]> git.ipfire.org Git - thirdparty/bind9.git/commitdiff
Benchmarks for the qp-trie
authorTony Finch <fanf@isc.org>
Wed, 28 Sep 2022 15:56:46 +0000 (16:56 +0100)
committerTony Finch <fanf@isc.org>
Mon, 27 Feb 2023 13:47:25 +0000 (13:47 +0000)
The main benchmark is `qpmulti`, which exercizes the qp-trie
transactional API with differing numbers of threads and differing data
sizes, to get some idea of how its performance scales.

The `load-names` benchmark compares the times to populate and query
and the memory used by various BIND data structures: qp-trie, hash
table (chained), hash map (closed), and red-black tree.

The `qp-dump` program is a test utility rather than a benchmark. It
populates a qp-trie and prints it out, either in an ad-hoc text
format, or as input to the graphviz `dot` program.

tests/bench/.gitignore
tests/bench/Makefile.am
tests/bench/load-names.c [new file with mode: 0644]
tests/bench/qp-dump.c [new file with mode: 0644]
tests/bench/qpmulti.c [new file with mode: 0644]

index afd821b4254b92645967857c4047b4551227ab51..9f93506f128e4d4f8da8d34cbec8e9f1da1d129f 100644 (file)
@@ -2,4 +2,7 @@
 /compress
 /iterated_hash
 /dns_name_fromwire
+/load-names
+/qp-dump
+/qpmulti
 /siphash
index f99d47ed571d896db1a5bef23c4b888b80793035..5204031f3254351c81c2861650aacd5b69fe91b2 100644 (file)
@@ -1,19 +1,27 @@
 include $(top_srcdir)/Makefile.top
 
-AM_CPPFLAGS +=                 \
-       $(LIBISC_CFLAGS)        \
-       $(LIBDNS_CFLAGS)        \
-       -I$(top_srcdir)/fuzz
+AM_CPPFLAGS +=                         \
+       $(LIBUV_CFLAGS)                 \
+       $(LIBISC_CFLAGS)                \
+       $(LIBDNS_CFLAGS)                \
+       -I$(top_srcdir)/fuzz            \
+       -I$(top_srcdir)/lib/dns         \
+       -I$(top_srcdir)/tests/include
 
-LDADD +=                       \
-       $(LIBISC_LIBS)          \
-       $(LIBDNS_LIBS)
+LDADD +=                               \
+       $(LIBUV_LIBS)                   \
+       $(LIBISC_LIBS)                  \
+       $(LIBDNS_LIBS)                  \
+       $(top_builddir)/tests/libtest/libtest.la
 
-noinst_PROGRAMS =              \
-       ascii                   \
-       compress                \
-       iterated_hash           \
-       dns_name_fromwire       \
+noinst_PROGRAMS =                      \
+       ascii                           \
+       compress                        \
+       dns_name_fromwire               \
+       iterated_hash                   \
+       load-names                      \
+       qp-dump                         \
+       qpmulti                         \
        siphash
 
 dns_name_fromwire_SOURCES =            \
diff --git a/tests/bench/load-names.c b/tests/bench/load-names.c
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..1e4b69e
--- /dev/null
@@ -0,0 +1,313 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
+ *
+ * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, you can obtain one at https://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+ *
+ * See the COPYRIGHT file distributed with this work for additional
+ * information regarding copyright ownership.
