND\tSebuah perintah yang dijalankan sebelum menampilkan setiap\n"
" \t\tmasukan utama.\n"
" PS1\t\tKata prompt utama.\n"
" PS2\t\tKata prompt kedua.\n"
" TERM\tNama dari tipe terminal sekarang.\n"
" TIMEFORMAT\tFormat keluaran dari statistik waktu yang ditampilkan oleh\n"
" \t\t`time' kata yang direserved.\n"
-" auto_resume\tTidak kosong berarti sebuah kata perintah akan munncul di "
-"sebuah baris dengan\n"
+" auto_resume\tTidak kosong berarti sebuah kata perintah akan munncul di sebuah baris dengan\n"
" \t\tsendirinya adalah pertama dicari dalam daftar dari\n"
-" \t\tpekerjaan yang terhenti sekarang. Jika ditemukan disana, maka "
-"pekerjaan intu di foregroundkan.\n"
+" \t\tpekerjaan yang terhenti sekarang. Jika ditemukan disana, maka pekerjaan intu di foregroundkan.\n"
" \t\tNila dari `exact' berarti kata perintah harus\n"
-" \t\tcocok secara tepat dalam daftar dari pekerjaan yang terhenti. "
-"Sebuah\n"
+" \t\tcocok secara tepat dalam daftar dari pekerjaan yang terhenti. Sebuah\n"
" \t\tNila dari `substring' berarti bahwa kata perintah harus cocok\n"
" \t\tdengan substring dari pekerjaan. Nilai yang lain berarti\n"
" \t\tperintah harus diawali dari sebuah pekerjaan yang terhenti.\n"
" \t\tpengganti sejarah, biasanya `!'. Karakter kedua\n"
" \t\tdari `quick substitution', biasanya `^'. Karakter\n"
" \t\tketiga adalah karakter `history comment'. biasanya `#',\n"
-" HISTIGNORE\tSebuah daftar pola yang dipisahkan oleh titik dua yang "
-"digunakan untuk menentukan dimana\n"
+" HISTIGNORE\tSebuah daftar pola yang dipisahkan oleh titik dua yang digunakan untuk menentukan dimana\n"
" \t\tperintah seharusnya disimpan dalam daftar sejarah.\n"
#: builtins.c:1876
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Add directories to stack.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates\n"
+#| " the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working\n"
+#| " directory. With no arguments, exchanges the top two directories.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Options:\n"
+#| " -n\tSuppresses the normal change of directory when adding\n"
+#| " \tdirectories to the stack, so only the stack is manipulated.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Arguments:\n"
+#| " +N\tRotates the stack so that the Nth directory (counting\n"
+#| " \tfrom the left of the list shown by `dirs', starting with\n"
+#| " \tzero) is at the top.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " -N\tRotates the stack so that the Nth directory (counting\n"
+#| " \tfrom the right of the list shown by `dirs', starting with\n"
+#| " \tzero) is at the top.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " dir\tAdds DIR to the directory stack at the top, making it the\n"
+#| " \tnew current working directory.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " The `dirs' builtin displays the directory stack.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Exit Status:\n"
+#| " Returns success unless an invalid argument is supplied or the directory\n"
+#| " change fails."
msgid ""
"Add directories to stack.\n"
" \n"
" Tanpa argumen, menukar top dari dua direktori.\n"
" \n"
" Pilihan:\n"
-" -n\tmenekan perubahan normal dari direktori ketika menambahkan "
-"direktori\n"
+" -n\tmenekan perubahan normal dari direktori ketika menambahkan direktori\n"
" \tke stack, jadi hanya stack yang dimanipulasi.\n"
" \n"
" Argumen:\n"
" Builtin `dirs' menampilkan direktori stack.\n"
" \n"
" Status Keluar:\n"
-" Mengembalikan sukses kecuali ada sebuah argumen tidak valid diberikan "
-"atau pemindahan\n"
+" Mengembalikan sukses kecuali ada sebuah argumen tidak valid diberikan atau pemindahan\n"
" direktori gagal."
#: builtins.c:1910
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Remove directories from stack.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments, removes\n"
+#| " the top directory from the stack, and changes to the new top directory.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Options:\n"
+#| " -n\tSuppresses the normal change of directory when removing\n"
+#| " \tdirectories from the stack, so only the stack is manipulated.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Arguments:\n"
+#| " +N\tRemoves the Nth entry counting from the left of the list\n"
+#| " \tshown by `dirs', starting with zero. For example: `popd +0'\n"
+#| " \tremoves the first directory, `popd +1' the second.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " -N\tRemoves the Nth entry counting from the right of the list\n"
+#| " \tshown by `dirs', starting with zero. For example: `popd -0'\n"
+#| " \tremoves the last directory, `popd -1' the next to last.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " The `dirs' builtin displays the directory stack.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Exit Status:\n"
+#| " Returns success unless an invalid argument is supplied or the directory\n"
+#| " change fails."
msgid ""
"Remove directories from stack.\n"
" \n"
" direktori baru.\n"
" \n"
" Pilihan:\n"
-" -n\tmenekan perubahan normal dari direktori ketika menghapus "
-"direktori\n"
+" -n\tmenekan perubahan normal dari direktori ketika menghapus direktori\n"
" \tdari stack, jadi hanya stack yang dimanipulasi.\n"
" \n"
" Argumen:\n"
" +N\tmenghapus masukan ke N dihitung dari kiri dari daftar\n"
-" \tyang ditampilkan oleh `dirs', dimulai dari nol. Sebagai contoh: `popd "
-"+0'\n"
+" \tyang ditampilkan oleh `dirs', dimulai dari nol. Sebagai contoh: `popd +0'\n"
" \tmenghapus direktori terakhir, `popd +1' sebelum terakhir.\n"
" \n"
" -N\tmenghapus masukan ke N dihitung dari kanan dari daftar\n"
-" \tyang ditampilkan oleh `dirs', dimulai dari nol. Sebagai contoh: `popd "
-"-0'\n"
+" \tyang ditampilkan oleh `dirs', dimulai dari nol. Sebagai contoh: `popd -0'\n"
" \tmenghapus direktori terakhir, `popd -1' sebelum terakhir.\n"
" \n"
" Builtin `dirs' menampilkan direktori stack.\n"
" \n"
" Status Keluar:\n"
-" Mengembalikan sukses kecuali ada sebuah argumen tidak valid diberikan "
-"atau pemindahan\n"
+" Mengembalikan sukses kecuali ada sebuah argumen tidak valid diberikan atau pemindahan\n"
" direktori gagal."
#: builtins.c:1940
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Display directory stack.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Display the list of currently remembered directories. Directories\n"
+#| " find their way onto the list with the `pushd' command; you can get\n"
+#| " back up through the list with the `popd' command.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Options:\n"
+#| " -c\tclear the directory stack by deleting all of the elements\n"
+#| " -l\tdo not print tilde-prefixed versions of directories relative\n"
+#| " \tto your home directory\n"
+#| " -p\tprint the directory stack with one entry per line\n"
+#| " -v\tprint the directory stack with one entry per line prefixed\n"
+#| " \twith its position in the stack\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Arguments:\n"
+#| " +N\tDisplays the Nth entry counting from the left of the list shown by\n"
+#| " \tdirs when invoked without options, starting with zero.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " -N\tDisplays the Nth entry counting from the right of the list shown by\n"
+#| " \tdirs when invoked without options, starting with zero.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Exit Status:\n"
+#| " Returns success unless an invalid option is supplied or an error occurs."
msgid ""
"Display directory stack.\n"
" \n"
"Menampilkan direktori stack.\n"
" \n"
" Menampilkan daftar dari direktori yang diingat saat ini. Direktori\n"
-" menemukan jalannya kedalam daftar dengan perintah `pushd'; anda dapat "
-"memperoleh\n"
+" menemukan jalannya kedalam daftar dengan perintah `pushd'; anda dapat memperoleh\n"
" backup melalui daftar dengan perintah `popd'.\n"
" \n"
" Pilihan:\n"
" -c\tmenghapus direktori stack dengan menghapus seluruh elemen.\n"
-" -l\tjangan menampilkan versi yang diawali tilde dari direktori yang "
-"relatif\n"
+" -l\tjangan menampilkan versi yang diawali tilde dari direktori yang relatif\n"
" \tke direktori rumah anda\n"
" -p\tmenampilkan direktori stack dengan satu masukan setiap baris\n"
-" -v\tmenampilkan direktori stack dengan satu masukan setiap baris "
-"diawali\n"
+" -v\tmenampilkan direktori stack dengan satu masukan setiap baris diawali\n"
" \tdengan posisinya dalam stack\n"
" Argumen:\n"
-" +N\tmenampilkan masukan ke N dihitung dari kiri dari daftar yang "
-"ditampilkan oleh\n"
+" +N\tmenampilkan masukan ke N dihitung dari kiri dari daftar yang ditampilkan oleh\n"
" \tdirs ketika dijalankan tanpa pilihan, dimulai dari nol.\n"
" \n"
-" -N\tmenampilkan masukan ke N dihitung dari kanan dari daftar yang "
-"ditampilkan oleh\n"
+" -N\tmenampilkan masukan ke N dihitung dari kanan dari daftar yang ditampilkan oleh\n"
" \tdirs ketika dijalankan tanpa pilihan, dimulai dari nol. \n"
" Status Keluar:\n"
-" Mengembalikan sukses kecuali ada sebuah pilihan tidak valid diberikan "
-"atau sebuah error terjadi."
+" Mengembalikan sukses kecuali ada sebuah pilihan tidak valid diberikan atau sebuah error terjadi."
