_path_checkino instead of directly comparing against d_fileno.
Fixes Interix problem reported by Michael Haubenwallner
<haubi@gentoo.org>
+
+ 1/7/2008
+ --------
+array.c
+ - fix array_subrange to separate elements in returned string with
+ first char of $IFS if QUOTED is non-zero, since this indicates
+ the caller used ${array[@]:foo}. Fixes bug reported by Lea
+ Wiemann <lewiemann@gmail.com>
+
+ 1/8
+ ---
+subst.c
+ - new function returning a string containing the first character of
+ $IFS: char *ifs_firstchar(int *)
+
+subst.h
+ - extern declaration for ifs_firstchar()
+
+array.c
+ - call ifs_firstchar() to get first character of $IFS when needed
+ (array_subrange() and array_patsub())
+
+ 1/11
+ ----
+lib/readline/display.c
+ - use sentinel variable set at end of init_line_structures to decide
+ whether to call it from rl_redisplay, since early SIGWINCH on
+ Mac OS X that hits during this function can cause _rl_wrapped_line
+ to be referenced before initialization. Fix for bug reported by
+ Len Lattanzi <llattanzi@apple.com>
+
+subst.[ch]
+ - skip_to_delim is now compiled into the shell all the time, not just
+ when readline is linked in
+
+subst.c
+ - use skip_to_delim to find the `/' denoting the end of a pattern
+ in pattern substitution, since it knows more shell syntax than
+ quoted_strchr and understands multibyte characters. Fixes bug
+ reported by Dmitry V Golovashkin <Dmitry.Golovashkin@sas.com>
parse_and_execute_level to 0, since there's nothing left to
restore it if top_level_cleanup tests it. Fixes bug reported
by Len Lattanzi <llattanzi@apple.com>
+
+ 12/31
+ -----
+lib/sh/getcwd.c
+ - new function, _path_checkino, checks whether the inode corresponding
+ to the path constructed from the first two arguments is the same as
+ the inode number passed as the third argument
+ - if BROKEN_DIRENT_D_INO is defined, meaning the d_ino/d_fileno
+ member of struct dirent doesn't contain valid values, use
+ _path_checkino instead of directly comparing against d_fileno.
+ Fixes Interix problem reported by Michael Haubenwallner
+ <haubi@gentoo.org>
+
+ 1/7/2008
+ --------
+array.c
+ - fix array_subrange to separate elements in returned string with
+ first char of $IFS if QUOTED is non-zero, since this indicates
+ the caller used ${array[@]:foo}. Fixes bug reported by Lea
+ Wiemann <lewiemann@gmail.com>
+
+ 1/8
+ ---
+subst.c
+ - new function returning a string containing the first character of
+ $IFS: char *ifs_firstchar(int *)
+
+subst.h
+ - extern declaration for ifs_firstchar()
+
+array.c
+ - call ifs_firstchar() to get first character of $IFS when needed
+ (array_subrange() and array_patsub())
+
+ 1/11
+ ----
+lib/readline/display.c
+ - use sentinel variable set at end of init_line_structures to decide
+ whether to call it from rl_redisplay, since early SIGWINCH on
+ Mac OS X that hits during this function can cause _rl_wrapped_line
+ to be referenced before initialization. Fix for bug reported by
+ Len Lattanzi <llattanzi@apple.com>
+
+subst.[ch]
+ - skip_to_delim is now compiled into the shell all the time, not just
+ when readline is linked in
+
+subst.c
+ - use skip_to_delim to find the `/' denoting the end of a pattern
+ in pattern substitution, since it knows more shell syntax than
+ quoted_strchr. Fixes bug reported by Dmitry V Golovashkin
+ <Dmitry.Golovashkin@sas.com>
ARRAY *a2;
ARRAY_ELEMENT *h, *p;
arrayind_t i;
- char *ifs, sep[2], *t;
+ char *ifs, *sep, *t;
p = a ? array_head (a) : 0;
if (p == 0 || array_empty (a) || start > array_max_index(a))
array_quote_escapes(a2);
if (starsub && (quoted & (Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES|Q_HERE_DOCUMENT))) {
- ifs = getifs();
- sep[0] = ifs ? *ifs : '\0';
- } else
+ /* ${array[*]} */
+ sep = ifs_firstchar ((int *)NULL);
+ } else if (quoted & (Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES|Q_HERE_DOCUMENT)) {
+ /* ${array[@]} */
+ sep = ifs_firstchar ((int *)NULL);
+ ifs = getifs ();
+ if (ifs == 0 || *ifs == 0) {
+ sep[0] = ' ';
+ sep[1] = '\0';
+ }
+ } else {
+ sep = xmalloc (2);
sep[0] = ' ';
- sep[1] = '\0';
+ sep[1] = '\0';
+ }
t = array_to_string (a2, sep, 0);
array_dispose(a2);
+ free (sep);
return t;
}
{
ARRAY *a2;
ARRAY_ELEMENT *e;
- char *t, *ifs, sifs[2];
+ char *t, *sifs;
if (a == 0 || array_head(a) == 0 || array_empty(a))
return ((char *)NULL);
else
array_quote_escapes(a2);
if (mflags & MATCH_STARSUB) {
- ifs = getifs();
- sifs[0] = ifs ? *ifs : '\0';
- sifs[1] = '\0';
+ sifs = ifs_firstchar((int *)NULL);
t = array_to_string (a2, sifs, 0);
+ free(sifs);
} else
t = array_to_string (a2, " ", 0);
array_dispose (a2);
}
/*
- * Return a string that is the concatenation of all the elements in A,
- * separated by SEP.
+ * Return a string that is the concatenation of the elements in A from START
+ * to END, separated by SEP.
*/
static char *
array_to_string_internal (start, end, sep, quoted)
--- /dev/null
+/*
+ * array.c - functions to create, destroy, access, and manipulate arrays
+ * of strings.
+ *
+ * Arrays are sparse doubly-linked lists. An element's index is stored
+ * with it.
+ *
+ * Chet Ramey
+ * chet@ins.cwru.edu
+ */
+
+/* Copyright (C) 1997-2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+ This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell.
+
+ Bash is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+ the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free
+ Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) any later
+ version.
+
+ Bash is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
+ WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License
+ for more details.
+
+ You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
+ with Bash; see the file COPYING. If not, write to the Free Software
+ Foundation, 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111 USA. */
+
+#include "config.h"
+
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+
+#if defined (HAVE_UNISTD_H)
+# ifdef _MINIX
+# include <sys/types.h>
+# endif
+# include <unistd.h>
+#endif
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include "bashansi.h"
+
+#include "shell.h"
+#include "array.h"
+#include "builtins/common.h"
+
+#define ADD_BEFORE(ae, new) \
+ do { \
+ ae->prev->next = new; \
+ new->prev = ae->prev; \
+ ae->prev = new; \
+ new->next = ae; \
+ } while(0)
+
+static char *array_to_string_internal __P((ARRAY_ELEMENT *, ARRAY_ELEMENT *, char *, int));
+
+ARRAY *
+array_create()
+{
+ ARRAY *r;
+ ARRAY_ELEMENT *head;
+
+ r =(ARRAY *)xmalloc(sizeof(ARRAY));
+ r->type = array_indexed;
+ r->max_index = -1;
+ r->num_elements = 0;
+ head = array_create_element(-1, (char *)NULL); /* dummy head */
+ head->prev = head->next = head;
+ r->head = head;
+ return(r);
+}
+
+void
+array_flush (a)
+ARRAY *a;
+{
+ register ARRAY_ELEMENT *r, *r1;
+
+ if (a == 0)
+ return;
+ for (r = element_forw(a->head); r != a->head; ) {
+ r1 = element_forw(r);
+ array_dispose_element(r);
+ r = r1;
+ }
+ a->head->next = a->head->prev = a->head;
+ a->max_index = -1;
+ a->num_elements = 0;
+}
+
+void
+array_dispose(a)
+ARRAY *a;
+{
+ if (a == 0)
+ return;
+ array_flush (a);
+ array_dispose_element(a->head);
+ free(a);
+}
+
+ARRAY *
+array_copy(a)
+ARRAY *a;
+{
+ ARRAY *a1;
+ ARRAY_ELEMENT *ae, *new;
+
+ if (a == 0)
+ return((ARRAY *) NULL);
+ a1 = array_create();
+ a1->type = a->type;
+ a1->max_index = a->max_index;
+ a1->num_elements = a->num_elements;
+ for (ae = element_forw(a->head); ae != a->head; ae = element_forw(ae)) {
+ new = array_create_element(element_index(ae), element_value(ae));
+ ADD_BEFORE(a1->head, new);
+ }
+ return(a1);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Make and return a new array composed of the elements in array A from
+ * S to E, inclusive.
+ */
+ARRAY *
+array_slice(array, s, e)
+ARRAY *array;
+ARRAY_ELEMENT *s, *e;
+{
+ ARRAY *a;
+ ARRAY_ELEMENT *p, *n;
+ int i;
+ arrayind_t mi;
+
+ a = array_create ();
+ a->type = array->type;
+
+ for (p = s, i = 0; p != e; p = element_forw(p), i++) {
+ n = array_create_element (element_index(p), element_value(p));
+ ADD_BEFORE(a->head, n);
+ mi = element_index(n);
+ }
+ a->num_elements = i;
+ a->max_index = mi;
+ return a;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Walk the array, calling FUNC once for each element, with the array
+ * element as the argument.
+ */
+void
+array_walk(a, func, udata)
+ARRAY *a;
+sh_ae_map_func_t *func;
+void *udata;
+{
+ register ARRAY_ELEMENT *ae;
+
+ if (a == 0 || array_empty(a))
+ return;
+ for (ae = element_forw(a->head); ae != a->head; ae = element_forw(ae))
+ if ((*func)(ae, udata) < 0)
+ return;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Shift the array A N elements to the left. Delete the first N elements
+ * and subtract N from the indices of the remaining elements. If FLAGS
+ * does not include AS_DISPOSE, this returns a singly-linked null-terminated
+ * list of elements so the caller can dispose of the chain. If FLAGS
+ * includes AS_DISPOSE, this function disposes of the shifted-out elements
+ * and returns NULL.
+ */
+ARRAY_ELEMENT *
+array_shift(a, n, flags)
+ARRAY *a;
+int n, flags;
+{
+ register ARRAY_ELEMENT *ae, *ret;
+ register int i;
+
+ if (a == 0 || array_empty(a) || n <= 0)
+ return ((ARRAY_ELEMENT *)NULL);
+
+ for (i = 0, ret = ae = element_forw(a->head); ae != a->head && i < n; ae = element_forw(ae), i++)
+ ;
+ if (ae == a->head) {
+ /* Easy case; shifting out all of the elements */
+ if (flags & AS_DISPOSE) {
+ array_flush (a);
+ return ((ARRAY_ELEMENT *)NULL);
+ }
+ for (ae = ret; element_forw(ae) != a->head; ae = element_forw(ae))
+ ;
+ element_forw(ae) = (ARRAY_ELEMENT *)NULL;
+ a->head->next = a->head->prev = a->head;
+ a->max_index = -1;
+ a->num_elements = 0;
+ return ret;
+ }
+ /*
+ * ae now points to the list of elements we want to retain.
+ * ret points to the list we want to either destroy or return.
+ */
+ ae->prev->next = (ARRAY_ELEMENT *)NULL; /* null-terminate RET */
+
+ a->head->next = ae; /* slice RET out of the array */
+ ae->prev = a->head;
+
+ for ( ; ae != a->head; ae = element_forw(ae))
+ element_index(ae) -= n; /* renumber retained indices */
+
+ a->num_elements -= n; /* modify bookkeeping information */
+ a->max_index -= n;
+
+ if (flags & AS_DISPOSE) {
+ for (ae = ret; ae; ) {
+ ret = element_forw(ae);
+ array_dispose_element(ae);
+ ae = ret;
+ }
+ return ((ARRAY_ELEMENT *)NULL);
+ }
+
+ return ret;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Shift array A right N indices. If S is non-null, it becomes the value of
+ * the new element 0. Returns the number of elements in the array after the
+ * shift.
+ */
+int
+array_rshift (a, n, s)
+ARRAY *a;
+int n;
+char *s;
+{
+ register ARRAY_ELEMENT *ae, *new;
+
+ if (a == 0 || (array_empty(a) && s == 0))
+ return 0;
+ else if (n <= 0)
+ return (a->num_elements);
+
+ ae = element_forw(a->head);
+ if (s) {
+ new = array_create_element(0, s);
+ ADD_BEFORE(ae, new);
+ a->num_elements++;
+ if (array_num_elements(a) == 1) /* array was empty */
+ return 1;
+ }
+
+ /*
+ * Renumber all elements in the array except the one we just added.
+ */
+ for ( ; ae != a->head; ae = element_forw(ae))
+ element_index(ae) += n;
+
+ a->max_index = element_index(a->head->prev);
+
+ return (a->num_elements);
+}
+
+ARRAY_ELEMENT *
+array_unshift_element(a)
+ARRAY *a;
+{
+ return (array_shift (a, 1, 0));
+}
+
+int
+array_shift_element(a, v)
+ARRAY *a;
+char *v;
+{
+ return (array_rshift (a, 1, v));
+}
+
+ARRAY *
+array_quote(array)
+ARRAY *array;
+{
+ ARRAY_ELEMENT *a;
+ char *t;
+
+ if (array == 0 || array_head(array) == 0 || array_empty(array))
+ return (ARRAY *)NULL;
+ for (a = element_forw(array->head); a != array->head; a = element_forw(a)) {
+ t = quote_string (a->value);
+ FREE(a->value);
+ a->value = t;
+ }
+ return array;
+}
+
+ARRAY *
+array_quote_escapes(array)
+ARRAY *array;
+{
+ ARRAY_ELEMENT *a;
+ char *t;
+
+ if (array == 0 || array_head(array) == 0 || array_empty(array))
+ return (ARRAY *)NULL;
+ for (a = element_forw(array->head); a != array->head; a = element_forw(a)) {
+ t = quote_escapes (a->value);
+ FREE(a->value);
+ a->value = t;
+ }
+ return array;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Return a string whose elements are the members of array A beginning at
+ * index START and spanning NELEM members. Null elements are counted.
+ * Since arrays are sparse, unset array elements are not counted.
+ */
+char *
+array_subrange (a, start, nelem, starsub, quoted)
+ARRAY *a;
+arrayind_t start, nelem;
+int starsub, quoted;
+{
+ ARRAY *a2;
+ ARRAY_ELEMENT *h, *p;
+ arrayind_t i;
+ char *ifs, sep[2], *t;
+
+ p = a ? array_head (a) : 0;
+ if (p == 0 || array_empty (a) || start > array_max_index(a))
+ return ((char *)NULL);
+
+ /*
+ * Find element with index START. If START corresponds to an unset
+ * element (arrays can be sparse), use the first element whose index
+ * is >= START. If START is < 0, we count START indices back from
+ * the end of A (not elements, even with sparse arrays -- START is an
+ * index).
+ */
+ for (p = element_forw(p); p != array_head(a) && start > element_index(p); p = element_forw(p))
+ ;
+
+ if (p == a->head)
+ return ((char *)NULL);
+
+ /* Starting at P, take NELEM elements, inclusive. */
+ for (i = 0, h = p; p != a->head && i < nelem; i++, p = element_forw(p))
+ ;
+
+ a2 = array_slice(a, h, p);
+
+ if (quoted & (Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES|Q_HERE_DOCUMENT))
+ array_quote(a2);
+ else
+ array_quote_escapes(a2);
+
+ if (starsub && (quoted & (Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES|Q_HERE_DOCUMENT))) {
+ /* ${array[*]} */
+ ifs = getifs();
+ sep[0] = ifs ? *ifs : '\0';
+ } else if (quoted & (Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES|Q_HERE_DOCUMENT)) {
+ /* ${array[@]}. Use ' ' to make sure the right splitting is
+ performed even when $IFS is "" */
+ ifs = getifs();
+ sep[0] = (ifs && *ifs) ? *ifs : ' ';
+ } else
+ sep[0] = ' ';
+ sep[1] = '\0';
+
+ t = array_to_string (a2, sep, 0);
+ array_dispose(a2);
+
+ return t;
+}
+
+char *
+array_patsub (a, pat, rep, mflags)
+ARRAY *a;
+char *pat, *rep;
+int mflags;
+{
+ ARRAY *a2;
+ ARRAY_ELEMENT *e;
+ char *t, *ifs, sifs[2];
+
+ if (a == 0 || array_head(a) == 0 || array_empty(a))
+ return ((char *)NULL);
+
+ a2 = array_copy(a);
+ for (e = element_forw(a2->head); e != a2->head; e = element_forw(e)) {
+ t = pat_subst(element_value(e), pat, rep, mflags);
+ FREE(element_value(e));
+ e->value = t;
+ }
+
+ if (mflags & MATCH_QUOTED)
+ array_quote(a2);
+ else
+ array_quote_escapes(a2);
+ if (mflags & MATCH_STARSUB) {
+ ifs = getifs();
+ sifs[0] = ifs ? *ifs : '\0';
+ sifs[1] = '\0';
+ t = array_to_string (a2, sifs, 0);
+ } else
+ t = array_to_string (a2, " ", 0);
+ array_dispose (a2);
+
+ return t;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Allocate and return a new array element with index INDEX and value
+ * VALUE.
+ */
+ARRAY_ELEMENT *
+array_create_element(indx, value)
+arrayind_t indx;
+char *value;
+{
+ ARRAY_ELEMENT *r;
+
+ r = (ARRAY_ELEMENT *)xmalloc(sizeof(ARRAY_ELEMENT));
+ r->ind = indx;
+ r->value = value ? savestring(value) : (char *)NULL;
+ r->next = r->prev = (ARRAY_ELEMENT *) NULL;
+ return(r);
+}
+
+#ifdef INCLUDE_UNUSED
+ARRAY_ELEMENT *
+array_copy_element(ae)
+ARRAY_ELEMENT *ae;
+{
+ return(ae ? array_create_element(element_index(ae), element_value(ae))
+ : (ARRAY_ELEMENT *) NULL);
+}
+#endif
+
+void
+array_dispose_element(ae)
+ARRAY_ELEMENT *ae;
+{
+ if (ae) {
+ FREE(ae->value);
+ free(ae);
+ }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Add a new element with index I and value V to array A (a[i] = v).
+ */
+int
+array_insert(a, i, v)
+ARRAY *a;
+arrayind_t i;
+char *v;
+{
+ register ARRAY_ELEMENT *new, *ae;
+
+ if (a == 0)
+ return(-1);
+ new = array_create_element(i, v);
+ if (i > array_max_index(a)) {
+ /*
+ * Hook onto the end. This also works for an empty array.
+ * Fast path for the common case of allocating arrays
+ * sequentially.
+ */
+ ADD_BEFORE(a->head, new);
+ a->max_index = i;
+ a->num_elements++;
+ return(0);
+ }
+ /*
+ * Otherwise we search for the spot to insert it.
+ */
+ for (ae = element_forw(a->head); ae != a->head; ae = element_forw(ae)) {
+ if (element_index(ae) == i) {
+ /*
+ * Replacing an existing element.
+ */
+ array_dispose_element(new);
+ free(element_value(ae));
+ ae->value = v ? savestring(v) : (char *)NULL;
+ return(0);
+ } else if (element_index(ae) > i) {
+ ADD_BEFORE(ae, new);
+ a->num_elements++;
+ return(0);
+ }
+ }
+ return (-1); /* problem */
+}
+
+/*
+ * Delete the element with index I from array A and return it so the
+ * caller can dispose of it.
+ */
+ARRAY_ELEMENT *
+array_remove(a, i)
+ARRAY *a;
+arrayind_t i;
+{
+ register ARRAY_ELEMENT *ae;
+
+ if (a == 0 || array_empty(a))
+ return((ARRAY_ELEMENT *) NULL);
+ for (ae = element_forw(a->head); ae != a->head; ae = element_forw(ae))
+ if (element_index(ae) == i) {
+ ae->next->prev = ae->prev;
+ ae->prev->next = ae->next;
+ a->num_elements--;
+ if (i == array_max_index(a))
+ a->max_index = element_index(ae->prev);
+ return(ae);
+ }
+ return((ARRAY_ELEMENT *) NULL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Return the value of a[i].
+ */
+char *
+array_reference(a, i)
+ARRAY *a;
+arrayind_t i;
+{
+ register ARRAY_ELEMENT *ae;
+
+ if (a == 0 || array_empty(a))
+ return((char *) NULL);
+ for (ae = element_forw(a->head); ae != a->head; ae = element_forw(ae))
+ if (element_index(ae) == i)
+ return(element_value(ae));
+ return((char *) NULL);
+}
+
+/* Convenience routines for the shell to translate to and from the form used
+ by the rest of the code. */
+
+WORD_LIST *
+array_to_word_list(a)
+ARRAY *a;
+{
+ WORD_LIST *list;
+ ARRAY_ELEMENT *ae;
+
+ if (a == 0 || array_empty(a))
+ return((WORD_LIST *)NULL);
+ list = (WORD_LIST *)NULL;
+ for (ae = element_forw(a->head); ae != a->head; ae = element_forw(ae))
+ list = make_word_list (make_bare_word(element_value(ae)), list);
+ return (REVERSE_LIST(list, WORD_LIST *));
+}
+
+ARRAY *
+array_from_word_list (list)
+WORD_LIST *list;
+{
+ ARRAY *a;
+
+ if (list == 0)
+ return((ARRAY *)NULL);
+ a = array_create();
+ return (array_assign_list (a, list));
+}
+
+WORD_LIST *
+array_keys_to_word_list(a)
+ARRAY *a;
+{
+ WORD_LIST *list;
+ ARRAY_ELEMENT *ae;
+ char *t;
+
+ if (a == 0 || array_empty(a))
+ return((WORD_LIST *)NULL);
+ list = (WORD_LIST *)NULL;
+ for (ae = element_forw(a->head); ae != a->head; ae = element_forw(ae)) {
+ t = itos(element_index(ae));
+ list = make_word_list (make_bare_word(t), list);
+ free(t);
+ }
+ return (REVERSE_LIST(list, WORD_LIST *));
+}
+
+ARRAY *
+array_assign_list (array, list)
+ARRAY *array;
+WORD_LIST *list;
+{
+ register WORD_LIST *l;
+ register arrayind_t i;
+
+ for (l = list, i = 0; l; l = l->next, i++)
+ array_insert(array, i, l->word->word);
+ return array;
+}
+
+char **
+array_to_argv (a)
+ARRAY *a;
+{
+ char **ret, *t;
+ int i;
+ ARRAY_ELEMENT *ae;
+
+ if (a == 0 || array_empty(a))
+ return ((char **)NULL);
+ ret = strvec_create (array_num_elements (a) + 1);
+ i = 0;
+ for (ae = element_forw(a->head); ae != a->head; ae = element_forw(ae)) {
+ t = element_value (ae);
+ ret[i++] = t ? savestring (t) : (char *)NULL;
+ }
+ ret[i] = (char *)NULL;
+ return (ret);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Return a string that is the concatenation of the elements in A from START
+ * to END, separated by SEP.
+ */
+static char *
+array_to_string_internal (start, end, sep, quoted)
+ARRAY_ELEMENT *start, *end;
+char *sep;
+int quoted;
+{
+ char *result, *t;
+ ARRAY_ELEMENT *ae;
+ int slen, rsize, rlen, reg;
+
+ if (start == end) /* XXX - should not happen */
+ return ((char *)NULL);
+
+ slen = strlen(sep);
+ result = NULL;
+ for (rsize = rlen = 0, ae = start; ae != end; ae = element_forw(ae)) {
+ if (rsize == 0)
+ result = (char *)xmalloc (rsize = 64);
+ if (element_value(ae)) {
+ t = quoted ? quote_string(element_value(ae)) : element_value(ae);
+ reg = strlen(t);
+ RESIZE_MALLOCED_BUFFER (result, rlen, (reg + slen + 2),
+ rsize, rsize);
+ strcpy(result + rlen, t);
+ rlen += reg;
+ if (quoted && t)
+ free(t);
+ /*
+ * Add a separator only after non-null elements.
+ */
+ if (element_forw(ae) != end) {
+ strcpy(result + rlen, sep);
+ rlen += slen;
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ if (result)
+ result[rlen] = '\0'; /* XXX */
+ return(result);
+}
+
+char *
+array_to_assign (a, quoted)
+ARRAY *a;
+int quoted;
+{
+ char *result, *valstr, *is;
+ char indstr[INT_STRLEN_BOUND(intmax_t) + 1];
+ ARRAY_ELEMENT *ae;
+ int rsize, rlen, elen;
+
+ if (a == 0 || array_empty (a))
+ return((char *)NULL);
+
+ result = (char *)xmalloc (rsize = 128);
+ result[0] = '(';
+ rlen = 1;
+
+ for (ae = element_forw(a->head); ae != a->head; ae = element_forw(ae)) {
+ is = inttostr (element_index(ae), indstr, sizeof(indstr));
+ valstr = element_value (ae) ? sh_double_quote (element_value(ae))
+ : (char *)NULL;
+ elen = STRLEN (indstr) + 8 + STRLEN (valstr);
+ RESIZE_MALLOCED_BUFFER (result, rlen, (elen + 1), rsize, rsize);
+
+ result[rlen++] = '[';
+ strcpy (result + rlen, is);
+ rlen += STRLEN (is);
+ result[rlen++] = ']';
+ result[rlen++] = '=';
+ if (valstr) {
+ strcpy (result + rlen, valstr);
+ rlen += STRLEN (valstr);
+ }
+
+ if (element_forw(ae) != a->head)
+ result[rlen++] = ' ';
+
+ FREE (valstr);
+ }
+ RESIZE_MALLOCED_BUFFER (result, rlen, 1, rsize, 8);
+ result[rlen++] = ')';
+ result[rlen] = '\0';
+ if (quoted) {
+ /* This is not as efficient as it could be... */
+ valstr = sh_single_quote (result);
+ free (result);
+ result = valstr;
+ }
+ return(result);
+}
+
+char *
+array_to_string (a, sep, quoted)
+ARRAY *a;
+char *sep;
+int quoted;
+{
+ if (a == 0)
+ return((char *)NULL);
+ if (array_empty(a))
+ return(savestring(""));
+ return (array_to_string_internal (element_forw(a->head), a->head, sep, quoted));
+}
+
+#if defined (INCLUDE_UNUSED) || defined (TEST_ARRAY)
+/*
+ * Return an array consisting of elements in S, separated by SEP
+ */
+ARRAY *
+array_from_string(s, sep)
+char *s, *sep;
+{
+ ARRAY *a;
+ WORD_LIST *w;
+
+ if (s == 0)
+ return((ARRAY *)NULL);
+ w = list_string (s, sep, 0);
+ if (w == 0)
+ return((ARRAY *)NULL);
+ a = array_from_word_list (w);
+ return (a);
+}
+#endif
+
+#if defined (TEST_ARRAY)
+/*
+ * To make a running version, compile -DTEST_ARRAY and link with:
+ * xmalloc.o syntax.o lib/malloc/libmalloc.a lib/sh/libsh.a
+ */
+int interrupt_immediately = 0;
+
+int
+signal_is_trapped(s)
+int s;
+{
+ return 0;
+}
+
+void
+fatal_error(const char *s, ...)
+{
+ fprintf(stderr, "array_test: fatal memory error\n");
+ abort();
+}
+
+void
+programming_error(const char *s, ...)
+{
+ fprintf(stderr, "array_test: fatal programming error\n");
+ abort();
+}
+
+WORD_DESC *
+make_bare_word (s)
+const char *s;
+{
+ WORD_DESC *w;
+
+ w = (WORD_DESC *)xmalloc(sizeof(WORD_DESC));
+ w->word = s ? savestring(s) : savestring ("");
+ w->flags = 0;
+ return w;
+}
+
+WORD_LIST *
+make_word_list(x, l)
+WORD_DESC *x;
+WORD_LIST *l;
+{
+ WORD_LIST *w;
+
+ w = (WORD_LIST *)xmalloc(sizeof(WORD_LIST));
+ w->word = x;
+ w->next = l;
+ return w;
+}
+
+WORD_LIST *
+list_string(s, t, i)
+char *s, *t;
+int i;
+{
+ char *r, *a;
+ WORD_LIST *wl;
+
+ if (s == 0)
+ return (WORD_LIST *)NULL;
+ r = savestring(s);
+ wl = (WORD_LIST *)NULL;
+ a = strtok(r, t);
+ while (a) {
+ wl = make_word_list (make_bare_word(a), wl);
+ a = strtok((char *)NULL, t);
+ }
+ return (REVERSE_LIST (wl, WORD_LIST *));
+}
+
+GENERIC_LIST *
+list_reverse (list)
+GENERIC_LIST *list;
+{
+ register GENERIC_LIST *next, *prev;
+
+ for (prev = 0; list; ) {
+ next = list->next;
+ list->next = prev;
+ prev = list;
+ list = next;
+ }
+ return prev;
+}
+
+char *
+pat_subst(s, t, u, i)
+char *s, *t, *u;
+int i;
+{
+ return ((char *)NULL);
+}
+
+char *
+quote_string(s)
+char *s;
+{
+ return savestring(s);
+}
+
+print_element(ae)
+ARRAY_ELEMENT *ae;
+{
+ char lbuf[INT_STRLEN_BOUND (intmax_t) + 1];
+
+ printf("array[%s] = %s\n",
+ inttostr (element_index(ae), lbuf, sizeof (lbuf)),
+ element_value(ae));
+}
+
+print_array(a)
+ARRAY *a;
+{
+ printf("\n");
+ array_walk(a, print_element, (void *)NULL);
+}
+
+main()
+{
+ ARRAY *a, *new_a, *copy_of_a;
+ ARRAY_ELEMENT *ae, *aew;
+ char *s;
+
+ a = array_create();
+ array_insert(a, 1, "one");
+ array_insert(a, 7, "seven");
+ array_insert(a, 4, "four");
+ array_insert(a, 1029, "one thousand twenty-nine");
+ array_insert(a, 12, "twelve");
+ array_insert(a, 42, "forty-two");
+ print_array(a);
+ s = array_to_string (a, " ", 0);
+ printf("s = %s\n", s);
+ copy_of_a = array_from_string(s, " ");
+ printf("copy_of_a:");
+ print_array(copy_of_a);
+ array_dispose(copy_of_a);
+ printf("\n");
+ free(s);
+ ae = array_remove(a, 4);
+ array_dispose_element(ae);
+ ae = array_remove(a, 1029);
+ array_dispose_element(ae);
+ array_insert(a, 16, "sixteen");
+ print_array(a);
+ s = array_to_string (a, " ", 0);
+ printf("s = %s\n", s);
+ copy_of_a = array_from_string(s, " ");
+ printf("copy_of_a:");
+ print_array(copy_of_a);
+ array_dispose(copy_of_a);
+ printf("\n");
+ free(s);
+ array_insert(a, 2, "two");
+ array_insert(a, 1029, "new one thousand twenty-nine");
+ array_insert(a, 0, "zero");
+ array_insert(a, 134, "");
+ print_array(a);
+ s = array_to_string (a, ":", 0);
+ printf("s = %s\n", s);
+ copy_of_a = array_from_string(s, ":");
+ printf("copy_of_a:");
+ print_array(copy_of_a);
+ array_dispose(copy_of_a);
+ printf("\n");
+ free(s);
+ new_a = array_copy(a);
+ print_array(new_a);
+ s = array_to_string (new_a, ":", 0);
+ printf("s = %s\n", s);
+ copy_of_a = array_from_string(s, ":");
+ free(s);
+ printf("copy_of_a:");
+ print_array(copy_of_a);
+ array_shift(copy_of_a, 2, AS_DISPOSE);
+ printf("copy_of_a shifted by two:");
+ print_array(copy_of_a);
+ ae = array_shift(copy_of_a, 2, 0);
+ printf("copy_of_a shifted by two:");
+ print_array(copy_of_a);
+ for ( ; ae; ) {
+ aew = element_forw(ae);
+ array_dispose_element(ae);
+ ae = aew;
+ }
+ array_rshift(copy_of_a, 1, (char *)0);
+ printf("copy_of_a rshift by 1:");
+ print_array(copy_of_a);
+ array_rshift(copy_of_a, 2, "new element zero");
+ printf("copy_of_a rshift again by 2 with new element zero:");
+ print_array(copy_of_a);
+ s = array_to_assign(copy_of_a, 0);
+ printf("copy_of_a=%s\n", s);
+ free(s);
+ ae = array_shift(copy_of_a, array_num_elements(copy_of_a), 0);
+ for ( ; ae; ) {
+ aew = element_forw(ae);
+ array_dispose_element(ae);
+ ae = aew;
+ }
+ array_dispose(copy_of_a);
+ printf("\n");
+ array_dispose(a);
+ array_dispose(new_a);
+}
+
+#endif /* TEST_ARRAY */
+#endif /* ARRAY_VARS */
executed from the file whose name is the expanded value. No other
startup files are read.
- B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh attempts to determine when it is being run by the remote shell
- daemon, usually _\br_\bs_\bh_\bd. If b\bba\bas\bsh\bh determines it is being run by _\br_\bs_\bh_\bd, it
- reads and executes commands from _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\br_\bc, if that file exists and is
- readable. It will not do this if invoked as s\bsh\bh. The -\b--\b-n\bno\bor\brc\bc option may
- be used to inhibit this behavior, and the -\b--\b-r\brc\bcf\bfi\bil\ble\be option may be used
- to force another file to be read, but _\br_\bs_\bh_\bd does not generally invoke
- the shell with those options or allow them to be specified.
+ B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard input
+ connected to a a network connection, as if by the remote shell daemon,
+ usually _\br_\bs_\bh_\bd, or the secure shell daemon _\bs_\bs_\bh_\bd. If b\bba\bas\bsh\bh determines it
+ is being run in this fashion, it reads and executes commands from
+ _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\br_\bc, if that file exists and is readable. It will not do this if
+ invoked as s\bsh\bh. The -\b--\b-n\bno\bor\brc\bc option may be used to inhibit this behavior,
+ and the -\b--\b-r\brc\bcf\bfi\bil\ble\be option may be used to force another file to be read,
+ but _\br_\bs_\bh_\bd does not generally invoke the shell with those options or
+ allow them to be specified.
If the shell is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to
the real user (group) id, and the -\b-p\bp option is not supplied, no startup
An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source
files corresponding to each member of F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE.
$\b${\b{B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO[\b[_\b$_\bi]\b]}\b} is the line number in the source file where
- $\b${\b{F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE[\b[_\b$_\bi_\bf_\bP]\b]}\b} _\bw_\ba_\bs _\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\be_\bd_\b. _\bT_\bh_\be _\bc_\bo_\br_\br_\be_\bs_\bp_\bo_\bn_\bd_\bi_\bn_\bg _\bs_\bo_\bu_\br_\bc_\be _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
- _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be _\bi_\bs $\b${\b{B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSO\bOU\bUR\bRC\bCE\bE[\b[_\b$_\bi]\b]}\b}.\b. U\bUs\bse\be L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO t\bto\bo o\bob\bbt\bta\bai\bin\bn t\bth\bhe\be c\bcu\bur\brr\bre\ben\bnt\bt
- l\bli\bin\bne\be n\bnu\bum\bmb\bbe\ber\br.\b.
+ $\b${\b{F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE[\b[_\b$_\bi]\b]}\b} was called (or $\b${\b{B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO[\b[_\b$_\bi_\b-_\b1]\b]}\b} if refer-
+ enced within another shell function). The corresponding source
+ file name is $\b${\b{B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSO\bOU\bUR\bRC\bCE\bE[\b[_\b$_\bi]\b]}\b}.\b. U\bUs\bse\be L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO t\bto\bo o\bob\bbt\bta\bai\bin\bn t\bth\bhe\be c\bcu\bur\br-\b-
+ r\bre\ben\bnt\bt l\bli\bin\bne\be n\bnu\bum\bmb\bbe\ber\br.\b.
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_R\bRE\bEM\bMA\bAT\bTC\bCH\bH
- An array variable whose members are assigned by the =\b=~\b~ binary
- operator to the [\b[[\b[ conditional command. The element with index
- 0 is the portion of the string matching the entire regular
- expression. The element with index _\bn is the portion of the
+ An array variable whose members are assigned by the =\b=~\b~ binary
+ operator to the [\b[[\b[ conditional command. The element with index
+ 0 is the portion of the string matching the entire regular
+ expression. The element with index _\bn is the portion of the
string matching the _\bnth parenthesized subexpression. This vari-
able is read-only.
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSO\bOU\bUR\bRC\bCE\bE
- An array variable whose members are the source filenames corre-
+ An array variable whose members are the source filenames corre-
sponding to the elements in the F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE array variable.
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSU\bUB\bBS\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL
- Incremented by one each time a subshell or subshell environment
+ Incremented by one each time a subshell or subshell environment
is spawned. The initial value is 0.
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_V\bVE\bER\bRS\bSI\bIN\bNF\bFO\bO
A readonly array variable whose members hold version information
- for this instance of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. The values assigned to the array
+ for this instance of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. The values assigned to the array
members are as follows:
- B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_V\bVE\bER\bRS\bSI\bIN\bNF\bFO\bO[\b[0]\b] The major version number (the _\br_\be_\bl_\be_\ba_\bs_\be).
- B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_V\bVE\bER\bRS\bSI\bIN\bNF\bFO\bO[\b[1]\b] The minor version number (the _\bv_\be_\br_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn).
+ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_V\bVE\bER\bRS\bSI\bIN\bNF\bFO\bO[\b[0]\b] The major version number (the _\br_\be_\bl_\be_\ba_\bs_\be).
+ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_V\bVE\bER\bRS\bSI\bIN\bNF\bFO\bO[\b[1]\b] The minor version number (the _\bv_\be_\br_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn).
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_V\bVE\bER\bRS\bSI\bIN\bNF\bFO\bO[\b[2]\b] The patch level.
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_V\bVE\bER\bRS\bSI\bIN\bNF\bFO\bO[\b[3]\b] The build version.
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_V\bVE\bER\bRS\bSI\bIN\bNF\bFO\bO[\b[4]\b] The release status (e.g., _\bb_\be_\bt_\ba_\b1).
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_V\bVE\bER\bRS\bSI\bIN\bNF\bFO\bO[\b[5]\b] The value of M\bMA\bAC\bCH\bHT\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE.
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_V\bVE\bER\bRS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN
- Expands to a string describing the version of this instance of
+ Expands to a string describing the version of this instance of
b\bba\bas\bsh\bh.
C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_C\bCW\bWO\bOR\bRD\bD
- An index into $\b${\b{C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDS\bS}\b} of the word containing the current
+ An index into $\b${\b{C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDS\bS}\b} of the word containing the current
cursor position. This variable is available only in shell func-
- tions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see
+ tions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see
P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn below).
C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_K\bKE\bEY\bY
rent completion function.
C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
- The current command line. This variable is available only in
- shell functions and external commands invoked by the pro-
- grammable completion facilities (see P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn
+ The current command line. This variable is available only in
+ shell functions and external commands invoked by the pro-
+ grammable completion facilities (see P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn
below).
C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_P\bPO\bOI\bIN\bNT\bT
- The index of the current cursor position relative to the begin-
- ning of the current command. If the current cursor position is
+ The index of the current cursor position relative to the begin-
+ ning of the current command. If the current cursor position is
at the end of the current command, the value of this variable is
- equal to $\b${\b{#\b#C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE}\b}. This variable is available only in
- shell functions and external commands invoked by the pro-
- grammable completion facilities (see P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn
+ equal to $\b${\b{#\b#C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE}\b}. This variable is available only in
+ shell functions and external commands invoked by the pro-
+ grammable completion facilities (see P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn
below).
C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_T\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE
- Set to an integer value corresponding to the type of completion
- attempted that caused a completion function to be called: _\bT_\bA_\bB,
- for normal completion, _\b?, for listing completions after succes-
- sive tabs, _\b!, for listing alternatives on partial word comple-
- tion, _\b@, to list completions if the word is not unmodified, or
- _\b%, for menu completion. This variable is available only in
- shell functions and external commands invoked by the pro-
- grammable completion facilities (see P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn
+ Set to an integer value corresponding to the type of completion
+ attempted that caused a completion function to be called: _\bT_\bA_\bB,
+ for normal completion, _\b?, for listing completions after succes-
+ sive tabs, _\b!, for listing alternatives on partial word comple-
+ tion, _\b@, to list completions if the word is not unmodified, or
+ _\b%, for menu completion. This variable is available only in
+ shell functions and external commands invoked by the pro-
+ grammable completion facilities (see P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn
below).
C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDB\bBR\bRE\bEA\bAK\bKS\bS
- The set of characters that the Readline library treats as word
- separators when performing word completion. If C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDB\bBR\bRE\bEA\bAK\bKS\bS
- is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse-
+ The set of characters that the Readline library treats as word
+ separators when performing word completion. If C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDB\bBR\bRE\bEA\bAK\bKS\bS
+ is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse-
quently reset.
C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDS\bS
- An array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs below) consisting of the individ-
- ual words in the current command line. The words are split on
- shell metacharacters as the shell parser would separate them.
- This variable is available only in shell functions invoked by
+ An array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs below) consisting of the individ-
+ ual words in the current command line. The words are split on
+ shell metacharacters as the shell parser would separate them.
+ This variable is available only in shell functions invoked by
the programmable completion facilities (see P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\be-\b-
t\bti\bio\bon\bn below).
D\bDI\bIR\bRS\bST\bTA\bAC\bCK\bK
An array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs below) containing the current con-
- tents of the directory stack. Directories appear in the stack
- in the order they are displayed by the d\bdi\bir\brs\bs builtin. Assigning
+ tents of the directory stack. Directories appear in the stack
+ in the order they are displayed by the d\bdi\bir\brs\bs builtin. Assigning
to members of this array variable may be used to modify directo-
- ries already in the stack, but the p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd and p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd builtins must
+ ries already in the stack, but the p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd and p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd builtins must
be used to add and remove directories. Assignment to this vari-
- able will not change the current directory. If D\bDI\bIR\bRS\bST\bTA\bAC\bCK\bK is
- unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse-
+ able will not change the current directory. If D\bDI\bIR\bRS\bST\bTA\bAC\bCK\bK is
+ unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse-
quently reset.
- E\bEU\bUI\bID\bD Expands to the effective user ID of the current user, initial-
+ E\bEU\bUI\bID\bD Expands to the effective user ID of the current user, initial-
ized at shell startup. This variable is readonly.
F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE
- An array variable containing the names of all shell functions
+ An array variable containing the names of all shell functions
currently in the execution call stack. The element with index 0
is the name of any currently-executing shell function. The bot-
- tom-most element is "main". This variable exists only when a
- shell function is executing. Assignments to F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE have no
- effect and return an error status. If F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE is unset, it
- loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
-
- G\bGR\bRO\bOU\bUP\bPS\bS An array variable containing the list of groups of which the
- current user is a member. Assignments to G\bGR\bRO\bOU\bUP\bPS\bS have no effect
- and return an error status. If G\bGR\bRO\bOU\bUP\bPS\bS is unset, it loses its
+ tom-most element is "main". This variable exists only when a
+ shell function is executing. Assignments to F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE have no
+ effect and return an error status. If F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE is unset, it
+ loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
+
+ G\bGR\bRO\bOU\bUP\bPS\bS An array variable containing the list of groups of which the
+ current user is a member. Assignments to G\bGR\bRO\bOU\bUP\bPS\bS have no effect
+ and return an error status. If G\bGR\bRO\bOU\bUP\bPS\bS is unset, it loses its
special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCM\bMD\bD
The history number, or index in the history list, of the current
- command. If H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCM\bMD\bD is unset, it loses its special properties,
+ command. If H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCM\bMD\bD is unset, it loses its special properties,
even if it is subsequently reset.
H\bHO\bOS\bST\bTN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE
Automatically set to the name of the current host.
H\bHO\bOS\bST\bTT\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE
- Automatically set to a string that uniquely describes the type
- of machine on which b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is executing. The default is system-
+ Automatically set to a string that uniquely describes the type
+ of machine on which b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is executing. The default is system-
dependent.
- L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO Each time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes a
- decimal number representing the current sequential line number
- (starting with 1) within a script or function. When not in a
- script or function, the value substituted is not guaranteed to
+ L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO Each time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes a
+ decimal number representing the current sequential line number
+ (starting with 1) within a script or function. When not in a
+ script or function, the value substituted is not guaranteed to
be meaningful. If L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO is unset, it loses its special proper-
ties, even if it is subsequently reset.
M\bMA\bAC\bCH\bHT\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE
- Automatically set to a string that fully describes the system
- type on which b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is executing, in the standard GNU _\bc_\bp_\bu_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\b-
+ Automatically set to a string that fully describes the system
+ type on which b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is executing, in the standard GNU _\bc_\bp_\bu_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\b-
_\bp_\ba_\bn_\by_\b-_\bs_\by_\bs_\bt_\be_\bm format. The default is system-dependent.
O\bOL\bLD\bDP\bPW\bWD\bD The previous working directory as set by the c\bcd\bd command.
- O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG The value of the last option argument processed by the g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs
+ O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG The value of the last option argument processed by the g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs
builtin command (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
- O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD The index of the next argument to be processed by the g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs
+ O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD The index of the next argument to be processed by the g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs
builtin command (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
- O\bOS\bST\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE Automatically set to a string that describes the operating sys-
- tem on which b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is executing. The default is system-depen-
+ O\bOS\bST\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE Automatically set to a string that describes the operating sys-
+ tem on which b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is executing. The default is system-depen-
dent.
P\bPI\bIP\bPE\bES\bST\bTA\bAT\bTU\bUS\bS
- An array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs below) containing a list of exit
- status values from the processes in the most-recently-executed
+ An array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs below) containing a list of exit
+ status values from the processes in the most-recently-executed
foreground pipeline (which may contain only a single command).
- P\bPP\bPI\bID\bD The process ID of the shell's parent. This variable is read-
+ P\bPP\bPI\bID\bD The process ID of the shell's parent. This variable is read-
only.
P\bPW\bWD\bD The current working directory as set by the c\bcd\bd command.
R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM Each time this parameter is referenced, a random integer between
0 and 32767 is generated. The sequence of random numbers may be
initialized by assigning a value to R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM. If R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM is unset,
- it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently
+ it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently
reset.
- R\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY Set to the line of input read by the r\bre\bea\bad\bd builtin command when
+ R\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY Set to the line of input read by the r\bre\bea\bad\bd builtin command when
no arguments are supplied.
S\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS
- Each time this parameter is referenced, the number of seconds
- since shell invocation is returned. If a value is assigned to
- S\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS, the value returned upon subsequent references is the
- number of seconds since the assignment plus the value assigned.
+ Each time this parameter is referenced, the number of seconds
+ since shell invocation is returned. If a value is assigned to
+ S\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS, the value returned upon subsequent references is the
+ number of seconds since the assignment plus the value assigned.
If S\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it
is subsequently reset.
S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS
- A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in
- the list is a valid argument for the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt
+ A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in
+ the list is a valid argument for the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt
builtin command (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below). The options
- appearing in S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS are those reported as _\bo_\bn by s\bse\bet\bt -\b-o\bo. If
- this variable is in the environment when b\bba\bas\bsh\bh starts up, each
- shell option in the list will be enabled before reading any
+ appearing in S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS are those reported as _\bo_\bn by s\bse\bet\bt -\b-o\bo. If
+ this variable is in the environment when b\bba\bas\bsh\bh starts up, each
+ shell option in the list will be enabled before reading any
startup files. This variable is read-only.
S\bSH\bHL\bLV\bVL\bL Incremented by one each time an instance of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is started.
U\bUI\bID\bD Expands to the user ID of the current user, initialized at shell
startup. This variable is readonly.
- The following variables are used by the shell. In some cases, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
+ The following variables are used by the shell. In some cases, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
assigns a default value to a variable; these cases are noted below.
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEN\bNV\bV
- If this parameter is set when b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is executing a shell script,
- its value is interpreted as a filename containing commands to
+ If this parameter is set when b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is executing a shell script,
+ its value is interpreted as a filename containing commands to
initialize the shell, as in _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\br_\bc. The value of B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEN\bNV\bV is
- subjected to parameter expansion, command substitution, and
- arithmetic expansion before being interpreted as a file name.
+ subjected to parameter expansion, command substitution, and
+ arithmetic expansion before being interpreted as a file name.
P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is not used to search for the resultant file name.
- C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH The search path for the c\bcd\bd command. This is a colon-separated
- list of directories in which the shell looks for destination
- directories specified by the c\bcd\bd command. A sample value is
+ C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH The search path for the c\bcd\bd command. This is a colon-separated
+ list of directories in which the shell looks for destination
+ directories specified by the c\bcd\bd command. A sample value is
".:~:/usr".
C\bCO\bOL\bLU\bUM\bMN\bNS\bS
- Used by the s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt builtin command to determine the terminal
- width when printing selection lists. Automatically set upon
+ Used by the s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt builtin command to determine the terminal
+ width when printing selection lists. Automatically set upon
receipt of a SIGWINCH.
C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPR\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY
An array variable from which b\bba\bas\bsh\bh reads the possible completions
- generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable com-
+ generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable com-
pletion facility (see P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn below).
- E\bEM\bMA\bAC\bCS\bS If b\bba\bas\bsh\bh finds this variable in the environment when the shell
- starts with value "t", it assumes that the shell is running in
+ E\bEM\bMA\bAC\bCS\bS If b\bba\bas\bsh\bh finds this variable in the environment when the shell
+ starts with value "t", it assumes that the shell is running in
an emacs shell buffer and disables line editing.
F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT The default editor for the f\bfc\bc builtin command.
F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE
- A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing
+ A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing
filename completion (see R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE below). A filename whose suf-
- fix matches one of the entries in F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is excluded from the
+ fix matches one of the entries in F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is excluded from the
list of matched filenames. A sample value is ".o:~".
G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE
A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of filenames
to be ignored by pathname expansion. If a filename matched by a
- pathname expansion pattern also matches one of the patterns in
+ pathname expansion pattern also matches one of the patterns in
G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE, it is removed from the list of matches.
H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL
- A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are
- saved on the history list. If the list of values includes
- _\bi_\bg_\bn_\bo_\br_\be_\bs_\bp_\ba_\bc_\be, lines which begin with a s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be character are not
- saved in the history list. A value of _\bi_\bg_\bn_\bo_\br_\be_\bd_\bu_\bp_\bs causes lines
+ A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are
+ saved on the history list. If the list of values includes
+ _\bi_\bg_\bn_\bo_\br_\be_\bs_\bp_\ba_\bc_\be, lines which begin with a s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be character are not
+ saved in the history list. A value of _\bi_\bg_\bn_\bo_\br_\be_\bd_\bu_\bp_\bs causes lines
matching the previous history entry to not be saved. A value of
_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bo_\br_\be_\bb_\bo_\bt_\bh is shorthand for _\bi_\bg_\bn_\bo_\br_\be_\bs_\bp_\ba_\bc_\be and _\bi_\bg_\bn_\bo_\br_\be_\bd_\bu_\bp_\bs. A value
of _\be_\br_\ba_\bs_\be_\bd_\bu_\bp_\bs causes all previous lines matching the current line
- to be removed from the history list before that line is saved.
- Any value not in the above list is ignored. If H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL is
- unset, or does not include a valid value, all lines read by the
+ to be removed from the history list before that line is saved.
+ Any value not in the above list is ignored. If H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL is
+ unset, or does not include a valid value, all lines read by the
shell parser are saved on the history list, subject to the value
- of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE. The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line
- compound command are not tested, and are added to the history
+ of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE. The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line
+ compound command are not tested, and are added to the history
regardless of the value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL.
H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE
The name of the file in which command history is saved (see H\bHI\bIS\bS-\b-
- T\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY below). The default value is _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b__\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by. If unset,
- the command history is not saved when an interactive shell
+ T\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY below). The default value is _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b__\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by. If unset,
+ the command history is not saved when an interactive shell
exits.
H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bES\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE
The maximum number of lines contained in the history file. When
- this variable is assigned a value, the history file is trun-
- cated, if necessary, by removing the oldest entries, to contain
- no more than that number of lines. The default value is 500.
+ this variable is assigned a value, the history file is trun-
+ cated, if necessary, by removing the oldest entries, to contain
+ no more than that number of lines. The default value is 500.
The history file is also truncated to this size after writing it
when an interactive shell exits.
H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE
- A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command
- lines should be saved on the history list. Each pattern is
- anchored at the beginning of the line and must match the com-
- plete line (no implicit `*\b*' is appended). Each pattern is
- tested against the line after the checks specified by H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bN-\b-
- T\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL are applied. In addition to the normal shell pattern
+ A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command
+ lines should be saved on the history list. Each pattern is
+ anchored at the beginning of the line and must match the com-
+ plete line (no implicit `*\b*' is appended). Each pattern is
+ tested against the line after the checks specified by H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bN-\b-
+ T\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL are applied. In addition to the normal shell pattern
matching characters, `&\b&' matches the previous history line. `&\b&'
- may be escaped using a backslash; the backslash is removed
+ may be escaped using a backslash; the backslash is removed
before attempting a match. The second and subsequent lines of a
multi-line compound command are not tested, and are added to the
history regardless of the value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE.
H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTS\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE
- The number of commands to remember in the command history (see
+ The number of commands to remember in the command history (see
H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY below). The default value is 500.
H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT
- If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a
+ If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a
format string for _\bs_\bt_\br_\bf_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3) to print the time stamp associated
- with each history entry displayed by the h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by builtin. If
- this variable is set, time stamps are written to the history
- file so they may be preserved across shell sessions. This uses
- the history comment character to distinguish timestamps from
+ with each history entry displayed by the h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by builtin. If
+ this variable is set, time stamps are written to the history
+ file so they may be preserved across shell sessions. This uses
+ the history comment character to distinguish timestamps from
other history lines.
H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE The home directory of the current user; the default argument for
the c\bcd\bd builtin command. The value of this variable is also used
when performing tilde expansion.
H\bHO\bOS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE
- Contains the name of a file in the same format as _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bh_\bo_\bs_\bt_\bs
+ Contains the name of a file in the same format as _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bh_\bo_\bs_\bt_\bs
that should be read when the shell needs to complete a hostname.
- The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while
- the shell is running; the next time hostname completion is
- attempted after the value is changed, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh adds the contents of
- the new file to the existing list. If H\bHO\bOS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is set, but has
+ The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while
+ the shell is running; the next time hostname completion is
+ attempted after the value is changed, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh adds the contents of
+ the new file to the existing list. If H\bHO\bOS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is set, but has
no value, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to read _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bh_\bo_\bs_\bt_\bs to obtain the list of
- possible hostname completions. When H\bHO\bOS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is unset, the
+ possible hostname completions. When H\bHO\bOS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is unset, the
hostname list is cleared.
- I\bIF\bFS\bS The _\bI_\bn_\bt_\be_\br_\bn_\ba_\bl _\bF_\bi_\be_\bl_\bd _\bS_\be_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bt_\bo_\br that is used for word splitting
- after expansion and to split lines into words with the r\bre\bea\bad\bd
+ I\bIF\bFS\bS The _\bI_\bn_\bt_\be_\br_\bn_\ba_\bl _\bF_\bi_\be_\bl_\bd _\bS_\be_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bt_\bo_\br that is used for word splitting
+ after expansion and to split lines into words with the r\bre\bea\bad\bd
builtin command. The default value is ``<space><tab><new-
line>''.
I\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bEE\bEO\bOF\bF
Controls the action of an interactive shell on receipt of an E\bEO\bOF\bF
character as the sole input. If set, the value is the number of
- consecutive E\bEO\bOF\bF characters which must be typed as the first
- characters on an input line before b\bba\bas\bsh\bh exits. If the variable
- exists but does not have a numeric value, or has no value, the
- default value is 10. If it does not exist, E\bEO\bOF\bF signifies the
+ consecutive E\bEO\bOF\bF characters which must be typed as the first
+ characters on an input line before b\bba\bas\bsh\bh exits. If the variable
+ exists but does not have a numeric value, or has no value, the
+ default value is 10. If it does not exist, E\bEO\bOF\bF signifies the
end of input to the shell.
I\bIN\bNP\bPU\bUT\bTR\bRC\bC
- The filename for the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be startup file, overriding the
+ The filename for the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be startup file, overriding the
default of _\b~_\b/_\b._\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc (see R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE below).
- L\bLA\bAN\bNG\bG Used to determine the locale category for any category not
+ L\bLA\bAN\bNG\bG Used to determine the locale category for any category not
specifically selected with a variable starting with L\bLC\bC_\b_.
- L\bLC\bC_\b_A\bAL\bLL\bL This variable overrides the value of L\bLA\bAN\bNG\bG and any other L\bLC\bC_\b_
+ L\bLC\bC_\b_A\bAL\bLL\bL This variable overrides the value of L\bLA\bAN\bNG\bG and any other L\bLC\bC_\b_
variable specifying a locale category.
L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCO\bOL\bLL\bLA\bAT\bTE\bE
- This variable determines the collation order used when sorting
- the results of pathname expansion, and determines the behavior
- of range expressions, equivalence classes, and collating
+ This variable determines the collation order used when sorting
+ the results of pathname expansion, and determines the behavior
+ of range expressions, equivalence classes, and collating
sequences within pathname expansion and pattern matching.
L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCT\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE
- This variable determines the interpretation of characters and
- the behavior of character classes within pathname expansion and
+ This variable determines the interpretation of characters and
+ the behavior of character classes within pathname expansion and
pattern matching.
L\bLC\bC_\b_M\bME\bES\bSS\bSA\bAG\bGE\bES\bS
- This variable determines the locale used to translate double-
+ This variable determines the locale used to translate double-
quoted strings preceded by a $\b$.
L\bLC\bC_\b_N\bNU\bUM\bME\bER\bRI\bIC\bC
- This variable determines the locale category used for number
+ This variable determines the locale category used for number
formatting.
- L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bES\bS Used by the s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt builtin command to determine the column
- length for printing selection lists. Automatically set upon
+ L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bES\bS Used by the s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt builtin command to determine the column
+ length for printing selection lists. Automatically set upon
receipt of a SIGWINCH.
- M\bMA\bAI\bIL\bL If this parameter is set to a file name and the M\bMA\bAI\bIL\bLP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH vari-
+ M\bMA\bAI\bIL\bL If this parameter is set to a file name and the M\bMA\bAI\bIL\bLP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH vari-
able is not set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh informs the user of the arrival of mail in
the specified file.
M\bMA\bAI\bIL\bLC\bCH\bHE\bEC\bCK\bK
- Specifies how often (in seconds) b\bba\bas\bsh\bh checks for mail. The
- default is 60 seconds. When it is time to check for mail, the
- shell does so before displaying the primary prompt. If this
- variable is unset, or set to a value that is not a number
+ Specifies how often (in seconds) b\bba\bas\bsh\bh checks for mail. The
+ default is 60 seconds. When it is time to check for mail, the
+ shell does so before displaying the primary prompt. If this
+ variable is unset, or set to a value that is not a number
greater than or equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking.
M\bMA\bAI\bIL\bLP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH
- A colon-separated list of file names to be checked for mail.
+ A colon-separated list of file names to be checked for mail.
The message to be printed when mail arrives in a particular file
- may be specified by separating the file name from the message
+ may be specified by separating the file name from the message
with a `?'. When used in the text of the message, $\b$_\b_ expands to
the name of the current mailfile. Example:
M\bMA\bAI\bIL\bLP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH='/var/mail/bfox?"You have mail":~/shell-mail?"$_ has
mail!"'
- B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh supplies a default value for this variable, but the loca-
- tion of the user mail files that it uses is system dependent
+ B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh supplies a default value for this variable, but the loca-
+ tion of the user mail files that it uses is system dependent
(e.g., /var/mail/$\b$U\bUS\bSE\bER\bR).
O\bOP\bPT\bTE\bER\bRR\bR If set to the value 1, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh displays error messages generated by
- the g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs builtin command (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
- O\bOP\bPT\bTE\bER\bRR\bR is initialized to 1 each time the shell is invoked or a
+ the g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs builtin command (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
+ O\bOP\bPT\bTE\bER\bRR\bR is initialized to 1 each time the shell is invoked or a
shell script is executed.
- P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH The search path for commands. It is a colon-separated list of
- directories in which the shell looks for commands (see C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD
- E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN below). A zero-length (null) directory name in the
+ P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH The search path for commands. It is a colon-separated list of
+ directories in which the shell looks for commands (see C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD
+ E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN below). A zero-length (null) directory name in the
value of P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH indicates the current directory. A null directory
- name may appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial or
- trailing colon. The default path is system-dependent, and is
- set by the administrator who installs b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. A common value is
+ name may appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial or
+ trailing colon. The default path is system-dependent, and is
+ set by the administrator who installs b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. A common value is
``/usr/gnu/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/ucb:/bin:/usr/bin''.
P\bPO\bOS\bSI\bIX\bXL\bLY\bY_\b_C\bCO\bOR\bRR\bRE\bEC\bCT\bT
- If this variable is in the environment when b\bba\bas\bsh\bh starts, the
- shell enters _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be before reading the startup files, as if
- the -\b--\b-p\bpo\bos\bsi\bix\bx invocation option had been supplied. If it is set
- while the shell is running, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh enables _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be, as if the
+ If this variable is in the environment when b\bba\bas\bsh\bh starts, the
+ shell enters _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be before reading the startup files, as if
+ the -\b--\b-p\bpo\bos\bsi\bix\bx invocation option had been supplied. If it is set
+ while the shell is running, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh enables _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be, as if the
command _\bs_\be_\bt _\b-_\bo _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx had been executed.
P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bT_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD
If set, the value is executed as a command prior to issuing each
primary prompt.
- P\bPS\bS1\b1 The value of this parameter is expanded (see P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG below)
- and used as the primary prompt string. The default value is
+ P\bPS\bS1\b1 The value of this parameter is expanded (see P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG below)
+ and used as the primary prompt string. The default value is
``\\b\s\bs-\b-\\b\v\bv\\b\$\b$ ''.
- P\bPS\bS2\b2 The value of this parameter is expanded as with P\bPS\bS1\b1 and used as
+ P\bPS\bS2\b2 The value of this parameter is expanded as with P\bPS\bS1\b1 and used as
the secondary prompt string. The default is ``>\b> ''.
P\bPS\bS3\b3 The value of this parameter is used as the prompt for the s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt
command (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR above).
- P\bPS\bS4\b4 The value of this parameter is expanded as with P\bPS\bS1\b1 and the
- value is printed before each command b\bba\bas\bsh\bh displays during an
- execution trace. The first character of P\bPS\bS4\b4 is replicated mul-
- tiple times, as necessary, to indicate multiple levels of indi-
+ P\bPS\bS4\b4 The value of this parameter is expanded as with P\bPS\bS1\b1 and the
+ value is printed before each command b\bba\bas\bsh\bh displays during an
+ execution trace. The first character of P\bPS\bS4\b4 is replicated mul-
+ tiple times, as necessary, to indicate multiple levels of indi-
rection. The default is ``+\b+ ''.
S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL The full pathname to the shell is kept in this environment vari-
- able. If it is not set when the shell starts, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh assigns to
+ able. If it is not set when the shell starts, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh assigns to
it the full pathname of the current user's login shell.
T\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT
- The value of this parameter is used as a format string specify-
- ing how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the
- t\bti\bim\bme\be reserved word should be displayed. The %\b% character intro-
- duces an escape sequence that is expanded to a time value or
- other information. The escape sequences and their meanings are
+ The value of this parameter is used as a format string specify-
+ ing how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the
+ t\bti\bim\bme\be reserved word should be displayed. The %\b% character intro-
+ duces an escape sequence that is expanded to a time value or
+ other information. The escape sequences and their meanings are
as follows; the braces denote optional portions.
%\b%%\b% A literal %\b%.
%\b%[\b[_\bp]\b][\b[l\bl]\b]R\bR The elapsed time in seconds.
%\b%[\b[_\bp]\b][\b[l\bl]\b]S\bS The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.
%\b%P\bP The CPU percentage, computed as (%U + %S) / %R.
- The optional _\bp is a digit specifying the _\bp_\br_\be_\bc_\bi_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn, the number
+ The optional _\bp is a digit specifying the _\bp_\br_\be_\bc_\bi_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn, the number
of fractional digits after a decimal point. A value of 0 causes
no decimal point or fraction to be output. At most three places
- after the decimal point may be specified; values of _\bp greater
- than 3 are changed to 3. If _\bp is not specified, the value 3 is
+ after the decimal point may be specified; values of _\bp greater
+ than 3 are changed to 3. If _\bp is not specified, the value 3 is
used.
- The optional l\bl specifies a longer format, including minutes, of
- the form _\bM_\bMm_\bS_\bS._\bF_\bFs. The value of _\bp determines whether or not
+ The optional l\bl specifies a longer format, including minutes, of
+ the form _\bM_\bMm_\bS_\bS._\bF_\bFs. The value of _\bp determines whether or not
the fraction is included.
- If this variable is not set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh acts as if it had the value
- $\b$'\b'\\b\n\bnr\bre\bea\bal\bl\\b\t\bt%\b%3\b3l\blR\bR\\b\n\bnu\bus\bse\ber\br\\b\t\bt%\b%3\b3l\blU\bU\\b\n\bns\bsy\bys\bs%\b%3\b3l\blS\bS'\b'. If the value is null, no
- timing information is displayed. A trailing newline is added
+ If this variable is not set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh acts as if it had the value
+ $\b$'\b'\\b\n\bnr\bre\bea\bal\bl\\b\t\bt%\b%3\b3l\blR\bR\\b\n\bnu\bus\bse\ber\br\\b\t\bt%\b%3\b3l\blU\bU\\b\n\bns\bsy\bys\bs%\b%3\b3l\blS\bS'\b'. If the value is null, no
+ timing information is displayed. A trailing newline is added
when the format string is displayed.
- T\bTM\bMO\bOU\bUT\bT If set to a value greater than zero, T\bTM\bMO\bOU\bUT\bT is treated as the
+ T\bTM\bMO\bOU\bUT\bT If set to a value greater than zero, T\bTM\bMO\bOU\bUT\bT is treated as the
default timeout for the r\bre\bea\bad\bd builtin. The s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt command termi-
nates if input does not arrive after T\bTM\bMO\bOU\bUT\bT seconds when input is
- coming from a terminal. In an interactive shell, the value is
- interpreted as the number of seconds to wait for input after
- issuing the primary prompt. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh terminates after waiting for
+ coming from a terminal. In an interactive shell, the value is
+ interpreted as the number of seconds to wait for input after
+ issuing the primary prompt. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh terminates after waiting for
that number of seconds if input does not arrive.
- T\bTM\bMP\bPD\bDI\bIR\bR If set, B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh uses its value as the name of a directory in which
+ T\bTM\bMP\bPD\bDI\bIR\bR If set, B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh uses its value as the name of a directory in which
B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh creates temporary files for the shell's use.
a\bau\but\bto\bo_\b_r\bre\bes\bsu\bum\bme\be
This variable controls how the shell interacts with the user and
- job control. If this variable is set, single word simple com-
+ job control. If this variable is set, single word simple com-
mands without redirections are treated as candidates for resump-
tion of an existing stopped job. There is no ambiguity allowed;
- if there is more than one job beginning with the string typed,
- the job most recently accessed is selected. The _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be of a
- stopped job, in this context, is the command line used to start
- it. If set to the value _\be_\bx_\ba_\bc_\bt, the string supplied must match
- the name of a stopped job exactly; if set to _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg, the
- string supplied needs to match a substring of the name of a
- stopped job. The _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg value provides functionality analo-
- gous to the %\b%?\b? job identifier (see J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL below). If set
- to any other value, the supplied string must be a prefix of a
+ if there is more than one job beginning with the string typed,
+ the job most recently accessed is selected. The _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be of a
+ stopped job, in this context, is the command line used to start
+ it. If set to the value _\be_\bx_\ba_\bc_\bt, the string supplied must match
+ the name of a stopped job exactly; if set to _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg, the
+ string supplied needs to match a substring of the name of a
+ stopped job. The _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg value provides functionality analo-
+ gous to the %\b%?\b? job identifier (see J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL below). If set
+ to any other value, the supplied string must be a prefix of a
stopped job's name; this provides functionality analogous to the
%\b%_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg job identifier.
h\bhi\bis\bst\btc\bch\bha\bar\brs\bs
- The two or three characters which control history expansion and
+ The two or three characters which control history expansion and
tokenization (see H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN below). The first character
- is the _\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn character, the character which signals
- the start of a history expansion, normally `!\b!'. The second
- character is the _\bq_\bu_\bi_\bc_\bk _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\bi_\bt_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn character, which is used as
- shorthand for re-running the previous command entered, substi-
- tuting one string for another in the command. The default is
- `^\b^'. The optional third character is the character which indi-
- cates that the remainder of the line is a comment when found as
- the first character of a word, normally `#\b#'. The history com-
+ is the _\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn character, the character which signals
+ the start of a history expansion, normally `!\b!'. The second
+ character is the _\bq_\bu_\bi_\bc_\bk _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\bi_\bt_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn character, which is used as
+ shorthand for re-running the previous command entered, substi-
+ tuting one string for another in the command. The default is
+ `^\b^'. The optional third character is the character which indi-
+ cates that the remainder of the line is a comment when found as
+ the first character of a word, normally `#\b#'. The history com-
ment character causes history substitution to be skipped for the
- remaining words on the line. It does not necessarily cause the
+ remaining words on the line. It does not necessarily cause the
shell parser to treat the rest of the line as a comment.
A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs
- B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh provides one-dimensional array variables. Any variable may be
+ B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh provides one-dimensional array variables. Any variable may be
used as an array; the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin will explicitly declare an array.
- There is no maximum limit on the size of an array, nor any requirement
- that members be indexed or assigned contiguously. Arrays are indexed
+ There is no maximum limit on the size of an array, nor any requirement
+ that members be indexed or assigned contiguously. Arrays are indexed
using integers and are zero-based.
- An array is created automatically if any variable is assigned to using
- the syntax _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. The _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt is treated as an
- arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number greater than or
- equal to zero. To explicitly declare an array, use d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be -\b-a\ba _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
+ An array is created automatically if any variable is assigned to using
+ the syntax _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. The _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt is treated as an
+ arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number greater than or
+ equal to zero. To explicitly declare an array, use d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be -\b-a\ba _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
(see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below). d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be -\b-a\ba _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[\b[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]\b] is also
accepted; the _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt is ignored. Attributes may be specified for an
array variable using the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be and r\bre\bea\bad\bdo\bon\bnl\bly\by builtins. Each attribute
applies to all members of an array.
- Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form
- _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be=(\b(value_\b1 ... value_\bn)\b), where each _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be is of the form [_\bs_\bu_\bb_\b-
+ Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form
+ _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be=(\b(value_\b1 ... value_\bn)\b), where each _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be is of the form [_\bs_\bu_\bb_\b-
_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]=_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg. Only _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is required. If the optional brackets and
- subscript are supplied, that index is assigned to; otherwise the index
- of the element assigned is the last index assigned to by the statement
- plus one. Indexing starts at zero. This syntax is also accepted by
- the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin. Individual array elements may be assigned to
+ subscript are supplied, that index is assigned to; otherwise the index
+ of the element assigned is the last index assigned to by the statement
+ plus one. Indexing starts at zero. This syntax is also accepted by
+ the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin. Individual array elements may be assigned to
using the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be syntax introduced above.
- Any element of an array may be referenced using ${_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]}.
+ Any element of an array may be referenced using ${_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]}.