+ */
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#include <isc/file.h>
+#include <isc/hashmap.h>
+#include <isc/ht.h>
+#include <isc/rwlock.h>
+#include <isc/util.h>
+
+#include <dns/fixedname.h>
+#include <dns/qp.h>
+#include <dns/rbt.h>
+#include <dns/types.h>
+
+#include "qp_p.h"
+
+#include <tests/dns.h>
+#include <tests/qp.h>
+
+struct {
+       const char *text;
+       dns_fixedname_t fixed;
+} item[1024 * 1024];
+
+static void
+item_check(void *ctx, void *pval, uint32_t ival) {
+       UNUSED(ctx);
+       assert(pval == &item[ival]);
+}
+
+static size_t
+item_makekey(dns_qpkey_t key, void *ctx, void *pval, uint32_t ival) {
+       UNUSED(ctx);
+       assert(pval == &item[ival]);
+       return (dns_qpkey_fromname(key, &item[ival].fixed.name));
+}
+
+static void
+testname(void *ctx, char *buf, size_t size) {
+       REQUIRE(ctx == NULL);
+       strlcpy(buf, "test", size);
+}
+
+const struct dns_qpmethods qpmethods = {
+       item_check,
+       item_check,
+       item_makekey,
+       testname,
+};
+
+/*
+ * hashmap
+ */
+
+static void *
+new_hashmap(isc_mem_t *mem) {
+       isc_hashmap_t *hashmap = NULL;
+       isc_hashmap_create(mem, 16, 0, &hashmap);
+       return (hashmap);
+}
+
+static isc_result_t
+add_hashmap(void *hashmap, size_t count) {
+       return (isc_hashmap_add(hashmap, NULL, item[count].fixed.name.ndata,
+                               item[count].fixed.name.length, &item[count]));
+}
+
+static void
+sqz_hashmap(void *hashmap) {
+       UNUSED(hashmap);
+}
+
+static isc_result_t
+get_hashmap(void *hashmap, size_t count, void **pval) {
+       return (isc_hashmap_find(hashmap, NULL, item[count].fixed.name.ndata,
+                                item[count].fixed.name.length, pval));
+}
+
+/*
+ * ht
+ */
+
+static void *
+new_ht(isc_mem_t *mem) {
+       isc_ht_t *ht = NULL;
+       isc_ht_init(&ht, mem, 16, 0);
+       return (ht);
+}
+
+static isc_result_t
+add_ht(void *ht, size_t count) {
+       return (isc_ht_add(ht, item[count].fixed.name.ndata,
+                          item[count].fixed.name.length, &item[count]));
+}
+
+static void
+sqz_ht(void *ht) {
+       UNUSED(ht);
+}
+
+static isc_result_t
+get_ht(void *ht, size_t count, void **pval) {
+       return (isc_ht_find(ht, item[count].fixed.name.ndata,
+                           item[count].fixed.name.length, pval));
+}
+
+/*
+ * rbt
+ */
+
+static void *
+new_rbt(isc_mem_t *mem) {
+       dns_rbt_t *rbt = NULL;
+       dns_rbt_create(mem, NULL, NULL, &rbt);
+       return (rbt);
+}
+
+static isc_result_t
+add_rbt(void *rbt, size_t count) {
+       return (dns_rbt_addname(rbt, &item[count].fixed.name, &item[count]));
+}
+
+static void
+sqz_rbt(void *rbt) {
+       UNUSED(rbt);
+}
+
+static isc_result_t
+get_rbt(void *rbt, size_t count, void **pval) {
+       return (dns_rbt_findname(rbt, &item[count].fixed.name, 0, NULL, pval));
+}
+
+/*
+ * qp
+ */
+
+static void *
+new_qp(isc_mem_t *mem) {
+       dns_qp_t *qp = NULL;
+       dns_qp_create(mem, &qpmethods, NULL, &qp);
+       return (qp);
+}
+
+static isc_result_t
+add_qp(void *qp, size_t count) {
+       return (dns_qp_insert(qp, &item[count], count));
+}
+
+static void
+sqz_qp(void *qp) {
+       dns_qp_compact(qp);
+}
+
+static isc_result_t
+get_qp(void *qp, size_t count, void **pval) {
+       uint32_t ival = 0;
+       return (dns_qp_getname(qp, &item[count].fixed.name, pval, &ival));
+}
+
+/*
+ * fun table
+ */
+static struct fun {
+       const char *name;
+       void *(*new)(isc_mem_t *mem);
+       isc_result_t (*add)(void *map, size_t count);
+       void (*sqz)(void *map);
+       isc_result_t (*get)(void *map, size_t count, void **pval);
+} fun_list[] = {
+       { "ht", new_ht, add_ht, sqz_ht, get_ht },
+       { "hashmap", new_hashmap, add_hashmap, sqz_hashmap, get_hashmap },
+       { "rbt", new_rbt, add_rbt, sqz_rbt, get_rbt },
+       { "qp", new_qp, add_qp, sqz_qp, get_qp },
+       { NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL },
+};
+
+#define CHECK(result)                                                       \
+       do {                                                                \
+               if (result != ISC_R_SUCCESS) {                              \
+                       fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", isc_result_totext(result)); \
+                       exit(1);                                            \
+               }                                                           \
+       } while (0)
+
+#define FILE_CHECK(check, msg)                                                 \