#: builtins.c:1971
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Set and unset shell options.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Change the setting of each shell option OPTNAME. Without any option\n"
+#| " arguments, list all shell options with an indication of whether or not each\n"
+#| " is set.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Options:\n"
+#| " -o\trestrict OPTNAMEs to those defined for use with `set -o'\n"
+#| " -p\tprint each shell option with an indication of its status\n"
+#| " -q\tsuppress output\n"
+#| " -s\tenable (set) each OPTNAME\n"
+#| " -u\tdisable (unset) each OPTNAME\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Exit Status:\n"
+#| " Returns success if OPTNAME is enabled; fails if an invalid option is\n"
+#| " given or OPTNAME is disabled."
msgid ""
"Set and unset shell options.\n"
" \n"
" \n"
" Pilihan:\n"
" -o\tbatasi OPTNAME ke definisi untuk digunakan dengan `set -o'\n"
-" -p\ttampilkan setiap pilihan shell dengan sebuah indikasi dari "
-"statusnya\n"
+" -p\ttampilkan setiap pilihan shell dengan sebuah indikasi dari statusnya\n"
" -q\ttekan keluaran\n"
" -s\taktifkan (set) setiap OPTNAME\n"
" -u\tnonaktifkan (unset) setiap OPTNAME\n"
" \n"
" Status Keluar:\n"
-" Mengembalikan sukses jika OPTNAME diaktifkan; gagal jika sebuah pilihan "
-"tidak valid diberikan\n"
+" Mengembalikan sukses jika OPTNAME diaktifkan; gagal jika sebuah pilihan tidak valid diberikan\n"
" atau OPTNAME dinonaktifkan."
#: builtins.c:1992
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Formats and prints ARGUMENTS under control of the FORMAT.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Options:\n"
+#| " -v var\tassign the output to shell variable VAR rather than\n"
+#| " \t\tdisplay it on the standard output\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " FORMAT is a character string which contains three types of objects: plain\n"
+#| " characters, which are simply copied to standard output; character escape\n"
+#| " sequences, which are converted and copied to the standard output; and\n"
+#| " format specifications, each of which causes printing of the next successive\n"
+#| " argument.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " In addition to the standard format specifications described in printf(1),\n"
+#| " printf interprets:\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " %b\texpand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding argument\n"
+#| " %q\tquote the argument in a way that can be reused as shell input\n"
+#| " %(fmt)T output the date-time string resulting from using FMT as a format\n"
+#| " string for strftime(3)\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " The format is re-used as necessary to consume all of the arguments. If\n"
+#| " there are fewer arguments than the format requires, extra format\n"
+#| " specifications behave as if a zero value or null string, as appropriate,\n"
+#| " had been supplied.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Exit Status:\n"
+#| " Returns success unless an invalid option is given or a write or assignment\n"
+#| " error occurs."
msgid ""
"Formats and prints ARGUMENTS under control of the FORMAT.\n"
" \n"
" -v var\tassign the output to shell variable VAR rather than\n"
" \t\tdisplay it on the standard output\n"
" \n"
-" FORMAT is a character string which contains three types of objects: "
-"plain\n"
-" characters, which are simply copied to standard output; character "
-"escape\n"
+" FORMAT is a character string which contains three types of objects: plain\n"
+" characters, which are simply copied to standard output; character escape\n"
" sequences, which are converted and copied to the standard output; and\n"
-" format specifications, each of which causes printing of the next "
-"successive\n"
+" format specifications, each of which causes printing of the next successive\n"
" argument.\n"
" \n"
-" In addition to the standard format characters csndiouxXeEfFgGaA "
-"described\n"
+" In addition to the standard format characters csndiouxXeEfFgGaA described\n"
" in printf(3), printf interprets:\n"
" \n"
" %b\texpand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding argument\n"
" %q\tquote the argument in a way that can be reused as shell input\n"
" %Q\tlike %q, but apply any precision to the unquoted argument before\n"
" \t\tquoting\n"
-" %(fmt)T\toutput the date-time string resulting from using FMT as a "
-"format\n"
+" %(fmt)T\toutput the date-time string resulting from using FMT as a format\n"
" \t string for strftime(3)\n"
" \n"
" The format is re-used as necessary to consume all of the arguments. If\n"
" there are fewer arguments than the format requires, extra format\n"
-" specifications behave as if a zero value or null string, as "
-"appropriate,\n"
+" specifications behave as if a zero value or null string, as appropriate,\n"
" had been supplied.\n"
" \n"
" Exit Status:\n"
-" Returns success unless an invalid option is given or a write or "
-"assignment\n"
+" Returns success unless an invalid option is given or a write or assignment\n"
" error occurs."
msgstr ""
"Format dan tampilkan ARGUMEN dalam kontrol dari FORMAT.\n"
" -v var\tkeluaran ditempatkan dalam sebuah nilai dari variabel\n"
" shell VAR daripada dikirimkan ke keluaran standar.\n"
" \n"
-" FORMAT adalah sebuah karakter string yang berisi dari tiga tipe dari "
-"objects: plain\n"
-" karakter, yang disalin secara sederhana dari keluaran standar, karakter "
-"escape\n"
+" FORMAT adalah sebuah karakter string yang berisi dari tiga tipe dari objects: plain\n"
+" karakter, yang disalin secara sederhana dari keluaran standar, karakter escape\n"
" sequences yang mengubah dan menyalin keluaran standar, dan\n"
" spesifikasi format, yang selalu menampilkan argumen\n"
" \n"
" Tambahan dari spesifikasi standar printf(1) formats dan\n"
" printf(3), printf menginterprestasikan:\n"
" \n"
-" %b berarti untuk menexpand backslash escape sequences dalam argumen "
-"yang sesuai\n"
-" %q berarti meng-quote argumen dalam sebuah cara yang dapat digunakan "
-"sebagai masukan shell.\n"
+" %b berarti untuk menexpand backslash escape sequences dalam argumen yang sesuai\n"
+" %q berarti meng-quote argumen dalam sebuah cara yang dapat digunakan sebagai masukan shell.\n"
" \n"
" Status Keluar:\n"
-" Mengembalikan sukses kecuali sebuah pilihan tidak valid diberikan atau "
-"sebuah penulisan atau penempatan\n"
+" Mengembalikan sukses kecuali sebuah pilihan tidak valid diberikan atau sebuah penulisan atau penempatan\n"
" error terjadi."
#: builtins.c:2028
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Specify how arguments are to be completed by Readline.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " For each NAME, specify how arguments are to be completed. If no options\n"
+#| " are supplied, existing completion specifications are printed in a way that\n"
+#| " allows them to be reused as input.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Options:\n"
+#| " -p\tprint existing completion specifications in a reusable format\n"
+#| " -r\tremove a completion specification for each NAME, or, if no\n"
+#| " \tNAMEs are supplied, all completion specifications\n"
+#| " -D\tapply the completions and actions as the default for commands\n"
+#| " \twithout any specific completion defined\n"
+#| " -E\tapply the completions and actions to \"empty\" commands --\n"
+#| " \tcompletion attempted on a blank line\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " When completion is attempted, the actions are applied in the order the\n"
+#| " uppercase-letter options are listed above. The -D option takes\n"
+#| " precedence over -E.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Exit Status:\n"
+#| " Returns success unless an invalid option is supplied or an error occurs."
msgid ""
"Specify how arguments are to be completed by Readline.\n"
" \n"
-" For each NAME, specify how arguments are to be completed. If no "
-"options\n"
-" or NAMEs are supplied, display existing completion specifications in a "
-"way\n"
+" For each NAME, specify how arguments are to be completed. If no options\n"
+" or NAMEs are supplied, display existing completion specifications in a way\n"
" that allows them to be reused as input.\n"
" \n"
" Options:\n"
" \t\tcommand) word\n"
" \n"
" When completion is attempted, the actions are applied in the order the\n"
-" uppercase-letter options are listed above. If multiple options are "
-"supplied,\n"
-" the -D option takes precedence over -E, and both take precedence over -"
-"I.\n"
+" uppercase-letter options are listed above. If multiple options are supplied,\n"
+" the -D option takes precedence over -E, and both take precedence over -I.\n"
" \n"
" Exit Status:\n"
" Returns success unless an invalid option is supplied or an error occurs."
msgstr ""
"Spesifikasikan bagaimana argumen akan diselesaikan oleh Readline.\n"
" \n"
-" Untuk setiap NAMA, spesifikasikan bagaimana argumen akan diselesaikan. "
-"Jika tidak ada pilihan\n"
-" yang diberikan, spesifikasi penyelesaian yang sudah ada akan ditampilkan "
-"dalam cara\n"
+" Untuk setiap NAMA, spesifikasikan bagaimana argumen akan diselesaikan. Jika tidak ada pilihan\n"
+" yang diberikan, spesifikasi penyelesaian yang sudah ada akan ditampilkan dalam cara\n"
" yang diperbolehkan untuk digunakan sebagai masukan.\n"
" \n"
" Pilihan:\n"
-" -p\ttampilkan spesifikasi penyelesaian yang telah ada dalam format "
-"yang berguna\n"
-" -r\thapus sebuah spesifikasi penyelesaian untuk setiap NAMA, atau jika "
-"tidak ada\n"
+" -p\ttampilkan spesifikasi penyelesaian yang telah ada dalam format yang berguna\n"
+" -r\thapus sebuah spesifikasi penyelesaian untuk setiap NAMA, atau jika tidak ada\n"
" \tNAMA yang diberikan, seluruh spesifikasi penyelesaian\n"
-" -D\taplikasikan pelengkapan dan aksi sebagai perintah baku tanpa "
-"pelengkapan\n"
+" -D\taplikasikan pelengkapan dan aksi sebagai perintah baku tanpa pelengkapan\n"
" \tspesifik yang didefinisikan\n"
" -E\taplikasikan pelengkapan dan aksi ke perintah \"empty\" --\n"
" \tpelengkapan dilakukan di baris kosong\n"
" huruf besar pilihan yang ditampilkan diatas.\n"
" \n"
" Status Keluar:\n"
-" Mengembalikan sukses kecuali sebuah pilihan tidak valid diberikan atau "
-"sebuah error terjadi."
+" Mengembalikan sukses kecuali sebuah pilihan tidak valid diberikan atau sebuah error terjadi."