The braces are required to avoid conflicts with pathname expansion. If
- _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt is @\b@ or *\b*, the word expands to all members of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. These
- subscripts differ only when the word appears within double quotes. If
+ _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt is @\b@ or *\b*, the word expands to all members of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. These
+ subscripts differ only when the word appears within double quotes. If
the word is double-quoted, ${_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[*]} expands to a single word with the
- value of each array member separated by the first character of the I\bIF\bFS\bS
+ value of each array member separated by the first character of the I\bIF\bFS\bS
special variable, and ${_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[@]} expands each element of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to a sep-
- arate word. When there are no array members, ${_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[@]} expands to
- nothing. If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the
- expansion of the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of
- the original word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined
- with the last part of the original word. This is analogous to the
- expansion of the special parameters *\b* and @\b@ (see S\bSp\bpe\bec\bci\bia\bal\bl P\bPa\bar\bra\bam\bme\bet\bte\ber\brs\bs
- above). ${#_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]} expands to the length of ${_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\b-
- _\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]}. If _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt is *\b* or @\b@, the expansion is the number of ele-
- ments in the array. Referencing an array variable without a subscript
+ arate word. When there are no array members, ${_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[@]} expands to
+ nothing. If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the
+ expansion of the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of
+ the original word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined
+ with the last part of the original word. This is analogous to the
+ expansion of the special parameters *\b* and @\b@ (see S\bSp\bpe\bec\bci\bia\bal\bl P\bPa\bar\bra\bam\bme\bet\bte\ber\brs\bs
+ above). ${#_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]} expands to the length of ${_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\b-
+ _\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]}. If _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt is *\b* or @\b@, the expansion is the number of ele-
+ ments in the array. Referencing an array variable without a subscript
is equivalent to referencing element zero.
- The u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt builtin is used to destroy arrays. u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]
- destroys the array element at index _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt. Care must be taken to
+ The u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt builtin is used to destroy arrays. u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]
+ destroys the array element at index _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt. Care must be taken to
avoid unwanted side effects caused by filename generation. u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be,
- where _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an array, or u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt], where _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt is *\b*
+ where _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an array, or u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt], where _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt is *\b*
or @\b@, removes the entire array.
- The d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be, l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdo\bon\bnl\bly\by builtins each accept a -\b-a\ba option to
- specify an array. The r\bre\bea\bad\bd builtin accepts a -\b-a\ba option to assign a
- list of words read from the standard input to an array. The s\bse\bet\bt and
- d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtins display array values in a way that allows them to be
+ The d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be, l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdo\bon\bnl\bly\by builtins each accept a -\b-a\ba option to
+ specify an array. The r\bre\bea\bad\bd builtin accepts a -\b-a\ba option to assign a
+ list of words read from the standard input to an array. The s\bse\bet\bt and
+ d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtins display array values in a way that allows them to be
reused as assignments.
E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN
Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been split into
- words. There are seven kinds of expansion performed: _\bb_\br_\ba_\bc_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn,
- _\bt_\bi_\bl_\bd_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br _\ba_\bn_\bd _\bv_\ba_\br_\bi_\ba_\bb_\bl_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\bi_\bt_\bu_\b-
+ words. There are seven kinds of expansion performed: _\bb_\br_\ba_\bc_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn,
+ _\bt_\bi_\bl_\bd_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br _\ba_\bn_\bd _\bv_\ba_\br_\bi_\ba_\bb_\bl_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\bi_\bt_\bu_\b-
_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\ba_\br_\bi_\bt_\bh_\bm_\be_\bt_\bi_\bc _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd _\bs_\bp_\bl_\bi_\bt_\bt_\bi_\bn_\bg, and _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bh_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn.
- The order of expansions is: brace expansion, tilde expansion, parame-
- ter, variable and arithmetic expansion and command substitution (done
+ The order of expansions is: brace expansion, tilde expansion, parame-
+ ter, variable and arithmetic expansion and command substitution (done
in a left-to-right fashion), word splitting, and pathname expansion.
On systems that can support it, there is an additional expansion avail-
able: _\bp_\br_\bo_\bc_\be_\bs_\bs _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\bi_\bt_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn.
Only brace expansion, word splitting, and pathname expansion can change
- the number of words of the expansion; other expansions expand a single
- word to a single word. The only exceptions to this are the expansions
+ the number of words of the expansion; other expansions expand a single
+ word to a single word. The only exceptions to this are the expansions
of "$\b$@\b@" and "$\b${\b{_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[\b[@\b@]\b]}\b}" as explained above (see P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bET\bTE\bER\bRS\bS).
B\bBr\bra\bac\bce\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
_\bB_\br_\ba_\bc_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be gener-
- ated. This mechanism is similar to _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bh_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn, but the file-
+ ated. This mechanism is similar to _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bh_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn, but the file-
names generated need not exist. Patterns to be brace expanded take the
form of an optional _\bp_\br_\be_\ba_\bm_\bb_\bl_\be, followed by either a series of comma-sep-
- arated strings or a sequence expression between a pair of braces, fol-
- lowed by an optional _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bt_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt. The preamble is prefixed to each
+ arated strings or a sequence expression between a pair of braces, fol-
+ lowed by an optional _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bt_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt. The preamble is prefixed to each
string contained within the braces, and the postscript is then appended
to each resulting string, expanding left to right.
- Brace expansions may be nested. The results of each expanded string
- are not sorted; left to right order is preserved. For example,
+ Brace expansions may be nested. The results of each expanded string
+ are not sorted; left to right order is preserved. For example,
a{\b{d,c,b}\b}e expands into `ade ace abe'.
- A sequence expression takes the form {\b{_\bx.\b..\b._\by}\b}, where _\bx and _\by are either
+ A sequence expression takes the form {\b{_\bx.\b..\b._\by}\b}, where _\bx and _\by are either
integers or single characters. When integers are supplied, the expres-
- sion expands to each number between _\bx and _\by, inclusive. When charac-
- ters are supplied, the expression expands to each character lexico-
+ sion expands to each number between _\bx and _\by, inclusive. When charac-
+ ters are supplied, the expression expands to each character lexico-
graphically between _\bx and _\by, inclusive. Note that both _\bx and _\by must be
of the same type.
Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions, and any char-
- acters special to other expansions are preserved in the result. It is
- strictly textual. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh does not apply any syntactic interpretation to
+ acters special to other expansions are preserved in the result. It is
+ strictly textual. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh does not apply any syntactic interpretation to
the context of the expansion or the text between the braces.
- A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening and
- closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma or a valid sequence
- expression. Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged.
+ A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening and
+ closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma or a valid sequence
+ expression. Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged.
A {\b{ or ,\b, may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its being considered
- part of a brace expression. To avoid conflicts with parameter expan-
+ part of a brace expression. To avoid conflicts with parameter expan-
sion, the string $\b${\b{ is not considered eligible for brace expansion.
This construct is typically used as shorthand when the common prefix of
or
chown root /usr/{ucb/{ex,edit},lib/{ex?.?*,how_ex}}
- Brace expansion introduces a slight incompatibility with historical
- versions of s\bsh\bh. s\bsh\bh does not treat opening or closing braces specially
- when they appear as part of a word, and preserves them in the output.
- B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh removes braces from words as a consequence of brace expansion.
- For example, a word entered to s\bsh\bh as _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b{_\b1_\b,_\b2_\b} appears identically in
- the output. The same word is output as _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2 after expansion by
- b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. If strict compatibility with s\bsh\bh is desired, start b\bba\bas\bsh\bh with the
+ Brace expansion introduces a slight incompatibility with historical
+ versions of s\bsh\bh. s\bsh\bh does not treat opening or closing braces specially
+ when they appear as part of a word, and preserves them in the output.
+ B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh removes braces from words as a consequence of brace expansion.
+ For example, a word entered to s\bsh\bh as _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b{_\b1_\b,_\b2_\b} appears identically in
+ the output. The same word is output as _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2 after expansion by
+ b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. If strict compatibility with s\bsh\bh is desired, start b\bba\bas\bsh\bh with the
+\b+B\bB option or disable brace expansion with the +\b+B\bB option to the s\bse\bet\bt com-
mand (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
T\bTi\bil\bld\bde\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
- If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character (`~\b~'), all of the
- characters preceding the first unquoted slash (or all characters, if
- there is no unquoted slash) are considered a _\bt_\bi_\bl_\bd_\be_\b-_\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx. If none of
- the characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the characters in the
- tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a possible _\bl_\bo_\bg_\bi_\bn _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
- If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the
- value of the shell parameter H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE. If H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE is unset, the home direc-
- tory of the user executing the shell is substituted instead. Other-
- wise, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory associated
+ If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character (`~\b~'), all of the
+ characters preceding the first unquoted slash (or all characters, if
+ there is no unquoted slash) are considered a _\bt_\bi_\bl_\bd_\be_\b-_\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx. If none of
+ the characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the characters in the
+ tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a possible _\bl_\bo_\bg_\bi_\bn _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
+ If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the
+ value of the shell parameter H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE. If H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE is unset, the home direc-
+ tory of the user executing the shell is substituted instead. Other-
+ wise, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory associated
with the specified login name.
- If the tilde-prefix is a `~+', the value of the shell variable P\bPW\bWD\bD
+ If the tilde-prefix is a `~+', the value of the shell variable P\bPW\bWD\bD
replaces the tilde-prefix. If the tilde-prefix is a `~-', the value of
- the shell variable O\bOL\bLD\bDP\bPW\bWD\bD, if it is set, is substituted. If the char-
- acters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a number _\bN,
- optionally prefixed by a `+' or a `-', the tilde-prefix is replaced
+ the shell variable O\bOL\bLD\bDP\bPW\bWD\bD, if it is set, is substituted. If the char-
+ acters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a number _\bN,
+ optionally prefixed by a `+' or a `-', the tilde-prefix is replaced
with the corresponding element from the directory stack, as it would be
displayed by the d\bdi\bir\brs\bs builtin invoked with the tilde-prefix as an argu-
- ment. If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix con-
+ ment. If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix con-
sist of a number without a leading `+' or `-', `+' is assumed.
If the login name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the word is
Each variable assignment is checked for unquoted tilde-prefixes immedi-
ately following a :\b: or the first =\b=. In these cases, tilde expansion is
- also performed. Consequently, one may use file names with tildes in
- assignments to P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, M\bMA\bAI\bIL\bLP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, and C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, and the shell assigns the
+ also performed. Consequently, one may use file names with tildes in
+ assignments to P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, M\bMA\bAI\bIL\bLP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, and C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, and the shell assigns the
expanded value.
P\bPa\bar\bra\bam\bme\bet\bte\ber\br E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
The `$\b$' character introduces parameter expansion, command substitution,
- or arithmetic expansion. The parameter name or symbol to be expanded
- may be enclosed in braces, which are optional but serve to protect the
- variable to be expanded from characters immediately following it which
+ or arithmetic expansion. The parameter name or symbol to be expanded
+ may be enclosed in braces, which are optional but serve to protect the
+ variable to be expanded from characters immediately following it which
could be interpreted as part of the name.
- When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first `}\b}' not
- escaped by a backslash or within a quoted string, and not within an
+ When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first `}\b}' not
+ escaped by a backslash or within a quoted string, and not within an
embedded arithmetic expansion, command substitution, or parameter
expansion.
${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br}
- The value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is substituted. The braces are required
- when _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is a positional parameter with more than one
+ The value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is substituted. The braces are required
+ when _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is a positional parameter with more than one
digit, or when _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is followed by a character which is not
to be interpreted as part of its name.
If the first character of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an exclamation point, a level of
- variable indirection is introduced. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh uses the value of the vari-
- able formed from the rest of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br as the name of the variable;
- this variable is then expanded and that value is used in the rest of
- the substitution, rather than the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br itself. This is
+ variable indirection is introduced. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh uses the value of the vari-
+ able formed from the rest of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br as the name of the variable;
+ this variable is then expanded and that value is used in the rest of
+ the substitution, rather than the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br itself. This is
known as _\bi_\bn_\bd_\bi_\br_\be_\bc_\bt _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn. The exceptions to this are the expansions
- of ${!_\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx*} and ${!\b!_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\b@]} described below. The exclamation point
- must immediately follow the left brace in order to introduce indirec-
+ of ${!_\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx*} and ${!\b!_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\b@]} described below. The exclamation point
+ must immediately follow the left brace in order to introduce indirec-
tion.
In each of the cases below, _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is subject to tilde expansion, parame-
- ter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. When
- not performing substring expansion, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh tests for a parameter that is
- unset or null; omitting the colon results in a test only for a parame-
+ ter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. When
+ not performing substring expansion, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh tests for a parameter that is
+ unset or null; omitting the colon results in a test only for a parame-
ter that is unset.
${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br:\b:-\b-_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd}
- U\bUs\bse\be D\bDe\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt V\bVa\bal\blu\bue\bes\bs. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is unset or null, the expan-
- sion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is substituted. Otherwise, the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br
+ U\bUs\bse\be D\bDe\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt V\bVa\bal\blu\bue\bes\bs. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is unset or null, the expan-
+ sion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is substituted. Otherwise, the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br
is substituted.
${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br:\b:=\b=_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd}
- A\bAs\bss\bsi\big\bgn\bn D\bDe\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt V\bVa\bal\blu\bue\bes\bs. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is unset or null, the
+ A\bAs\bss\bsi\big\bgn\bn D\bDe\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt V\bVa\bal\blu\bue\bes\bs. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is unset or null, the
expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is assigned to _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br. The value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\b-
- _\be_\bt_\be_\br is then substituted. Positional parameters and special
+ _\be_\bt_\be_\br is then substituted. Positional parameters and special
parameters may not be assigned to in this way.
${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br:\b:?\b?_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd}
- D\bDi\bis\bsp\bpl\bla\bay\by E\bEr\brr\bro\bor\br i\bif\bf N\bNu\bul\bll\bl o\bor\br U\bUn\bns\bse\bet\bt. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is null or unset,
- the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd (or a message to that effect if _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is
- not present) is written to the standard error and the shell, if
+ D\bDi\bis\bsp\bpl\bla\bay\by E\bEr\brr\bro\bor\br i\bif\bf N\bNu\bul\bll\bl o\bor\br U\bUn\bns\bse\bet\bt. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is null or unset,
+ the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd (or a message to that effect if _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is
+ not present) is written to the standard error and the shell, if
it is not interactive, exits. Otherwise, the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br
is substituted.
${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br:\b:+\b+_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd}
- U\bUs\bse\be A\bAl\blt\bte\ber\brn\bna\bat\bte\be V\bVa\bal\blu\bue\be. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is null or unset, nothing is
+ U\bUs\bse\be A\bAl\blt\bte\ber\brn\bna\bat\bte\be V\bVa\bal\blu\bue\be. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is null or unset, nothing is
substituted, otherwise the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is substituted.
${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br:\b:_\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt}
${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br:\b:_\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt:\b:_\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh}
- S\bSu\bub\bbs\bst\btr\bri\bin\bng\bg E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn.\b. Expands to up to _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh characters of
- _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br starting at the character specified by _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt. If
- _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh is omitted, expands to the substring of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br start-
+ S\bSu\bub\bbs\bst\btr\bri\bin\bng\bg E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn.\b. Expands to up to _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh characters of
+ _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br starting at the character specified by _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt. If
+ _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh is omitted, expands to the substring of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br start-
ing at the character specified by _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt. _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh and _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt are
- arithmetic expressions (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN below).
- _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh must evaluate to a number greater than or equal to zero.
- If _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt evaluates to a number less than zero, the value is
- used as an offset from the end of the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br. If
- _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is @\b@, the result is _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh positional parameters
+ arithmetic expressions (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN below).
+ _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh must evaluate to a number greater than or equal to zero.
+ If _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt evaluates to a number less than zero, the value is
+ used as an offset from the end of the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br. If
+ _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is @\b@, the result is _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh positional parameters
beginning at _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an array name indexed by @
- or *, the result is the _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh members of the array beginning
- with ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br[_\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt]}. A negative _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt is taken relative
- to one greater than the maximum index of the specified array.
- Note that a negative offset must be separated from the colon by
- at least one space to avoid being confused with the :- expan-
- sion. Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional
- parameters are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by
- default. If _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt is 0, and the positional parameters are
+ or *, the result is the _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh members of the array beginning
+ with ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br[_\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt]}. A negative _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt is taken relative
+ to one greater than the maximum index of the specified array.
+ Note that a negative offset must be separated from the colon by
+ at least one space to avoid being confused with the :- expan-
+ sion. Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional
+ parameters are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by
+ default. If _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt is 0, and the positional parameters are
used, $\b$0\b0 is prefixed to the list.
${!\b!_\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx*\b*}
${!\b!_\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx@\b@}
Expands to the names of variables whose names begin with _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx,
- separated by the first character of the I\bIF\bFS\bS special variable.
- When _\b@ is used and the expansion appears within double quotes,
+ separated by the first character of the I\bIF\bFS\bS special variable.
+ When _\b@ is used and the expansion appears within double quotes,
each variable name expands to a separate word.
${!\b!_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\b@]}
${!\b!_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\b*]}
- If _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an array variable, expands to the list of array
- indices (keys) assigned in _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not an array,
- expands to 0 if _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set and null otherwise. When _\b@ is used
+ If _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an array variable, expands to the list of array
+ indices (keys) assigned in _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not an array,
+ expands to 0 if _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set and null otherwise. When _\b@ is used
and the expansion appears within double quotes, each key expands
to a separate word.
${#\b#_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br}
- The length in characters of the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is substi-
- tuted. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is *\b* or @\b@, the value substituted is the
- number of positional parameters. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an array name
- subscripted by *\b* or @\b@, the value substituted is the number of
+ The length in characters of the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is substi-
+ tuted. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is *\b* or @\b@, the value substituted is the
+ number of positional parameters. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an array name
+ subscripted by *\b* or @\b@, the value substituted is the number of
elements in the array.
${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br#\b#_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd}
${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br#\b##\b#_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd}
- The _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is expanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname
+ The _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is expanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname
expansion. If the pattern matches the beginning of the value of
- _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br, then the result of the expansion is the expanded
+ _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br, then the result of the expansion is the expanded
value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br with the shortest matching pattern (the ``#\b#''
case) or the longest matching pattern (the ``#\b##\b#'' case) deleted.
If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is @\b@ or *\b*, the pattern removal operation is applied
- to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the
- resultant list. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an array variable subscripted
- with @\b@ or *\b*, the pattern removal operation is applied to each
- member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant
+ to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the
+ resultant list. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an array variable subscripted
+ with @\b@ or *\b*, the pattern removal operation is applied to each
+ member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant
list.
${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br%\b%_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd}
${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br%\b%%\b%_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd}
- The _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is expanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname
- expansion. If the pattern matches a trailing portion of the
+ The _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is expanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname
+ expansion. If the pattern matches a trailing portion of the
expanded value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br, then the result of the expansion is
- the expanded value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br with the shortest matching pat-
- tern (the ``%\b%'' case) or the longest matching pattern (the
- ``%\b%%\b%'' case) deleted. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is @\b@ or *\b*, the pattern
- removal operation is applied to each positional parameter in
- turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is
- an array variable subscripted with @\b@ or *\b*, the pattern removal
- operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and
+ the expanded value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br with the shortest matching pat-
+ tern (the ``%\b%'' case) or the longest matching pattern (the
+ ``%\b%%\b%'' case) deleted. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is @\b@ or *\b*, the pattern
+ removal operation is applied to each positional parameter in
+ turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is
+ an array variable subscripted with @\b@ or *\b*, the pattern removal
+ operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and
the expansion is the resultant list.
${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br/\b/_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn/\b/_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg}
The _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn is expanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname
- expansion. _\bP_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is expanded and the longest match of _\bp_\ba_\bt_\b-
- _\bt_\be_\br_\bn against its value is replaced with _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg. If _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn
- begins with /\b/, all matches of _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn are replaced with _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg.
- Normally only the first match is replaced. If _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn begins
- with #\b#, it must match at the beginning of the expanded value of
- _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br. If _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn begins with %\b%, it must match at the end
- of the expanded value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br. If _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is null, matches
- of _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn are deleted and the /\b/ following _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn may be omit-
- ted. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is @\b@ or *\b*, the substitution operation is
- applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion
- is the resultant list. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an array variable sub-
- scripted with @\b@ or *\b*, the substitution operation is applied to
- each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the
+ expansion. _\bP_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is expanded and the longest match of _\bp_\ba_\bt_\b-
+ _\bt_\be_\br_\bn against its value is replaced with _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg. If _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn
+ begins with /\b/, all matches of _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn are replaced with _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg.
+ Normally only the first match is replaced. If _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn begins
+ with #\b#, it must match at the beginning of the expanded value of
+ _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br. If _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn begins with %\b%, it must match at the end
+ of the expanded value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br. If _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is null, matches
+ of _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn are deleted and the /\b/ following _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn may be omit-
+ ted. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is @\b@ or *\b*, the substitution operation is
+ applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion
+ is the resultant list. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an array variable sub-
+ scripted with @\b@ or *\b*, the substitution operation is applied to
+ each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the
resultant list.
C\bCo\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd S\bSu\bub\bbs\bst\bti\bit\btu\but\bti\bio\bon\bn
`\b`_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd`\b`
B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh performs the expansion by executing _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd and replacing the com-
- mand substitution with the standard output of the command, with any
+ mand substitution with the standard output of the command, with any
trailing newlines deleted. Embedded newlines are not deleted, but they
- may be removed during word splitting. The command substitution $\b$(\b(c\bca\bat\bt
+ may be removed during word splitting. The command substitution $\b$(\b(c\bca\bat\bt
_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be)\b) can be replaced by the equivalent but faster $\b$(\b(<\b< _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be)\b).
- When the old-style backquote form of substitution is used, backslash
- retains its literal meaning except when followed by $\b$, `\b`, or \\b\. The
+ When the old-style backquote form of substitution is used, backslash
+ retains its literal meaning except when followed by $\b$, `\b`, or \\b\. The
first backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the command sub-
- stitution. When using the $(_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd) form, all characters between the
+ stitution. When using the $(_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd) form, all characters between the
parentheses make up the command; none are treated specially.
Command substitutions may be nested. To nest when using the backquoted
form, escape the inner backquotes with backslashes.
- If the substitution appears within double quotes, word splitting and
+ If the substitution appears within double quotes, word splitting and
pathname expansion are not performed on the results.
A\bAr\bri\bit\bth\bhm\bme\bet\bti\bic\bc E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
- Arithmetic expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic expression
- and the substitution of the result. The format for arithmetic expan-
+ Arithmetic expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic expression
+ and the substitution of the result. The format for arithmetic expan-
sion is:
$\b$(\b((\b(_\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn)\b))\b)
- The _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn is treated as if it were within double quotes, but a
- double quote inside the parentheses is not treated specially. All
+ The _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn is treated as if it were within double quotes, but a
+ double quote inside the parentheses is not treated specially. All
tokens in the expression undergo parameter expansion, string expansion,
- command substitution, and quote removal. Arithmetic expansions may be
+ command substitution, and quote removal. Arithmetic expansions may be
nested.
- The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below under
+ The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below under
A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN. If _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn is invalid, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh prints a message
indicating failure and no substitution occurs.
P\bPr\bro\boc\bce\bes\bss\bs S\bSu\bub\bbs\bst\bti\bit\btu\but\bti\bio\bon\bn
- _\bP_\br_\bo_\bc_\be_\bs_\bs _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\bi_\bt_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is supported on systems that support named pipes
- (_\bF_\bI_\bF_\bO_\bs) or the /\b/d\bde\bev\bv/\b/f\bfd\bd method of naming open files. It takes the form
- of <\b<(\b(_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b) or >\b>(\b(_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b). The process _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is run with its input or out-
+ _\bP_\br_\bo_\bc_\be_\bs_\bs _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\bi_\bt_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is supported on systems that support named pipes
+ (_\bF_\bI_\bF_\bO_\bs) or the /\b/d\bde\bev\bv/\b/f\bfd\bd method of naming open files. It takes the form
+ of <\b<(\b(_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b) or >\b>(\b(_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b). The process _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is run with its input or out-
put connected to a _\bF_\bI_\bF_\bO or some file in /\b/d\bde\bev\bv/\b/f\bfd\bd. The name of this file
- is passed as an argument to the current command as the result of the
- expansion. If the >\b>(\b(_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b) form is used, writing to the file will pro-
- vide input for _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt. If the <\b<(\b(_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b) form is used, the file passed as
+ is passed as an argument to the current command as the result of the
+ expansion. If the >\b>(\b(_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b) form is used, writing to the file will pro-
+ vide input for _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt. If the <\b<(\b(_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b) form is used, the file passed as
an argument should be read to obtain the output of _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt.
- When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with
- parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic
+ When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with
+ parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic
expansion.
W\bWo\bor\brd\bd S\bSp\bpl\bli\bit\btt\bti\bin\bng\bg
- The shell scans the results of parameter expansion, command substitu-
- tion, and arithmetic expansion that did not occur within double quotes
+ The shell scans the results of parameter expansion, command substitu-
+ tion, and arithmetic expansion that did not occur within double quotes
for _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd _\bs_\bp_\bl_\bi_\bt_\bt_\bi_\bn_\bg.
- The shell treats each character of I\bIF\bFS\bS as a delimiter, and splits the
+ The shell treats each character of I\bIF\bFS\bS as a delimiter, and splits the
results of the other expansions into words on these characters. If I\bIF\bFS\bS
- is unset, or its value is exactly <\b<s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be>\b><\b<t\bta\bab\bb>\b><\b<n\bne\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be>\b>, the default,
- then sequences of <\b<s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be>\b>, <\b<t\bta\bab\bb>\b>, and <\b<n\bne\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be>\b> at the beginning and
- end of the results of the previous expansions are ignored, and any
- sequence of I\bIF\bFS\bS characters not at the beginning or end serves to
- delimit words. If I\bIF\bFS\bS has a value other than the default, then
+ is unset, or its value is exactly <\b<s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be>\b><\b<t\bta\bab\bb>\b><\b<n\bne\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be>\b>, the default,
+ then sequences of <\b<s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be>\b>, <\b<t\bta\bab\bb>\b>, and <\b<n\bne\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be>\b> at the beginning and
+ end of the results of the previous expansions are ignored, and any
+ sequence of I\bIF\bFS\bS characters not at the beginning or end serves to
+ delimit words. If I\bIF\bFS\bS has a value other than the default, then
sequences of the whitespace characters s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be and t\bta\bab\bb are ignored at the
- beginning and end of the word, as long as the whitespace character is
- in the value of I\bIF\bFS\bS (an I\bIF\bFS\bS whitespace character). Any character in
- I\bIF\bFS\bS that is not I\bIF\bFS\bS whitespace, along with any adjacent I\bIF\bFS\bS whitespace
- characters, delimits a field. A sequence of I\bIF\bFS\bS whitespace characters
- is also treated as a delimiter. If the value of I\bIF\bFS\bS is null, no word
+ beginning and end of the word, as long as the whitespace character is
+ in the value of I\bIF\bFS\bS (an I\bIF\bFS\bS whitespace character). Any character in
+ I\bIF\bFS\bS that is not I\bIF\bFS\bS whitespace, along with any adjacent I\bIF\bFS\bS whitespace
+ characters, delimits a field. A sequence of I\bIF\bFS\bS whitespace characters
+ is also treated as a delimiter. If the value of I\bIF\bFS\bS is null, no word
splitting occurs.
- Explicit null arguments ("\b""\b" or '\b''\b') are retained. Unquoted implicit
+ Explicit null arguments ("\b""\b" or '\b''\b') are retained. Unquoted implicit
null arguments, resulting from the expansion of parameters that have no
- values, are removed. If a parameter with no value is expanded within
+ values, are removed. If a parameter with no value is expanded within
double quotes, a null argument results and is retained.
Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting is performed.
P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
- After word splitting, unless the -\b-f\bf option has been set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh scans
- each word for the characters *\b*, ?\b?, and [\b[. If one of these characters
- appears, then the word is regarded as a _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn, and replaced with an
- alphabetically sorted list of file names matching the pattern. If no
- matching file names are found, and the shell option n\bnu\bul\bll\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb is dis-
- abled, the word is left unchanged. If the n\bnu\bul\bll\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb option is set, and
- no matches are found, the word is removed. If the f\bfa\bai\bil\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell
- option is set, and no matches are found, an error message is printed
- and the command is not executed. If the shell option n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\beg\bgl\blo\bob\bb is
- enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alpha-
- betic characters. When a pattern is used for pathname expansion, the
- character `\b``\b`.\b.'\b''\b' at the start of a name or immediately following a
- slash must be matched explicitly, unless the shell option d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb is
- set. When matching a pathname, the slash character must always be
- matched explicitly. In other cases, the `\b``\b`.\b.'\b''\b' character is not
- treated specially. See the description of s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt below under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL
- B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS for a description of the n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\beg\bgl\blo\bob\bb, n\bnu\bul\bll\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb, f\bfa\bai\bil\bl-\b-
+ After word splitting, unless the -\b-f\bf option has been set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh scans
+ each word for the characters *\b*, ?\b?, and [\b[. If one of these characters
+ appears, then the word is regarded as a _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn, and replaced with an
+ alphabetically sorted list of file names matching the pattern. If no
+ matching file names are found, and the shell option n\bnu\bul\bll\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb is dis-
+ abled, the word is left unchanged. If the n\bnu\bul\bll\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb option is set, and
+ no matches are found, the word is removed. If the f\bfa\bai\bil\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell
+ option is set, and no matches are found, an error message is printed
+ and the command is not executed. If the shell option n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\beg\bgl\blo\bob\bb is
+ enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alpha-
+ betic characters. When a pattern is used for pathname expansion, the
+ character `\b``\b`.\b.'\b''\b' at the start of a name or immediately following a
+ slash must be matched explicitly, unless the shell option d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb is
+ set. When matching a pathname, the slash character must always be
+ matched explicitly. In other cases, the `\b``\b`.\b.'\b''\b' character is not
+ treated specially. See the description of s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt below under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL
+ B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS for a description of the n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\beg\bgl\blo\bob\bb, n\bnu\bul\bll\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb, f\bfa\bai\bil\bl-\b-
g\bgl\blo\bob\bb, and d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell options.
- The G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE shell variable may be used to restrict the set of file
- names matching a _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn. If G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is set, each matching file
- name that also matches one of the patterns in G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is removed
+ The G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE shell variable may be used to restrict the set of file
+ names matching a _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn. If G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is set, each matching file
+ name that also matches one of the patterns in G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is removed
from the list of matches. The file names `\b``\b`.\b.'\b''\b' and `\b``\b`.\b..\b.'\b''\b' are always
- ignored when G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is set and not null. However, setting G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bG-\b-
- N\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE to a non-null value has the effect of enabling the d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell
+ ignored when G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is set and not null. However, setting G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bG-\b-
+ N\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE to a non-null value has the effect of enabling the d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell
option, so all other file names beginning with a `\b``\b`.\b.'\b''\b' will match. To
- get the old behavior of ignoring file names beginning with a `\b``\b`.\b.'\b''\b',
- make `\b``\b`.\b.*\b*'\b''\b' one of the patterns in G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE. The d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb option is
+ get the old behavior of ignoring file names beginning with a `\b``\b`.\b.'\b''\b',
+ make `\b``\b`.\b.*\b*'\b''\b' one of the patterns in G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE. The d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb option is
disabled when G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is unset.
P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg
Any character that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern
- characters described below, matches itself. The NUL character may not
- occur in a pattern. A backslash escapes the following character; the
- escaping backslash is discarded when matching. The special pattern
+ characters described below, matches itself. The NUL character may not
+ occur in a pattern. A backslash escapes the following character; the
+ escaping backslash is discarded when matching. The special pattern
characters must be quoted if they are to be matched literally.
The special pattern characters have the following meanings:
*\b* Matches any string, including the null string.
?\b? Matches any single character.
- [\b[.\b..\b..\b.]\b] Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of charac-
+ [\b[.\b..\b..\b.]\b] Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of charac-
ters separated by a hyphen denotes a _\br_\ba_\bn_\bg_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn; any char-
- acter that sorts between those two characters, inclusive, using
- the current locale's collating sequence and character set, is
- matched. If the first character following the [\b[ is a !\b! or a ^\b^
- then any character not enclosed is matched. The sorting order
- of characters in range expressions is determined by the current
- locale and the value of the L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCO\bOL\bLL\bLA\bAT\bTE\bE shell variable, if set.
- A -\b- may be matched by including it as the first or last charac-
+ acter that sorts between those two characters, inclusive, using
+ the current locale's collating sequence and character set, is
+ matched. If the first character following the [\b[ is a !\b! or a ^\b^
+ then any character not enclosed is matched. The sorting order
+ of characters in range expressions is determined by the current
+ locale and the value of the L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCO\bOL\bLL\bLA\bAT\bTE\bE shell variable, if set.
+ A -\b- may be matched by including it as the first or last charac-
ter in the set. A ]\b] may be matched by including it as the first
character in the set.
- Within [\b[ and ]\b], _\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\be_\br _\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs_\be_\bs can be specified using the
- syntax [\b[:\b:_\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs:\b:]\b], where _\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs is one of the following classes
+ Within [\b[ and ]\b], _\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\be_\br _\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs_\be_\bs can be specified using the
+ syntax [\b[:\b:_\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs:\b:]\b], where _\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs is one of the following classes
defined in the POSIX standard:
- a\bal\bln\bnu\bum\bm a\bal\blp\bph\bha\ba a\bas\bsc\bci\bii\bi b\bbl\bla\ban\bnk\bk c\bcn\bnt\btr\brl\bl d\bdi\big\bgi\bit\bt g\bgr\bra\bap\bph\bh l\blo\bow\bwe\ber\br p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\bt p\bpu\bun\bnc\bct\bt
+ a\bal\bln\bnu\bum\bm a\bal\blp\bph\bha\ba a\bas\bsc\bci\bii\bi b\bbl\bla\ban\bnk\bk c\bcn\bnt\btr\brl\bl d\bdi\big\bgi\bit\bt g\bgr\bra\bap\bph\bh l\blo\bow\bwe\ber\br p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\bt p\bpu\bun\bnc\bct\bt
s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be u\bup\bpp\bpe\ber\br w\bwo\bor\brd\bd x\bxd\bdi\big\bgi\bit\bt
A character class matches any character belonging to that class.
- The w\bwo\bor\brd\bd character class matches letters, digits, and the char-
+ The w\bwo\bor\brd\bd character class matches letters, digits, and the char-
acter _.
- Within [\b[ and ]\b], an _\be_\bq_\bu_\bi_\bv_\ba_\bl_\be_\bn_\bc_\be _\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs can be specified using the
- syntax [\b[=\b=_\bc=\b=]\b], which matches all characters with the same colla-
- tion weight (as defined by the current locale) as the character
+ Within [\b[ and ]\b], an _\be_\bq_\bu_\bi_\bv_\ba_\bl_\be_\bn_\bc_\be _\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs can be specified using the
+ syntax [\b[=\b=_\bc=\b=]\b], which matches all characters with the same colla-
+ tion weight (as defined by the current locale) as the character
_\bc.
Within [\b[ and ]\b], the syntax [\b[.\b._\bs_\by_\bm_\bb_\bo_\bl.\b.]\b] matches the collating sym-
bol _\bs_\by_\bm_\bb_\bo_\bl.
If the e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell option is enabled using the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin, several
- extended pattern matching operators are recognized. In the following
+ extended pattern matching operators are recognized. In the following
description, a _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn_\b-_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is a list of one or more patterns separated
by a |\b|. Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the fol-
lowing sub-patterns:
Q\bQu\buo\bot\bte\be R\bRe\bem\bmo\bov\bva\bal\bl
After the preceding expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the charac-
- ters \\b\, '\b', and "\b" that did not result from one of the above expansions
+ ters \\b\, '\b', and "\b" that did not result from one of the above expansions
are removed.
R\bRE\bED\bDI\bIR\bRE\bEC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
- Before a command is executed, its input and output may be _\br_\be_\bd_\bi_\br_\be_\bc_\bt_\be_\bd
- using a special notation interpreted by the shell. Redirection may
- also be used to open and close files for the current shell execution
+ Before a command is executed, its input and output may be _\br_\be_\bd_\bi_\br_\be_\bc_\bt_\be_\bd
+ using a special notation interpreted by the shell. Redirection may
+ also be used to open and close files for the current shell execution
environment. The following redirection operators may precede or appear
anywhere within a _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd or may follow a _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd. Redirections
are processed in the order they appear, from left to right.
- In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is omit-
- ted, and the first character of the redirection operator is <\b<, the re-
- direction refers to the standard input (file descriptor 0). If the
- first character of the redirection operator is >\b>, the redirection
+ In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is omit-
+ ted, and the first character of the redirection operator is <\b<, the re-
+ direction refers to the standard input (file descriptor 0). If the
+ first character of the redirection operator is >\b>, the redirection
refers to the standard output (file descriptor 1).
- The word following the redirection operator in the following descrip-
- tions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion, tilde
+ The word following the redirection operator in the following descrip-
+ tions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion, tilde
expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expan-
- sion, quote removal, pathname expansion, and word splitting. If it
+ sion, quote removal, pathname expansion, and word splitting. If it
expands to more than one word, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh reports an error.
- Note that the order of redirections is significant. For example, the
+ Note that the order of redirections is significant. For example, the
command
ls >\b> dirlist 2>\b>&\b&1
- directs both standard output and standard error to the file _\bd_\bi_\br_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt,
+ directs both standard output and standard error to the file _\bd_\bi_\br_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt,
while the command
ls 2>\b>&\b&1 >\b> dirlist
- directs only the standard output to file _\bd_\bi_\br_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt, because the standard
- error was duplicated as standard output before the standard output was
+ directs only the standard output to file _\bd_\bi_\br_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt, because the standard
+ error was duplicated as standard output before the standard output was
redirected to _\bd_\bi_\br_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt.
B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh handles several filenames specially when they are used in redirec-
tions, as described in the following table:
/\b/d\bde\bev\bv/\b/f\bfd\bd/\b/_\bf_\bd
- If _\bf_\bd is a valid integer, file descriptor _\bf_\bd is dupli-
+ If _\bf_\bd is a valid integer, file descriptor _\bf_\bd is dupli-
cated.
/\b/d\bde\bev\bv/\b/s\bst\btd\bdi\bin\bn
File descriptor 0 is duplicated.
File descriptor 2 is duplicated.
/\b/d\bde\bev\bv/\b/t\btc\bcp\bp/\b/_\bh_\bo_\bs_\bt/\b/_\bp_\bo_\br_\bt
If _\bh_\bo_\bs_\bt is a valid hostname or Internet address, and _\bp_\bo_\br_\bt
- is an integer port number or service name, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts
+ is an integer port number or service name, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts
to open a TCP connection to the corresponding socket.
/\b/d\bde\bev\bv/\b/u\bud\bdp\bp/\b/_\bh_\bo_\bs_\bt/\b/_\bp_\bo_\br_\bt
If _\bh_\bo_\bs_\bt is a valid hostname or Internet address, and _\bp_\bo_\br_\bt
- is an integer port number or service name, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts
+ is an integer port number or service name, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts
to open a UDP connection to the corresponding socket.
A failure to open or create a file causes the redirection to fail.
- Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used with
- care, as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses inter-
+ Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used with
+ care, as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses inter-
nally.
R\bRe\bed\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bti\bin\bng\bg I\bIn\bnp\bpu\but\bt
Redirection of input causes the file whose name results from the expan-
- sion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd to be opened for reading on file descriptor _\bn, or the
+ sion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd to be opened for reading on file descriptor _\bn, or the
standard input (file descriptor 0) if _\bn is not specified.
The general format for redirecting input is:
[_\bn]<\b<_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
R\bRe\bed\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bti\bin\bng\bg O\bOu\but\btp\bpu\but\bt
- Redirection of output causes the file whose name results from the
+ Redirection of output causes the file whose name results from the
expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd to be opened for writing on file descriptor _\bn, or the
standard output (file descriptor 1) if _\bn is not specified. If the file
- does not exist it is created; if it does exist it is truncated to zero
+ does not exist it is created; if it does exist it is truncated to zero
size.
The general format for redirecting output is:
[_\bn]>\b>_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
- If the redirection operator is >\b>, and the n\bno\boc\bcl\blo\bob\bbb\bbe\ber\br option to the s\bse\bet\bt
- builtin has been enabled, the redirection will fail if the file whose
- name results from the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd exists and is a regular file.
+ If the redirection operator is >\b>, and the n\bno\boc\bcl\blo\bob\bbb\bbe\ber\br option to the s\bse\bet\bt
+ builtin has been enabled, the redirection will fail if the file whose
+ name results from the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd exists and is a regular file.
If the redirection operator is >\b>|\b|, or the redirection operator is >\b> and
the n\bno\boc\bcl\blo\bob\bbb\bbe\ber\br option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command is not enabled, the re-
direction is attempted even if the file named by _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd exists.
A\bAp\bpp\bpe\ben\bnd\bdi\bin\bng\bg R\bRe\bed\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bte\bed\bd O\bOu\but\btp\bpu\but\bt
- Redirection of output in this fashion causes the file whose name
- results from the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd to be opened for appending on file
- descriptor _\bn, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if _\bn is not
+ Redirection of output in this fashion causes the file whose name
+ results from the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd to be opened for appending on file
+ descriptor _\bn, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if _\bn is not
specified. If the file does not exist it is created.
The general format for appending output is:
R\bRe\bed\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bti\bin\bng\bg S\bSt\bta\ban\bnd\bda\bar\brd\bd O\bOu\but\btp\bpu\but\bt a\ban\bnd\bd S\bSt\bta\ban\bnd\bda\bar\brd\bd E\bEr\brr\bro\bor\br
- B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and the stan-
- dard error output (file descriptor 2) to be redirected to the file
+ B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and the stan-
+ dard error output (file descriptor 2) to be redirected to the file
whose name is the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd with this construct.
- There are two formats for redirecting standard output and standard
+ There are two formats for redirecting standard output and standard
error:
&\b&>\b>_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
>\b>_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd 2>\b>&\b&1
H\bHe\ber\bre\be D\bDo\boc\bcu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bts\bs
- This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the
- current source until a line containing only _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd (with no trailing
- blanks) is seen. All of the lines read up to that point are then used
+ This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the
+ current source until a line containing only _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd (with no trailing
+ blanks) is seen. All of the lines read up to that point are then used
as the standard input for a command.
The format of here-documents is:
_\bh_\be_\br_\be_\b-_\bd_\bo_\bc_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt
_\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt_\be_\br
- No parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, or
+ No parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, or
pathname expansion is performed on _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd. If any characters in _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd are
- quoted, the _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt_\be_\br is the result of quote removal on _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, and the
- lines in the here-document are not expanded. If _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is unquoted, all
- lines of the here-document are subjected to parameter expansion, com-
- mand substitution, and arithmetic expansion. In the latter case, the
- character sequence \\b\<\b<n\bne\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be>\b> is ignored, and \\b\ must be used to quote
+ quoted, the _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt_\be_\br is the result of quote removal on _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, and the
+ lines in the here-document are not expanded. If _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is unquoted, all
+ lines of the here-document are subjected to parameter expansion, com-
+ mand substitution, and arithmetic expansion. In the latter case, the
+ character sequence \\b\<\b<n\bne\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be>\b> is ignored, and \\b\ must be used to quote
the characters \\b\, $\b$, and `\b`.
If the redirection operator is <\b<<\b<-\b-, then all leading tab characters are
- stripped from input lines and the line containing _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt_\be_\br. This
- allows here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural
+ stripped from input lines and the line containing _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt_\be_\br. This
+ allows here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural
fashion.
H\bHe\ber\bre\be S\bSt\btr\bri\bin\bng\bgs\bs
[_\bn]<\b<&\b&_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
is used to duplicate input file descriptors. If _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd expands to one or
- more digits, the file descriptor denoted by _\bn is made to be a copy of
- that file descriptor. If the digits in _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd do not specify a file
- descriptor open for input, a redirection error occurs. If _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd evalu-
- ates to -\b-, file descriptor _\bn is closed. If _\bn is not specified, the
+ more digits, the file descriptor denoted by _\bn is made to be a copy of
+ that file descriptor. If the digits in _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd do not specify a file
+ descriptor open for input, a redirection error occurs. If _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd evalu-
+ ates to -\b-, file descriptor _\bn is closed. If _\bn is not specified, the
standard input (file descriptor 0) is used.
The operator
[_\bn]>\b>&\b&_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
- is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If _\bn is not
- specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used. If the
- digits in _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd do not specify a file descriptor open for output, a re-
- direction error occurs. As a special case, if _\bn is omitted, and _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
+ is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If _\bn is not
+ specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used. If the
+ digits in _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd do not specify a file descriptor open for output, a re-
+ direction error occurs. As a special case, if _\bn is omitted, and _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
does not expand to one or more digits, the standard output and standard
error are redirected as described previously.
[_\bn]<\b<&\b&_\bd_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bt-\b-
- moves the file descriptor _\bd_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bt to file descriptor _\bn, or the standard
+ moves the file descriptor _\bd_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bt to file descriptor _\bn, or the standard
input (file descriptor 0) if _\bn is not specified. _\bd_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bt is closed after
being duplicated to _\bn.
[_\bn]>\b>&\b&_\bd_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bt-\b-
- moves the file descriptor _\bd_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bt to file descriptor _\bn, or the standard
+ moves the file descriptor _\bd_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bt to file descriptor _\bn, or the standard
output (file descriptor 1) if _\bn is not specified.
O\bOp\bpe\ben\bni\bin\bng\bg F\bFi\bil\ble\be D\bDe\bes\bsc\bcr\bri\bip\bpt\bto\bor\brs\bs f\bfo\bor\br R\bRe\bea\bad\bdi\bin\bng\bg a\ban\bnd\bd W\bWr\bri\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg
[_\bn]<\b<>\b>_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
- causes the file whose name is the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd to be opened for
- both reading and writing on file descriptor _\bn, or on file descriptor 0
+ causes the file whose name is the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd to be opened for
+ both reading and writing on file descriptor _\bn, or on file descriptor 0
if _\bn is not specified. If the file does not exist, it is created.
A\bAL\bLI\bIA\bAS\bSE\bES\bS
- _\bA_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs_\be_\bs allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used as
- the first word of a simple command. The shell maintains a list of
- aliases that may be set and unset with the a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs and u\bun\bna\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs builtin
- commands (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below). The first word of each
- simple command, if unquoted, is checked to see if it has an alias. If
- so, that word is replaced by the text of the alias. The characters /\b/,
- $\b$, `\b`, and =\b= and any of the shell _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\be_\br_\bs or quoting characters
+ _\bA_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs_\be_\bs allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used as
+ the first word of a simple command. The shell maintains a list of
+ aliases that may be set and unset with the a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs and u\bun\bna\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs builtin
+ commands (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below). The first word of each
+ simple command, if unquoted, is checked to see if it has an alias. If
+ so, that word is replaced by the text of the alias. The characters /\b/,
+ $\b$, `\b`, and =\b= and any of the shell _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\be_\br_\bs or quoting characters
listed above may not appear in an alias name. The replacement text may
- contain any valid shell input, including shell metacharacters. The
- first word of the replacement text is tested for aliases, but a word
- that is identical to an alias being expanded is not expanded a second
- time. This means that one may alias l\bls\bs to l\bls\bs -\b-F\bF, for instance, and
- b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not try to recursively expand the replacement text. If the
- last character of the alias value is a _\bb_\bl_\ba_\bn_\bk, then the next command
+ contain any valid shell input, including shell metacharacters. The
+ first word of the replacement text is tested for aliases, but a word
+ that is identical to an alias being expanded is not expanded a second
+ time. This means that one may alias l\bls\bs to l\bls\bs -\b-F\bF, for instance, and
+ b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not try to recursively expand the replacement text. If the
+ last character of the alias value is a _\bb_\bl_\ba_\bn_\bk, then the next command
word following the alias is also checked for alias expansion.
Aliases are created and listed with the a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs command, and removed with
the u\bun\bna\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs command.
- There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text. If
- arguments are needed, a shell function should be used (see F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS
+ There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text. If
+ arguments are needed, a shell function should be used (see F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS
below).
- Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless the
- e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bse\bes\bs shell option is set using s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt (see the description of
+ Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless the
+ e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bse\bes\bs shell option is set using s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt (see the description of
s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
- The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are somewhat
- confusing. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh always reads at least one complete line of input
- before executing any of the commands on that line. Aliases are
- expanded when a command is read, not when it is executed. Therefore,
- an alias definition appearing on the same line as another command does
- not take effect until the next line of input is read. The commands
+ The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are somewhat
+ confusing. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh always reads at least one complete line of input
+ before executing any of the commands on that line. Aliases are
+ expanded when a command is read, not when it is executed. Therefore,
+ an alias definition appearing on the same line as another command does
+ not take effect until the next line of input is read. The commands
following the alias definition on that line are not affected by the new
- alias. This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed.
- Aliases are expanded when a function definition is read, not when the
- function is executed, because a function definition is itself a com-
+ alias. This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed.
+ Aliases are expanded when a function definition is read, not when the
+ function is executed, because a function definition is itself a com-
pound command. As a consequence, aliases defined in a function are not
- available until after that function is executed. To be safe, always
- put alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs in com-
+ available until after that function is executed. To be safe, always
+ put alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs in com-
pound commands.
For almost every purpose, aliases are superseded by shell functions.
F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS
- A shell function, defined as described above under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR,
- stores a series of commands for later execution. When the name of a
- shell function is used as a simple command name, the list of commands
+ A shell function, defined as described above under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR,
+ stores a series of commands for later execution. When the name of a
+ shell function is used as a simple command name, the list of commands
associated with that function name is executed. Functions are executed
- in the context of the current shell; no new process is created to
- interpret them (contrast this with the execution of a shell script).
- When a function is executed, the arguments to the function become the
+ in the context of the current shell; no new process is created to
+ interpret them (contrast this with the execution of a shell script).
+ When a function is executed, the arguments to the function become the
positional parameters during its execution. The special parameter #\b# is
- updated to reflect the change. Special parameter 0 is unchanged. The
- first element of the F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE variable is set to the name of the func-
- tion while the function is executing. All other aspects of the shell
- execution environment are identical between a function and its caller
+ updated to reflect the change. Special parameter 0 is unchanged. The
+ first element of the F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE variable is set to the name of the func-
+ tion while the function is executing. All other aspects of the shell
+ execution environment are identical between a function and its caller
with the exception that the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN traps (see the description
- of the t\btr\bra\bap\bp builtin under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below) are not inher-
- ited unless the function has been given the t\btr\bra\bac\bce\be attribute (see the
- description of the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin below) or the -\b-o\bo f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\btr\bra\bac\bce\be shell
- option has been enabled with the s\bse\bet\bt builtin (in which case all func-
+ of the t\btr\bra\bap\bp builtin under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below) are not inher-
+ ited unless the function has been given the t\btr\bra\bac\bce\be attribute (see the
+ description of the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin below) or the -\b-o\bo f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\btr\bra\bac\bce\be shell
+ option has been enabled with the s\bse\bet\bt builtin (in which case all func-
tions inherit the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN traps).
- Variables local to the function may be declared with the l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl builtin
+ Variables local to the function may be declared with the l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl builtin
command. Ordinarily, variables and their values are shared between the
function and its caller.
- If the builtin command r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is executed in a function, the function
- completes and execution resumes with the next command after the func-
- tion call. Any command associated with the R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN trap is executed
+ If the builtin command r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is executed in a function, the function
+ completes and execution resumes with the next command after the func-
+ tion call. Any command associated with the R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN trap is executed
before execution resumes. When a function completes, the values of the
- positional parameters and the special parameter #\b# are restored to the
+ positional parameters and the special parameter #\b# are restored to the
values they had prior to the function's execution.
- Function names and definitions may be listed with the -\b-f\bf option to the
+ Function names and definitions may be listed with the -\b-f\bf option to the
d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be or t\bty\byp\bpe\bes\bse\bet\bt builtin commands. The -\b-F\bF option to d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be or t\bty\byp\bpe\be-\b-
- s\bse\bet\bt will list the function names only (and optionally the source file
- and line number, if the e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg shell option is enabled). Functions
- may be exported so that subshells automatically have them defined with
- the -\b-f\bf option to the e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt builtin. A function definition may be
- deleted using the -\b-f\bf option to the u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt builtin. Note that shell
+ s\bse\bet\bt will list the function names only (and optionally the source file
+ and line number, if the e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg shell option is enabled). Functions
+ may be exported so that subshells automatically have them defined with
+ the -\b-f\bf option to the e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt builtin. A function definition may be
+ deleted using the -\b-f\bf option to the u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt builtin. Note that shell
functions and variables with the same name may result in multiple iden-
- tically-named entries in the environment passed to the shell's chil-
+ tically-named entries in the environment passed to the shell's chil-
dren. Care should be taken in cases where this may cause a problem.
- Functions may be recursive. No limit is imposed on the number of
+ Functions may be recursive. No limit is imposed on the number of
recursive calls.
A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
- The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, under certain
- circumstances (see the l\ble\bet\bt and d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin commands and A\bAr\bri\bit\bth\bhm\bme\bet\bti\bic\bc
- E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn). Evaluation is done in fixed-width integers with no check
- for overflow, though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as an error.
- The operators and their precedence, associativity, and values are the
- same as in the C language. The following list of operators is grouped
- into levels of equal-precedence operators. The levels are listed in
+ The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, under certain
+ circumstances (see the l\ble\bet\bt and d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin commands and A\bAr\bri\bit\bth\bhm\bme\bet\bti\bic\bc
+ E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn). Evaluation is done in fixed-width integers with no check
+ for overflow, though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as an error.
+ The operators and their precedence, associativity, and values are the
+ same as in the C language. The following list of operators is grouped
+ into levels of equal-precedence operators. The levels are listed in
order of decreasing precedence.
_\bi_\bd+\b++\b+ _\bi_\bd-\b--\b-
_\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b1 ,\b, _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2
comma
- Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is per-
+ Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is per-
formed before the expression is evaluated. Within an expression, shell
- variables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter
- expansion syntax. A shell variable that is null or unset evaluates to
+ variables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter
+ expansion syntax. A shell variable that is null or unset evaluates to
0 when referenced by name without using the parameter expansion syntax.
- The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression when
- it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the _\bi_\bn_\bt_\be_\bg_\be_\br
+ The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression when
+ it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the _\bi_\bn_\bt_\be_\bg_\be_\br
attribute using d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be -\b-i\bi is assigned a value. A null value evaluates
- to 0. A shell variable need not have its integer attribute turned on
+ to 0. A shell variable need not have its integer attribute turned on
to be used in an expression.
Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers. A leading
- 0x or 0X denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, numbers take the form
- [_\bb_\ba_\bs_\be_\b#]n, where _\bb_\ba_\bs_\be is a decimal number between 2 and 64 representing
+ 0x or 0X denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, numbers take the form
+ [_\bb_\ba_\bs_\be_\b#]n, where _\bb_\ba_\bs_\be is a decimal number between 2 and 64 representing
the arithmetic base, and _\bn is a number in that base. If _\bb_\ba_\bs_\be_\b# is omit-
- ted, then base 10 is used. The digits greater than 9 are represented
- by the lowercase letters, the uppercase letters, @, and _, in that
- order. If _\bb_\ba_\bs_\be is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and uppercase
+ ted, then base 10 is used. The digits greater than 9 are represented
+ by the lowercase letters, the uppercase letters, @, and _, in that
+ order. If _\bb_\ba_\bs_\be is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and uppercase
letters may be used interchangeably to represent numbers between 10 and
35.
- Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in
- parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence rules
+ Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in
+ parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence rules
above.
C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS
- Conditional expressions are used by the [\b[[\b[ compound command and the
- t\bte\bes\bst\bt and [\b[ builtin commands to test file attributes and perform string
- and arithmetic comparisons. Expressions are formed from the following
- unary or binary primaries. If any _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be argument to one of the pri-
+ Conditional expressions are used by the [\b[[\b[ compound command and the
+ t\bte\bes\bst\bt and [\b[ builtin commands to test file attributes and perform string
+ and arithmetic comparisons. Expressions are formed from the following
+ unary or binary primaries. If any _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be argument to one of the pri-
maries is of the form _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bf_\bd_\b/_\bn, then file descriptor _\bn is checked. If
- the _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be argument to one of the primaries is one of _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bs_\bt_\bd_\bi_\bn,
- _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bs_\bt_\bd_\bo_\bu_\bt, or _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bs_\bt_\bd_\be_\br_\br, file descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively,
+ the _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be argument to one of the primaries is one of _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bs_\bt_\bd_\bi_\bn,
+ _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bs_\bt_\bd_\bo_\bu_\bt, or _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bs_\bt_\bd_\be_\br_\br, file descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively,
is checked.
Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow sym-
-\b-S\bS _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists and is a socket.
-\b-N\bN _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
- True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists and has been modified since it was last
+ True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists and has been modified since it was last
read.
_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 -n\bnt\bt _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2
- True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 is newer (according to modification date) than
+ True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 is newer (according to modification date) than
_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2, or if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 exists and _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2 does not.
_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 -o\bot\bt _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2
- True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 is older than _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2, or if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2 exists and _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1
+ True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 is older than _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2, or if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2 exists and _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1
does not.
_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 -\b-e\bef\bf _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2
- True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 and _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2 refer to the same device and inode num-
+ True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 and _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2 refer to the same device and inode num-
bers.
-\b-o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
- True if shell option _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is enabled. See the list of
- options under the description of the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt
+ True if shell option _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is enabled. See the list of
+ options under the description of the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt
builtin below.
-\b-z\bz _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg
True if the length of _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is zero.
True if the strings are not equal.
_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1 <\b< _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2
- True if _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1 sorts before _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2 lexicographically in the
+ True if _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1 sorts before _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2 lexicographically in the
current locale.
_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1 >\b> _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2
- True if _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1 sorts after _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2 lexicographically in the
+ True if _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1 sorts after _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2 lexicographically in the
current locale.
_\ba_\br_\bg_\b1 O\bOP\bP _\ba_\br_\bg_\b2
- O\bOP\bP is one of -\b-e\beq\bq, -\b-n\bne\be, -\b-l\blt\bt, -\b-l\ble\be, -\b-g\bgt\bt, or -\b-g\bge\be. These arithmetic
- binary operators return true if _\ba_\br_\bg_\b1 is equal to, not equal to,
- less than, less than or equal to, greater than, or greater than
- or equal to _\ba_\br_\bg_\b2, respectively. _\bA_\br_\bg_\b1 and _\ba_\br_\bg_\b2 may be positive
+ O\bOP\bP is one of -\b-e\beq\bq, -\b-n\bne\be, -\b-l\blt\bt, -\b-l\ble\be, -\b-g\bgt\bt, or -\b-g\bge\be. These arithmetic
+ binary operators return true if _\ba_\br_\bg_\b1 is equal to, not equal to,
+ less than, less than or equal to, greater than, or greater than
+ or equal to _\ba_\br_\bg_\b2, respectively. _\bA_\br_\bg_\b1 and _\ba_\br_\bg_\b2 may be positive
or negative integers.
S\bSI\bIM\bMP\bPL\bLE\bE C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN
- When a simple command is executed, the shell performs the following
+ When a simple command is executed, the shell performs the following
expansions, assignments, and redirections, from left to right.
- 1. The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments
- (those preceding the command name) and redirections are saved
+ 1. The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments
+ (those preceding the command name) and redirections are saved
for later processing.
- 2. The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are
- expanded. If any words remain after expansion, the first word
- is taken to be the name of the command and the remaining words
+ 2. The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are
+ expanded. If any words remain after expansion, the first word
+ is taken to be the name of the command and the remaining words
are the arguments.
3. Redirections are performed as described above under R\bRE\bED\bDI\bIR\bRE\bEC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN.
4. The text after the =\b= in each variable assignment undergoes tilde
expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
- expansion, and quote removal before being assigned to the vari-
+ expansion, and quote removal before being assigned to the vari-
able.
If no command name results, the variable assignments affect the current
- shell environment. Otherwise, the variables are added to the environ-
- ment of the executed command and do not affect the current shell envi-
- ronment. If any of the assignments attempts to assign a value to a
- readonly variable, an error occurs, and the command exits with a non-
+ shell environment. Otherwise, the variables are added to the environ-
+ ment of the executed command and do not affect the current shell envi-
+ ronment. If any of the assignments attempts to assign a value to a
+ readonly variable, an error occurs, and the command exits with a non-
zero status.
- If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not
- affect the current shell environment. A redirection error causes the
+ If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not
+ affect the current shell environment. A redirection error causes the
command to exit with a non-zero status.
- If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as
- described below. Otherwise, the command exits. If one of the expan-
- sions contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command
- is the exit status of the last command substitution performed. If
+ If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as
+ described below. Otherwise, the command exits. If one of the expan-
+ sions contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command
+ is the exit status of the last command substitution performed. If
there were no command substitutions, the command exits with a status of
zero.
C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
- After a command has been split into words, if it results in a simple
- command and an optional list of arguments, the following actions are
+ After a command has been split into words, if it results in a simple
+ command and an optional list of arguments, the following actions are
taken.
- If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to locate
- it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that function is
- invoked as described above in F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS. If the name does not match a
- function, the shell searches for it in the list of shell builtins. If
+ If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to locate
+ it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that function is
+ invoked as described above in F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS. If the name does not match a
+ function, the shell searches for it in the list of shell builtins. If
a match is found, that builtin is invoked.
- If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, and contains no
- slashes, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh searches each element of the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH for a directory con-
- taining an executable file by that name. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh uses a hash table to
- remember the full pathnames of executable files (see h\bha\bas\bsh\bh under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL
- B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below). A full search of the directories in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is
- performed only if the command is not found in the hash table. If the
- search is unsuccessful, the shell prints an error message and returns
+ If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, and contains no
+ slashes, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh searches each element of the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH for a directory con-
+ taining an executable file by that name. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh uses a hash table to
+ remember the full pathnames of executable files (see h\bha\bas\bsh\bh under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL
+ B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below). A full search of the directories in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is
+ performed only if the command is not found in the hash table. If the
+ search is unsuccessful, the shell prints an error message and returns
an exit status of 127.
- If the search is successful, or if the command name contains one or
+ If the search is successful, or if the command name contains one or
more slashes, the shell executes the named program in a separate execu-
tion environment. Argument 0 is set to the name given, and the remain-
ing arguments to the command are set to the arguments given, if any.
- If this execution fails because the file is not in executable format,
- and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl _\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt, a
- file containing shell commands. A subshell is spawned to execute it.
- This subshell reinitializes itself, so that the effect is as if a new
- shell had been invoked to handle the script, with the exception that
- the locations of commands remembered by the parent (see h\bha\bas\bsh\bh below
+ If this execution fails because the file is not in executable format,
+ and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl _\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt, a
+ file containing shell commands. A subshell is spawned to execute it.
+ This subshell reinitializes itself, so that the effect is as if a new
+ shell had been invoked to handle the script, with the exception that
+ the locations of commands remembered by the parent (see h\bha\bas\bsh\bh below
under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS) are retained by the child.
- If the program is a file beginning with #\b#!\b!, the remainder of the first
- line specifies an interpreter for the program. The shell executes the
+ If the program is a file beginning with #\b#!\b!, the remainder of the first
+ line specifies an interpreter for the program. The shell executes the
specified interpreter on operating systems that do not handle this exe-
cutable format themselves. The arguments to the interpreter consist of
- a single optional argument following the interpreter name on the first
- line of the program, followed by the name of the program, followed by
+ a single optional argument following the interpreter name on the first
+ line of the program, followed by the name of the program, followed by
the command arguments, if any.
C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN E\bEN\bNV\bVI\bIR\bRO\bON\bNM\bME\bEN\bNT\bT
- The shell has an _\be_\bx_\be_\bc_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn _\be_\bn_\bv_\bi_\br_\bo_\bn_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt, which consists of the follow-
+ The shell has an _\be_\bx_\be_\bc_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn _\be_\bn_\bv_\bi_\br_\bo_\bn_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt, which consists of the follow-
ing:
- +\bo open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by
+ +\bo open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by
redirections supplied to the e\bex\bxe\bec\bc builtin
- +\bo the current working directory as set by c\bcd\bd, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd, or p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd, or
+ +\bo the current working directory as set by c\bcd\bd, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd, or p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd, or
inherited by the shell at invocation
- +\bo the file creation mode mask as set by u\bum\bma\bas\bsk\bk or inherited from
+ +\bo the file creation mode mask as set by u\bum\bma\bas\bsk\bk or inherited from
the shell's parent
+\bo current traps set by t\btr\bra\bap\bp
+\bo shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with s\bse\bet\bt
or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment
- +\bo shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the
+ +\bo shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the
shell's parent in the environment
- +\bo options enabled at invocation (either by default or with com-
+ +\bo options enabled at invocation (either by default or with com-
mand-line arguments) or by s\bse\bet\bt
+\bo options enabled by s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt
+\bo shell aliases defined with a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs
- +\bo various process IDs, including those of background jobs, the
+ +\bo various process IDs, including those of background jobs, the
value of $\b$$\b$, and the value of $\b$P\bPP\bPI\bID\bD
- When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function is to be
- executed, it is invoked in a separate execution environment that con-
- sists of the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are inher-
+ When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function is to be
+ executed, it is invoked in a separate execution environment that con-
+ sists of the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are inher-
ited from the shell.
- +\bo the shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions
+ +\bo the shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions
specified by redirections to the command
+\bo the current working directory
+\bo the file creation mode mask
- +\bo shell variables and functions marked for export, along with
+ +\bo shell variables and functions marked for export, along with
variables exported for the command, passed in the environment
+\bo traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from
the shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored
- A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the
+ A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the
shell's execution environment.
- Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, and asynchro-
+ Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, and asynchro-
nous commands are invoked in a subshell environment that is a duplicate
- of the shell environment, except that traps caught by the shell are
+ of the shell environment, except that traps caught by the shell are
reset to the values that the shell inherited from its parent at invoca-
tion. Builtin commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline are also
executed in a subshell environment. Changes made to the subshell envi-
ronment cannot affect the shell's execution environment.
- If a command is followed by a &\b& and job control is not active, the
- default standard input for the command is the empty file _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bn_\bu_\bl_\bl.
- Otherwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the
+ If a command is followed by a &\b& and job control is not active, the
+ default standard input for the command is the empty file _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bn_\bu_\bl_\bl.
+ Otherwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the
calling shell as modified by redirections.
E\bEN\bNV\bVI\bIR\bRO\bON\bNM\bME\bEN\bNT\bT
- When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings called the
+ When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings called the
_\be_\bn_\bv_\bi_\br_\bo_\bn_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt. This is a list of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be-_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be pairs, of the form
_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be.
- The shell provides several ways to manipulate the environment. On
+ The shell provides several ways to manipulate the environment. On
invocation, the shell scans its own environment and creates a parameter
- for each name found, automatically marking it for _\be_\bx_\bp_\bo_\br_\bt to child pro-
- cesses. Executed commands inherit the environment. The e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt and
- d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be -\b-x\bx commands allow parameters and functions to be added to and
+ for each name found, automatically marking it for _\be_\bx_\bp_\bo_\br_\bt to child pro-
+ cesses. Executed commands inherit the environment. The e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt and
+ d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be -\b-x\bx commands allow parameters and functions to be added to and
deleted from the environment. If the value of a parameter in the envi-
- ronment is modified, the new value becomes part of the environment,
- replacing the old. The environment inherited by any executed command
- consists of the shell's initial environment, whose values may be modi-
- fied in the shell, less any pairs removed by the u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt command, plus
+ ronment is modified, the new value becomes part of the environment,
+ replacing the old. The environment inherited by any executed command
+ consists of the shell's initial environment, whose values may be modi-
+ fied in the shell, less any pairs removed by the u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt command, plus
any additions via the e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt and d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be -\b-x\bx commands.
- The environment for any _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd or function may be augmented
- temporarily by prefixing it with parameter assignments, as described
+ The environment for any _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd or function may be augmented
+ temporarily by prefixing it with parameter assignments, as described
above in P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bET\bTE\bER\bRS\bS. These assignment statements affect only the envi-
ronment seen by that command.
- If the -\b-k\bk option is set (see the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command below), then _\ba_\bl_\bl
- parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command, not
+ If the -\b-k\bk option is set (see the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command below), then _\ba_\bl_\bl
+ parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command, not
just those that precede the command name.
- When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh invokes an external command, the variable _\b_ is set to the
- full file name of the command and passed to that command in its envi-
+ When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh invokes an external command, the variable _\b_ is set to the
+ full file name of the command and passed to that command in its envi-
ronment.
E\bEX\bXI\bIT\bT S\bST\bTA\bAT\bTU\bUS\bS
For the shell's purposes, a command which exits with a zero exit status
- has succeeded. An exit status of zero indicates success. A non-zero
- exit status indicates failure. When a command terminates on a fatal
+ has succeeded. An exit status of zero indicates success. A non-zero
+ exit status indicates failure. When a command terminates on a fatal
signal _\bN, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh uses the value of 128+_\bN as the exit status.
- If a command is not found, the child process created to execute it
- returns a status of 127. If a command is found but is not executable,
+ If a command is not found, the child process created to execute it
+ returns a status of 127. If a command is found but is not executable,
the return status is 126.
If a command fails because of an error during expansion or redirection,
the exit status is greater than zero.
- Shell builtin commands return a status of 0 (_\bt_\br_\bu_\be) if successful, and
- non-zero (_\bf_\ba_\bl_\bs_\be) if an error occurs while they execute. All builtins
+ Shell builtin commands return a status of 0 (_\bt_\br_\bu_\be) if successful, and
+ non-zero (_\bf_\ba_\bl_\bs_\be) if an error occurs while they execute. All builtins
return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage.
- B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh itself returns the exit status of the last command executed,
- unless a syntax error occurs, in which case it exits with a non-zero
+ B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh itself returns the exit status of the last command executed,
+ unless a syntax error occurs, in which case it exits with a non-zero
value. See also the e\bex\bxi\bit\bt builtin command below.
S\bSI\bIG\bGN\bNA\bAL\bLS\bS
- When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores
+ When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores
S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTE\bER\bRM\bM (so that k\bki\bil\bll\bl 0\b0 does not kill an interactive shell), and S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT
- is caught and handled (so that the w\bwa\bai\bit\bt builtin is interruptible). In
- all cases, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh ignores S\bSI\bIG\bGQ\bQU\bUI\bIT\bT. If job control is in effect, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
+ is caught and handled (so that the w\bwa\bai\bit\bt builtin is interruptible). In
+ all cases, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh ignores S\bSI\bIG\bGQ\bQU\bUI\bIT\bT. If job control is in effect, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
ignores S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTT\bTI\bIN\bN, S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTT\bTO\bOU\bU, and S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTS\bST\bTP\bP.
Non-builtin commands run by b\bba\bas\bsh\bh have signal handlers set to the values
- inherited by the shell from its parent. When job control is not in
- effect, asynchronous commands ignore S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT and S\bSI\bIG\bGQ\bQU\bUI\bIT\bT in addition to
- these inherited handlers. Commands run as a result of command substi-
+ inherited by the shell from its parent. When job control is not in
+ effect, asynchronous commands ignore S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT and S\bSI\bIG\bGQ\bQU\bUI\bIT\bT in addition to
+ these inherited handlers. Commands run as a result of command substi-
tution ignore the keyboard-generated job control signals S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTT\bTI\bIN\bN, S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bT-\b-
T\bTO\bOU\bU, and S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTS\bST\bTP\bP.
- The shell exits by default upon receipt of a S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP. Before exiting,
- an interactive shell resends the S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP to all jobs, running or
+ The shell exits by default upon receipt of a S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP. Before exiting,
+ an interactive shell resends the S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP to all jobs, running or
stopped. Stopped jobs are sent S\bSI\bIG\bGC\bCO\bON\bNT\bT to ensure that they receive the
- S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP. To prevent the shell from sending the signal to a particular
- job, it should be removed from the jobs table with the d\bdi\bis\bso\bow\bwn\bn builtin
- (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below) or marked to not receive S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP
+ S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP. To prevent the shell from sending the signal to a particular
+ job, it should be removed from the jobs table with the d\bdi\bis\bso\bow\bwn\bn builtin
+ (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below) or marked to not receive S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP
using d\bdi\bis\bso\bow\bwn\bn -\b-h\bh.
- If the h\bhu\bup\bpo\bon\bne\bex\bxi\bit\bt shell option has been set with s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh sends a
+ If the h\bhu\bup\bpo\bon\bne\bex\bxi\bit\bt shell option has been set with s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh sends a
S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP to all jobs when an interactive login shell exits.
- If b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal for
+ If b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal for
which a trap has been set, the trap will not be executed until the com-
- mand completes. When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is waiting for an asynchronous command via
- the w\bwa\bai\bit\bt builtin, the reception of a signal for which a trap has been
+ mand completes. When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is waiting for an asynchronous command via
+ the w\bwa\bai\bit\bt builtin, the reception of a signal for which a trap has been
set will cause the w\bwa\bai\bit\bt builtin to return immediately with an exit sta-
tus greater than 128, immediately after which the trap is executed.