+       do {                                                                   \
+               if (!(check)) {                                                \
+                       fprintf(stderr, "%s:%zu: %s\n", filename, count, msg); \
+                       exit(1);                                               \
+               }                                                              \
+       } while (0)
+
+int
+main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+       isc_result_t result;
+
+       isc_mem_create(&mctx);
+
+       if (argc != 2) {
+               fprintf(stderr, "usage: load-names <filename.csv>\n");
+               exit(1);
+       }
+
+       const char *filename = argv[1];
+       off_t fileoff;
+       result = isc_file_getsize(filename, &fileoff);
+       if (result != ISC_R_SUCCESS) {
+               fprintf(stderr, "stat(%s): %s\n", filename,
+                       isc_result_totext(result));
+               exit(1);
+       }
+       size_t filesize = (size_t)fileoff;
+
+       char *filetext = isc_mem_get(mctx, filesize + 1);
+       FILE *fp = fopen(filename, "r");
+       if (fp == NULL || fread(filetext, 1, filesize, fp) < filesize) {
+               fprintf(stderr, "read(%s): %s\n", filename, strerror(errno));
+               exit(1);
+       }
+       fclose(fp);
+       filetext[filesize] = '\0';
+
+       size_t count = 0;
+       size_t wirebytes = 0;
+       size_t labels = 0;
+
+       char *pos = filetext;
+       char *file_end = pos + filesize;
+       while (pos < file_end) {
+               FILE_CHECK(count < ARRAY_SIZE(item), "too many lines");
+               pos += strspn(pos, "0123456789");
+
+               FILE_CHECK(*pos++ == ',', "missing comma");
+
+               char *domain = pos;
+               pos += strcspn(pos, "\r\n");
+               FILE_CHECK(*pos != '\0', "missing newline");
+               char *newline = pos;
+               pos += strspn(pos, "\r\n");
+               size_t len = newline - domain;
+
+               item[count].text = domain;
+               domain[len] = '\0';
+
+               dns_name_t *name = dns_fixedname_initname(&item[count].fixed);
+               isc_buffer_t buffer;
+               isc_buffer_init(&buffer, domain, len);
+               isc_buffer_add(&buffer, len);
+               result = dns_name_fromtext(name, &buffer, dns_rootname, 0,
+                                          NULL);
+               FILE_CHECK(result == ISC_R_SUCCESS, isc_result_totext(result));
+
+               wirebytes += name->length;
+               labels += name->labels;
+               count++;
+       }
+
+       printf("names %g MB labels %g MB\n", (double)wirebytes / 1048576.0,
+              (double)labels / 1048576.0);
+
+       size_t lines = count;
+
+       for (struct fun *fun = fun_list; fun->name != NULL; fun++) {
+               isc_time_t t0;
+               isc_time_now_hires(&t0);
+
+               isc_mem_t *mem = NULL;
+               isc_mem_create(&mem);
+               void *map = fun->new (mem);
+
+               for (count = 0; count < lines; count++) {
+                       result = fun->add(map, count);
+                       CHECK(result);
+               }
+               fun->sqz(map);
+
+               isc_time_t t1;
+               isc_time_now_hires(&t1);
+
+               for (count = 0; count < lines; count++) {
+                       void *pval = NULL;
+                       result = fun->get(map, count, &pval);
+                       CHECK(result);
+                       assert(pval == &item[count]);
+               }
+
+               isc_time_t t2;
+               isc_time_now_hires(&t2);
+
+               printf("%f sec to load %s\n",
+                      (double)isc_time_microdiff(&t1, &t0) / (1000.0 * 1000.0),
+                      fun->name);
+               printf("%f sec to query %s\n",
+                      (double)isc_time_microdiff(&t2, &t1) / (1000.0 * 1000.0),
+                      fun->name);
+               printf("%g MB used by %s\n",
+                      (double)isc_mem_inuse(mem) / (1024.0 * 1024.0),
+                      fun->name);
+       }
+}
diff --git a/tests/bench/qp-dump.c b/tests/bench/qp-dump.c
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..6aced43
--- /dev/null
@@ -0,0 +1,271 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
+ *
+ * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, you can obtain one at https://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+ *
+ * See the COPYRIGHT file distributed with this work for additional
+ * information regarding copyright ownership.