#: builtins.c:2058
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Display possible completions depending on the options.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Intended to be used from within a shell function generating possible\n"
+#| " completions. If the optional WORD argument is supplied, matches against\n"
+#| " WORD are generated.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Exit Status:\n"
+#| " Returns success unless an invalid option is supplied or an error occurs."
msgid ""
"Display possible completions depending on the options.\n"
" \n"
" Intended to be used from within a shell function generating possible\n"
-" completions. If the optional WORD argument is present, generate "
-"matches\n"
+" completions. If the optional WORD argument is present, generate matches\n"
" against WORD.\n"
" \n"
-" If the -V option is supplied, store the possible completions in the "
-"indexed\n"
+" If the -V option is supplied, store the possible completions in the indexed\n"
" array VARNAME instead of printing them to the standard output.\n"
" \n"
" Exit Status:\n"
msgstr ""
"Menampilkan kemungkinan penyelesaian tergantung dari pilihan.\n"
" \n"
-" Ditujukan untuk digunakan dari dalam sebuah fungsi shell yang "
-"menghasilkan kemungkinan untuk completions.\n"
+" Ditujukan untuk digunakan dari dalam sebuah fungsi shell yang menghasilkan kemungkinan untuk completions.\n"
" Jika argumen WORD opsional yang diberikan, cocok dengan WORD telah\n"
" dihasilkan.\n"
" \n"
" Status Keluar:\n"
-" Mengembalikan sukses kecuali sebuah pilihan tidak valid diberikan atau "
-"sebuah error terjadi."
+" Mengembalikan sukses kecuali sebuah pilihan tidak valid diberikan atau sebuah error terjadi."
#: builtins.c:2076
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Modify or display completion options.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Modify the completion options for each NAME, or, if no NAMEs are supplied,\n"
+#| " the completion currently being executed. If no OPTIONs are given, print\n"
+#| " the completion options for each NAME or the current completion specification.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Options:\n"
+#| " \t-o option\tSet completion option OPTION for each NAME\n"
+#| " \t-D\t\tChange options for the \"default\" command completion\n"
+#| " \t-E\t\tChange options for the \"empty\" command completion\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Using `+o' instead of `-o' turns off the specified option.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Arguments:\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Each NAME refers to a command for which a completion specification must\n"
+#| " have previously been defined using the `complete' builtin. If no NAMEs\n"
+#| " are supplied, compopt must be called by a function currently generating\n"
+#| " completions, and the options for that currently-executing completion\n"
+#| " generator are modified.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Exit Status:\n"
+#| " Returns success unless an invalid option is supplied or NAME does not\n"
+#| " have a completion specification defined."
msgid ""
"Modify or display completion options.\n"
" \n"
-" Modify the completion options for each NAME, or, if no NAMEs are "
-"supplied,\n"
-" the completion currently being executed. If no OPTIONs are given, "
-"print\n"
-" the completion options for each NAME or the current completion "
-"specification.\n"
+" Modify the completion options for each NAME, or, if no NAMEs are supplied,\n"
+" the completion currently being executed. If no OPTIONs are given, print\n"
+" the completion options for each NAME or the current completion specification.\n"
" \n"
" Options:\n"
" \t-o option\tSet completion option OPTION for each NAME\n"
msgstr ""
"Modifikasi atau tampilkan pilihan penyelesaian.\n"
" \n"
-" Modifikasi pilihan penyelesaian untuk setiap NAMA, atau, jika tidaka ada "
-"NAMA yang diberikan,\n"
-" penyelesaian mulai dijalankan. Jika tidak ada OPSI yang diberikan, "
-"tampilkan\n"
-" pilihan penyelesaian untuk setiap NAMA atau spesifikasi penyelesaian "
-"sekarang.\n"
+" Modifikasi pilihan penyelesaian untuk setiap NAMA, atau, jika tidaka ada NAMA yang diberikan,\n"
+" penyelesaian mulai dijalankan. Jika tidak ada OPSI yang diberikan, tampilkan\n"
+" pilihan penyelesaian untuk setiap NAMA atau spesifikasi penyelesaian sekarang.\n"
" \n"
" Pilihan:\n"
" \t-o option\tSet pilihan penyelesaian OPSI untuk setiap NAMA\n"
" \n"
" Argumen:\n"
" \n"
-" Setiap NAMA yang dirujuk dalam sebuah perintah untuk sebuah spesifikasi "
-"penyelesaian harus\n"
-" sebelumnya telah didefinisikan dengan menggunakan builtin `complete'. "
-"Jika tidak ada NAMA\n"
-" yang diberikan, compopt harus dipanggil oleh sebuah fungsi yang dibuat "
-"oleh penyelesaian sekarang,\n"
+" Setiap NAMA yang dirujuk dalam sebuah perintah untuk sebuah spesifikasi penyelesaian harus\n"
+" sebelumnya telah didefinisikan dengan menggunakan builtin `complete'. Jika tidak ada NAMA\n"
+" yang diberikan, compopt harus dipanggil oleh sebuah fungsi yang dibuat oleh penyelesaian sekarang,\n"
" dan pilihan untuk menjalankan penyelesaian sekarang\n"
" telah dimodifikasi.\n"
" \n"
" Status Keluar:\n"
-" Mengembalikan sukses kecuali sebuah pilihan tidak valid diberikan atau "
-"NAMA tidak memiliki\n"
+" Mengembalikan sukses kecuali sebuah pilihan tidak valid diberikan atau NAMA tidak memiliki\n"
" spesifikasi penyelesaian yang terdefinisi."
#: builtins.c:2107
#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Read lines from the standard input into an indexed array variable.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable ARRAY, or\n"
+#| " from file descriptor FD if the -u option is supplied. The variable MAPFILE\n"
+#| " is the default ARRAY.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Options:\n"
+#| " -n count\tCopy at most COUNT lines. If COUNT is 0, all lines are copied.\n"
+#| " -O origin\tBegin assigning to ARRAY at index ORIGIN. The default index is 0.\n"
+#| " -s count \tDiscard the first COUNT lines read.\n"
+#| " -t\t\tRemove a trailing newline from each line read.\n"
+#| " -u fd\t\tRead lines from file descriptor FD instead of the standard input.\n"
+#| " -C callback\tEvaluate CALLBACK each time QUANTUM lines are read.\n"
+#| " -c quantum\tSpecify the number of lines read between each call to CALLBACK.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Arguments:\n"
+#| " ARRAY\t\tArray variable name to use for file data.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " If -C is supplied without -c, the default quantum is 5000. When\n"
+#| " CALLBACK is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next array\n"
+#| " element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that element\n"
+#| " as additional arguments.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " If not supplied with an explicit origin, mapfile will clear ARRAY before\n"
+#| " assigning to it.\n"
+#| " \n"
+#| " Exit Status:\n"
+#| " Returns success unless an invalid option is given or ARRAY is readonly or\n"
+#| " not an indexed array."
msgid ""
"Read lines from the standard input into an indexed array variable.\n"
" \n"
-" Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable "
-"ARRAY, or\n"
-" from file descriptor FD if the -u option is supplied. The variable "
-"MAPFILE\n"
+" Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable ARRAY, or\n"
+" from file descriptor FD if the -u option is supplied. The variable MAPFILE\n"
" is the default ARRAY.\n"
" \n"
" Options:\n"
" -d delim\tUse DELIM to terminate lines, instead of newline\n"
-" -n count\tCopy at most COUNT lines. If COUNT is 0, all lines are "
-"copied\n"
-" -O origin\tBegin assigning to ARRAY at index ORIGIN. The default "
-"index is 0\n"
+" -n count\tCopy at most COUNT lines. If COUNT is 0, all lines are copied\n"
+" -O origin\tBegin assigning to ARRAY at index ORIGIN. The default index is 0\n"
" -s count\tDiscard the first COUNT lines read\n"
" -t\tRemove a trailing DELIM from each line read (default newline)\n"
-" -u fd\tRead lines from file descriptor FD instead of the standard "
-"input\n"
+" -u fd\tRead lines from file descriptor FD instead of the standard input\n"
" -C callback\tEvaluate CALLBACK each time QUANTUM lines are read\n"
" -c quantum\tSpecify the number of lines read between each call to\n"
" \t\t\tCALLBACK\n"
" element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that element\n"
" as additional arguments.\n"
" \n"
-" If not supplied with an explicit origin, mapfile will clear ARRAY "
-"before\n"
+" If not supplied with an explicit origin, mapfile will clear ARRAY before\n"
" assigning to it.\n"
" \n"
" Exit Status:\n"
-" Returns success unless an invalid option is given or ARRAY is readonly "
-"or\n"
+" Returns success unless an invalid option is given or ARRAY is readonly or\n"
" not an indexed array."
msgstr ""
"Baca baris dari standar masukan kedalam sebuah susunan variabel.\n"
" ARRAY baku.\n"
" \n"
" Pilihan:\n"
-" -n count\tSalin di baris COUNT. Jika COUNT adalah 0, semua baris "
-"disalin.\n"
-" -O origin\tAwal penempatan ke ARRAY di index ORIGIN. Indeks baku "
-"adalah 0.\n"
+" -n count\tSalin di baris COUNT. Jika COUNT adalah 0, semua baris disalin.\n"
+" -O origin\tAwal penempatan ke ARRAY di index ORIGIN. Indeks baku adalah 0.\n"
" -s count \tAbaikan baris COUNT pertama yang dibaca.\n"
" -t\t\tHapus sebuah akhiran baris baru dari setiap baris yang dibaca.\n"
-" -u fd\t\tBaca baris dari berkas deskripsi FD daripada dari masukan "
-"standar.\n"
-" -C callback\tEvaluasi CALLBACK untuk setiap waktu QUANTUM baris adalah "
-"baca.\n"
-" -c quantum\tSpesifikasikan jumlah dari baris yang dibaca diantara "
-"setiap pemanggilan ke CALLBACK.\n"
+" -u fd\t\tBaca baris dari berkas deskripsi FD daripada dari masukan standar.\n"
+" -C callback\tEvaluasi CALLBACK untuk setiap waktu QUANTUM baris adalah baca.\n"
+" -c quantum\tSpesifikasikan jumlah dari baris yang dibaca diantara setiap pemanggilan ke CALLBACK.\n"
" \n"
" Argumen:\n"
" ARRAY\t\tNama variabel array yang digunakan untuk berkas data.\n"
" \n"
-" Jika -C Diberikan tanpa -c, default quantum adalah 5000. Ketika "
-"CALLBACK\n"
+" Jika -C Diberikan tanpa -c, default quantum adalah 5000. Ketika CALLBACK\n"
" dievaluasi , ini diberikan ke indeks dari element 'array' selanjutnya\n"
" untuk di-'assign' sebagai sebuah argumen tambahan.\n"
" \n"
-" Jika tidak diberikan dengan asal secara eksplisit, berkas peta akan "
-"menghapus ARRAY sebelum\n"
+" Jika tidak diberikan dengan asal secara eksplisit, berkas peta akan menghapus ARRAY sebelum\n"
" ditempatkan kepadanya\n"
" \n"
" Status Keluar:\n"
-" Mengembalikan sukses kecuali sebuah pilihan tidak valid diberikan atau "
-"ARRAY adalah baca-saja."