J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL
- _\bJ_\bo_\bb _\bc_\bo_\bn_\bt_\br_\bo_\bl refers to the ability to selectively stop (_\bs_\bu_\bs_\bp_\be_\bn_\bd) the
+ _\bJ_\bo_\bb _\bc_\bo_\bn_\bt_\br_\bo_\bl refers to the ability to selectively stop (_\bs_\bu_\bs_\bp_\be_\bn_\bd) the
execution of processes and continue (_\br_\be_\bs_\bu_\bm_\be) their execution at a later
- point. A user typically employs this facility via an interactive
+ point. A user typically employs this facility via an interactive
interface supplied jointly by the system's terminal driver and b\bba\bas\bsh\bh.
- The shell associates a _\bj_\bo_\bb with each pipeline. It keeps a table of
- currently executing jobs, which may be listed with the j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs command.
- When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh starts a job asynchronously (in the _\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd), it prints a
+ The shell associates a _\bj_\bo_\bb with each pipeline. It keeps a table of
+ currently executing jobs, which may be listed with the j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs command.
+ When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh starts a job asynchronously (in the _\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd), it prints a
line that looks like:
[1] 25647
indicating that this job is job number 1 and that the process ID of the
last process in the pipeline associated with this job is 25647. All of
- the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh
+ the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh
uses the _\bj_\bo_\bb abstraction as the basis for job control.
- To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job control,
+ To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job control,
the operating system maintains the notion of a _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bt_\be_\br_\bm_\bi_\bn_\ba_\bl _\bp_\br_\bo_\bc_\be_\bs_\bs
_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bp _\bI_\bD. Members of this process group (processes whose process group
ID is equal to the current terminal process group ID) receive keyboard-
- generated signals such as S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT. These processes are said to be in
- the _\bf_\bo_\br_\be_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd. _\bB_\ba_\bc_\bk_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd processes are those whose process group ID
+ generated signals such as S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT. These processes are said to be in
+ the _\bf_\bo_\br_\be_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd. _\bB_\ba_\bc_\bk_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd processes are those whose process group ID
differs from the terminal's; such processes are immune to keyboard-gen-
- erated signals. Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or
+ erated signals. Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or
write to the terminal. Background processes which attempt to read from
(write to) the terminal are sent a S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTT\bTI\bIN\bN (\b(S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTT\bTO\bOU\bU)\b) signal by the ter-
minal driver, which, unless caught, suspends the process.
- If the operating system on which b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is running supports job control,
+ If the operating system on which b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is running supports job control,
b\bba\bas\bsh\bh contains facilities to use it. Typing the _\bs_\bu_\bs_\bp_\be_\bn_\bd character (typ-
ically ^\b^Z\bZ, Control-Z) while a process is running causes that process to
- be stopped and returns control to b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. Typing the _\bd_\be_\bl_\ba_\by_\be_\bd _\bs_\bu_\bs_\bp_\be_\bn_\bd
- character (typically ^\b^Y\bY, Control-Y) causes the process to be stopped
- when it attempts to read input from the terminal, and control to be
- returned to b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. The user may then manipulate the state of this job,
- using the b\bbg\bg command to continue it in the background, the f\bfg\bg command
+ be stopped and returns control to b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. Typing the _\bd_\be_\bl_\ba_\by_\be_\bd _\bs_\bu_\bs_\bp_\be_\bn_\bd
+ character (typically ^\b^Y\bY, Control-Y) causes the process to be stopped
+ when it attempts to read input from the terminal, and control to be
+ returned to b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. The user may then manipulate the state of this job,
+ using the b\bbg\bg command to continue it in the background, the f\bfg\bg command
to continue it in the foreground, or the k\bki\bil\bll\bl command to kill it. A ^\b^Z\bZ
takes effect immediately, and has the additional side effect of causing
pending output and typeahead to be discarded.
There are a number of ways to refer to a job in the shell. The charac-
ter %\b% introduces a job name. Job number _\bn may be referred to as %\b%n\bn. A
- job may also be referred to using a prefix of the name used to start
- it, or using a substring that appears in its command line. For exam-
+ job may also be referred to using a prefix of the name used to start
+ it, or using a substring that appears in its command line. For exam-
ple, %\b%c\bce\be refers to a stopped c\bce\be job. If a prefix matches more than one
- job, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh reports an error. Using %\b%?\b?c\bce\be, on the other hand, refers to
+ job, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh reports an error. Using %\b%?\b?c\bce\be, on the other hand, refers to
any job containing the string c\bce\be in its command line. If the substring
- matches more than one job, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh reports an error. The symbols %\b%%\b% and
- %\b%+\b+ refer to the shell's notion of the _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bj_\bo_\bb, which is the last
- job stopped while it was in the foreground or started in the back-
- ground. The _\bp_\br_\be_\bv_\bi_\bo_\bu_\bs _\bj_\bo_\bb may be referenced using %\b%-\b-. In output per-
+ matches more than one job, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh reports an error. The symbols %\b%%\b% and
+ %\b%+\b+ refer to the shell's notion of the _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bj_\bo_\bb, which is the last
+ job stopped while it was in the foreground or started in the back-
+ ground. The _\bp_\br_\be_\bv_\bi_\bo_\bu_\bs _\bj_\bo_\bb may be referenced using %\b%-\b-. In output per-
taining to jobs (e.g., the output of the j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs command), the current job
- is always flagged with a +\b+, and the previous job with a -\b-. A single %
- (with no accompanying job specification) also refers to the current
+ is always flagged with a +\b+, and the previous job with a -\b-. A single %
+ (with no accompanying job specification) also refers to the current
job.
- Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground: %\b%1\b1 is
- a synonym for `\b``\b`f\bfg\bg %\b%1\b1'\b''\b', bringing job 1 from the background into the
- foreground. Similarly, `\b``\b`%\b%1\b1 &\b&'\b''\b' resumes job 1 in the background,
+ Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground: %\b%1\b1 is
+ a synonym for `\b``\b`f\bfg\bg %\b%1\b1'\b''\b', bringing job 1 from the background into the
+ foreground. Similarly, `\b``\b`%\b%1\b1 &\b&'\b''\b' resumes job 1 in the background,
equivalent to `\b``\b`b\bbg\bg %\b%1\b1'\b''\b'.
- The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state. Normally,
+ The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state. Normally,
b\bba\bas\bsh\bh waits until it is about to print a prompt before reporting changes
- in a job's status so as to not interrupt any other output. If the -\b-b\bb
+ in a job's status so as to not interrupt any other output. If the -\b-b\bb
option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command is enabled, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh reports such changes
- immediately. Any trap on S\bSI\bIG\bGC\bCH\bHL\bLD\bD is executed for each child that
+ immediately. Any trap on S\bSI\bIG\bGC\bCH\bHL\bLD\bD is executed for each child that
exits.
- If an attempt to exit b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is made while jobs are stopped (or, if the
- c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkj\bjo\bob\bbs\bs shell option has been enabled using the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin, run-
+ If an attempt to exit b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is made while jobs are stopped (or, if the
+ c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkj\bjo\bob\bbs\bs shell option has been enabled using the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin, run-
ning), the shell prints a warning message, and, if the c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkj\bjo\bob\bbs\bs option
- is enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses. The j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs command may
- then be used to inspect their status. If a second attempt to exit is
- made without an intervening command, the shell does not print another
+ is enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses. The j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs command may
+ then be used to inspect their status. If a second attempt to exit is
+ made without an intervening command, the shell does not print another
warning, and any stopped jobs are terminated.
P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG
When executing interactively, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh displays the primary prompt P\bPS\bS1\b1 when
- it is ready to read a command, and the secondary prompt P\bPS\bS2\b2 when it
- needs more input to complete a command. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh allows these prompt
- strings to be customized by inserting a number of backslash-escaped
+ it is ready to read a command, and the secondary prompt P\bPS\bS2\b2 when it
+ needs more input to complete a command. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh allows these prompt
+ strings to be customized by inserting a number of backslash-escaped
special characters that are decoded as follows:
\\b\a\ba an ASCII bell character (07)
- \\b\d\bd the date in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May
+ \\b\d\bd the date in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May
26")
\\b\D\bD{\b{_\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt}\b}
- the _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is passed to _\bs_\bt_\br_\bf_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3) and the result is
- inserted into the prompt string; an empty _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt results
+ the _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is passed to _\bs_\bt_\br_\bf_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3) and the result is
+ inserted into the prompt string; an empty _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt results
in a locale-specific time representation. The braces are
required
\\b\e\be an ASCII escape character (033)
\\b\l\bl the basename of the shell's terminal device name
\\b\n\bn newline
\\b\r\br carriage return
- \\b\s\bs the name of the shell, the basename of $\b$0\b0 (the portion
+ \\b\s\bs the name of the shell, the basename of $\b$0\b0 (the portion
following the final slash)
\\b\t\bt the current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format
\\b\T\bT the current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format
\\b\u\bu the username of the current user
\\b\v\bv the version of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh (e.g., 2.00)
\\b\V\bV the release of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh, version + patch level (e.g., 2.00.0)
- \\b\w\bw the current working directory, with $\b$H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE abbreviated
+ \\b\w\bw the current working directory, with $\b$H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE abbreviated
with a tilde
\\b\W\bW the basename of the current working directory, with $\b$H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE
abbreviated with a tilde
\\b\$\b$ if the effective UID is 0, a #\b#, otherwise a $\b$
\\b\_\bn_\bn_\bn the character corresponding to the octal number _\bn_\bn_\bn
\\b\\\b\ a backslash
- \\b\[\b[ begin a sequence of non-printing characters, which could
- be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the
+ \\b\[\b[ begin a sequence of non-printing characters, which could
+ be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the
prompt
\\b\]\b] end a sequence of non-printing characters
- The command number and the history number are usually different: the
- history number of a command is its position in the history list, which
- may include commands restored from the history file (see H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY
- below), while the command number is the position in the sequence of
- commands executed during the current shell session. After the string
- is decoded, it is expanded via parameter expansion, command substitu-
- tion, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal, subject to the value of
- the p\bpr\bro\bom\bmp\bpt\btv\bva\bar\brs\bs shell option (see the description of the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt command
+ The command number and the history number are usually different: the
+ history number of a command is its position in the history list, which
+ may include commands restored from the history file (see H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY
+ below), while the command number is the position in the sequence of
+ commands executed during the current shell session. After the string
+ is decoded, it is expanded via parameter expansion, command substitu-
+ tion, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal, subject to the value of
+ the p\bpr\bro\bom\bmp\bpt\btv\bva\bar\brs\bs shell option (see the description of the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt command
under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
- This is the library that handles reading input when using an interac-
+ This is the library that handles reading input when using an interac-
tive shell, unless the -\b--\b-n\bno\boe\bed\bdi\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg option is given at shell invocation.
By default, the line editing commands are similar to those of emacs. A
- vi-style line editing interface is also available. To turn off line
- editing after the shell is running, use the +\b+o\bo e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs or +\b+o\bo v\bvi\bi options
+ vi-style line editing interface is also available. To turn off line
+ editing after the shell is running, use the +\b+o\bo e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs or +\b+o\bo v\bvi\bi options
to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be N\bNo\bot\bta\bat\bti\bio\bon\bn
In this section, the emacs-style notation is used to denote keystrokes.
- Control keys are denoted by C-_\bk_\be_\by, e.g., C-n means Control-N. Simi-
- larly, _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba keys are denoted by M-_\bk_\be_\by, so M-x means Meta-X. (On key-
- boards without a _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba key, M-_\bx means ESC _\bx, i.e., press the Escape key
+ Control keys are denoted by C-_\bk_\be_\by, e.g., C-n means Control-N. Simi-
+ larly, _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba keys are denoted by M-_\bk_\be_\by, so M-x means Meta-X. (On key-
+ boards without a _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba key, M-_\bx means ESC _\bx, i.e., press the Escape key
then the _\bx key. This makes ESC the _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx. The combination M-C-_\bx
- means ESC-Control-_\bx, or press the Escape key then hold the Control key
+ means ESC-Control-_\bx, or press the Escape key then hold the Control key
while pressing the _\bx key.)
Readline commands may be given numeric _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs, which normally act as
- a repeat count. Sometimes, however, it is the sign of the argument
- that is significant. Passing a negative argument to a command that
- acts in the forward direction (e.g., k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be) causes that command to
- act in a backward direction. Commands whose behavior with arguments
+ a repeat count. Sometimes, however, it is the sign of the argument
+ that is significant. Passing a negative argument to a command that
+ acts in the forward direction (e.g., k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be) causes that command to
+ act in a backward direction. Commands whose behavior with arguments
deviates from this are noted below.
- When a command is described as _\bk_\bi_\bl_\bl_\bi_\bn_\bg text, the text deleted is saved
+ When a command is described as _\bk_\bi_\bl_\bl_\bi_\bn_\bg text, the text deleted is saved
for possible future retrieval (_\by_\ba_\bn_\bk_\bi_\bn_\bg). The killed text is saved in a
_\bk_\bi_\bl_\bl _\br_\bi_\bn_\bg. Consecutive kills cause the text to be accumulated into one
unit, which can be yanked all at once. Commands which do not kill text
separate the chunks of text on the kill ring.
R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be I\bIn\bni\bit\bti\bia\bal\bli\biz\bza\bat\bti\bio\bon\bn
- Readline is customized by putting commands in an initialization file
- (the _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file). The name of this file is taken from the value of
- the I\bIN\bNP\bPU\bUT\bTR\bRC\bC variable. If that variable is unset, the default is
- _\b~_\b/_\b._\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc. When a program which uses the readline library starts up,
+ Readline is customized by putting commands in an initialization file
+ (the _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file). The name of this file is taken from the value of
+ the I\bIN\bNP\bPU\bUT\bTR\bRC\bC variable. If that variable is unset, the default is
+ _\b~_\b/_\b._\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc. When a program which uses the readline library starts up,
the initialization file is read, and the key bindings and variables are
- set. There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the readline
- initialization file. Blank lines are ignored. Lines beginning with a
- #\b# are comments. Lines beginning with a $\b$ indicate conditional con-
+ set. There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the readline
+ initialization file. Blank lines are ignored. Lines beginning with a
+ #\b# are comments. Lines beginning with a $\b$ indicate conditional con-
structs. Other lines denote key bindings and variable settings.
- The default key-bindings may be changed with an _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file. Other
+ The default key-bindings may be changed with an _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file. Other
programs that use this library may add their own commands and bindings.
For example, placing
M-Control-u: universal-argument
or
C-Meta-u: universal-argument
- into the _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc would make M-C-u execute the readline command _\bu_\bn_\bi_\bv_\be_\br_\b-
+ into the _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc would make M-C-u execute the readline command _\bu_\bn_\bi_\bv_\be_\br_\b-
_\bs_\ba_\bl_\b-_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt.
- The following symbolic character names are recognized: _\bR_\bU_\bB_\bO_\bU_\bT, _\bD_\bE_\bL,
+ The following symbolic character names are recognized: _\bR_\bU_\bB_\bO_\bU_\bT, _\bD_\bE_\bL,
_\bE_\bS_\bC, _\bL_\bF_\bD, _\bN_\bE_\bW_\bL_\bI_\bN_\bE, _\bR_\bE_\bT, _\bR_\bE_\bT_\bU_\bR_\bN, _\bS_\bP_\bC, _\bS_\bP_\bA_\bC_\bE, and _\bT_\bA_\bB.
- In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound to a
+ In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound to a
string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a _\bm_\ba_\bc_\br_\bo).
R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be K\bKe\bey\by B\bBi\bin\bnd\bdi\bin\bng\bgs\bs
- The syntax for controlling key bindings in the _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file is simple.
- All that is required is the name of the command or the text of a macro
- and a key sequence to which it should be bound. The name may be speci-
+ The syntax for controlling key bindings in the _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file is simple.
+ All that is required is the name of the command or the text of a macro
+ and a key sequence to which it should be bound. The name may be speci-
fied in one of two ways: as a symbolic key name, possibly with _\bM_\be_\bt_\ba_\b- or
_\bC_\bo_\bn_\bt_\br_\bo_\bl_\b- prefixes, or as a key sequence.
Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word
Control-o: "> output"
- In the above example, _\bC_\b-_\bu is bound to the function u\bun\bni\biv\bve\ber\brs\bsa\bal\bl-\b-a\bar\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bt,
- _\bM_\b-_\bD_\bE_\bL is bound to the function b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd, and _\bC_\b-_\bo is bound to
- run the macro expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the
+ In the above example, _\bC_\b-_\bu is bound to the function u\bun\bni\biv\bve\ber\brs\bsa\bal\bl-\b-a\bar\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bt,
+ _\bM_\b-_\bD_\bE_\bL is bound to the function b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd, and _\bC_\b-_\bo is bound to
+ run the macro expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the
text ``> output'' into the line).
- In the second form, "\b"k\bke\bey\bys\bse\beq\bq"\b":_\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be or _\bm_\ba_\bc_\br_\bo, k\bke\bey\bys\bse\beq\bq differs
- from k\bke\bey\byn\bna\bam\bme\be above in that strings denoting an entire key sequence may
- be specified by placing the sequence within double quotes. Some GNU
- Emacs style key escapes can be used, as in the following example, but
+ In the second form, "\b"k\bke\bey\bys\bse\beq\bq"\b":_\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be or _\bm_\ba_\bc_\br_\bo, k\bke\bey\bys\bse\beq\bq differs
+ from k\bke\bey\byn\bna\bam\bme\be above in that strings denoting an entire key sequence may
+ be specified by placing the sequence within double quotes. Some GNU
+ Emacs style key escapes can be used, as in the following example, but
the symbolic character names are not recognized.
"\C-u": universal-argument
"\e[11~": "Function Key 1"
In this example, _\bC_\b-_\bu is again bound to the function u\bun\bni\biv\bve\ber\brs\bsa\bal\bl-\b-a\bar\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bt.
- _\bC_\b-_\bx _\bC_\b-_\br is bound to the function r\bre\be-\b-r\bre\bea\bad\bd-\b-i\bin\bni\bit\bt-\b-f\bfi\bil\ble\be, and _\bE_\bS_\bC _\b[ _\b1 _\b1 _\b~ is
+ _\bC_\b-_\bx _\bC_\b-_\br is bound to the function r\bre\be-\b-r\bre\bea\bad\bd-\b-i\bin\bni\bit\bt-\b-f\bfi\bil\ble\be, and _\bE_\bS_\bC _\b[ _\b1 _\b1 _\b~ is
bound to insert the text ``Function Key 1''.
The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences is
\\b\"\b" literal "
\\b\'\b' literal '
- In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set of
+ In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set of
backslash escapes is available:
\\b\a\ba alert (bell)
\\b\b\bb backspace
\\b\r\br carriage return
\\b\t\bt horizontal tab
\\b\v\bv vertical tab
- \\b\_\bn_\bn_\bn the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value
+ \\b\_\bn_\bn_\bn the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value
_\bn_\bn_\bn (one to three digits)
- \\b\x\bx_\bH_\bH the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal
+ \\b\x\bx_\bH_\bH the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal
value _\bH_\bH (one or two hex digits)
When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must be used
to indicate a macro definition. Unquoted text is assumed to be a func-
- tion name. In the macro body, the backslash escapes described above
- are expanded. Backslash will quote any other character in the macro
+ tion name. In the macro body, the backslash escapes described above
+ are expanded. Backslash will quote any other character in the macro
text, including " and '.
- B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh allows the current readline key bindings to be displayed or modi-
- fied with the b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd builtin command. The editing mode may be switched
- during interactive use by using the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin com-
+ B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh allows the current readline key bindings to be displayed or modi-
+ fied with the b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd builtin command. The editing mode may be switched
+ during interactive use by using the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin com-
mand (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs
s\bse\bet\bt _\bv_\ba_\br_\bi_\ba_\bb_\bl_\be_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be
- Except where noted, readline variables can take the values O\bOn\bn or O\bOf\bff\bf
- (without regard to case). Unrecognized variable names are ignored.
- When a variable value is read, empty or null values, "on" (case-insen-
+ Except where noted, readline variables can take the values O\bOn\bn or O\bOf\bff\bf
+ (without regard to case). Unrecognized variable names are ignored.
+ When a variable value is read, empty or null values, "on" (case-insen-
sitive), and "1" are equivalent to O\bOn\bn. All other values are equivalent
to O\bOf\bff\bf. The variables and their default values are:
b\bbe\bel\bll\bl-\b-s\bst\bty\byl\ble\be (\b(a\bau\bud\bdi\bib\bbl\ble\be)\b)
- Controls what happens when readline wants to ring the terminal
+ Controls what happens when readline wants to ring the terminal
bell. If set to n\bno\bon\bne\be, readline never rings the bell. If set to
- v\bvi\bis\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be, readline uses a visible bell if one is available. If
+ v\bvi\bis\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be, readline uses a visible bell if one is available. If
set to a\bau\bud\bdi\bib\bbl\ble\be, readline attempts to ring the terminal's bell.
b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd-\b-t\btt\bty\by-\b-s\bsp\bpe\bec\bci\bia\bal\bl-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\brs\bs (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, readline attempts to bind the control characters
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, readline attempts to bind the control characters
treated specially by the kernel's terminal driver to their read-
line equivalents.
c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn (\b(`\b``\b`#\b#'\b''\b')\b)
- The string that is inserted when the readline i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt
+ The string that is inserted when the readline i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt
command is executed. This command is bound to M\bM-\b-#\b# in emacs mode
and to #\b# in vi command mode.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn-\b-i\big\bgn\bno\bor\bre\be-\b-c\bca\bas\bse\be (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
If set to O\bOn\bn, readline performs filename matching and completion
in a case-insensitive fashion.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn-\b-q\bqu\bue\ber\bry\by-\b-i\bit\bte\bem\bms\bs (\b(1\b10\b00\b0)\b)
- This determines when the user is queried about viewing the num-
- ber of possible completions generated by the p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\be-\b-
- t\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs command. It may be set to any integer value greater than
- or equal to zero. If the number of possible completions is
+ This determines when the user is queried about viewing the num-
+ ber of possible completions generated by the p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\be-\b-
+ t\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs command. It may be set to any integer value greater than
+ or equal to zero. If the number of possible completions is
greater than or equal to the value of this variable, the user is
- asked whether or not he wishes to view them; otherwise they are
+ asked whether or not he wishes to view them; otherwise they are
simply listed on the terminal.
c\bco\bon\bnv\bve\ber\brt\bt-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, readline will convert characters with the eighth
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, readline will convert characters with the eighth
bit set to an ASCII key sequence by stripping the eighth bit and
- prefixing an escape character (in effect, using escape as the
+ prefixing an escape character (in effect, using escape as the
_\bm_\be_\bt_\ba _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx).
d\bdi\bis\bsa\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
If set to O\bOn\bn, readline will inhibit word completion. Completion
- characters will be inserted into the line as if they had been
+ characters will be inserted into the line as if they had been
mapped to s\bse\bel\blf\bf-\b-i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt.
e\bed\bdi\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be (\b(e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs)\b)
Controls whether readline begins with a set of key bindings sim-
v\bvi\bi.
e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-k\bke\bey\byp\bpa\bad\bd (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
When set to O\bOn\bn, readline will try to enable the application key-
- pad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable the
+ pad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable the
arrow keys.
e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-t\bti\bil\bld\bde\be (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to o\bon\bn, tilde expansion is performed when readline
+ If set to o\bon\bn, tilde expansion is performed when readline
attempts word completion.
h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by-\b-p\bpr\bre\bes\bse\ber\brv\bve\be-\b-p\bpo\boi\bin\bnt\bt (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to o\bon\bn, the history code attempts to place point at the
- same location on each history line retrieved with p\bpr\bre\bev\bvi\bio\bou\bus\bs-\b-h\bhi\bis\bs-\b-
+ If set to o\bon\bn, the history code attempts to place point at the
+ same location on each history line retrieved with p\bpr\bre\bev\bvi\bio\bou\bus\bs-\b-h\bhi\bis\bs-\b-
t\bto\bor\bry\by or n\bne\bex\bxt\bt-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by.
h\bho\bor\bri\biz\bzo\bon\bnt\bta\bal\bl-\b-s\bsc\bcr\bro\bol\bll\bl-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- When set to O\bOn\bn, makes readline use a single line for display,
+ When set to O\bOn\bn, makes readline use a single line for display,
scrolling the input horizontally on a single screen line when it
- becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a
+ becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a
new line.
i\bin\bnp\bpu\but\bt-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, readline will enable eight-bit input (that is, it
- will not strip the high bit from the characters it reads),
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, readline will enable eight-bit input (that is, it
+ will not strip the high bit from the characters it reads),
regardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The name
m\bme\bet\bta\ba-\b-f\bfl\bla\bag\bg is a synonym for this variable.
i\bis\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-t\bte\ber\brm\bmi\bin\bna\bat\bto\bor\brs\bs (\b(`\b``\b`C\bC-\b-[\b[C\bC-\b-J\bJ'\b''\b')\b)
- The string of characters that should terminate an incremental
- search without subsequently executing the character as a com-
- mand. If this variable has not been given a value, the charac-
+ The string of characters that should terminate an incremental
+ search without subsequently executing the character as a com-
+ mand. If this variable has not been given a value, the charac-
ters _\bE_\bS_\bC and _\bC_\b-_\bJ will terminate an incremental search.
k\bke\bey\bym\bma\bap\bp (\b(e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs)\b)
- Set the current readline keymap. The set of valid keymap names
- is _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\bd_\ba_\br_\bd_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bc_\bt_\bl_\bx_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\b-
- _\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, and _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bi_\bn_\bs_\be_\br_\bt. _\bv_\bi is equivalent to _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd; _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs is
- equivalent to _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\bd_\ba_\br_\bd. The default value is _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs; the
+ Set the current readline keymap. The set of valid keymap names
+ is _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\bd_\ba_\br_\bd_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bc_\bt_\bl_\bx_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\b-
+ _\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, and _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bi_\bn_\bs_\be_\br_\bt. _\bv_\bi is equivalent to _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd; _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs is
+ equivalent to _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\bd_\ba_\br_\bd. The default value is _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs; the
value of e\bed\bdi\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be also affects the default keymap.
m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-d\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bri\bie\bes\bs (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
If set to O\bOn\bn, completed directory names have a slash appended.
m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-m\bmo\bod\bdi\bif\bfi\bie\bed\bd-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\bes\bs (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, history lines that have been modified are dis-
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, history lines that have been modified are dis-
played with a preceding asterisk (*\b*).
m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-s\bsy\bym\bml\bli\bin\bnk\bke\bed\bd-\b-d\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bri\bie\bes\bs (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
If set to O\bOn\bn, completed names which are symbolic links to direc-
- tories have a slash appended (subject to the value of
+ tories have a slash appended (subject to the value of
m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-d\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bri\bie\bes\bs).
m\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh-\b-h\bhi\bid\bdd\bde\ben\bn-\b-f\bfi\bil\ble\bes\bs (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
- This variable, when set to O\bOn\bn, causes readline to match files
- whose names begin with a `.' (hidden files) when performing
- filename completion, unless the leading `.' is supplied by the
+ This variable, when set to O\bOn\bn, causes readline to match files
+ whose names begin with a `.' (hidden files) when performing
+ filename completion, unless the leading `.' is supplied by the
user in the filename to be completed.
o\bou\but\btp\bpu\but\bt-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, readline will display characters with the eighth
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, readline will display characters with the eighth
bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape sequence.
p\bpa\bag\bge\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, readline uses an internal _\bm_\bo_\br_\be-like pager to dis-
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, readline uses an internal _\bm_\bo_\br_\be-like pager to dis-
play a screenful of possible completions at a time.
p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\bt-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs-\b-h\bho\bor\bri\biz\bzo\bon\bnt\bta\bal\bll\bly\by (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, readline will display completions with matches
- sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, readline will display completions with matches
+ sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the
screen.
s\bsh\bho\bow\bw-\b-a\bal\bll\bl-\b-i\bif\bf-\b-a\bam\bmb\bbi\big\bgu\buo\bou\bus\bs (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- This alters the default behavior of the completion functions.
+ This alters the default behavior of the completion functions.
If set to o\bon\bn, words which have more than one possible completion
- cause the matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing
+ cause the matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing
the bell.
s\bsh\bho\bow\bw-\b-a\bal\bll\bl-\b-i\bif\bf-\b-u\bun\bnm\bmo\bod\bdi\bif\bfi\bie\bed\bd (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- This alters the default behavior of the completion functions in
+ This alters the default behavior of the completion functions in
a fashion similar to s\bsh\bho\bow\bw-\b-a\bal\bll\bl-\b-i\bif\bf-\b-a\bam\bmb\bbi\big\bgu\buo\bou\bus\bs. If set to o\bon\bn, words
- which have more than one possible completion without any possi-
- ble partial completion (the possible completions don't share a
- common prefix) cause the matches to be listed immediately
+ which have more than one possible completion without any possi-
+ ble partial completion (the possible completions don't share a
+ common prefix) cause the matches to be listed immediately
instead of ringing the bell.
v\bvi\bis\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-s\bst\bta\bat\bts\bs (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, a character denoting a file's type as reported by
- _\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt(2) is appended to the filename when listing possible com-
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, a character denoting a file's type as reported by
+ _\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt(2) is appended to the filename when listing possible com-
pletions.
R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be C\bCo\bon\bnd\bdi\bit\bti\bio\bon\bna\bal\bl C\bCo\bon\bns\bst\btr\bru\buc\bct\bts\bs
- Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional
- compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings
- and variable settings to be performed as the result of tests. There
+ Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional
+ compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings
+ and variable settings to be performed as the result of tests. There
are four parser directives used.
- $\b$i\bif\bf The $\b$i\bif\bf construct allows bindings to be made based on the edit-
- ing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using
- readline. The text of the test extends to the end of the line;
+ $\b$i\bif\bf The $\b$i\bif\bf construct allows bindings to be made based on the edit-
+ ing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using
+ readline. The text of the test extends to the end of the line;
no characters are required to isolate it.
- m\bmo\bod\bde\be The m\bmo\bod\bde\be=\b= form of the $\b$i\bif\bf directive is used to test
- whether readline is in emacs or vi mode. This may be
- used in conjunction with the s\bse\bet\bt k\bke\bey\bym\bma\bap\bp command, for
- instance, to set bindings in the _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\bd_\ba_\br_\bd and
- _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bc_\bt_\bl_\bx keymaps only if readline is starting out in
+ m\bmo\bod\bde\be The m\bmo\bod\bde\be=\b= form of the $\b$i\bif\bf directive is used to test
+ whether readline is in emacs or vi mode. This may be
+ used in conjunction with the s\bse\bet\bt k\bke\bey\bym\bma\bap\bp command, for
+ instance, to set bindings in the _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\bd_\ba_\br_\bd and
+ _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bc_\bt_\bl_\bx keymaps only if readline is starting out in
emacs mode.
- t\bte\ber\brm\bm The t\bte\ber\brm\bm=\b= form may be used to include terminal-specific
+ t\bte\ber\brm\bm The t\bte\ber\brm\bm=\b= form may be used to include terminal-specific
key bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by
the terminal's function keys. The word on the right side
of the =\b= is tested against the both full name of the ter-
- minal and the portion of the terminal name before the
- first -\b-. This allows _\bs_\bu_\bn to match both _\bs_\bu_\bn and _\bs_\bu_\bn_\b-_\bc_\bm_\bd,
+ minal and the portion of the terminal name before the
+ first -\b-. This allows _\bs_\bu_\bn to match both _\bs_\bu_\bn and _\bs_\bu_\bn_\b-_\bc_\bm_\bd,
for instance.
a\bap\bpp\bpl\bli\bic\bca\bat\bti\bio\bon\bn
The a\bap\bpp\bpl\bli\bic\bca\bat\bti\bio\bon\bn construct is used to include application-
specific settings. Each program using the readline
- library sets the _\ba_\bp_\bp_\bl_\bi_\bc_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, and an initialization
+ library sets the _\ba_\bp_\bp_\bl_\bi_\bc_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, and an initialization
file can test for a particular value. This could be used
- to bind key sequences to functions useful for a specific
- program. For instance, the following command adds a key
- sequence that quotes the current or previous word in
+ to bind key sequences to functions useful for a specific
+ program. For instance, the following command adds a key
+ sequence that quotes the current or previous word in
Bash:
$\b$i\bif\bf Bash
test fails.
$\b$i\bin\bnc\bcl\blu\bud\bde\be
- This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads
- commands and bindings from that file. For example, the follow-
+ This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads
+ commands and bindings from that file. For example, the follow-
ing directive would read _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc:
$\b$i\bin\bnc\bcl\blu\bud\bde\be _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc
S\bSe\bea\bar\brc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg
- Readline provides commands for searching through the command history
+ Readline provides commands for searching through the command history
(see H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY below) for lines containing a specified string. There are
two search modes: _\bi_\bn_\bc_\br_\be_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\ba_\bl and _\bn_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bi_\bn_\bc_\br_\be_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\ba_\bl.
- Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the
- search string. As each character of the search string is typed, read-
+ Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the
+ search string. As each character of the search string is typed, read-
line displays the next entry from the history matching the string typed
- so far. An incremental search requires only as many characters as
- needed to find the desired history entry. The characters present in
- the value of the i\bis\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-t\bte\ber\brm\bmi\bin\bna\bat\bto\bor\brs\bs variable are used to terminate an
+ so far. An incremental search requires only as many characters as
+ needed to find the desired history entry. The characters present in
+ the value of the i\bis\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-t\bte\ber\brm\bmi\bin\bna\bat\bto\bor\brs\bs variable are used to terminate an
incremental search. If that variable has not been assigned a value the
- Escape and Control-J characters will terminate an incremental search.
- Control-G will abort an incremental search and restore the original
- line. When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the
+ Escape and Control-J characters will terminate an incremental search.
+ Control-G will abort an incremental search and restore the original
+ line. When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the
search string becomes the current line.
- To find other matching entries in the history list, type Control-S or
- Control-R as appropriate. This will search backward or forward in the
- history for the next entry matching the search string typed so far.
- Any other key sequence bound to a readline command will terminate the
- search and execute that command. For instance, a _\bn_\be_\bw_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be will termi-
+ To find other matching entries in the history list, type Control-S or
+ Control-R as appropriate. This will search backward or forward in the
+ history for the next entry matching the search string typed so far.
+ Any other key sequence bound to a readline command will terminate the
+ search and execute that command. For instance, a _\bn_\be_\bw_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be will termi-
nate the search and accept the line, thereby executing the command from
the history list.
Readline remembers the last incremental search string. If two Control-
- Rs are typed without any intervening characters defining a new search
+ Rs are typed without any intervening characters defining a new search
string, any remembered search string is used.
- Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting
- to search for matching history lines. The search string may be typed
+ Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting
+ to search for matching history lines. The search string may be typed
by the user or be part of the contents of the current line.
R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be C\bCo\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd N\bNa\bam\bme\bes\bs
- The following is a list of the names of the commands and the default
+ The following is a list of the names of the commands and the default
key sequences to which they are bound. Command names without an accom-
panying key sequence are unbound by default. In the following descrip-
- tions, _\bp_\bo_\bi_\bn_\bt refers to the current cursor position, and _\bm_\ba_\br_\bk refers to
- a cursor position saved by the s\bse\bet\bt-\b-m\bma\bar\brk\bk command. The text between the
+ tions, _\bp_\bo_\bi_\bn_\bt refers to the current cursor position, and _\bm_\ba_\br_\bk refers to
+ a cursor position saved by the s\bse\bet\bt-\b-m\bma\bar\brk\bk command. The text between the
point and mark is referred to as the _\br_\be_\bg_\bi_\bo_\bn.
C\bCo\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bds\bs f\bfo\bor\br M\bMo\bov\bvi\bin\bng\bg
Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are composed of
alphanumeric characters (letters and digits).
b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-b\bb)\b)
- Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words
+ Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words
are composed of alphanumeric characters (letters and digits).
c\bcl\ble\bea\bar\br-\b-s\bsc\bcr\bre\bee\ben\bn (\b(C\bC-\b-l\bl)\b)
- Clear the screen leaving the current line at the top of the
- screen. With an argument, refresh the current line without
+ Clear the screen leaving the current line at the top of the
+ screen. With an argument, refresh the current line without
clearing the screen.
r\bre\bed\bdr\bra\baw\bw-\b-c\bcu\bur\brr\bre\ben\bnt\bt-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be
Refresh the current line.
C\bCo\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bds\bs f\bfo\bor\br M\bMa\ban\bni\bip\bpu\bul\bla\bat\bti\bin\bng\bg t\bth\bhe\be H\bHi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by
a\bac\bcc\bce\bep\bpt\bt-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be (\b(N\bNe\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be,\b, R\bRe\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn)\b)
Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is. If this line
- is non-empty, add it to the history list according to the state
- of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL variable. If the line is a modified history
+ is non-empty, add it to the history list according to the state
+ of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL variable. If the line is a modified history
line, then restore the history line to its original state.
p\bpr\bre\bev\bvi\bio\bou\bus\bs-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(C\bC-\b-p\bp)\b)
Fetch the previous command from the history list, moving back in
the list.
n\bne\bex\bxt\bt-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(C\bC-\b-n\bn)\b)
- Fetch the next command from the history list, moving forward in
+ Fetch the next command from the history list, moving forward in
the list.
b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bnn\bni\bin\bng\bg-\b-o\bof\bf-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(M\bM-\b-<\b<)\b)
Move to the first line in the history.
e\ben\bnd\bd-\b-o\bof\bf-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(M\bM-\b->\b>)\b)
- Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently
+ Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently
being entered.
r\bre\bev\bve\ber\brs\bse\be-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(C\bC-\b-r\br)\b)
- Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up'
- through the history as necessary. This is an incremental
+ Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up'
+ through the history as necessary. This is an incremental
search.
f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(C\bC-\b-s\bs)\b)
- Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down'
- through the history as necessary. This is an incremental
+ Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down'
+ through the history as necessary. This is an incremental
search.
n\bno\bon\bn-\b-i\bin\bnc\bcr\bre\bem\bme\ben\bnt\bta\bal\bl-\b-r\bre\bev\bve\ber\brs\bse\be-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(M\bM-\b-p\bp)\b)
Search backward through the history starting at the current line
- using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the
+ using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the
user.
n\bno\bon\bn-\b-i\bin\bnc\bcr\bre\bem\bme\ben\bnt\bta\bal\bl-\b-f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(M\bM-\b-n\bn)\b)
- Search forward through the history using a non-incremental
+ Search forward through the history using a non-incremental
search for a string supplied by the user.
h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd
- Search forward through the history for the string of characters
- between the start of the current line and the point. This is a
+ Search forward through the history for the string of characters
+ between the start of the current line and the point. This is a
non-incremental search.
h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd
Search backward through the history for the string of characters
- between the start of the current line and the point. This is a
+ between the start of the current line and the point. This is a
non-incremental search.
y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-n\bnt\bth\bh-\b-a\bar\brg\bg (\b(M\bM-\b-C\bC-\b-y\by)\b)
- Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually the
+ Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually the
second word on the previous line) at point. With an argument _\bn,
- insert the _\bnth word from the previous command (the words in the
- previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument
+ insert the _\bnth word from the previous command (the words in the
+ previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument
inserts the _\bnth word from the end of the previous command. Once
- the argument _\bn is computed, the argument is extracted as if the
+ the argument _\bn is computed, the argument is extracted as if the
"!_\bn" history expansion had been specified.
y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-l\bla\bas\bst\bt-\b-a\bar\brg\bg (\b(M\bM-\b-.\b.,\b, M\bM-\b-_\b_)\b)
- Insert the last argument to the previous command (the last word
- of the previous history entry). With an argument, behave
- exactly like y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-n\bnt\bth\bh-\b-a\bar\brg\bg. Successive calls to y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-l\bla\bas\bst\bt-\b-a\bar\brg\bg
- move back through the history list, inserting the last argument
+ Insert the last argument to the previous command (the last word
+ of the previous history entry). With an argument, behave
+ exactly like y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-n\bnt\bth\bh-\b-a\bar\brg\bg. Successive calls to y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-l\bla\bas\bst\bt-\b-a\bar\brg\bg
+ move back through the history list, inserting the last argument
of each line in turn. The history expansion facilities are used
- to extract the last argument, as if the "!$" history expansion
+ to extract the last argument, as if the "!$" history expansion
had been specified.
s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be (\b(M\bM-\b-C\bC-\b-e\be)\b)
Expand the line as the shell does. This performs alias and his-
tory expansion as well as all of the shell word expansions. See
- H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN below for a description of history expansion.
+ H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN below for a description of history expansion.
h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be (\b(M\bM-\b-^\b^)\b)
- Perform history expansion on the current line. See H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY
+ Perform history expansion on the current line. See H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY
E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN below for a description of history expansion.
m\bma\bag\bgi\bic\bc-\b-s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be
- Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a
+ Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a
space. See H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN below for a description of history
expansion.
a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be
- Perform alias expansion on the current line. See A\bAL\bLI\bIA\bAS\bSE\bES\bS above
+ Perform alias expansion on the current line. See A\bAL\bLI\bIA\bAS\bSE\bES\bS above
for a description of alias expansion.
h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by-\b-a\ban\bnd\bd-\b-a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be
Perform history and alias expansion on the current line.
i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt-\b-l\bla\bas\bst\bt-\b-a\bar\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bt (\b(M\bM-\b-.\b.,\b, M\bM-\b-_\b_)\b)
A synonym for y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-l\bla\bas\bst\bt-\b-a\bar\brg\bg.
o\bop\bpe\ber\bra\bat\bte\be-\b-a\ban\bnd\bd-\b-g\bge\bet\bt-\b-n\bne\bex\bxt\bt (\b(C\bC-\b-o\bo)\b)
- Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line
- relative to the current line from the history for editing. Any
+ Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line
+ relative to the current line from the history for editing. Any
argument is ignored.
e\bed\bdi\bit\bt-\b-a\ban\bnd\bd-\b-e\bex\bxe\bec\bcu\but\bte\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bxC\bC-\b-e\be)\b)
- Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the
- result as shell commands. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh attempts to invoke $\b$F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT,
+ Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the
+ result as shell commands. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh attempts to invoke $\b$F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT,
$\b$E\bED\bDI\bIT\bTO\bOR\bR, and _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs as the editor, in that order.
C\bCo\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bds\bs f\bfo\bor\br C\bCh\bha\ban\bng\bgi\bin\bng\bg T\bTe\bex\bxt\bt
d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br (\b(C\bC-\b-d\bd)\b)
- Delete the character at point. If point is at the beginning of
- the line, there are no characters in the line, and the last
+ Delete the character at point. If point is at the beginning of
+ the line, there are no characters in the line, and the last
character typed was not bound to d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br, then return E\bEO\bOF\bF.
b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br (\b(R\bRu\bub\bbo\bou\but\bt)\b)
- Delete the character behind the cursor. When given a numeric
+ Delete the character behind the cursor. When given a numeric
argument, save the deleted text on the kill ring.
f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br
- Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at
+ Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at
the end of the line, in which case the character behind the cur-
sor is deleted.
q\bqu\buo\bot\bte\bed\bd-\b-i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt (\b(C\bC-\b-q\bq,\b, C\bC-\b-v\bv)\b)
- Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is how
+ Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is how
to insert characters like C\bC-\b-q\bq, for example.
t\bta\bab\bb-\b-i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt (\b(C\bC-\b-v\bv T\bTA\bAB\bB)\b)
Insert a tab character.
s\bse\bel\blf\bf-\b-i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt (\b(a\ba,\b, b\bb,\b, A\bA,\b, 1\b1,\b, !\b!,\b, .\b..\b..\b.)\b)
Insert the character typed.
t\btr\bra\ban\bns\bsp\bpo\bos\bse\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\brs\bs (\b(C\bC-\b-t\bt)\b)
- Drag the character before point forward over the character at
- point, moving point forward as well. If point is at the end of
- the line, then this transposes the two characters before point.
+ Drag the character before point forward over the character at
+ point, moving point forward as well. If point is at the end of
+ the line, then this transposes the two characters before point.
Negative arguments have no effect.
t\btr\bra\ban\bns\bsp\bpo\bos\bse\be-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bds\bs (\b(M\bM-\b-t\bt)\b)
- Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving
- point over that word as well. If point is at the end of the
+ Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving
+ point over that word as well. If point is at the end of the
line, this transposes the last two words on the line.
u\bup\bpc\bca\bas\bse\be-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-u\bu)\b)
- Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative
+ Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative
argument, uppercase the previous word, but do not move point.
d\bdo\bow\bwn\bnc\bca\bas\bse\be-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-l\bl)\b)
- Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative
+ Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative
argument, lowercase the previous word, but do not move point.
c\bca\bap\bpi\bit\bta\bal\bli\biz\bze\be-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-c\bc)\b)
- Capitalize the current (or following) word. With a negative
+ Capitalize the current (or following) word. With a negative
argument, capitalize the previous word, but do not move point.
o\bov\bve\ber\brw\bwr\bri\bit\bte\be-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be
- Toggle overwrite mode. With an explicit positive numeric argu-
+ Toggle overwrite mode. With an explicit positive numeric argu-
ment, switches to overwrite mode. With an explicit non-positive
numeric argument, switches to insert mode. This command affects
- only e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs mode; v\bvi\bi mode does overwrite differently. Each call
+ only e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs mode; v\bvi\bi mode does overwrite differently. Each call
to _\br_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be_\b(_\b) starts in insert mode. In overwrite mode, charac-
- ters bound to s\bse\bel\blf\bf-\b-i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt replace the text at point rather than
- pushing the text to the right. Characters bound to b\bba\bac\bck\bk-\b-
- w\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br replace the character before point with a
+ ters bound to s\bse\bel\blf\bf-\b-i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt replace the text at point rather than
+ pushing the text to the right. Characters bound to b\bba\bac\bck\bk-\b-
+ w\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br replace the character before point with a
space. By default, this command is unbound.
K\bKi\bil\bll\bli\bin\bng\bg a\ban\bnd\bd Y\bYa\ban\bnk\bki\bin\bng\bg
b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx R\bRu\bub\bbo\bou\but\bt)\b)
Kill backward to the beginning of the line.
u\bun\bni\bix\bx-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be-\b-d\bdi\bis\bsc\bca\bar\brd\bd (\b(C\bC-\b-u\bu)\b)
- Kill backward from point to the beginning of the line. The
+ Kill backward from point to the beginning of the line. The
killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-w\bwh\bho\bol\ble\be-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be
- Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point
+ Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point
is.
k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-d\bd)\b)
- Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between
- words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the
+ Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between
+ words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the
same as those used by f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd.
b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-R\bRu\bub\bbo\bou\but\bt)\b)
- Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as
+ Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as
those used by b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd.
u\bun\bni\bix\bx-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd-\b-r\bru\bub\bbo\bou\but\bt (\b(C\bC-\b-w\bw)\b)
- Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word bound-
+ Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word bound-
ary. The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
u\bun\bni\bix\bx-\b-f\bfi\bil\ble\ben\bna\bam\bme\be-\b-r\bru\bub\bbo\bou\but\bt
- Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash
- character as the word boundaries. The killed text is saved on
+ Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash
+ character as the word boundaries. The killed text is saved on
the kill-ring.
d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-h\bho\bor\bri\biz\bzo\bon\bnt\bta\bal\bl-\b-s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be (\b(M\bM-\b-\\b\)\b)
Delete all spaces and tabs around point.
c\bco\bop\bpy\by-\b-r\bre\beg\bgi\bio\bon\bn-\b-a\bas\bs-\b-k\bki\bil\bll\bl
Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer.
c\bco\bop\bpy\by-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd
- Copy the word before point to the kill buffer. The word bound-
+ Copy the word before point to the kill buffer. The word bound-
aries are the same as b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd.
c\bco\bop\bpy\by-\b-f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd
- Copy the word following point to the kill buffer. The word
+ Copy the word following point to the kill buffer. The word
boundaries are the same as f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd.
y\bya\ban\bnk\bk (\b(C\bC-\b-y\by)\b)
Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point.
y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-p\bpo\bop\bp (\b(M\bM-\b-y\by)\b)
- Rotate the kill ring, and yank the new top. Only works follow-
+ Rotate the kill ring, and yank the new top. Only works follow-
ing y\bya\ban\bnk\bk or y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-p\bpo\bop\bp.
N\bNu\bum\bme\ber\bri\bic\bc A\bAr\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bts\bs
d\bdi\big\bgi\bit\bt-\b-a\bar\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bt (\b(M\bM-\b-0\b0,\b, M\bM-\b-1\b1,\b, .\b..\b..\b.,\b, M\bM-\b--\b-)\b)
- Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a
+ Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a
new argument. M-- starts a negative argument.
u\bun\bni\biv\bve\ber\brs\bsa\bal\bl-\b-a\bar\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bt
- This is another way to specify an argument. If this command is
- followed by one or more digits, optionally with a leading minus
- sign, those digits define the argument. If the command is fol-
- lowed by digits, executing u\bun\bni\biv\bve\ber\brs\bsa\bal\bl-\b-a\bar\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bt again ends the
- numeric argument, but is otherwise ignored. As a special case,
- if this command is immediately followed by a character that is
- neither a digit or minus sign, the argument count for the next
- command is multiplied by four. The argument count is initially
- one, so executing this function the first time makes the argu-
+ This is another way to specify an argument. If this command is
+ followed by one or more digits, optionally with a leading minus
+ sign, those digits define the argument. If the command is fol-
+ lowed by digits, executing u\bun\bni\biv\bve\ber\brs\bsa\bal\bl-\b-a\bar\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bt again ends the
+ numeric argument, but is otherwise ignored. As a special case,
+ if this command is immediately followed by a character that is
+ neither a digit or minus sign, the argument count for the next
+ command is multiplied by four. The argument count is initially
+ one, so executing this function the first time makes the argu-
ment count four, a second time makes the argument count sixteen,
and so on.
C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bin\bng\bg
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be (\b(T\bTA\bAB\bB)\b)
- Attempt to perform completion on the text before point. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh
+ Attempt to perform completion on the text before point. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh
attempts completion treating the text as a variable (if the text
- begins with $\b$), username (if the text begins with ~\b~), hostname
- (if the text begins with @\b@), or command (including aliases and
+ begins with $\b$), username (if the text begins with ~\b~), hostname
+ (if the text begins with @\b@), or command (including aliases and
functions) in turn. If none of these produces a match, filename
completion is attempted.
p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(M\bM-\b-?\b?)\b)
List the possible completions of the text before point.
i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(M\bM-\b-*\b*)\b)
- Insert all completions of the text before point that would have
+ Insert all completions of the text before point that would have
been generated by p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs.
m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be
- Similar to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be, but replaces the word to be completed with
- a single match from the list of possible completions. Repeated
- execution of m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be steps through the list of possible
- completions, inserting each match in turn. At the end of the
+ Similar to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be, but replaces the word to be completed with
+ a single match from the list of possible completions. Repeated
+ execution of m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be steps through the list of possible
+ completions, inserting each match in turn. At the end of the
list of completions, the bell is rung (subject to the setting of
b\bbe\bel\bll\bl-\b-s\bst\bty\byl\ble\be) and the original text is restored. An argument of _\bn
- moves _\bn positions forward in the list of matches; a negative
- argument may be used to move backward through the list. This
- command is intended to be bound to T\bTA\bAB\bB, but is unbound by
+ moves _\bn positions forward in the list of matches; a negative
+ argument may be used to move backward through the list. This
+ command is intended to be bound to T\bTA\bAB\bB, but is unbound by
default.
d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br-\b-o\bor\br-\b-l\bli\bis\bst\bt
- Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning
- or end of the line (like d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br). If at the end of the
+ Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning
+ or end of the line (like d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br). If at the end of the
line, behaves identically to p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs. This command
is unbound by default.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-f\bfi\bil\ble\ben\bna\bam\bme\be (\b(M\bM-\b-/\b/)\b)
List the possible completions of the text before point, treating
it as a filename.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-u\bus\bse\ber\brn\bna\bam\bme\be (\b(M\bM-\b-~\b~)\b)
- Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
+ Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
username.
p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-u\bus\bse\ber\brn\bna\bam\bme\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx ~\b~)\b)
List the possible completions of the text before point, treating
it as a username.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-v\bva\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\be (\b(M\bM-\b-$\b$)\b)
- Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
+ Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
shell variable.
p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-v\bva\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx $\b$)\b)
List the possible completions of the text before point, treating
it as a shell variable.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-h\bho\bos\bst\btn\bna\bam\bme\be (\b(M\bM-\b-@\b@)\b)
- Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
+ Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
hostname.
p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-h\bho\bos\bst\btn\bna\bam\bme\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx @\b@)\b)
List the possible completions of the text before point, treating
it as a hostname.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-!\b!)\b)
- Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
- command name. Command completion attempts to match the text
- against aliases, reserved words, shell functions, shell
+ Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
+ command name. Command completion attempts to match the text
+ against aliases, reserved words, shell functions, shell
builtins, and finally executable filenames, in that order.
p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx !\b!)\b)
List the possible completions of the text before point, treating
it as a command name.
d\bdy\byn\bna\bam\bmi\bic\bc-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(M\bM-\b-T\bTA\bAB\bB)\b)
- Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing the text
- against lines from the history list for possible completion
+ Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing the text
+ against lines from the history list for possible completion
matches.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-i\bin\bnt\bto\bo-\b-b\bbr\bra\bac\bce\bes\bs (\b(M\bM-\b-{\b{)\b)
Perform filename completion and insert the list of possible com-
- pletions enclosed within braces so the list is available to the
+ pletions enclosed within braces so the list is available to the
shell (see B\bBr\bra\bac\bce\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn above).
K\bKe\bey\byb\bbo\boa\bar\brd\bd M\bMa\bac\bcr\bro\bos\bs
s\bst\bta\bar\brt\bt-\b-k\bkb\bbd\bd-\b-m\bma\bac\bcr\bro\bo (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx (\b()\b)
- Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard
+ Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard
macro.
e\ben\bnd\bd-\b-k\bkb\bbd\bd-\b-m\bma\bac\bcr\bro\bo (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx )\b))\b)
Stop saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro
and store the definition.
c\bca\bal\bll\bl-\b-l\bla\bas\bst\bt-\b-k\bkb\bbd\bd-\b-m\bma\bac\bcr\bro\bo (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx e\be)\b)
- Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the char-
+ Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the char-
acters in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard.
M\bMi\bis\bsc\bce\bel\bll\bla\ban\bne\beo\bou\bus\bs
r\bre\be-\b-r\bre\bea\bad\bd-\b-i\bin\bni\bit\bt-\b-f\bfi\bil\ble\be (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx C\bC-\b-r\br)\b)
- Read in the contents of the _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file, and incorporate any
+ Read in the contents of the _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file, and incorporate any
bindings or variable assignments found there.
a\bab\bbo\bor\brt\bt (\b(C\bC-\b-g\bg)\b)
- Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal's bell
+ Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal's bell
(subject to the setting of b\bbe\bel\bll\bl-\b-s\bst\bty\byl\ble\be).
d\bdo\bo-\b-u\bup\bpp\bpe\ber\brc\bca\bas\bse\be-\b-v\bve\ber\brs\bsi\bio\bon\bn (\b(M\bM-\b-a\ba,\b, M\bM-\b-b\bb,\b, M\bM-\b-_\bx,\b, .\b..\b..\b.)\b)
- If the metafied character _\bx is lowercase, run the command that
+ If the metafied character _\bx is lowercase, run the command that
is bound to the corresponding uppercase character.
p\bpr\bre\bef\bfi\bix\bx-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba (\b(E\bES\bSC\bC)\b)
Metafy the next character typed. E\bES\bSC\bC f\bf is equivalent to M\bMe\bet\bta\ba-\b-f\bf.
u\bun\bnd\bdo\bo (\b(C\bC-\b-_\b_,\b, C\bC-\b-x\bx C\bC-\b-u\bu)\b)
Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.
r\bre\bev\bve\ber\brt\bt-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be (\b(M\bM-\b-r\br)\b)
- Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the
- u\bun\bnd\bdo\bo command enough times to return the line to its initial
+ Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the
+ u\bun\bnd\bdo\bo command enough times to return the line to its initial
state.
t\bti\bil\bld\bde\be-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-&\b&)\b)
Perform tilde expansion on the current word.
s\bse\bet\bt-\b-m\bma\bar\brk\bk (\b(C\bC-\b-@\b@,\b, M\bM-\b-<\b<s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be>\b>)\b)
- Set the mark to the point. If a numeric argument is supplied,
+ Set the mark to the point. If a numeric argument is supplied,
the mark is set to that position.
e\bex\bxc\bch\bha\ban\bng\bge\be-\b-p\bpo\boi\bin\bnt\bt-\b-a\ban\bnd\bd-\b-m\bma\bar\brk\bk (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx C\bC-\b-x\bx)\b)
- Swap the point with the mark. The current cursor position is
- set to the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved
+ Swap the point with the mark. The current cursor position is
+ set to the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved
as the mark.
c\bch\bha\bar\bra\bac\bct\bte\ber\br-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh (\b(C\bC-\b-]\b])\b)
A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of
- that character. A negative count searches for previous occur-
+ that character. A negative count searches for previous occur-
rences.
c\bch\bha\bar\bra\bac\bct\bte\ber\br-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-C\bC-\b-]\b])\b)
- A character is read and point is moved to the previous occur-
- rence of that character. A negative count searches for subse-
+ A character is read and point is moved to the previous occur-
+ rence of that character. A negative count searches for subse-
quent occurrences.
i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt (\b(M\bM-\b-#\b#)\b)
- Without a numeric argument, the value of the readline c\bco\bom\bm-\b-
- m\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn variable is inserted at the beginning of the current
+ Without a numeric argument, the value of the readline c\bco\bom\bm-\b-
+ m\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn variable is inserted at the beginning of the current
line. If a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a
- toggle: if the characters at the beginning of the line do not
- match the value of c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn, the value is inserted, other-
+ toggle: if the characters at the beginning of the line do not
+ match the value of c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn, the value is inserted, other-
wise the characters in c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn are deleted from the begin-
- ning of the line. In either case, the line is accepted as if a
- newline had been typed. The default value of c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn
- causes this command to make the current line a shell comment.
- If a numeric argument causes the comment character to be
+ ning of the line. In either case, the line is accepted as if a
+ newline had been typed. The default value of c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn
+ causes this command to make the current line a shell comment.
+ If a numeric argument causes the comment character to be
removed, the line will be executed by the shell.
g\bgl\blo\bob\bb-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-g\bg)\b)
- The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname
- expansion, with an asterisk implicitly appended. This pattern
- is used to generate a list of matching file names for possible
+ The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname
+ expansion, with an asterisk implicitly appended. This pattern
+ is used to generate a list of matching file names for possible
completions.
g\bgl\blo\bob\bb-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx *\b*)\b)
- The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname
- expansion, and the list of matching file names is inserted,
- replacing the word. If a numeric argument is supplied, an
+ The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname
+ expansion, and the list of matching file names is inserted,
+ replacing the word. If a numeric argument is supplied, an
asterisk is appended before pathname expansion.
g\bgl\blo\bob\bb-\b-l\bli\bis\bst\bt-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx g\bg)\b)
- The list of expansions that would have been generated by
- g\bgl\blo\bob\bb-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd is displayed, and the line is redrawn. If a
- numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before
+ The list of expansions that would have been generated by
+ g\bgl\blo\bob\bb-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd is displayed, and the line is redrawn. If a
+ numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before
pathname expansion.
d\bdu\bum\bmp\bp-\b-f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs
- Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the read-
+ Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the read-
line output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, the out-
- put is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an
+ put is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an
_\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file.
d\bdu\bum\bmp\bp-\b-v\bva\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs
Print all of the settable readline variables and their values to
- the readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied,
- the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
+ the readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied,
+ the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
of an _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file.
d\bdu\bum\bmp\bp-\b-m\bma\bac\bcr\bro\bos\bs
- Print all of the readline key sequences bound to macros and the
- strings they output. If a numeric argument is supplied, the
+ Print all of the readline key sequences bound to macros and the
+ strings they output. If a numeric argument is supplied, the
output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an
_\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file.
d\bdi\bis\bsp\bpl\bla\bay\by-\b-s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-v\bve\ber\brs\bsi\bio\bon\bn (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx C\bC-\b-v\bv)\b)
- Display version information about the current instance of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh.
+ Display version information about the current instance of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh.
P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn
- When word completion is attempted for an argument to a command for
- which a completion specification (a _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc) has been defined using
- the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be builtin (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below), the pro-
+ When word completion is attempted for an argument to a command for
+ which a completion specification (a _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc) has been defined using
+ the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be builtin (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below), the pro-
grammable completion facilities are invoked.
- First, the command name is identified. If a compspec has been defined
+ First, the command name is identified. If a compspec has been defined
for that command, the compspec is used to generate the list of possible
- completions for the word. If the command word is a full pathname, a
- compspec for the full pathname is searched for first. If no compspec
- is found for the full pathname, an attempt is made to find a compspec
+ completions for the word. If the command word is a full pathname, a
+ compspec for the full pathname is searched for first. If no compspec
+ is found for the full pathname, an attempt is made to find a compspec
for the portion following the final slash.
- Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of
- matching words. If a compspec is not found, the default b\bba\bas\bsh\bh comple-
+ Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of
+ matching words. If a compspec is not found, the default b\bba\bas\bsh\bh comple-
tion as described above under C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bin\bng\bg is performed.
- First, the actions specified by the compspec are used. Only matches
- which are prefixed by the word being completed are returned. When the
- -\b-f\bf or -\b-d\bd option is used for filename or directory name completion, the
+ First, the actions specified by the compspec are used. Only matches
+ which are prefixed by the word being completed are returned. When the
+ -\b-f\bf or -\b-d\bd option is used for filename or directory name completion, the
shell variable F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is used to filter the matches.
- Any completions specified by a filename expansion pattern to the -\b-G\bG
+ Any completions specified by a filename expansion pattern to the -\b-G\bG
option are generated next. The words generated by the pattern need not
- match the word being completed. The G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE shell variable is not
+ match the word being completed. The G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE shell variable is not
used to filter the matches, but the F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE variable is used.
- Next, the string specified as the argument to the -\b-W\bW option is consid-
- ered. The string is first split using the characters in the I\bIF\bFS\bS spe-
- cial variable as delimiters. Shell quoting is honored. Each word is
- then expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and
- variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, as
+ Next, the string specified as the argument to the -\b-W\bW option is consid-
+ ered. The string is first split using the characters in the I\bIF\bFS\bS spe-
+ cial variable as delimiters. Shell quoting is honored. Each word is
+ then expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and
+ variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, as
described above under E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN. The results are split using the rules
described above under W\bWo\bor\brd\bd S\bSp\bpl\bli\bit\btt\bti\bin\bng\bg. The results of the expansion are
prefix-matched against the word being completed, and the matching words
become the possible completions.
- After these matches have been generated, any shell function or command
- specified with the -\b-F\bF and -\b-C\bC options is invoked. When the command or
+ After these matches have been generated, any shell function or command
+ specified with the -\b-F\bF and -\b-C\bC options is invoked. When the command or
function is invoked, the C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE, C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_P\bPO\bOI\bIN\bNT\bT, C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_K\bKE\bEY\bY, and C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_T\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE
variables are assigned values as described above under S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs.
- If a shell function is being invoked, the C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDS\bS and C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_C\bCW\bWO\bOR\bRD\bD
- variables are also set. When the function or command is invoked, the
- first argument is the name of the command whose arguments are being
- completed, the second argument is the word being completed, and the
- third argument is the word preceding the word being completed on the
- current command line. No filtering of the generated completions
- against the word being completed is performed; the function or command
+ If a shell function is being invoked, the C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDS\bS and C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_C\bCW\bWO\bOR\bRD\bD
+ variables are also set. When the function or command is invoked, the
+ first argument is the name of the command whose arguments are being
+ completed, the second argument is the word being completed, and the
+ third argument is the word preceding the word being completed on the
+ current command line. No filtering of the generated completions
+ against the word being completed is performed; the function or command
has complete freedom in generating the matches.
- Any function specified with -\b-F\bF is invoked first. The function may use
- any of the shell facilities, including the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpg\bge\ben\bn builtin described
- below, to generate the matches. It must put the possible completions
+ Any function specified with -\b-F\bF is invoked first. The function may use
+ any of the shell facilities, including the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpg\bge\ben\bn builtin described
+ below, to generate the matches. It must put the possible completions
in the C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPR\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY array variable.
- Next, any command specified with the -\b-C\bC option is invoked in an envi-
- ronment equivalent to command substitution. It should print a list of
- completions, one per line, to the standard output. Backslash may be
+ Next, any command specified with the -\b-C\bC option is invoked in an envi-
+ ronment equivalent to command substitution. It should print a list of
+ completions, one per line, to the standard output. Backslash may be
used to escape a newline, if necessary.
- After all of the possible completions are generated, any filter speci-
- fied with the -\b-X\bX option is applied to the list. The filter is a pat-
- tern as used for pathname expansion; a &\b& in the pattern is replaced
- with the text of the word being completed. A literal &\b& may be escaped
- with a backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match.
- Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list.
+ After all of the possible completions are generated, any filter speci-
+ fied with the -\b-X\bX option is applied to the list. The filter is a pat-
+ tern as used for pathname expansion; a &\b& in the pattern is replaced
+ with the text of the word being completed. A literal &\b& may be escaped
+ with a backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match.
+ Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list.
A leading !\b! negates the pattern; in this case any completion not match-
ing the pattern will be removed.
added to each member of the completion list, and the result is returned
to the readline completion code as the list of possible completions.
- If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the
- -\b-o\bo d\bdi\bir\brn\bna\bam\bme\bes\bs option was supplied to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be when the compspec was
+ If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the
+ -\b-o\bo d\bdi\bir\brn\bna\bam\bme\bes\bs option was supplied to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be when the compspec was
defined, directory name completion is attempted.
- If the -\b-o\bo p\bpl\blu\bus\bsd\bdi\bir\brs\bs option was supplied to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be when the compspec
+ If the -\b-o\bo p\bpl\blu\bus\bsd\bdi\bir\brs\bs option was supplied to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be when the compspec
was defined, directory name completion is attempted and any matches are
added to the results of the other actions.
- By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned
- to the completion code as the full set of possible completions. The
+ By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned
+ to the completion code as the full set of possible completions. The
default b\bba\bas\bsh\bh completions are not attempted, and the readline default of
filename completion is disabled. If the -\b-o\bo b\bba\bas\bsh\bhd\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt option was sup-
- plied to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be when the compspec was defined, the b\bba\bas\bsh\bh default com-
+ plied to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be when the compspec was defined, the b\bba\bas\bsh\bh default com-
pletions are attempted if the compspec generates no matches. If the -\b-o\bo
- d\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt option was supplied to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be when the compspec was defined,
- readline's default completion will be performed if the compspec (and,
+ d\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt option was supplied to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be when the compspec was defined,
+ readline's default completion will be performed if the compspec (and,
if attempted, the default b\bba\bas\bsh\bh completions) generate no matches.
- When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired,
- the programmable completion functions force readline to append a slash
- to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to
- the value of the m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-d\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bri\bie\bes\bs readline variable, regardless of the
+ When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired,
+ the programmable completion functions force readline to append a slash
+ to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to
+ the value of the m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-d\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bri\bie\bes\bs readline variable, regardless of the
setting of the m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-s\bsy\bym\bml\bli\bin\bnk\bke\bed\bd-\b-d\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bri\bie\bes\bs readline variable.
H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY
- When the -\b-o\bo h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin is enabled, the shell
+ When the -\b-o\bo h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin is enabled, the shell
provides access to the _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd _\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by, the list of commands previously
- typed. The value of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTS\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE variable is used as the number of
+ typed. The value of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTS\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE variable is used as the number of
commands to save in a history list. The text of the last H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTS\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE com-
- mands (default 500) is saved. The shell stores each command in the
- history list prior to parameter and variable expansion (see E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN
- above) but after history expansion is performed, subject to the values
+ mands (default 500) is saved. The shell stores each command in the
+ history list prior to parameter and variable expansion (see E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN
+ above) but after history expansion is performed, subject to the values
of the shell variables H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE and H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL.
On startup, the history is initialized from the file named by the vari-
- able H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE (default _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b__\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by). The file named by the value
- of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is truncated, if necessary, to contain no more than the
- number of lines specified by the value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bES\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE. When the his-
- tory file is read, lines beginning with the history comment character
- followed immediately by a digit are interpreted as timestamps for the
- preceding history line. These timestamps are optionally displayed
- depending on the value of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT variable. When an inter-
- active shell exits, the last $\b$H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTS\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE lines are copied from the his-
+ able H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE (default _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b__\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by). The file named by the value
+ of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is truncated, if necessary, to contain no more than the
+ number of lines specified by the value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bES\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE. When the his-
+ tory file is read, lines beginning with the history comment character
+ followed immediately by a digit are interpreted as timestamps for the
+ preceding history line. These timestamps are optionally displayed
+ depending on the value of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT variable. When an inter-
+ active shell exits, the last $\b$H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTS\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE lines are copied from the his-
tory list to $\b$H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE. If the h\bhi\bis\bst\bta\bap\bpp\bpe\ben\bnd\bd shell option is enabled (see
the description of s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below), the lines
- are appended to the history file, otherwise the history file is over-
- written. If H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is unset, or if the history file is unwritable,
- the history is not saved. If the variable is set, time stamps are
+ are appended to the history file, otherwise the history file is over-
+ written. If H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is unset, or if the history file is unwritable,
+ the history is not saved. If the variable is set, time stamps are
written to the history file, marked with the history comment character,
- so they may be preserved across shell sessions. This uses the history
- comment character to distinguish timestamps from other history lines.
- After saving the history, the history file is truncated to contain no
- more than H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bES\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE lines. If H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bES\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE is not set, no trunca-
+ so they may be preserved across shell sessions. This uses the history
+ comment character to distinguish timestamps from other history lines.
+ After saving the history, the history file is truncated to contain no
+ more than H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bES\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE lines. If H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bES\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE is not set, no trunca-
tion is performed.
- The builtin command f\bfc\bc (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below) may be used
+ The builtin command f\bfc\bc (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below) may be used
to list or edit and re-execute a portion of the history list. The h\bhi\bis\bs-\b-
- t\bto\bor\bry\by builtin may be used to display or modify the history list and
- manipulate the history file. When using command-line editing, search
- commands are available in each editing mode that provide access to the
+ t\bto\bor\bry\by builtin may be used to display or modify the history list and
+ manipulate the history file. When using command-line editing, search
+ commands are available in each editing mode that provide access to the
history list.
- The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history
+ The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history
list. The H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL and H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE variables may be set to cause the
shell to save only a subset of the commands entered. The c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt shell
- option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each line of a
- multi-line command in the same history entry, adding semicolons where
- necessary to preserve syntactic correctness. The l\bli\bit\bth\bhi\bis\bst\bt shell option
- causes the shell to save the command with embedded newlines instead of
+ option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each line of a
+ multi-line command in the same history entry, adding semicolons where
+ necessary to preserve syntactic correctness. The l\bli\bit\bth\bhi\bis\bst\bt shell option
+ causes the shell to save the command with embedded newlines instead of
semicolons. See the description of the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin below under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL
B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS for information on setting and unsetting shell
options.
H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN
- The shell supports a history expansion feature that is similar to the
- history expansion in c\bcs\bsh\bh.\b. This section describes what syntax features
- are available. This feature is enabled by default for interactive
+ The shell supports a history expansion feature that is similar to the
+ history expansion in c\bcs\bsh\bh.\b. This section describes what syntax features
+ are available. This feature is enabled by default for interactive
shells, and can be disabled using the +\b+H\bH option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin com-
mand (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below). Non-interactive shells do not
perform history expansion by default.
History expansions introduce words from the history list into the input
- stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the arguments to a
+ stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the arguments to a
previous command into the current input line, or fix errors in previous
commands quickly.