+ */
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#include <isc/commandline.h>
+#include <isc/file.h>
+#include <isc/ht.h>
+#include <isc/rwlock.h>
+#include <isc/util.h>
+
+#include <dns/fixedname.h>
+#include <dns/qp.h>
+#include <dns/rbt.h>
+#include <dns/types.h>
+
+#include <tests/dns.h>
+#include <tests/qp.h>
+
+static inline size_t
+smallname_length(void *pval, uint32_t ival) {
+       UNUSED(pval);
+       return (ival & 0xff);
+}
+
+static inline size_t
+smallname_labels(void *pval, uint32_t ival) {
+       UNUSED(pval);
+       return (ival >> 8);
+}
+
+static inline isc_refcount_t *
+smallname_refcount(void *pval, uint32_t ival) {
+       UNUSED(ival);
+       return (pval);
+}
+
+static inline uint8_t *
+smallname_ndata(void *pval, uint32_t ival) {
+       return ((uint8_t *)(smallname_refcount(pval, ival) + 1));
+}
+
+static inline uint8_t *
+smallname_offsets(void *pval, uint32_t ival) {
+       return (smallname_ndata(pval, ival) + smallname_length(pval, ival));
+}
+
+static void
+smallname_from_name(/* isc_mem_t *mctx, */ const dns_name_t *name, void **valp,
+                   uint32_t *ctxp) {
+       size_t size = sizeof(isc_refcount_t) + name->length + name->labels;
+       *valp = isc_mem_get(mctx, size);
+       *ctxp = name->labels << 8 | name->length;
+       isc_refcount_init(smallname_refcount(*valp, *ctxp), 0);
+       memmove(smallname_ndata(*valp, *ctxp), name->ndata, name->length);
+       memmove(smallname_offsets(*valp, *ctxp), name->offsets, name->labels);
+}
+
+static void
+smallname_free(/* isc_mem_t *mctx, */ void *pval, uint32_t ival) {
+       size_t size = sizeof(isc_refcount_t);
+       size += smallname_length(pval, ival) + smallname_labels(pval, ival);
+       isc_mem_put(mctx, pval, size);
+}
+
+static void
+name_from_smallname(dns_name_t *name, void *pval, uint32_t ival) {
+       dns_name_reset(name);
+       name->ndata = smallname_ndata(pval, ival);
+       name->length = smallname_length(pval, ival);
+       name->labels = smallname_labels(pval, ival);
+       name->offsets = smallname_offsets(pval, ival);
+       name->attributes.readonly = true;
+       if (name->ndata[name->offsets[name->labels - 1]] == '\0') {
+               name->attributes.absolute = true;
+       }
+}
+
+static size_t
+qpkey_from_smallname(dns_qpkey_t key, void *ctx, void *pval, uint32_t ival) {
+       UNUSED(ctx);
+       dns_name_t name = DNS_NAME_INITEMPTY;
+       name_from_smallname(&name, pval, ival);
+       return (dns_qpkey_fromname(key, &name));
+}
+
+static void
+smallname_attach(void *ctx, void *pval, uint32_t ival) {
+       UNUSED(ctx);
+       isc_refcount_increment0(smallname_refcount(pval, ival));
+}
+
+static void
+smallname_detach(void *ctx, void *pval, uint32_t ival) {
+       if (isc_refcount_decrement(smallname_refcount(pval, ival)) == 1) {
+               isc_mem_free(ctx, pval);
+       }
+}
+
+static void
+testname(void *ctx, char *buf, size_t size) {
+       REQUIRE(ctx == NULL);
+       strlcpy(buf, "test", size);
+}
+
+const struct dns_qpmethods methods = {
+       smallname_attach,
+       smallname_detach,
+       qpkey_from_smallname,
+       testname,
+};
+
+static void
+usage(void) {
+       fprintf(stderr,
+               "usage: qp_dump [-drt] <filename>\n"
+               "       -d      output in graphviz dot format\n"
+               "       -t      output in ad-hoc indented text format\n");
+}
+
+int
+main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+       bool dumpdot = false;
+       bool dumptxt = false;
+       int opt;
+
+       while ((opt = isc_commandline_parse(argc, argv, "dt")) != -1) {
+               switch (opt) {
+               case 'd':
+                       dumpdot = true;
+                       continue;
+               case 't':
+                       dumptxt = true;
+                       continue;
+               default:
+                       usage();
+                       exit(1);
+                       continue;
+               }
+       }
+       argc -= isc_commandline_index;
+       argv += isc_commandline_index;
+
+       if (argc != 1) {
+               /* must exit 0 to appease test runner */
+               usage();
+               exit(0);
+       }
+
+       isc_mem_create(&mctx);
+
+       const char *filename = argv[0];
+       off_t fileoff;
+       isc_result_t result = isc_file_getsize(filename, &fileoff);
+       if (result != ISC_R_SUCCESS) {
+               fprintf(stderr, "stat(%s): %s\n", filename,
+                       isc_result_totext(result));
+               exit(1);