+" Mengembalikan sukses kecuali sebuah pilihan tidak valid diberikan atau ARRAY adalah baca-saja."
#: builtins.c:2143
msgid ""
" \n"
" Sebuah sinonim untuk `mapfile'."
+#, c-format
+#~ msgid "%s: invalid associative array key"
+#~ msgstr "%s: kunci array assosiasi tidak valid"
+
+#, fuzzy
+#~| msgid ""
+#~| "Return the context of the current subroutine call.\n"
+#~| " \n"
+#~| " Without EXPR, returns \"$line $filename\". With EXPR, returns\n"
+#~| " \"$line $subroutine $filename\"; this extra information can be used to\n"
+#~| " provide a stack trace.\n"
+#~| " \n"
+#~| " The value of EXPR indicates how many call frames to go back before the\n"
+#~| " current one; the top frame is frame 0.\n"
+#~| " \n"
+#~| " Exit Status:\n"
+#~| " Returns 0 unless the shell is not executing a shell function or EXPR\n"
+#~| " is invalid."
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "Returns the context of the current subroutine call.\n"
+#~ " \n"
+#~ " Without EXPR, returns \"$line $filename\". With EXPR, returns\n"
+#~ " \"$line $subroutine $filename\"; this extra information can be used to\n"
+#~ " provide a stack trace.\n"
+#~ " \n"
+#~ " The value of EXPR indicates how many call frames to go back before the\n"
+#~ " current one; the top frame is frame 0."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Mengembalikan context dari panggilan subroutine saat ini.\n"
+#~ " \n"
+#~ " Tanpa EXPR, mengembalikan \"$line $filename\". Dengan EXPR,\n"
+#~ " mengembalikan \"$line $subroutine $filename\"; informasi extra ini\n"
+#~ " dapat digunakan untuk menyediakan jejak stack.\n"
+#~ " \n"
+#~ " Nilai dari EXPR mengindikasikan bagaimana banyak panggilan frames kembali sebelum\n"
+#~ " yang ada; Top frame adalah frame 0. \n"
+#~ " Status Keluar:\n"
+#~ " Mengembalikan 0 kecuali shell sedang tidak menjalankan sebuah fungsi shell atau EXPR\n"
+#~ " tidak valid."
+
#, c-format
#~ msgid "%s: cannot open: %s"
#~ msgstr "%s: tidak dapat membuka: %s"
#~ msgid "%s: inlib failed"
#~ msgstr "%s: inlib gagal"
+#, c-format
+#~ msgid "warning: %s: %s"
+#~ msgstr "peringatan: %s: %s"
+
#, c-format
#~ msgid "%s: %s"
#~ msgstr "%s: %s"
#~ msgid "setlocale: %s: cannot change locale (%s): %s"
#~ msgstr "setlocale: %s: tidak dapat mengubah lokal (%s): %s"
-#, fuzzy
-#~ msgid ""
-#~ "Returns the context of the current subroutine call.\n"
-#~ " \n"
-#~ " Without EXPR, returns \"$line $filename\". With EXPR, returns\n"
-#~ " \"$line $subroutine $filename\"; this extra information can be used "
-#~ "to\n"
-#~ " provide a stack trace.\n"
-#~ " \n"
-#~ " The value of EXPR indicates how many call frames to go back before "
-#~ "the\n"
-#~ " current one; the top frame is frame 0."
-#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "Mengembalikan context dari panggilan subroutine saat ini.\n"
-#~ " \n"
-#~ " Tanpa EXPR, mengembalikan \"$line $filename\". Dengan EXPR,\n"
-#~ " mengembalikan \"$line $subroutine $filename\"; informasi extra ini\n"
-#~ " dapat digunakan untuk menyediakan jejak stack.\n"
-#~ " \n"
-#~ " Nilai dari EXPR mengindikasikan bagaimana banyak panggilan frames "
-#~ "kembali sebelum\n"
-#~ " yang ada; Top frame adalah frame 0. \n"
-#~ " Status Keluar:\n"
-#~ " Mengembalikan 0 kecuali shell sedang tidak menjalankan sebuah fungsi "
-#~ "shell atau EXPR\n"
-#~ " tidak valid."
-
-#, c-format
-#~ msgid "warning: %s: %s"
-#~ msgstr "peringatan: %s: %s"
-
-#, c-format
-#~ msgid "%s: invalid associative array key"
-#~ msgstr "%s: kunci array assosiasi tidak valid"
-
#~ msgid ""
#~ "Returns the context of the current subroutine call.\n"
#~ " \n"
#~ "; this extra information can be used to\n"
#~ " provide a stack trace.\n"
#~ " \n"
-#~ " The value of EXPR indicates how many call frames to go back before "
-#~ "the\n"
+#~ " The value of EXPR indicates how many call frames to go back before the\n"
#~ " current one; the top frame is frame 0."
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "; informasi tambahan ini dapat digunakan untuk\n"
#~ " menyediakan penelusuran 'stack'.\n"
#~ " \n"
-#~ " Nilai dari EXPR mengindikasikan berapa banyak panggilan 'frame' untuk "
-#~ "kembali\n"
+#~ " Nilai dari EXPR mengindikasikan berapa banyak panggilan 'frame' untuk kembali\n"
#~ " sebelum saat ini; 'frame' paling atas adalah 'frame' 0."
#~ msgid "Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.\n"
#~ msgstr "Hak Cipta (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.\n"
-#~ msgid ""
-#~ "License GPLv2+: GNU GPL version 2 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl."
-#~ "html>\n"
-#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "Lisensi GPLv2+: GNU GPL versi 2 atau sesudahnya <http://gnu.org/licenses/"
-#~ "gpl.html>\n"
+#~ msgid "License GPLv2+: GNU GPL version 2 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>\n"
+#~ msgstr "Lisensi GPLv2+: GNU GPL versi 2 atau sesudahnya <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>\n"
#~ msgid "xrealloc: cannot reallocate %lu bytes (%lu bytes allocated)"
-#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "xrealloc: tidak dapat menrealokasikan %lu bytes (%lu bytes teralokasikan)"
+#~ msgstr "xrealloc: tidak dapat menrealokasikan %lu bytes (%lu bytes teralokasikan)"
#~ msgid "xrealloc: cannot allocate %lu bytes"
#~ msgstr "xrealloc: tidak dapat mengalokasikan %lu bytes"
#~ msgid "xrealloc: %s:%d: cannot reallocate %lu bytes (%lu bytes allocated)"
-#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "xrealloc: %s: %d: tidak dapat melakukan reallokasi %lu bytes (%lu bytes "
-#~ "teralokasi)"
+#~ msgstr "xrealloc: %s: %d: tidak dapat melakukan reallokasi %lu bytes (%lu bytes teralokasi)"
#~ msgid " "
#~ msgstr " "
#~ msgid "Without EXPR, returns returns \"$line $filename\". With EXPR,"
-#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "Tanpa EXPR, mengembalikan kembalian \"$line $filename\". Dengan EXPR,"
+#~ msgstr "Tanpa EXPR, mengembalikan kembalian \"$line $filename\". Dengan EXPR,"
#~ msgid "returns \"$line $subroutine $filename\"; this extra information"
-#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "mengembalikan \"$line $subroutine $filename\"; informasi tambahan ini"
+#~ msgstr "mengembalikan \"$line $subroutine $filename\"; informasi tambahan ini"
#~ msgid "can be used used to provide a stack trace."
#~ msgstr "dapat digunakan untuk menyediakan jejak sebuah stack."
-#~ msgid ""
-#~ "The value of EXPR indicates how many call frames to go back before the"
-#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "Nilai dari EXPR mengindikasikan berapa banyak call frames untuk kembali "
-#~ "sebelum"
+#~ msgid "The value of EXPR indicates how many call frames to go back before the"
+#~ msgstr "Nilai dari EXPR mengindikasikan berapa banyak call frames untuk kembali sebelum"
#~ msgid "current one; the top frame is frame 0."
#~ msgstr "salah satu ini; top frame adalah frame 0."
#~ msgstr "Tampilkan daftar dari direktori yang diingat sekarang. Direktori"
#~ msgid "find their way onto the list with the `pushd' command; you can get"
-#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "menemukan jalannya sendiri kedalam daftar dengan perintah `pushd'; anda "
-#~ "dapat memperoleh"
+#~ msgstr "menemukan jalannya sendiri kedalam daftar dengan perintah `pushd'; anda dapat memperoleh"
#~ msgid "back up through the list with the `popd' command."
#~ msgstr "bantuan melalui daftar dari perintah `popd'."