- History expansion is performed immediately after a complete line is
- read, before the shell breaks it into words. It takes place in two
- parts. The first is to determine which line from the history list to
+ History expansion is performed immediately after a complete line is
+ read, before the shell breaks it into words. It takes place in two
+ parts. The first is to determine which line from the history list to
use during substitution. The second is to select portions of that line
for inclusion into the current one. The line selected from the history
- is the _\be_\bv_\be_\bn_\bt, and the portions of that line that are acted upon are
- _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bs. Various _\bm_\bo_\bd_\bi_\bf_\bi_\be_\br_\bs are available to manipulate the selected
+ is the _\be_\bv_\be_\bn_\bt, and the portions of that line that are acted upon are
+ _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bs. Various _\bm_\bo_\bd_\bi_\bf_\bi_\be_\br_\bs are available to manipulate the selected
words. The line is broken into words in the same fashion as when read-
- ing input, so that several _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\be_\br-separated words surrounded by
- quotes are considered one word. History expansions are introduced by
- the appearance of the history expansion character, which is !\b! by
- default. Only backslash (\\b\) and single quotes can quote the history
+ ing input, so that several _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\be_\br-separated words surrounded by
+ quotes are considered one word. History expansions are introduced by
+ the appearance of the history expansion character, which is !\b! by
+ default. Only backslash (\\b\) and single quotes can quote the history
expansion character.
- Several characters inhibit history expansion if found immediately fol-
- lowing the history expansion character, even if it is unquoted: space,
- tab, newline, carriage return, and =\b=. If the e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell option is
+ Several characters inhibit history expansion if found immediately fol-
+ lowing the history expansion character, even if it is unquoted: space,
+ tab, newline, carriage return, and =\b=. If the e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell option is
enabled, (\b( will also inhibit expansion.
- Several shell options settable with the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin may be used to
- tailor the behavior of history expansion. If the h\bhi\bis\bst\btv\bve\ber\bri\bif\bfy\by shell
+ Several shell options settable with the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin may be used to
+ tailor the behavior of history expansion. If the h\bhi\bis\bst\btv\bve\ber\bri\bif\bfy\by shell
option is enabled (see the description of the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin), and r\bre\bea\bad\bd-\b-
l\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, history substitutions are not immediately passed to
- the shell parser. Instead, the expanded line is reloaded into the
+ the shell parser. Instead, the expanded line is reloaded into the
r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be editing buffer for further modification. If r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being
used, and the h\bhi\bis\bst\btr\bre\bee\bed\bdi\bit\bt shell option is enabled, a failed history sub-
stitution will be reloaded into the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be editing buffer for correc-
- tion. The -\b-p\bp option to the h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by builtin command may be used to see
+ tion. The -\b-p\bp option to the h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by builtin command may be used to see
what a history expansion will do before using it. The -\b-s\bs option to the
- h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by builtin may be used to add commands to the end of the history
- list without actually executing them, so that they are available for
+ h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by builtin may be used to add commands to the end of the history
+ list without actually executing them, so that they are available for
subsequent recall.
- The shell allows control of the various characters used by the history
+ The shell allows control of the various characters used by the history
expansion mechanism (see the description of h\bhi\bis\bst\btc\bch\bha\bar\brs\bs above under S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl
- V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs). The shell uses the history comment character to mark his-
+ V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs). The shell uses the history comment character to mark his-
tory timestamps when writing the history file.
E\bEv\bve\ben\bnt\bt D\bDe\bes\bsi\big\bgn\bna\bat\bto\bor\brs\bs
- An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the his-
+ An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the his-
tory list.
- !\b! Start a history substitution, except when followed by a b\bbl\bla\ban\bnk\bk,
- newline, carriage return, = or ( (when the e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell option
+ !\b! Start a history substitution, except when followed by a b\bbl\bla\ban\bnk\bk,
+ newline, carriage return, = or ( (when the e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell option
is enabled using the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin).
!\b!_\bn Refer to command line _\bn.
!\b!-\b-_\bn Refer to the current command line minus _\bn.
!\b!_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg
Refer to the most recent command starting with _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg.
!\b!?\b?_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg[\b[?\b?]\b]
- Refer to the most recent command containing _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg. The trail-
+ Refer to the most recent command containing _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg. The trail-
ing ?\b? may be omitted if _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is followed immediately by a new-
line.
^\b^_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1^\b^_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2^\b^
- Quick substitution. Repeat the last command, replacing _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1
+ Quick substitution. Repeat the last command, replacing _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1
with _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2. Equivalent to ``!!:s/_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1/_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2/'' (see M\bMo\bod\bd-\b-
i\bif\bfi\bie\ber\brs\bs below).
!\b!#\b# The entire command line typed so far.
W\bWo\bor\brd\bd D\bDe\bes\bsi\big\bgn\bna\bat\bto\bor\brs\bs
- Word designators are used to select desired words from the event. A :\b:
- separates the event specification from the word designator. It may be
- omitted if the word designator begins with a ^\b^, $\b$, *\b*, -\b-, or %\b%. Words
- are numbered from the beginning of the line, with the first word being
- denoted by 0 (zero). Words are inserted into the current line sepa-
+ Word designators are used to select desired words from the event. A :\b:
+ separates the event specification from the word designator. It may be
+ omitted if the word designator begins with a ^\b^, $\b$, *\b*, -\b-, or %\b%. Words
+ are numbered from the beginning of the line, with the first word being
+ denoted by 0 (zero). Words are inserted into the current line sepa-
rated by single spaces.
0\b0 (\b(z\bze\ber\bro\bo)\b)
$\b$ The last argument.
%\b% The word matched by the most recent `?_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg?' search.
_\bx-\b-_\by A range of words; `-_\by' abbreviates `0-_\by'.
- *\b* All of the words but the zeroth. This is a synonym for `_\b1_\b-_\b$'.
- It is not an error to use *\b* if there is just one word in the
+ *\b* All of the words but the zeroth. This is a synonym for `_\b1_\b-_\b$'.
+ It is not an error to use *\b* if there is just one word in the
event; the empty string is returned in that case.
x\bx*\b* Abbreviates _\bx_\b-_\b$.
x\bx-\b- Abbreviates _\bx_\b-_\b$ like x\bx*\b*, but omits the last word.
- If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the
+ If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the
previous command is used as the event.
M\bMo\bod\bdi\bif\bfi\bie\ber\brs\bs
- After the optional word designator, there may appear a sequence of one
+ After the optional word designator, there may appear a sequence of one
or more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a `:'.
h\bh Remove a trailing file name component, leaving only the head.
e\be Remove all but the trailing suffix.
p\bp Print the new command but do not execute it.
q\bq Quote the substituted words, escaping further substitutions.
- x\bx Quote the substituted words as with q\bq, but break into words at
+ x\bx Quote the substituted words as with q\bq, but break into words at
b\bbl\bla\ban\bnk\bks\bs and newlines.
s\bs/\b/_\bo_\bl_\bd/\b/_\bn_\be_\bw/\b/
- Substitute _\bn_\be_\bw for the first occurrence of _\bo_\bl_\bd in the event
- line. Any delimiter can be used in place of /. The final
- delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the event
- line. The delimiter may be quoted in _\bo_\bl_\bd and _\bn_\be_\bw with a single
- backslash. If & appears in _\bn_\be_\bw, it is replaced by _\bo_\bl_\bd. A sin-
- gle backslash will quote the &. If _\bo_\bl_\bd is null, it is set to
- the last _\bo_\bl_\bd substituted, or, if no previous history substitu-
+ Substitute _\bn_\be_\bw for the first occurrence of _\bo_\bl_\bd in the event
+ line. Any delimiter can be used in place of /. The final
+ delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the event
+ line. The delimiter may be quoted in _\bo_\bl_\bd and _\bn_\be_\bw with a single
+ backslash. If & appears in _\bn_\be_\bw, it is replaced by _\bo_\bl_\bd. A sin-
+ gle backslash will quote the &. If _\bo_\bl_\bd is null, it is set to
+ the last _\bo_\bl_\bd substituted, or, if no previous history substitu-
tions took place, the last _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg in a !\b!?\b?_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg[\b[?\b?]\b] search.
&\b& Repeat the previous substitution.
g\bg Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line. This is
- used in conjunction with `:\b:s\bs' (e.g., `:\b:g\bgs\bs/\b/_\bo_\bl_\bd/\b/_\bn_\be_\bw/\b/') or `:\b:&\b&'.
- If used with `:\b:s\bs', any delimiter can be used in place of /, and
- the final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of
+ used in conjunction with `:\b:s\bs' (e.g., `:\b:g\bgs\bs/\b/_\bo_\bl_\bd/\b/_\bn_\be_\bw/\b/') or `:\b:&\b&'.
+ If used with `:\b:s\bs', any delimiter can be used in place of /, and
+ the final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of
the event line. An a\ba may be used as a synonym for g\bg.
- G\bG Apply the following `s\bs' modifier once to each word in the event
+ G\bG Apply the following `s\bs' modifier once to each word in the event
line.
S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS
Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented in this section
as accepting options preceded by -\b- accepts -\b--\b- to signify the end of the
- options. For example, the :\b:, t\btr\bru\bue\be, f\bfa\bal\bls\bse\be, and t\bte\bes\bst\bt builtins do not
+ options. For example, the :\b:, t\btr\bru\bue\be, f\bfa\bal\bls\bse\be, and t\bte\bes\bst\bt builtins do not
accept options.
:\b: [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]
- No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs
- and performing any specified redirections. A zero exit code is
+ No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs
+ and performing any specified redirections. A zero exit code is
returned.
.\b. _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]
s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]
- Read and execute commands from _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be in the current shell
- environment and return the exit status of the last command exe-
+ Read and execute commands from _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be in the current shell
+ environment and return the exit status of the last command exe-
cuted from _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be does not contain a slash, file
- names in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH are used to find the directory containing _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b-
- _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. The file searched for in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH need not be executable.
- When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is not in _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be, the current directory is
- searched if no file is found in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH. If the s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\bep\bpa\bat\bth\bh option
- to the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin command is turned off, the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is not
- searched. If any _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs are supplied, they become the posi-
- tional parameters when _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is executed. Otherwise the
- positional parameters are unchanged. The return status is the
- status of the last command exited within the script (0 if no
- commands are executed), and false if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found or
+ names in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH are used to find the directory containing _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b-
+ _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. The file searched for in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH need not be executable.
+ When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is not in _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be, the current directory is
+ searched if no file is found in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH. If the s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\bep\bpa\bat\bth\bh option
+ to the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin command is turned off, the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is not
+ searched. If any _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs are supplied, they become the posi-
+ tional parameters when _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is executed. Otherwise the
+ positional parameters are unchanged. The return status is the
+ status of the last command exited within the script (0 if no
+ commands are executed), and false if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found or
cannot be read.
a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs [-\b-p\bp] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be] ...]
A\bAl\bli\bia\bas\bs with no arguments or with the -\b-p\bp option prints the list of
- aliases in the form a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be on standard output. When
- arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be whose
+ aliases in the form a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be on standard output. When
+ arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be whose
_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be is given. A trailing space in _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be causes the next word
to be checked for alias substitution when the alias is expanded.
- For each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be in the argument list for which no _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be is sup-
- plied, the name and value of the alias is printed. A\bAl\bli\bia\bas\bs
- returns true unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is given for which no alias has been
+ For each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be in the argument list for which no _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be is sup-
+ plied, the name and value of the alias is printed. A\bAl\bli\bia\bas\bs
+ returns true unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is given for which no alias has been
defined.
b\bbg\bg [_\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc ...]
- Resume each suspended job _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc in the background, as if it
+ Resume each suspended job _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc in the background, as if it
had been started with &\b&. If _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not present, the shell's
- notion of the _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bj_\bo_\bb is used. b\bbg\bg _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc returns 0 unless
- run when job control is disabled or, when run with job control
- enabled, any specified _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc was not found or was started
+ notion of the _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bj_\bo_\bb is used. b\bbg\bg _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc returns 0 unless
+ run when job control is disabled or, when run with job control
+ enabled, any specified _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc was not found or was started
without job control.
b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd [-\b-m\bm _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp] [-\b-l\blp\bps\bsv\bvP\bPS\bSV\bV]
b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd [-\b-m\bm _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp] -\b-x\bx _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq:_\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd [-\b-m\bm _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp] _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq:_\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd _\br_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
- Display current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key and function bindings, bind a key
- sequence to a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be function or macro, or set a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
- variable. Each non-option argument is a command as it would
- appear in _\b._\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc, but each binding or command must be passed
- as a separate argument; e.g., '"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file'.
+ Display current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key and function bindings, bind a key
+ sequence to a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be function or macro, or set a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
+ variable. Each non-option argument is a command as it would
+ appear in _\b._\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc, but each binding or command must be passed
+ as a separate argument; e.g., '"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file'.
Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
-\b-m\bm _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp
Use _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp as the keymap to be affected by the subsequent
bindings. Acceptable _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp names are _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\b-
- _\bd_\ba_\br_\bd_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bc_\bt_\bl_\bx_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bm_\bo_\bv_\be_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd,
- and _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bi_\bn_\bs_\be_\br_\bt. _\bv_\bi is equivalent to _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd; _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs is
+ _\bd_\ba_\br_\bd_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bc_\bt_\bl_\bx_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bm_\bo_\bv_\be_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd,
+ and _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bi_\bn_\bs_\be_\br_\bt. _\bv_\bi is equivalent to _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd; _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs is
equivalent to _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\bd_\ba_\br_\bd.
-\b-l\bl List the names of all r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be functions.
- -\b-p\bp Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be function names and bindings in such a
+ -\b-p\bp Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be function names and bindings in such a
way that they can be re-read.
-\b-P\bP List current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be function names and bindings.
- -\b-s\bs Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key sequences bound to macros and the
- strings they output in such a way that they can be re-
+ -\b-s\bs Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key sequences bound to macros and the
+ strings they output in such a way that they can be re-
read.
- -\b-S\bS Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key sequences bound to macros and the
+ -\b-S\bS Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key sequences bound to macros and the
strings they output.
- -\b-v\bv Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be variable names and values in such a way
+ -\b-v\bv Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be variable names and values in such a way
that they can be re-read.
-\b-V\bV List current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be variable names and values.
-\b-f\bf _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
-\b-r\br _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq
Remove any current binding for _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq.
-\b-x\bx _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq:\b:_\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
- Cause _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd to be executed whenever _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq is
+ Cause _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd to be executed whenever _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq is
entered.
- The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is given or
+ The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is given or
an error occurred.
b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk [_\bn]
- Exit from within a f\bfo\bor\br, w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be, u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl, or s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt loop. If _\bn is
- specified, break _\bn levels. _\bn must be >= 1. If _\bn is greater
- than the number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are
+ Exit from within a f\bfo\bor\br, w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be, u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl, or s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt loop. If _\bn is
+ specified, break _\bn levels. _\bn must be >= 1. If _\bn is greater
+ than the number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are
exited. The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing
a loop when b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk is executed.
b\bbu\bui\bil\blt\bti\bin\bn _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]
- Execute the specified shell builtin, passing it _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs, and
+ Execute the specified shell builtin, passing it _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs, and
return its exit status. This is useful when defining a function
- whose name is the same as a shell builtin, retaining the func-
+ whose name is the same as a shell builtin, retaining the func-
tionality of the builtin within the function. The c\bcd\bd builtin is
- commonly redefined this way. The return status is false if
+ commonly redefined this way. The return status is false if
_\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn is not a shell builtin command.
c\bcd\bd [-\b-L\bL|\b|-\b-P\bP] [_\bd_\bi_\br]
- Change the current directory to _\bd_\bi_\br. The variable H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE is the
- default _\bd_\bi_\br. The variable C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH defines the search path for
- the directory containing _\bd_\bi_\br. Alternative directory names in
- C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH are separated by a colon (:). A null directory name in
- C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is the same as the current directory, i.e., ``.\b.''. If
- _\bd_\bi_\br begins with a slash (/), then C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is not used. The -\b-P\bP
- option says to use the physical directory structure instead of
- following symbolic links (see also the -\b-P\bP option to the s\bse\bet\bt
+ Change the current directory to _\bd_\bi_\br. The variable H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE is the
+ default _\bd_\bi_\br. The variable C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH defines the search path for
+ the directory containing _\bd_\bi_\br. Alternative directory names in
+ C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH are separated by a colon (:). A null directory name in
+ C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is the same as the current directory, i.e., ``.\b.''. If
+ _\bd_\bi_\br begins with a slash (/), then C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is not used. The -\b-P\bP
+ option says to use the physical directory structure instead of
+ following symbolic links (see also the -\b-P\bP option to the s\bse\bet\bt
builtin command); the -\b-L\bL option forces symbolic links to be fol-
- lowed. An argument of -\b- is equivalent to $\b$O\bOL\bLD\bDP\bPW\bWD\bD. If a non-
- empty directory name from C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is used, or if -\b- is the first
- argument, and the directory change is successful, the absolute
+ lowed. An argument of -\b- is equivalent to $\b$O\bOL\bLD\bDP\bPW\bWD\bD. If a non-
+ empty directory name from C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is used, or if -\b- is the first
+ argument, and the directory change is successful, the absolute
pathname of the new working directory is written to the standard
- output. The return value is true if the directory was success-
+ output. The return value is true if the directory was success-
fully changed; false otherwise.
c\bca\bal\bll\ble\ber\br [_\be_\bx_\bp_\br]
Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell func-
- tion or a script executed with the .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins. With-
+ tion or a script executed with the .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins. With-
out _\be_\bx_\bp_\br, c\bca\bal\bll\ble\ber\br displays the line number and source filename of
- the current subroutine call. If a non-negative integer is sup-
+ the current subroutine call. If a non-negative integer is sup-
plied as _\be_\bx_\bp_\br, c\bca\bal\bll\ble\ber\br displays the line number, subroutine name,
- and source file corresponding to that position in the current
- execution call stack. This extra information may be used, for
- example, to print a stack trace. The current frame is frame 0.
- The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a sub-
- routine call or _\be_\bx_\bp_\br does not correspond to a valid position in
+ and source file corresponding to that position in the current
+ execution call stack. This extra information may be used, for
+ example, to print a stack trace. The current frame is frame 0.
+ The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a sub-
+ routine call or _\be_\bx_\bp_\br does not correspond to a valid position in
the call stack.
c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd [-\b-p\bpV\bVv\bv] _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
- Run _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd with _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs suppressing the normal shell function
- lookup. Only builtin commands or commands found in the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH are
- executed. If the -\b-p\bp option is given, the search for _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is
- performed using a default value for P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH that is guaranteed to
- find all of the standard utilities. If either the -\b-V\bV or -\b-v\bv
+ Run _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd with _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs suppressing the normal shell function
+ lookup. Only builtin commands or commands found in the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH are
+ executed. If the -\b-p\bp option is given, the search for _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is
+ performed using a default value for P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH that is guaranteed to
+ find all of the standard utilities. If either the -\b-V\bV or -\b-v\bv
option is supplied, a description of _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is printed. The -\b-v\bv
- option causes a single word indicating the command or file name
+ option causes a single word indicating the command or file name
used to invoke _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd to be displayed; the -\b-V\bV option produces a
- more verbose description. If the -\b-V\bV or -\b-v\bv option is supplied,
- the exit status is 0 if _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd was found, and 1 if not. If
+ more verbose description. If the -\b-V\bV or -\b-v\bv option is supplied,
+ the exit status is 0 if _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd was found, and 1 if not. If
neither option is supplied and an error occurred or _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd can-
- not be found, the exit status is 127. Otherwise, the exit sta-
+ not be found, the exit status is 127. Otherwise, the exit sta-
tus of the c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd builtin is the exit status of _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpg\bge\ben\bn [_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd]
- Generate possible completion matches for _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd according to the
- _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bns, which may be any option accepted by the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be
- builtin with the exception of -\b-p\bp and -\b-r\br, and write the matches
- to the standard output. When using the -\b-F\bF or -\b-C\bC options, the
- various shell variables set by the programmable completion
+ Generate possible completion matches for _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd according to the
+ _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bns, which may be any option accepted by the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be
+ builtin with the exception of -\b-p\bp and -\b-r\br, and write the matches
+ to the standard output. When using the -\b-F\bF or -\b-C\bC options, the
+ various shell variables set by the programmable completion
facilities, while available, will not have useful values.
- The matches will be generated in the same way as if the pro-
- grammable completion code had generated them directly from a
+ The matches will be generated in the same way as if the pro-
+ grammable completion code had generated them directly from a
completion specification with the same flags. If _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is speci-
fied, only those completions matching _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd will be displayed.
- The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
+ The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
or no matches were generated.
- c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be [-\b-a\bab\bbc\bcd\bde\bef\bfg\bgj\bjk\bks\bsu\buv\bv] [-\b-o\bo _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [-\b-A\bA _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [-\b-G\bG _\bg_\bl_\bo_\bb_\bp_\ba_\bt] [-\b-W\bW
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be [-\b-a\bab\bbc\bcd\bde\bef\bfg\bgj\bjk\bks\bsu\buv\bv] [-\b-o\bo _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [-\b-A\bA _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [-\b-G\bG _\bg_\bl_\bo_\bb_\bp_\ba_\bt] [-\b-W\bW
_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt] [-\b-F\bF _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [-\b-C\bC _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd]
[-\b-X\bX _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt] [-\b-P\bP _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx] [-\b-S\bS _\bs_\bu_\bf_\bf_\bi_\bx] _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be _\b._\b._\b.]
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be -\b-p\bpr\br [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- Specify how arguments to each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be should be completed. If the
- -\b-p\bp option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing
- completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them
+ Specify how arguments to each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be should be completed. If the
+ -\b-p\bp option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing
+ completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them
to be reused as input. The -\b-r\br option removes a completion spec-
- ification for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, or, if no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are supplied, all com-
+ ification for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, or, if no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are supplied, all com-
pletion specifications.
- The process of applying these completion specifications when
- word completion is attempted is described above under P\bPr\bro\bo-\b-
+ The process of applying these completion specifications when
+ word completion is attempted is described above under P\bPr\bro\bo-\b-
g\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn.
- Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The
- arguments to the -\b-G\bG, -\b-W\bW, and -\b-X\bX options (and, if necessary, the
- -\b-P\bP and -\b-S\bS options) should be quoted to protect them from expan-
+ Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The
+ arguments to the -\b-G\bG, -\b-W\bW, and -\b-X\bX options (and, if necessary, the
+ -\b-P\bP and -\b-S\bS options) should be quoted to protect them from expan-
sion before the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be builtin is invoked.
-\b-o\bo _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn
- The _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn controls several aspects of the comp-
- spec's behavior beyond the simple generation of comple-
+ The _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn controls several aspects of the comp-
+ spec's behavior beyond the simple generation of comple-
tions. _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn may be one of:
b\bba\bas\bsh\bhd\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt
Perform the rest of the default b\bba\bas\bsh\bh completions
if the compspec generates no matches.
- d\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt Use readline's default filename completion if
+ d\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt Use readline's default filename completion if
the compspec generates no matches.
d\bdi\bir\brn\bna\bam\bme\bes\bs
- Perform directory name completion if the comp-
+ Perform directory name completion if the comp-
spec generates no matches.
f\bfi\bil\ble\ben\bna\bam\bme\bes\bs
- Tell readline that the compspec generates file-
- names, so it can perform any filename-specific
- processing (like adding a slash to directory
+ Tell readline that the compspec generates file-
+ names, so it can perform any filename-specific
+ processing (like adding a slash to directory
names or suppressing trailing spaces). Intended
to be used with shell functions.
- n\bno\bos\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be Tell readline not to append a space (the
- default) to words completed at the end of the
+ n\bno\bos\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be Tell readline not to append a space (the
+ default) to words completed at the end of the
line.
p\bpl\blu\bus\bsd\bdi\bir\brs\bs
- After any matches defined by the compspec are
- generated, directory name completion is
- attempted and any matches are added to the
+ After any matches defined by the compspec are
+ generated, directory name completion is
+ attempted and any matches are added to the
results of the other actions.
-\b-A\bA _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn
- The _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn may be one of the following to generate a
+ The _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn may be one of the following to generate a
list of possible completions:
a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs Alias names. May also be specified as -\b-a\ba.
a\bar\brr\bra\bay\byv\bva\bar\br
Array variable names.
b\bbi\bin\bnd\bdi\bin\bng\bg R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key binding names.
- b\bbu\bui\bil\blt\bti\bin\bn Names of shell builtin commands. May also be
+ b\bbu\bui\bil\blt\bti\bin\bn Names of shell builtin commands. May also be
specified as -\b-b\bb.
c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd Command names. May also be specified as -\b-c\bc.
d\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bry\by
d\bdi\bis\bsa\bab\bbl\ble\bed\bd
Names of disabled shell builtins.
e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\bed\bd Names of enabled shell builtins.
- e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt Names of exported shell variables. May also be
+ e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt Names of exported shell variables. May also be
specified as -\b-e\be.
f\bfi\bil\ble\be File names. May also be specified as -\b-f\bf.
f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\bti\bio\bon\bn
h\bhe\bel\blp\bpt\bto\bop\bpi\bic\bc
Help topics as accepted by the h\bhe\bel\blp\bp builtin.
h\bho\bos\bst\btn\bna\bam\bme\be
- Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by
+ Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by
the H\bHO\bOS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE shell variable.
- j\bjo\bob\bb Job names, if job control is active. May also
+ j\bjo\bob\bb Job names, if job control is active. May also
be specified as -\b-j\bj.
- k\bke\bey\byw\bwo\bor\brd\bd Shell reserved words. May also be specified as
+ k\bke\bey\byw\bwo\bor\brd\bd Shell reserved words. May also be specified as
-\b-k\bk.
r\bru\bun\bnn\bni\bin\bng\bg Names of running jobs, if job control is active.
s\bse\ber\brv\bvi\bic\bce\be Service names. May also be specified as -\b-s\bs.
- s\bse\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bt Valid arguments for the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt
+ s\bse\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bt Valid arguments for the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt
builtin.
- s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt Shell option names as accepted by the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt
+ s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt Shell option names as accepted by the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt
builtin.
s\bsi\big\bgn\bna\bal\bl Signal names.
s\bst\bto\bop\bpp\bpe\bed\bd Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active.
Names of all shell variables. May also be spec-
ified as -\b-v\bv.
-\b-G\bG _\bg_\bl_\bo_\bb_\bp_\ba_\bt
- The filename expansion pattern _\bg_\bl_\bo_\bb_\bp_\ba_\bt is expanded to
+ The filename expansion pattern _\bg_\bl_\bo_\bb_\bp_\ba_\bt is expanded to
generate the possible completions.
-\b-W\bW _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt
- The _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is split using the characters in the I\bIF\bFS\bS
- special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word
- is expanded. The possible completions are the members
- of the resultant list which match the word being com-
+ The _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is split using the characters in the I\bIF\bFS\bS
+ special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word
+ is expanded. The possible completions are the members
+ of the resultant list which match the word being com-
pleted.
-\b-C\bC _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
- _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is executed in a subshell environment, and its
+ _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is executed in a subshell environment, and its
output is used as the possible completions.
-\b-F\bF _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn
- The shell function _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed in the current
- shell environment. When it finishes, the possible com-
- pletions are retrieved from the value of the C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPR\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY
+ The shell function _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed in the current
+ shell environment. When it finishes, the possible com-
+ pletions are retrieved from the value of the C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPR\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY
array variable.
-\b-X\bX _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt
- _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt is a pattern as used for filename expansion.
+ _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt is a pattern as used for filename expansion.
It is applied to the list of possible completions gener-
- ated by the preceding options and arguments, and each
- completion matching _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt is removed from the list.
- A leading !\b! in _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt negates the pattern; in this
- case, any completion not matching _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt is removed.
+ ated by the preceding options and arguments, and each
+ completion matching _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt is removed from the list.
+ A leading !\b! in _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt negates the pattern; in this
+ case, any completion not matching _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt is removed.
-\b-P\bP _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx
- _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx is added at the beginning of each possible com-
+ _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx is added at the beginning of each possible com-
pletion after all other options have been applied.
-\b-S\bS _\bs_\bu_\bf_\bf_\bi_\bx
_\bs_\bu_\bf_\bf_\bi_\bx is appended to each possible completion after all
other options have been applied.
- The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
- an option other than -\b-p\bp or -\b-r\br is supplied without a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be argu-
- ment, an attempt is made to remove a completion specification
+ The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
+ an option other than -\b-p\bp or -\b-r\br is supplied without a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be argu-
+ ment, an attempt is made to remove a completion specification
for a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be for which no specification exists, or an error occurs
adding a completion specification.
c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be [_\bn]
Resume the next iteration of the enclosing f\bfo\bor\br, w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be, u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl, or
- s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt loop. If _\bn is specified, resume at the _\bnth enclosing
- loop. _\bn must be >= 1. If _\bn is greater than the number of
- enclosing loops, the last enclosing loop (the ``top-level''
+ s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt loop. If _\bn is specified, resume at the _\bnth enclosing
+ loop. _\bn must be >= 1. If _\bn is greater than the number of
+ enclosing loops, the last enclosing loop (the ``top-level''
loop) is resumed. The return value is 0 unless the shell is not
executing a loop when c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be is executed.
d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be [-\b-a\baf\bfF\bFi\bir\brt\btx\bx] [-\b-p\bp] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be] ...]
t\bty\byp\bpe\bes\bse\bet\bt [-\b-a\baf\bfF\bFi\bir\brt\btx\bx] [-\b-p\bp] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be] ...]
- Declare variables and/or give them attributes. If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are
- given then display the values of variables. The -\b-p\bp option will
- display the attributes and values of each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. When -\b-p\bp is
- used, additional options are ignored. The -\b-F\bF option inhibits
- the display of function definitions; only the function name and
+ Declare variables and/or give them attributes. If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are
+ given then display the values of variables. The -\b-p\bp option will
+ display the attributes and values of each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. When -\b-p\bp is
+ used, additional options are ignored. The -\b-F\bF option inhibits
+ the display of function definitions; only the function name and
attributes are printed. If the e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg shell option is enabled
- using s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt, the source file name and line number where the
- function is defined are displayed as well. The -\b-F\bF option
- implies -\b-f\bf. The following options can be used to restrict out-
- put to variables with the specified attribute or to give vari-
+ using s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt, the source file name and line number where the
+ function is defined are displayed as well. The -\b-F\bF option
+ implies -\b-f\bf. The following options can be used to restrict out-
+ put to variables with the specified attribute or to give vari-
ables attributes:
-\b-a\ba Each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs above).
-\b-f\bf Use function names only.
-\b-i\bi The variable is treated as an integer; arithmetic evalua-
- tion (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN )\b) is performed when the
+ tion (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN )\b) is performed when the
variable is assigned a value.
-\b-r\br Make _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes readonly. These names cannot then be assigned
values by subsequent assignment statements or unset.
- -\b-t\bt Give each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be the _\bt_\br_\ba_\bc_\be attribute. Traced functions
- inherit the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN traps from the calling
- shell. The trace attribute has no special meaning for
+ -\b-t\bt Give each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be the _\bt_\br_\ba_\bc_\be attribute. Traced functions
+ inherit the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN traps from the calling
+ shell. The trace attribute has no special meaning for
variables.
- -\b-x\bx Mark _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes for export to subsequent commands via the
+ -\b-x\bx Mark _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes for export to subsequent commands via the
environment.
- Using `+' instead of `-' turns off the attribute instead, with
+ Using `+' instead of `-' turns off the attribute instead, with
the exceptions that +\b+a\ba may not be used to destroy an array vari-
- able and +\b+r\br w\bwi\bil\bll\bl n\bno\bot\bt r\bre\bem\bmo\bov\bve\be t\bth\bhe\be r\bre\bea\bad\bdo\bon\bnl\bly\by a\bat\btt\btr\bri\bib\bbu\but\bte\be.\b. W\bWh\bhe\ben\bn u\bus\bse\bed\bd
+ able and +\b+r\br w\bwi\bil\bll\bl n\bno\bot\bt r\bre\bem\bmo\bov\bve\be t\bth\bhe\be r\bre\bea\bad\bdo\bon\bnl\bly\by a\bat\btt\btr\bri\bib\bbu\but\bte\be.\b. W\bWh\bhe\ben\bn u\bus\bse\bed\bd
i\bin\bn a\ba f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\bti\bio\bon\bn,\b, m\bma\bak\bke\bes\bs e\bea\bac\bch\bh _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl,\b, a\bas\bs w\bwi\bit\bth\bh t\bth\bhe\be l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl command.
If a variable name is followed by =_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be, the value of the vari-
- able is set to _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. The return value is 0 unless an invalid
- option is encountered, an attempt is made to define a function
- using ``-f foo=bar'', an attempt is made to assign a value to a
- readonly variable, an attempt is made to assign a value to an
+ able is set to _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. The return value is 0 unless an invalid
+ option is encountered, an attempt is made to define a function
+ using ``-f foo=bar'', an attempt is made to assign a value to a
+ readonly variable, an attempt is made to assign a value to an
array variable without using the compound assignment syntax (see
- A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs above), one of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a valid shell variable
+ A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs above), one of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a valid shell variable
name, an attempt is made to turn off readonly status for a read-
- only variable, an attempt is made to turn off array status for
- an array variable, or an attempt is made to display a non-exis-
+ only variable, an attempt is made to turn off array status for
+ an array variable, or an attempt is made to display a non-exis-
tent function with -\b-f\bf.
d\bdi\bir\brs\bs [\b[+\b+_\bn]\b] [\b[-\b-_\bn]\b] [\b[-\b-c\bcp\bpl\blv\bv]\b]
- Without options, displays the list of currently remembered
- directories. The default display is on a single line with
- directory names separated by spaces. Directories are added to
- the list with the p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd command; the p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd command removes
+ Without options, displays the list of currently remembered
+ directories. The default display is on a single line with
+ directory names separated by spaces. Directories are added to
+ the list with the p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd command; the p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd command removes
entries from the list.
+\b+_\bn Displays the _\bnth entry counting from the left of the list
shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs when invoked without options, starting with
zero.
- -\b-_\bn Displays the _\bnth entry counting from the right of the
+ -\b-_\bn Displays the _\bnth entry counting from the right of the
list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs when invoked without options, starting
with zero.
-\b-c\bc Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the
entries.
- -\b-l\bl Produces a longer listing; the default listing format
+ -\b-l\bl Produces a longer listing; the default listing format
uses a tilde to denote the home directory.
-\b-p\bp Print the directory stack with one entry per line.
- -\b-v\bv Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pre-
+ -\b-v\bv Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pre-
fixing each entry with its index in the stack.
- The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is supplied or _\bn
+ The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is supplied or _\bn
indexes beyond the end of the directory stack.
d\bdi\bis\bso\bow\bwn\bn [-\b-a\bar\br] [-\b-h\bh] [_\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc ...]
- Without options, each _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is removed from the table of
- active jobs. If _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not present, and neither -\b-a\ba n\bno\bor\br -\b-r\br
- i\bis\bs s\bsu\bup\bpp\bpl\bli\bie\bed\bd,\b, t\bth\bhe\be s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl'\b's\bs n\bno\bot\bti\bio\bon\bn o\bof\bf t\bth\bhe\be _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bj_\bo_\bb i\bis\bs u\bus\bse\bed\bd.\b. I\bIf\bf
+ Without options, each _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is removed from the table of
+ active jobs. If _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not present, and neither -\b-a\ba n\bno\bor\br -\b-r\br
+ i\bis\bs s\bsu\bup\bpp\bpl\bli\bie\bed\bd,\b, t\bth\bhe\be s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl'\b's\bs n\bno\bot\bti\bio\bon\bn o\bof\bf t\bth\bhe\be _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bj_\bo_\bb i\bis\bs u\bus\bse\bed\bd.\b. I\bIf\bf
t\bth\bhe\be -\b-h\bh o\bop\bpt\bti\bio\bon\bn i\bis\bs g\bgi\biv\bve\ben\bn,\b, e\bea\bac\bch\bh _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not removed from the ta-
- ble, but is marked so that S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP is not sent to the job if the
- shell receives a S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP. If no _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is present, and neither
- the -\b-a\ba nor the -\b-r\br option is supplied, the _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bj_\bo_\bb is used.
+ ble, but is marked so that S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP is not sent to the job if the
+ shell receives a S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP. If no _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is present, and neither
+ the -\b-a\ba nor the -\b-r\br option is supplied, the _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bj_\bo_\bb is used.
If no _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is supplied, the -\b-a\ba option means to remove or mark
- all jobs; the -\b-r\br option without a _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc argument restricts
- operation to running jobs. The return value is 0 unless a _\bj_\bo_\bb_\b-
+ all jobs; the -\b-r\br option without a _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc argument restricts
+ operation to running jobs. The return value is 0 unless a _\bj_\bo_\bb_\b-
_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc does not specify a valid job.
e\bec\bch\bho\bo [-\b-n\bne\beE\bE] [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
- Output the _\ba_\br_\bgs, separated by spaces, followed by a newline.
+ Output the _\ba_\br_\bgs, separated by spaces, followed by a newline.
The return status is always 0. If -\b-n\bn is specified, the trailing
- newline is suppressed. If the -\b-e\be option is given, interpreta-
- tion of the following backslash-escaped characters is enabled.
- The -\b-E\bE option disables the interpretation of these escape char-
- acters, even on systems where they are interpreted by default.
- The x\bxp\bpg\bg_\b_e\bec\bch\bho\bo shell option may be used to dynamically determine
- whether or not e\bec\bch\bho\bo expands these escape characters by default.
- e\bec\bch\bho\bo does not interpret -\b--\b- to mean the end of options. e\bec\bch\bho\bo
+ newline is suppressed. If the -\b-e\be option is given, interpreta-
+ tion of the following backslash-escaped characters is enabled.
+ The -\b-E\bE option disables the interpretation of these escape char-
+ acters, even on systems where they are interpreted by default.
+ The x\bxp\bpg\bg_\b_e\bec\bch\bho\bo shell option may be used to dynamically determine
+ whether or not e\bec\bch\bho\bo expands these escape characters by default.
+ e\bec\bch\bho\bo does not interpret -\b--\b- to mean the end of options. e\bec\bch\bho\bo
interprets the following escape sequences:
\\b\a\ba alert (bell)
\\b\b\bb backspace
\\b\t\bt horizontal tab
\\b\v\bv vertical tab
\\b\\\b\ backslash
- \\b\0\b0_\bn_\bn_\bn the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value
+ \\b\0\b0_\bn_\bn_\bn the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value
_\bn_\bn_\bn (zero to three octal digits)
- \\b\x\bx_\bH_\bH the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal
+ \\b\x\bx_\bH_\bH the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal
value _\bH_\bH (one or two hex digits)
e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be [-\b-a\ba] [-\b-d\bdn\bnp\bps\bs] [-\b-f\bf _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin
+ Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin
allows a disk command which has the same name as a shell builtin
- to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though
- the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands.
- If -\b-n\bn is used, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is disabled; otherwise, _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are
+ to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though
+ the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands.
+ If -\b-n\bn is used, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is disabled; otherwise, _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are
enabled. For example, to use the t\bte\bes\bst\bt binary found via the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH
- instead of the shell builtin version, run ``enable -n test''.
- The -\b-f\bf option means to load the new builtin command _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from
+ instead of the shell builtin version, run ``enable -n test''.
+ The -\b-f\bf option means to load the new builtin command _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from
shared object _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, on systems that support dynamic loading.
- The -\b-d\bd option will delete a builtin previously loaded with -\b-f\bf.
+ The -\b-d\bd option will delete a builtin previously loaded with -\b-f\bf.
If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are given, or if the -\b-p\bp option is supplied,
a list of shell builtins is printed. With no other option argu-
- ments, the list consists of all enabled shell builtins. If -\b-n\bn
- is supplied, only disabled builtins are printed. If -\b-a\ba is sup-
- plied, the list printed includes all builtins, with an indica-
- tion of whether or not each is enabled. If -\b-s\bs is supplied, the
- output is restricted to the POSIX _\bs_\bp_\be_\bc_\bi_\ba_\bl builtins. The return
- value is 0 unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a shell builtin or there is an
+ ments, the list consists of all enabled shell builtins. If -\b-n\bn
+ is supplied, only disabled builtins are printed. If -\b-a\ba is sup-
+ plied, the list printed includes all builtins, with an indica-
+ tion of whether or not each is enabled. If -\b-s\bs is supplied, the
+ output is restricted to the POSIX _\bs_\bp_\be_\bc_\bi_\ba_\bl builtins. The return
+ value is 0 unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a shell builtin or there is an
error loading a new builtin from a shared object.
e\bev\bva\bal\bl [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
- The _\ba_\br_\bgs are read and concatenated together into a single com-
- mand. This command is then read and executed by the shell, and
- its exit status is returned as the value of e\bev\bva\bal\bl. If there are
+ The _\ba_\br_\bgs are read and concatenated together into a single com-
+ mand. This command is then read and executed by the shell, and
+ its exit status is returned as the value of e\bev\bva\bal\bl. If there are
no _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs, or only null arguments, e\bev\bva\bal\bl returns 0.
e\bex\bxe\bec\bc [-\b-c\bcl\bl] [-\b-a\ba _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]]
- If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is specified, it replaces the shell. No new process
- is created. The _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs become the arguments to _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd. If
+ If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is specified, it replaces the shell. No new process
+ is created. The _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs become the arguments to _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd. If
the -\b-l\bl option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the begin-
- ning of the zeroth argument passed to _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd. This is what
+ ning of the zeroth argument passed to _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd. This is what
_\bl_\bo_\bg_\bi_\bn(1) does. The -\b-c\bc option causes _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd to be executed with
- an empty environment. If -\b-a\ba is supplied, the shell passes _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
+ an empty environment. If -\b-a\ba is supplied, the shell passes _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
as the zeroth argument to the executed command. If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd can-
- not be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits,
- unless the shell option e\bex\bxe\bec\bcf\bfa\bai\bil\bl is enabled, in which case it
- returns failure. An interactive shell returns failure if the
+ not be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits,
+ unless the shell option e\bex\bxe\bec\bcf\bfa\bai\bil\bl is enabled, in which case it
+ returns failure. An interactive shell returns failure if the
file cannot be executed. If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is not specified, any redi-
rections take effect in the current shell, and the return status
- is 0. If there is a redirection error, the return status is 1.
+ is 0. If there is a redirection error, the return status is 1.
e\bex\bxi\bit\bt [_\bn]
- Cause the shell to exit with a status of _\bn. If _\bn is omitted,
+ Cause the shell to exit with a status of _\bn. If _\bn is omitted,
the exit status is that of the last command executed. A trap on
E\bEX\bXI\bIT\bT is executed before the shell terminates.
e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt [-\b-f\bfn\bn] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd]] ...
e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt -\b-p\bp
- The supplied _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are marked for automatic export to the envi-
- ronment of subsequently executed commands. If the -\b-f\bf option is
- given, the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs refer to functions. If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are given, or
- if the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, a list of all names that are
- exported in this shell is printed. The -\b-n\bn option causes the
- export property to be removed from each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If a variable
- name is followed by =_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, the value of the variable is set to
- _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd. e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt returns an exit status of 0 unless an invalid
- option is encountered, one of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a valid shell
+ The supplied _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are marked for automatic export to the envi-
+ ronment of subsequently executed commands. If the -\b-f\bf option is
+ given, the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs refer to functions. If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are given, or
+ if the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, a list of all names that are
+ exported in this shell is printed. The -\b-n\bn option causes the
+ export property to be removed from each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If a variable
+ name is followed by =_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, the value of the variable is set to
+ _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd. e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt returns an exit status of 0 unless an invalid
+ option is encountered, one of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a valid shell
variable name, or -\b-f\bf is supplied with a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be that is not a func-
tion.
f\bfc\bc [-\b-e\be _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b-l\bln\bnr\br] [_\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt] [_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt]
f\bfc\bc -\b-s\bs [_\bp_\ba_\bt=_\br_\be_\bp] [_\bc_\bm_\bd]
- Fix Command. In the first form, a range of commands from _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt
- to _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt is selected from the history list. _\bF_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt and _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt may
- be specified as a string (to locate the last command beginning
- with that string) or as a number (an index into the history
+ Fix Command. In the first form, a range of commands from _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt
+ to _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt is selected from the history list. _\bF_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt and _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt may
+ be specified as a string (to locate the last command beginning
+ with that string) or as a number (an index into the history
list, where a negative number is used as an offset from the cur-
rent command number). If _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt is not specified it is set to the
- current command for listing (so that ``fc -l -10'' prints the
+ current command for listing (so that ``fc -l -10'' prints the
last 10 commands) and to _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt otherwise. If _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt is not spec-
- ified it is set to the previous command for editing and -16 for
+ ified it is set to the previous command for editing and -16 for
listing.
- The -\b-n\bn option suppresses the command numbers when listing. The
- -\b-r\br option reverses the order of the commands. If the -\b-l\bl option
- is given, the commands are listed on standard output. Other-
- wise, the editor given by _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is invoked on a file containing
- those commands. If _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not given, the value of the F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT
- variable is used, and the value of E\bED\bDI\bIT\bTO\bOR\bR if F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT is not set.
- If neither variable is set, _\bv_\bi is used. When editing is com-
+ The -\b-n\bn option suppresses the command numbers when listing. The
+ -\b-r\br option reverses the order of the commands. If the -\b-l\bl option
+ is given, the commands are listed on standard output. Other-
+ wise, the editor given by _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is invoked on a file containing
+ those commands. If _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not given, the value of the F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT
+ variable is used, and the value of E\bED\bDI\bIT\bTO\bOR\bR if F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT is not set.
+ If neither variable is set, _\bv_\bi is used. When editing is com-
plete, the edited commands are echoed and executed.
- In the second form, _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is re-executed after each instance
- of _\bp_\ba_\bt is replaced by _\br_\be_\bp. A useful alias to use with this is
- ``r="fc -s"'', so that typing ``r cc'' runs the last command
+ In the second form, _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is re-executed after each instance
+ of _\bp_\ba_\bt is replaced by _\br_\be_\bp. A useful alias to use with this is
+ ``r="fc -s"'', so that typing ``r cc'' runs the last command
beginning with ``cc'' and typing ``r'' re-executes the last com-
mand.
- If the first form is used, the return value is 0 unless an
- invalid option is encountered or _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt or _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt specify history
- lines out of range. If the -\b-e\be option is supplied, the return
+ If the first form is used, the return value is 0 unless an
+ invalid option is encountered or _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt or _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt specify history
+ lines out of range. If the -\b-e\be option is supplied, the return
value is the value of the last command executed or failure if an
error occurs with the temporary file of commands. If the second
- form is used, the return status is that of the command re-exe-
- cuted, unless _\bc_\bm_\bd does not specify a valid history line, in
+ form is used, the return status is that of the command re-exe-
+ cuted, unless _\bc_\bm_\bd does not specify a valid history line, in
which case f\bfc\bc returns failure.
f\bfg\bg [_\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc]
- Resume _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc in the foreground, and make it the current job.
+ Resume _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc in the foreground, and make it the current job.
If _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not present, the shell's notion of the _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bj_\bo_\bb
- is used. The return value is that of the command placed into
- the foreground, or failure if run when job control is disabled
+ is used. The return value is that of the command placed into
+ the foreground, or failure if run when job control is disabled
or, when run with job control enabled, if _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc does not spec-
- ify a valid job or _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc specifies a job that was started
+ ify a valid job or _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc specifies a job that was started
without job control.
g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bs]
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is used by shell procedures to parse positional parame-
- ters. _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg contains the option characters to be recog-
- nized; if a character is followed by a colon, the option is
- expected to have an argument, which should be separated from it
- by white space. The colon and question mark characters may not
- be used as option characters. Each time it is invoked, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs
- places the next option in the shell variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, initializing
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is used by shell procedures to parse positional parame-
+ ters. _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg contains the option characters to be recog-
+ nized; if a character is followed by a colon, the option is
+ expected to have an argument, which should be separated from it
+ by white space. The colon and question mark characters may not
+ be used as option characters. Each time it is invoked, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs
+ places the next option in the shell variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, initializing
_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be if it does not exist, and the index of the next argument to
be processed into the variable O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD. O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD is initialized to
- 1 each time the shell or a shell script is invoked. When an
- option requires an argument, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs places that argument into
- the variable O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG. The shell does not reset O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD automati-
- cally; it must be manually reset between multiple calls to
+ 1 each time the shell or a shell script is invoked. When an
+ option requires an argument, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs places that argument into
+ the variable O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG. The shell does not reset O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD automati-
+ cally; it must be manually reset between multiple calls to
g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs within the same shell invocation if a new set of parame-
ters is to be used.
- When the end of options is encountered, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs exits with a
- return value greater than zero. O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD is set to the index of
+ When the end of options is encountered, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs exits with a
+ return value greater than zero. O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD is set to the index of
the first non-option argument, and n\bna\bam\bme\be is set to ?.
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs normally parses the positional parameters, but if more
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs normally parses the positional parameters, but if more
arguments are given in _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs parses those instead.
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs can report errors in two ways. If the first character
- of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is a colon, _\bs_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\bt error reporting is used. In
- normal operation diagnostic messages are printed when invalid
- options or missing option arguments are encountered. If the
- variable O\bOP\bPT\bTE\bER\bRR\bR is set to 0, no error messages will be dis-
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs can report errors in two ways. If the first character
+ of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is a colon, _\bs_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\bt error reporting is used. In
+ normal operation diagnostic messages are printed when invalid
+ options or missing option arguments are encountered. If the
+ variable O\bOP\bPT\bTE\bER\bRR\bR is set to 0, no error messages will be dis-
played, even if the first character of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is not a colon.
If an invalid option is seen, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs places ? into _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be and, if
- not silent, prints an error message and unsets O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG. If
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is silent, the option character found is placed in
+ not silent, prints an error message and unsets O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG. If
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is silent, the option character found is placed in
O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG and no diagnostic message is printed.
- If a required argument is not found, and g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is not silent,
- a question mark (?\b?) is placed in _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG is unset, and a
- diagnostic message is printed. If g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is silent, then a
- colon (:\b:) is placed in _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be and O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG is set to the option
+ If a required argument is not found, and g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is not silent,
+ a question mark (?\b?) is placed in _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG is unset, and a
+ diagnostic message is printed. If g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is silent, then a
+ colon (:\b:) is placed in _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be and O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG is set to the option
character found.
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is
found. It returns false if the end of options is encountered or
an error occurs.
h\bha\bas\bsh\bh [-\b-l\blr\br] [-\b-p\bp _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b-d\bdt\bt] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be]
- For each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, the full file name of the command is determined
+ For each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, the full file name of the command is determined
by searching the directories in $\b$P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH and remembered. If the -\b-p\bp
option is supplied, no path search is performed, and _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is
used as the full file name of the command. The -\b-r\br option causes
- the shell to forget all remembered locations. The -\b-d\bd option
+ the shell to forget all remembered locations. The -\b-d\bd option
causes the shell to forget the remembered location of each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
- If the -\b-t\bt option is supplied, the full pathname to which each
- _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be corresponds is printed. If multiple _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are
- supplied with -\b-t\bt, the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is printed before the hashed full
+ If the -\b-t\bt option is supplied, the full pathname to which each
+ _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be corresponds is printed. If multiple _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are
+ supplied with -\b-t\bt, the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is printed before the hashed full
pathname. The -\b-l\bl option causes output to be displayed in a for-
- mat that may be reused as input. If no arguments are given, or
+ mat that may be reused as input. If no arguments are given, or
if only -\b-l\bl is supplied, information about remembered commands is
- printed. The return status is true unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found
+ printed. The return status is true unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found
or an invalid option is supplied.
h\bhe\bel\blp\bp [-\b-s\bs] [_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn]
- Display helpful information about builtin commands. If _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn
- is specified, h\bhe\bel\blp\bp gives detailed help on all commands matching
- _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn; otherwise help for all the builtins and shell control
- structures is printed. The -\b-s\bs option restricts the information
- displayed to a short usage synopsis. The return status is 0
+ Display helpful information about builtin commands. If _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn
+ is specified, h\bhe\bel\blp\bp gives detailed help on all commands matching
+ _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn; otherwise help for all the builtins and shell control
+ structures is printed. The -\b-s\bs option restricts the information
+ displayed to a short usage synopsis. The return status is 0
unless no command matches _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn.
h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by [\b[_\bn]\b]
h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by -\b-s\bs _\ba_\br_\bg [_\ba_\br_\bg _\b._\b._\b.]
With no options, display the command history list with line num-
bers. Lines listed with a *\b* have been modified. An argument of
- _\bn lists only the last _\bn lines. If the shell variable H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bE-\b-
- F\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT is set and not null, it is used as a format string for
- _\bs_\bt_\br_\bf_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3) to display the time stamp associated with each dis-
- played history entry. No intervening blank is printed between
- the formatted time stamp and the history line. If _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is
- supplied, it is used as the name of the history file; if not,
- the value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is used. Options, if supplied, have the
+ _\bn lists only the last _\bn lines. If the shell variable H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bE-\b-
+ F\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT is set and not null, it is used as a format string for
+ _\bs_\bt_\br_\bf_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3) to display the time stamp associated with each dis-
+ played history entry. No intervening blank is printed between
+ the formatted time stamp and the history line. If _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is
+ supplied, it is used as the name of the history file; if not,
+ the value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is used. Options, if supplied, have the
following meanings:
-\b-c\bc Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.
-\b-d\bd _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt
Delete the history entry at position _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt.
- -\b-a\ba Append the ``new'' history lines (history lines entered
- since the beginning of the current b\bba\bas\bsh\bh session) to the
+ -\b-a\ba Append the ``new'' history lines (history lines entered
+ since the beginning of the current b\bba\bas\bsh\bh session) to the
history file.
- -\b-n\bn Read the history lines not already read from the history
- file into the current history list. These are lines
- appended to the history file since the beginning of the
+ -\b-n\bn Read the history lines not already read from the history
+ file into the current history list. These are lines
+ appended to the history file since the beginning of the
current b\bba\bas\bsh\bh session.
-\b-r\br Read the contents of the history file and use them as the
current history.
- -\b-w\bw Write the current history to the history file, overwrit-
+ -\b-w\bw Write the current history to the history file, overwrit-
ing the history file's contents.
- -\b-p\bp Perform history substitution on the following _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs and
- display the result on the standard output. Does not
- store the results in the history list. Each _\ba_\br_\bg must be
+ -\b-p\bp Perform history substitution on the following _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs and
+ display the result on the standard output. Does not
+ store the results in the history list. Each _\ba_\br_\bg must be
quoted to disable normal history expansion.
- -\b-s\bs Store the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs in the history list as a single entry.
- The last command in the history list is removed before
+ -\b-s\bs Store the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs in the history list as a single entry.
+ The last command in the history list is removed before
the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs are added.
If the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT is set, the time stamp information associ-
- ated with each history entry is written to the history file,
- marked with the history comment character. When the history
+ ated with each history entry is written to the history file,
+ marked with the history comment character. When the history
file is read, lines beginning with the history comment character
- followed immediately by a digit are interpreted as timestamps
- for the previous history line. The return value is 0 unless an
- invalid option is encountered, an error occurs while reading or
- writing the history file, an invalid _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt is supplied as an
+ followed immediately by a digit are interpreted as timestamps
+ for the previous history line. The return value is 0 unless an
+ invalid option is encountered, an error occurs while reading or
+ writing the history file, an invalid _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt is supplied as an
argument to -\b-d\bd, or the history expansion supplied as an argument
to -\b-p\bp fails.
The first form lists the active jobs. The options have the fol-
lowing meanings:
-\b-l\bl List process IDs in addition to the normal information.
- -\b-p\bp List only the process ID of the job's process group
+ -\b-p\bp List only the process ID of the job's process group
leader.
- -\b-n\bn Display information only about jobs that have changed
- status since the user was last notified of their status.
+ -\b-n\bn Display information only about jobs that have changed
+ status since the user was last notified of their status.
-\b-r\br Restrict output to running jobs.
-\b-s\bs Restrict output to stopped jobs.
- If _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is given, output is restricted to information about
- that job. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is
+ If _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is given, output is restricted to information about
+ that job. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is
encountered or an invalid _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is supplied.
If the -\b-x\bx option is supplied, j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs replaces any _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc found in
- _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd or _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs with the corresponding process group ID, and
+ _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd or _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs with the corresponding process group ID, and
executes _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd passing it _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs, returning its exit status.
k\bki\bil\bll\bl [-\b-s\bs _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc | -\b-n\bn _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm | -\b-_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc] [_\bp_\bi_\bd | _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc] ...
k\bki\bil\bll\bl -\b-l\bl [_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc | _\be_\bx_\bi_\bt_\b__\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt_\bu_\bs]
- Send the signal named by _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc or _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm to the processes
- named by _\bp_\bi_\bd or _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc. _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is either a case-insensitive
- signal name such as S\bSI\bIG\bGK\bKI\bIL\bLL\bL (with or without the S\bSI\bIG\bG prefix) or
- a signal number; _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm is a signal number. If _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not
- present, then S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTE\bER\bRM\bM is assumed. An argument of -\b-l\bl lists the
- signal names. If any arguments are supplied when -\b-l\bl is given,
- the names of the signals corresponding to the arguments are
+ Send the signal named by _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc or _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm to the processes
+ named by _\bp_\bi_\bd or _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc. _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is either a case-insensitive
+ signal name such as S\bSI\bIG\bGK\bKI\bIL\bLL\bL (with or without the S\bSI\bIG\bG prefix) or
+ a signal number; _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm is a signal number. If _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not
+ present, then S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTE\bER\bRM\bM is assumed. An argument of -\b-l\bl lists the
+ signal names. If any arguments are supplied when -\b-l\bl is given,
+ the names of the signals corresponding to the arguments are
listed, and the return status is 0. The _\be_\bx_\bi_\bt_\b__\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt_\bu_\bs argument to
- -\b-l\bl is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit
- status of a process terminated by a signal. k\bki\bil\bll\bl returns true
- if at least one signal was successfully sent, or false if an
+ -\b-l\bl is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit
+ status of a process terminated by a signal. k\bki\bil\bll\bl returns true
+ if at least one signal was successfully sent, or false if an
error occurs or an invalid option is encountered.
l\ble\bet\bt _\ba_\br_\bg [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
Each _\ba_\br_\bg is an arithmetic expression to be evaluated (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bH-\b-
- M\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN). If the last _\ba_\br_\bg evaluates to 0, l\ble\bet\bt returns
+ M\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN). If the last _\ba_\br_\bg evaluates to 0, l\ble\bet\bt returns
1; 0 is returned otherwise.
l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl [_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be] ...]
- For each argument, a local variable named _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is created, and
- assigned _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. The _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn can be any of the options accepted
+ For each argument, a local variable named _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is created, and
+ assigned _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. The _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn can be any of the options accepted
by d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be. When l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl is used within a function, it causes the
- variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to have a visible scope restricted to that func-
+ variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to have a visible scope restricted to that func-
tion and its children. With no operands, l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl writes a list of
- local variables to the standard output. It is an error to use
+ local variables to the standard output. It is an error to use
l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl when not within a function. The return status is 0 unless
- l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl is used outside a function, an invalid _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is supplied,
+ l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl is used outside a function, an invalid _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is supplied,
or _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is a readonly variable.
l\blo\bog\bgo\bou\but\bt Exit a login shell.
p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd [-n\bn] [+_\bn] [-_\bn]
- Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments,
- removes the top directory from the stack, and performs a c\bcd\bd to
+ Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments,
+ removes the top directory from the stack, and performs a c\bcd\bd to
the new top directory. Arguments, if supplied, have the follow-
ing meanings:
- -\b-n\bn Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing
- directories from the stack, so that only the stack is
+ -\b-n\bn Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing
+ directories from the stack, so that only the stack is
manipulated.
- +\b+_\bn Removes the _\bnth entry counting from the left of the list
- shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with zero. For example: ``popd
+ +\b+_\bn Removes the _\bnth entry counting from the left of the list
+ shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with zero. For example: ``popd
+0'' removes the first directory, ``popd +1'' the second.
-\b-_\bn Removes the _\bnth entry counting from the right of the list
- shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with zero. For example: ``popd
- -0'' removes the last directory, ``popd -1'' the next to
+ shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with zero. For example: ``popd
+ -0'' removes the last directory, ``popd -1'' the next to
last.
- If the p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd command is successful, a d\bdi\bir\brs\bs is performed as well,
- and the return status is 0. p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd returns false if an invalid
+ If the p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd command is successful, a d\bdi\bir\brs\bs is performed as well,
+ and the return status is 0. p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd returns false if an invalid
option is encountered, the directory stack is empty, a non-exis-
tent directory stack entry is specified, or the directory change
fails.
p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf [-\b-v\bv _\bv_\ba_\br] _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]
- Write the formatted _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs to the standard output under the
- control of the _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt. The _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is a character string which
- contains three types of objects: plain characters, which are
- simply copied to standard output, character escape sequences,
- which are converted and copied to the standard output, and for-
- mat specifications, each of which causes printing of the next
+ Write the formatted _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs to the standard output under the
+ control of the _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt. The _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is a character string which
+ contains three types of objects: plain characters, which are
+ simply copied to standard output, character escape sequences,
+ which are converted and copied to the standard output, and for-
+ mat specifications, each of which causes printing of the next
successive _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt. In addition to the standard _\bp_\br_\bi_\bn_\bt_\bf(1) for-
- mats, %\b%b\bb causes p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf to expand backslash escape sequences in
- the corresponding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt (except that \\b\c\bc terminates output,
+ mats, %\b%b\bb causes p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf to expand backslash escape sequences in
+ the corresponding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt (except that \\b\c\bc terminates output,
backslashes in \\b\'\b', \\b\"\b", and \\b\?\b? are not removed, and octal escapes
- beginning with \\b\0\b0 may contain up to four digits), and %\b%q\bq causes
+ beginning with \\b\0\b0 may contain up to four digits), and %\b%q\bq causes
p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf to output the corresponding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt in a format that can
be reused as shell input.
- The -\b-v\bv option causes the output to be assigned to the variable
+ The -\b-v\bv option causes the output to be assigned to the variable
_\bv_\ba_\br rather than being printed to the standard output.
- The _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is reused as necessary to consume all of the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\b-
+ The _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is reused as necessary to consume all of the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\b-
_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs. If the _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt requires more _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs than are supplied,
- the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or
- null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. The return
+ the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or
+ null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. The return
value is zero on success, non-zero on failure.
p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd [-\b-n\bn] [+_\bn] [-_\bn]
p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd [-\b-n\bn] [_\bd_\bi_\br]
- Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates
- the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working
+ Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates
+ the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working
directory. With no arguments, exchanges the top two directories
- and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty. Arguments,
+ and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty. Arguments,
if supplied, have the following meanings:
- -\b-n\bn Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding
- directories to the stack, so that only the stack is
+ -\b-n\bn Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding
+ directories to the stack, so that only the stack is
manipulated.
- +\b+_\bn Rotates the stack so that the _\bnth directory (counting
- from the left of the list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with
+ +\b+_\bn Rotates the stack so that the _\bnth directory (counting
+ from the left of the list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with
zero) is at the top.
- -\b-_\bn Rotates the stack so that the _\bnth directory (counting
- from the right of the list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with
+ -\b-_\bn Rotates the stack so that the _\bnth directory (counting
+ from the right of the list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with
zero) is at the top.
_\bd_\bi_\br Adds _\bd_\bi_\br to the directory stack at the top, making it the
new current working directory.
If the p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd command is successful, a d\bdi\bir\brs\bs is performed as well.
- If the first form is used, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd returns 0 unless the cd to _\bd_\bi_\br
- fails. With the second form, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd returns 0 unless the direc-
- tory stack is empty, a non-existent directory stack element is
- specified, or the directory change to the specified new current
+ If the first form is used, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd returns 0 unless the cd to _\bd_\bi_\br
+ fails. With the second form, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd returns 0 unless the direc-
+ tory stack is empty, a non-existent directory stack element is
+ specified, or the directory change to the specified new current
directory fails.
p\bpw\bwd\bd [-\b-L\bLP\bP]
- Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory.
+ Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory.
The pathname printed contains no symbolic links if the -\b-P\bP option
is supplied or the -\b-o\bo p\bph\bhy\bys\bsi\bic\bca\bal\bl option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command
- is enabled. If the -\b-L\bL option is used, the pathname printed may
- contain symbolic links. The return status is 0 unless an error
- occurs while reading the name of the current directory or an
+ is enabled. If the -\b-L\bL option is used, the pathname printed may
+ contain symbolic links. The return status is 0 unless an error
+ occurs while reading the name of the current directory or an
invalid option is supplied.
- r\bre\bea\bad\bd [-\b-e\ber\brs\bs] [-\b-a\ba _\ba_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b-d\bd _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm] [-\b-n\bn _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs] [-\b-p\bp _\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt] [-\b-t\bt _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt]
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bd [-\b-e\ber\brs\bs] [-\b-a\ba _\ba_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b-d\bd _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm] [-\b-n\bn _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs] [-\b-p\bp _\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt] [-\b-t\bt _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt]
[-\b-u\bu _\bf_\bd] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- One line is read from the standard input, or from the file
- descriptor _\bf_\bd supplied as an argument to the -\b-u\bu option, and the
+ One line is read from the standard input, or from the file
+ descriptor _\bf_\bd supplied as an argument to the -\b-u\bu option, and the
first word is assigned to the first _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, the second word to the
- second _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, and so on, with leftover words and their interven-
- ing separators assigned to the last _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If there are fewer
+ second _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, and so on, with leftover words and their interven-
+ ing separators assigned to the last _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If there are fewer
words read from the input stream than names, the remaining names
- are assigned empty values. The characters in I\bIF\bFS\bS are used to
- split the line into words. The backslash character (\\b\) may be
- used to remove any special meaning for the next character read
- and for line continuation. Options, if supplied, have the fol-
+ are assigned empty values. The characters in I\bIF\bFS\bS are used to
+ split the line into words. The backslash character (\\b\) may be
+ used to remove any special meaning for the next character read
+ and for line continuation. Options, if supplied, have the fol-
lowing meanings:
-\b-a\ba _\ba_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array
new values are assigned. Other _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are
ignored.
-\b-d\bd _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm
- The first character of _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm is used to terminate the
+ The first character of _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm is used to terminate the
input line, rather than newline.
-\b-e\be If the standard input is coming from a terminal, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
(see R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE above) is used to obtain the line.
-\b-n\bn _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs
- r\bre\bea\bad\bd returns after reading _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters rather than
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bd returns after reading _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters rather than
waiting for a complete line of input.
-\b-p\bp _\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt
Display _\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt on standard error, without a trailing new-
line, before attempting to read any input. The prompt is
displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.
-\b-r\br Backslash does not act as an escape character. The back-
- slash is considered to be part of the line. In particu-
- lar, a backslash-newline pair may not be used as a line
+ slash is considered to be part of the line. In particu-
+ lar, a backslash-newline pair may not be used as a line
continuation.
-\b-s\bs Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, charac-
ters are not echoed.
-\b-t\bt _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt
- Cause r\bre\bea\bad\bd to time out and return failure if a complete
- line of input is not read within _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt seconds. This
- option has no effect if r\bre\bea\bad\bd is not reading input from
+ Cause r\bre\bea\bad\bd to time out and return failure if a complete
+ line of input is not read within _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt seconds. This
+ option has no effect if r\bre\bea\bad\bd is not reading input from
the terminal or a pipe.
-\b-u\bu _\bf_\bd Read input from file descriptor _\bf_\bd.
If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are supplied, the line read is assigned to the vari-
- able R\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY. The return code is zero, unless end-of-file is
- encountered, r\bre\bea\bad\bd times out, or an invalid file descriptor is
+ able R\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY. The return code is zero, unless end-of-file is
+ encountered, r\bre\bea\bad\bd times out, or an invalid file descriptor is
supplied as the argument to -\b-u\bu.
r\bre\bea\bad\bdo\bon\bnl\bly\by [-\b-a\bap\bpf\bf] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd] ...]
- The given _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are marked readonly; the values of these _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs
- may not be changed by subsequent assignment. If the -\b-f\bf option
- is supplied, the functions corresponding to the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are so
+ The given _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are marked readonly; the values of these _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs
+ may not be changed by subsequent assignment. If the -\b-f\bf option
+ is supplied, the functions corresponding to the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are so
marked. The -\b-a\ba option restricts the variables to arrays. If no
- _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are given, or if the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, a
- list of all readonly names is printed. The -\b-p\bp option causes
- output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.
- If a variable name is followed by =_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, the value of the vari-
- able is set to _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd. The return status is 0 unless an invalid
- option is encountered, one of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a valid shell
+ _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are given, or if the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, a
+ list of all readonly names is printed. The -\b-p\bp option causes
+ output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.
+ If a variable name is followed by =_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, the value of the vari-
+ able is set to _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd. The return status is 0 unless an invalid
+ option is encountered, one of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a valid shell
variable name, or -\b-f\bf is supplied with a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be that is not a func-
tion.
r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn [_\bn]
- Causes a function to exit with the return value specified by _\bn.
- If _\bn is omitted, the return status is that of the last command
- executed in the function body. If used outside a function, but
- during execution of a script by the .\b. (s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be) command, it
+ Causes a function to exit with the return value specified by _\bn.
+ If _\bn is omitted, the return status is that of the last command
+ executed in the function body. If used outside a function, but
+ during execution of a script by the .\b. (s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be) command, it
causes the shell to stop executing that script and return either
- _\bn or the exit status of the last command executed within the
- script as the exit status of the script. If used outside a
- function and not during execution of a script by .\b., the return
+ _\bn or the exit status of the last command executed within the
+ script as the exit status of the script. If used outside a
+ function and not during execution of a script by .\b., the return
status is false. Any command associated with the R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN trap is
- executed before execution resumes after the function or script.
+ executed before execution resumes after the function or script.
s\bse\bet\bt [-\b--\b-a\bab\bbe\bef\bfh\bhk\bkm\bmn\bnp\bpt\btu\buv\bvx\bxB\bBC\bCE\bEH\bHP\bPT\bT] [-\b-o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
s\bse\bet\bt [+\b+a\bab\bbe\bef\bfh\bhk\bkm\bmn\bnp\bpt\btu\buv\bvx\bxB\bBC\bCE\bEH\bHP\bPT\bT] [+\b+o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
- Without options, the name and value of each shell variable are
+ Without options, the name and value of each shell variable are
displayed in a format that can be reused as input for setting or
resetting the currently-set variables. Read-only variables can-
- not be reset. In _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be, only shell variables are listed.
- The output is sorted according to the current locale. When
- options are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. Any
- arguments remaining after the options are processed are treated
- as values for the positional parameters and are assigned, in
+ not be reset. In _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be, only shell variables are listed.
+ The output is sorted according to the current locale. When
+ options are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. Any
+ arguments remaining after the options are processed are treated
+ as values for the positional parameters and are assigned, in
order, to $\b$1\b1, $\b$2\b2, .\b..\b..\b. $\b$_\bn. Options, if specified, have the fol-
lowing meanings:
- -\b-a\ba Automatically mark variables and functions which are
- modified or created for export to the environment of
+ -\b-a\ba Automatically mark variables and functions which are
+ modified or created for export to the environment of
subsequent commands.
- -\b-b\bb Report the status of terminated background jobs immedi-
+ -\b-b\bb Report the status of terminated background jobs immedi-
ately, rather than before the next primary prompt. This
is effective only when job control is enabled.
- -\b-e\be Exit immediately if a _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR
+ -\b-e\be Exit immediately if a _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR
above) exits with a non-zero status. The shell does not
- exit if the command that fails is part of the command
- list immediately following a w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl keyword,
- part of the test in an i\bif\bf statement, part of a &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b|
- list, any command in a pipeline but the last, or if the
- command's return value is being inverted via !\b!. Failing
- simple commands that are part of shell functions or com-
- mand lists enclosed in braces or parentheses satisfying
- the above conditions do not cause the shell to exit. A
- trap on E\bER\bRR\bR, if set, is executed before the shell exits.
+ exit if the command that fails is part of the command
+ list immediately following a w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl keyword,
+ part of the test in an i\bif\bf statement, part of a command
+ executed in a &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b| list, any command in a pipeline
+ but the last, or if the command's return value is being
+ inverted via !\b!. Failing simple commands that are part
+ of shell functions or command lists enclosed in braces
+ or parentheses satisfying the above conditions do not
+ cause the shell to exit. A trap on E\bER\bRR\bR, if set, is exe-
+ cuted before the shell exits.
-\b-f\bf Disable pathname expansion.
- -\b-h\bh Remember the location of commands as they are looked up
+ -\b-h\bh Remember the location of commands as they are looked up
for execution. This is enabled by default.