+       }
+       size_t filesize = (size_t)fileoff;
+
+       char *filetext = isc_mem_get(mctx, filesize + 1);
+       FILE *fp = fopen(filename, "r");
+       if (fp == NULL || fread(filetext, 1, filesize, fp) < filesize) {
+               fprintf(stderr, "read(%s): %s\n", filename, strerror(errno));
+               exit(1);
+       }
+       fclose(fp);
+       filetext[filesize] = '\0';
+
+       dns_qp_t *qp = NULL;
+       dns_qp_create(mctx, &methods, NULL, &qp);
+
+       size_t wirebytes = 0;
+       size_t labels = 0;
+       size_t names = 0;
+       char *pos = filetext;
+       char *file_end = pos + filesize;
+       while (pos < file_end) {
+               char *domain = pos;
+               pos += strcspn(pos, "\r\n");
+               char *newline = pos;
+               pos += strspn(pos, "\r\n");
+               size_t len = newline - domain;
+               domain[len] = '\0';
+
+               dns_fixedname_t fixed;
+               dns_name_t *name = dns_fixedname_initname(&fixed);
+               isc_buffer_t buffer;
+               isc_buffer_init(&buffer, domain, len);
+               isc_buffer_add(&buffer, len);
+               result = dns_name_fromtext(name, &buffer, dns_rootname, 0,
+                                          NULL);
+               void *pval = NULL;
+               uint32_t ival = 0;
+               if (result == ISC_R_SUCCESS) {
+                       smallname_from_name(name, &pval, &ival);
+                       result = dns_qp_insert(qp, pval, ival);
+               }
+               if (result == ISC_R_EXISTS && pval != NULL) {
+                       smallname_free(pval, ival);
+                       continue;
+               }
+               if (result != ISC_R_SUCCESS) {
+                       fprintf(stderr, "%s:%zu: %s %s\n", filename, names,
+                               domain, isc_result_totext(result));
+                       exit(1);
+               }
+
+               wirebytes += name->length;
+               labels += name->labels;
+               names += 1;
+       }
+       dns_qp_compact(qp);
+
+       size_t smallbytes = wirebytes + labels + names * sizeof(isc_refcount_t);
+       dns_qp_memusage_t memusage = dns_qp_memusage(qp);
+       uint64_t compaction_us, recovery_us, rollback_us;
+       dns_qp_gctime(&compaction_us, &recovery_us, &rollback_us);
+
+#define print_megabytes(label, value) \
+       printf("%6.2f MiB - " label "\n", (double)(value) / 1048576.0)
+
+       if (!dumptxt && !dumpdot) {
+               printf("leaves %zu\n"
+                      " nodes %zu\n"
+                      "  used %zu\n"
+                      "  free %zu\n"
+                      "   cow %zu\n"
+                      "chunks %zu\n"
+                      " bytes %zu\n",
+                      memusage.leaves, memusage.live, memusage.used,
+                      memusage.free, memusage.hold, memusage.chunk_count,
+                      memusage.bytes);
+
+               printf("%f compaction\n", (double)compaction_us / 1000000);
+               printf("%f recovery\n", (double)recovery_us / 1000000);
+               printf("%f rollback\n", (double)rollback_us / 1000000);
+
+               size_t bytes = memusage.bytes;
+               print_megabytes("file size", filesize);
+               print_megabytes("names", wirebytes);
+               print_megabytes("labels", labels);
+               print_megabytes("names + labels", wirebytes + labels);
+               print_megabytes("smallnames", smallbytes);
+               print_megabytes("qp-trie", bytes);
+               print_megabytes("qp-trie + smallnames", bytes + smallbytes);
+               print_megabytes("calculated", bytes + smallbytes + filesize);
+               print_megabytes("allocated", isc_mem_inuse(mctx));
+               printf("%6zu - height\n", qp_test_getheight(qp));
+               printf("%6zu - max key len\n", qp_test_maxkeylen(qp));
+       }
+
+       if (dumptxt)
+               qp_test_dumptrie(qp);
+       if (dumpdot)
+               qp_test_dumpdot(qp);
+
+       return (0);
+}
diff --git a/tests/bench/qpmulti.c b/tests/bench/qpmulti.c
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..e86797a
--- /dev/null
@@ -0,0 +1,374 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
+ *
+ * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, you can obtain one at https://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+ *
+ * See the COPYRIGHT file distributed with this work for additional
+ * information regarding copyright ownership.