-#~ msgid ""
-#~ "The -l flag specifies that `dirs' should not print shorthand versions"
-#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "Flag -l menspesifikasikan bahwa `dirs' seharusnya tidak menampilkan versi "
-#~ "pendek"
+#~ msgid "The -l flag specifies that `dirs' should not print shorthand versions"
+#~ msgstr "Flag -l menspesifikasikan bahwa `dirs' seharusnya tidak menampilkan versi pendek"
-#~ msgid ""
-#~ "of directories which are relative to your home directory. This means"
+#~ msgid "of directories which are relative to your home directory. This means"
#~ msgstr "dari direktori yang relatif dari direktori home anda. Ini berarti"
#~ msgid "that `~/bin' might be displayed as `/homes/bfox/bin'. The -v flag"
-#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "bahwa `~/bin' mungkin ditampilkan sebagai `/homes/bfox/bin'. Pilihan -v"
+#~ msgstr "bahwa `~/bin' mungkin ditampilkan sebagai `/homes/bfox/bin'. Pilihan -v"
#~ msgid "causes `dirs' to print the directory stack with one entry per line,"
-#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "menyebabkan `dirs' ditampilkan di stack direktori dengan satu masukan per "
-#~ "baris,"
+#~ msgstr "menyebabkan `dirs' ditampilkan di stack direktori dengan satu masukan per baris,"
-#~ msgid ""
-#~ "prepending the directory name with its position in the stack. The -p"
+#~ msgid "prepending the directory name with its position in the stack. The -p"
#~ msgstr "mendahului nama direktori dengan posisinya dalam stack. Pilihan -p"
#~ msgid "flag does the same thing, but the stack position is not prepended."
#~ msgstr "melakukan hal yang sama, tetapi posisi stack tidak didahului."
-#~ msgid ""
-#~ "The -c flag clears the directory stack by deleting all of the elements."
-#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "Pilihan -c menghapus direktori stack dengan cara menghapus seluruh elemen."
+#~ msgid "The -c flag clears the directory stack by deleting all of the elements."
+#~ msgstr "Pilihan -c menghapus direktori stack dengan cara menghapus seluruh elemen."
-#~ msgid ""
-#~ "+N displays the Nth entry counting from the left of the list shown by"
-#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "+N menampilkan masukan ke N dihitung dari kiri dari daftar yang "
-#~ "ditampilkan oleh"
+#~ msgid "+N displays the Nth entry counting from the left of the list shown by"
+#~ msgstr "+N menampilkan masukan ke N dihitung dari kiri dari daftar yang ditampilkan oleh"
#~ msgid " dirs when invoked without options, starting with zero."
#~ msgstr " dirs ketika dipanggil tanpa pilihan, dimulai dengan nol."
-#~ msgid ""
-#~ "-N displays the Nth entry counting from the right of the list shown by"
-#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "-N menampilkan masukan ke N dihitung dari kanan dari daftar yang "
-#~ "ditampilkan dengan"
+#~ msgid "-N displays the Nth entry counting from the right of the list shown by"
+#~ msgstr "-N menampilkan masukan ke N dihitung dari kanan dari daftar yang ditampilkan dengan"
#~ msgid "Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates"
-#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "menambahkan sebuah direktori ke ujung atas dari direktori stack, atau "
-#~ "memutar"
+#~ msgstr "menambahkan sebuah direktori ke ujung atas dari direktori stack, atau memutar"
#~ msgid "the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working"
#~ msgstr "stack, membuat sebuah top baru dari stack direktori yang dipakai"
#~ msgstr "+N Memutar stack sehingga direktori ke N (dihitung"
#~ msgid " from the left of the list shown by `dirs', starting with"
-#~ msgstr ""
-#~ " dari kiri dari daftar yang ditampilkan oleh `dirs', dimulai dari"
+#~ msgstr " dari kiri dari daftar yang ditampilkan oleh `dirs', dimulai dari"
#~ msgid " zero) is at the top."
#~ msgstr " nol) ini dilakukan di top."
#~ msgstr "-N Memutar stact sehingga direktori ke N (dihitung"
#~ msgid " from the right of the list shown by `dirs', starting with"
-#~ msgstr ""
-#~ " dari kanan dari daftar yang ditampilkan oleh `dirs', dimulai dengan"
+#~ msgstr " dari kanan dari daftar yang ditampilkan oleh `dirs', dimulai dengan"
#~ msgid "-n suppress the normal change of directory when adding directories"
-#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "-n menekan perubahan normal dari direktori ketika menambahkan direktori"
+#~ msgstr "-n menekan perubahan normal dari direktori ketika menambahkan direktori"
#~ msgid " to the stack, so only the stack is manipulated."
#~ msgstr " ke stack, jadi hanya stack yang dimanipulasi."
#~ msgstr " yang terlihat oleh `dirs', dimulai dari nol. Contoh: `popd -0'"
#~ msgid " removes the last directory, `popd -1' the next to last."
-#~ msgstr ""
-#~ " menghapus direktori terakhir, `popd -1' selanjutnya ke terakhir."
+#~ msgstr " menghapus direktori terakhir, `popd -1' selanjutnya ke terakhir."
-#~ msgid ""
-#~ "-n suppress the normal change of directory when removing directories"
-#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "-n menekan perubahan normal dari direktori ketika menghapus direktori"
+#~ msgid "-n suppress the normal change of directory when removing directories"
+#~ msgstr "-n menekan perubahan normal dari direktori ketika menghapus direktori"
#~ msgid " from the stack, so only the stack is manipulated."
#~ msgstr " dari stack, sehingga hanya stack yang dimanipulasi."
#~ "Exit from within a FOR, WHILE or UNTIL loop. If N is specified,\n"
#~ " break N levels."
#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "Keluar dari dalam sebuah FOR, WHILE, atau UNTIL loop. jika N "
-#~ "dispesifikasikan,\n"
+#~ "Keluar dari dalam sebuah FOR, WHILE, atau UNTIL loop. jika N dispesifikasikan,\n"
#~ " break N levels."
#~ msgid ""
#~ " shell builtin to be a function, but need the functionality of the\n"
#~ " builtin within the function itself."
#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "Jalankan sebuah builtin shell. Ini akan berguna ketika anda mengharapkan "
-#~ "untuk mengganti nama sebuah\n"
-#~ " shell builting ke sebuah fungsi, tetapi membutuhkan sebuah "
-#~ "fungsionalitas dari\n"
+#~ "Jalankan sebuah builtin shell. Ini akan berguna ketika anda mengharapkan untuk mengganti nama sebuah\n"
+#~ " shell builting ke sebuah fungsi, tetapi membutuhkan sebuah fungsionalitas dari\n"
#~ " sebuah fungsi builtin itu sendiri."
#~ msgid ""
#~ " the physical directory, without any symbolic links; the -L option\n"
#~ " makes pwd follow symbolic links."
#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "Tampilkan direktori yang sedang digunakan saat ini. Dengan pilihan -P, "
-#~ "pwd menampilkan\n"
+#~ "Tampilkan direktori yang sedang digunakan saat ini. Dengan pilihan -P, pwd menampilkan\n"
#~ " direktori physical, tanpa symbolic link yang lain; dengan pilihan -L\n"
#~ " membuat pwd mengikuti symbolic links."
#~ msgid ""
#~ "Runs COMMAND with ARGS ignoring shell functions. If you have a shell\n"
#~ " function called `ls', and you wish to call the command `ls', you can\n"
-#~ " say \"command ls\". If the -p option is given, a default value is "
-#~ "used\n"
-#~ " for PATH that is guaranteed to find all of the standard utilities. "
-#~ "If\n"
-#~ " the -V or -v option is given, a string is printed describing "
-#~ "COMMAND.\n"
+#~ " say \"command ls\". If the -p option is given, a default value is used\n"
+#~ " for PATH that is guaranteed to find all of the standard utilities. If\n"
+#~ " the -V or -v option is given, a string is printed describing COMMAND.\n"
#~ " The -V option produces a more verbose description."
#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "Menjalankan PERINTAH dengan ARGS mengabaikan fungsi shell. Jika anda "
-#~ "memiliki sebuah shell\n"
-#~ " fungsi yang memanggil `ls', dan anda berharap untuk memanggil "
-#~ "perintah `ls', anda dapat\n"
-#~ " mengatakan \"command ls\". Jika pilihan -p diberikan, sebuah nilai "
-#~ "default digunakan\n"
+#~ "Menjalankan PERINTAH dengan ARGS mengabaikan fungsi shell. Jika anda memiliki sebuah shell\n"
+#~ " fungsi yang memanggil `ls', dan anda berharap untuk memanggil perintah `ls', anda dapat\n"
+#~ " mengatakan \"command ls\". Jika pilihan -p diberikan, sebuah nilai default digunakan\n"
#~ " untuk PATH yang menjamin untuk mencari semua utilitis standar. Jika\n"
-#~ " pilihan -V atau -v diberikan, sebuah string ditampilkan "
-#~ "mendeskripsikan PERINTAH.\n"
+#~ " pilihan -V atau -v diberikan, sebuah string ditampilkan mendeskripsikan PERINTAH.\n"
#~ " Pilihan -V menghasilkan deskripsi yang lebih detail."
#~ msgid ""
#~ " \n"
#~ " -a\tto make NAMEs arrays (if supported)\n"
#~ " -f\tto select from among function names only\n"
-#~ " -F\tto display function names (and line number and source file name "
-#~ "if\n"
+#~ " -F\tto display function names (and line number and source file name if\n"
#~ " \tdebugging) without definitions\n"
#~ " -i\tto make NAMEs have the `integer' attribute\n"
#~ " -r\tto make NAMEs readonly\n"
#~ " and definition. The -F option restricts the display to function\n"
#~ " name only.\n"
#~ " \n"
-#~ " Using `+' instead of `-' turns off the given attribute instead. "
-#~ "When\n"
+#~ " Using `+' instead of `-' turns off the given attribute instead. When\n"
#~ " used in a function, makes NAMEs local, as with the `local' command."