- -\b-k\bk All arguments in the form of assignment statements are
- placed in the environment for a command, not just those
+ -\b-k\bk All arguments in the form of assignment statements are
+ placed in the environment for a command, not just those
that precede the command name.
- -\b-m\bm Monitor mode. Job control is enabled. This option is
- on by default for interactive shells on systems that
- support it (see J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL above). Background pro-
- cesses run in a separate process group and a line con-
- taining their exit status is printed upon their comple-
+ -\b-m\bm Monitor mode. Job control is enabled. This option is
+ on by default for interactive shells on systems that
+ support it (see J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL above). Background pro-
+ cesses run in a separate process group and a line con-
+ taining their exit status is printed upon their comple-
tion.
-\b-n\bn Read commands but do not execute them. This may be used
- to check a shell script for syntax errors. This is
+ to check a shell script for syntax errors. This is
ignored by interactive shells.
-\b-o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
The _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be can be one of the following:
Same as -\b-a\ba.
b\bbr\bra\bac\bce\bee\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd
Same as -\b-B\bB.
- e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs Use an emacs-style command line editing inter-
+ e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs Use an emacs-style command line editing inter-
face. This is enabled by default when the shell
is interactive, unless the shell is started with
the -\b--\b-n\bno\boe\bed\bdi\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg option.
H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY. This option is on by default in inter-
active shells.
i\big\bgn\bno\bor\bre\bee\beo\bof\bf
- The effect is as if the shell command
- ``IGNOREEOF=10'' had been executed (see S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl
+ The effect is as if the shell command
+ ``IGNOREEOF=10'' had been executed (see S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl
V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs above).
k\bke\bey\byw\bwo\bor\brd\bd Same as -\b-k\bk.
m\bmo\bon\bni\bit\bto\bor\br Same as -\b-m\bm.
p\bph\bhy\bys\bsi\bic\bca\bal\bl
Same as -\b-P\bP.
p\bpi\bip\bpe\bef\bfa\bai\bil\bl
- If set, the return value of a pipeline is the
- value of the last (rightmost) command to exit
- with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands
- in the pipeline exit successfully. This option
+ If set, the return value of a pipeline is the
+ value of the last (rightmost) command to exit
+ with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands
+ in the pipeline exit successfully. This option
is disabled by default.
- p\bpo\bos\bsi\bix\bx Change the behavior of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh where the default
- operation differs from the POSIX standard to
+ p\bpo\bos\bsi\bix\bx Change the behavior of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh where the default
+ operation differs from the POSIX standard to
match the standard (_\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be).
p\bpr\bri\biv\bvi\bil\ble\beg\bge\bed\bd
Same as -\b-p\bp.
v\bvi\bi Use a vi-style command line editing interface.
x\bxt\btr\bra\bac\bce\be Same as -\b-x\bx.
If -\b-o\bo is supplied with no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, the values of the
- current options are printed. If +\b+o\bo is supplied with no
- _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, a series of s\bse\bet\bt commands to recreate the
- current option settings is displayed on the standard
+ current options are printed. If +\b+o\bo is supplied with no
+ _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, a series of s\bse\bet\bt commands to recreate the
+ current option settings is displayed on the standard
output.
- -\b-p\bp Turn on _\bp_\br_\bi_\bv_\bi_\bl_\be_\bg_\be_\bd mode. In this mode, the $\b$E\bEN\bNV\bV and
- $\b$B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEN\bNV\bV files are not processed, shell functions are
- not inherited from the environment, and the S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS
- variable, if it appears in the environment, is ignored.
- If the shell is started with the effective user (group)
- id not equal to the real user (group) id, and the -\b-p\bp
- option is not supplied, these actions are taken and the
+ -\b-p\bp Turn on _\bp_\br_\bi_\bv_\bi_\bl_\be_\bg_\be_\bd mode. In this mode, the $\b$E\bEN\bNV\bV and
+ $\b$B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEN\bNV\bV files are not processed, shell functions are
+ not inherited from the environment, and the S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS
+ variable, if it appears in the environment, is ignored.
+ If the shell is started with the effective user (group)
+ id not equal to the real user (group) id, and the -\b-p\bp
+ option is not supplied, these actions are taken and the
effective user id is set to the real user id. If the -\b-p\bp
- option is supplied at startup, the effective user id is
+ option is supplied at startup, the effective user id is
not reset. Turning this option off causes the effective
- user and group ids to be set to the real user and group
+ user and group ids to be set to the real user and group
ids.
-\b-t\bt Exit after reading and executing one command.
-\b-u\bu Treat unset variables as an error when performing param-
- eter expansion. If expansion is attempted on an unset
+ eter expansion. If expansion is attempted on an unset
variable, the shell prints an error message, and, if not
interactive, exits with a non-zero status.
-\b-v\bv Print shell input lines as they are read.
- -\b-x\bx After expanding each _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, f\bfo\bor\br command, c\bca\bas\bse\be
+ -\b-x\bx After expanding each _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, f\bfo\bor\br command, c\bca\bas\bse\be
command, s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt command, or arithmetic f\bfo\bor\br command, dis-
- play the expanded value of P\bPS\bS4\b4, followed by the command
+ play the expanded value of P\bPS\bS4\b4, followed by the command
and its expanded arguments or associated word list.
- -\b-B\bB The shell performs brace expansion (see B\bBr\bra\bac\bce\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
+ -\b-B\bB The shell performs brace expansion (see B\bBr\bra\bac\bce\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
above). This is on by default.
- -\b-C\bC If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not overwrite an existing file with
- the >\b>, >\b>&\b&, and <\b<>\b> redirection operators. This may be
+ -\b-C\bC If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not overwrite an existing file with
+ the >\b>, >\b>&\b&, and <\b<>\b> redirection operators. This may be
overridden when creating output files by using the redi-
rection operator >\b>|\b| instead of >\b>.
-\b-E\bE If set, any trap on E\bER\bRR\bR is inherited by shell functions,
- command substitutions, and commands executed in a sub-
- shell environment. The E\bER\bRR\bR trap is normally not inher-
+ command substitutions, and commands executed in a sub-
+ shell environment. The E\bER\bRR\bR trap is normally not inher-
ited in such cases.
-\b-H\bH Enable !\b! style history substitution. This option is on
by default when the shell is interactive.
- -\b-P\bP If set, the shell does not follow symbolic links when
- executing commands such as c\bcd\bd that change the current
+ -\b-P\bP If set, the shell does not follow symbolic links when
+ executing commands such as c\bcd\bd that change the current
working directory. It uses the physical directory
structure instead. By default, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh follows the logical
- chain of directories when performing commands which
+ chain of directories when performing commands which
change the current directory.
- -\b-T\bT If set, any traps on D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN are inherited by
- shell functions, command substitutions, and commands
- executed in a subshell environment. The D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and
+ -\b-T\bT If set, any traps on D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN are inherited by
+ shell functions, command substitutions, and commands
+ executed in a subshell environment. The D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and
R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN traps are normally not inherited in such cases.
- -\b--\b- If no arguments follow this option, then the positional
+ -\b--\b- If no arguments follow this option, then the positional
parameters are unset. Otherwise, the positional parame-
- ters are set to the _\ba_\br_\bgs, even if some of them begin
+ ters are set to the _\ba_\br_\bgs, even if some of them begin
with a -\b-.
- -\b- Signal the end of options, cause all remaining _\ba_\br_\bgs to
+ -\b- Signal the end of options, cause all remaining _\ba_\br_\bgs to
be assigned to the positional parameters. The -\b-x\bx and -\b-v\bv
options are turned off. If there are no _\ba_\br_\bgs, the posi-
tional parameters remain unchanged.
- The options are off by default unless otherwise noted. Using +
- rather than - causes these options to be turned off. The
- options can also be specified as arguments to an invocation of
- the shell. The current set of options may be found in $\b$-\b-. The
+ The options are off by default unless otherwise noted. Using +
+ rather than - causes these options to be turned off. The
+ options can also be specified as arguments to an invocation of
+ the shell. The current set of options may be found in $\b$-\b-. The
return status is always true unless an invalid option is encoun-
tered.
s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt [_\bn]
- The positional parameters from _\bn+1 ... are renamed to $\b$1\b1 .\b..\b..\b..\b.
- Parameters represented by the numbers $\b$#\b# down to $\b$#\b#-_\bn+1 are
- unset. _\bn must be a non-negative number less than or equal to
- $\b$#\b#. If _\bn is 0, no parameters are changed. If _\bn is not given,
- it is assumed to be 1. If _\bn is greater than $\b$#\b#, the positional
- parameters are not changed. The return status is greater than
+ The positional parameters from _\bn+1 ... are renamed to $\b$1\b1 .\b..\b..\b..\b.
+ Parameters represented by the numbers $\b$#\b# down to $\b$#\b#-_\bn+1 are
+ unset. _\bn must be a non-negative number less than or equal to
+ $\b$#\b#. If _\bn is 0, no parameters are changed. If _\bn is not given,
+ it is assumed to be 1. If _\bn is greater than $\b$#\b#, the positional
+ parameters are not changed. The return status is greater than
zero if _\bn is greater than $\b$#\b# or less than zero; otherwise 0.
s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt [-\b-p\bpq\bqs\bsu\bu] [-\b-o\bo] [_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
Toggle the values of variables controlling optional shell behav-
ior. With no options, or with the -\b-p\bp option, a list of all set-
table options is displayed, with an indication of whether or not
- each is set. The -\b-p\bp option causes output to be displayed in a
- form that may be reused as input. Other options have the fol-
+ each is set. The -\b-p\bp option causes output to be displayed in a
+ form that may be reused as input. Other options have the fol-
lowing meanings:
-\b-s\bs Enable (set) each _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
-\b-u\bu Disable (unset) each _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
- -\b-q\bq Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status
+ -\b-q\bq Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status
indicates whether the _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set or unset. If multi-
- ple _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are given with -\b-q\bq, the return sta-
- tus is zero if all _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are enabled; non-zero other-
+ ple _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are given with -\b-q\bq, the return sta-
+ tus is zero if all _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are enabled; non-zero other-
wise.
- -\b-o\bo Restricts the values of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to be those defined for
+ -\b-o\bo Restricts the values of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to be those defined for
the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin.
- If either -\b-s\bs or -\b-u\bu is used with no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments, the dis-
+ If either -\b-s\bs or -\b-u\bu is used with no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments, the dis-
play is limited to those options which are set or unset, respec-
- tively. Unless otherwise noted, the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt options are disabled
+ tively. Unless otherwise noted, the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt options are disabled
(unset) by default.
- The return status when listing options is zero if all _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs
- are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting
- options, the return status is zero unless an _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a
+ The return status when listing options is zero if all _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs
+ are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting
+ options, the return status is zero unless an _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a
valid shell option.
The list of s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt options is:
- a\bau\but\bto\boc\bcd\bd If set, a command name that is the name of a directory
- is executed as if it were the argument to the c\bcd\bd com-
+ a\bau\but\bto\boc\bcd\bd If set, a command name that is the name of a directory
+ is executed as if it were the argument to the c\bcd\bd com-
mand. This option is only used by interactive shells.
c\bcd\bda\bab\bbl\ble\be_\b_v\bva\bar\brs\bs
- If set, an argument to the c\bcd\bd builtin command that is
- not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable
+ If set, an argument to the c\bcd\bd builtin command that is
+ not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable
whose value is the directory to change to.
c\bcd\bds\bsp\bpe\bel\bll\bl If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory com-
- ponent in a c\bcd\bd command will be corrected. The errors
+ ponent in a c\bcd\bd command will be corrected. The errors
checked for are transposed characters, a missing charac-
- ter, and one character too many. If a correction is
- found, the corrected file name is printed, and the com-
- mand proceeds. This option is only used by interactive
+ ter, and one character too many. If a correction is
+ found, the corrected file name is printed, and the com-
+ mand proceeds. This option is only used by interactive
shells.
c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkh\bha\bas\bsh\bh
If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh checks that a command found in the hash ta-
- ble exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed
- command no longer exists, a normal path search is per-
+ ble exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed
+ command no longer exists, a normal path search is per-
formed.
c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkj\bjo\bob\bbs\bs
If set, bash lists the status of any stopped and running
- jobs before exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs
+ jobs before exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs
are running, this causes the exit to be deferred until a
- second exit is attempted without an intervening command
- (see J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL above). The shell always postpones
+ second exit is attempted without an intervening command
+ (see J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL above). The shell always postpones
exiting if any jobs are stopped.
c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkw\bwi\bin\bns\bsi\biz\bze\be
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh checks the window size after each command
- and, if necessary, updates the values of L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bES\bS and C\bCO\bOL\bL-\b-
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh checks the window size after each command
+ and, if necessary, updates the values of L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bES\bS and C\bCO\bOL\bL-\b-
U\bUM\bMN\bNS\bS.
- c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to save all lines of a multiple-
- line command in the same history entry. This allows
+ c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to save all lines of a multiple-
+ line command in the same history entry. This allows
easy re-editing of multi-line commands.
- d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh includes filenames beginning with a `.' in
+ d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh includes filenames beginning with a `.' in
the results of pathname expansion.
e\bex\bxe\bec\bcf\bfa\bai\bil\bl
If set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it can-
- not execute the file specified as an argument to the
- e\bex\bxe\bec\bc builtin command. An interactive shell does not
+ not execute the file specified as an argument to the
+ e\bex\bxe\bec\bc builtin command. An interactive shell does not
exit if e\bex\bxe\bec\bc fails.
e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bse\bes\bs
- If set, aliases are expanded as described above under
+ If set, aliases are expanded as described above under
A\bAL\bLI\bIA\bAS\bSE\bES\bS. This option is enabled by default for interac-
tive shells.
e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg
- If set, behavior intended for use by debuggers is
+ If set, behavior intended for use by debuggers is
enabled:
1\b1.\b. The -\b-F\bF option to the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin displays the
source file name and line number corresponding to
each function name supplied as an argument.
- 2\b2.\b. If the command run by the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap returns a
- non-zero value, the next command is skipped and
+ 2\b2.\b. If the command run by the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap returns a
+ non-zero value, the next command is skipped and
not executed.
- 3\b3.\b. If the command run by the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap returns a
- value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub-
- routine (a shell function or a shell script exe-
- cuted by the .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins), a call to
+ 3\b3.\b. If the command run by the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap returns a
+ value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub-
+ routine (a shell function or a shell script exe-
+ cuted by the .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins), a call to
r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is simulated.
- 4\b4.\b. B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGC\bC and B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV are updated as described
+ 4\b4.\b. B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGC\bC and B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV are updated as described
in their descriptions above.
- 5\b5.\b. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu-
+ 5\b5.\b. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu-
tion, shell functions, and subshells invoked with
(\b( _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd )\b) inherit the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN traps.
- 6\b6.\b. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution,
- shell functions, and subshells invoked with (\b(
+ 6\b6.\b. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution,
+ shell functions, and subshells invoked with (\b(
_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd )\b) inherit the E\bER\bRR\bRO\bOR\bR trap.
e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb If set, the extended pattern matching features described
above under P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn are enabled.
e\bex\bxt\btq\bqu\buo\bot\bte\be
- If set, $\b$'_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg' and $\b$"_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg" quoting is performed
- within $\b${\b{_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br}\b} expansions enclosed in double
+ If set, $\b$'_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg' and $\b$"_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg" quoting is performed
+ within $\b${\b{_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br}\b} expansions enclosed in double
quotes. This option is enabled by default.
f\bfa\bai\bil\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
- If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during
+ If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during
pathname expansion result in an expansion error.
f\bfo\bor\brc\bce\be_\b_f\bfi\big\bgn\bno\bor\bre\be
- If set, the suffixes specified by the F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE shell
- variable cause words to be ignored when performing word
+ If set, the suffixes specified by the F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE shell
+ variable cause words to be ignored when performing word
completion even if the ignored words are the only possi-
ble completions. See S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL V\bVA\bAR\bRI\bIA\bAB\bBL\bLE\bES\bS above for a
- description of F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE. This option is enabled by
+ description of F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE. This option is enabled by
default.
g\bgn\bnu\bu_\b_e\ber\brr\brf\bfm\bmt\bt
If set, shell error messages are written in the standard
GNU error message format.
h\bhi\bis\bst\bta\bap\bpp\bpe\ben\bnd\bd
- If set, the history list is appended to the file named
- by the value of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE variable when the shell
+ If set, the history list is appended to the file named
+ by the value of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE variable when the shell
exits, rather than overwriting the file.
h\bhi\bis\bst\btr\bre\bee\bed\bdi\bit\bt
- If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, a user is given the
+ If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, a user is given the
opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitution.
h\bhi\bis\bst\btv\bve\ber\bri\bif\bfy\by
- If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, the results of his-
- tory substitution are not immediately passed to the
- shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded
+ If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, the results of his-
+ tory substitution are not immediately passed to the
+ shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded
into the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be editing buffer, allowing further modi-
fication.
h\bho\bos\bst\btc\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be
If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh will attempt to
- perform hostname completion when a word containing a @\b@
- is being completed (see C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bin\bng\bg under R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
+ perform hostname completion when a word containing a @\b@
+ is being completed (see C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bin\bng\bg under R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
above). This is enabled by default.
h\bhu\bup\bpo\bon\bne\bex\bxi\bit\bt
If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh will send S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP to all jobs when an inter-
active login shell exits.
i\bin\bnt\bte\ber\bra\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be_\b_c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bts\bs
If set, allow a word beginning with #\b# to cause that word
- and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored
- in an interactive shell (see C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bME\bEN\bNT\bTS\bS above). This
+ and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored
+ in an interactive shell (see C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bME\bEN\bNT\bTS\bS above). This
option is enabled by default.
- l\bli\bit\bth\bhi\bis\bst\bt If set, and the c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt option is enabled, multi-line
+ l\bli\bit\bth\bhi\bis\bst\bt If set, and the c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt option is enabled, multi-line
commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines
rather than using semicolon separators where possible.
l\blo\bog\bgi\bin\bn_\b_s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl
- The shell sets this option if it is started as a login
- shell (see I\bIN\bNV\bVO\bOC\bCA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above). The value may not be
+ The shell sets this option if it is started as a login
+ shell (see I\bIN\bNV\bVO\bOC\bCA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above). The value may not be
changed.
m\bma\bai\bil\blw\bwa\bar\brn\bn
- If set, and a file that b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is checking for mail has
- been accessed since the last time it was checked, the
- message ``The mail in _\bm_\ba_\bi_\bl_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be has been read'' is dis-
+ If set, and a file that b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is checking for mail has
+ been accessed since the last time it was checked, the
+ message ``The mail in _\bm_\ba_\bi_\bl_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be has been read'' is dis-
played.
n\bno\bo_\b_e\bem\bmp\bpt\bty\by_\b_c\bcm\bmd\bd_\b_c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn
- If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh will not
+ If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh will not
attempt to search the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH for possible completions when
completion is attempted on an empty line.
n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\beg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh matches filenames in a case-insensitive
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh matches filenames in a case-insensitive
fashion when performing pathname expansion (see P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be
E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn above).
n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\bem\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh matches patterns in a case-insensitive
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh matches patterns in a case-insensitive
fashion when performing matching while executing c\bca\bas\bse\be or
[\b[[\b[ conditional commands.
n\bnu\bul\bll\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh allows patterns which match no files (see
- P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn above) to expand to a null string,
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh allows patterns which match no files (see
+ P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn above) to expand to a null string,
rather than themselves.
p\bpr\bro\bog\bgc\bco\bom\bmp\bp
If set, the programmable completion facilities (see P\bPr\bro\bo-\b-
enabled by default.
p\bpr\bro\bom\bmp\bpt\btv\bva\bar\brs\bs
If set, prompt strings undergo parameter expansion, com-
- mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote
- removal after being expanded as described in P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG
+ mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote
+ removal after being expanded as described in P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG
above. This option is enabled by default.
r\bre\bes\bst\btr\bri\bic\bct\bte\bed\bd_\b_s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl
- The shell sets this option if it is started in
+ The shell sets this option if it is started in
restricted mode (see R\bRE\bES\bST\bTR\bRI\bIC\bCT\bTE\bED\bD S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL below). The value
- may not be changed. This is not reset when the startup
- files are executed, allowing the startup files to dis-
+ may not be changed. This is not reset when the startup
+ files are executed, allowing the startup files to dis-
cover whether or not a shell is restricted.
s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt_\b_v\bve\ber\brb\bbo\bos\bse\be
- If set, the s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt builtin prints an error message when
+ If set, the s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt builtin prints an error message when
the shift count exceeds the number of positional parame-
ters.
s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\bep\bpa\bat\bth\bh
If set, the s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be (.\b.) builtin uses the value of P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH to
- find the directory containing the file supplied as an
+ find the directory containing the file supplied as an
argument. This option is enabled by default.
x\bxp\bpg\bg_\b_e\bec\bch\bho\bo
- If set, the e\bec\bch\bho\bo builtin expands backslash-escape
+ If set, the e\bec\bch\bho\bo builtin expands backslash-escape
sequences by default.
s\bsu\bus\bsp\bpe\ben\bnd\bd [-\b-f\bf]
- Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a S\bSI\bIG\bGC\bCO\bON\bNT\bT
- signal. The -\b-f\bf option says not to complain if this is a login
- shell; just suspend anyway. The return status is 0 unless the
+ Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a S\bSI\bIG\bGC\bCO\bON\bNT\bT
+ signal. The -\b-f\bf option says not to complain if this is a login
+ shell; just suspend anyway. The return status is 0 unless the
shell is a login shell and -\b-f\bf is not supplied, or if job control
is not enabled.
t\bte\bes\bst\bt _\be_\bx_\bp_\br
[\b[ _\be_\bx_\bp_\br ]\b]
- Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of the
- conditional expression _\be_\bx_\bp_\br. Each operator and operand must be
- a separate argument. Expressions are composed of the primaries
- described above under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS. t\bte\bes\bst\bt does not
+ Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of the
+ conditional expression _\be_\bx_\bp_\br. Each operator and operand must be
+ a separate argument. Expressions are composed of the primaries
+ described above under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS. t\bte\bes\bst\bt does not
accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore an argument of
-\b--\b- as signifying the end of options.
- Expressions may be combined using the following operators,
+ Expressions may be combined using the following operators,
listed in decreasing order of precedence. The evaluation
depends on the number of arguments; see below.
!\b! _\be_\bx_\bp_\br True if _\be_\bx_\bp_\br is false.
(\b( _\be_\bx_\bp_\br )\b)
- Returns the value of _\be_\bx_\bp_\br. This may be used to override
+ Returns the value of _\be_\bx_\bp_\br. This may be used to override
the normal precedence of operators.
_\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b1 -a\ba _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2
True if both _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b1 and _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2 are true.
null.
2 arguments
If the first argument is !\b!, the expression is true if and
- only if the second argument is null. If the first argu-
- ment is one of the unary conditional operators listed
- above under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS, the expression is
+ only if the second argument is null. If the first argu-
+ ment is one of the unary conditional operators listed
+ above under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS, the expression is
true if the unary test is true. If the first argument is
not a valid unary conditional operator, the expression is
false.
3 arguments
- If the second argument is one of the binary conditional
+ If the second argument is one of the binary conditional
operators listed above under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS, the
result of the expression is the result of the binary test
- using the first and third arguments as operands. The -\b-a\ba
- and -\b-o\bo operators are considered binary operators when
- there are three arguments. If the first argument is !\b!,
- the value is the negation of the two-argument test using
+ using the first and third arguments as operands. The -\b-a\ba
+ and -\b-o\bo operators are considered binary operators when
+ there are three arguments. If the first argument is !\b!,
+ the value is the negation of the two-argument test using
the second and third arguments. If the first argument is
exactly (\b( and the third argument is exactly )\b), the result
- is the one-argument test of the second argument. Other-
+ is the one-argument test of the second argument. Other-
wise, the expression is false.
4 arguments
If the first argument is !\b!, the result is the negation of
- the three-argument expression composed of the remaining
+ the three-argument expression composed of the remaining
arguments. Otherwise, the expression is parsed and eval-
- uated according to precedence using the rules listed
+ uated according to precedence using the rules listed
above.
5 or more arguments
- The expression is parsed and evaluated according to
+ The expression is parsed and evaluated according to
precedence using the rules listed above.
- t\bti\bim\bme\bes\bs Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and
+ t\bti\bim\bme\bes\bs Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and
for processes run from the shell. The return status is 0.
t\btr\bra\bap\bp [-\b-l\blp\bp] [[_\ba_\br_\bg] _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc ...]
- The command _\ba_\br_\bg is to be read and executed when the shell
- receives signal(s) _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc. If _\ba_\br_\bg is absent (and there is a
- single _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc) or -\b-, each specified signal is reset to its
- original disposition (the value it had upon entrance to the
- shell). If _\ba_\br_\bg is the null string the signal specified by each
- _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes.
- If _\ba_\br_\bg is not present and -\b-p\bp has been supplied, then the trap
- commands associated with each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc are displayed. If no
- arguments are supplied or if only -\b-p\bp is given, t\btr\bra\bap\bp prints the
- list of commands associated with each signal. The -\b-l\bl option
- causes the shell to print a list of signal names and their cor-
- responding numbers. Each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is either a signal name
- defined in <_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\ba_\bl_\b._\bh>, or a signal number. Signal names are
- case insensitive and the SIG prefix is optional. If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc
- is E\bEX\bXI\bIT\bT (0) the command _\ba_\br_\bg is executed on exit from the shell.
- If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG, the command _\ba_\br_\bg is executed before every
+ The command _\ba_\br_\bg is to be read and executed when the shell
+ receives signal(s) _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc. If _\ba_\br_\bg is absent (and there is a
+ single _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc) or -\b-, each specified signal is reset to its
+ original disposition (the value it had upon entrance to the
+ shell). If _\ba_\br_\bg is the null string the signal specified by each
+ _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes.
+ If _\ba_\br_\bg is not present and -\b-p\bp has been supplied, then the trap
+ commands associated with each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc are displayed. If no
+ arguments are supplied or if only -\b-p\bp is given, t\btr\bra\bap\bp prints the
+ list of commands associated with each signal. The -\b-l\bl option
+ causes the shell to print a list of signal names and their cor-
+ responding numbers. Each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is either a signal name
+ defined in <_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\ba_\bl_\b._\bh>, or a signal number. Signal names are
+ case insensitive and the SIG prefix is optional. If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc
+ is E\bEX\bXI\bIT\bT (0) the command _\ba_\br_\bg is executed on exit from the shell.
+ If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG, the command _\ba_\br_\bg is executed before every
_\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, _\bf_\bo_\br command, _\bc_\ba_\bs_\be command, _\bs_\be_\bl_\be_\bc_\bt command, every
arithmetic _\bf_\bo_\br command, and before the first command executes in
- a shell function (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR above). Refer to the
- description of the e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg option to the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin for
- details of its effect on the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap. If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is E\bER\bRR\bR,
- the command _\ba_\br_\bg is executed whenever a simple command has a
- non-zero exit status, subject to the following conditions. The
- E\bER\bRR\bR trap is not executed if the failed command is part of the
- command list immediately following a w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl keyword,
- part of the test in an _\bi_\bf statement, part of a &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b| list, or
- if the command's return value is being inverted via !\b!. These
- are the same conditions obeyed by the e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt option. If a
- _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN, the command _\ba_\br_\bg is executed each time a shell
- function or a script executed with the .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins fin-
- ishes executing. Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot
- be trapped or reset. Trapped signals that are not being ignored
- are reset to their original values in a child process when it is
- created. The return status is false if any _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is invalid;
- otherwise t\btr\bra\bap\bp returns true.
+ a shell function (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR above). Refer to the
+ description of the e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg option to the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin for
+ details of its effect on the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap. If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is E\bER\bRR\bR,
+ the command _\ba_\br_\bg is executed whenever a simple command has a
+ non-zero exit status, subject to the following conditions. The
+ E\bER\bRR\bR trap is not executed if the failed command is part of the
+ command list immediately following a w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl keyword,
+ part of the test in an _\bi_\bf statement, part of a command executed
+ in a &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b| list, or if the command's return value is being
+ inverted via !\b!. These are the same conditions obeyed by the
+ e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt option. If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN, the command _\ba_\br_\bg is exe-
+ cuted each time a shell function or a script executed with the .\b.
+ or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins finishes executing. Signals ignored upon
+ entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset. Trapped signals
+ that are not being ignored are reset to their original values in
+ a child process when it is created. The return status is false
+ if any _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is invalid; otherwise t\btr\bra\bap\bp returns true.
t\bty\byp\bpe\be [-\b-a\baf\bft\btp\bpP\bP] _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- With no options, indicate how each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be would be interpreted if
+ With no options, indicate how each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be would be interpreted if
used as a command name. If the -\b-t\bt option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints a
- string which is one of _\ba_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs, _\bk_\be_\by_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn, or
- _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be if _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an alias, shell reserved word, function,
- builtin, or disk file, respectively. If the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found,
- then nothing is printed, and an exit status of false is
- returned. If the -\b-p\bp option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be either returns the
+ string which is one of _\ba_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs, _\bk_\be_\by_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn, or
+ _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be if _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an alias, shell reserved word, function,
+ builtin, or disk file, respectively. If the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found,
+ then nothing is printed, and an exit status of false is
+ returned. If the -\b-p\bp option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be either returns the
name of the disk file that would be executed if _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be were speci-
fied as a command name, or nothing if ``type -t name'' would not
- return _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be. The -\b-P\bP option forces a P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH search for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be,
+ return _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be. The -\b-P\bP option forces a P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH search for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be,
even if ``type -t name'' would not return _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be. If a command is
- hashed, -\b-p\bp and -\b-P\bP print the hashed value, not necessarily the
+ hashed, -\b-p\bp and -\b-P\bP print the hashed value, not necessarily the
file that appears first in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH. If the -\b-a\ba option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be
- prints all of the places that contain an executable named _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
- This includes aliases and functions, if and only if the -\b-p\bp
- option is not also used. The table of hashed commands is not
- consulted when using -\b-a\ba. The -\b-f\bf option suppresses shell func-
- tion lookup, as with the c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd builtin. t\bty\byp\bpe\be returns true if
+ prints all of the places that contain an executable named _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
+ This includes aliases and functions, if and only if the -\b-p\bp
+ option is not also used. The table of hashed commands is not
+ consulted when using -\b-a\ba. The -\b-f\bf option suppresses shell func-
+ tion lookup, as with the c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd builtin. t\bty\byp\bpe\be returns true if
any of the arguments are found, false if none are found.
u\bul\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt [-\b-S\bSH\bHa\bac\bcd\bde\bef\bfi\bil\blm\bmn\bnp\bpq\bqr\brs\bst\btu\buv\bvx\bx [_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt]]
- Provides control over the resources available to the shell and
- to processes started by it, on systems that allow such control.
+ Provides control over the resources available to the shell and
+ to processes started by it, on systems that allow such control.
The -\b-H\bH and -\b-S\bS options specify that the hard or soft limit is set
- for the given resource. A hard limit cannot be increased by a
- non-root user once it is set; a soft limit may be increased up
- to the value of the hard limit. If neither -\b-H\bH nor -\b-S\bS is speci-
+ for the given resource. A hard limit cannot be increased by a
+ non-root user once it is set; a soft limit may be increased up
+ to the value of the hard limit. If neither -\b-H\bH nor -\b-S\bS is speci-
fied, both the soft and hard limits are set. The value of _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt
can be a number in the unit specified for the resource or one of
the special values h\bha\bar\brd\bd, s\bso\bof\bft\bt, or u\bun\bnl\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bte\bed\bd, which stand for the
- current hard limit, the current soft limit, and no limit,
- respectively. If _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is omitted, the current value of the
- soft limit of the resource is printed, unless the -\b-H\bH option is
+ current hard limit, the current soft limit, and no limit,
+ respectively. If _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is omitted, the current value of the
+ soft limit of the resource is printed, unless the -\b-H\bH option is
given. When more than one resource is specified, the limit name
and unit are printed before the value. Other options are inter-
preted as follows:
-\b-c\bc The maximum size of core files created
-\b-d\bd The maximum size of a process's data segment
-\b-e\be The maximum scheduling priority ("nice")
- -\b-f\bf The maximum size of files written by the shell and its
+ -\b-f\bf The maximum size of files written by the shell and its
children
-\b-i\bi The maximum number of pending signals
-\b-l\bl The maximum size that may be locked into memory
-\b-r\br The maximum real-time scheduling priority
-\b-s\bs The maximum stack size
-\b-t\bt The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds
- -\b-u\bu The maximum number of processes available to a single
+ -\b-u\bu The maximum number of processes available to a single
user
- -\b-v\bv The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the
+ -\b-v\bv The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the
shell
-\b-x\bx The maximum number of file locks
If _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is given, it is the new value of the specified resource
(the -\b-a\ba option is display only). If no option is given, then -\b-f\bf
- is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for -\b-t\bt,
- which is in seconds, -\b-p\bp, which is in units of 512-byte blocks,
- and -\b-n\bn and -\b-u\bu, which are unscaled values. The return status is
- 0 unless an invalid option or argument is supplied, or an error
+ is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for -\b-t\bt,
+ which is in seconds, -\b-p\bp, which is in units of 512-byte blocks,
+ and -\b-n\bn and -\b-u\bu, which are unscaled values. The return status is
+ 0 unless an invalid option or argument is supplied, or an error
occurs while setting a new limit.
u\bum\bma\bas\bsk\bk [-\b-p\bp] [-\b-S\bS] [_\bm_\bo_\bd_\be]
The user file-creation mask is set to _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be. If _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be begins with
- a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is
- interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by
- _\bc_\bh_\bm_\bo_\bd(1). If _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be is omitted, the current value of the mask is
- printed. The -\b-S\bS option causes the mask to be printed in sym-
- bolic form; the default output is an octal number. If the -\b-p\bp
+ a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is
+ interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by
+ _\bc_\bh_\bm_\bo_\bd(1). If _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be is omitted, the current value of the mask is
+ printed. The -\b-S\bS option causes the mask to be printed in sym-
+ bolic form; the default output is an octal number. If the -\b-p\bp
option is supplied, and _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be is omitted, the output is in a form
that may be reused as input. The return status is 0 if the mode
- was successfully changed or if no _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be argument was supplied,
+ was successfully changed or if no _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be argument was supplied,
and false otherwise.
u\bun\bna\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs [-a\ba] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- Remove each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from the list of defined aliases. If -\b-a\ba is
- supplied, all alias definitions are removed. The return value
+ Remove each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from the list of defined aliases. If -\b-a\ba is
+ supplied, all alias definitions are removed. The return value
is true unless a supplied _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a defined alias.
u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt [-f\bfv\bv] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- For each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, remove the corresponding variable or function.
+ For each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, remove the corresponding variable or function.
If no options are supplied, or the -\b-v\bv option is given, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
- refers to a shell variable. Read-only variables may not be
- unset. If -\b-f\bf is specified, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be refers to a shell func-
- tion, and the function definition is removed. Each unset vari-
- able or function is removed from the environment passed to sub-
- sequent commands. If any of R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM, S\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS, L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO, H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCM\bMD\bD,
+ refers to a shell variable. Read-only variables may not be
+ unset. If -\b-f\bf is specified, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be refers to a shell func-
+ tion, and the function definition is removed. Each unset vari-
+ able or function is removed from the environment passed to sub-
+ sequent commands. If any of R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM, S\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS, L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO, H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCM\bMD\bD,
F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE, G\bGR\bRO\bOU\bUP\bPS\bS, or D\bDI\bIR\bRS\bST\bTA\bAC\bCK\bK are unset, they lose their special
- properties, even if they are subsequently reset. The exit sta-
+ properties, even if they are subsequently reset. The exit sta-
tus is true unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is readonly.
w\bwa\bai\bit\bt [_\bn _\b._\b._\b.]
- Wait for each specified process and return its termination sta-
- tus. Each _\bn may be a process ID or a job specification; if a
- job spec is given, all processes in that job's pipeline are
- waited for. If _\bn is not given, all currently active child pro-
- cesses are waited for, and the return status is zero. If _\bn
- specifies a non-existent process or job, the return status is
- 127. Otherwise, the return status is the exit status of the
+ Wait for each specified process and return its termination sta-
+ tus. Each _\bn may be a process ID or a job specification; if a
+ job spec is given, all processes in that job's pipeline are
+ waited for. If _\bn is not given, all currently active child pro-
+ cesses are waited for, and the return status is zero. If _\bn
+ specifies a non-existent process or job, the return status is
+ 127. Otherwise, the return status is the exit status of the
last process or job waited for.
R\bRE\bES\bST\bTR\bRI\bIC\bCT\bTE\bED\bD S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL
If b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is started with the name r\brb\bba\bas\bsh\bh, or the -\b-r\br option is supplied at
- invocation, the shell becomes restricted. A restricted shell is used
- to set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell. It
- behaves identically to b\bba\bas\bsh\bh with the exception that the following are
+ invocation, the shell becomes restricted. A restricted shell is used
+ to set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell. It
+ behaves identically to b\bba\bas\bsh\bh with the exception that the following are
disallowed or not performed:
+\bo changing directories with c\bcd\bd
+\bo specifying command names containing /\b/
- +\bo specifying a file name containing a /\b/ as an argument to the .\b.
+ +\bo specifying a file name containing a /\b/ as an argument to the .\b.
builtin command
- +\bo Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the
+ +\bo Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the
-\b-p\bp option to the h\bha\bas\bsh\bh builtin command
- +\bo importing function definitions from the shell environment at
+ +\bo importing function definitions from the shell environment at
startup
- +\bo parsing the value of S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS from the shell environment at
+ +\bo parsing the value of S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS from the shell environment at
startup
+\bo redirecting output using the >, >|, <>, >&, &>, and >> redirect-
+\bo using the e\bex\bxe\bec\bc builtin command to replace the shell with another
command
- +\bo adding or deleting builtin commands with the -\b-f\bf and -\b-d\bd options
+ +\bo adding or deleting builtin commands with the -\b-f\bf and -\b-d\bd options
to the e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be builtin command
- +\bo Using the e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be builtin command to enable disabled shell
+ +\bo Using the e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be builtin command to enable disabled shell
builtins
+\bo specifying the -\b-p\bp option to the c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd builtin command
These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read.
When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed (see C\bCO\bOM\bM-\b-
- M\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above), r\brb\bba\bas\bsh\bh turns off any restrictions in the shell
+ M\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above), r\brb\bba\bas\bsh\bh turns off any restrictions in the shell
spawned to execute the script.
S\bSE\bEE\bE A\bAL\bLS\bSO\bO
_\bB_\ba_\bs_\bh _\bR_\be_\bf_\be_\br_\be_\bn_\bc_\be _\bM_\ba_\bn_\bu_\ba_\bl, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey
_\bT_\bh_\be _\bG_\bn_\bu _\bR_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be _\bL_\bi_\bb_\br_\ba_\br_\by, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey
_\bT_\bh_\be _\bG_\bn_\bu _\bH_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by _\bL_\bi_\bb_\br_\ba_\br_\by, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey
- _\bP_\bo_\br_\bt_\ba_\bb_\bl_\be _\bO_\bp_\be_\br_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bn_\bg _\bS_\by_\bs_\bt_\be_\bm _\bI_\bn_\bt_\be_\br_\bf_\ba_\bc_\be _\b(_\bP_\bO_\bS_\bI_\bX_\b) _\bP_\ba_\br_\bt _\b2_\b: _\bS_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl _\ba_\bn_\bd _\bU_\bt_\bi_\bl_\bi_\b-
+ _\bP_\bo_\br_\bt_\ba_\bb_\bl_\be _\bO_\bp_\be_\br_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bn_\bg _\bS_\by_\bs_\bt_\be_\bm _\bI_\bn_\bt_\be_\br_\bf_\ba_\bc_\be _\b(_\bP_\bO_\bS_\bI_\bX_\b) _\bP_\ba_\br_\bt _\b2_\b: _\bS_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl _\ba_\bn_\bd _\bU_\bt_\bi_\bl_\bi_\b-
_\bt_\bi_\be_\bs, IEEE
_\bs_\bh(1), _\bk_\bs_\bh(1), _\bc_\bs_\bh(1)
_\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs(1), _\bv_\bi(1)
_\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\br_\bc
The individual per-interactive-shell startup file
_\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b__\bl_\bo_\bg_\bo_\bu_\bt
- The individual login shell cleanup file, executed when a login
+ The individual login shell cleanup file, executed when a login
shell exits
_\b~_\b/_\b._\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc
Individual _\br_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be initialization file
B\bBU\bUG\bG R\bRE\bEP\bPO\bOR\bRT\bTS\bS
If you find a bug in b\bba\bas\bsh\bh,\b, you should report it. But first, you should
- make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest
- version of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. The latest version is always available from
+ make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest
+ version of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. The latest version is always available from
_\bf_\bt_\bp_\b:_\b/_\b/_\bf_\bt_\bp_\b._\bg_\bn_\bu_\b._\bo_\br_\bg_\b/_\bp_\bu_\bb_\b/_\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b/.
- Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\bb_\bu_\bg
- command to submit a bug report. If you have a fix, you are encouraged
- to mail that as well! Suggestions and `philosophical' bug reports may
- be mailed to _\bb_\bu_\bg_\b-_\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b@_\bg_\bn_\bu_\b._\bo_\br_\bg or posted to the Usenet newsgroup
+ Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\bb_\bu_\bg
+ command to submit a bug report. If you have a fix, you are encouraged
+ to mail that as well! Suggestions and `philosophical' bug reports may
+ be mailed to _\bb_\bu_\bg_\b-_\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b@_\bg_\bn_\bu_\b._\bo_\br_\bg or posted to the Usenet newsgroup
g\bgn\bnu\bu.\b.b\bba\bas\bsh\bh.\b.b\bbu\bug\bg.
ALL bug reports should include:
A description of the bug behaviour
A short script or `recipe' which exercises the bug
- _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\bb_\bu_\bg inserts the first three items automatically into the template
+ _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\bb_\bu_\bg inserts the first three items automatically into the template
it provides for filing a bug report.
Comments and bug reports concerning this manual page should be directed
Shell builtin commands and functions are not stoppable/restartable.
Compound commands and command sequences of the form `a ; b ; c' are not
- handled gracefully when process suspension is attempted. When a
- process is stopped, the shell immediately executes the next command in
- the sequence. It suffices to place the sequence of commands between
- parentheses to force it into a subshell, which may be stopped as a
+ handled gracefully when process suspension is attempted. When a
+ process is stopped, the shell immediately executes the next command in
+ the sequence. It suffices to place the sequence of commands between
+ parentheses to force it into a subshell, which may be stopped as a
unit.
- Commands inside of $\b$(\b(...)\b) command substitution are not parsed until
- substitution is attempted. This will delay error reporting until some
+ Commands inside of $\b$(\b(...)\b) command substitution are not parsed until
+ substitution is attempted. This will delay error reporting until some
time after the command is entered. For example, unmatched parentheses,
- even inside shell comments, will result in error messages while the
+ even inside shell comments, will result in error messages while the
construct is being read.
Array variables may not (yet) be exported.
-GNU Bash-3.2 2007 September 14 BASH(1)
+GNU Bash-3.2 2007 December 5 BASH(1)
</HEAD>
<BODY><TABLE WIDTH=100%>
<TR>
-<TH ALIGN=LEFT width=33%>BASH(1)<TH ALIGN=CENTER width=33%>2007 September 14<TH ALIGN=RIGHT width=33%>BASH(1)
+<TH ALIGN=LEFT width=33%>BASH(1)<TH ALIGN=CENTER width=33%>2007 December 5<TH ALIGN=RIGHT width=33%>BASH(1)
</TR>
</TABLE>
<BR><A HREF="#index">Index</A>
<B>Bash</B>
-attempts to determine when it is being run by the remote shell
-daemon, usually <I>rshd</I>.
+attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard input
+connected to a a network connection, as if by the remote shell
+daemon, usually <I>rshd</I>, or the secure shell daemon <I>sshd</I>.
If
<B>bash</B>
-determines it is being run by <I>rshd</I>, it reads and executes
+determines it is being run in this fashion, it reads and executes
commands from <A HREF="file:~/.bashrc"><I>~/.bashrc</I></A>, if that file exists and is readable.
It will not do this if invoked as <B>sh</B>.
The
An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source files
corresponding to each member of <B>FUNCNAME</B>.
<B>${BASH_LINENO[</B><I>$i</I><B>]}</B> is the line number in the source
-file where <B>${FUNCNAME[</B><I>$ifP</I><B>]}</B> was called.
+file where <B>${FUNCNAME[</B><I>$i</I><B>]}</B> was called
+(or <B>${BASH_LINENO[</B><I>$i-1</I><B>]}</B> if referenced within another
+shell function).
The corresponding source file name is <B>${BASH_SOURCE[</B><I>$i</I><B>]}.
Use LINENO</B> to obtain the current line number.
<DT><B>BASH_REMATCH</B>
part of the test in an
<B>if</B>
-statement, part of a
+statement, part of a command executed in a
<B>&&</B>
or
part of the test in an
<I>if</I>
-statement, part of a
+statement, part of a command executed in a
<B>&&</B>
or
<HR>
<TABLE WIDTH=100%>
<TR>
-<TH ALIGN=LEFT width=33%>GNU Bash-3.2<TH ALIGN=CENTER width=33%>2007 September 14<TH ALIGN=RIGHT width=33%>BASH(1)
+<TH ALIGN=LEFT width=33%>GNU Bash-3.2<TH ALIGN=CENTER width=33%>2007 December 5<TH ALIGN=RIGHT width=33%>BASH(1)
</TR>
</TABLE>
<HR>
</DL>
<HR>
This document was created by man2html from bash.1.<BR>
-Time: 10 October 2007 09:50:38 EDT
+Time: 10 January 2008 17:41:32 EST
</BODY>
</HTML>
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(ilable, with the same precedence as).25 F F1(==)2.743 E F0(and)2.743 E
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-(return v)2.707 F .207
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-(art of the pattern may be quoted to force it to be matched)-2.879 F
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--.55 G -.18(rg)-2.944 G .444(uments when it is in).18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1
-(ke).2 G .445(d, and may be reassigned using).1 F(the)108 273.6 Q F1
-(set)3.334 E F0 -.2(bu)3.334 G .834(iltin command.).2 F .833(Positional\
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-(The)5.833 E .334(positional parameters are temporarily replaced when a\
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+(tional parameters are assigned from the shell')108 336 R 2.944(sa)-.55
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+.2 G .444(d, and may be reassigned using).1 F(the)108 348 Q F1(set)3.333
+E F0 -.2(bu)3.333 G .833(iltin command.).2 F .834(Positional parameters\
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-(Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.)31 F .605
-(When the e)5.605 F .605(xpansion occurs within dou-)-.15 F .083
-(ble quotes, it e)144 379.2 R .084(xpands to a single w)-.15 F .084
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-(IFS)144 415.2 Q F0(is null, the parameters are joined without interv)
-2.25 E(ening separators.)-.15 E F1(@)108 427.2 Q F0 .606
-(Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.)26.7 F .605
-(When the e)5.605 F .605(xpansion occurs within dou-)-.15 F .113
-(ble quotes, each parameter e)144 439.2 R .113(xpands to a separate w)
--.15 F 2.614(ord. That)-.1 F .114(is, ")2.614 F F1($@)A F0 2.614("i)C
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-(If the double-quoted e)144 451.2 R .135(xpansion occurs within a w)-.15
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-(xpansion of the \214rst parameter is joined)-.15 F .15(with the be)144
-463.2 R .15(ginning part of the original w)-.15 F .151(ord, and the e)
--.1 F .151(xpansion of the last parameter is joined with)-.15 F .338
-(the last part of the original w)144 475.2 R 2.838(ord. When)-.1 F .337
-(there are no positional parameters, ")2.838 F F1($@)A F0 2.837("a)C(nd)
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-(to nothing \(i.e., the)144 487.2 Q 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re remo)-2.5 E -.15
-(ve)-.15 G(d\).).15 E F1(#)108 499.2 Q F0
+($1)A F3(c)A F1($2)A F3(c)A F1(...)A F0 .003(", where)B F3(c)2.703 E F0
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+(IFS)144 489.6 Q F0(is null, the parameters are joined without interv)
+2.25 E(ening separators.)-.15 E F1(@)108 501.6 Q F0 .605
+(Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.)26.7 F .606
+(When the e)5.605 F .606(xpansion occurs within dou-)-.15 F .114
+(ble quotes, each parameter e)144 513.6 R .114(xpands to a separate w)
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+(If the double-quoted e)144 525.6 R .134(xpansion occurs within a w)-.15
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+(the last part of the original w)144 549.6 R 2.837(ord. When)-.1 F .338
+(there are no positional parameters, ")2.837 F F1($@)A F0 2.838("a)C(nd)
+-2.838 E F1($@)2.838 E F0 -.15(ex)2.838 G(pand).15 E
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+(ve)-.15 G(d\).).15 E F1(#)108 573.6 Q F0
(Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal.)31 E F1(?)
-108 511.2 Q F0(Expands to the status of the most recently e)31 E -.15
-(xe)-.15 G(cuted fore).15 E(ground pipeline.)-.15 E F1<ad>108 523.2 Q F0
-.881(Expands to the current option \215ags as speci\214ed upon in)30.3 F
--.2(vo)-.4 G .881(cation, by the).2 F F1(set)3.382 E F0 -.2(bu)3.382 G
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-144 535.2 Q F1<ad69>2.5 E F0(option\).)2.5 E F1($)108 547.2 Q F0 .214
+108 585.6 Q F0(Expands to the status of the most recently e)31 E -.15
+(xe)-.15 G(cuted fore).15 E(ground pipeline.)-.15 E F1<ad>108 597.6 Q F0
+.882(Expands to the current option \215ags as speci\214ed upon in)30.3 F
+-.2(vo)-.4 G .881(cation, by the).2 F F1(set)3.381 E F0 -.2(bu)3.381 G
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+144 609.6 Q F1<ad69>2.5 E F0(option\).)2.5 E F1($)108 621.6 Q F0 .214
(Expands to the process ID of the shell.)31 F .214
(In a \(\) subshell, it e)5.214 F .214
(xpands to the process ID of the current)-.15 F
-(shell, not the subshell.)144 559.2 Q F1(!)108 571.2 Q F0
+(shell, not the subshell.)144 633.6 Q F1(!)108 645.6 Q F0
(Expands to the process ID of the most recently e)32.67 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
-(cuted background \(asynchronous\) command.).15 E F1(0)108 583.2 Q F0
-1.691(Expands to the name of the shell or shell script.)31 F 1.692
-(This is set at shell initialization.)6.692 F(If)6.692 E F1(bash)4.192 E
-F0(is)4.192 E(in)144 595.2 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.078(dw).1 G .578
-(ith a \214le of commands,)-3.078 F F1($0)3.078 E F0 .578
-(is set to the name of that \214le.)3.078 F(If)5.577 E F1(bash)3.077 E
-F0 .577(is started with the)3.077 F F1<ad63>3.077 E F0 .368
-(option, then)144 607.2 R F1($0)2.869 E F0 .369
+(cuted background \(asynchronous\) command.).15 E F1(0)108 657.6 Q F0
+1.692(Expands to the name of the shell or shell script.)31 F 1.691
+(This is set at shell initialization.)6.692 F(If)6.691 E F1(bash)4.191 E
+F0(is)4.191 E(in)144 669.6 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.077(dw).1 G .577
+(ith a \214le of commands,)-3.077 F F1($0)3.077 E F0 .578
+(is set to the name of that \214le.)3.077 F(If)5.578 E F1(bash)3.078 E
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+(option, then)144 681.6 R F1($0)2.869 E F0 .369
(is set to the \214rst ar)2.869 F .369(gument after the string to be e)
--.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .369(cuted, if one is present.).15 F(Other)5.369 E
-(-)-.2 E(wise, it is set to the \214le name used to in)144 619.2 Q -.2
+-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .369(cuted, if one is present.).15 F(Other)5.368 E
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(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G F1(bash)2.6 E F0 2.5(,a)C 2.5(sg)-2.5 G -2.15 -.25
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-F1(_)108 631.2 Q F0 .055
+F1(_)108 705.6 Q F0 .054
(At shell startup, set to the absolute pathname used to in)31 F -.2(vo)
--.4 G .255 -.1(ke t).2 H .054(he shell or shell script being e).1 F -.15
-(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E .691(as passed in the en)144 643.2 R .691
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(vironment or ar)-.4 F .691(gument list.)-.18 F(Subsequently)5.691 E
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--.18 F(pre)144 655.2 Q .571(vious command, after e)-.25 F 3.071
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+-.35 E -.15(exe)144 84 S 1.6(cuted and placed in the en).15 F 1.6
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(Expands to the full \214le name used to in)9.07 E -.2(vo)-.4 G .2 -.1
-(ke t).2 H(his instance of).1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.3(BA)108 96 S
-(SHPID).3 E F0 .466
-(Expands to the process id of the current bash process.)144 108 R .465
-(This dif)5.466 F .465(fers from)-.25 F F1($$)2.965 E F0 .465
-(under certain circum-)2.965 F(stances, such as subshells that do not r\
-equire bash to be re-initialized.)144 120 Q F1 -.3(BA)108 132 S(SH_ARGC)
-.3 E F0 1.039(An array v)144 144 R 1.039(ariable whose v)-.25 F 1.039
+(ke t).2 H(his instance of).1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.3(BA)108 153.6
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+(Expands to the process id of the current bash process.)144 165.6 R .466
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+1.039
(alues are the number of parameters in each frame of the current bash)
--.25 F -.15(exe)144 156 S .535(cution call stack.).15 F .535(The number\
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-(tt)-2.641 G .142(he top of the stack.)-2.641 F .142
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-180 R F1 -.3(BA)4.024 G(SH_ARGC).3 E F0 6.524(.T)C 1.524(he shell sets)
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--.15(ex)144 192 S(tended deb).15 E
+-.25 F -.15(exe)144 213.6 S .535(cution call stack.).15 F .535(The numb\
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(ugging mode \(see the description of the)-.2 E F1(extdeb)2.5 E(ug)-.2 E
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-R 1.091(ariable containing all of the parameters in the current bash e)
--.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.092(cution call stack.).15 F(The)6.092 E .275(\
-\214nal parameter of the last subroutine call is at the top of the stac\
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-(call is at the bottom.)144 240 R 1.424(When a subroutine is e)6.424 F
+(w\))-.25 E F1 -.3(BA)108 261.6 S(SH_ARGV).3 E F0 1.092(An array v)144
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+(ariable containing all of the parameters in the current bash e)-.25 F
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+(call is at the bottom.)144 297.6 R 1.424(When a subroutine is e)6.424 F
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+F F1 -.3(BA)144 309.6 S(SH_ARGV).3 E F0 6.09(.T)C 1.09(he shell sets)
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-312 S(SH_EXECUTION_STRING).3 E F0(The command ar)144 324 Q
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-(An array v)144 348 R .034(ariable whose members are the line numbers i\
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-SF(/usr/gnu/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/ucb:/bin:/usr/bin)144 360 Q F0(.)A
-F1(POSIXL)108 372 Q(Y_CORRECT)-.92 E F0 .472(If this v)144 384 R .472
+SF(/usr/gnu/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/ucb:/bin:/usr/bin)144 432 Q F0(.)A
+F1(POSIXL)108 444 Q(Y_CORRECT)-.92 E F0 .472(If this v)144 456 R .472
(ariable is in the en)-.25 F .471(vironment when)-.4 F F1(bash)2.971 E
F0 .471(starts, the shell enters)2.971 F/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF .471
(posix mode)2.971 F F0 .471(before reading)2.971 F .011
-(the startup \214les, as if the)144 396 R F1(\255\255posix)2.511 E F0
+(the startup \214les, as if the)144 468 R F1(\255\255posix)2.511 E F0
(in)2.511 E -.2(vo)-.4 G .011(cation option had been supplied.).2 F .011
-(If it is set while the shell is)5.011 F(running,)144 408 Q F1(bash)2.5
+(If it is set while the shell is)5.011 F(running,)144 480 Q F1(bash)2.5
E F0(enables)2.5 E F4(posix mode)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C 2.5(si)-2.5 G 2.5(ft)
-2.5 G(he command)-2.5 E F3(set -o posix)2.5 E F0(had been e)2.5 E -.15
-(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(PR)108 420 Q(OMPT_COMMAND)-.3 E F0
-(If set, the v)144 432 Q(alue is e)-.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
+(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(PR)108 492 Q(OMPT_COMMAND)-.3 E F0
+(If set, the v)144 504 Q(alue is e)-.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cuted as a command prior to issuing each primary prompt.).15 E F1(PS1)
-108 444 Q F0 .065(The v)19.33 F .065(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F
+108 516 Q F0 .065(The v)19.33 F .065(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F
.065(xpanded \(see)-.15 F F2(PR)2.565 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)2.315 E
-.065(w\) and used as the primary prompt)-.25 F 2.5(string. The)144 456 R
+.065(w\) and used as the primary prompt)-.25 F 2.5(string. The)144 528 R
(def)2.5 E(ault v)-.1 E(alue is `)-.25 E(`)-.74 E F1(\\s\255\\v\\$)A F0
--.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(PS2)108 468 Q F0 .004(The v)19.33 F .004
+-.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(PS2)108 540 Q F0 .004(The v)19.33 F .004
(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .005(xpanded as with)-.15 F F1(PS1)
2.505 E F0 .005(and used as the secondary prompt string.)2.505 F(The)
-5.005 E(def)144 480 Q(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(>)A F0 -.74('')2.5 G
-(.).74 E F1(PS3)108 492 Q F0 1.116(The v)19.33 F 1.115
+5.005 E(def)144 552 Q(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(>)A F0 -.74('')2.5 G
+(.).74 E F1(PS3)108 564 Q F0 1.116(The v)19.33 F 1.115
(alue of this parameter is used as the prompt for the)-.25 F F1(select)
3.615 E F0 1.115(command \(see)3.615 F F2 1.115(SHELL GRAM-)3.615 F(MAR)
-144 504 Q F0(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(PS4)108 516 Q F0
+144 576 Q F0(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(PS4)108 588 Q F0
1.098(The v)19.33 F 1.099(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F 1.099
(xpanded as with)-.15 F F1(PS1)3.599 E F0 1.099(and the v)3.599 F 1.099
-(alue is printed before each com-)-.25 F(mand)144 528 Q F1(bash)3.726 E
+(alue is printed before each com-)-.25 F(mand)144 600 Q F1(bash)3.726 E
F0 1.226(displays during an e)3.726 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.226
(cution trace.).15 F 1.225(The \214rst character of)6.226 F F2(PS4)3.725
-E F0 1.225(is replicated multiple)3.475 F(times, as necessary)144 540 Q
+E F0 1.225(is replicated multiple)3.475 F(times, as necessary)144 612 Q
2.5(,t)-.65 G 2.5(oi)-2.5 G(ndicate multiple le)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
(ls of indirection.).15 E(The def)5 E(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(+)A F0
--.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(SHELL)108 552 Q F0 .663
-(The full pathname to the shell is k)144 564 R .664(ept in this en)-.1 F
+-.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(SHELL)108 624 Q F0 .663
+(The full pathname to the shell is k)144 636 R .664(ept in this en)-.1 F
.664(vironment v)-.4 F 3.164(ariable. If)-.25 F .664
-(it is not set when the shell)3.164 F(starts,)144 576 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0
+(it is not set when the shell)3.164 F(starts,)144 648 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0
(assigns to it the full pathname of the current user')2.5 E 2.5(sl)-.55
-G(ogin shell.)-2.5 E F1(TIMEFORMA)108 588 Q(T)-.95 E F0 .827(The v)144
-600 R .826
+G(ogin shell.)-2.5 E F1(TIMEFORMA)108 660 Q(T)-.95 E F0 .827(The v)144
+672 R .826
(alue of this parameter is used as a format string specifying ho)-.25 F
3.326(wt)-.25 G .826(he timing information for)-3.326 F .648
-(pipelines pre\214x)144 612 R .648(ed with the)-.15 F F1(time)3.148 E F0
+(pipelines pre\214x)144 684 R .648(ed with the)-.15 F F1(time)3.148 E F0
(reserv)3.148 E .648(ed w)-.15 F .649(ord should be displayed.)-.1 F
(The)5.649 E F1(%)3.149 E F0 .649(character introduces)3.149 F .712
-(an escape sequence that is e)144 624 R .711(xpanded to a time v)-.15 F
+(an escape sequence that is e)144 696 R .711(xpanded to a time v)-.15 F
.711(alue or other information.)-.25 F .711(The escape sequences)5.711 F
-(and their meanings are as follo)144 636 Q
-(ws; the braces denote optional portions.)-.25 E F1(%%)144 654 Q F0 2.5
-(Al)30 G(iteral)-2.5 E F1(%)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(%[)144 666 Q F4(p)A F1
-(][l]R)A F0(The elapsed time in seconds.)11.68 E F1(%[)144 678 Q F4(p)A
-F1(][l]U)A F0(The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode.)11.68 E F1
-(%[)144 690 Q F4(p)A F1(][l]S)A F0
-(The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.)13.34 E F1(%P)144 702 Q
-F0(The CPU percentage, computed as \(%U + %S\) / %R.)33.89 E .87
-(The optional)144 718.8 R F4(p)3.37 E F0 .87(is a digit specifying the)
-3.37 F F4(pr)3.37 E(ecision)-.37 E F0 3.37(,t)C .87
-(he number of fractional digits after a decimal)-3.37 F 2.526(point. A)
-144 730.8 R -.25(va)2.526 G .025
-(lue of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output.).25 F .025
-(At most three places after the)5.025 F(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q
-(2007 September 14)135.125 E(14)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
+(and their meanings are as follo)144 708 Q
+(ws; the braces denote optional portions.)-.25 E(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q
+(2007 December 5)138.465 E(14)188.455 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E .537(decimal point may be speci\214ed; v)144 84 R .537(alues of)
--.25 F/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(p)3.037 E F0 .537
-(greater than 3 are changed to 3.)3.037 F(If)5.538 E F1(p)3.038 E F0
-.538(is not speci\214ed,)3.038 F(the v)144 96 Q(alue 3 is used.)-.25 E
-.668(The optional)144 112.8 R/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(l)3.168 E F0 .668
-(speci\214es a longer format, including minutes, of the form)3.168 F F1
-(MM)3.168 E F0(m)A F1(SS)A F0(.)A F1(FF)A F0 3.167(s. The)B -.25(va)
-3.167 G(lue).25 E(of)144 124.8 Q F1(p)2.5 E F0
+-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(%%)144 84 Q F0 2.5(Al)30 G(iteral)-2.5 E F1
+(%)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(%[)144 96 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(p)A F1(][l]R)A F0
+(The elapsed time in seconds.)11.68 E F1(%[)144 108 Q F2(p)A F1(][l]U)A
+F0(The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode.)11.68 E F1(%[)144 120 Q
+F2(p)A F1(][l]S)A F0(The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.)
+13.34 E F1(%P)144 132 Q F0
+(The CPU percentage, computed as \(%U + %S\) / %R.)33.89 E .87
+(The optional)144 148.8 R F2(p)3.37 E F0 .87(is a digit specifying the)
+3.37 F F2(pr)3.37 E(ecision)-.37 E F0 3.37(,t)C .87
+(he number of fractional digits after a decimal)-3.37 F 2.526(point. A)
+144 160.8 R -.25(va)2.526 G .025
+(lue of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output.).25 F .025
+(At most three places after the)5.025 F .537
+(decimal point may be speci\214ed; v)144 172.8 R .537(alues of)-.25 F F2
+(p)3.037 E F0 .537(greater than 3 are changed to 3.)3.037 F(If)5.538 E
+F2(p)3.038 E F0 .538(is not speci\214ed,)3.038 F(the v)144 184.8 Q
+(alue 3 is used.)-.25 E .668(The optional)144 201.6 R F1(l)3.168 E F0
+.668(speci\214es a longer format, including minutes, of the form)3.168 F
+F2(MM)3.168 E F0(m)A F2(SS)A F0(.)A F2(FF)A F0 3.167(s. The)B -.25(va)
+3.167 G(lue).25 E(of)144 213.6 Q F2(p)2.5 E F0
(determines whether or not the fraction is included.)2.5 E(If this v)144
-141.6 Q(ariable is not set,)-.25 E F2(bash)2.501 E F0 .001
-(acts as if it had the v)2.501 F(alue)-.25 E F2($\010\\nr)2.501 E
+230.4 Q(ariable is not set,)-.25 E F1(bash)2.501 E F0 .001
+(acts as if it had the v)2.501 F(alue)-.25 E F1($\010\\nr)2.501 E
(eal\\t%3lR\\nuser\\t%3lU\\nsys%3lS\010)-.18 E F0(.)A .495(If the v)144
-153.6 R .494(alue is null, no timing information is displayed.)-.25 F
+242.4 R .494(alue is null, no timing information is displayed.)-.25 F
2.994(At)5.494 G .494(railing ne)-2.994 F .494
(wline is added when the for)-.25 F(-)-.2 E(mat string is displayed.)144
-165.6 Q F2(TMOUT)108 182.4 Q F0 .717(If set to a v)144 194.4 R .717
-(alue greater than zero,)-.25 F F2(TMOUT)3.217 E F0 .717
-(is treated as the def)3.217 F .718(ault timeout for the)-.1 F F2 -.18
-(re)3.218 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.218 G(iltin.).2 E(The)144 206.4 Q F2
+254.4 Q F1(TMOUT)108 271.2 Q F0 .717(If set to a v)144 283.2 R .717
+(alue greater than zero,)-.25 F F1(TMOUT)3.217 E F0 .717
+(is treated as the def)3.217 F .718(ault timeout for the)-.1 F F1 -.18
+(re)3.218 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.218 G(iltin.).2 E(The)144 295.2 Q F1
(select)2.542 E F0 .042(command terminates if input does not arri)2.542
-F .342 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(fter).15 E F2(TMOUT)2.542 E F0 .042
-(seconds when input is com-)2.542 F .885(ing from a terminal.)144 218.4
+F .342 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(fter).15 E F1(TMOUT)2.542 E F0 .042
+(seconds when input is com-)2.542 F .885(ing from a terminal.)144 307.2
R .885(In an interacti)5.885 F 1.185 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .885(hell, the v)
.15 F .886(alue is interpreted as the number of seconds to)-.25 F -.1
-(wa)144 230.4 S .546(it for input after issuing the primary prompt.).1 F
-F2(Bash)5.546 E F0 .546(terminates after w)3.046 F .546
+(wa)144 319.2 S .546(it for input after issuing the primary prompt.).1 F
+F1(Bash)5.546 E F0 .546(terminates after w)3.046 F .546
(aiting for that number of)-.1 F(seconds if input does not arri)144
-242.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F2(TMPDIR)108 259.2 Q F0 .273(If set,)144
-271.2 R F2(Bash)2.773 E F0 .273(uses its v)2.773 F .274
-(alue as the name of a directory in which)-.25 F F2(Bash)2.774 E F0 .274
-(creates temporary \214les for the)2.774 F(shell')144 283.2 Q 2.5(su)
--.55 G(se.)-2.5 E F2(auto_r)108 300 Q(esume)-.18 E F0 .531(This v)144
-312 R .531(ariable controls ho)-.25 F 3.031(wt)-.25 G .531
+331.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1(TMPDIR)108 348 Q F0 .273(If set,)144
+360 R F1(Bash)2.773 E F0 .273(uses its v)2.773 F .274
+(alue as the name of a directory in which)-.25 F F1(Bash)2.774 E F0 .274
+(creates temporary \214les for the)2.774 F(shell')144 372 Q 2.5(su)-.55
+G(se.)-2.5 E F1(auto_r)108 388.8 Q(esume)-.18 E F0 .531(This v)144 400.8
+R .531(ariable controls ho)-.25 F 3.031(wt)-.25 G .531
(he shell interacts with the user and job control.)-3.031 F .53
-(If this v)5.53 F .53(ariable is set,)-.25 F .538(single w)144 324 R
+(If this v)5.53 F .53(ariable is set,)-.25 F .538(single w)144 412.8 R
.538(ord simple commands without redirections are treated as candidates\
- for resumption of an)-.1 F -.15(ex)144 336 S .367(isting stopped job)
+ for resumption of an)-.1 F -.15(ex)144 424.8 S .367(isting stopped job)
.15 F 5.367(.T)-.4 G .366(here is no ambiguity allo)-5.367 F .366
(wed; if there is more than one job be)-.25 F .366(ginning with)-.15 F
1.124(the string typed, the job most recently accessed is selected.)144
-348 R(The)6.125 E F1(name)3.985 E F0 1.125(of a stopped job, in this)
-3.805 F(conte)144 360 Q 1.133(xt, is the command line used to start it.)