+ */
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <isc/log.h>
+#include <isc/mem.h>
+#include <isc/mutex.h>
+#include <isc/random.h>
+#include <isc/refcount.h>
+#include <isc/rwlock.h>
+#include <isc/thread.h>
+#include <isc/time.h>
+#include <isc/util.h>
+
+#include <dns/log.h>
+#include <dns/qp.h>
+#include <dns/types.h>
+
+#include "qp_p.h"
+
+#include <tests/qp.h>
+
+#define ITEM_COUNT ((size_t)1000000)
+
+#define MS_PER_SEC 1000
+#define US_PER_SEC 1000000
+#define NS_PER_SEC 1000000000
+
+static double
+doubletime(isc_time_t t0, isc_time_t t1) {
+       return ((double)isc_time_microdiff(&t1, &t0) / (double)US_PER_SEC);
+}
+
+static struct {
+       bool present;
+       uint8_t len;
+       dns_qpkey_t key;
+} *item;
+
+static void
+item_refcount(void *ctx, void *pval, uint32_t ival) {
+       UNUSED(ctx);
+       UNUSED(pval);
+       UNUSED(ival);
+}
+
+static size_t
+item_makekey(dns_qpkey_t key, void *ctx, void *pval, uint32_t ival) {
+       UNUSED(ctx);
+       UNUSED(pval);
+       memmove(key, item[ival].key, item[ival].len);
+       return (item[ival].len);
+}
+
+static void
+benchname(void *ctx, char *buf, size_t size) {
+       UNUSED(ctx);
+       strlcpy(buf, "bench", size);
+}
+
+const struct dns_qpmethods item_methods = {
+       item_refcount,
+       item_refcount,
+       item_makekey,
+       benchname,
+};
+
+static uint8_t
+random_byte(void) {
+       return (isc_random_uniform(SHIFT_OFFSET - SHIFT_NOBYTE) + SHIFT_NOBYTE);
+}
+
+static void
+init_items(isc_mem_t *mctx) {
+       isc_time_t t0, t1;
+       void *pval = NULL;
+       uint32_t ival = ~0U;
+       dns_qp_t *qp = NULL;
+
+       size_t bytes = ITEM_COUNT * sizeof(*item);
+
+       item = isc_mem_allocatex(mctx, bytes, ISC_MEM_ZERO);
+
+       isc_time_now_hires(&t0);
+
+       /* ensure there are no duplicate names */
+       dns_qp_create(mctx, &item_methods, NULL, &qp);
+       for (size_t i = 0; i < ITEM_COUNT; i++) {
+               do {
+                       size_t len = isc_random_uniform(16) + 4;
+                       item[i].len = len;
+                       for (size_t off = 0; off < len; off++) {
+                               item[i].key[off] = random_byte();
+                       }
+                       item[i].key[len] = SHIFT_NOBYTE;
+               } while (dns_qp_getkey(qp, item[i].key, item[i].len, &pval,
+                                      &ival) == ISC_R_SUCCESS);
+               INSIST(dns_qp_insert(qp, &item[i], i) == ISC_R_SUCCESS);
+       }
+       dns_qp_destroy(&qp);
+
+       isc_time_now_hires(&t1);
+       double time = doubletime(t0, t1);
+       printf("%f sec to create %zu items, %f/sec\n", time, ITEM_COUNT,
+              ITEM_COUNT / time);
+}
+
+static void
+init_multi(isc_mem_t *mctx, dns_qpmulti_t **qpmp, uint32_t max) {
+       isc_time_t t0, t1;
+       dns_qpmulti_t *multi = NULL;
+       dns_qp_t *qp = NULL;
+       size_t count = 0;
+
+       isc_time_now_hires(&t0);
+
+       dns_qpmulti_create(mctx, &item_methods, NULL, qpmp);
+       multi = *qpmp;
+
+       /* initial contents of the trie */
+       dns_qpmulti_update(multi, &qp);
+       for (size_t i = 0; i < max; i++) {
+               if (isc_random_uniform(2) == 0) {
+                       continue;
+               }
+               INSIST(dns_qp_insert(qp, &item[i], i) == ISC_R_SUCCESS);
+               item[i].present = true;
+               count++;
+       }
+       dns_qpmulti_commit(multi, &qp);
+
+       isc_time_now_hires(&t1);
+       double time = doubletime(t0, t1);
+       printf("%f sec to load %zu items, %f/sec\n", time, count, count / time);
+}
+
+static void
+init_logging(isc_mem_t *mctx) {
+       isc_result_t result;
+       isc_logdestination_t destination;