#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "Declare variabel dan/atau memberikan atribut kepada mereka. Jika tidak "
-#~ "ada NAMA yang\n"
+#~ "Declare variabel dan/atau memberikan atribut kepada mereka. Jika tidak ada NAMA yang\n"
#~ " diberikan, maka menampilkan nilai dari variabel. Pilihan -p\n"
#~ " akan menampilkan atribut dan nilai dari setiap NAMA.\n"
#~ " \n"
#~ " \n"
#~ " -a\tuntuk membuat aray NAMA (jika disupport)\n"
#~ " -f\tuntuk memilih dari nama fungsi saja\n"
-#~ " -F\tuntuk menampilkan nama fungsi (dan nomor baris dan source nama "
-#~ "file jika\n"
+#~ " -F\tuntuk menampilkan nama fungsi (dan nomor baris dan source nama file jika\n"
#~ " \tdebugging) tanpa definisi\n"
#~ " -i\tuntuk membuat NAMA memiliki atribut `integer'\n"
#~ " -r\tuntuk membuat NAMA baca-saja\n"
#~ " Variabel dengan atribut integer memiliki arithmetic evaluasi (lihat\n"
#~ " `let') selesai ketika variabel diberikan ke.\n"
#~ " \n"
-#~ " Ketika menampilkan nilai dari variabel, -f menampilkan sebuah nama "
-#~ "fungsi\n"
+#~ " Ketika menampilkan nilai dari variabel, -f menampilkan sebuah nama fungsi\n"
#~ " dan definisi. Pilihan -F menekan untuk menampikan nama\n"
#~ " fungsi saja.\n"
#~ " \n"
-#~ " Menggunakan `+' daripada `-' mematikan atribut yang diberikan. "
-#~ "Ketika\n"
-#~ " sedang digunkan dalam sebuah fungsi, membuat NAMA lokal, seperti "
-#~ "dalam perintah 'local'."
+#~ " Menggunakan `+' daripada `-' mematikan atribut yang diberikan. Ketika\n"
+#~ " sedang digunkan dalam sebuah fungsi, membuat NAMA lokal, seperti dalam perintah 'local'."
#~ msgid "Obsolete. See `declare'."
#~ msgstr "Kadaluarsa. Lihat `declare'."
#~ " can only be used within a function; it makes the variable NAME\n"
#~ " have a visible scope restricted to that function and its children."
#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "Membuat sebuah variabel lokal yang disebut NAMA, dan menampilkan NILAI-"
-#~ "nya. LOKAL\n"
+#~ "Membuat sebuah variabel lokal yang disebut NAMA, dan menampilkan NILAI-nya. LOKAL\n"
#~ " hanya dapat digunakan dalam sebuah fungsi; ini membuat NAMA variabel\n"
#~ " memiliki scope visibel terbatas untuk fungsi itu dan anaknya."
-#~ msgid ""
-#~ "Output the ARGs. If -n is specified, the trailing newline is suppressed."
-#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "Keluaran dari ARGs. Jika pilihan -n dispesifikasikan, akhiran baris baru "
-#~ "dihapus."
+#~ msgid "Output the ARGs. If -n is specified, the trailing newline is suppressed."
+#~ msgstr "Keluaran dari ARGs. Jika pilihan -n dispesifikasikan, akhiran baris baru dihapus."
#~ msgid ""
#~ "Enable and disable builtin shell commands. This allows\n"
#~ " previously loaded with -f. If no non-option names are given, or\n"
#~ " the -p option is supplied, a list of builtins is printed. The\n"
#~ " -a option means to print every builtin with an indication of whether\n"
-#~ " or not it is enabled. The -s option restricts the output to the "
-#~ "POSIX.2\n"
-#~ " `special' builtins. The -n option displays a list of all disabled "
-#~ "builtins."
+#~ " or not it is enabled. The -s option restricts the output to the POSIX.2\n"
+#~ " `special' builtins. The -n option displays a list of all disabled builtins."
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "Enable dan disable perintah builtin shell. Ini membolehkan\n"
-#~ " anda untuk menggunakan perintah disk yang memiliki nama sama seperti "
-#~ "sebuah NAMA\n"
-#~ " shell builtin tanpa menspesifikasikan sebuah pathname full. Jika "
-#~ "pilihan -n digunakan,\n"
+#~ " anda untuk menggunakan perintah disk yang memiliki nama sama seperti sebuah NAMA\n"
+#~ " shell builtin tanpa menspesifikasikan sebuah pathname full. Jika pilihan -n digunakan,\n"
#~ " NAMA menjadi disabled; jika tidak NAMA menjadi enabled. Contoh,\n"
#~ " gunakan `test' ditemukan dalam $PATH daripada dalam builtin versi\n"
#~ " builtin shell, ketik `enable -n test'. Di system mensupport dynamic\n"
-#~ " loading, pilihan -f mungkin bisa digunakan untuk menload builtin baru "
-#~ "dari\n"
+#~ " loading, pilihan -f mungkin bisa digunakan untuk menload builtin baru dari\n"
#~ " shared object NAMAFILE. Pilihan -d akan menghapus sebuah builting\n"
-#~ " yang sebelumnya diload dengan pilihan -f. Jika tidak ada nama pilihan "
-#~ "yang diberikan, atau\n"
+#~ " yang sebelumnya diload dengan pilihan -f. Jika tidak ada nama pilihan yang diberikan, atau\n"
#~ " pilihan -p diberikan, daftar dari builtin ditampilkan.\n"
-#~ " Pilihan -a berarti menampilkan setiap builtin dengan sebuah indikasi "
-#~ "apakah\n"
+#~ " Pilihan -a berarti menampilkan setiap builtin dengan sebuah indikasi apakah\n"
#~ " atau tidak ini enabled. Pilihan -s membatasi keluaran ke POSIX.2\n"
-#~ " `special' builtins. Pilihan -n menampilkan daftar dari semua yang "
-#~ "builtins yang disabled."
+#~ " `special' builtins. Pilihan -n menampilkan daftar dari semua yang builtins yang disabled."
-#~ msgid ""
-#~ "Read ARGs as input to the shell and execute the resulting command(s)."
-#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "Baca ARGs sebagai masukan ke shell dan jalankan untuk menghasilkan "
-#~ "perintah(s)."
+#~ msgid "Read ARGs as input to the shell and execute the resulting command(s)."
+#~ msgstr "Baca ARGs sebagai masukan ke shell dan jalankan untuk menghasilkan perintah(s)."
#~ msgid ""
#~ "Exec FILE, replacing this shell with the specified program.\n"
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "Exec FILE, menimpa shell ini dengan aplikasi yang dispesifikasikan.\n"
#~ " Jika FILE tidak dispesifikasikan, redirectiions mengambil efek dalam\n"
-#~ " shell ini. Jika argumen pertama adalah `-l', maka tempatkan sebuah "
-#~ "dash dalam\n"
-#~ " argument ke nol yang dilewatkan ke FILE, seperti yang dilakukan oleh "
-#~ "login. Jika pilihan `-c'\n"
-#~ " diberikan, FILE dijalankan dengan environmen kosong. Jika pilihan `-"
-#~ "a'\n"
+#~ " shell ini. Jika argumen pertama adalah `-l', maka tempatkan sebuah dash dalam\n"
+#~ " argument ke nol yang dilewatkan ke FILE, seperti yang dilakukan oleh login. Jika pilihan `-c'\n"
+#~ " diberikan, FILE dijalankan dengan environmen kosong. Jika pilihan `-a'\n"
#~ " berarti menset argv[0] dari proses yang dijalankan ke NAMA.\n"
#~ " Jika berkas tidak dapat dijalankan dan shell bukan interaktif,\n"
#~ " maka shell keluar, unless pilihan shell `execfail' diset."
#~ " remembered. If the -p option is supplied, PATHNAME is used as the\n"
#~ " full pathname of NAME, and no path search is performed. The -r\n"
#~ " option causes the shell to forget all remembered locations. The -d\n"
-#~ " option causes the shell to forget the remembered location of each "
-#~ "NAME.\n"
+#~ " option causes the shell to forget the remembered location of each NAME.\n"
#~ " If the -t option is supplied the full pathname to which each NAME\n"
-#~ " corresponds is printed. If multiple NAME arguments are supplied "
-#~ "with\n"
-#~ " -t, the NAME is printed before the hashed full pathname. The -l "
-#~ "option\n"
-#~ " causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as "
-#~ "input.\n"
-#~ " If no arguments are given, information about remembered commands is "
-#~ "displayed."
+#~ " corresponds is printed. If multiple NAME arguments are supplied with\n"
+#~ " -t, the NAME is printed before the hashed full pathname. The -l option\n"
+#~ " causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.\n"
+#~ " If no arguments are given, information about remembered commands is displayed."
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "Untuk setiap NAMA, full pathname dari perintah ditentukan dan\n"
#~ " diingat. Jika pilihan -p diberikan, PATHNAME digunakan sebagai\n"
-#~ " full pathname dari NAME, dan tidak ada jalur pencarian yang "
-#~ "dilakukan. Pilihan -r\n"
-#~ " menyebabkan shell untuk melupakan semua lokasi yang diingat. Pilihan -"
-#~ "d\n"
+#~ " full pathname dari NAME, dan tidak ada jalur pencarian yang dilakukan. Pilihan -r\n"
+#~ " menyebabkan shell untuk melupakan semua lokasi yang diingat. Pilihan -d\n"
#~ " menyebabkan shell untuk melupakan lokasi dari setiap NAMA.\n"
#~ " Jika pilihan -t diberikan ful pathname ke setiap NAMA\n"
-#~ " yang bersesuaian ditampilkan. Jika beberapa argumen NAMA diberikan "
-#~ "dengan\n"
-#~ " pilihan -t, NAME ditampilkan sebelum hashed full pathname. Pilihan -"
-#~ "l\n"
-#~ " menyebabkan keluaran untuk ditampilkan dalam format yang biasa "
-#~ "digunakan sebagai masukan.\n"
-#~ " Jika tidak ada argumen yang diberikan, informasi mengenai perintah "
-#~ "yang diingat akan ditampilkan."