--.15 F 1.133(If set to the v)6.133 F(alue)-.25 E F1 -.2(ex)3.633 G(act)
-.2 E F0 3.632(,t).68 G 1.132(he string supplied must)-3.632 F .624
-(match the name of a stopped job e)144 372 R .624(xactly; if set to)-.15
-F F1(substring)3.125 E F0 3.125(,t).22 G .625
+436.8 R(The)6.125 E F2(name)3.985 E F0 1.125(of a stopped job, in this)
+3.805 F(conte)144 448.8 Q 1.133
+(xt, is the command line used to start it.)-.15 F 1.133(If set to the v)
+6.133 F(alue)-.25 E F2 -.2(ex)3.633 G(act).2 E F0 3.632(,t).68 G 1.132
+(he string supplied must)-3.632 F .624
+(match the name of a stopped job e)144 460.8 R .624(xactly; if set to)
+-.15 F F2(substring)3.125 E F0 3.125(,t).22 G .625
(he string supplied needs to match a)-3.125 F .885
-(substring of the name of a stopped job)144 384 R 5.884(.T)-.4 G(he)
--5.884 E F1(substring)3.724 E F0 -.25(va)3.604 G .884(lue pro).25 F .884
-(vides functionality analogous to)-.15 F(the)144 396 Q F2(%?)3.333 E F0
-.833(job identi\214er \(see)5.833 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .834(JOB CONTR)
-3.334 F(OL)-.27 E F0(belo)3.084 E 3.334(w\). If)-.25 F .834(set to an)
-3.334 F 3.334(yo)-.15 G .834(ther v)-3.334 F .834
+(substring of the name of a stopped job)144 472.8 R 5.884(.T)-.4 G(he)
+-5.884 E F2(substring)3.724 E F0 -.25(va)3.604 G .884(lue pro).25 F .884
+(vides functionality analogous to)-.15 F(the)144 484.8 Q F1(%?)3.333 E
+F0 .833(job identi\214er \(see)5.833 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .834
+(JOB CONTR)3.334 F(OL)-.27 E F0(belo)3.084 E 3.334(w\). If)-.25 F .834
+(set to an)3.334 F 3.334(yo)-.15 G .834(ther v)-3.334 F .834
(alue, the supplied string)-.25 F .316
-(must be a pre\214x of a stopped job')144 408 R 2.816(sn)-.55 G .316
+(must be a pre\214x of a stopped job')144 496.8 R 2.816(sn)-.55 G .316
(ame; this pro)-2.816 F .315(vides functionality analogous to the)-.15 F
-F2(%)2.815 E F1(string)A F0(job)2.815 E(identi\214er)144 420 Q(.)-.55 E
-F2(histchars)108 436.8 Q F0 2.069(The tw)144 448.8 R 4.57(oo)-.1 G 4.57
-(rt)-4.57 G 2.07(hree characters which control history e)-4.57 F 2.07
-(xpansion and tok)-.15 F 2.07(enization \(see)-.1 F F3(HIST)4.57 E(OR)
--.162 E(Y)-.315 E(EXP)144 460.8 Q(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.466 E 3.716
-(w\). The)-.25 F 1.216(\214rst character is the)3.716 F F1 1.215
+F1(%)2.815 E F2(string)A F0(job)2.815 E(identi\214er)144 508.8 Q(.)-.55
+E F1(histchars)108 525.6 Q F0 2.069(The tw)144 537.6 R 4.57(oo)-.1 G
+4.57(rt)-4.57 G 2.07(hree characters which control history e)-4.57 F
+2.07(xpansion and tok)-.15 F 2.07(enization \(see)-.1 F F3(HIST)4.57 E
+(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E(EXP)144 549.6 Q(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.466 E
+3.716(w\). The)-.25 F 1.216(\214rst character is the)3.716 F F2 1.215
(history e)3.715 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(character)3.715 E 3.715(,t)-.4 G
1.215(he character which)-3.715 F .798(signals the start of a history e)
-144 472.8 R .798(xpansion, normally `)-.15 F F2(!)A F0 3.298('. The)B
-.798(second character is the)3.298 F F1(quic)3.298 E 3.298(ks)-.2 G
-(ubstitu-)-3.298 E(tion)144 484.8 Q F0(character)2.74 E 2.74(,w)-.4 G
+144 561.6 R .798(xpansion, normally `)-.15 F F1(!)A F0 3.298('. The)B
+.798(second character is the)3.298 F F2(quic)3.298 E 3.298(ks)-.2 G
+(ubstitu-)-3.298 E(tion)144 573.6 Q F0(character)2.74 E 2.74(,w)-.4 G
.239(hich is used as shorthand for re-running the pre)-2.74 F .239
(vious command entered, substitut-)-.25 F .575
-(ing one string for another in the command.)144 496.8 R .575(The def)
-5.575 F .575(ault is `)-.1 F F2(^)A F0 3.075('. The)B .576
+(ing one string for another in the command.)144 585.6 R .575(The def)
+5.575 F .575(ault is `)-.1 F F1(^)A F0 3.075('. The)B .576
(optional third character is the)3.076 F .223(character which indicates\
that the remainder of the line is a comment when found as the \214rst \
-char)144 508.8 R(-)-.2 E 1.293(acter of a w)144 520.8 R 1.293
-(ord, normally `)-.1 F F2(#)A F0 3.793('. The)B 1.294
+char)144 597.6 R(-)-.2 E 1.293(acter of a w)144 609.6 R 1.293
+(ord, normally `)-.1 F F1(#)A F0 3.793('. The)B 1.294
(history comment character causes history substitution to be)3.794 F .38
-(skipped for the remaining w)144 532.8 R .38(ords on the line.)-.1 F
+(skipped for the remaining w)144 621.6 R .38(ords on the line.)-.1 F
.379(It does not necessarily cause the shell parser to treat)5.379 F
-(the rest of the line as a comment.)144 544.8 Q F2(Arrays)87 561.6 Q
-(Bash)108 573.6 Q F0(pro)2.958 E .458(vides one-dimensional array v)-.15
+(the rest of the line as a comment.)144 633.6 Q F1(Arrays)87 650.4 Q
+(Bash)108 662.4 Q F0(pro)2.958 E .458(vides one-dimensional array v)-.15
F 2.958(ariables. An)-.25 F 2.958(yv)-.15 G .458
-(ariable may be used as an array; the)-3.208 F F2(declar)2.958 E(e)-.18
-E F0 -.2(bu)2.958 G(iltin).2 E .961(will e)108 585.6 R .961
+(ariable may be used as an array; the)-3.208 F F1(declar)2.958 E(e)-.18
+E F0 -.2(bu)2.958 G(iltin).2 E .961(will e)108 674.4 R .961
(xplicitly declare an array)-.15 F 5.961(.T)-.65 G .961
(here is no maximum limit on the size of an array)-5.961 F 3.46(,n)-.65
G .96(or an)-3.46 F 3.46(yr)-.15 G(equirement)-3.46 E
-(that members be inde)108 597.6 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5(ra)
+(that members be inde)108 686.4 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5(ra)
-2.5 G(ssigned contiguously)-2.5 E 5(.A)-.65 G(rrays are inde)-5 E -.15
(xe)-.15 G 2.5(du).15 G(sing inte)-2.5 E(gers and are zero-based.)-.15 E
-1.301(An array is created automatically if an)108 614.4 R 3.801(yv)-.15
-G 1.302(ariable is assigned to using the syntax)-4.051 F F1(name)3.802 E
-F0([)A F1(subscript)A F0(]=)A F1(value)A F0(.)A(The)108 626.4 Q F1
+1.301(An array is created automatically if an)108 703.2 R 3.801(yv)-.15
+G 1.302(ariable is assigned to using the syntax)-4.051 F F2(name)3.802 E
+F0([)A F2(subscript)A F0(]=)A F2(value)A F0(.)A(The)108 715.2 Q F2
(subscript)3.182 E F0 .342(is treated as an arithmetic e)3.522 F .342
(xpression that must e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .341
(luate to a number greater than or equal to).25 F 4.076(zero. T)108
-638.4 R 4.076(oe)-.8 G 1.577(xplicitly declare an array)-4.226 F 4.077
-(,u)-.65 G(se)-4.077 E F2(declar)4.077 E 4.077<65ad>-.18 G(a)-4.077 E F1
+727.2 R 4.076(oe)-.8 G 1.577(xplicitly declare an array)-4.226 F 4.077
+(,u)-.65 G(se)-4.077 E F1(declar)4.077 E 4.077<65ad>-.18 G(a)-4.077 E F2
(name)4.077 E F0(\(see)4.077 E F3 1.577(SHELL B)4.077 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.577
-(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.827 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(declar)108 650.4 Q
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(ord appears within double quotes.)-.1 F 1.057(If the w)6.057 F 1.057
-(ord is double-quoted,)-.1 F(${)108 120 Q F1(name)A F0 .521([*]} e)B
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(alue of each array member separated by the \214rst character)-.25 F
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-(special v)3.624 F 1.375(ariable, and ${)-.25 F F1(name)A F0 1.375
-([@]} e)B 1.375(xpands each element of)-.15 F F1(name)3.875 E F0 1.375
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2.028(xpands to nothing.)-.15 F 2.027(If the double-quoted e)7.028 F
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--.1 F .759(xpansion of the \214rst parameter is joined with the be)-.15
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--.15 F F2(*)2.728 E F0(and)2.728 E F2(@)2.728 E F0(\(see)2.728 E F2 .228
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-(lent to referencing element).25 F(zero.)108 216 Q(The)108 232.8 Q F2
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(unset)2.767 E F0 -.2(bu)2.767 G .267(iltin is used to destro).2 F 2.767
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(vo)-.2 G 1.38(id unw).2 F 1.38(anted side ef)-.1 F 1.38
-(fects caused by \214lename generation.)-.25 F F2(unset)6.38 E F1(name)
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285.6 R F2<ad61>2.941 E F0 .441
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1<ad61>3.671 E F0 1.17(option to specify an array)3.671 F 6.17(.T)-.65
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379.2 R F1<ad61>2.941 E F0 .441
(option to assign a list of w)2.941 F .441
(ords read from the standard input to an array)-.1 F 5.441(.T)-.65 G(he)
--5.441 E F2(set)2.941 E F0(and)2.941 E F2(declar)2.941 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2
-(bu)108 297.6 S(iltins display array v).2 E(alues in a w)-.25 E
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(ay that allo)-.1 E(ws them to be reused as assignments.)-.25 E/F4 10.95
-/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXP)72 314.4 Q(ANSION)-.81 E F0 .76(Expansion is perfo\
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-(inds of)-3.26 F -.15(ex)108 338.4 S .369(pansion performed:).15 F F1
-(br)2.869 E .369(ace e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F1 .369(tilde e)
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-(ameter and variable e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F1 .37
-(command sub-)2.869 F(stitution)108 350.4 Q F0(,).24 E F1(arithmetic e)
-2.5 E(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F1(wor)2.5 E 2.5(ds)-.37 G(plitting)-2.5
-E F0 2.5(,a).22 G(nd)-2.5 E F1(pathname e)2.5 E(xpansion)-.2 E F0(.).24
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+(ameter and variable e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F2 .37
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(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .471(xpansion, parameter)-.15 F 2.971(,v)-.4 G
.47(ariable and arithmetic e)-3.221 F(xpansion)-.15 E
-(and command substitution \(done in a left-to-right f)108 379.2 Q
+(and command substitution \(done in a left-to-right f)108 472.8 Q
(ashion\), w)-.1 E(ord splitting, and pathname e)-.1 E(xpansion.)-.15 E
-(On systems that can support it, there is an additional e)108 396 Q
-(xpansion a)-.15 E -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable:).25 E F1(pr)2.5 E
-(ocess substitution)-.45 E F0(.)A 1.486(Only brace e)108 412.8 R 1.486
+(On systems that can support it, there is an additional e)108 489.6 Q
+(xpansion a)-.15 E -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable:).25 E F2(pr)2.5 E
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(xpansion, w)-.15 F 1.486(ord splitting, and pathname e)-.1 F 1.487
(xpansion can change the number of w)-.15 F 1.487(ords of the)-.1 F -.15
-(ex)108 424.8 S 1.165(pansion; other e).15 F 1.165(xpansions e)-.15 F
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1.165(xpand a single w)-.15 F 1.165(ord to a single w)-.1 F 3.665
(ord. The)-.1 F 1.164(only e)3.665 F 1.164(xceptions to this are the)
--.15 F -.15(ex)108 436.8 S(pansions of ").15 E F2($@)A F0 2.5("a)C(nd ")
--2.5 E F2(${)A F1(name)A F2([@]})A F0 2.5("a)C 2.5(se)-2.5 G
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(xplained abo)-2.65 E .3 -.15(ve \()-.15 H(see).15 E F3 -.666(PA)2.5 G
-(RAMETERS).666 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(\).)A F2(Brace Expansion)87 453.6
-Q F1(Br)108.58 465.6 Q .606(ace e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 .606
+(RAMETERS).666 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(\).)A F1(Brace Expansion)87 547.2
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(is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be generated.)3.346 F
-.606(This mechanism is similar)5.606 F(to)108 477.6 Q F1 .415
+.606(This mechanism is similar)5.606 F(to)108 571.2 Q F2 .415
(pathname e)2.915 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 2.915(,b)C .415
(ut the \214lenames generated need not e)-3.115 F 2.915(xist. P)-.15 F
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-(he)-2.915 E .151(form of an optional)108 489.6 R F1(pr)2.651 E(eamble)
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-.37 E F0 2.651(,f).18 G(ollo)-2.651 E .151
(wed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a sequence e)-.25
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(contained within the braces, and the postscript is then appended to ea\
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-108 525.6 Q .719(Brace e)108 542.4 R .719(xpansions may be nested.)-.15
-F .719(The results of each e)5.719 F .719
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(xpanded string are not sorted; left to right order is)-.15 F(preserv)
-108 554.4 Q 2.5(ed. F)-.15 F(or e)-.15 E(xample, a)-.15 E F2({)A F0
-(d,c,b)A F2(})A F0 2.5(ee)C(xpands into `ade ace abe'.)-2.65 E 3.133(As)
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-(es the form)-.1 F F2({)3.133 E F1(x)A F2(..)A F1(y)A F2(})A F0 3.133
-(,w)C(here)-3.133 E F1(x)3.133 E F0(and)3.134 E F1(y)3.134 E F0 .634
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(are either inte)3.134 F .634(gers or single characters.)-.15 F(When)
-5.634 E(inte)108 583.2 Q .402(gers are supplied, the e)-.15 F .402
-(xpression e)-.15 F .401(xpands to each number between)-.15 F F1(x)2.901
-E F0(and)2.901 E F1(y)2.901 E F0 2.901(,i)C(nclusi)-2.901 E -.15(ve)-.25
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+(xpression e)-.15 F .401(xpands to each number between)-.15 F F2(x)2.901
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G 5.401(.W).15 G .401(hen characters)-5.401 F .687(are supplied, the e)
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--.15 F .688(xicographically between)-.15 F F1(x)3.188 E F0(and)3.188 E
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-(ote)-5.688 E(that both)108 607.2 Q F1(x)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(y)2.5 E
-F0(must be of the same type.)2.5 E .582(Brace e)108 624 R .582
+108 688.8 R .688(xpression e)-.15 F .688(xpands to each character le)
+-.15 F .688(xicographically between)-.15 F F2(x)3.188 E F0(and)3.188 E
+F2(y)3.188 E F0 3.188(,i)C(nclusi)-3.188 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.688(.N).15 G
+(ote)-5.688 E(that both)108 700.8 Q F2(x)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F2(y)2.5 E
+F0(must be of the same type.)2.5 E .582(Brace e)108 717.6 R .582
(xpansion is performed before an)-.15 F 3.082(yo)-.15 G .581(ther e)
-3.082 F .581(xpansions, and an)-.15 F 3.081(yc)-.15 G .581
-(haracters special to other e)-3.081 F(xpansions)-.15 E .015
-(are preserv)108 636 R .015(ed in the result.)-.15 F .015
-(It is strictly te)5.015 F(xtual.)-.15 E F2(Bash)5.016 E F0 .016
-(does not apply an)2.516 F 2.516(ys)-.15 G .016
-(yntactic interpretation to the con-)-2.516 F(te)108 648 Q(xt of the e)
--.15 E(xpansion or the te)-.15 E(xt between the braces.)-.15 E 3.633(Ac)
-108 664.8 S 1.133(orrectly-formed brace e)-3.633 F 1.132(xpansion must \
-contain unquoted opening and closing braces, and at least one)-.15 F
-3.44(unquoted comma or a v)108 676.8 R 3.441(alid sequence e)-.25 F
-5.941(xpression. An)-.15 F 5.941(yi)-.15 G 3.441
-(ncorrectly formed brace e)-5.941 F 3.441(xpansion is left)-.15 F 2.755
-(unchanged. A)108 688.8 R F2({)2.755 E F0(or)2.755 E F2(,)2.755 E F0
-.255(may be quoted with a backslash to pre)2.755 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .255
-(nt its being considered part of a brace e).15 F(xpres-)-.15 E 2.91
-(sion. T)108 700.8 R 2.91(oa)-.8 G -.2(vo)-3.11 G .41
-(id con\215icts with parameter e).2 F .411(xpansion, the string)-.15 F
-F2(${)2.911 E F0 .411(is not considered eligible for brace e)2.911 F
-(xpan-)-.15 E(sion.)108 712.8 Q 1.476(This construct is typically used \
-as shorthand when the common pre\214x of the strings to be generated is)
-108 729.6 R(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2007 September 14)135.125 E(16)185.115
-E 0 Cg EP
+(haracters special to other e)-3.081 F(xpansions)-.15 E 1.208
+(are preserv)108 729.6 R 1.208(ed in the result.)-.15 F 1.209
+(It is strictly te)6.209 F(xtual.)-.15 E F1(Bash)6.209 E F0 1.209
+(does not apply an)3.709 F 3.709(ys)-.15 G 1.209
+(yntactic interpretation to the)-3.709 F(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q
+(2007 December 5)138.465 E(16)188.455 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E(longer than in the abo)108 84 Q .3 -.15(ve ex)-.15 H(ample:).15 E
-(mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,ne)144 100.8 Q -.65(w,)-.25 G(dist,b).65
-E(ugs})-.2 E(or)108 112.8 Q(cho)144 124.8 Q(wn root /usr/{ucb/{e)-.25 E
-(x,edit},lib/{e)-.15 E(x?.?*,ho)-.15 E(w_e)-.25 E(x}})-.15 E .618
-(Brace e)108 141.6 R .618
+-.35 E(conte)108 84 Q(xt of the e)-.15 E(xpansion or the te)-.15 E
+(xt between the braces.)-.15 E 3.633(Ac)108 100.8 S 1.133
+(orrectly-formed brace e)-3.633 F 1.132(xpansion must contain unquoted \
+opening and closing braces, and at least one)-.15 F 3.44
+(unquoted comma or a v)108 112.8 R 3.441(alid sequence e)-.25 F 5.941
+(xpression. An)-.15 F 5.941(yi)-.15 G 3.441(ncorrectly formed brace e)
+-5.941 F 3.441(xpansion is left)-.15 F 2.755(unchanged. A)108 124.8 R/F1
+10/Times-Bold@0 SF({)2.755 E F0(or)2.755 E F1(,)2.755 E F0 .255
+(may be quoted with a backslash to pre)2.755 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .255
+(nt its being considered part of a brace e).15 F(xpres-)-.15 E 2.91
+(sion. T)108 136.8 R 2.91(oa)-.8 G -.2(vo)-3.11 G .41
+(id con\215icts with parameter e).2 F .411(xpansion, the string)-.15 F
+F1(${)2.911 E F0 .411(is not considered eligible for brace e)2.911 F
+(xpan-)-.15 E(sion.)108 148.8 Q 1.476(This construct is typically used \
+as shorthand when the common pre\214x of the strings to be generated is)
+108 165.6 R(longer than in the abo)108 177.6 Q .3 -.15(ve ex)-.15 H
+(ample:).15 E(mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,ne)144 194.4 Q -.65(w,)-.25
+G(dist,b).65 E(ugs})-.2 E(or)108 206.4 Q(cho)144 218.4 Q
+(wn root /usr/{ucb/{e)-.25 E(x,edit},lib/{e)-.15 E(x?.?*,ho)-.15 E(w_e)
+-.25 E(x}})-.15 E .618(Brace e)108 235.2 R .618
(xpansion introduces a slight incompatibility with historical v)-.15 F
-.618(ersions of)-.15 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(sh)3.118 E F0(.)A F1(sh)
-5.618 E F0 .618(does not treat open-)3.118 F .248
-(ing or closing braces specially when the)108 153.6 R 2.748(ya)-.15 G
+.618(ersions of)-.15 F F1(sh)3.118 E F0(.)A F1(sh)5.618 E F0 .618
+(does not treat open-)3.118 F .248
+(ing or closing braces specially when the)108 247.2 R 2.748(ya)-.15 G
.247(ppear as part of a w)-2.748 F .247(ord, and preserv)-.1 F .247
-(es them in the output.)-.15 F F1(Bash)5.247 E F0(remo)108 165.6 Q -.15
+(es them in the output.)-.15 F F1(Bash)5.247 E F0(remo)108 259.2 Q -.15
(ve)-.15 G 3.53(sb).15 G 1.03(races from w)-3.53 F 1.03
(ords as a consequence of brace e)-.1 F 3.53(xpansion. F)-.15 F 1.03
(or e)-.15 F 1.03(xample, a w)-.15 F 1.03(ord entered to)-.1 F F1(sh)
-3.53 E F0(as)3.53 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(\214le{1,2})108 177.6 Q F0
+3.53 E F0(as)3.53 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(\214le{1,2})108 271.2 Q F0
.515(appears identically in the output.)3.015 F .515(The same w)5.515 F
.515(ord is output as)-.1 F F2 .514(\214le1 \214le2)4.925 F F0 .514
(after e)3.034 F .514(xpansion by)-.15 F F1(bash)3.014 E F0(.)A .436
-(If strict compatibility with)108 189.6 R F1(sh)2.936 E F0 .436
+(If strict compatibility with)108 283.2 R F1(sh)2.936 E F0 .436
(is desired, start)2.936 F F1(bash)2.936 E F0 .436(with the)2.936 F F1
(+B)2.936 E F0 .436(option or disable brace e)2.936 F .437
-(xpansion with the)-.15 F F1(+B)108 201.6 Q F0(option to the)2.5 E F1
+(xpansion with the)-.15 F F1(+B)108 295.2 Q F0(option to the)2.5 E F1
(set)2.5 E F0(command \(see)2.5 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E
(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1 -.18(Ti)
-87 218.4 S(lde Expansion).18 E F0 1.087(If a w)108 230.4 R 1.087(ord be)
--.1 F 1.087(gins with an unquoted tilde character \(`)-.15 F F1(~)A F0
-1.086('\), all of the characters preceding the \214rst unquoted)B .185(\
-slash \(or all characters, if there is no unquoted slash\) are consider\
-ed a)108 242.4 R F2(tilde-pr)2.685 E(e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.185(.I)C 2.685
-(fn)-5.185 G .185(one of the characters)-2.685 F .726(in the tilde-pre\
-\214x are quoted, the characters in the tilde-pre\214x follo)108 254.4 R
-.725(wing the tilde are treated as a possible)-.25 F F2(lo)108 266.4 Q
-.522(gin name)-.1 F F0 5.522(.I)C 3.022(ft)-5.522 G .522
+87 312 S(lde Expansion).18 E F0 1.087(If a w)108 324 R 1.087(ord be)-.1
+F 1.087(gins with an unquoted tilde character \(`)-.15 F F1(~)A F0 1.086
+('\), all of the characters preceding the \214rst unquoted)B .185(slash\
+ \(or all characters, if there is no unquoted slash\) are considered a)
+108 336 R F2(tilde-pr)2.685 E(e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.185(.I)C 2.685(fn)
+-5.185 G .185(one of the characters)-2.685 F .726(in the tilde-pre\214x\
+ are quoted, the characters in the tilde-pre\214x follo)108 348 R .725
+(wing the tilde are treated as a possible)-.25 F F2(lo)108 360 Q .522
+(gin name)-.1 F F0 5.522(.I)C 3.022(ft)-5.522 G .522
(his login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the v)
--3.022 F .523(alue of the shell parameter)-.25 F F3(HOME)108 278.4 Q/F4
-9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If)4.787 E F3(HOME)2.787 E F0 .287
+-3.022 F .523(alue of the shell parameter)-.25 F F3(HOME)108 372 Q/F4 9
+/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If)4.787 E F3(HOME)2.787 E F0 .287
(is unset, the home directory of the user e)2.537 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .286
(cuting the shell is substituted instead.).15 F(Other)5.286 E(-)-.2 E(w\
ise, the tilde-pre\214x is replaced with the home directory associated \
-with the speci\214ed login name.)108 290.4 Q .092
-(If the tilde-pre\214x is a `~+', the v)108 307.2 R .092
+with the speci\214ed login name.)108 384 Q .092
+(If the tilde-pre\214x is a `~+', the v)108 400.8 R .092
(alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(PWD)2.592 E F0 .092
(replaces the tilde-pre\214x.)2.342 F .093(If the tilde-pre\214x is)
-5.093 F 3.404(a`)108 319.2 S .904(~\255', the v)-3.404 F .904
+5.093 F 3.404(a`)108 412.8 S .904(~\255', the v)-3.404 F .904
(alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(OLDPWD)3.404 E F4(,)A F0
.904(if it is set, is substituted.)3.154 F .903(If the characters follo)
5.903 F .903(wing the)-.25 F 1.641
-(tilde in the tilde-pre\214x consist of a number)108 331.2 R F2(N)4.141
+(tilde in the tilde-pre\214x consist of a number)108 424.8 R F2(N)4.141
E F0 4.142(,o)C 1.642(ptionally pre\214x)-4.142 F 1.642
(ed by a `+' or a `\255', the tilde-pre\214x is)-.15 F 1.438(replaced w\
ith the corresponding element from the directory stack, as it w)108
-343.2 R 1.437(ould be displayed by the)-.1 F F1(dirs)3.937 E F0 -.2(bu)
-108 355.2 S .454(iltin in).2 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.954(dw).1 G
+436.8 R 1.437(ould be displayed by the)-.1 F F1(dirs)3.937 E F0 -.2(bu)
+108 448.8 S .454(iltin in).2 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.954(dw).1 G
.454(ith the tilde-pre\214x as an ar)-2.954 F 2.954(gument. If)-.18 F
.454(the characters follo)2.954 F .455
(wing the tilde in the tilde-pre\214x)-.25 F
(consist of a number without a leading `+' or `\255', `+' is assumed.)
-108 367.2 Q(If the login name is in)108 384 Q -.25(va)-.4 G
+108 460.8 Q(If the login name is in)108 477.6 Q -.25(va)-.4 G
(lid, or the tilde e).25 E(xpansion f)-.15 E(ails, the w)-.1 E
-(ord is unchanged.)-.1 E .167(Each v)108 400.8 R .167
+(ord is unchanged.)-.1 E .167(Each v)108 494.4 R .167
(ariable assignment is check)-.25 F .167(ed for unquoted tilde-pre\214x)
-.1 F .167(es immediately follo)-.15 F .167(wing a)-.25 F F1(:)2.667 E
F0 .167(or the \214rst)2.667 F F1(=)2.666 E F0 5.166(.I)C(n)-5.166 E
-.281(these cases, tilde e)108 412.8 R .282(xpansion is also performed.)
+.281(these cases, tilde e)108 506.4 R .282(xpansion is also performed.)
-.15 F(Consequently)5.282 E 2.782(,o)-.65 G .282
(ne may use \214le names with tildes in assign-)-2.782 F(ments to)108
-424.8 Q F3 -.666(PA)2.5 G(TH)-.189 E F4(,)A F3(MAILP)2.25 E -.855(AT)
+518.4 Q F3 -.666(PA)2.5 G(TH)-.189 E F4(,)A F3(MAILP)2.25 E -.855(AT)
-.666 G(H).855 E F4(,)A F0(and)2.25 E F3(CDP)2.5 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H)
.855 E F4(,)A F0(and the shell assigns the e)2.25 E(xpanded v)-.15 E
-(alue.)-.25 E F1 -.1(Pa)87 441.6 S(rameter Expansion).1 E F0 1.606
-(The `)108 453.6 R F1($)A F0 4.106('c)C 1.606
+(alue.)-.25 E F1 -.1(Pa)87 535.2 S(rameter Expansion).1 E F0 1.606
+(The `)108 547.2 R F1($)A F0 4.106('c)C 1.606
(haracter introduces parameter e)-4.106 F 1.605
(xpansion, command substitution, or arithmetic e)-.15 F 4.105
-(xpansion. The)-.15 F .406(parameter name or symbol to be e)108 465.6 R
+(xpansion. The)-.15 F .406(parameter name or symbol to be e)108 559.2 R
.407(xpanded may be enclosed in braces, which are optional b)-.15 F .407
(ut serv)-.2 F 2.907(et)-.15 G 2.907(op)-2.907 G(ro-)-2.907 E .033
-(tect the v)108 477.6 R .033(ariable to be e)-.25 F .033
+(tect the v)108 571.2 R .033(ariable to be e)-.25 F .033
(xpanded from characters immediately follo)-.15 F .032
(wing it which could be interpreted as part)-.25 F(of the name.)108
-489.6 Q 1.189
+583.2 Q 1.189
(When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the \214rst `)108
-506.4 R F1(})A F0 3.69('n)C 1.19(ot escaped by a backslash or within a)
+600 R F1(})A F0 3.69('n)C 1.19(ot escaped by a backslash or within a)
-3.69 F 2.15(quoted string, and not within an embedded arithmetic e)108
-518.4 R 2.15(xpansion, command substitution, or parameter)-.15 F -.15
-(ex)108 530.4 S(pansion.).15 E(${)108 547.2 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0
-(})A 1.204(The v)144 559.2 R 1.204(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)3.704 E(ameter)
--.15 E F0 1.204(is substituted.)3.704 F 1.204
-(The braces are required when)6.204 F F2(par)4.955 E(ameter)-.15 E F0
-1.205(is a positional)4.435 F .264
-(parameter with more than one digit, or when)144 571.2 R F2(par)4.014 E
-(ameter)-.15 E F0 .264(is follo)3.494 F .264
+612 R 2.15(xpansion, command substitution, or parameter)-.15 F -.15(ex)
+108 624 S(pansion.).15 E(${)108 640.8 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0(})A
+1.204(The v)144 652.8 R 1.204(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)3.704 E(ameter)-.15
+E F0 1.204(is substituted.)3.704 F 1.204(The braces are required when)
+6.204 F F2(par)4.955 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.205(is a positional)4.435 F
+.264(parameter with more than one digit, or when)144 664.8 R F2(par)
+4.014 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .264(is follo)3.494 F .264
(wed by a character which is not to)-.25 F
-(be interpreted as part of its name.)144 583.2 Q 1.508
-(If the \214rst character of)108 600 R F2(par)4.009 E(ameter)-.15 E F0
+(be interpreted as part of its name.)144 676.8 Q 1.508
+(If the \214rst character of)108 693.6 R F2(par)4.009 E(ameter)-.15 E F0
1.509(is an e)4.009 F 1.509(xclamation point, a le)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
4.009(lo).15 G 4.009(fv)-4.009 G 1.509
-(ariable indirection is introduced.)-4.259 F F1(Bash)108 612 Q F0 .106
+(ariable indirection is introduced.)-4.259 F F1(Bash)108 705.6 Q F0 .106
(uses the v)2.606 F .106(alue of the v)-.25 F .106
(ariable formed from the rest of)-.25 F F2(par)2.606 E(ameter)-.15 E F0
.106(as the name of the v)2.606 F .106(ariable; this v)-.25 F(ari-)-.25
-E .351(able is then e)108 624 R .351(xpanded and that v)-.15 F .352
+E .351(able is then e)108 717.6 R .351(xpanded and that v)-.15 F .352
(alue is used in the rest of the substitution, rather than the v)-.25 F
-.352(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)2.852 E(ame-)-.15 E(ter)108 636 Q F0 2.52
+.352(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)2.852 E(ame-)-.15 E(ter)108 729.6 Q F0 2.52
(itself. This)2.52 F .02(is kno)2.52 F .02(wn as)-.25 F F2(indir)2.52 E
.02(ect e)-.37 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 5.019(.T)C .019(he e)-5.019 F .019
(xceptions to this are the e)-.15 F .019(xpansions of ${!)-.15 F F2(pr)A
-(e\214x)-.37 E F0 .019(*} and)B(${)108 648 Q F1(!)A F2(name)A F0([)A F2
-(@)A F0 .762(]} described belo)B 4.563 -.65(w. T)-.25 H .763(he e).65 F
-.763(xclamation point must immediately follo)-.15 F 3.263(wt)-.25 G .763
-(he left brace in order to)-3.263 F(introduce indirection.)108 660 Q
-.334(In each of the cases belo)108 676.8 R -.65(w,)-.25 G F2(wor)3.484 E
-(d)-.37 E F0 .334(is subject to tilde e)2.834 F .334
-(xpansion, parameter e)-.15 F .334(xpansion, command substitution,)-.15
-F 1.417(and arithmetic e)108 688.8 R 3.918(xpansion. When)-.15 F 1.418
-(not performing substring e)3.918 F(xpansion,)-.15 E F1(bash)3.918 E F0
-1.418(tests for a parameter that is)3.918 F(unset or null; omitting the\
- colon results in a test only for a parameter that is unset.)108 700.8 Q
-(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2007 September 14)135.125 E(17)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
+(e\214x)-.37 E F0 .019(*} and)B(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2007 December 5)
+138.465 E(17)188.455 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E(${)108 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(par)A(ameter)-.15 E/F2 10
-/Times-Bold@0 SF<3aad>A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2 .723(Use Default V)
-144 96 R(alues)-.92 E F0 5.723(.I)C(f)-5.723 E F1(par)4.473 E(ameter)
--.15 E F0 .723(is unset or null, the e)3.953 F .722(xpansion of)-.15 F
-F1(wor)3.562 E(d)-.37 E F0 .722(is substituted.)3.992 F(Other)5.722 E(-)
--.2 E(wise, the v)144 108 Q(alue of)-.25 E F1(par)3.75 E(ameter)-.15 E
-F0(is substituted.)3.23 E(${)108 120 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:=)A F1
-(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2 2.004(Assign Default V)144 132 R(alues)-.92 E
-F0 7.004(.I)C(f)-7.004 E F1(par)5.754 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 2.005
-(is unset or null, the e)5.234 F 2.005(xpansion of)-.15 F F1(wor)4.845 E
-(d)-.37 E F0 2.005(is assigned to)5.275 F F1(par)144 144 Q(ameter)-.15 E
-F0 5.279(.T).73 G .279(he v)-5.279 F .279(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)4.029 E
-(ameter)-.15 E F0 .278(is then substituted.)3.508 F .278
+-.35 E(${)108 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(!)A/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
+(name)A F0([)A F2(@)A F0 .762(]} described belo)B 4.563 -.65(w. T)-.25 H
+.763(he e).65 F .763(xclamation point must immediately follo)-.15 F
+3.263(wt)-.25 G .763(he left brace in order to)-3.263 F
+(introduce indirection.)108 96 Q .334(In each of the cases belo)108
+112.8 R -.65(w,)-.25 G F2(wor)3.484 E(d)-.37 E F0 .334
+(is subject to tilde e)2.834 F .334(xpansion, parameter e)-.15 F .334
+(xpansion, command substitution,)-.15 F 1.417(and arithmetic e)108 124.8
+R 3.918(xpansion. When)-.15 F 1.418(not performing substring e)3.918 F
+(xpansion,)-.15 E F1(bash)3.918 E F0 1.418
+(tests for a parameter that is)3.918 F(unset or null; omitting the colo\
+n results in a test only for a parameter that is unset.)108 136.8 Q(${)
+108 153.6 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1<3aad>A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F1
+.723(Use Default V)144 165.6 R(alues)-.92 E F0 5.723(.I)C(f)-5.723 E F2
+(par)4.473 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .723(is unset or null, the e)3.953 F .722
+(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.562 E(d)-.37 E F0 .722(is substituted.)
+3.992 F(Other)5.722 E(-)-.2 E(wise, the v)144 177.6 Q(alue of)-.25 E F2
+(par)3.75 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is substituted.)3.23 E(${)108 189.6 Q F2
+(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(:=)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F1 2.004
+(Assign Default V)144 201.6 R(alues)-.92 E F0 7.004(.I)C(f)-7.004 E F2
+(par)5.754 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 2.005(is unset or null, the e)5.234 F
+2.005(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)4.845 E(d)-.37 E F0 2.005
+(is assigned to)5.275 F F2(par)144 213.6 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.279(.T).73
+G .279(he v)-5.279 F .279(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)4.029 E(ameter)-.15 E F0
+.278(is then substituted.)3.508 F .278
(Positional parameters and special param-)5.278 F
-(eters may not be assigned to in this w)144 156 Q(ay)-.1 E(.)-.65 E(${)
-108 168 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:?)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2
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+-.15 E F1(/)A F2(pattern)A F1(/)A F2(string)A F0(})A(The)144 261.6 Q F2
(pattern)5.085 E F0 2.585(is e)5.085 F 2.585
(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname e)-.15 F(xpansion.)
--.15 E F1 -.8(Pa)7.585 G -.15(ra).8 G(meter).15 E F0(is)5.085 E -.15(ex)
-144 220.8 S 1.452(panded and the longest match of).15 F F1(pattern)3.951
+-.15 E F2 -.8(Pa)7.585 G -.15(ra).8 G(meter).15 E F0(is)5.085 E -.15(ex)
+144 273.6 S 1.452(panded and the longest match of).15 F F2(pattern)3.951
E F0(ag)3.951 E 1.451(ainst its v)-.05 F 1.451(alue is replaced with)
--.25 F F1(string)3.951 E F0 6.451(.I)C(f)-6.451 E F1(pattern)3.951 E F0
-(be)144 232.8 Q 1.236(gins with)-.15 F F2(/)3.736 E F0 3.737(,a)C 1.237
-(ll matches of)-3.737 F F1(pattern)3.737 E F0 1.237(are replaced with)
-3.737 F F1(string)3.737 E F0 6.237(.N)C 1.237
-(ormally only the \214rst match is)-6.237 F 2.58(replaced. If)144 244.8
-R F1(pattern)2.58 E F0(be)2.58 E .08(gins with)-.15 F F2(#)2.58 E F0
+-.25 F F2(string)3.951 E F0 6.451(.I)C(f)-6.451 E F2(pattern)3.951 E F0
+(be)144 285.6 Q 1.236(gins with)-.15 F F1(/)3.736 E F0 3.737(,a)C 1.237
+(ll matches of)-3.737 F F2(pattern)3.737 E F0 1.237(are replaced with)
+3.737 F F2(string)3.737 E F0 6.237(.N)C 1.237
+(ormally only the \214rst match is)-6.237 F 2.58(replaced. If)144 297.6
+R F2(pattern)2.58 E F0(be)2.58 E .08(gins with)-.15 F F1(#)2.58 E F0
2.58(,i)C 2.58(tm)-2.58 G .079(ust match at the be)-2.58 F .079
-(ginning of the e)-.15 F .079(xpanded v)-.15 F .079(alue of)-.25 F F1
-(par)2.579 E(am-)-.15 E(eter)144 256.8 Q F0 5.761(.I)C(f)-5.761 E F1
-(pattern)3.261 E F0(be)3.261 E .761(gins with)-.15 F F2(%)3.261 E F0
+(ginning of the e)-.15 F .079(xpanded v)-.15 F .079(alue of)-.25 F F2
+(par)2.579 E(am-)-.15 E(eter)144 309.6 Q F0 5.761(.I)C(f)-5.761 E F2
+(pattern)3.261 E F0(be)3.261 E .761(gins with)-.15 F F1(%)3.261 E F0
3.261(,i)C 3.261(tm)-3.261 G .761(ust match at the end of the e)-3.261 F
-.761(xpanded v)-.15 F .761(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)3.262 E(ameter)-.15 E
-F0 5.762(.I)C(f)-5.762 E F1(string)144 268.8 Q F0 1.938
-(is null, matches of)4.438 F F1(pattern)4.438 E F0 1.938
-(are deleted and the)4.438 F F2(/)4.437 E F0(follo)4.437 E(wing)-.25 E
-F1(pattern)4.437 E F0 1.937(may be omitted.)4.437 F(If)6.937 E F1(par)
-145.25 280.8 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.328 E F2(@)2.598 E F0(or)2.598 E F2
+.761(xpanded v)-.15 F .761(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)3.262 E(ameter)-.15 E
+F0 5.762(.I)C(f)-5.762 E F2(string)144 321.6 Q F0 1.938
+(is null, matches of)4.438 F F2(pattern)4.438 E F0 1.938
+(are deleted and the)4.438 F F1(/)4.437 E F0(follo)4.437 E(wing)-.25 E
+F2(pattern)4.437 E F0 1.937(may be omitted.)4.437 F(If)6.937 E F2(par)
+145.25 333.6 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.328 E F1(@)2.598 E F0(or)2.598 E F1
(*)2.598 E F0 2.598(,t)C .098(he substitution operation is applied to e\
-ach positional parameter in turn, and)-2.598 F .64(the e)144 292.8 R .64
-(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 F(If)5.64 E F1(par)4.39 E(ameter)
+ach positional parameter in turn, and)-2.598 F .64(the e)144 345.6 R .64
+(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 F(If)5.64 E F2(par)4.39 E(ameter)
-.15 E F0 .64(is an array v)3.87 F .64(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F
-F2(@)3.14 E F0(or)3.14 E F2(*)3.14 E F0 3.14(,t)C(he)-3.14 E 1.446(subs\
+F1(@)3.14 E F0(or)3.14 E F1(*)3.14 E F0 3.14(,t)C(he)-3.14 E 1.446(subs\
titution operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and \
-the e)144 304.8 R 1.447(xpansion is the)-.15 F(resultant list.)144 316.8
-Q F2(Command Substitution)87 333.6 Q F1 1.698(Command substitution)108
-345.6 R F0(allo)4.198 E 1.697
+the e)144 357.6 R 1.447(xpansion is the)-.15 F(resultant list.)144 369.6
+Q F1(Command Substitution)87 386.4 Q F2 1.698(Command substitution)108
+398.4 R F0(allo)4.198 E 1.697
(ws the output of a command to replace the command name.)-.25 F 1.697
-(There are tw)6.697 F(o)-.1 E(forms:)108 357.6 Q F2($\()144 379.2 Q F1
-(command)A F2(\))1.666 E F0(or)108 391.2 Q F2<92>144 403.2 Q F1(command)
-A F2<92>A(Bash)108 420 Q F0 .019(performs the e)2.519 F .019
-(xpansion by e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(command)2.519 E F0
+(There are tw)6.697 F(o)-.1 E(forms:)108 410.4 Q F1($\()144 432 Q F2
+(command)A F1(\))1.666 E F0(or)108 444 Q F1<92>144 456 Q F2(command)A F1
+<92>A(Bash)108 472.8 Q F0 .019(performs the e)2.519 F .019
+(xpansion by e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F2(command)2.519 E F0
.02(and replacing the command substitution with the stan-)2.519 F .768
-(dard output of the command, with an)108 432 R 3.268(yt)-.15 G .768
+(dard output of the command, with an)108 484.8 R 3.268(yt)-.15 G .768
(railing ne)-3.268 F .768(wlines deleted.)-.25 F .768(Embedded ne)5.768
-F .768(wlines are not deleted, b)-.25 F(ut)-.2 E(the)108 444 Q 3.218(ym)
--.15 G .718(ay be remo)-3.218 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.218(dd).15 G .719
+F .768(wlines are not deleted, b)-.25 F(ut)-.2 E(the)108 496.8 Q 3.218
+(ym)-.15 G .718(ay be remo)-3.218 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.218(dd).15 G .719
(uring w)-3.218 F .719(ord splitting.)-.1 F .719
-(The command substitution)5.719 F F2($\(cat)3.219 E F1(\214le)3.219 E F2
-(\))A F0 .719(can be replaced by the)3.219 F(equi)108 456 Q -.25(va)-.25
-G(lent b).25 E(ut f)-.2 E(aster)-.1 E F2($\(<)2.5 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F2
-(\))A F0(.)A 1.724(When the old-style backquote form of substitution is\
- used, backslash retains its literal meaning e)108 472.8 R(xcept)-.15 E
-.314(when follo)108 484.8 R .314(wed by)-.25 F F2($)2.814 E F0(,)A F2
-<92>2.814 E F0 2.814(,o)C(r)-2.814 E F2(\\)2.814 E F0 5.314(.T)C .315(h\
+(The command substitution)5.719 F F1($\(cat)3.219 E F2(\214le)3.219 E F1
+(\))A F0 .719(can be replaced by the)3.219 F(equi)108 508.8 Q -.25(va)
+-.25 G(lent b).25 E(ut f)-.2 E(aster)-.1 E F1($\(<)2.5 E F2(\214le)2.5 E
+F1(\))A F0(.)A 1.724(When the old-style backquote form of substitution \
+is used, backslash retains its literal meaning e)108 525.6 R(xcept)-.15
+E .314(when follo)108 537.6 R .314(wed by)-.25 F F1($)2.814 E F0(,)A F1
+<92>2.814 E F0 2.814(,o)C(r)-2.814 E F1(\\)2.814 E F0 5.314(.T)C .315(h\
e \214rst backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the command \
-sub-)-5.314 F 3.887(stitution. When)108 496.8 R 1.387(using the $\()
-3.887 F F1(command).833 E F0 3.887(\)f)1.666 G 1.386
+sub-)-5.314 F 3.887(stitution. When)108 549.6 R 1.387(using the $\()
+3.887 F F2(command).833 E F0 3.887(\)f)1.666 G 1.386
(orm, all characters between the parentheses mak)-3.887 F 3.886(eu)-.1 G
3.886(pt)-3.886 G 1.386(he com-)-3.886 F
-(mand; none are treated specially)108 508.8 Q(.)-.65 E .894
-(Command substitutions may be nested.)108 525.6 R 2.494 -.8(To n)5.894 H
+(mand; none are treated specially)108 561.6 Q(.)-.65 E .894
+(Command substitutions may be nested.)108 578.4 R 2.494 -.8(To n)5.894 H
.894(est when using the backquoted form, escape the inner back-).8 F
-(quotes with backslashes.)108 537.6 Q .422
-(If the substitution appears within double quotes, w)108 554.4 R .422
+(quotes with backslashes.)108 590.4 Q .422
+(If the substitution appears within double quotes, w)108 607.2 R .422
(ord splitting and pathname e)-.1 F .422(xpansion are not performed)-.15
-F(on the results.)108 566.4 Q F2(Arithmetic Expansion)87 583.2 Q F0
-1.034(Arithmetic e)108 595.2 R 1.034(xpansion allo)-.15 F 1.034
-(ws the e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.034(luation of an arithmetic e).25 F
-1.035(xpression and the substitution of the result.)-.15 F
-(The format for arithmetic e)108 607.2 Q(xpansion is:)-.15 E F2($\(\()
-144 624 Q F1 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F2(\)\))A F0(The)108 640.8 Q
-F1 -.2(ex)2.666 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 .165
+F(on the results.)108 619.2 Q F1(Arithmetic Expansion)87 636 Q F0 1.034
+(Arithmetic e)108 648 R 1.034(xpansion allo)-.15 F 1.034(ws the e)-.25 F
+-.25(va)-.25 G 1.034(luation of an arithmetic e).25 F 1.035
+(xpression and the substitution of the result.)-.15 F
+(The format for arithmetic e)108 660 Q(xpansion is:)-.15 E F1($\(\()144
+676.8 Q F2 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1(\)\))A F0(The)108 693.6 Q
+F2 -.2(ex)2.666 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 .165
(is treated as if it were within double quotes, b)2.906 F .165
(ut a double quote inside the parentheses is not)-.2 F 1.074
-(treated specially)108 652.8 R 6.074(.A)-.65 G 1.074(ll tok)-6.074 F
+(treated specially)108 705.6 R 6.074(.A)-.65 G 1.074(ll tok)-6.074 F
1.074(ens in the e)-.1 F 1.074(xpression under)-.15 F 1.074
(go parameter e)-.18 F 1.074(xpansion, string e)-.15 F 1.075
-(xpansion, command)-.15 F(substitution, and quote remo)108 664.8 Q -.25
+(xpansion, command)-.15 F(substitution, and quote remo)108 717.6 Q -.25
(va)-.15 G 2.5(l. Arithmetic).25 F -.15(ex)2.5 G
-(pansions may be nested.).15 E 1.379(The e)108 681.6 R -.25(va)-.25 G
-1.378(luation is performed according to the rules listed belo).25 F
-3.878(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.878 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.378(ARITHMETIC EV)
-3.878 F(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)
-A F0(If)5.878 E F1 -.2(ex)108 693.6 S(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(is in)
-2.74 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid,).25 E F2(bash)2.5 E F0
-(prints a message indicating f)2.5 E(ailure and no substitution occurs.)
--.1 E(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2007 September 14)135.125 E(19)185.115 E 0
-Cg EP
+(pansions may be nested.).15 E(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2007 December 5)
+138.465 E(19)188.455 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Pr)87 84 Q(ocess Substitution)-.18 E/F2 10
-/Times-Italic@0 SF(Pr)108 96 Q .97(ocess substitution)-.45 F F0 .971
-(is supported on systems that support named pipes \()3.47 F F2(FIFOs)A
-F0 3.471(\)o)C 3.471(rt)-3.471 G(he)-3.471 E F1(/de)3.471 E(v/fd)-.15 E
-F0 .971(method of)3.471 F .022(naming open \214les.)108 108 R .021
-(It tak)5.022 F .021(es the form of)-.1 F F1(<\()2.521 E F2(list)A F1
-(\)).833 E F0(or)2.521 E F1(>\()2.521 E F2(list)A F1(\)).833 E F0 5.021
-(.T)C .021(he process)-5.021 F F2(list)2.521 E F0 .021
-(is run with its input or output con-)2.521 F .058(nected to a)108 120 R
-F2(FIFO)2.558 E F0 .058(or some \214le in)2.558 F F1(/de)2.558 E(v/fd)
+-.35 E 1.379(The e)108 84 R -.25(va)-.25 G 1.378
+(luation is performed according to the rules listed belo).25 F 3.878(wu)
+-.25 G(nder)-3.878 E/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.378(ARITHMETIC EV)3.878 F
+(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E/F2 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0
+(If)5.878 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)108 96 S(pr).2 E(ession)-.37
+E F0(is in)2.74 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid,).25 E/F4 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)
+2.5 E F0(prints a message indicating f)2.5 E
+(ailure and no substitution occurs.)-.1 E F4(Pr)87 112.8 Q
+(ocess Substitution)-.18 E F3(Pr)108 124.8 Q .97(ocess substitution)-.45
+F F0 .971(is supported on systems that support named pipes \()3.47 F F3
+(FIFOs)A F0 3.471(\)o)C 3.471(rt)-3.471 G(he)-3.471 E F4(/de)3.471 E
+(v/fd)-.15 E F0 .971(method of)3.471 F .022(naming open \214les.)108
+136.8 R .021(It tak)5.022 F .021(es the form of)-.1 F F4(<\()2.521 E F3
+(list)A F4(\)).833 E F0(or)2.521 E F4(>\()2.521 E F3(list)A F4(\)).833 E
+F0 5.021(.T)C .021(he process)-5.021 F F3(list)2.521 E F0 .021
+(is run with its input or output con-)2.521 F .058(nected to a)108 148.8
+R F3(FIFO)2.558 E F0 .058(or some \214le in)2.558 F F4(/de)2.558 E(v/fd)
-.15 E F0 5.058(.T)C .058(he name of this \214le is passed as an ar)
-5.058 F .059(gument to the current com-)-.18 F .131
-(mand as the result of the e)108 132 R 2.631(xpansion. If)-.15 F(the)
-2.63 E F1(>\()2.63 E F2(list)A F1(\)).833 E F0 .13
+(mand as the result of the e)108 160.8 R 2.631(xpansion. If)-.15 F(the)
+2.63 E F4(>\()2.63 E F3(list)A F4(\)).833 E F0 .13
(form is used, writing to the \214le will pro)2.63 F .13(vide input for)
--.15 F F2(list)2.63 E F0(.)A(If the)108 144 Q F1(<\()2.5 E F2(list)A F1
-(\)).833 E F0(form is used, the \214le passed as an ar)2.5 E
-(gument should be read to obtain the output of)-.18 E F2(list)2.5 E F0
-(.)A .896(When a)108 160.8 R -.25(va)-.2 G .896(ilable, process substit\
+-.15 F F3(list)2.63 E F0(.)A(If the)108 172.8 Q F4(<\()2.5 E F3(list)A
+F4(\)).833 E F0(form is used, the \214le passed as an ar)2.5 E
+(gument should be read to obtain the output of)-.18 E F3(list)2.5 E F0
+(.)A .896(When a)108 189.6 R -.25(va)-.2 G .896(ilable, process substit\
ution is performed simultaneously with parameter and v).25 F .897
(ariable e)-.25 F(xpansion,)-.15 E
-(command substitution, and arithmetic e)108 172.8 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1
--.75(Wo)87 189.6 S(rd Splitting).75 E F0 1.143
-(The shell scans the results of parameter e)108 201.6 R 1.142
+(command substitution, and arithmetic e)108 201.6 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F4
+-.75(Wo)87 218.4 S(rd Splitting).75 E F0 1.143
+(The shell scans the results of parameter e)108 230.4 R 1.142
(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.142
-(xpansion that)-.15 F(did not occur within double quotes for)108 213.6 Q
-F2(wor)2.5 E 2.5(ds)-.37 G(plitting)-2.5 E F0(.).22 E .063
-(The shell treats each character of)108 230.4 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF
-(IFS)2.563 E F0 .063(as a delimiter)2.313 F 2.563(,a)-.4 G .063
+(xpansion that)-.15 F(did not occur within double quotes for)108 242.4 Q
+F3(wor)2.5 E 2.5(ds)-.37 G(plitting)-2.5 E F0(.).22 E .063
+(The shell treats each character of)108 259.2 R F1(IFS)2.563 E F0 .063
+(as a delimiter)2.313 F 2.563(,a)-.4 G .063
(nd splits the results of the other e)-2.563 F .063(xpansions into w)
--.15 F(ords)-.1 E 1.789(on these characters.)108 242.4 R(If)6.789 E F3
+-.15 F(ords)-.1 E 1.789(on these characters.)108 271.2 R(If)6.789 E F1
(IFS)4.289 E F0 1.788(is unset, or its v)4.039 F 1.788(alue is e)-.25 F
-(xactly)-.15 E F1(<space><tab><newline>)4.288 E F0 4.288(,t)C 1.788
-(he def)-4.288 F 1.788(ault, then)-.1 F .021(sequences of)108 254.4 R F1
-(<space>)2.521 E F0(,)A F1(<tab>)2.521 E F0 2.521(,a)C(nd)-2.521 E F1
+(xactly)-.15 E F4(<space><tab><newline>)4.288 E F0 4.288(,t)C 1.788
+(he def)-4.288 F 1.788(ault, then)-.1 F .021(sequences of)108 283.2 R F4
+(<space>)2.521 E F0(,)A F4(<tab>)2.521 E F0 2.521(,a)C(nd)-2.521 E F4
(<newline>)2.521 E F0 .021(at the be)2.521 F .021
(ginning and end of the results of the pre)-.15 F .022(vious e)-.25 F
-(xpan-)-.15 E .586(sions are ignored, and an)108 266.4 R 3.086(ys)-.15 G
-.586(equence of)-3.086 F F3(IFS)3.086 E F0 .586
+(xpan-)-.15 E .586(sions are ignored, and an)108 295.2 R 3.086(ys)-.15 G
+.586(equence of)-3.086 F F1(IFS)3.086 E F0 .586
(characters not at the be)2.836 F .586(ginning or end serv)-.15 F .585
-(es to delimit w)-.15 F(ords.)-.1 E(If)108 278.4 Q F3(IFS)3.617 E F0
+(es to delimit w)-.15 F(ords.)-.1 E(If)108 307.2 Q F1(IFS)3.617 E F0
1.117(has a v)3.367 F 1.117(alue other than the def)-.25 F 1.117
-(ault, then sequences of the whitespace characters)-.1 F F1(space)3.617
-E F0(and)3.617 E F1(tab)3.617 E F0(are)3.617 E .315(ignored at the be)
-108 290.4 R .315(ginning and end of the w)-.15 F .315
+(ault, then sequences of the whitespace characters)-.1 F F4(space)3.617
+E F0(and)3.617 E F4(tab)3.617 E F0(are)3.617 E .315(ignored at the be)
+108 319.2 R .315(ginning and end of the w)-.15 F .315
(ord, as long as the whitespace character is in the v)-.1 F .315
-(alue of)-.25 F F3(IFS)2.815 E F0(\(an)2.565 E F3(IFS)108 302.4 Q F0
+(alue of)-.25 F F1(IFS)2.815 E F0(\(an)2.565 E F1(IFS)108 331.2 Q F0
1.053(whitespace character\).)3.303 F(An)6.053 E 3.553(yc)-.15 G 1.053
-(haracter in)-3.553 F F3(IFS)3.553 E F0 1.053(that is not)3.303 F F3
+(haracter in)-3.553 F F1(IFS)3.553 E F0 1.053(that is not)3.303 F F1
(IFS)3.553 E F0 1.054(whitespace, along with an)3.304 F 3.554(ya)-.15 G
-(djacent)-3.554 E F3(IFS)3.554 E F0 .332
-(whitespace characters, delimits a \214eld.)108 314.4 R 2.832(As)5.332 G
-.332(equence of)-2.832 F F3(IFS)2.832 E F0 .331
+(djacent)-3.554 E F1(IFS)3.554 E F0 .332
+(whitespace characters, delimits a \214eld.)108 343.2 R 2.832(As)5.332 G
+.332(equence of)-2.832 F F1(IFS)2.832 E F0 .331
(whitespace characters is also treated as a delim-)2.582 F(iter)108
-326.4 Q 5(.I)-.55 G 2.5(ft)-5 G(he v)-2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E F3(IFS)2.5 E
+355.2 Q 5(.I)-.55 G 2.5(ft)-5 G(he v)-2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E F1(IFS)2.5 E
F0(is null, no w)2.25 E(ord splitting occurs.)-.1 E 1.878
-(Explicit null ar)108 343.2 R 1.878(guments \()-.18 F F1 .833("").833 G
-F0(or)3.545 E F1 .833<0808>5.211 G F0 4.378(\)a)C 1.878(re retained.)
+(Explicit null ar)108 372 R 1.878(guments \()-.18 F F4 .833("").833 G F0
+(or)3.545 E F4 .833<0808>5.211 G F0 4.378(\)a)C 1.878(re retained.)
-4.378 F 1.878(Unquoted implicit null ar)6.878 F 1.879
-(guments, resulting from the)-.18 F -.15(ex)108 355.2 S .177
+(guments, resulting from the)-.18 F -.15(ex)108 384 S .177
(pansion of parameters that ha).15 F .477 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.677(ov).15 G
.177(alues, are remo)-2.927 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.676(d. If).15 F 2.676(ap)
2.676 G .176(arameter with no v)-2.676 F .176(alue is e)-.25 F .176
-(xpanded within)-.15 F(double quotes, a null ar)108 367.2 Q
-(gument results and is retained.)-.18 E(Note that if no e)108 384 Q
-(xpansion occurs, no splitting is performed.)-.15 E F1 -.1(Pa)87 400.8 S
-(thname Expansion).1 E F0 .37(After w)108 412.8 R .37
-(ord splitting, unless the)-.1 F F
1<ad66>2.87 E F0 .37
-(option has been set,)2.87 F F1(bash)2.87 E F0 .371(scans each w)2.871 F
-.371(ord for the characters)-.1 F F1(*)2.871 E F0(,)A F1(?)2.871 E F0
-2.871(,a)C(nd)-2.871 E F1([)2.871 E F0(.)A .678
-(If one of these characters appears, then the w)108 424.8 R .677
-(ord is re)-.1 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .677(rded as a).05 F F2(pattern)3.177 E
+(xpanded within)-.15 F(double quotes, a null ar)108 396 Q
+(gument results and is retained.)-.18 E(Note that if no e)108 412.8 Q
+(xpansion occurs, no splitting is performed.)-.15 E F4 -.1(Pa)87 429.6 S
+(thname Expansion).1 E F0 .37(After w)108 441.6 R .37
+(ord splitting, unless the)-.1 F F
4<ad66>2.87 E F0 .37
+(option has been set,)2.87 F F4(bash)2.87 E F0 .371(scans each w)2.871 F
+.371(ord for the characters)-.1 F F4(*)2.871 E F0(,)A F4(?)2.871 E F0
+2.871(,a)C(nd)-2.871 E F4([)2.871 E F0(.)A .678
+(If one of these characters appears, then the w)108 453.6 R .677
+(ord is re)-.1 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .677(rded as a).05 F F3(pattern)3.177 E
F0 3.177(,a).24 G .677(nd replaced with an alphabeti-)-3.177 F 1.456
-(cally sorted list of \214le names matching the pattern.)108 436.8 R
+(cally sorted list of \214le names matching the pattern.)108 465.6 R
1.457(If no matching \214le names are found, and the shell)6.457 F
-(option)108 448.8 Q F1(nullglob)3.265 E F0 .765(is disabled, the w)3.265
-F .765(ord is left unchanged.)-.1 F .765(If the)5.765 F F1(nullglob)
+(option)108 477.6 Q F4(nullglob)3.265 E F0 .765(is disabled, the w)3.265
+F .765(ord is left unchanged.)-.1 F .765(If the)5.765 F F4(nullglob)
3.265 E F0 .765(option is set, and no matches are)3.265 F .305
-(found, the w)108 460.8 R .305(ord is remo)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.805
-(d. If).15 F(the)2.805 E F1(failglob)2.805 E F0 .305
+(found, the w)108 489.6 R .305(ord is remo)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.805
+(d. If).15 F(the)2.805 E F4(failglob)2.805 E F0 .305
(shell option is set, and no matches are found, an error message)2.805 F
-.929(is printed and the command is not e)108 472.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G
-3.428(cuted. If).15 F .928(the shell option)3.428 F F1(nocaseglob)3.428
+.929(is printed and the command is not e)108 501.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G
+3.428(cuted. If).15 F .928(the shell option)3.428 F F4(nocaseglob)3.428
E F0 .928(is enabled, the match is per)3.428 F(-)-.2 E .032
-(formed without re)108 484.8 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .032
+(formed without re)108 513.6 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .032
(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 F .033
(When a pattern is used for pathname e)5.033 F(xpansion,)-.15 E .105
-(the character)108 496.8 R F1 -.63(``)2.605 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0
+(the character)108 525.6 R F4 -.63(``)2.605 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0
.105(at the start of a name or immediately follo)5.105 F .104
(wing a slash must be matched e)-.25 F(xplicitly)-.15 E 2.604(,u)-.65 G
-(nless)-2.604 E .887(the shell option)108 508.8 R F1(dotglob)3.387 E F0
+(nless)-2.604 E .887(the shell option)108 537.6 R F4(dotglob)3.387 E F0
.887(is set.)3.387 F .888
(When matching a pathname, the slash character must al)5.887 F -.1(wa)
--.1 G .888(ys be matched).1 F -.15(ex)108 520.8 S(plicitly).15 E 6.166
-(.I)-.65 G 3.666(no)-6.166 G 1.166(ther cases, the)-3.666 F F1 -.63(``)
+-.1 G .888(ys be matched).1 F -.15(ex)108 549.6 S(plicitly).15 E 6.166
+(.I)-.65 G 3.666(no)-6.166 G 1.166(ther cases, the)-3.666 F F4 -.63(``)
3.666 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 1.166
(character is not treated specially)6.166 F 6.165(.S)-.65 G 1.165
-(ee the description of)-6.165 F F1(shopt)3.665 E F0(belo)3.665 E(w)-.25
-E(under)108 532.8 Q F3 .477(SHELL B)2.977 F(UIL)-.09 E .477
-(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0 .477(for a description of the)2.727 F F1
-(nocaseglob)2.978 E F0(,)A F1(nullglob)2.978 E F0(,)A F1(failglob)2.978
-E F0 2.978(,a)C(nd)-2.978 E F1(dotglob)2.978 E F0(shell options.)108
-544.8 Q(The)108 561.6 Q F3(GLOBIGNORE)2.631 E F0 .131(shell v)2.381 F
+(ee the description of)-6.165 F F4(shopt)3.665 E F0(belo)3.665 E(w)-.25
+E(under)108 561.6 Q F1 .477(SHELL B)2.977 F(UIL)-.09 E .477
+(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0 .477(for a description of the)2.727 F F4
+(nocaseglob)2.978 E F0(,)A F4(nullglob)2.978 E F0(,)A F4(failglob)2.978
+E F0 2.978(,a)C(nd)-2.978 E F4(dotglob)2.978 E F0(shell options.)108
+573.6 Q(The)108 590.4 Q F1(GLOBIGNORE)2.631 E F0 .131(shell v)2.381 F
.131(ariable may be used to restrict the set of \214le names matching a)
--.25 F F2(pattern)2.63 E F0 5.13(.I).24 G(f)-5.13 E F3(GLO-)2.63 E
-(BIGNORE)108 573.6 Q F0 2.015(is set, each matching \214le name that al\
-so matches one of the patterns in)4.264 F F3(GLOBIGNORE)4.515 E F0(is)
-4.265 E(remo)108 585.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.504(df).15 G .004
-(rom the list of matches.)-2.504 F .003(The \214le names)5.003 F F1 -.63
-(``)2.503 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0(and)5.003 E F1 -.63(``)2.503 G(..)
+-.25 F F3(pattern)2.63 E F0 5.13(.I).24 G(f)-5.13 E F1(GLO-)2.63 E
+(BIGNORE)108 602.4 Q F0 2.015(is set, each matching \214le name that al\
+so matches one of the patterns in)4.264 F F1(GLOBIGNORE)4.515 E F0(is)
+4.265 E(remo)108 614.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.504(df).15 G .004
+(rom the list of matches.)-2.504 F .003(The \214le names)5.003 F F4 -.63
+(``)2.503 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0(and)5.003 E F4 -.63(``)2.503 G(..)
.63 E -.63('')-.55 G F0 .003(are al)5.633 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .003
-(ys ignored when).1 F F3(GLOBIGNORE)2.503 E F0(is)2.253 E .045
-(set and not null.)108 597.6 R(Ho)5.045 E(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .845
--.4(r, s).15 H(etting).4 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)2.545 E F0 .046
+(ys ignored when).1 F F1(GLOBIGNORE)2.503 E F0(is)2.253 E .045
+(set and not null.)108 626.4 R(Ho)5.045 E(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .845
+-.4(r, s).15 H(etting).4 E F1(GLOBIGNORE)2.545 E F0 .046
(to a non-null v)2.296 F .046(alue has the ef)-.25 F .046
-(fect of enabling the)-.25 F F1(dotglob)2.546 E F0 .614
-(shell option, so all other \214le names be)108 609.6 R .614
-(ginning with a)-.15 F F1 -.63(``)3.114 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 .614
+(fect of enabling the)-.25 F F4(dotglob)2.546 E F0 .614
+(shell option, so all other \214le names be)108 638.4 R .614
+(ginning with a)-.15 F F4 -.63(``)3.114 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 .614
(will match.)5.614 F 2.213 -.8(To g)5.614 H .613(et the old beha).8 F
-.613(vior of ignoring)-.2 F .456(\214le names be)108 621.6 R .456
-(ginning with a)-.15 F F1 -.63(``)2.957 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0
-2.957(,m)C(ak)-2.957 E(e)-.1 E F1 -.63(``)2.957 G(.*').63 E(')-.63 E F0
-.457(one of the patterns in)5.457 F F3(GLOBIGNORE)2.957 E/F4 9
-/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(The)4.957 E F1(dotglob)2.957 E F0 .457
-(option is)2.957 F(disabled when)108 633.6 Q F3(GLOBIGNORE)2.5 E F0
-(is unset.)2.25 E F1 -.1(Pa)108 650.4 S(tter).1 E 2.5(nM)-.15 G(atching)
--2.5 E F0(An)108 667.2 Q 3.138(yc)-.15 G .638(haracter that appears in \
-a pattern, other than the special pattern characters described belo)
--3.138 F 1.938 -.65(w, m)-.25 H(atches).65 E 3.62(itself. The)108 679.2
-R 1.12(NUL character may not occur in a pattern.)3.62 F 3.62(Ab)6.12 G
-1.12(ackslash escapes the follo)-3.62 F 1.12(wing character; the)-.25 F
-.576(escaping backslash is discarded when matching.)108 691.2 R .576
+.613(vior of ignoring)-.2 F .456(\214le names be)108 650.4 R .456
+(ginning with a)-.15 F F4 -.63(``)2.957 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0
+2.957(,m)C(ak)-2.957 E(e)-.1 E F4 -.63(``)2.957 G(.*').63 E(')-.63 E F0
+.457(one of the patterns in)5.457 F F1(GLOBIGNORE)2.957 E F2(.)A F0(The)
+4.957 E F4(dotglob)2.957 E F0 .457(option is)2.957 F(disabled when)108
+662.4 Q F1(GLOBIGNORE)2.5 E F0(is unset.)2.25 E F4 -.1(Pa)108 679.2 S
+(tter).1 E 2.5(nM)-.15 G(atching)-2.5 E F0(An)108 696 Q 3.138(yc)-.15 G
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+ characters described belo)-3.138 F 1.938 -.65(w, m)-.25 H(atches).65 E
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+(NUL character may not occur in a pattern.)3.62 F 3.62(Ab)6.12 G 1.12
+(ackslash escapes the follo)-3.62 F 1.12(wing character; the)-.25 F .576
+(escaping backslash is discarded when matching.)108 720 R .576
(The special pattern characters must be quoted if the)5.576 F 3.076(ya)
--.15 G(re)-3.076 E(to be matched literally)108 703.2 Q(.)-.65 E
-(The special pattern characters ha)108 720 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H
-(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q
-(2007 September 14)135.125 E(20)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
+-.15 G(re)-3.076 E(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2007 December 5)138.465 E(20)
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(*)108 84 Q F0(Matches an)31 E 2.5(ys)-.15 G
-(tring, including the null string.)-2.5 E F1(?)108 96 Q F0(Matches an)31
-E 2.5(ys)-.15 G(ingle character)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1([...])108 108 Q F0
-.256(Matches an)21.84 F 2.756(yo)-.15 G .257
-(ne of the enclosed characters.)-2.756 F 2.757(Ap)5.257 G .257
-(air of characters separated by a h)-2.757 F .257(yphen denotes a)-.05 F
-/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.15(ra)144 120 S(ng).15 E 3.29(ee)-.1 G(xpr)
--3.49 E(ession)-.37 E F0 3.29(;a)C 1.09 -.15(ny c)-3.29 H .789
-(haracter that sorts between those tw).15 F 3.289(oc)-.1 G .789
-(haracters, inclusi)-3.289 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.289(,u).15 G .789
-(sing the cur)-3.289 F(-)-.2 E .349(rent locale')144 132 R 2.849(sc)-.55
-G .349(ollating sequence and character set, is matched.)-2.849 F .35
-(If the \214rst character follo)5.349 F .35(wing the)-.25 F F1([)2.85 E
-F0 .564(is a)144 144 R F1(!)3.064 E F0 .564(or a)5.564 F F1(^)3.064 E F0
-.564(then an)3.064 F 3.064(yc)-.15 G .564
+-.35 E(to be matched literally)108 84 Q(.)-.65 E
+(The special pattern characters ha)108 100.8 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H
+(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(*)108 117.6
+Q F0(Matches an)31 E 2.5(ys)-.15 G(tring, including the null string.)
+-2.5 E F1(?)108 129.6 Q F0(Matches an)31 E 2.5(ys)-.15 G
+(ingle character)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1([...])108 141.6 Q F0 .256
+(Matches an)21.84 F 2.756(yo)-.15 G .257(ne of the enclosed characters.)