+       isc_logconfig_t *logconfig = NULL;
+       isc_log_t *lctx = NULL;
+
+       isc_log_create(mctx, &lctx, &logconfig);
+       isc_log_setcontext(lctx);
+       dns_log_init(lctx);
+       dns_log_setcontext(lctx);
+
+       destination.file.stream = stderr;
+       destination.file.name = NULL;
+       destination.file.versions = ISC_LOG_ROLLNEVER;
+       destination.file.maximum_size = 0;
+       isc_log_createchannel(logconfig, "stderr", ISC_LOG_TOFILEDESC,
+                             ISC_LOG_DYNAMIC, &destination,
+                             ISC_LOG_PRINTPREFIX | ISC_LOG_PRINTTIME |
+                                     ISC_LOG_ISO8601);
+
+       // isc_log_setdebuglevel(lctx, 1);
+
+       result = isc_log_usechannel(logconfig, "stderr",
+                                   ISC_LOGCATEGORY_DEFAULT, NULL);
+       INSIST(result == ISC_R_SUCCESS);
+}
+
+typedef void
+transaction_fun(dns_qpmulti_t *multi, uint32_t max, uint32_t ops,
+               uint64_t *absent_r, uint64_t *present_r);
+
+static transaction_fun read_transaction, update_transaction;
+
+struct thread_args {
+       transaction_fun *txfun; /* (in) */
+       dns_qpmulti_t *multi;   /* (in) */
+       isc_thread_t tid;       /* (in) */
+       uint32_t max;           /* item index (in) */
+       uint32_t ops;           /* per transaction (in) */
+       uint64_t absent;        /* items not found or inserted (out) */
+       uint64_t present;       /* items found or deleted (out) */
+       uint64_t transactions;  /* (out) */
+       isc_time_t t0;          /* (out) */
+       isc_time_t t1;          /* (out) */
+};
+
+static void
+read_transaction(dns_qpmulti_t *multi, uint32_t max, uint32_t ops,
+                uint64_t *absent_r, uint64_t *present_r) {
+       dns_qpread_t *qp = NULL;
+       uint64_t absent = 0;
+       uint64_t present = 0;
+       void *pval;
+       uint32_t ival;
+       isc_result_t result;
+
+       dns_qpmulti_query(multi, &qp);
+       for (uint32_t n = 0; n < ops; n++) {
+               uint32_t i = isc_random_uniform(max);
+               result = dns_qp_getkey(qp, item[i].key, item[i].len, &pval,
+                                      &ival);
+               if (result == ISC_R_SUCCESS) {
+                       ++present;
+               } else {
+                       ++absent;
+               }
+       }
+       dns_qpread_destroy(multi, &qp);
+       *present_r = present;
+       *absent_r = absent;
+}
+
+static void
+update_transaction(dns_qpmulti_t *multi, uint32_t max, uint32_t ops,
+                  uint64_t *absent_r, uint64_t *present_r) {
+       dns_qp_t *qp = NULL;
+       uint64_t absent = 0;
+       uint64_t present = 0;
+       isc_result_t result;
+
+       if (multi->read->generation & 255) {
+               dns_qpmulti_write(multi, &qp);
+       } else {
+               dns_qpmulti_update(multi, &qp);
+       }
+       for (uint32_t n = 0; n < ops; n++) {
+               uint32_t i = isc_random_uniform(max);
+               if (item[i].present) {
+                       result = dns_qp_deletekey(qp, item[i].key, item[i].len);
+                       INSIST(result == ISC_R_SUCCESS);
+                       item[i].present = false;
+                       ++present;
+               } else {
+                       result = dns_qp_insert(qp, &item[i], i);
+                       INSIST(result == ISC_R_SUCCESS);
+                       item[i].present = true;
+                       ++absent;
+               }
+       }
+       dns_qpmulti_commit(multi, &qp);
+       *present_r += present;
+       *absent_r += absent;
+}
+
+static isc_refcount_t stop;
+
+static void *
+thread_loop(void *args_v) {
+       struct thread_args *args = args_v;
+       transaction_fun *txfun = args->txfun;