+#~ " yang bersesuaian ditampilkan. Jika beberapa argumen NAMA diberikan dengan\n"
+#~ " pilihan -t, NAME ditampilkan sebelum hashed full pathname. Pilihan -l\n"
+#~ " menyebabkan keluaran untuk ditampilkan dalam format yang biasa digunakan sebagai masukan.\n"
+#~ " Jika tidak ada argumen yang diberikan, informasi mengenai perintah yang diingat akan ditampilkan."
#~ msgid ""
#~ "Display helpful information about builtin commands. If PATTERN is\n"
#~ " restricts the output for each builtin command matching PATTERN to\n"
#~ " a short usage synopsis."
#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "Menampilkan informasi yang berharga mengenai perintah builtin. Jika "
-#~ "PATTERN\n"
-#~ " dispesifikasikan, memberikan bantuan detail mengenail seluruh "
-#~ "perintah yang cocok dengan PATTERN,\n"
+#~ "Menampilkan informasi yang berharga mengenai perintah builtin. Jika PATTERN\n"
+#~ " dispesifikasikan, memberikan bantuan detail mengenail seluruh perintah yang cocok dengan PATTERN,\n"
#~ " jika tidak sebuah daftar dari builtings akan ditampilkan. Pilihan -s\n"
-#~ " membatasi keluaran dari setiap perintah builtin yang cocok dengan "
-#~ "PATTERN ke\n"
+#~ " membatasi keluaran dari setiap perintah builtin yang cocok dengan PATTERN ke\n"
#~ " ringkasan penggunaan singkat."
#~ msgid ""
#~ "By default, removes each JOBSPEC argument from the table of active jobs.\n"
-#~ " If the -h option is given, the job is not removed from the table, but "
-#~ "is\n"
+#~ " If the -h option is given, the job is not removed from the table, but is\n"
#~ " marked so that SIGHUP is not sent to the job if the shell receives a\n"
-#~ " SIGHUP. The -a option, when JOBSPEC is not supplied, means to remove "
-#~ "all\n"
-#~ " jobs from the job table; the -r option means to remove only running "
-#~ "jobs."
+#~ " SIGHUP. The -a option, when JOBSPEC is not supplied, means to remove all\n"
+#~ " jobs from the job table; the -r option means to remove only running jobs."
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "Secara default, menghapus setiap JOBSPEC argumen dari tabel actif jobs.\n"
-#~ " Jika pilihan -n diberikan, pekerjaan tidak dihapus dari tabel, tetap "
-#~ "ditandai\n"
-#~ " sehingga ketika SIGHUP tidak terkirim ke job ketika shell menerima "
-#~ "sebuah\n"
-#~ " SIGHUP. Pilihan -a, ketika JOBSPEC tidak diberikan, berarti menghapus "
-#~ "seluruh\n"
-#~ " pekerjaan dari job tabel; Pilihan -r berarti hanya menghapus "
-#~ "pekerjaan yang berjalan."
+#~ " Jika pilihan -n diberikan, pekerjaan tidak dihapus dari tabel, tetap ditandai\n"
+#~ " sehingga ketika SIGHUP tidak terkirim ke job ketika shell menerima sebuah\n"
+#~ " SIGHUP. Pilihan -a, ketika JOBSPEC tidak diberikan, berarti menghapus seluruh\n"
+#~ " pekerjaan dari job tabel; Pilihan -r berarti hanya menghapus pekerjaan yang berjalan."
#~ msgid ""
#~ "Causes a function to exit with the return value specified by N. If N\n"
#~ " is omitted, the return status is that of the last command."
#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "Menyebabkan sebuah fungsi untuk keluar dengan nilai kembalian "
-#~ "dispesifikasikan oleh N. Jika N\n"
+#~ "Menyebabkan sebuah fungsi untuk keluar dengan nilai kembalian dispesifikasikan oleh N. Jika N\n"
#~ " diabaikan, maka status kembalian adalah status dari perintah terakhir."
#~ msgid ""
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "Untuk setiap NAMA, hapus variabel atau fungsi yang berhubungan. Dengan\n"
#~ " pilihan `-v', unset hanya berlaku di variabel. Dengan pilihan `-f',\n"
-#~ " unset hanya berlaku untuk fungsi. Dengan tidak menggunakan dua "
-#~ "pilihan itu,\n"
-#~ " pertama akan mencoba mengunset variabel, dan jika itu gagal maka "
-#~ "akan\n"
-#~ " mencoba untuk mengunset sebuah fungsi. Beberapa variabel tidak dapat "
-#~ "diunset. Lihat readonly."
+#~ " unset hanya berlaku untuk fungsi. Dengan tidak menggunakan dua pilihan itu,\n"
+#~ " pertama akan mencoba mengunset variabel, dan jika itu gagal maka akan\n"
+#~ " mencoba untuk mengunset sebuah fungsi. Beberapa variabel tidak dapat diunset. Lihat readonly."
#~ msgid ""
#~ "NAMEs are marked for automatic export to the environment of\n"
#~ " processing."
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "NAMA ditandai untuk otomatis export ke environment dari\n"
-#~ " perintah yang akan dijalankan selanjutnya. Jika pilihan -f "
-#~ "diberikan,\n"
-#~ " NAMA akan menunjuk ke fungsi. Jika tidak ada NAMA diberikan, atau "
-#~ "jika pilihan `-p'\n"
+#~ " perintah yang akan dijalankan selanjutnya. Jika pilihan -f diberikan,\n"
+#~ " NAMA akan menunjuk ke fungsi. Jika tidak ada NAMA diberikan, atau jika pilihan `-p'\n"
#~ " diberikan, daftar dari seluruh nama yang diexport dalam shell ini\n"
-#~ " ditampilkan. Sebuah argumen dari pilihan `-n' mengatakan untuk "
-#~ "menghapus expor properti\n"
-#~ " dari NAMA selanjutnya. Sebuah argumen dari `--' menonaktifkan "
-#~ "pemrosesan\n"
+#~ " ditampilkan. Sebuah argumen dari pilihan `-n' mengatakan untuk menghapus expor properti\n"
+#~ " dari NAMA selanjutnya. Sebuah argumen dari `--' menonaktifkan pemrosesan\n"
#~ " pilihan selanjutnya."
#~ msgid ""
#~ "The given NAMEs are marked readonly and the values of these NAMEs may\n"
#~ " not be changed by subsequent assignment. If the -f option is given,\n"
#~ " then functions corresponding to the NAMEs are so marked. If no\n"
-#~ " arguments are given, or if `-p' is given, a list of all readonly "
-#~ "names\n"
+#~ " arguments are given, or if `-p' is given, a list of all readonly names\n"
#~ " is printed. The `-a' option means to treat each NAME as\n"
#~ " an array variable. An argument of `--' disables further option\n"
#~ " processing."
#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "NAMA yang diberikan ditandai secara baca-saja dan nilai dari NAMA ini "
-#~ "tidak\n"
+#~ "NAMA yang diberikan ditandai secara baca-saja dan nilai dari NAMA ini tidak\n"
#~ " boleh diubah oleh assignmen selanjutnya. Jika pilihan -f diberikan,\n"
#~ " maka fungsi yang berhubungan dengan NAMA akan ditandai. Jika tidak\n"
-#~ " ada argumen yang diberikan, atau jika pilihan `-p' diberikan, sebuah "
-#~ "daftar dari seluruh nama baca-saja\n"
+#~ " ada argumen yang diberikan, atau jika pilihan `-p' diberikan, sebuah daftar dari seluruh nama baca-saja\n"
#~ " ditampilkan. Pilihan `-a' berarti memperlakukan setiap NAMA sebagai\n"
-#~ " sebuah variabel array. Sebuah argumen dari `--' menonaktifkan "
-#~ "pemrosesan\n"
+#~ " sebuah variabel array. Sebuah argumen dari `--' menonaktifkan pemrosesan\n"
#~ " pilihan selanjutnya."
#~ msgid ""
#~ " signal. The `-f' if specified says not to complain about this\n"
#~ " being a login shell if it is; just suspend anyway."
#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "Suspend eksekusi dari shell ini sampai ini menerima sebuah sinyal "
-#~ "SIGCONT\n"
-#~ " Jika pilihan `-f' dispesifikasikan maka tidak komplain tentang ini "
-#~ "menjadi\n"
+#~ "Suspend eksekusi dari shell ini sampai ini menerima sebuah sinyal SIGCONT\n"
+#~ " Jika pilihan `-f' dispesifikasikan maka tidak komplain tentang ini menjadi\n"
#~ " sebuah login shell jika emang begitu. Hanya lakukan suspend saja."
#~ msgid ""
#~ "Print the accumulated user and system times for processes run from\n"
#~ " the shell."
#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "Tampilkan waktu yang terakumulasi oleh pengguna dan system untuk proses "
-#~ "yang berjalan dari\n"
+#~ "Tampilkan waktu yang terakumulasi oleh pengguna dan system untuk proses yang berjalan dari\n"
#~ " shell."
#~ msgid ""
#~ "For each NAME, indicate how it would be interpreted if used as a\n"
#~ " command name.\n"
#~ " \n"
-#~ " If the -t option is used, `type' outputs a single word which is one "
-#~ "of\n"
-#~ " `alias', `keyword', `function', `builtin', `file' or `', if NAME is "
-#~ "an\n"
-#~ " alias, shell reserved word, shell function, shell builtin, disk "
-#~ "file,\n"
+#~ " If the -t option is used, `type' outputs a single word which is one of\n"
+#~ " `alias', `keyword', `function', `builtin', `file' or `', if NAME is an\n"
+#~ " alias, shell reserved word, shell function, shell builtin, disk file,\n"
#~ " or unfound, respectively.\n"
#~ " \n"
#~ " If the -p flag is used, `type' either returns the name of the disk\n"
#~ " file that would be executed, or nothing if `type -t NAME' would not\n"
#~ " return `file'.\n"
#~ " \n"
-#~ " If the -a flag is used, `type' displays all of the places that "
-#~ "contain\n"
+#~ " If the -a flag is used, `type' displays all of the places that contain\n"
#~ " an executable named `file'. This includes aliases, builtins, and\n"
#~ " functions, if and only if the -p flag is not also used.\n"
#~ " \n"
#~ " The -f flag suppresses shell function lookup.\n"
#~ " \n"
-#~ " The -P flag forces a PATH search for each NAME, even if it is an "
-#~ "alias,\n"
-#~ " builtin, or function, and returns the name of the disk file that "
-#~ "would\n"
+#~ " The -P flag forces a PATH search for each NAME, even if it is an alias,\n"
+#~ " builtin, or function, and returns the name of the disk file that would\n"
#~ " be executed."