+-2.756 F 2.757(Ap)5.257 G .257(air of characters separated by a h)-2.757
+F .257(yphen denotes a)-.05 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.15(ra)144 153.6
+S(ng).15 E 3.29(ee)-.1 G(xpr)-3.49 E(ession)-.37 E F0 3.29(;a)C 1.09
+-.15(ny c)-3.29 H .789(haracter that sorts between those tw).15 F 3.289
+(oc)-.1 G .789(haracters, inclusi)-3.289 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.289(,u).15 G
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+(sc)-.55 G .349(ollating sequence and character set, is matched.)-2.849
+F .35(If the \214rst character follo)5.349 F .35(wing the)-.25 F F1([)
+2.85 E F0 .564(is a)144 177.6 R F1(!)3.064 E F0 .564(or a)5.564 F F1(^)
+3.064 E F0 .564(then an)3.064 F 3.064(yc)-.15 G .564
(haracter not enclosed is matched.)-3.064 F .563
-(The sorting order of characters in range)5.564 F -.15(ex)144 156 S
+(The sorting order of characters in range)5.564 F -.15(ex)144 189.6 S
1.102(pressions is determined by the current locale and the v).15 F
1.102(alue of the)-.25 F F1(LC_COLLA)3.602 E(TE)-.95 E F0 1.103(shell v)
-3.603 F(ari-)-.25 E .089(able, if set.)144 168 R(A)5.089 E F1<ad>2.589 E
-F0 .088(may be matched by including it as the \214rst or last character\
- in the set.)2.589 F(A)5.088 E F1(])2.588 E F0 .088(may be)2.588 F
-(matched by including it as the \214rst character in the set.)144 180 Q
--.4(Wi)144 198 S(thin).4 E F1([)2.914 E F0(and)2.914 E F1(])2.914 E F0
-(,)A F2 -.15(ch)2.914 G(ar).15 E .414(acter classes)-.15 F F0 .415
+3.603 F(ari-)-.25 E .089(able, if set.)144 201.6 R(A)5.089 E F1<ad>2.589
+E F0 .088(may be matched by including it as the \214rst or last charact\
+er in the set.)2.589 F(A)5.088 E F1(])2.588 E F0 .088(may be)2.588 F
+(matched by including it as the \214rst character in the set.)144 213.6
+Q -.4(Wi)144 231.6 S(thin).4 E F1([)2.914 E F0(and)2.914 E F1(])2.914 E
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(can be speci\214ed using the syntax)2.915 F F1([:)2.915 E F2(class)A F1
(:])A F0 2.915(,w)C(here)-2.915 E F2(class)2.915 E F0 .415(is one of)
-2.915 F(the follo)144 210 Q
+2.915 F(the follo)144 243.6 Q
(wing classes de\214ned in the POSIX standard:)-.25 E F1 5.421
-(alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lo)144 222 R 5.421
-(wer print punct space upper w)-.1 F(ord)-.1 E(xdigit)144 234 Q F0 2.518
-(Ac)144 246 S .018(haracter class matches an)-2.518 F 2.518(yc)-.15 G
-.019(haracter belonging to that class.)-2.518 F(The)5.019 E F1 -.1(wo)
-2.519 G(rd).1 E F0 .019(character class matches)2.519 F
-(letters, digits, and the character _.)144 258 Q -.4(Wi)144 276 S(thin)
-.4 E F1([)3.547 E F0(and)3.547 E F1(])3.547 E F0 3.547(,a)C(n)-3.547 E
-F2 1.046(equivalence class)3.546 F F0 1.046
+(alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lo)144 255.6 R 5.421
+(wer print punct space upper w)-.1 F(ord)-.1 E(xdigit)144 267.6 Q F0
+2.518(Ac)144 279.6 S .018(haracter class matches an)-2.518 F 2.518(yc)
+-.15 G .019(haracter belonging to that class.)-2.518 F(The)5.019 E F1
+-.1(wo)2.519 G(rd).1 E F0 .019(character class matches)2.519 F
+(letters, digits, and the character _.)144 291.6 Q -.4(Wi)144 309.6 S
+(thin).4 E F1([)3.547 E F0(and)3.547 E F1(])3.547 E F0 3.547(,a)C(n)
+-3.547 E F2 1.046(equivalence class)3.546 F F0 1.046
(can be speci\214ed using the syntax)3.546 F F1([=)3.546 E F2(c)A F1(=])
A F0 3.546(,w)C 1.046(hich matches all)-3.546 F(characters with the sam\
e collation weight \(as de\214ned by the current locale\) as the charac\
-ter)144 288 Q F2(c)2.5 E F0(.)A -.4(Wi)144 306 S(thin).4 E F1([)2.5 E F0
-(and)2.5 E F1(])2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he syntax)-2.5 E F1([.)2.5 E F2
+ter)144 321.6 Q F2(c)2.5 E F0(.)A -.4(Wi)144 339.6 S(thin).4 E F1([)2.5
+E F0(and)2.5 E F1(])2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he syntax)-2.5 E F1([.)2.5 E F2
(symbol)A F1(.])A F0(matches the collating symbol)2.5 E F2(symbol)2.5 E
-F0(.)A .704(If the)108 322.8 R F1(extglob)3.204 E F0 .705
+F0(.)A .704(If the)108 356.4 R F1(extglob)3.204 E F0 .705
(shell option is enabled using the)3.204 F F1(shopt)3.205 E F0 -.2(bu)
3.205 G .705(iltin, se).2 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .705(ral e).15 F .705
(xtended pattern matching operators)-.15 F .256(are recognized.)108
-334.8 R .256(In the follo)5.256 F .256(wing description, a)-.25 F F2
+368.4 R .256(In the follo)5.256 F .256(wing description, a)-.25 F F2
(pattern-list)2.755 E F0 .255
(is a list of one or more patterns separated by a)2.755 F F1(|)2.755 E
F0(.)A(Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the follo)
-108 346.8 Q(wing sub-patterns:)-.25 E F1(?\()144 370.8 Q F2
+108 380.4 Q(wing sub-patterns:)-.25 E F1(?\()144 404.4 Q F2
(pattern-list).833 E F1(\)).833 E F0
-(Matches zero or one occurrence of the gi)180 382.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
-(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(*\()144 394.8 Q F2(pattern-list).833 E F1
-(\)).833 E F0(Matches zero or more occurrences of the gi)180 406.8 Q
--.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(+\()144 418.8 Q F2
+(Matches zero or one occurrence of the gi)180 416.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
+(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(*\()144 428.4 Q F2(pattern-list).833 E F1
+(\)).833 E F0(Matches zero or more occurrences of the gi)180 440.4 Q
+-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(+\()144 452.4 Q F2
(pattern-list).833 E F1(\)).833 E F0
-(Matches one or more occurrences of the gi)180 430.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G
-2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(@\()144 442.8 Q F2(pattern-list).833 E F1
-(\)).833 E F0(Matches one of the gi)180 454.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np)
-.15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(!\()144 466.8 Q F2(pattern-list).833 E F1(\))
-.833 E F0(Matches an)180 478.8 Q(ything e)-.15 E(xcept one of the gi)
--.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(Quote Remo)87 495.6
-Q -.1(va)-.1 G(l).1 E F0 1.112(After the preceding e)108 507.6 R 1.112
+(Matches one or more occurrences of the gi)180 464.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G
+2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(@\()144 476.4 Q F2(pattern-list).833 E F1
+(\)).833 E F0(Matches one of the gi)180 488.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np)
+.15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(!\()144 500.4 Q F2(pattern-list).833 E F1(\))
+.833 E F0(Matches an)180 512.4 Q(ything e)-.15 E(xcept one of the gi)
+-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(Quote Remo)87 529.2
+Q -.1(va)-.1 G(l).1 E F0 1.112(After the preceding e)108 541.2 R 1.112
(xpansions, all unquoted occurrences of the characters)-.15 F F1(\\)
3.613 E F0(,)A F1<08>3.613 E F0 3.613(,a)C(nd)-3.613 E F1(")4.446 E F0
-1.113(that did not result)4.446 F(from one of the abo)108 519.6 Q .3
+1.113(that did not result)4.446 F(from one of the abo)108 553.2 Q .3
-.15(ve ex)-.15 H(pansions are remo).15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E/F3
-10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(REDIRECTION)72 536.4 Q F0 .545
-(Before a command is e)108 548.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .545
+10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(REDIRECTION)72 570 Q F0 .545
+(Before a command is e)108 582 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .545
(cuted, its input and output may be).15 F F2 -.37(re)3.045 G(dir).37 E
(ected)-.37 E F0 .545(using a special notation interpreted)3.815 F .616
-(by the shell.)108 560.4 R .617(Redirection may also be used to open an\
-d close \214les for the current shell e)5.616 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .617
-(cution en).15 F(viron-)-.4 E 3.275(ment. The)108 572.4 R(follo)3.275 E
+(by the shell.)108 594 R .617(Redirection may also be used to open and \
+close \214les for the current shell e)5.616 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .617
+(cution en).15 F(viron-)-.4 E 3.275(ment. The)108 606 R(follo)3.275 E
.774(wing redirection operators may precede or appear an)-.25 F .774
(ywhere within a)-.15 F F2 .774(simple command)3.614 F F0(or)4.044 E
-(may follo)108 584.4 Q 2.5(wa)-.25 G F2(command)A F0 5(.R).77 G
+(may follo)108 618 Q 2.5(wa)-.25 G F2(command)A F0 5(.R).77 G
(edirections are processed in the order the)-5 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G(ppear)
-2.5 E 2.5(,f)-.4 G(rom left to right.)-2.5 E .283(In the follo)108
-601.2 R .284(wing descriptions, if the \214le descriptor number is omit\
+634.8 R .284(wing descriptions, if the \214le descriptor number is omit\
ted, and the \214rst character of the redirect-)-.25 F .513
-(ion operator is)108 613.2 R F1(<)3.012 E F0 3.012(,t)C .512
+(ion operator is)108 646.8 R F1(<)3.012 E F0 3.012(,t)C .512
(he redirection refers to the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\).)
-3.012 F .512(If the \214rst character of the)5.512 F
-(redirection operator is)108 625.2 Q F1(>)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C
+(redirection operator is)108 658.8 Q F1(>)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C
(he redirection refers to the standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\).)
--2.5 E .824(The w)108 642 R .824(ord follo)-.1 F .824
+-2.5 E .824(The w)108 675.6 R .824(ord follo)-.1 F .824
(wing the redirection operator in the follo)-.25 F .825
(wing descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is sub-)-.25 F .773
-(jected to brace e)108 654 R .773(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .773
+(jected to brace e)108 687.6 R .773(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .773
(xpansion, parameter e)-.15 F .772
(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic e)-.15 F(xpan-)-.15 E .843
-(sion, quote remo)108 666 R -.25(va)-.15 G .843(l, pathname e).25 F .843
-(xpansion, and w)-.15 F .843(ord splitting.)-.1 F .843(If it e)5.843 F
-.843(xpands to more than one w)-.15 F(ord,)-.1 E F1(bash)3.344 E F0
-(reports an error)108 678 Q(.)-.55 E
-(Note that the order of redirections is signi\214cant.)108 694.8 Q -.15
-(Fo)5 G 2.5(re).15 G(xample, the command)-2.65 E(ls)144 711.6 Q F1(>)2.5
-E F0(dirlist 2)2.5 E F1(>&)A F0(1)A
-(directs both standard output and standard error to the \214le)108 728.4
-Q F2(dirlist)2.5 E F0 2.5(,w).68 G(hile the command)-2.5 E(GNU Bash-3.2)
-72 768 Q(2007 September 14)135.125 E(21)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
+(sion, quote remo)108 699.6 R -.25(va)-.15 G .843(l, pathname e).25 F
+.843(xpansion, and w)-.15 F .843(ord splitting.)-.1 F .843(If it e)5.843
+F .843(xpands to more than one w)-.15 F(ord,)-.1 E F1(bash)3.344 E F0
+(reports an error)108 711.6 Q(.)-.55 E
+(Note that the order of redirections is signi\214cant.)108 728.4 Q -.15
+(Fo)5 G 2.5(re).15 G(xample, the command)-2.65 E(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q
+(2007 December 5)138.465 E(21)188.455 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E(ls 2)144 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(>&)A F0(1)A F1(>)2.5 E F0
-(dirlist)2.5 E .388(directs only the standard output to \214le)108 100.8
-R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(dirlist)2.888 E F0 2.888(,b).68 G .387
-(ecause the standard error w)-2.888 F .387
-(as duplicated as standard output)-.1 F(before the standard output w)108
-112.8 Q(as redirected to)-.1 E F2(dirlist)2.5 E F0(.).68 E F1(Bash)108
-129.6 Q F0 .598(handles se)3.098 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .598
-(ral \214lenames specially when the).15 F 3.099(ya)-.15 G .599
-(re used in redirections, as described in the follo)-3.099 F(wing)-.25 E
-(table:)108 141.6 Q F1(/de)144 158.4 Q(v/fd/)-.15 E F2(fd)A F0(If)180
-170.4 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0(is a v)2.5 E(alid inte)-.25 E(ger)-.15 E 2.5
-<2c8c>-.4 G(le descriptor)-2.5 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0(is duplicated.)2.5 E F1
-(/de)144 182.4 Q(v/stdin)-.15 E F0(File descriptor 0 is duplicated.)180
-194.4 Q F1(/de)144 206.4 Q(v/stdout)-.15 E F0
-(File descriptor 1 is duplicated.)180 218.4 Q F1(/de)144 230.4 Q
-(v/stderr)-.15 E F0(File descriptor 2 is duplicated.)180 242.4 Q F1(/de)
-144 254.4 Q(v/tcp/)-.15 E F2(host)A F1(/)A F2(port)A F0(If)180 266.4 Q
-F2(host)2.997 E F0 .497(is a v)2.997 F .497
-(alid hostname or Internet address, and)-.25 F F2(port)2.996 E F0 .496
-(is an inte)2.996 F .496(ger port number or ser)-.15 F(-)-.2 E
-(vice name,)180 278.4 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0
-(attempts to open a TCP connection to the corresponding sock)2.5 E(et.)
--.1 E F1(/de)144 290.4 Q(v/udp/)-.15 E F2(host)A F1(/)A F2(port)A F0(If)
-180 302.4 Q F2(host)2.996 E F0 .496(is a v)2.996 F .496
+-.35 E(ls)144 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(>)2.5 E F0(dirlist 2)2.5 E F1
+(>&)A F0(1)A
+(directs both standard output and standard error to the \214le)108 100.8
+Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(dirlist)2.5 E F0 2.5(,w).68 G
+(hile the command)-2.5 E(ls 2)144 117.6 Q F1(>&)A F0(1)A F1(>)2.5 E F0
+(dirlist)2.5 E .388(directs only the standard output to \214le)108 134.4
+R F2(dirlist)2.888 E F0 2.888(,b).68 G .387(ecause the standard error w)
+-2.888 F .387(as duplicated as standard output)-.1 F
+(before the standard output w)108 146.4 Q(as redirected to)-.1 E F2
+(dirlist)2.5 E F0(.).68 E F1(Bash)108 163.2 Q F0 .598(handles se)3.098 F
+-.15(ve)-.25 G .598(ral \214lenames specially when the).15 F 3.099(ya)
+-.15 G .599(re used in redirections, as described in the follo)-3.099 F
+(wing)-.25 E(table:)108 175.2 Q F1(/de)144 192 Q(v/fd/)-.15 E F2(fd)A F0
+(If)180 204 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0(is a v)2.5 E(alid inte)-.25 E(ger)-.15 E
+2.5<2c8c>-.4 G(le descriptor)-2.5 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0(is duplicated.)2.5 E
+F1(/de)144 216 Q(v/stdin)-.15 E F0(File descriptor 0 is duplicated.)180
+228 Q F1(/de)144 240 Q(v/stdout)-.15 E F0
+(File descriptor 1 is duplicated.)180 252 Q F1(/de)144 264 Q(v/stderr)
+-.15 E F0(File descriptor 2 is duplicated.)180 276 Q F1(/de)144 288 Q
+(v/tcp/)-.15 E F2(host)A F1(/)A F2(port)A F0(If)180 300 Q F2(host)2.997
+E F0 .497(is a v)2.997 F .497(alid hostname or Internet address, and)
+-.25 F F2(port)2.996 E F0 .496(is an inte)2.996 F .496
+(ger port number or ser)-.15 F(-)-.2 E(vice name,)180 312 Q F1(bash)2.5
+E F0(attempts to open a TCP connection to the corresponding sock)2.5 E
+(et.)-.1 E F1(/de)144 324 Q(v/udp/)-.15 E F2(host)A F1(/)A F2(port)A F0
+(If)180 336 Q F2(host)2.996 E F0 .496(is a v)2.996 F .496
(alid hostname or Internet address, and)-.25 F F2(port)2.997 E F0 .497
(is an inte)2.997 F .497(ger port number or ser)-.15 F(-)-.2 E
-(vice name,)180 314.4 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0
+(vice name,)180 348 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0
(attempts to open a UDP connection to the corresponding sock)2.5 E(et.)
--.1 E 2.5(Af)108 331.2 S
+-.1 E 2.5(Af)108 364.8 S
(ailure to open or create a \214le causes the redirection to f)-2.6 E
(ail.)-.1 E .947(Redirections using \214le descriptors greater than 9 s\
-hould be used with care, as the)108 348 R 3.446(ym)-.15 G .946
+hould be used with care, as the)108 381.6 R 3.446(ym)-.15 G .946
(ay con\215ict with \214le)-3.446 F
-(descriptors the shell uses internally)108 360 Q(.)-.65 E F1(Redir)87
-376.8 Q(ecting Input)-.18 E F0 .391
+(descriptors the shell uses internally)108 393.6 Q(.)-.65 E F1(Redir)87
+410.4 Q(ecting Input)-.18 E F0 .391
(Redirection of input causes the \214le whose name results from the e)
-108 388.8 R .391(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.231 E(d)-.37 E F0 .391
-(to be opened for read-)3.661 F(ing on \214le descriptor)108 400.8 Q F2
+108 422.4 R .391(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.231 E(d)-.37 E F0 .391
+(to be opened for read-)3.661 F(ing on \214le descriptor)108 434.4 Q F2
(n)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o).24 G 2.5(rt)-2.5 G
(he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-2.5 E F2(n)2.86 E F0
(is not speci\214ed.)2.74 E
-(The general format for redirecting input is:)108 417.6 Q([)144 434.4 Q
-F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(Redir)87 451.2 Q
-(ecting Output)-.18 E F0 .175
+(The general format for redirecting input is:)108 451.2 Q([)144 468 Q F2
+(n)A F0(])A F1(<)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(Redir)87 484.8 Q(ecting Output)
+-.18 E F0 .175
(Redirection of output causes the \214le whose name results from the e)
-108 463.2 R .174(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.014 E(d)-.37 E F0 .174
-(to be opened for writ-)3.444 F .824(ing on \214le descriptor)108 475.2
+108 496.8 R .174(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.014 E(d)-.37 E F0 .174
+(to be opened for writ-)3.444 F .824(ing on \214le descriptor)108 508.8
R F2(n)3.324 E F0 3.324(,o).24 G 3.324(rt)-3.324 G .824
(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-3.324 F F2(n)3.684 E F0
.824(is not speci\214ed.)3.564 F .825(If the \214le does not)5.825 F
--.15(ex)108 487.2 S(ist it is created; if it does e).15 E
+-.15(ex)108 520.8 S(ist it is created; if it does e).15 E
(xist it is truncated to zero size.)-.15 E
-(The general format for redirecting output is:)108 504 Q([)144 520.8 Q
+(The general format for redirecting output is:)108 537.6 Q([)144 554.4 Q
F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .155
-(If the redirection operator is)108 537.6 R F1(>)2.655 E F0 2.655(,a)C
+(If the redirection operator is)108 571.2 R F1(>)2.655 E F0 2.655(,a)C
.155(nd the)-2.655 F F1(noclob)2.655 E(ber)-.1 E F0 .154(option to the)
2.654 F F1(set)2.654 E F0 -.2(bu)2.654 G .154
-(iltin has been enabled, the redirection).2 F .657(will f)108 549.6 R
+(iltin has been enabled, the redirection).2 F .657(will f)108 583.2 R
.657(ail if the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .658
(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.158 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.158 G .658
(ists and is a re).15 F .658(gular \214le.)-.15 F .658(If the redi-)
-5.658 F .409(rection operator is)108 561.6 R F1(>|)2.909 E F0 2.909(,o)C
+5.658 F .409(rection operator is)108 595.2 R F1(>|)2.909 E F0 2.909(,o)C
2.909(rt)-2.909 G .409(he redirection operator is)-2.909 F F1(>)2.909 E
F0 .409(and the)2.909 F F1(noclob)2.909 E(ber)-.1 E F0 .409
(option to the)2.909 F F1(set)2.909 E F0 -.2(bu)2.908 G .408
(iltin command).2 F(is not enabled, the redirection is attempted e)108
-573.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he \214le named by)
+607.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he \214le named by)
-2.5 E F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F1 -.25(Ap)87
-590.4 S(pending Redir).25 E(ected Output)-.18 E F0 .641
-(Redirection of output in this f)108 602.4 R .642
+624 S(pending Redir).25 E(ected Output)-.18 E F0 .641
+(Redirection of output in this f)108 636 R .642
(ashion causes the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .642
(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.482 E(d)-.37 E F0 .642(to be)3.912 F .474
-(opened for appending on \214le descriptor)108 614.4 R F2(n)2.974 E F0
+(opened for appending on \214le descriptor)108 648 R F2(n)2.974 E F0
2.974(,o).24 G 2.974(rt)-2.974 G .474
(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.974 F F2(n)3.333 E F0
.473(is not speci\214ed.)3.213 F(If)5.473 E(the \214le does not e)108
-626.4 Q(xist it is created.)-.15 E
-(The general format for appending output is:)108 643.2 Q([)144 660 Q F2
-(n)A F0(])A F1(>>)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(Redir)87 681.6 Q
-(ecting Standard Output and Standard Err)-.18 E(or)-.18 E(Bash)108 693.6
-Q F0(allo)3.141 E .642(ws both the standard output \(\214le descriptor \
-1\) and the standard error output \(\214le descriptor 2\) to)-.25 F
-(be redirected to the \214le whose name is the e)108 705.6 Q
-(xpansion of)-.15 E F2(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F0(with this construct.)3.27
-E(There are tw)108 722.4 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G
-(ormats for redirecting standard output and standard error:)-2.5 E
-(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2007 September 14)135.125 E(22)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
+660 Q(xist it is created.)-.15 E
+(The general format for appending output is:)108 676.8 Q([)144 693.6 Q
+F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>>)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q
+(2007 December 5)138.465 E(22)188.455 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(&>)144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(wor)A
-(d)-.37 E F0(and)108 96 Q F1(>&)144 108 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0
-(Of the tw)108 124.8 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G(orms, the \214rst is preferred.)-2.5
-E(This is semantically equi)5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1(>)144
-141.6 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(2)2.5 E F1(>&)A F0(1)A F1(Her)87 158.4 Q
-2.5(eD)-.18 G(ocuments)-2.5 E F0 .33(This type of redirection instructs\
- the shell to read input from the current source until a line containin\
-g only)108 170.4 R F2(wor)108.34 182.4 Q(d)-.37 E F0 .683
-(\(with no trailing blanks\) is seen.)3.953 F .684
+-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Redir)87 84 Q
+(ecting Standard Output and Standard Err)-.18 E(or)-.18 E(Bash)108 96 Q
+F0(allo)3.141 E .642(ws both the standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\
+\) and the standard error output \(\214le descriptor 2\) to)-.25 F
+(be redirected to the \214le whose name is the e)108 108 Q(xpansion of)
+-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F0
+(with this construct.)3.27 E(There are tw)108 124.8 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G
+(ormats for redirecting standard output and standard error:)-2.5 E F1
+(&>)144 141.6 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(and)108 153.6 Q F1(>&)144 165.6 Q
+F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(Of the tw)108 182.4 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G
+(orms, the \214rst is preferred.)-2.5 E(This is semantically equi)5 E
+-.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1(>)144 199.2 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(2)2.5
+E F1(>&)A F0(1)A F1(Her)87 216 Q 2.5(eD)-.18 G(ocuments)-2.5 E F0 .33(T\
+his type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the curr\
+ent source until a line containing only)108 228 R F2(wor)108.34 240 Q(d)
+-.37 E F0 .683(\(with no trailing blanks\) is seen.)3.953 F .684
(All of the lines read up to that point are then used as the standard)
-5.684 F(input for a command.)108 194.4 Q
-(The format of here-documents is:)108 211.2 Q F1(<<)144 228 Q F0([)A F1
-<ad>A F0(])A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E(her)164 240 Q(e-document)-.37 E
-(delimiter)144 252 Q F0 .128(No parameter e)108 268.8 R .127
+5.684 F(input for a command.)108 252 Q(The format of here-documents is:)
+108 268.8 Q F1(<<)144 285.6 Q F0([)A F1<ad>A F0(])A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E
+(her)164 297.6 Q(e-document)-.37 E(delimiter)144 309.6 Q F0 .128
+(No parameter e)108 326.4 R .127
(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic e)-.15 F .127
(xpansion, or pathname e)-.15 F .127(xpansion is performed)-.15 F(on)108
-280.8 Q F2(wor)3.274 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.774(.I).77 G 3.274(fa)-5.774 G
+338.4 Q F2(wor)3.274 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.774(.I).77 G 3.274(fa)-5.774 G
1.074 -.15(ny c)-3.274 H .774(haracters in).15 F F2(wor)3.614 E(d)-.37 E
F0 .774(are quoted, the)4.044 F F2(delimiter)3.624 E F0 .774
(is the result of quote remo)4.004 F -.25(va)-.15 G 3.275(lo).25 G(n)
-3.275 E F2(wor)3.275 E(d)-.37 E F0 3.275(,a).77 G(nd)-3.275 E .905
-(the lines in the here-document are not e)108 292.8 R 3.405(xpanded. If)
+(the lines in the here-document are not e)108 350.4 R 3.405(xpanded. If)
-.15 F F2(wor)3.405 E(d)-.37 E F0 .904
(is unquoted, all lines of the here-document are)3.405 F .694
-(subjected to parameter e)108 304.8 R .695
+(subjected to parameter e)108 362.4 R .695
(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F 3.195
(xpansion. In)-.15 F .695(the latter case, the)3.195 F
-(character sequence)108 316.8 Q F1(\\<newline>)2.5 E F0(is ignored, and)
+(character sequence)108 374.4 Q F1(\\<newline>)2.5 E F0(is ignored, and)
2.5 E F1(\\)2.5 E F0(must be used to quote the characters)2.5 E F1(\\)
2.5 E F0(,)A F1($)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F1<92>2.5 E F0(.)A .602
-(If the redirection operator is)108 333.6 R F1(<<\255)3.101 E F0 3.101
+(If the redirection operator is)108 391.2 R F1(<<\255)3.101 E F0 3.101
(,t)C .601(hen all leading tab characters are stripped from input lines\
- and the line)-3.101 F(containing)108 345.6 Q F2(delimiter)2.5 E F0 5
+ and the line)-3.101 F(containing)108 403.2 Q F2(delimiter)2.5 E F0 5
(.T).73 G(his allo)-5 E
(ws here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural f)
--.25 E(ashion.)-.1 E F1(Her)87 362.4 Q 2.5(eS)-.18 G(trings)-2.5 E F0
-2.5(Av)108 374.4 S(ariant of here documents, the format is:)-2.75 E F1
-(<<<)144 391.2 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(The)108 408 Q F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37
-E F0(is e)2.5 E
+-.25 E(ashion.)-.1 E F1(Her)87 420 Q 2.5(eS)-.18 G(trings)-2.5 E F0 2.5
+(Av)108 432 S(ariant of here documents, the format is:)-2.75 E F1(<<<)
+144 448.8 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(The)108 465.6 Q F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E
+F0(is e)2.5 E
(xpanded and supplied to the command on its standard input.)-.15 E F1
-(Duplicating File Descriptors)87 424.8 Q F0(The redirection operator)108
-436.8 Q([)144 453.6 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<&)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .126
-(is used to duplicate input \214le descriptors.)108 470.4 R(If)5.127 E
-F2(wor)2.967 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.397 G .127
+(Duplicating File Descriptors)87 482.4 Q F0(The redirection operator)108
+494.4 Q([)144 511.2 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<&)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .126
+(is used to duplicate input \214le descriptors.)108 528 R(If)5.127 E F2
+(wor)2.967 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.397 G .127
(pands to one or more digits, the \214le descriptor denoted).15 F(by)108
-482.4 Q F2(n)3.318 E F0 .458(is made to be a cop)3.198 F 2.958(yo)-.1 G
+540 Q F2(n)3.318 E F0 .458(is made to be a cop)3.198 F 2.958(yo)-.1 G
2.958(ft)-2.958 G .457(hat \214le descriptor)-2.958 F 5.457(.I)-.55 G
2.957(ft)-5.457 G .457(he digits in)-2.957 F F2(wor)3.297 E(d)-.37 E F0
.457(do not specify a \214le descriptor open)3.727 F .149
-(for input, a redirection error occurs.)108 494.4 R(If)5.149 E F2(wor)
+(for input, a redirection error occurs.)108 552 R(If)5.149 E F2(wor)
2.989 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)3.419 G .149(luates to).25 F F1<ad>2.649 E
F0 2.65<2c8c>C .15(le descriptor)-2.65 F F2(n)3.01 E F0 .15(is closed.)
2.89 F(If)5.15 E F2(n)3.01 E F0 .15(is not speci\214ed,)2.89 F
-(the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) is used.)108 506.4 Q
-(The operator)108 523.2 Q([)144 540 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>&)A F2(wor)A(d)
--.37 E F0 .444
-(is used similarly to duplicate output \214le descriptors.)108 556.8 R
+(the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) is used.)108 564 Q
+(The operator)108 580.8 Q([)144 597.6 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>&)A F2(wor)A
+(d)-.37 E F0 .444
+(is used similarly to duplicate output \214le descriptors.)108 614.4 R
(If)5.444 E F2(n)3.304 E F0 .443
(is not speci\214ed, the standard output \(\214le descrip-)3.183 F 1.357
-(tor 1\) is used.)108 568.8 R 1.357(If the digits in)6.357 F F2(wor)
+(tor 1\) is used.)108 626.4 R 1.357(If the digits in)6.357 F F2(wor)
4.197 E(d)-.37 E F0 1.358(do not specify a \214le descriptor open for o\
-utput, a redirection error)4.627 F 2.597(occurs. As)108 580.8 R 2.597
+utput, a redirection error)4.627 F 2.597(occurs. As)108 638.4 R 2.597
(as)2.597 G .097(pecial case, if)-2.597 F F2(n)2.596 E F0 .096
(is omitted, and)2.596 F F2(wor)2.596 E(d)-.37 E F0 .096(does not e)
2.596 F .096(xpand to one or more digits, the standard out-)-.15 F
-(put and standard error are redirected as described pre)108 592.8 Q
-(viously)-.25 E(.)-.65 E F1(Mo)87 609.6 Q(ving File Descriptors)-.1 E F0
-(The redirection operator)108 621.6 Q([)144 638.4 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<&)
-A F2(digit)A F1<ad>A F0(mo)108 655.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.035(st).15 G
-.535(he \214le descriptor)-3.035 F F2(digit)3.035 E F0 .535
+(put and standard error are redirected as described pre)108 650.4 Q
+(viously)-.25 E(.)-.65 E F1(Mo)87 667.2 Q(ving File Descriptors)-.1 E F0
+(The redirection operator)108 679.2 Q([)144 696 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<&)A
+F2(digit)A F1<ad>A F0(mo)108 712.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.035(st).15 G .535
+(he \214le descriptor)-3.035 F F2(digit)3.035 E F0 .535
(to \214le descriptor)3.035 F F2(n)3.035 E F0 3.035(,o).24 G 3.035(rt)
-3.035 G .536(he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-3.035 F F2
-(n)3.036 E F0 .536(is not speci-)3.036 F(\214ed.)108 667.2 Q F2(digit)5
+(n)3.036 E F0 .536(is not speci-)3.036 F(\214ed.)108 724.8 Q F2(digit)5
E F0(is closed after being duplicated to)2.5 E F2(n)2.5 E F0(.)A
-(Similarly)108 684 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he redirection operator)-2.5 E([)144
-700.8 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>&)A F2(digit)A F1<ad>A F0(mo)108 717.6 Q -.15
-(ve)-.15 G 2.786(st).15 G .286(he \214le descriptor)-2.786 F F2(digit)
-2.786 E F0 .286(to \214le descriptor)2.786 F F2(n)2.786 E F0 2.786(,o)
-.24 G 2.786(rt)-2.786 G .285
-(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.786 F F2(n)2.785 E F0
-.285(is not speci-)2.785 F(\214ed.)108 729.6 Q(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q
-(2007 September 14)135.125 E(23)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Opening File Descriptors f)87 84 Q
-(or Reading and Writing)-.25 E F0(The redirection operator)108 96 Q([)
-144 112.8 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0(])A F1(<>)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E
-F0 1.349(causes the \214le whose name is the e)108 129.6 R 1.349
-(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)4.189 E(d)-.37 E F0 1.349
+-.35 E(Similarly)108 84 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he redirection operator)-2.5 E
+([)144 100.8 Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0(])A/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF
+(>&)A F1(digit)A F2<ad>A F0(mo)108 117.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.786(st).15 G
+.286(he \214le descriptor)-2.786 F F1(digit)2.786 E F0 .286
+(to \214le descriptor)2.786 F F1(n)2.786 E F0 2.786(,o).24 G 2.786(rt)
+-2.786 G .285(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.786 F F1
+(n)2.785 E F0 .285(is not speci-)2.785 F(\214ed.)108 129.6 Q F2
+(Opening File Descriptors f)87 146.4 Q(or Reading and Writing)-.25 E F0
+(The redirection operator)108 158.4 Q([)144 175.2 Q F1(n)A F0(])A F2(<>)
+A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 1.349(causes the \214le whose name is the e)108
+192 R 1.349(xpansion of)-.15 F F1(wor)4.189 E(d)-.37 E F0 1.349
(to be opened for both reading and writing on \214le)4.619 F(descriptor)
-108 141.6 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o).24 G 2.5(ro)-2.5 G 2.5<6e8c>-2.5 G
-(le descriptor 0 if)-2.5 E F2(n)2.86 E F0(is not speci\214ed.)2.74 E
+108 204 Q F1(n)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o).24 G 2.5(ro)-2.5 G 2.5<6e8c>-2.5 G
+(le descriptor 0 if)-2.5 E F1(n)2.86 E F0(is not speci\214ed.)2.74 E
(If the \214le does not e)5 E(xist, it is created.)-.15 E/F3 10.95
-/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)72 158.4 Q F2(Aliases)108 170.4 Q F0(allo)3.174
+/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)72 220.8 Q F1(Aliases)108 232.8 Q F0(allo)3.174
E 3.174(was)-.25 G .674(tring to be substituted for a w)-3.174 F .674
(ord when it is used as the \214rst w)-.1 F .673
(ord of a simple command.)-.1 F .394(The shell maintains a list of alia\
-ses that may be set and unset with the)108 182.4 R F1(alias)2.894 E F0
-(and)2.894 E F1(unalias)2.894 E F0 -.2(bu)2.894 G .394(iltin commands).2
-F(\(see)108 194.4 Q/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.98(SHELL B)4.48 F(UIL)-.09 E
+ses that may be set and unset with the)108 244.8 R F2(alias)2.894 E F0
+(and)2.894 E F2(unalias)2.894 E F0 -.2(bu)2.894 G .394(iltin commands).2
+F(\(see)108 256.8 Q/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.98(SHELL B)4.48 F(UIL)-.09 E
1.98(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)4.23 E 4.48(w\). The)-.25 F 1.98
(\214rst w)4.48 F 1.979(ord of each simple command, if unquoted, is)-.1
-F(check)108 206.4 Q .472(ed to see if it has an alias.)-.1 F .472
+F(check)108 268.8 Q .472(ed to see if it has an alias.)-.1 F .472
(If so, that w)5.472 F .473(ord is replaced by the te)-.1 F .473
-(xt of the alias.)-.15 F .473(The characters)5.473 F F1(/)2.973 E F0(,)A
-F1($)2.973 E F0(,)A F1<92>2.973 E F0(,)A(and)108 218.4 Q F1(=)3.612 E F0
+(xt of the alias.)-.15 F .473(The characters)5.473 F F2(/)2.973 E F0(,)A
+F2($)2.973 E F0(,)A F2<92>2.973 E F0(,)A(and)108 280.8 Q F2(=)3.612 E F0
1.112(and an)3.612 F 3.612(yo)-.15 G 3.612(ft)-3.612 G 1.112(he shell)
--3.612 F F2(metac)3.612 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.112
+-3.612 F F1(metac)3.612 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.112
(or quoting characters listed abo)3.612 F 1.411 -.15(ve m)-.15 H 1.111
-(ay not appear in an alias).15 F 3.619(name. The)108 230.4 R 1.119
+(ay not appear in an alias).15 F 3.619(name. The)108 292.8 R 1.119
(replacement te)3.619 F 1.119(xt may contain an)-.15 F 3.619(yv)-.15 G
1.119(alid shell input, including shell metacharacters.)-3.869 F 1.12
-(The \214rst)6.12 F -.1(wo)108 242.4 S .514(rd of the replacement te).1
+(The \214rst)6.12 F -.1(wo)108 304.8 S .514(rd of the replacement te).1
F .514(xt is tested for aliases, b)-.15 F .514(ut a w)-.2 F .513
(ord that is identical to an alias being e)-.1 F .513(xpanded is)-.15 F
-.295(not e)108 254.4 R .295(xpanded a second time.)-.15 F .296
-(This means that one may alias)5.295 F F1(ls)2.796 E F0(to)2.796 E F1
-.296(ls \255F)2.796 F F0 2.796(,f)C .296(or instance, and)-2.796 F F1
-(bash)2.796 E F0 .296(does not try)2.796 F .543(to recursi)108 266.4 R
+.295(not e)108 316.8 R .295(xpanded a second time.)-.15 F .296
+(This means that one may alias)5.295 F F2(ls)2.796 E F0(to)2.796 E F2
+.296(ls \255F)2.796 F F0 2.796(,f)C .296(or instance, and)-2.796 F F2
+(bash)2.796 E F0 .296(does not try)2.796 F .543(to recursi)108 328.8 R
-.15(ve)-.25 G .543(ly e).15 F .543(xpand the replacement te)-.15 F
3.043(xt. If)-.15 F .543(the last character of the alias v)3.043 F .542
-(alue is a)-.25 F F2(blank)3.042 E F0 3.042(,t).67 G .542(hen the ne)
--3.042 F(xt)-.15 E(command w)108 278.4 Q(ord follo)-.1 E
+(alue is a)-.25 F F1(blank)3.042 E F0 3.042(,t).67 G .542(hen the ne)
+-3.042 F(xt)-.15 E(command w)108 340.8 Q(ord follo)-.1 E
(wing the alias is also check)-.25 E(ed for alias e)-.1 E(xpansion.)-.15
-E(Aliases are created and listed with the)108 295.2 Q F1(alias)2.5 E F0
-(command, and remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(dw).15 G(ith the)-2.5 E F1
+E(Aliases are created and listed with the)108 357.6 Q F2(alias)2.5 E F0
+(command, and remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(dw).15 G(ith the)-2.5 E F2
(unalias)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E .284
-(There is no mechanism for using ar)108 312 R .284
+(There is no mechanism for using ar)108 374.4 R .284
(guments in the replacement te)-.18 F 2.784(xt. If)-.15 F(ar)2.784 E
.284(guments are needed, a shell func-)-.18 F(tion should be used \(see)
-108 324 Q F4(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E 1.22
-(Aliases are not e)108 340.8 R 1.22
+108 386.4 Q F4(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E 1.22
+(Aliases are not e)108 403.2 R 1.22
(xpanded when the shell is not interacti)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.72(,u)
-.15 G 1.22(nless the)-3.72 F F1(expand_aliases)3.72 E F0 1.22
-(shell option is set)3.72 F(using)108 352.8 Q F1(shopt)2.5 E F0
-(\(see the description of)2.5 E F1(shopt)2.5 E F0(under)2.5 E F4
+.15 G 1.22(nless the)-3.72 F F2(expand_aliases)3.72 E F0 1.22
+(shell option is set)3.72 F(using)108 415.2 Q F2(shopt)2.5 E F0
+(\(see the description of)2.5 E F2(shopt)2.5 E F0(under)2.5 E F4
(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25
E .435
(The rules concerning the de\214nition and use of aliases are some)108
-369.6 R .436(what confusing.)-.25 F F1(Bash)5.436 E F0(al)2.936 E -.1
-(wa)-.1 G .436(ys reads at least).1 F .338
-(one complete line of input before e)108 381.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .338
+432 R .436(what confusing.)-.25 F F2(Bash)5.436 E F0(al)2.936 E -.1(wa)
+-.1 G .436(ys reads at least).1 F .338
+(one complete line of input before e)108 444 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .338
(cuting an).15 F 2.838(yo)-.15 G 2.838(ft)-2.838 G .338
(he commands on that line.)-2.838 F .337(Aliases are e)5.337 F .337
-(xpanded when)-.15 F 3.403(ac)108 393.6 S .904
+(xpanded when)-.15 F 3.403(ac)108 456 S .904
(ommand is read, not when it is e)-3.403 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.404
(cuted. Therefore,).15 F .904
(an alias de\214nition appearing on the same line as)3.404 F 1.162
-(another command does not tak)108 405.6 R 3.662(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.662
-G 1.162(ect until the ne).25 F 1.162(xt line of input is read.)-.15 F
+(another command does not tak)108 468 R 3.662(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.662 G
+1.162(ect until the ne).25 F 1.162(xt line of input is read.)-.15 F
1.161(The commands follo)6.161 F 1.161(wing the)-.25 F .277
-(alias de\214nition on that line are not af)108 417.6 R .277
+(alias de\214nition on that line are not af)108 480 R .277
(fected by the ne)-.25 F 2.777(wa)-.25 G 2.777(lias. This)-2.777 F(beha)
2.777 E .277(vior is also an issue when functions)-.2 F .699(are e)108
-429.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.199(cuted. Aliases).15 F .699(are e)3.199 F
-.699(xpanded when a function de\214nition is read, not when the functio\
-n is e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted,).15 E .494
-(because a function de\214nition is itself a compound command.)108 441.6
-R .495(As a consequence, aliases de\214ned in a func-)5.494 F .085
-(tion are not a)108 453.6 R -.25(va)-.2 G .084
+492 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.199(cuted. Aliases).15 F .699(are e)3.199 F .699
+(xpanded when a function de\214nition is read, not when the function is\
+ e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted,).15 E .494
+(because a function de\214nition is itself a compound command.)108 504 R
+.495(As a consequence, aliases de\214ned in a func-)5.494 F .085
+(tion are not a)108 516 R -.25(va)-.2 G .084
(ilable until after that function is e).25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.584
(cuted. T).15 F 2.584(ob)-.8 G 2.584(es)-2.584 G .084(afe, al)-2.584 F
-.1(wa)-.1 G .084(ys put alias de\214nitions on a sepa-).1 F
-(rate line, and do not use)108 465.6 Q F1(alias)2.5 E F0
-(in compound commands.)2.5 E -.15(Fo)108 482.4 S 2.5(ra).15 G(lmost e)
+(rate line, and do not use)108 528 Q F2(alias)2.5 E F0
+(in compound commands.)2.5 E -.15(Fo)108 544.8 S 2.5(ra).15 G(lmost e)
-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
(ry purpose, aliases are superseded by shell functions.).15 E F3
-(FUNCTIONS)72 499.2 Q F0 3.467(As)108 511.2 S .967
+(FUNCTIONS)72 561.6 Q F0 3.467(As)108 573.6 S .967
(hell function, de\214ned as described abo)-3.467 F 1.267 -.15(ve u)-.15
H(nder).15 E F4 .967(SHELL GRAMMAR)3.467 F/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0
-.968(stores a series of commands for)3.217 F 1.002(later e)108 523.2 R
+.968(stores a series of commands for)3.217 F 1.002(later e)108 585.6 R
-.15(xe)-.15 G 3.502(cution. When).15 F 1.002(the name of a shell funct\
ion is used as a simple command name, the list of com-)3.502 F .315
-(mands associated with that function name is e)108 535.2 R -.15(xe)-.15
+(mands associated with that function name is e)108 597.6 R -.15(xe)-.15
G 2.816(cuted. Functions).15 F .316(are e)2.816 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .316
(cuted in the conte).15 F .316(xt of the current)-.15 F .036
-(shell; no ne)108 547.2 R 2.536(wp)-.25 G .036
+(shell; no ne)108 609.6 R 2.536(wp)-.25 G .036
(rocess is created to interpret them \(contrast this with the e)-2.536 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G .036(cution of a shell script\).).15 F .035(When a)5.035
-F .639(function is e)108 559.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .639(cuted, the ar).15 F
+F .639(function is e)108 621.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .639(cuted, the ar).15 F
.639
(guments to the function become the positional parameters during its e)
--.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cution.).15 E .533(The special parameter)108 571.2
-R F1(#)3.033 E F0 .532(is updated to re\215ect the change.)3.033 F .532
+-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cution.).15 E .533(The special parameter)108 633.6
+R F2(#)3.033 E F0 .532(is updated to re\215ect the change.)3.033 F .532
(Special parameter 0 is unchanged.)5.532 F .532(The \214rst ele-)5.532 F
-1.017(ment of the)108 583.2 R F4(FUNCN)3.517 E(AME)-.18 E F0 -.25(va)
+1.017(ment of the)108 645.6 R F4(FUNCN)3.517 E(AME)-.18 E F0 -.25(va)
3.267 G 1.017
(riable is set to the name of the function while the function is e).25 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G 3.518(cuting. All).15 F 1.285
-(other aspects of the shell e)108 595.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.285
+(other aspects of the shell e)108 657.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.285
(cution en).15 F 1.285
(vironment are identical between a function and its caller with the)-.4
-F -.15(ex)108 607.2 S 2.029(ception that the).15 F F4(DEB)4.529 E(UG)
--.09 E F0(and)4.279 E F1(RETURN)4.529 E F0 2.029
-(traps \(see the description of the)4.529 F F1(trap)4.53 E F0 -.2(bu)
-4.53 G 2.03(iltin under).2 F F4(SHELL)4.53 E -.09(BU)108 619.2 S(IL).09
+F -.15(ex)108 669.6 S 2.029(ception that the).15 F F4(DEB)4.529 E(UG)
+-.09 E F0(and)4.279 E F2(RETURN)4.529 E F0 2.029
+(traps \(see the description of the)4.529 F F2(trap)4.53 E F0 -.2(bu)
+4.53 G 2.03(iltin under).2 F F4(SHELL)4.53 E -.09(BU)108 681.6 S(IL).09
E .479(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)2.729 E .479
(w\) are not inherited unless the function has been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)
--.25 G 2.978(nt).15 G(he)-2.978 E F1(trace)2.978 E F0(attrib)2.978 E
-.478(ute \(see)-.2 F .42(the description of the)108 631.2 R F4(declar)
+-.25 G 2.978(nt).15 G(he)-2.978 E F2(trace)2.978 E F0(attrib)2.978 E
+.478(ute \(see)-.2 F .42(the description of the)108 693.6 R F4(declar)
2.92 E(e)-.162 E F0 -.2(bu)2.67 G .42(iltin belo).2 F .42(w\) or the)
--.25 F F1 .42(\255o functrace)2.92 F F0 .42
-(shell option has been enabled with the)2.92 F F1(set)2.921 E F0 -.2(bu)
-108 643.2 S(iltin \(in which case all functions inherit the).2 E F1(DEB)
-2.5 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(RETURN)2.5 E F0(traps\).)2.5 E -1.11(Va)
-108 660 S .656(riables local to the function may be declared with the)
-1.11 F F1(local)3.155 E F0 -.2(bu)3.155 G .655(iltin command.).2 F
-(Ordinarily)5.655 E 3.155(,v)-.65 G .655(ariables and)-3.405 F(their v)
-108 672 Q(alues are shared between the function and its caller)-.25 E(.)
--.55 E .043(If the b)108 688.8 R .043(uiltin command)-.2 F F1 -.18(re)
-2.543 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .043(is e)2.543 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .043
-(cuted in a function, the function completes and e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
-.044(cution resumes with).15 F 1.012(the ne)108 700.8 R 1.012
+-.25 F F2 .42(\255o functrace)2.92 F F0 .42
+(shell option has been enabled with the)2.92 F F2(set)2.921 E F0 -.2(bu)
+108 705.6 S(iltin \(in which case all functions inherit the).2 E F2(DEB)
+2.5 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.5 E F2(RETURN)2.5 E F0(traps\).)2.5 E -1.11(Va)
+108 722.4 S .656(riables local to the function may be declared with the)
+1.11 F F2(local)3.155 E F0 -.2(bu)3.155 G .655(iltin command.).2 F
+(Ordinarily)5.655 E 3.155(,v)-.65 G .655(ariables and)-3.405 F
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+/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
+-.35 E(their v)108 84 Q
+(alues are shared between the function and its caller)-.25 E(.)-.55 E
+.043(If the b)108 100.8 R .043(uiltin command)-.2 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
+SF -.18(re)2.543 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .043(is e)2.543 F -.15(xe)-.15
+G .043(cuted in a function, the function completes and e).15 F -.15(xe)
+-.15 G .044(cution resumes with).15 F 1.012(the ne)108 112.8 R 1.012
(xt command after the function call.)-.15 F(An)6.011 E 3.511(yc)-.15 G
1.011(ommand associated with the)-3.511 F F1(RETURN)3.511 E F0 1.011
-(trap is e)3.511 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E .213(before e)108 712.8 R
+(trap is e)3.511 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E .213(before e)108 124.8 R
-.15(xe)-.15 G .213(cution resumes.).15 F .213
(When a function completes, the v)5.213 F .214
(alues of the positional parameters and the spe-)-.25 F(cial parameter)
-108 724.8 Q F1(#)2.5 E F0(are restored to the v)2.5 E(alues the)-.25 E
+108 136.8 Q F1(#)2.5 E F0(are restored to the v)2.5 E(alues the)-.25 E
2.5(yh)-.15 G(ad prior to the function')-2.5 E 2.5(se)-.55 G -.15(xe)
--2.65 G(cution.).15 E(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2007 September 14)135.125 E
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-124.8 Q F0 .385(is one of)2.634 F F2(\255eq)2.885 E F0(,)A F2(\255ne)
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-.613(When a simple command is e)108 177.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .614
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(xpansions, assignments, and redi-)-.15 F(rections, from left to right.)
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(ariable assignments \(those preceding the command)-.25 F
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(are performed as described abo)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3
-(REDIRECTION)2.5 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 26(4. The)108 292.8 R
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(te)3.216 E .717(xt after the)-.15 F F2(=)3.217 E F0 .717(in each v)
3.217 F .717(ariable assignment under)-.25 F .717(goes tilde e)-.18 F
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-(command substitution, arithmetic e)144 304.8 R .339
+(command substitution, arithmetic e)144 362.4 R .339
(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.839(lb).25 G .339
-(efore being assigned to the v)-2.839 F(ari-)-.25 E(able.)144 316.8 Q
-.332(If no command name results, the v)108 333.6 R .332
+(efore being assigned to the v)-2.839 F(ari-)-.25 E(able.)144 374.4 Q
+.332(If no command name results, the v)108 391.2 R .332
(ariable assignments af)-.25 F .332(fect the current shell en)-.25 F
-2.833(vironment. Otherwise,)-.4 F(the)2.833 E -.25(va)108 345.6 S .757
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(riables are added to the en).25 F .757(vironment of the e)-.4 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G .757(cuted command and do not af).15 F .757
-(fect the current shell en)-.25 F(vi-)-.4 E 3.176(ronment. If)108 357.6
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R(an)3.176 E 3.176(yo)-.15 G 3.176(ft)-3.176 G .677
(he assignments attempts to assign a v)-3.176 F .677
(alue to a readonly v)-.25 F .677(ariable, an error occurs, and)-.25 F
-(the command e)108 369.6 Q(xits with a non-zero status.)-.15 E .15
-(If no command name results, redirections are performed, b)108 386.4 R
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.149(ut do not af)-.2 F .149(fect the current shell en)-.25 F 2.649
-(vironment. A)-.4 F(redirection error causes the command to e)108 398.4
-Q(xit with a non-zero status.)-.15 E 1.064
-(If there is a command name left after e)108 415.2 R 1.064(xpansion, e)
+(vironment. A)-.4 F(redirection error causes the command to e)108 456 Q
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+(If there is a command name left after e)108 472.8 R 1.064(xpansion, e)
-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.064(cution proceeds as described belo).15 F
4.864 -.65(w. O)-.25 H 1.064(therwise, the).65 F .069(command e)108
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+484.8 R 2.569(xits. If)-.15 F .069(one of the e)2.569 F .069
(xpansions contained a command substitution, the e)-.15 F .068
-(xit status of the command)-.15 F .466(is the e)108 439.2 R .466
+(xit status of the command)-.15 F .466(is the e)108 496.8 R .466
(xit status of the last command substitution performed.)-.15 F .467
-(If there were no command substitutions, the)5.466 F(command e)108 451.2
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(ords, if it results in a simple command and an optional list of ar)-.1
-F(gu-)-.18 E(ments, the follo)108 492 Q(wing actions are tak)-.25 E(en.)
--.1 E .379(If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts \
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(uiltins. If)-.2 F 2.5(am)2.5 G(atch is found, that b)-2.5 E
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F0 .719
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-(named program in a separate e)108 626.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .198
-(cution en).15 F 2.698(vironment. Ar)-.4 F .198
-(gument 0 is set to the name gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .197
-(n, and the remain-).15 F(ing ar)108 638.4 Q
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-/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXIT ST)72 247.2 Q -1.04(AT)-.986 G(US)1.04 E F0 -.15
-(Fo)108 259.2 S 3.373(rt).15 G .873(he shell')-3.373 F 3.373(sp)-.55 G
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-(xit status of)-.15 F .048(zero indicates success.)108 271.2 R 2.548(An)
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+(EXIT ST)72 324 Q -1.04(AT)-.986 G(US)1.04 E F0 -.15(Fo)108 336 S 3.373
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--2.549 F .049(atal sig-)-.1 F(nal)108 283.2 Q F2(N)2.5 E F0(,)A F1(bash)
+-2.549 F .049(atal sig-)-.1 F(nal)108 360 Q F2(N)2.5 E F0(,)A F3(bash)
2.5 E F0(uses the v)2.5 E(alue of 128+)-.25 E F2(N)A F0(as the e)2.5 E
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-(If a command is)5.404 F(found b)108 312 Q(ut is not e)-.2 E -.15(xe)
--.15 G(cutable, the return status is 126.).15 E(If a command f)108 328.8
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Q(ails because of an error during e)-.1 E
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-(xit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage.)-.15 E F1(Bash)108 374.4 Q
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(xit status of the last command e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .201
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-(ve s)-.25 H .458(hell\), and).15 F F3(SIGINT)2.958 E F0 .458
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-(If job control is in ef)4.5 E(fect,)-.25 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(ignores)2.5
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-(uiltin commands run by)-.2 F F1(bash)3.564 E F0(ha)3.564 E 1.365 -.15
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-(fect, asynchronous commands ignore)-.25 F F3(SIGINT)3.247 E F0(and)
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-(SIGTSTP)2.5 E F4(.)A F0 2.046(The shell e)108 508.8 R 2.046
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1.004(to all jobs, running or stopped.)3.254 F 1.004
-(Stopped jobs are sent)6.004 F F3(SIGCONT)3.505 E F0 1.005
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3.046(sas).15 G .546(ignal for which a trap has been set, the trap)
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-(If the operating system on which)108 259.2 R F1(bash)3.587 E F0 1.088
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F0 5.27(.A)C .27
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(.I)-.4 G 2.777(fa)-5.277 G .38(pre\214x matches more than one job,)108
-396 R F1(bash)2.88 E F0 .38(reports an error)2.88 F 5.38(.U)-.55 G(sing)
--5.38 E F1(%?ce)2.88 E F0 2.88(,o)C 2.88(nt)-2.88 G .38
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+(sing)-5.38 E F3(%?ce)2.88 E F0 2.88(,o)C 2.88(nt)-2.88 G .38
(he other hand, refers to an)-2.88 F 2.88(yj)-.15 G(ob)-2.88 E .623
-(containing the string)108 408 R F1(ce)3.123 E F0 .622
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(in its command line.)3.123 F .622
-(If the substring matches more than one job,)5.622 F F1(bash)3.122 E F0
-.622(reports an)3.122 F(error)108 420 Q 5.143(.T)-.55 G .143(he symbols)
--5.143 F F1(%%)2.643 E F0(and)2.643 E F1(%+)2.643 E F0 .143
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(refer to the shell')2.643 F 2.643(sn)-.55 G .143(otion of the)-2.643 F
F2(curr)2.643 E .143(ent job)-.37 F F0 2.643(,w).23 G .143
-(hich is the last job stopped)-2.643 F 1.209(while it w)108 432 R 1.209
-(as in the fore)-.1 F 1.208(ground or started in the background.)-.15 F
-(The)6.208 E F2(pr)4.958 E -.15(ev)-.37 G 1.208(ious job).15 F F0 1.208
-(may be referenced using)3.938 F F1<25ad>108 444 Q F0 5.486(.I)C 2.986
-(no)-5.486 G .486(utput pertaining to jobs \(e.g., the output of the)
--2.986 F F1(jobs)2.987 E F0 .487(command\), the current job is al)2.987
-F -.1(wa)-.1 G .487(ys \215agged).1 F .15(with a)108 456 R F1(+)2.65 E
-F0 2.65(,a)C .15(nd the pre)-2.65 F .15(vious job with a)-.25 F F1<ad>
-2.65 E F0 5.15(.A)C .15(single % \(with no accompan)-2.5 F .15
+(hich is the last job stopped)-2.643 F 1.209(while it w)108 508.8 R
+1.209(as in the fore)-.1 F 1.208(ground or started in the background.)
+-.15 F(The)6.208 E F2(pr)4.958 E -.15(ev)-.37 G 1.208(ious job).15 F F0
+1.208(may be referenced using)3.938 F F3<25ad>108 520.8 Q F0 5.486(.I)C
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+(utput pertaining to jobs \(e.g., the output of the)-2.986 F F3(jobs)
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+.487(ys \215agged).1 F .15(with a)108 532.8 R F3(+)2.65 E F0 2.65(,a)C
+.15(nd the pre)-2.65 F .15(vious job with a)-.25 F F3<ad>2.65 E F0 5.15
+(.A)C .15(single % \(with no accompan)-2.5 F .15
(ying job speci\214cation\) also refers to)-.15 F(the current job)108
-468 Q(.)-.4 E .443
-(Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the fore)108 484.8 R
-(ground:)-.15 E F1(%1)2.944 E F0 .444(is a synon)2.944 F .444(ym for)
--.15 F F1 -.63(``)2.944 G .444(fg %1').63 F(')-.63 E F0 2.944(,b)C
+544.8 Q(.)-.4 E .443
+(Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the fore)108 561.6 R
+(ground:)-.15 E F3(%1)2.944 E F0 .444(is a synon)2.944 F .444(ym for)
+-.15 F F3 -.63(``)2.944 G .444(fg %1').63 F(')-.63 E F0 2.944(,b)C
(ringing)-2.944 E 1.473(job 1 from the background into the fore)108
-496.8 R 3.973(ground. Similarly)-.15 F(,)-.65 E F1 -.63(``)3.972 G 1.472
+573.6 R 3.973(ground. Similarly)-.15 F(,)-.65 E F3 -.63(``)3.972 G 1.472
(%1 &').63 F(')-.63 E F0 1.472(resumes job 1 in the background,)3.972 F
-(equi)108 508.8 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1 -.63(``)2.5 G(bg %1')
-.63 E(')-.63 E F0(.)A .13(The shell learns immediately whene)108 525.6 R
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+.63 E(')-.63 E F0(.)A .13(The shell learns immediately whene)108 602.4 R
-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.63(raj).15 G .13(ob changes state.)-2.63 F(Normally)
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(its until it is about to print a).1 F .158
-(prompt before reporting changes in a job')108 537.6 R 2.658(ss)-.55 G
+(prompt before reporting changes in a job')108 614.4 R 2.658(ss)-.55 G
.158(tatus so as to not interrupt an)-2.658 F 2.657(yo)-.15 G .157
-(ther output.)-2.657 F .157(If the)5.157 F F
1<ad62>2.657 E F0 .157
-(option to)2.657 F(the)108 549.6 Q F1(set)3.951 E F0 -.2(bu)3.951 G
-1.451(iltin command is enabled,).2 F F1(bash)3.951 E F0 1.452
+(ther output.)-2.657 F .157(If the)5.157 F F
3<ad62>2.657 E F0 .157
+(option to)2.657 F(the)108 626.4 Q F3(set)3.951 E F0 -.2(bu)3.951 G
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(reports such changes immediately)3.951 F 6.452(.A)-.65 G 1.752 -.15
-(ny t)-6.452 H 1.452(rap on).15 F F3(SIGCHLD)3.952 E F0(is)3.702 E -.15
-(exe)108 561.6 S(cuted for each child that e).15 E(xits.)-.15 E .033
-(If an attempt to e)108 578.4 R(xit)-.15 E F1(bash)2.533 E F0 .033
+(ny t)-6.452 H 1.452(rap on).15 F F4(SIGCHLD)3.952 E F0(is)3.702 E -.15
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(is made while jobs are stopped \(or)2.533 F 2.532(,i)-.4 G 2.532(ft)
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-(shell option has been enabled)2.532 F 2.019(using the)108 590.4 R F1
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+(shell option has been enabled)2.532 F 2.019(using the)108 667.2 R F3
(shopt)4.519 E F0 -.2(bu)4.519 G 2.019
(iltin, running\), the shell prints a w).2 F 2.02
-(arning message, and, if the)-.1 F F1(checkjobs)4.52 E F0 2.02
+(arning message, and, if the)-.1 F F3(checkjobs)4.52 E F0 2.02
(option is)4.52 F .459(enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses.)108
-602.4 R(The)5.459 E F1(jobs)2.959 E F0 .458
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(command may then be used to inspect their status.)2.958 F .458(If a)
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(xit is made without an interv)-.15 F .604
(ening command, the shell does not print another w)-.15 F(arning,)-.1 E
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-703.2 Q F0(an ASCII bell character \(07\))28.22 E F1(\\d)144 715.2 Q F0
-(the date in "W)27.66 E(eekday Month Date" format \(e.g., "T)-.8 E
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%%Page: 31 31
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-(the hostname up to the \214rst `.)27.66 E(')-.7 E F1(\\H)144 144 Q F0
-(the hostname)25.44 E F1(\\j)144 156 Q F0
-(the number of jobs currently managed by the shell)29.89 E F1(\\l)144
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-(ument to a command that).18 F 1.018(acts in the forw)108 667.2 R 1.018
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-F1(\\v)144 196.8 Q F0 -.15(ve)28.22 G(rtical tab).15 E F1(\\)144 208.8 Q
-/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(nnn)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)18.22
-E(alue is the octal v)-.25 E(alue)-.25 E F2(nnn)2.5 E F0
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-(the eight-bit character whose v)13.78 E(alue is the he)-.25 E
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--.15(ve)-.15 G(are e)108 261.6 Q 2.5(xpanded. Backslash)-.15 F
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-.429(ws the current readline k)-.25 F .729 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .429
+-.35 E(The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences is)108 84 Q/F1
+10/Times-Bold@0 SF<5c43ad>144 96 Q F0(control pre\214x)20.3 E F1<5c4dad>
+144 108 Q F0(meta pre\214x)18.08 E F1(\\e)144 120 Q F0
+(an escape character)28.78 E F1(\\\\)144 132 Q F0(backslash)30.44 E F1
+(\\")144 144 Q F0(literal ")27.67 E F1<5c08>144 156 Q F0(literal \010)
+30.44 E(In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second s\
+et of backslash escapes is a)108 172.8 Q -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable:).25 E F1
+(\\a)144 184.8 Q F0(alert \(bell\))28.22 E F1(\\b)144 196.8 Q F0
+(backspace)27.66 E F1(\\d)144 208.8 Q F0(delete)27.66 E F1(\\f)144 220.8
+Q F0(form feed)29.89 E F1(\\n)144 232.8 Q F0(ne)27.66 E(wline)-.25 E F1
+(\\r)144 244.8 Q F0(carriage return)28.78 E F1(\\t)144 256.8 Q F0
+(horizontal tab)29.89 E F1(\\v)144 268.8 Q F0 -.15(ve)28.22 G
+(rtical tab).15 E F1(\\)144 280.8 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(nnn)A F0
+(the eight-bit character whose v)18.22 E(alue is the octal v)-.25 E
+(alue)-.25 E F2(nnn)2.5 E F0(\(one to three digits\))2.5 E F1(\\x)144
+292.8 Q F2(HH)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)13.78 E
+(alue is the he)-.25 E(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F2(HH)2.5 E F0
+(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh)-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E 1.141
+(When entering the te)108 309.6 R 1.141(xt of a macro, single or double\
+ quotes must be used to indicate a macro de\214nition.)-.15 F .09
+(Unquoted te)108 321.6 R .09(xt is assumed to be a function name.)-.15 F
+.089(In the macro body)5.089 F 2.589(,t)-.65 G .089
+(he backslash escapes described abo)-2.589 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(are e)108
+333.6 Q 2.5(xpanded. Backslash)-.15 F(will quote an)2.5 E 2.5(yo)-.15 G
+(ther character in the macro te)-2.5 E(xt, including " and \010.)-.15 E
+F1(Bash)108 350.4 Q F0(allo)2.929 E .429(ws the current readline k)-.25
+F .729 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .429
(indings to be displayed or modi\214ed with the).15 F F1(bind)2.93 E F0
-.2(bu)2.93 G .43(iltin command.).2 F .046
-(The editing mode may be switched during interacti)108 290.4 R .346 -.15
+(The editing mode may be switched during interacti)108 362.4 R .346 -.15
(ve u)-.25 H .046(se by using the).15 F F1<ad6f>2.545 E F0 .045
(option to the)2.545 F F1(set)2.545 E F0 -.2(bu)2.545 G .045
-(iltin command).2 F(\(see)108 302.4 Q/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E
+(iltin command).2 F(\(see)108 374.4 Q/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E
(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1
-(Readline V)87 319.2 Q(ariables)-.92 E F0 .043(Readline has v)108 331.2
+(Readline V)87 391.2 Q(ariables)-.92 E F0 .043(Readline has v)108 403.2
R .043(ariables that can be used to further customize its beha)-.25 F
(vior)-.2 E 5.043(.A)-.55 G -.25(va)-2.5 G .043
-(riable may be set in the).25 F F2(inpu-)2.554 E(tr)108 343.2 Q(c)-.37 E
-F0(\214le with a statement of the form)2.81 E F1(set)144 360 Q F2
+(riable may be set in the).25 F F2(inpu-)2.554 E(tr)108 415.2 Q(c)-.37 E
+F0(\214le with a statement of the form)2.81 E F1(set)144 432 Q F2
(variable\255name value)2.5 E F0 .79(Except where noted, readline v)108
-376.8 R .79(ariables can tak)-.25 F 3.29(et)-.1 G .79(he v)-3.29 F
+448.8 R .79(ariables can tak)-.25 F 3.29(et)-.1 G .79(he v)-3.29 F
(alues)-.25 E F1(On)3.29 E F0(or)3.29 E F1(Off)3.29 E F0 .79
(\(without re)3.29 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .79(rd to case\).).05 F(Unrecog-)
-5.79 E .448(nized v)108 388.8 R .448(ariable names are ignored.)-.25 F
+5.79 E .448(nized v)108 460.8 R .448(ariable names are ignored.)-.25 F
.448(When a v)5.448 F .448(ariable v)-.25 F .448
(alue is read, empty or null v)-.25 F .449(alues, "on" \(case-insensi-)
--.25 F(ti)108 400.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .468(\), and "1" are equi).15 F
+-.25 F(ti)108 472.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .468(\), and "1" are equi).15 F
-.25(va)-.25 G .468(lent to).25 F F1(On)2.968 E F0 5.468(.A)C .468
(ll other v)-5.468 F .468(alues are equi)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .468
(lent to).25 F F1(Off)2.968 E F0 5.468(.T)C .467(he v)-5.468 F .467
-(ariables and their def)-.25 F(ault)-.1 E -.25(va)108 412.8 S(lues are:)
-.25 E F1(bell\255style \(audible\))108 429.6 Q F0 .01
-(Controls what happens when readline w)144 441.6 R .011
+(ariables and their def)-.25 F(ault)-.1 E -.25(va)108 484.8 S(lues are:)
+.25 E F1(bell\255style \(audible\))108 501.6 Q F0 .01
+(Controls what happens when readline w)144 513.6 R .011
(ants to ring the terminal bell.)-.1 F .011(If set to)5.011 F F1(none)
2.511 E F0 2.511(,r)C .011(eadline ne)-2.511 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E
-.94(rings the bell.)144 453.6 R .94(If set to)5.94 F F1(visible)3.44 E
+.94(rings the bell.)144 525.6 R .94(If set to)5.94 F F1(visible)3.44 E
F0 3.44(,r)C .94(eadline uses a visible bell if one is a)-3.44 F -.25
(va)-.2 G 3.44(ilable. If).25 F .94(set to)3.44 F F1(audible)3.44 E F0
-(,)A(readline attempts to ring the terminal')144 465.6 Q 2.5(sb)-.55 G
-(ell.)-2.5 E F1(bind\255tty\255special\255chars \(On\))108 477.6 Q F0
-.055(If set to)144 489.6 R F1(On)2.555 E F0 2.555(,r)C .056(eadline att\
+(,)A(readline attempts to ring the terminal')144 537.6 Q 2.5(sb)-.55 G
+(ell.)-2.5 E F1(bind\255tty\255special\255chars \(On\))108 549.6 Q F0
+.055(If set to)144 561.6 R F1(On)2.555 E F0 2.555(,r)C .056(eadline att\
empts to bind the control characters treated specially by the k)-2.555 F
-(ernel')-.1 E 2.556(st)-.55 G(ermi-)-2.556 E(nal dri)144 501.6 Q -.15
+(ernel')-.1 E 2.556(st)-.55 G(ermi-)-2.556 E(nal dri)144 573.6 Q -.15
(ve)-.25 G 2.5(rt).15 G 2.5(ot)-2.5 G(heir readline equi)-2.5 E -.25(va)
--.25 G(lents.).25 E F1(comment\255begin \(`)108 513.6 Q(`#')-.63 E('\))
--.63 E F0 .885(The string that is inserted when the readline)144 525.6 R
+-.25 G(lents.).25 E F1(comment\255begin \(`)108 585.6 Q(`#')-.63 E('\))
+-.63 E F0 .885(The string that is inserted when the readline)144 597.6 R
F1(insert\255comment)3.385 E F0 .884(command is e)3.384 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
-3.384(cuted. This).15 F(com-)3.384 E(mand is bound to)144 537.6 Q F1
+3.384(cuted. This).15 F(com-)3.384 E(mand is bound to)144 609.6 Q F1
(M\255#)2.5 E F0(in emacs mode and to)2.5 E F1(#)2.5 E F0
-(in vi command mode.)2.5 E F1(completion\255ignor)108 549.6 Q
-(e\255case \(Off\))-.18 E F0(If set to)144 561.6 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5
+(in vi command mode.)2.5 E F1(completion\255ignor)108 621.6 Q
+(e\255case \(Off\))-.18 E F0(If set to)144 633.6 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5
(,r)C(eadline performs \214lename matching and completion in a case\255\
insensiti)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve f)-.25 H(ashion.).05 E F1
-(completion\255query\255items \(100\))108 573.6 Q F0 .529
-(This determines when the user is queried about vie)144 585.6 R .53
+(completion\255query\255items \(100\))108 645.6 Q F0 .529
+(This determines when the user is queried about vie)144 657.6 R .53
(wing the number of possible completions gen-)-.25 F .561(erated by the)
-144 597.6 R F1(possible\255completions)3.061 E F0 3.061(command. It)
+144 669.6 R F1(possible\255completions)3.061 E F0 3.061(command. It)
3.061 F .561(may be set to an)3.061 F 3.06(yi)-.15 G(nte)-3.06 E .56
(ger v)-.15 F .56(alue greater than or)-.25 F .782(equal to zero.)144
-609.6 R .783(If the number of possible completions is greater than or e\
-qual to the v)5.782 F .783(alue of this)-.25 F -.25(va)144 621.6 S .237
+681.6 R .783(If the number of possible completions is greater than or e\
+qual to the v)5.782 F .783(alue of this)-.25 F -.25(va)144 693.6 S .237
(riable, the user is ask).25 F .237(ed whether or not he wishes to vie)
-.1 F 2.737(wt)-.25 G .237(hem; otherwise the)-2.737 F 2.737(ya)-.15 G
-.237(re simply listed)-2.737 F(on the terminal.)144 633.6 Q F1(con)108
-645.6 Q -.1(ve)-.4 G(rt\255meta \(On\)).1 E F0 .612(If set to)144 657.6
-R F1(On)3.112 E F0 3.112(,r)C .613(eadline will con)-3.112 F -.15(ve)-.4
-G .613(rt characters with the eighth bit set to an ASCII k).15 F .913
--.15(ey s)-.1 H .613(equence by).15 F .541
-(stripping the eighth bit and pre\214xing an escape character \(in ef)
-144 669.6 R .541(fect, using escape as the)-.25 F F2 .541(meta pr)3.041
-F(e-)-.37 E<8c78>144 681.6 Q F0(\).)A F1(disable\255completion \(Off\))
-108 693.6 Q F0 .038(If set to)144 705.6 R F1(On)2.538 E F0 2.538(,r)C
-.038(eadline will inhibit w)-2.538 F .038(ord completion.)-.1 F .038
-(Completion characters will be inserted into the)5.038 F(line as if the)
-144 717.6 Q 2.5(yh)-.15 G(ad been mapped to)-2.5 E F1(self-insert)2.5 E
-F0(.)A(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2007 September 14)135.125 E(33)185.115 E 0
-Cg EP
+.237(re simply listed)-2.737 F(on the terminal.)144 705.6 Q
+(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2007 December 5)138.465 E(33)188.455 E 0 Cg EP
%%Page: 34 34
%%BeginPageSetup
BP
%%EndPageSetup
/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(editing\255mode \(emacs\))108 84 Q F0 .253
-(Controls whether readline be)144 96 R .253(gins with a set of k)-.15 F
-.553 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .253(indings similar to).15 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0
-SF(emacs)2.752 E F0(or)2.752 E F2(vi)2.752 E F0(.)A F1(editing\255mode)
-5.252 E F0(can be set to either)144 108 Q F1(emacs)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1
-(vi)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(enable\255k)108 120 Q(eypad \(Off\))-.1 E F0 .892
-(When set to)144 132 R F1(On)3.393 E F0 3.393(,r)C .893
+-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(con)108 84 Q -.1(ve)-.4 G
+(rt\255meta \(On\)).1 E F0 .612(If set to)144 96 R F1(On)3.112 E F0
+3.112(,r)C .613(eadline will con)-3.112 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .613
+(rt characters with the eighth bit set to an ASCII k).15 F .913 -.15
+(ey s)-.1 H .613(equence by).15 F .541
+(stripping the eighth bit and pre\214xing an escape character \(in ef)
+144 108 R .541(fect, using escape as the)-.25 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
+.541(meta pr)3.041 F(e-)-.37 E<8c78>144 120 Q F0(\).)A F1
+(disable\255completion \(Off\))108 132 Q F0 .038(If set to)144 144 R F1
+(On)2.538 E F0 2.538(,r)C .038(eadline will inhibit w)-2.538 F .038
+(ord completion.)-.1 F .038
+(Completion characters will be inserted into the)5.038 F(line as if the)
+144 156 Q 2.5(yh)-.15 G(ad been mapped to)-2.5 E F1(self-insert)2.5 E F0
+(.)A F1(editing\255mode \(emacs\))108 168 Q F0 .253
+(Controls whether readline be)144 180 R .253(gins with a set of k)-.15 F
+.553 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .253(indings similar to).15 F F2(emacs)2.752 E F0
+(or)2.752 E F2(vi)2.752 E F0(.)A F1(editing\255mode)5.252 E F0
+(can be set to either)144 192 Q F1(emacs)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1(vi)2.5 E
+F0(.)A F1(enable\255k)108 204 Q(eypad \(Off\))-.1 E F0 .892(When set to)
+144 216 R F1(On)3.393 E F0 3.393(,r)C .893
(eadline will try to enable the application k)-3.393 F -.15(ey)-.1 G
.893(pad when it is called.).15 F .893(Some sys-)5.893 F
-(tems need this to enable the arro)144 144 Q 2.5(wk)-.25 G -.15(ey)-2.6
-G(s.).15 E F1(expand\255tilde \(Off\))108 156 Q F0(If set to)144 168 Q
+(tems need this to enable the arro)144 228 Q 2.5(wk)-.25 G -.15(ey)-2.6
+G(s.).15 E F1(expand\255tilde \(Off\))108 240 Q F0(If set to)144 252 Q
F1(on)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(ilde e)-2.5 E
(xpansion is performed when readline attempts w)-.15 E(ord completion.)