+       dns_qpmulti_t *multi = args->multi;
+       uint32_t max = args->max;
+       uint32_t ops = args->ops;
+       uint64_t absent = 0;
+       uint64_t present = 0;
+       uint64_t transactions = 0;
+
+#if HAVE_LIBURCU
+       rcu_register_thread();
+#endif
+       isc_time_now_hires(&args->t0);
+       while (isc_refcount_current(&stop) == 0) {
+               txfun(multi, max, ops, &absent, &present);
+               ++transactions;
+       }
+       isc_time_now_hires(&args->t1);
+       args->absent = absent;
+       args->present = present;
+       args->transactions = transactions;
+#if HAVE_LIBURCU
+       rcu_unregister_thread();
+#endif
+       return (args);
+}
+
+static void
+dispatch_threads(dns_qpmulti_t *multi, useconds_t runtime, uint32_t max,
+                uint32_t updaters, uint32_t updateops, uint32_t readers,
+                uint32_t readops) {
+       struct thread_args thread[64];
+       uint32_t threads = updaters + readers;
+
+       REQUIRE(threads <= ARRAY_SIZE(thread));
+
+       for (uint32_t t = 0; t < threads; t++) {
+               thread[t] = (struct thread_args){
+                       .txfun = t < updaters ? update_transaction
+                                             : read_transaction,
+                       .multi = multi,
+                       .max = max,
+                       .ops = t < updaters ? updateops : readops,
+               };
+       }
+
+       isc_refcount_init(&stop, 0);
+
+       for (uint32_t t = 0; t < threads; t++) {
+               isc_thread_create(thread_loop, &thread[t], &thread[t].tid);
+       }
+
+       usleep(runtime);
+       isc_refcount_increment0(&stop);
+
+       for (uint32_t t = 0; t < threads; t++) {
+               isc_thread_join(thread[t].tid, NULL);
+       }
+
+       struct {
+               double time, txns, ops;
+       } stats[2] = {};
+
+       for (uint32_t t = 0; t < threads; t++) {
+               struct thread_args *tp = &thread[t];
+               stats[t < updaters].time += doubletime(tp->t0, tp->t1);
+               stats[t < updaters].txns += tp->transactions;
+               stats[t < updaters].ops += tp->transactions * tp->ops;
+       }
+       printf("%2u up %2u ops/tx %7.3f txn/ms %5.3f ops/us   ", updaters,
+              updateops,
+              stats[1].txns / (stats[1].time * MS_PER_SEC / updaters),
+              stats[1].ops / (stats[1].time * US_PER_SEC / updaters));
+       printf("%2u rd %2u ops/tx %8.3f txn/ms %7.3f ops/us %6.3f ops/us/thr\n",
+              readers, readops,
+              stats[0].txns / (stats[0].time * MS_PER_SEC / readers),
+              stats[0].ops / (stats[0].time * US_PER_SEC / readers),
+              stats[0].ops / (stats[0].time * US_PER_SEC));
+}
+
+int
+main(void) {
+       dns_qpmulti_t *multi = NULL;
+       isc_mem_t *mctx = NULL;
+
+       isc_mem_create(&mctx);
+       isc_mem_setdestroycheck(mctx, true);
+       init_logging(mctx);
+       init_items(mctx);
+
+       uint32_t threads = 12;
+       uint32_t max = ITEM_COUNT;
+       useconds_t runtime = 0.2 * US_PER_SEC;
+
+       init_multi(mctx, &multi, max);
+       for (uint32_t t = 2; t <= threads; t++) {
+               dispatch_threads(multi, runtime, max, 1, 64, t - 1, 8);
+       }
+       dns_qpmulti_destroy(&multi);
+
+       for (max = 1000; max <= ITEM_COUNT; max *= 10) {
+               init_multi(mctx, &multi, max);
+               for (uint32_t t = 1; t <= threads; t++) {
+                       dispatch_threads(multi, runtime, max, 0, 0, t, 64);
+               }
+               dns_qpmulti_destroy(&multi);
+       }
+
+       isc_log_destroy(&dns_lctx);
+       isc_mem_free(mctx, item);
+       isc_mem_destroy(&mctx);
+       isc_mem_checkdestroyed(stderr);
+
+       return (0);
+}