#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "Untuk setiap NAMA, mengindikasikan bagaimana ini akan diinterpretasikan "
-#~ "jika digunakan sebagai sebuah\n"
+#~ "Untuk setiap NAMA, mengindikasikan bagaimana ini akan diinterpretasikan jika digunakan sebagai sebuah\n"
#~ " nama perintah.\n"
#~ " \n"
-#~ " Jika sebuah pilihan -t digunakan, `type' mengeluarkan sebuah kata "
-#~ "tunggal yang salah satu dari\n"
-#~ " `alias', `keyword', `function', `builtin', `file', atau `', jika NAMA "
-#~ "adalah sebuah\n"
-#~ " alias, shell kata yang dipesan, shell fungsi, shell builtin, disk "
-#~ "file,\n"
+#~ " Jika sebuah pilihan -t digunakan, `type' mengeluarkan sebuah kata tunggal yang salah satu dari\n"
+#~ " `alias', `keyword', `function', `builtin', `file', atau `', jika NAMA adalah sebuah\n"
+#~ " alias, shell kata yang dipesan, shell fungsi, shell builtin, disk file,\n"
#~ " atau tidak ditemukan, respectively.\n"
#~ " \n"
-#~ " Jika flag -p digunakan, `type' menampilkan semua dari tempat yang "
-#~ "berisi\n"
+#~ " Jika flag -p digunakan, `type' menampilkan semua dari tempat yang berisi\n"
#~ " nama executable `file'. Ini meliputi aliases, builtings, dan\n"
#~ " fungsi, jika dan hanya jika flag -p juga tidak digunakan.\n"
#~ " \n"
#~ " Flag -f menekan seluruh fungsi shell lookup.\n"
#~ " \n"
-#~ " Flag -P memaksa sebuah JALUR pencarian untuk setiap NAMA, bahkan jika "
-#~ "ini merupakan sebuah alias,\n"
+#~ " Flag -P memaksa sebuah JALUR pencarian untuk setiap NAMA, bahkan jika ini merupakan sebuah alias,\n"
#~ " builtin, atau fungsi, dan mengembalikan nama ke disk file yang akan\n"
#~ " dijalankan."
#~ msgid ""
#~ "The user file-creation mask is set to MODE. If MODE is omitted, or if\n"
-#~ " `-S' is supplied, the current value of the mask is printed. The `-"
-#~ "S'\n"
-#~ " option makes the output symbolic; otherwise an octal number is "
-#~ "output.\n"
+#~ " `-S' is supplied, the current value of the mask is printed. The `-S'\n"
+#~ " option makes the output symbolic; otherwise an octal number is output.\n"
#~ " If `-p' is supplied, and MODE is omitted, the output is in a form\n"
#~ " that may be used as input. If MODE begins with a digit, it is\n"
-#~ " interpreted as an octal number, otherwise it is a symbolic mode "
-#~ "string\n"
+#~ " interpreted as an octal number, otherwise it is a symbolic mode string\n"
#~ " like that accepted by chmod(1)."
#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "File-creation mask pengguna diset ke MODE. Jika MODE diabaikan, atau "
-#~ "jika\n"
+#~ "File-creation mask pengguna diset ke MODE. Jika MODE diabaikan, atau jika\n"
#~ " `-S' diberikan, nilai sekaran dari mask ditampilkan. Pilihan `-S'\n"
-#~ " membuah keluaran symbolic; jika tidak sebuah bilangan octal "
-#~ "dikeluarkan.\n"
-#~ " Jika pilihan `-p' diberikan, dan MODE diabaikan, keluaran adalah "
-#~ "dalam format\n"
-#~ " yang bisa digunakan sebagai masukan. Jika MODE dimulai dengan sebuah "
-#~ "digit, ini\n"
-#~ " diinterpretasikan sebagai sebuah bilangan octal, jika tidak ini "
-#~ "adalah sebuah symbolic mode string\n"
+#~ " membuah keluaran symbolic; jika tidak sebuah bilangan octal dikeluarkan.\n"
+#~ " Jika pilihan `-p' diberikan, dan MODE diabaikan, keluaran adalah dalam format\n"
+#~ " yang bisa digunakan sebagai masukan. Jika MODE dimulai dengan sebuah digit, ini\n"
+#~ " diinterpretasikan sebagai sebuah bilangan octal, jika tidak ini adalah sebuah symbolic mode string\n"
#~ " yang diterima oleh chmod(1)."
#~ msgid ""
#~ " and the return code is zero. N is a process ID; if it is not given,\n"
#~ " all child processes of the shell are waited for."
#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "Menunggu sampai proses yang dispesifikasikan dan laporkan status "
-#~ "selesainya. Jika\n"
-#~ " N tidak diberikan, semua proses anak yang masih aktif ditunggu "
-#~ "untuk,\n"
-#~ " dan mengembalikan kode kembalian nol. N adalah sebuah proses ID; jika "
-#~ "ini tidak diberikan,\n"
+#~ "Menunggu sampai proses yang dispesifikasikan dan laporkan status selesainya. Jika\n"
+#~ " N tidak diberikan, semua proses anak yang masih aktif ditunggu untuk,\n"
+#~ " dan mengembalikan kode kembalian nol. N adalah sebuah proses ID; jika ini tidak diberikan,\n"
#~ " semua proses anak dari shell ditunggu."
#~ msgid ""
#~ " Arguments on the command line along with NAME are passed to the\n"
#~ " function as $0 .. $n."
#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "Buat sebuah perintah sederhana yang memanggil dengan NAMA yang "
-#~ "menjalankan PERINTAH.\n"
+#~ "Buat sebuah perintah sederhana yang memanggil dengan NAMA yang menjalankan PERINTAH.\n"
#~ " Argumen dalam baris perintah dengan NAMA dilewatkan ke\n"
#~ " fungsi sebagai $0 .. $n."
#~ " not each is set."
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "Ubah nilai dari variabel yang mengontrol perilaku opsional.\n"
-#~ " Pilihan -s berarti untuk mengaktifkan (set) setiap OPTNAME; pilihan -"
-#~ "u\n"
+#~ " Pilihan -s berarti untuk mengaktifkan (set) setiap OPTNAME; pilihan -u\n"
#~ " mengunset setiap OPTNAME. tanda -q menekan keluaran; status keluaran\n"
#~ " mengindikasikan apakah setiap OPTNAME diset atau diunset. Pilihan -o\n"
#~ " membatasi OPTNAME ke nilai yang didefinisikan untuk digunakan dengan\n"
-#~ " `set -o'. Tanpa pilihan, atau dengan pilihan -p, sebuah daftar dari "
-#~ "seluruh\n"
-#~ " pilihan yang bisa diset ditampilkan, tanpa sebuah indikasi apakah "
-#~ "salah satu atau\n"
+#~ " `set -o'. Tanpa pilihan, atau dengan pilihan -p, sebuah daftar dari seluruh\n"
+#~ " pilihan yang bisa diset ditampilkan, tanpa sebuah indikasi apakah salah satu atau\n"
#~ " bukan setiap dari variabel diset."
#~ msgid ""
#~ "For each NAME, specify how arguments are to be completed.\n"
-#~ " If the -p option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, "
-#~ "existing\n"
-#~ " completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them to "
-#~ "be\n"
-#~ " reused as input. The -r option removes a completion specification "
-#~ "for\n"
-#~ " each NAME, or, if no NAMEs are supplied, all completion "
-#~ "specifications."
+#~ " If the -p option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing\n"
+#~ " completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them to be\n"
+#~ " reused as input. The -r option removes a completion specification for\n"
+#~ " each NAME, or, if no NAMEs are supplied, all completion specifications."
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "Untuk setiap NAMA, spesifikasikan bagaimana argumen akan diselesaikan.\n"
-#~ " Jika pilihan -p diberikan, atau tidak ada pilihan yang diberikan, "
-#~ "completion\n"
-#~ " spesifikasi yang telah ada ditampilkan dalam sebuah cara yang "
-#~ "membolehkan mereka untuk\n"
-#~ " digunakan sebagai masukan. Pilihan -r menghapus sebuah spesifikasi "
-#~ "completion untuk\n"
-#~ " setiap NAMA, atau jika tidak ada NAMA yang diberikan, untuk semua "
-#~ "spesifikasi completion."
+#~ " Jika pilihan -p diberikan, atau tidak ada pilihan yang diberikan, completion\n"
+#~ " spesifikasi yang telah ada ditampilkan dalam sebuah cara yang membolehkan mereka untuk\n"
+#~ " digunakan sebagai masukan. Pilihan -r menghapus sebuah spesifikasi completion untuk\n"
+#~ " setiap NAMA, atau jika tidak ada NAMA yang diberikan, untuk semua spesifikasi completion."
#define CSPECVAR 0x0800 /* single-character shell variable name */
#define CSUBSTOP 0x1000 /* values of OP for ${word[:]OPstuff} */
#define CBLANK 0x2000 /* whitespace (blank) character */
+#define CNAME 0x4000 /* POSIX name character ([_0-9a-zA-Z]) */
+#define CNAMESTART 0x8000 /* POSIX name start character ([_a-zA-Z]) */
/* Defines for use by the rest of the shell. */
extern int sh_syntaxtab[];
projects / thirdparty / bash.git / commitdiff