--.1 E F1(history\255pr)108 180 Q(eser)-.18 E -.1(ve)-.1 G
-(\255point \(Off\)).1 E F0 1.493(If set to)144 192 R F1(on)3.993 E F0
+-.1 E F1(history\255pr)108 264 Q(eser)-.18 E -.1(ve)-.1 G
+(\255point \(Off\)).1 E F0 1.493(If set to)144 276 R F1(on)3.993 E F0
3.993(,t)C 1.493(he history code attempts to place point at the same lo\
-cation on each history line)-3.993 F(retrie)144 204 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
+cation on each history line)-3.993 F(retrie)144 288 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
(dw).15 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(pr)2.5 E -.15(ev)-.18 G(ious-history).15 E F0
-(or)2.5 E F1(next-history)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(horizontal\255scr)108 216 Q
-(oll\255mode \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .448(When set to)144 228 R F1(On)2.948 E
+(or)2.5 E F1(next-history)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(horizontal\255scr)108 300 Q
+(oll\255mode \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .448(When set to)144 312 R F1(On)2.948 E
F0 2.948(,m)C(ak)-2.948 E .448
(es readline use a single line for display)-.1 F 2.948(,s)-.65 G .449
(crolling the input horizontally on a)-2.948 F 1.194(single screen line\
when it becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a\
- ne)144 240 R(w)-.25 E(line.)144 252 Q F1(input\255meta \(Off\))108 264
-Q F0 .227(If set to)144 276 R F1(On)2.727 E F0 2.727(,r)C .228(eadline \
+ ne)144 324 R(w)-.25 E(line.)144 336 Q F1(input\255meta \(Off\))108 348
+Q F0 .227(If set to)144 360 R F1(On)2.727 E F0 2.727(,r)C .228(eadline \
will enable eight-bit input \(that is, it will not strip the high bit f\
-rom the char)-2.727 F(-)-.2 E .957(acters it reads\), re)144 288 R -.05
+rom the char)-2.727 F(-)-.2 E .957(acters it reads\), re)144 372 R -.05
(ga)-.15 G .956(rdless of what the terminal claims it can support.).05 F
.956(The name)5.956 F F1(meta\255\215ag)3.456 E F0 .956(is a)3.456 F
-(synon)144 300 Q(ym for this v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(isear)108 312 Q
+(synon)144 384 Q(ym for this v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(isear)108 396 Q
(ch\255terminators \(`)-.18 E(`C\255[C\255J')-.63 E('\))-.63 E F0 .439(\
The string of characters that should terminate an incremental search wi\
-thout subsequently e)144 324 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E .935
-(ing the character as a command.)144 336 R .935(If this v)5.935 F .935
+thout subsequently e)144 408 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E .935
+(ing the character as a command.)144 420 R .935(If this v)5.935 F .935
(ariable has not been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.434(nav).15 G .934
-(alue, the characters)-3.684 F F2(ESC)3.434 E F0(and)144 348 Q F2
+(alue, the characters)-3.684 F F2(ESC)3.434 E F0(and)144 432 Q F2
(C\255J)2.5 E F0(will terminate an incremental search.)2.5 E F1 -.1(ke)
-108 360 S(ymap \(emacs\)).1 E F0 2.02(Set the current readline k)144 372
+108 444 S(ymap \(emacs\)).1 E F0 2.02(Set the current readline k)144 456
R -.15(ey)-.1 G 4.521(map. The).15 F 2.021(set of v)4.521 F 2.021
(alid k)-.25 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.021(map names is).15 F F2 2.021
(emacs, emacs\255standar)4.521 F(d,)-.37 E .069
-(emacs\255meta, emacs\255ctlx, vi, vi\255command)144 384 R F0 2.568(,a)C
+(emacs\255meta, emacs\255ctlx, vi, vi\255command)144 468 R F0 2.568(,a)C
(nd)-2.568 E F2(vi\255insert)2.568 E F0(.).68 E F2(vi)5.068 E F0 .068
(is equi)2.568 F -.25(va)-.25 G .068(lent to).25 F F2(vi\255command)
-2.568 E F0(;)A F2(emacs)2.568 E F0 1.543(is equi)144 396 R -.25(va)-.25
+2.568 E F0(;)A F2(emacs)2.568 E F0 1.543(is equi)144 480 R -.25(va)-.25
G 1.543(lent to).25 F F2(emacs\255standar)4.044 E(d)-.37 E F0 6.544(.T)C
1.544(he def)-6.544 F 1.544(ault v)-.1 F 1.544(alue is)-.25 F F2(emacs)
4.044 E F0 4.044(;t).27 G 1.544(he v)-4.044 F 1.544(alue of)-.25 F F1
-(editing\255mode)4.044 E F0(also)4.044 E(af)144 408 Q(fects the def)-.25
-E(ault k)-.1 E -.15(ey)-.1 G(map.).15 E F1(mark\255dir)108 420 Q
-(ectories \(On\))-.18 E F0(If set to)144 432 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,c)C
+(editing\255mode)4.044 E F0(also)4.044 E(af)144 492 Q(fects the def)-.25
+E(ault k)-.1 E -.15(ey)-.1 G(map.).15 E F1(mark\255dir)108 504 Q
+(ectories \(On\))-.18 E F0(If set to)144 516 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,c)C
(ompleted directory names ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a s)-.2 H(lash appended.)
-.15 E F1(mark\255modi\214ed\255lines \(Off\))108 444 Q F0(If set to)144
-456 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,h)C(istory lines that ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve b)
+.15 E F1(mark\255modi\214ed\255lines \(Off\))108 528 Q F0(If set to)144
+540 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,h)C(istory lines that ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve b)
-.2 H(een modi\214ed are displayed with a preceding asterisk \().15 E F1
-(*)A F0(\).)A F1(mark\255symlink)108 468 Q(ed\255dir)-.1 E
-(ectories \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .175(If set to)144 480 R F1(On)2.675 E F0
+(*)A F0(\).)A F1(mark\255symlink)108 552 Q(ed\255dir)-.1 E
+(ectories \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .175(If set to)144 564 R F1(On)2.675 E F0
2.675(,c)C .175
(ompleted names which are symbolic links to directories ha)-2.675 F .475
--.15(ve a s)-.2 H .175(lash appended \(sub-).15 F(ject to the v)144 492
+-.15(ve a s)-.2 H .175(lash appended \(sub-).15 F(ject to the v)144 576
Q(alue of)-.25 E F1(mark\255dir)2.5 E(ectories)-.18 E F0(\).)A F1
-(match\255hidden\255\214les \(On\))108 504 Q F0 .192(This v)144 516 R
+(match\255hidden\255\214les \(On\))108 588 Q F0 .192(This v)144 600 R
.192(ariable, when set to)-.25 F F1(On)2.692 E F0 2.692(,c)C .192
(auses readline to match \214les whose names be)-2.692 F .193
(gin with a `.)-.15 F 2.693('\()-.7 G(hidden)-2.693 E 1.024
(\214les\) when performing \214lename completion, unless the leading `.)
-144 528 R 3.523('i)-.7 G 3.523(ss)-3.523 G 1.023
-(upplied by the user in the)-3.523 F(\214lename to be completed.)144 540
-Q F1(output\255meta \(Off\))108 552 Q F0 .506(If set to)144 564 R F1(On)
+144 612 R 3.523('i)-.7 G 3.523(ss)-3.523 G 1.023
+(upplied by the user in the)-3.523 F(\214lename to be completed.)144 624
+Q F1(output\255meta \(Off\))108 636 Q F0 .506(If set to)144 648 R F1(On)
3.006 E F0 3.006(,r)C .507(eadline will display characters with the eig\
-hth bit set directly rather than as a meta-)-3.006 F(pre\214x)144 576 Q
-(ed escape sequence.)-.15 E F1(page\255completions \(On\))108 588 Q F0
-.809(If set to)144 600 R F1(On)3.308 E F0 3.308(,r)C .808
+hth bit set directly rather than as a meta-)-3.006 F(pre\214x)144 660 Q
+(ed escape sequence.)-.15 E F1(page\255completions \(On\))108 672 Q F0
+.809(If set to)144 684 R F1(On)3.308 E F0 3.308(,r)C .808
(eadline uses an internal)-3.308 F F2(mor)3.308 E(e)-.37 E F0(-lik)A
3.308(ep)-.1 G .808(ager to display a screenful of possible comple-)
--3.308 F(tions at a time.)144 612 Q F1
-(print\255completions\255horizontally \(Off\))108 624 Q F0 1.318
-(If set to)144 636 R F1(On)3.818 E F0 3.818(,r)C 1.319(eadline will dis\
-play completions with matches sorted horizontally in alphabetical)-3.818
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-(This alters the def)144 96 R 5.346(ault beha)-.1 F 5.345
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+(If set to)144 96 R F1(On)3.818 E F0 3.818(,r)C 1.319(eadline will disp\
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+E F1(sho)108 120 Q(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous \(Off\))-.1 E F0 .478
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+(ore).15 E 1.264(than one possible completion cause the matches to be l\
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--.1 F F1(sho)144 108 Q(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous)-.1 E F0 6.922(.I)C
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-(ore than one possible completion).15 F 1.04(without an)144 120 R 3.54
+(ore than one possible completion).15 F 1.04(without an)144 204 R 3.54
(yp)-.15 G 1.039
(ossible partial completion \(the possible completions don')-3.54 F
3.539(ts)-.18 G 1.039(hare a common pre\214x\))-3.539 F(cause the match\
-es to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell.)144 132 Q F1
-(visible\255stats \(Off\))108 144 Q F0 .846(If set to)144 156 R F1(On)
+es to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell.)144 216 Q F1
+(visible\255stats \(Off\))108 228 Q F0 .846(If set to)144 240 R F1(On)
3.346 E F0 3.346(,ac)C .846(haracter denoting a \214le')-3.346 F 3.346
(st)-.55 G .846(ype as reported by)-3.346 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
(stat)3.346 E F0 .846(\(2\) is appended to the \214lename)B
-(when listing possible completions.)144 168 Q F1
-(Readline Conditional Constructs)87 184.8 Q F0 .05
-(Readline implements a f)108 196.8 R .05(acility similar in spirit to t\
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+(Readline Conditional Constructs)87 268.8 Q F0 .05
+(Readline implements a f)108 280.8 R .05(acility similar in spirit to t\
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-(which allo)108 208.8 R .096(ws k)-.25 F .396 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .096
+(which allo)108 292.8 R .096(ws k)-.25 F .396 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .096
(indings and v).15 F .096
(ariable settings to be performed as the result of tests.)-.25 F .097
-(There are four parser)5.096 F(directi)108 220.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
-(su).15 G(sed.)-2.5 E F1($if)108 237.6 Q F0(The)24.89 E F1($if)2.963 E
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F0 .463(construct allo)2.963 F .462(ws bindings to be made based on the\
editing mode, the terminal being used,)-.25 F .477
-(or the application using readline.)144 249.6 R .477(The te)5.477 F .477
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(xt of the test e)-.15 F .477
(xtends to the end of the line; no characters)-.15 F
-(are required to isolate it.)144 261.6 Q F1(mode)144 278.4 Q F0(The)
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12.67 E F1(mode=)3.712 E F0 1.212(form of the)3.712 F F1($if)3.711 E F0
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-(mode. This)180 290.4 R .565(may be used in conjunction with the)3.065 F
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F1 .565(set k)3.065 F(eymap)-.1 E F0 .565(command, for instance, to)
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(d)-.37 E F0(and)3.235 E F2(emacs\255ctlx)3.235 E F0 -.1(ke)3.235 G .735
-(ymaps only if readline is starting)-.05 F(out in emacs mode.)180 314.4
-Q F1(term)144 331.2 Q F0(The)15.46 E F1(term=)3.196 E F0 .696
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-(ey b)-.1 H .697(indings, perhaps to bind).15 F .654(the k)180 343.2 R
+(ey b)-.1 H .697(indings, perhaps to bind).15 F .654(the k)180 427.2 R
.954 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .654(equences output by the terminal').15 F 3.154
(sf)-.55 G .654(unction k)-3.154 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 3.154(s. The).15 F -.1
-(wo)3.154 G .654(rd on the right side of).1 F(the)180 355.2 Q F1(=)3.231
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E F0 .731(is tested ag)3.231 F .732(ainst the both full name of the ter\
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-
367.2 Q F1<ad>2.5 E F0 5(.T)C(his allo)-5 E(ws)-.25 E F2(sun)2.84 E F0
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451.2 Q F1<ad>2.5 E F0 5(.T)C(his allo)-5 E(ws)-.25 E F2(sun)2.84 E F0
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Q F1(application)3.003 E F0 .503
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-.396(ci\214c program.)180 432 R -.15(Fo)5.396 G 2.896(ri).15 G .396
+.396(ci\214c program.)180 516 R -.15(Fo)5.396 G 2.896(ri).15 G .396
(nstance, the follo)-2.896 F .396(wing command adds a k)-.25 F .696 -.15
-(ey s)-.1 H .397(equence that quotes the).15 F(current or pre)180 444 Q
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-(This directi)144 566.4 R .657 -.15(ve t)-.25 H(ak).15 E .357
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(gument and reads commands and bindings from that)-.18 F 2.5(\214le. F)
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(vides commands for searching through the command history \(see)-.15 F
/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)3.335 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0(belo)3.085 E
-.835(w\) for lines)-.25 F(containing a speci\214ed string.)108 643.2 Q
+.835(w\) for lines)-.25 F(containing a speci\214ed string.)108 727.2 Q
(There are tw)5 E 2.5(os)-.1 G(earch modes:)-2.5 E F2(incr)2.51 E
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-E .698(Incremental searches be)108 660 R .698
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+-.35 E .698(Incremental searches be)108 84 R .698
(gin before the user has \214nished typing the search string.)-.15 F
.697(As each character of the)5.697 F .112
-(search string is typed, readline displays the ne)108 672 R .112
+(search string is typed, readline displays the ne)108 96 R .112
(xt entry from the history matching the string typed so f)-.15 F(ar)-.1
E 5.113(.A)-.55 G(n)-5.113 E .542
-(incremental search requires only as man)108 684 R 3.042(yc)-.15 G .542
+(incremental search requires only as man)108 108 R 3.042(yc)-.15 G .542
(haracters as needed to \214nd the desired history entry)-3.042 F 5.541
(.T)-.65 G .541(he char)-5.541 F(-)-.2 E .224(acters present in the v)
-108 696 R .224(alue of the)-.25 F F1(isear)2.724 E(ch-terminators)-.18 E
-F0 -.25(va)2.724 G .224
+108 120 R .224(alue of the)-.25 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(isear)2.724 E
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(riable are used to terminate an incremental search.).25 F .66
-(If that v)108 708 R .66(ariable has not been assigned a v)-.25 F .66
+(If that v)108 132 R .66(ariable has not been assigned a v)-.25 F .66
(alue the Escape and Control-J characters will terminate an incre-)-.25
-F .096(mental search.)108 720 R .096(Control-G will abort an incrementa\
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--.35 E(terminated, the history entry containing the search string becom\
-es the current line.)108 84 Q 2.939 -.8(To \214)108 100.8 T 1.339(nd ot\
-her matching entries in the history list, type Control-S or Control-R a\
-s appropriate.).8 F 1.338(This will)6.338 F .674(search backw)108 112.8
-R .674(ard or forw)-.1 F .674(ard in the history for the ne)-.1 F .675
-(xt entry matching the search string typed so f)-.15 F(ar)-.1 E 5.675
-(.A)-.55 G -.15(ny)-5.675 G .175(other k)108 124.8 R .475 -.15(ey s)-.1
-H .174
+5.097 F(terminated, the history entry containing the search string beco\
+mes the current line.)108 156 Q 2.939 -.8(To \214)108 172.8 T 1.339(nd \
+other matching entries in the history list, type Control-S or Control-R\
+ as appropriate.).8 F 1.338(This will)6.338 F .674(search backw)108
+184.8 R .674(ard or forw)-.1 F .674(ard in the history for the ne)-.1 F
+.675(xt entry matching the search string typed so f)-.15 F(ar)-.1 E
+5.675(.A)-.55 G -.15(ny)-5.675 G .175(other k)108 196.8 R .475 -.15
+(ey s)-.1 H .174
(equence bound to a readline command will terminate the search and e).15
F -.15(xe)-.15 G .174(cute that command.).15 F -.15(Fo)5.174 G(r).15 E
-.54(instance, a)108 136.8 R/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ne)3.04 E(wline)-.15
+.54(instance, a)108 208.8 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ne)3.04 E(wline)-.15
E F0 .541(will terminate the search and accept the line, thereby e)3.04
F -.15(xe)-.15 G .541(cuting the command from the).15 F(history list.)
-108 148.8 Q .653(Readline remembers the last incremental search string.)
-108 165.6 R .653(If tw)5.653 F 3.153(oC)-.1 G .653
+108 220.8 Q .653(Readline remembers the last incremental search string.)
+108 237.6 R .653(If tw)5.653 F 3.153(oC)-.1 G .653
(ontrol-Rs are typed without an)-3.153 F 3.152(yi)-.15 G(nterv)-3.152 E
-(en-)-.15 E(ing characters de\214ning a ne)108 177.6 Q 2.5(ws)-.25 G
+(en-)-.15 E(ing characters de\214ning a ne)108 249.6 Q 2.5(ws)-.25 G
(earch string, an)-2.5 E 2.5(yr)-.15 G(emembered search string is used.)
-2.5 E .567(Non-incremental searches read the entire search string befo\
-re starting to search for matching history lines.)108 194.4 R(The searc\
+re starting to search for matching history lines.)108 266.4 R(The searc\
h string may be typed by the user or be part of the contents of the cur\
-rent line.)108 206.4 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Readline Command Names)87
-223.2 Q F0 1.392(The follo)108 235.2 R 1.391
+rent line.)108 278.4 Q F1(Readline Command Names)87 295.2 Q F0 1.392
+(The follo)108 307.2 R 1.391
(wing is a list of the names of the commands and the def)-.25 F 1.391
(ault k)-.1 F 1.691 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.391(equences to which the).15 F
-3.891(ya)-.15 G(re)-3.891 E 2.621(bound. Command)108 247.2 R .121
+3.891(ya)-.15 G(re)-3.891 E 2.621(bound. Command)108 319.2 R .121
(names without an accompan)2.621 F .121(ying k)-.15 F .421 -.15(ey s)-.1
H .122(equence are unbound by def).15 F 2.622(ault. In)-.1 F .122
-(the follo)2.622 F(wing)-.25 E(descriptions,)108 259.2 Q F1(point)3.411
-E F0 .911(refers to the current cursor position, and)3.411 F F1(mark)
+(the follo)2.622 F(wing)-.25 E(descriptions,)108 331.2 Q F2(point)3.411
+E F0 .911(refers to the current cursor position, and)3.411 F F2(mark)
3.411 E F0 .91(refers to a cursor position sa)3.411 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.41
-(db).15 G 3.41(yt)-3.41 G(he)-3.41 E F2(set\255mark)108 271.2 Q F0 2.5
+(db).15 G 3.41(yt)-3.41 G(he)-3.41 E F1(set\255mark)108 343.2 Q F0 2.5
(command. The)2.5 F(te)2.5 E
-(xt between the point and mark is referred to as the)-.15 E F1 -.37(re)
-2.5 G(gion)-.03 E F0(.)A F2(Commands f)87 288 Q(or Mo)-.25 E(ving)-.1 E
-(beginning\255of\255line \(C\255a\))108 300 Q F0(Mo)144 312 Q .3 -.15
-(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he start of the current line.)-2.5 E F2
-(end\255of\255line \(C\255e\))108 324 Q F0(Mo)144 336 Q .3 -.15(ve t)
--.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he end of the line.)-2.5 E F2 -.25(fo)108 348 S
-(rward\255char \(C\255f\)).25 E F0(Mo)144 360 Q .3 -.15(ve f)-.15 H(orw)
-.15 E(ard a character)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F2(backward\255char \(C\255b\))108
-372 Q F0(Mo)144 384 Q .3 -.15(ve b)-.15 H(ack a character).15 E(.)-.55 E
-F2 -.25(fo)108 396 S(rward\255w).25 E(ord \(M\255f\))-.1 E F0(Mo)144 408
+(xt between the point and mark is referred to as the)-.15 E F2 -.37(re)
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+(beginning\255of\255line \(C\255a\))108 372 Q F0(Mo)144 384 Q .3 -.15
+(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he start of the current line.)-2.5 E F1
+(end\255of\255line \(C\255e\))108 396 Q F0(Mo)144 408 Q .3 -.15(ve t)
+-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he end of the line.)-2.5 E F1 -.25(fo)108 420 S
+(rward\255char \(C\255f\)).25 E F0(Mo)144 432 Q .3 -.15(ve f)-.15 H(orw)
+.15 E(ard a character)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F1(backward\255char \(C\255b\))108
+444 Q F0(Mo)144 456 Q .3 -.15(ve b)-.15 H(ack a character).15 E(.)-.55 E
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Q .822 -.15(ve f)-.15 H(orw).15 E .522(ard to the end of the ne)-.1 F
.523(xt w)-.15 F 3.023(ord. W)-.1 F .523
(ords are composed of alphanumeric characters \(let-)-.8 F
-(ters and digits\).)144 420 Q F2(backward\255w)108 432 Q(ord \(M\255b\))
--.1 E F0(Mo)144 444 Q 1.71 -.15(ve b)-.15 H 1.41
+(ters and digits\).)144 492 Q F1(backward\255w)108 504 Q(ord \(M\255b\))
+-.1 E F0(Mo)144 516 Q 1.71 -.15(ve b)-.15 H 1.41
(ack to the start of the current or pre).15 F 1.41(vious w)-.25 F 3.91
(ord. W)-.1 F 1.41(ords are composed of alphanumeric)-.8 F
-(characters \(letters and digits\).)144 456 Q F2(clear\255scr)108 468 Q
-(een \(C\255l\))-.18 E F0 .993(Clear the screen lea)144 480 R .993
+(characters \(letters and digits\).)144 528 Q F1(clear\255scr)108 540 Q
+(een \(C\255l\))-.18 E F0 .993(Clear the screen lea)144 552 R .993
(ving the current line at the top of the screen.)-.2 F -.4(Wi)5.993 G
.993(th an ar).4 F .993(gument, refresh the)-.18 F
-(current line without clearing the screen.)144 492 Q F2 -.18(re)108 504
+(current line without clearing the screen.)144 564 Q F1 -.18(re)108 576
S(draw\255curr).18 E(ent\255line)-.18 E F0(Refresh the current line.)144
-516 Q F2(Commands f)87 532.8 Q(or Manipulating the History)-.25 E
-(accept\255line \(Newline, Retur)108 544.8 Q(n\))-.15 E F0 .159
-(Accept the line re)144 556.8 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .159
+588 Q F1(Commands f)87 604.8 Q(or Manipulating the History)-.25 E
+(accept\255line \(Newline, Retur)108 616.8 Q(n\))-.15 E F0 .159
+(Accept the line re)144 628.8 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .159
(rdless of where the cursor is.).05 F .158(If this line is non-empty)
5.158 F 2.658(,a)-.65 G .158(dd it to the history list)-2.658 F .699
-(according to the state of the)144 568.8 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF
+(according to the state of the)144 640.8 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF
(HISTCONTR)3.199 E(OL)-.27 E F0 -.25(va)2.949 G 3.199(riable. If).25 F
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-(restore the history line to its original state.)144 580.8 Q F2(pr)108
-592.8 Q -.15(ev)-.18 G(ious\255history \(C\255p\)).15 E F0
-(Fetch the pre)144 604.8 Q(vious command from the history list, mo)-.25
-E(ving back in the list.)-.15 E F2(next\255history \(C\255n\))108 616.8
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-(ord \(M\255c\))-.1 E F0 1.974(Capitalize the current \(or follo)144 408
-R 1.974(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.474(ord. W)-.1 F 1.974(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)
--.15 G(ti).05 E 2.274 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.975
-(ument, capitalize the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 420 S(rd, b).1
-E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1 -.1(ove)108 432
-S(rwrite\255mode).1 E F0 -.8(To)144 444 S .438(ggle o).8 F -.15(ve)-.15
-G .438(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4(Wi)5.438 G .438(th an e).4 F .438
+-.25 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 472.8 S(rd, b).1 E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3
+-.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(capitalize\255w)108 484.8 Q
+(ord \(M\255c\))-.1 E F0 1.974(Capitalize the current \(or follo)144
+496.8 R 1.974(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.474(ord. W)-.1 F 1.974(ith a ne)-.4 F
+-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 2.274 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.975
+(ument, capitalize the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 508.8 S(rd, b)
+.1 E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1 -.1(ove)108
+520.8 S(rwrite\255mode).1 E F0 -.8(To)144 532.8 S .438(ggle o).8 F -.15
+(ve)-.15 G .438(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4(Wi)5.438 G .438(th an e).4 F .438
(xplicit positi)-.15 F .737 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .437(umeric ar).15 F .437
(gument, switches to o)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .437(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4
-(Wi)144 456 S .78(th an e).4 F .781(xplicit non-positi)-.15 F 1.081 -.15
-(ve n)-.25 H .781(umeric ar).15 F .781(gument, switches to insert mode.)
--.18 F .781(This command af)5.781 F(fects)-.25 E(only)144 468 Q F1
-(emacs)4.395 E F0(mode;)4.395 E F1(vi)4.395 E F0 1.894(mode does o)4.395
-F -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.894(rwrite dif).15 F(ferently)-.25 E 6.894(.E)-.65 G
-1.894(ach call to)-6.894 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.37(re)4.394 G
-(adline\(\)).37 E F0 1.894(starts in insert)4.394 F 3.968(mode. In)144
-480 R -.15(ove)3.968 G 1.468(rwrite mode, characters bound to).15 F F1
-(self\255insert)3.969 E F0 1.469(replace the te)3.969 F 1.469
-(xt at point rather than)-.15 F .958(pushing the te)144 492 R .958
-(xt to the right.)-.15 F .957(Characters bound to)5.958 F F1
-(backward\255delete\255char)3.457 E F0 .957(replace the character)3.457
-F(before point with a space.)144 504 Q(By def)5 E
-(ault, this command is unbound.)-.1 E F1(Killing and Y)87 520.8 Q
-(anking)-.85 E(kill\255line \(C\255k\))108 532.8 Q F0(Kill the te)144
-544.8 Q(xt from point to the end of the line.)-.15 E F1
-(backward\255kill\255line \(C\255x Rubout\))108 556.8 Q F0(Kill backw)
-144 568.8 Q(ard to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E F1
-(unix\255line\255discard \(C\255u\))108 580.8 Q F0(Kill backw)144 592.8
+(Wi)144 544.8 S .78(th an e).4 F .781(xplicit non-positi)-.15 F 1.081
+-.15(ve n)-.25 H .781(umeric ar).15 F .781
+(gument, switches to insert mode.)-.18 F .781(This command af)5.781 F
+(fects)-.25 E(only)144 556.8 Q F1(emacs)4.395 E F0(mode;)4.395 E F1(vi)
+4.395 E F0 1.894(mode does o)4.395 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.894(rwrite dif).15
+F(ferently)-.25 E 6.894(.E)-.65 G 1.894(ach call to)-6.894 F F4 -.37(re)
+4.394 G(adline\(\)).37 E F0 1.894(starts in insert)4.394 F 3.968
+(mode. In)144 568.8 R -.15(ove)3.968 G 1.468
+(rwrite mode, characters bound to).15 F F1(self\255insert)3.969 E F0
+1.469(replace the te)3.969 F 1.469(xt at point rather than)-.15 F .958
+(pushing the te)144 580.8 R .958(xt to the right.)-.15 F .957
+(Characters bound to)5.958 F F1(backward\255delete\255char)3.457 E F0
+.957(replace the character)3.457 F(before point with a space.)144 592.8
+Q(By def)5 E(ault, this command is unbound.)-.1 E F1(Killing and Y)87
+609.6 Q(anking)-.85 E(kill\255line \(C\255k\))108 621.6 Q F0
+(Kill the te)144 633.6 Q(xt from point to the end of the line.)-.15 E F1
+(backward\255kill\255line \(C\255x Rubout\))108 645.6 Q F0(Kill backw)
+144 657.6 Q(ard to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E F1
+(unix\255line\255discard \(C\255u\))108 669.6 Q F0(Kill backw)144 681.6
Q(ard from point to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E
(The killed te)5 E(xt is sa)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5(nt)
--2.5 G(he kill-ring.)-2.5 E F1(kill\255whole\255line)108 604.8 Q F0
+-2.5 G(he kill-ring.)-2.5 E F1(kill\255whole\255line)108 693.6 Q F0
(Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is.)144
-616.8 Q F1(kill\255w)108 628.8 Q(ord \(M\255d\))-.1 E F0 .728
-(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 640.8 R .729
-(ord, or if between w)-.1 F .729(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F .729
-(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 652.8 S
-(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1 -.25(fo)2.5 G
-(rward\255w).25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(backward\255kill\255w)108 664.8 Q
-(ord \(M\255Rubout\))-.1 E F0(Kill the w)144 676.8 Q(ord behind point.)
--.1 E -.8(Wo)5 G(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1
-(backward\255w)2.5 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(unix\255w)108 688.8 Q
-(ord\255rubout \(C\255w\))-.1 E F0 .365(Kill the w)144 700.8 R .365
-(ord behind point, using white space as a w)-.1 F .364(ord boundary)-.1
-F 5.364(.T)-.65 G .364(he killed te)-5.364 F .364(xt is sa)-.15 F -.15
-(ve)-.2 G 2.864(do).15 G 2.864(nt)-2.864 G(he)-2.864 E(kill-ring.)144
-712.8 Q(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2007 September 14)135.125 E(38)185.115 E 0
+705.6 Q(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2007 December 5)138.465 E(38)188.455 E 0
Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(unix\255\214lename\255rubout)108 84 Q F0
-.166(Kill the w)144 96 R .166
+-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(kill\255w)108 84 Q(ord \(M\255d\))-.1 E F0
+.728(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 96 R .729
+(ord, or if between w)-.1 F .729(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F .729
+(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 108 S
+(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1 -.25(fo)2.5 G
+(rward\255w).25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(backward\255kill\255w)108 120 Q
+(ord \(M\255Rubout\))-.1 E F0(Kill the w)144 132 Q(ord behind point.)-.1
+E -.8(Wo)5 G(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1
+(backward\255w)2.5 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(unix\255w)108 144 Q
+(ord\255rubout \(C\255w\))-.1 E F0 .365(Kill the w)144 156 R .365
+(ord behind point, using white space as a w)-.1 F .364(ord boundary)-.1
+F 5.364(.T)-.65 G .364(he killed te)-5.364 F .364(xt is sa)-.15 F -.15
+(ve)-.2 G 2.864(do).15 G 2.864(nt)-2.864 G(he)-2.864 E(kill-ring.)144
+168 Q F1(unix\255\214lename\255rubout)108 180 Q F0 .166(Kill the w)144
+192 R .166
(ord behind point, using white space and the slash character as the w)
--.1 F .167(ord boundaries.)-.1 F(The)5.167 E(killed te)144 108 Q
+-.1 F .167(ord boundaries.)-.1 F(The)5.167 E(killed te)144 204 Q
(xt is sa)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G(he kill-ring.)
--2.5 E F1(delete\255horizontal\255space \(M\255\\\))108 120 Q F0
-(Delete all spaces and tabs around point.)144 132 Q F1(kill\255r)108 144
-Q(egion)-.18 E F0(Kill the te)144 156 Q(xt in the current re)-.15 E
-(gion.)-.15 E F1(copy\255r)108 168 Q(egion\255as\255kill)-.18 E F0(Cop)
-144 180 Q 2.5(yt)-.1 G(he te)-2.5 E(xt in the re)-.15 E
+-2.5 E F1(delete\255horizontal\255space \(M\255\\\))108 216 Q F0
+(Delete all spaces and tabs around point.)144 228 Q F1(kill\255r)108 240
+Q(egion)-.18 E F0(Kill the te)144 252 Q(xt in the current re)-.15 E
+(gion.)-.15 E F1(copy\255r)108 264 Q(egion\255as\255kill)-.18 E F0(Cop)
+144 276 Q 2.5(yt)-.1 G(he te)-2.5 E(xt in the re)-.15 E
(gion to the kill b)-.15 E(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E(.)-.55 E F1
-(copy\255backward\255w)108 192 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(Cop)144 204 Q 4.801(yt)-.1
+(copy\255backward\255w)108 288 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(Cop)144 300 Q 4.801(yt)-.1
G 2.301(he w)-4.801 F 2.301(ord before point to the kill b)-.1 F(uf)-.2
E(fer)-.25 E 7.301(.T)-.55 G 2.301(he w)-7.301 F 2.3
-(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1(back-)4.8 E(ward\255w)144 216 Q
-(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(copy\255f)108 228 Q(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0
-(Cop)144 240 Q 4.507(yt)-.1 G 2.007(he w)-4.507 F 2.007(ord follo)-.1 F
+(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1(back-)4.8 E(ward\255w)144 312 Q
+(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(copy\255f)108 324 Q(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0
+(Cop)144 336 Q 4.507(yt)-.1 G 2.007(he w)-4.507 F 2.007(ord follo)-.1 F
2.007(wing point to the kill b)-.25 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 7.008(.T)-.55
G 2.008(he w)-7.008 F 2.008(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1 -.25
-(fo)4.508 G -.37(r-).25 G(ward\255w)144 252 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1
-(yank \(C\255y\))108 264 Q F0 -1(Ya)144 276 S
+(fo)4.508 G -.37(r-).25 G(ward\255w)144 348 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1
+(yank \(C\255y\))108 360 Q F0 -1(Ya)144 372 S
(nk the top of the kill ring into the b)1 E(uf)-.2 E(fer at point.)-.25
-E F1(yank\255pop \(M\255y\))108 288 Q F0
-(Rotate the kill ring, and yank the ne)144 300 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G 2.5
+E F1(yank\255pop \(M\255y\))108 384 Q F0
+(Rotate the kill ring, and yank the ne)144 396 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G 2.5
(op. Only)-2.5 F -.1(wo)2.5 G(rks follo).1 E(wing)-.25 E F1(yank)2.5 E
-F0(or)2.5 E F1(yank\255pop)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(Numeric Ar)87 316.8 Q
-(guments)-.1 E(digit\255ar)108 328.8 Q
+F0(or)2.5 E F1(yank\255pop)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(Numeric Ar)87 412.8 Q
+(guments)-.1 E(digit\255ar)108 424.8 Q
(gument \(M\2550, M\2551, ..., M\255\255\))-.1 E F0 .642
-(Add this digit to the ar)144 340.8 R .641
+(Add this digit to the ar)144 436.8 R .641
(gument already accumulating, or start a ne)-.18 F 3.141(wa)-.25 G -.18
(rg)-3.141 G 3.141(ument. M\255\255).18 F .641(starts a ne)3.141 F(g-)
--.15 E(ati)144 352.8 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G(ument.).18 E F1
-(uni)108 364.8 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0 .778
-(This is another w)144 376.8 R .779(ay to specify an ar)-.1 F 3.279
+-.15 E(ati)144 448.8 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G(ument.).18 E F1
+(uni)108 460.8 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0 .778
+(This is another w)144 472.8 R .779(ay to specify an ar)-.1 F 3.279
(gument. If)-.18 F .779(this command is follo)3.279 F .779
(wed by one or more digits,)-.25 F 1.376
(optionally with a leading minus sign, those digits de\214ne the ar)144
-388.8 R 3.876(gument. If)-.18 F 1.376(the command is fol-)3.876 F(lo)144
-400.8 Q 1.17(wed by digits, e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(uni)
+484.8 R 3.876(gument. If)-.18 F 1.376(the command is fol-)3.876 F(lo)144
+496.8 Q 1.17(wed by digits, e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(uni)
3.67 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(ag)3.67 E 1.17
(ain ends the numeric ar)-.05 F 1.17(gument, b)-.18 F 1.17(ut is other)
--.2 F(-)-.2 E .899(wise ignored.)144 412.8 R .898
+-.2 F(-)-.2 E .899(wise ignored.)144 508.8 R .898
(As a special case, if this command is immediately follo)5.899 F .898
(wed by a character that is)-.25 F .243
-(neither a digit or minus sign, the ar)144 424.8 R .243
+(neither a digit or minus sign, the ar)144 520.8 R .243
(gument count for the ne)-.18 F .243(xt command is multiplied by four)
--.15 F 5.243(.T)-.55 G(he)-5.243 E(ar)144 436.8 Q .378
+-.15 F 5.243(.T)-.55 G(he)-5.243 E(ar)144 532.8 Q .378
(gument count is initially one, so e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .378
(cuting this function the \214rst time mak).15 F .378(es the ar)-.1 F
-.378(gument count)-.18 F(four)144 448.8 Q 2.5(,as)-.4 G(econd time mak)
+.378(gument count)-.18 F(four)144 544.8 Q 2.5(,as)-.4 G(econd time mak)
-2.5 E(es the ar)-.1 E(gument count sixteen, and so on.)-.18 E F1
-(Completing)87 465.6 Q(complete \(T)108 477.6 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 1.137
-(Attempt to perform completion on the te)144 489.6 R 1.137
+(Completing)87 561.6 Q(complete \(T)108 573.6 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 1.137
+(Attempt to perform completion on the te)144 585.6 R 1.137
(xt before point.)-.15 F F1(Bash)6.137 E F0 1.137
-(attempts completion treating the)3.637 F(te)144 501.6 Q .533(xt as a v)
+(attempts completion treating the)3.637 F(te)144 597.6 Q .533(xt as a v)
-.15 F .533(ariable \(if the te)-.25 F .533(xt be)-.15 F .533(gins with)
-.15 F F1($)3.033 E F0 .533(\), username \(if the te)B .532(xt be)-.15 F
.532(gins with)-.15 F F1(~)3.032 E F0 .532(\), hostname \(if the)B(te)
-144 513.6 Q .701(xt be)-.15 F .701(gins with)-.15 F F1(@)3.201 E F0 .701
+144 609.6 Q .701(xt be)-.15 F .701(gins with)-.15 F F1(@)3.201 E F0 .701
(\), or command \(including aliases and functions\) in turn.)B .702
(If none of these pro-)5.701 F
-(duces a match, \214lename completion is attempted.)144 525.6 Q F1
-(possible\255completions \(M\255?\))108 537.6 Q F0
-(List the possible completions of the te)144 549.6 Q(xt before point.)
--.15 E F1(insert\255completions \(M\255*\))108 561.6 Q F0 .783
-(Insert all completions of the te)144 573.6 R .783
+(duces a match, \214lename completion is attempted.)144 621.6 Q F1
+(possible\255completions \(M\255?\))108 633.6 Q F0
+(List the possible completions of the te)144 645.6 Q(xt before point.)
+-.15 E F1(insert\255completions \(M\255*\))108 657.6 Q F0 .783
+(Insert all completions of the te)144 669.6 R .783
(xt before point that w)-.15 F .783(ould ha)-.1 F 1.083 -.15(ve b)-.2 H
.783(een generated by).15 F F1(possible\255com-)3.282 E(pletions)144
-585.6 Q F0(.)A F1(menu\255complete)108 597.6 Q F0 .928(Similar to)144
-609.6 R F1(complete)3.428 E F0 3.428(,b)C .929(ut replaces the w)-3.628
+681.6 Q F0(.)A F1(menu\255complete)108 693.6 Q F0 .928(Similar to)144
+705.6 R F1(complete)3.428 E F0 3.428(,b)C .929(ut replaces the w)-3.628
F .929(ord to be completed with a single match from the list of)-.1 F
-1.194(possible completions.)144 621.6 R 1.194(Repeated e)6.194 F -.15
+1.194(possible completions.)144 717.6 R 1.194(Repeated e)6.194 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G 1.194(cution of).15 F F1(menu\255complete)3.694 E F0 1.193
(steps through the list of possible)3.694 F .828
-(completions, inserting each match in turn.)144 633.6 R .828
-(At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung)5.828 F .727
-(\(subject to the setting of)144 645.6 R F1(bell\255style)3.227 E F0
-3.227(\)a)C .727(nd the original te)-3.227 F .727(xt is restored.)-.15 F
-.727(An ar)5.727 F .727(gument of)-.18 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)3.227
-E F0(mo)3.227 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(s).15 E F2(n)3.227 E F0 1.73
-(positions forw)144 657.6 R 1.73(ard in the list of matches; a ne)-.1 F
--.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 2.03 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.73
-(ument may be used to mo).18 F 2.03 -.15(ve b)-.15 H(ackw).15 E(ard)-.1
-E(through the list.)144 669.6 Q(This command is intended to be bound to)
-5 E F1 -.9(TA)2.5 G(B).9 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut is unbound by def)-2.7 E
-(ault.)-.1 E F1(delete\255char\255or\255list)108 681.6 Q F0 .234
-(Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the be)144 693.6 R
-.234(ginning or end of the line \(lik)-.15 F(e)-.1 E F1(delete\255char)
-2.734 E F0(\).)A .425(If at the end of the line, beha)144 705.6 R -.15
-(ve)-.2 G 2.925(si).15 G .425(dentically to)-2.925 F F1
-(possible\255completions)2.925 E F0 5.425(.T)C .425
-(his command is unbound)-5.425 F(by def)144 717.6 Q(ault.)-.1 E
-(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2007 September 14)135.125 E(39)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
+(completions, inserting each match in turn.)144 729.6 R .828
+(At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung)5.828 F
+(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2007 December 5)138.465 E(39)188.455 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(complete\255\214lename \(M\255/\))108 84 Q
-F0(Attempt \214lename completion on the te)144 96 Q(xt before point.)
--.15 E F1(possible\255\214lename\255completions \(C\255x /\))108 108 Q
-F0(List the possible completions of the te)144 120 Q
+-.35 E .727(\(subject to the setting of)144 84 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF
+(bell\255style)3.227 E F0 3.227(\)a)C .727(nd the original te)-3.227 F
+.727(xt is restored.)-.15 F .727(An ar)5.727 F .727(gument of)-.18 F/F2
+10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)3.227 E F0(mo)3.227 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(s).15 E F2
+(n)3.227 E F0 1.73(positions forw)144 96 R 1.73
+(ard in the list of matches; a ne)-.1 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 2.03
+-.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.73(ument may be used to mo).18 F 2.03
+-.15(ve b)-.15 H(ackw).15 E(ard)-.1 E(through the list.)144 108 Q
+(This command is intended to be bound to)5 E F1 -.9(TA)2.5 G(B).9 E F0
+2.5(,b)C(ut is unbound by def)-2.7 E(ault.)-.1 E F1
+(delete\255char\255or\255list)108 120 Q F0 .234
+(Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the be)144 132 R .234
+(ginning or end of the line \(lik)-.15 F(e)-.1 E F1(delete\255char)2.734
+E F0(\).)A .425(If at the end of the line, beha)144 144 R -.15(ve)-.2 G
+2.925(si).15 G .425(dentically to)-2.925 F F1(possible\255completions)
+2.925 E F0 5.425(.T)C .425(his command is unbound)-5.425 F(by def)144
+156 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(complete\255\214lename \(M\255/\))108 168 Q F0
+(Attempt \214lename completion on the te)144 180 Q(xt before point.)-.15
+E F1(possible\255\214lename\255completions \(C\255x /\))108 192 Q F0
+(List the possible completions of the te)144 204 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a \214lename.)-.15 E F1
-(complete\255user)108 132 Q(name \(M\255~\))-.15 E F0
-(Attempt completion on the te)144 144 Q
+(complete\255user)108 216 Q(name \(M\255~\))-.15 E F0
+(Attempt completion on the te)144 228 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F1(possible\255user)
-108 156 Q(name\255completions \(C\255x ~\))-.15 E F0
-(List the possible completions of the te)144 168 Q
+108 240 Q(name\255completions \(C\255x ~\))-.15 E F0
+(List the possible completions of the te)144 252 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F1(complete\255v)108
-180 Q(ariable \(M\255$\))-.1 E F0(Attempt completion on the te)144 192 Q
+264 Q(ariable \(M\255$\))-.1 E F0(Attempt completion on the te)144 276 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1
-(possible\255v)108 204 Q(ariable\255completions \(C\255x $\))-.1 E F0
-(List the possible completions of the te)144 216 Q
+(possible\255v)108 288 Q(ariable\255completions \(C\255x $\))-.1 E F0
+(List the possible completions of the te)144 300 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1
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+(Attempt completion on the te)144 324 Q
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-(List the possible completions of the te)144 264 Q
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+(List the possible completions of the te)144 348 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E F1
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(xt before point, treating it as a command name.)-.15 F .58
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+E F0(Re-e)144 580.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G 1(cute the last k).15 F -.15(ey)-.1
G .999(board macro de\214ned, by making the characters in the macro app\
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-(Miscellaneous)87
525.6 Q -.18(re)108 537.6 S<ad72>.18 E
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609.6 Q -.18(re)108 621.6 S<ad72>.18 E
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--.15 G 1.777(indings or v)-4.277 F 1.777(ariable assignments)-.25 F
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-(Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal')144 585.6 R
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5.748(sb)-.55 G 3.248(ell \(subject to the setting of)-5.748 F F1
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4.255 E F0 1.755(is lo)4.255 F 1.756
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-(Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.)144 681.6 Q F1
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-(Undo all changes made to this line.)144 705.6 R 1.095(This is lik)6.095
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--.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(tilde\255expand \(M\255&\))108 84 Q F0
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-(Set the mark to the point.)144 120 Q(If a numeric ar)5 E
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+(Undo all changes made to this line.)144 144 R 1.095(This is lik)6.095 F
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+(return the line to its initial state.)144 156 Q F1
+(tilde\255expand \(M\255&\))108 168 Q F0(Perform tilde e)144 180 Q
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+(set\255mark \(C\255@, M\255<space>\))108 192 Q F0
+(Set the mark to the point.)144 204 Q(If a numeric ar)5 E
(gument is supplied, the mark is set to that position.)-.18 E F1
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-144 Q .282(ap the point with the mark.)-.1 F .283
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+228 Q .282(ap the point with the mark.)-.1 F .283
(The current cursor position is set to the sa)5.283 F -.15(ve)-.2 G
2.783(dp).15 G .283(osition, and the old)-2.783 F(cursor position is sa)
-144 156 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(da).15 G 2.5(st)-2.5 G(he mark.)-2.5 E F1
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(xt occurrence of that character)-.15 F 5.535(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E -.05
(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .835 -.15(ve c)-.25 H(ount).15 E(searches for pre)
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3.544(ot)-3.544 G 1.044(he pre)-3.544 F 1.044
(vious occurrence of that character)-.25 F 6.044(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E
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(ginning of the current line.)-.15 F .098(If a numeric ar)5.097 F .098
(gument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle:)-.18 F(if)5.098 E
-.322(the characters at the be)144 276 R .321
+.322(the characters at the be)144 360 R .321
(ginning of the line do not match the v)-.15 F .321(alue of)-.25 F F1
(comment\255begin)2.821 E F0 2.821(,t)C .321(he v)-2.821 F .321(alue is)
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(comment-begin)3.514 E F0 1.014(are deleted from the be)3.514 F 1.014
(ginning of the line.)-.15 F 1.469
-(In either case, the line is accepted as if a ne)144 300 R 1.468
+(In either case, the line is accepted as if a ne)144 384 R 1.468
(wline had been typed.)-.25 F 1.468(The def)6.468 F 1.468(ault v)-.1 F
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(causes this command to mak)3.339 F 3.339(et)-.1 G .839
(he current line a shell comment.)-3.339 F .84(If a numeric ar)5.84 F
-(gu-)-.18 E(ment causes the comment character to be remo)144 324 Q -.15
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(ve)-.15 G(d, the line will be e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
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R(pattern is used to generate a list of matching \214le names for possi\
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-(ord \(C\255x *\))-.1 E F0 .371(The w)144 384 R .372
+ble completions.)2.5 E F1(glob\255expand\255w)108 456 Q
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(ord before point is treated as a pattern for pathname e)-.1 F .372
(xpansion, and the list of matching \214le)-.15 F .516
-(names is inserted, replacing the w)144 396 R 3.016(ord. If)-.1 F 3.016
+(names is inserted, replacing the w)144 480 R 3.016(ord. If)-.1 F 3.016
(an)3.016 G .516(umeric ar)-3.016 F .516
(gument is supplied, an asterisk is appended)-.18 F(before pathname e)
-144 408 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(glob\255list\255expansions \(C\255x g\))
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.923(ould ha)-.1 F 1.223 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .923(een generated by).15 F F1
(glob\255expand\255w)3.423 E(ord)-.1 E F0 .923(is displayed, and)3.423 F
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.872(umeric ar)-3.372 F .872
(gument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before pathname)-.18 F -.15
-(ex)144 456 S(pansion.).15 E F1(dump\255functions)108 468 Q F0 .626
-(Print all of the functions and their k)144 480 R .926 -.15(ey b)-.1 H
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+(Print all of the functions and their k)144 564 R .926 -.15(ey b)-.1 H
.627(indings to the readline output stream.).15 F .627(If a numeric ar)
5.627 F(gu-)-.18 E
-(ment is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)144 492 Q
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+(ment is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)144 576 Q
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(ariables and their v)-.25 F 1.799(alues to the readline output stream.)
--.25 F 1.799(If a)6.799 F .304(numeric ar)144 528 R .304
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-(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F2(inputr)144 540 Q(c)-.37 E F0
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.528(gument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)-.18 F .528
-(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F2(inputr)3.028 E(c)-.37 E F0
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(ersion information about the current instance of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E
-F0(.)A F1(Pr)87 628.8 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0 .147(When w)108
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-(gument to a command for which a completion speci\214cation \(a)-.18 F
-F2(compspec)108 652.8 Q F0 3.828(\)h)C 1.329
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(as been de\214ned using the)-3.828 F F1(complete)3.829 E F0 -.2(bu)
3.829 G 1.329(iltin \(see).2 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.329(SHELL B)3.829
F(UIL)-.09 E 1.329(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.579 E 1.329(w\), the)
--.25 F(programmable completion f)108 664.8 Q(acilities are in)-.1 E -.2
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5.334 F .587
-(used to generate the list of possible completions for the w)108 693.6 R
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3.087(ord. If)-.1 F .587(the command w)3.087 F .587
(ord is a full pathname, a)-.1 F 1.181
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--.35 E .817(Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the \
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-/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)2.5 E F0(completion as described abo)2.5 E .3 -.15
-(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1(Completing)2.5 E F0(is performed.)2.5 E .464
-(First, the actions speci\214ed by the compspec are used.)108 112.8 R
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(When the)5.595 F F1<ad66>3.095 E F0(or)3.095 E F1<ad64>3.095 E F0 .596
(option is used for \214lename or directory name completion, the)3.095 F
-(shell v)108 136.8 Q(ariable)-.25 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(FIGNORE)2.5 E
-F0(is used to \214lter the matches.)2.25 E(An)108 153.6 Q 2.585(yc)-.15
-G .085(ompletions speci\214ed by a \214lename e)-2.585 F .085
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(xpansion pattern to the)-.15 F F1<ad47>2.585 E F0 .085
(option are generated ne)2.585 F 2.585(xt. The)-.15 F -.1(wo)2.585 G
-(rds).1 E .843(generated by the pattern need not match the w)108 165.6 R
-.844(ord being completed.)-.1 F(The)5.844 E F2(GLOBIGNORE)3.344 E F0
+(rds).1 E .843(generated by the pattern need not match the w)108 271.2 R
+.844(ord being completed.)-.1 F(The)5.844 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.344 E F0
.844(shell v)3.094 F .844(ariable is)-.25 F
-(not used to \214lter the matches, b)108 177.6 Q(ut the)-.2 E F2
-(FIGNORE)2.5 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable is used.).25 E(Ne)108 194.4 Q
-.321(xt, the string speci\214ed as the ar)-.15 F .321(gument to the)-.18
-F
F1<ad57>2.821 E F0 .32(option is considered.)2.821 F .32
+(not used to \214lter the matches, b)108 283.2 Q(ut the)-.2 E F3
+(FIGNORE)2.5 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable is used.).25 E(Ne)108 300 Q .321
+(xt, the string speci\214ed as the ar)-.15 F .321(gument to the)-.18 F
+F1<ad57>2.821 E F0 .32(option is considered.)2.821 F .32
(The string is \214rst split using the)5.32 F .412(characters in the)108
-206.4 R F2(IFS)2.912 E F0 .412(special v)2.662 F .412
+312 R F3(IFS)2.912 E F0 .412(special v)2.662 F .412
(ariable as delimiters.)-.25 F .412(Shell quoting is honored.)5.412 F
.413(Each w)5.412 F .413(ord is then e)-.1 F(xpanded)-.15 E .092
-(using brace e)108 218.4 R .092(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .092
+(using brace e)108 324 R .092(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .092
(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .092(ariable e)-.25 F .091
-(xpansion, command substitution, and arith-)-.15 F 1.396(metic e)108
-230.4 R 1.396(xpansion, as described abo)-.15 F 1.696 -.15(ve u)-.15 H
-(nder).15 E F2(EXP)3.896 E(ANSION)-.666 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0
-1.396(The results are split using the rules described)5.896 F(abo)108
-242.4 Q .51 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.75(Wo)2.71 G .21
-(rd Splitting).75 F F0 5.21(.T)C .209(he results of the e)-5.21 F .209
+(xpansion, command substitution, and arith-)-.15 F 1.396(metic e)108 336
+R 1.396(xpansion, as described abo)-.15 F 1.696 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder)
+.15 E F3(EXP)3.896 E(ANSION)-.666 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 1.396
+(The results are split using the rules described)5.896 F(abo)108 348 Q
+.51 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.75(Wo)2.71 G .21(rd Splitting).75 F
+F0 5.21(.T)C .209(he results of the e)-5.21 F .209
(xpansion are pre\214x-matched ag)-.15 F .209(ainst the w)-.05 F .209
-(ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted, and the matching w)108 254.4 Q
+(ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted, and the matching w)108 360 Q
(ords become the possible completions.)-.1 E 1.237
-(After these matches ha)108 271.2 R 1.537 -.15(ve b)-.2 H 1.237
+(After these matches ha)108 376.8 R 1.537 -.15(ve b)-.2 H 1.237
(een generated, an).15 F 3.737(ys)-.15 G 1.238
(hell function or command speci\214ed with the)-3.737 F F1<ad46>3.738 E
-F0(and)3.738 E F1<ad43>3.738 E F0 3.376(options is in)108 283.2 R -.2
+F0(and)3.738 E F1<ad43>3.738 E F0 3.376(options is in)108 388.8 R -.2
(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 5.875(d. When).1 F 3.375
(the command or function is in)5.875 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.375
-(d, the).1 F F2(COMP_LINE)5.875 E F3(,)A F2(COMP_POINT)5.625 E F3(,)A F2
-(COMP_KEY)108 295.2 Q F3(,)A F0(and)2.407 E F2(COMP_TYPE)2.657 E F0 -.25
+(d, the).1 F F3(COMP_LINE)5.875 E F4(,)A F3(COMP_POINT)5.625 E F4(,)A F3
+(COMP_KEY)108 400.8 Q F4(,)A F0(and)2.407 E F3(COMP_TYPE)2.657 E F0 -.25
(va)2.407 G .157(riables are assigned v).25 F .157
(alues as described abo)-.25 F .457 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 .158
(Shell V)2.658 F(ariables)-.92 E F0 5.158(.I)C(f)-5.158 E 3.486(as)108
-307.2 S .986(hell function is being in)-3.486 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G
-.986(d, the).1 F F2(COMP_W)3.486 E(ORDS)-.09 E F0(and)3.236 E F2
+412.8 S .986(hell function is being in)-3.486 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G
+.986(d, the).1 F F3(COMP_W)3.486 E(ORDS)-.09 E F0(and)3.236 E F3
(COMP_CW)3.486 E(ORD)-.09 E F0 -.25(va)3.236 G .986
(riables are also set.).25 F(When)5.985 E .608
-(the function or command is in)108 319.2 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .608
+(the function or command is in)108 424.8 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .608
(d, the \214rst ar).1 F .608(gument is the name of the command whose ar)
-.18 F .609(guments are)-.18 F .073(being completed, the second ar)108
-331.2 R .073(gument is the w)-.18 F .073
+436.8 R .073(gument is the w)-.18 F .073
(ord being completed, and the third ar)-.1 F .073(gument is the w)-.18 F
-.072(ord pre-)-.1 F .607(ceding the w)108 343.2 R .607
+.072(ord pre-)-.1 F .607(ceding the w)108 448.8 R .607
(ord being completed on the current command line.)-.1 F .608
-(No \214ltering of the generated completions)5.607 F(ag)108 355.2 Q .094
+(No \214ltering of the generated completions)5.607 F(ag)108 460.8 Q .094
(ainst the w)-.05 F .093(ord being completed is performed; the function\
or command has complete freedom in generat-)-.1 F(ing the matches.)108
-367.2 Q(An)108 384 Q 2.937(yf)-.15 G .437(unction speci\214ed with)
+472.8 Q(An)108 489.6 Q 2.937(yf)-.15 G .437(unction speci\214ed with)
-2.937 F F1<ad46>2.937 E F0 .437(is in)2.937 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G
2.937<648c>.1 G 2.937(rst. The)-2.937 F .437(function may use an)2.937 F
2.937(yo)-.15 G 2.937(ft)-2.937 G .437(he shell f)-2.937 F .438
-(acilities, including)-.1 F(the)108 396 Q F1(compgen)2.957 E F0 -.2(bu)
-2.957 G .457(iltin described belo).2 F 1.756 -.65(w, t)-.25 H 2.956(og)
-.65 G .456(enerate the matches.)-2.956 F .456
-(It must put the possible completions in the)5.456 F F2(COMPREPL)108 408
-Q(Y)-.828 E F0(array v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E(Ne)108 424.8 Q .08(xt, an)
--.15 F 2.58(yc)-.15 G .08(ommand speci\214ed with the)-2.58 F F1<ad43>
-2.58 E F0 .081(option is in)2.581 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.581(di).1
-G 2.581(na)-2.581 G 2.581(ne)-2.581 G -.4(nv)-2.581 G .081
+(acilities, including)-.1 F(the)108 501.6 Q F1(compgen)2.957 E F0 -.2
+(bu)2.957 G .457(iltin described belo).2 F 1.756 -.65(w, t)-.25 H 2.956
+(og).65 G .456(enerate the matches.)-2.956 F .456
+(It must put the possible completions in the)5.456 F F3(COMPREPL)108
+513.6 Q(Y)-.828 E F0(array v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E(Ne)108 530.4 Q .08
+(xt, an)-.15 F 2.58(yc)-.15 G .08(ommand speci\214ed with the)-2.58 F F1
+<ad43>2.58 E F0 .081(option is in)2.581 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.581
+(di).1 G 2.581(na)-2.581 G 2.581(ne)-2.581 G -.4(nv)-2.581 G .081
(ironment equi).4 F -.25(va)-.25 G .081(lent to command sub-).25 F 2.859
-(stitution. It)108 436.8 R .359(should print a list of completions, one\
+(stitution. It)108 542.4 R .359(should print a list of completions, one\
per line, to the standard output.)2.859 F .358(Backslash may be used)
-5.359 F(to escape a ne)108 448.8 Q(wline, if necessary)-.25 E(.)-.65 E
-.376(After all of the possible completions are generated, an)108 465.6 R
+5.359 F(to escape a ne)108 554.4 Q(wline, if necessary)-.25 E(.)-.65 E
+.376(After all of the possible completions are generated, an)108 571.2 R
2.877<798c>-.15 G .377(lter speci\214ed with the)-2.877 F F1<ad58>2.877
-E F0 .377(option is applied to the)2.877 F 3.182(list. The)108 477.6 R
+E F0 .377(option is applied to the)2.877 F 3.182(list. The)108 583.2 R
.682(\214lter is a pattern as used for pathname e)3.182 F .681
(xpansion; a)-.15 F F1(&)3.181 E F0 .681
(in the pattern is replaced with the te)3.181 F .681(xt of)-.15 F .522
-(the w)108 489.6 R .522(ord being completed.)-.1 F 3.022(Al)5.522 G
+(the w)108 595.2 R .522(ord being completed.)-.1 F 3.022(Al)5.522 G
(iteral)-3.022 E F1(&)3.022 E F0 .523
(may be escaped with a backslash; the backslash is remo)3.022 F -.15(ve)
--.15 G 3.023(db).15 G(efore)-3.023 E .85(attempting a match.)108 501.6 R
+-.15 G 3.023(db).15 G(efore)-3.023 E .85(attempting a match.)108 607.2 R
(An)5.85 E 3.35(yc)-.15 G .849
(ompletion that matches the pattern will be remo)-3.35 F -.15(ve)-.15 G
3.349(df).15 G .849(rom the list.)-3.349 F 3.349(Al)5.849 G(eading)
--3.349 E F1(!)3.349 E F0(ne)108 513.6 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G
+-3.349 E F1(!)3.349 E F0(ne)108 619.2 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G
(tes the pattern; in this case an).05 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G
(ompletion not matching the pattern will be remo)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G
-(d.).15 E(Finally)108 530.4 Q 3.086(,a)-.65 G .886 -.15(ny p)-3.086 H
-.586(re\214x and suf).15 F .587(\214x speci\214ed with the)-.25 F F1
-
<ad50>3.087 E F0(and)3.087 E F1<ad53>3.087 E F0 .587
+(d.).15 E(Finally)108 636 Q 3.086(,a)-.65 G .886 -.15(ny p)-3.086 H .586
+(re\214x and suf).15 F .587(\214x speci\214ed with the)-.25 F F1<ad50>
+3.087 E F0(and)3.087 E F1<ad53>3.087 E F0 .587
(options are added to each member of the com-)3.087 F(pletion list, and\
the result is returned to the readline completion code as the list of \
-possible completions.)108 542.4 Q .247(If the pre)108 559.2 R .247
+possible completions.)108 648 Q .247(If the pre)108 664.8 R .247
(viously-applied actions do not generate an)-.25 F 2.747(ym)-.15 G .247
(atches, and the)-2.747 F F1 .247(\255o dir)2.747 F(names)-.15 E F0 .247
-(option w)2.747 F .246(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)108 571.2 Q F0
+(option w)2.747 F .246(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)108 676.8 Q F0
(when the compspec w)2.5 E
(as de\214ned, directory name completion is attempted.)-.1 E .461
-(If the)108 588 R F1 .462(\255o plusdirs)2.961 F F0 .462(option w)2.962
-F .462(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)2.962 E F0 .462
+(If the)108 693.6 R F1 .462(\255o plusdirs)2.961 F F0 .462(option w)
+2.962 F .462(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)2.962 E F0 .462
(when the compspec w)2.962 F .462(as de\214ned, directory name com-)-.1
-F(pletion is attempted and an)108 600 Q 2.5(ym)-.15 G
+F(pletion is attempted and an)108 705.6 Q 2.5(ym)-.15 G
(atches are added to the results of the other actions.)-2.5 E .56
-(By def)108 616.8 R .56(ault, if a compspec is found, whate)-.1 F -.15
+(By def)108 722.4 R .56(ault, if a compspec is found, whate)-.1 F -.15
(ve)-.25 G 3.06(ri).15 G 3.06(tg)-3.06 G .559
(enerates is returned to the completion code as the full set)-3.06 F
-.631(of possible completions.)108 628.8 R .631(The def)5.631 F(ault)-.1
-E F1(bash)3.131 E F0 .631
+(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2007 December 5)138.465 E(42)188.455 E 0 Cg EP
+%%Page: 43 43
+%%BeginPageSetup
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+%%EndPageSetup
+/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
+-.35 E .631(of possible completions.)108 84 R .631(The def)5.631 F(ault)
+-.1 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)3.131 E F0 .631
(completions are not attempted, and the readline def)3.131 F .632
-(ault of \214le-)-.1 F .559(name completion is disabled.)108 640.8 R
-.559(If the)5.559 F F1 .559(\255o bashdefault)3.059 F F0 .559(option w)
-3.059 F .559(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)3.058 E F0 .558
-(when the compspec)3.058 F -.1(wa)108 652.8 S 3.171(sd).1 G .671
+(ault of \214le-)-.1 F .559(name completion is disabled.)108 96 R .559
+(If the)5.559 F F1 .559(\255o bashdefault)3.059 F F0 .559(option w)3.059
+F .559(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)3.058 E F0 .558
+(when the compspec)3.058 F -.1(wa)108 108 S 3.171(sd).1 G .671
(e\214ned, the)-3.171 F F1(bash)3.171 E F0(def)3.171 E .671
(ault completions are attempted if the compspec generates no matches.)
--.1 F .672(If the)5.672 F F1<ad6f>3.172 E(default)108 664.8 Q F0 1.207
+-.1 F .672(If the)5.672 F F1<ad6f>3.172 E(default)108 120 Q F0 1.207
(option w)3.707 F 1.207(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)3.707 E F0
1.207(when the compspec w)3.707 F 1.207(as de\214ned, readline')-.1 F
3.707(sd)-.55 G(ef)-3.707 E 1.206(ault completion)-.1 F
-(will be performed if the compspec \(and, if attempted, the def)108
-676.8 Q(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(completions\) generate no matches.)
-2.5 E .245(When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is \
-desired, the programmable completion func-)108 693.6 R .633(tions force\
- readline to append a slash to completed names which are symbolic links\
- to directories, subject)108 705.6 R 2.761(to the v)108 717.6 R 2.761
+(will be performed if the compspec \(and, if attempted, the def)108 132
+Q(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(completions\) generate no matches.)2.5 E
+.245(When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desire\
+d, the programmable completion func-)108 148.8 R .633(tions force readl\
+ine to append a slash to completed names which are symbolic links to di\
+rectories, subject)108 160.8 R 2.761(to the v)108 172.8 R 2.761
(alue of the)-.25 F F1(mark\255dir)5.261 E(ectories)-.18 E F0 2.761
(readline v)5.261 F 2.761(ariable, re)-.25 F -.05(ga)-.15 G 2.762
-(rdless of the setting of the).05 F F1(mark-sym-)5.262 E(link)108 729.6
-Q(ed\255dir)-.1 E(ectories)-.18 E F0(readline v)2.5 E(ariable.)-.25 E
-(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2007 September 14)135.125 E(42)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
-%%Page: 43 43
-%%BeginPageSetup
-BP
-%%EndPageSetup
-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E/F1 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)72 84 Q(OR)-.197 E(Y)-.383 E F0
-.372(When the)108 96 R/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF .372(\255o history)2.872 F
-F0 .372(option to the)2.872 F F2(set)2.872 E F0 -.2(bu)2.872 G .372
+(rdless of the setting of the).05 F F1(mark-sym-)5.262 E(link)108 184.8
+Q(ed\255dir)-.1 E(ectories)-.18 E F0(readline v)2.5 E(ariable.)-.25 E/F2
+10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)72 201.6 Q(OR)-.197 E(Y)-.383 E F0 .372
+(When the)108 213.6 R F1 .372(\255o history)2.872 F F0 .372
+(option to the)2.872 F F1(set)2.872 E F0 -.2(bu)2.872 G .372
(iltin is enabled, the shell pro).2 F .371(vides access to the)-.15 F/F3
10/Times-Italic@0 SF .371(command history)2.871 F F0(,)A .031
-(the list of commands pre)108 108 R .031(viously typed.)-.25 F .031
-(The v)5.031 F .031(alue of the)-.25 F F2(HISTSIZE)2.531 E F0 -.25(va)
+(the list of commands pre)108 225.6 R .031(viously typed.)-.25 F .031
+(The v)5.031 F .031(alue of the)-.25 F F1(HISTSIZE)2.531 E F0 -.25(va)
2.531 G .031(riable is used as the number of com-).25 F .43(mands to sa)
-108 120 R .73 -.15(ve i)-.2 H 2.93(nah).15 G .43(istory list.)-2.93 F
+108 237.6 R .73 -.15(ve i)-.2 H 2.93(nah).15 G .43(istory list.)-2.93 F
.43(The te)5.43 F .429(xt of the last)-.15 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF
(HISTSIZE)2.929 E F0 .429(commands \(def)2.679 F .429(ault 500\) is sa)
-.1 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.929(d. The).15 F(shell)2.929 E .287
(stores each command in the history list prior to parameter and v)108
-132 R .287(ariable e)-.25 F .287(xpansion \(see)-.15 F F4(EXP)2.787 E
-(ANSION)-.666 E F0(abo)2.537 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\)).15 E -.2(bu)108 144 S
-4.066(ta).2 G 1.565(fter history e)-4.066 F 1.565
+249.6 R .287(ariable e)-.25 F .287(xpansion \(see)-.15 F F4(EXP)2.787 E
+(ANSION)-.666 E F0(abo)2.537 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\)).15 E -.2(bu)108 261.6
+S 4.066(ta).2 G 1.565(fter history e)-4.066 F 1.565
(xpansion is performed, subject to the v)-.15 F 1.565
(alues of the shell v)-.25 F(ariables)-.25 E F4(HISTIGNORE)4.065 E F0
-(and)3.815 E F4(HISTCONTR)108 156 Q(OL)-.27 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A
-F0 .082
+(and)3.815 E F4(HISTCONTR)108 273.6 Q(OL)-.27 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)
+A F0 .082
(On startup, the history is initialized from the \214le named by the v)
-108 172.8 R(ariable)-.25 E F4(HISTFILE)2.583 E F0(\(def)2.333 E(ault)-.1
+108 290.4 R(ariable)-.25 E F4(HISTFILE)2.583 E F0(\(def)2.333 E(ault)-.1
E F3(~/.bash_history)2.583 E F0(\).)A .315(The \214le named by the v)108
-184.8 R .315(alue of)-.25 F F4(HISTFILE)2.815 E F0 .315
+302.4 R .315(alue of)-.25 F F4(HISTFILE)2.815 E F0 .315
(is truncated, if necessary)2.565 F 2.815(,t)-.65 G 2.815(oc)-2.815 G
.315(ontain no more than the number of)-2.815 F .532
-(lines speci\214ed by the v)108 196.8 R .532(alue of)-.25 F F4
+(lines speci\214ed by the v)108 314.4 R .532(alue of)-.25 F F4
(HISTFILESIZE)3.032 E F5(.)A F0 .532
(When the history \214le is read, lines be)5.032 F .532
(ginning with the his-)-.15 F 1.159(tory comment character follo)108
-208.8 R 1.158(wed immediately by a digit are interpreted as timestamps \
-for the preceding)-.25 F .052(history line.)108 220.8 R .053
+326.4 R 1.158(wed immediately by a digit are interpreted as timestamps \
+for the preceding)-.25 F .052(history line.)108 338.4 R .053
(These timestamps are optionally displayed depending on the v)5.052 F
.053(alue of the)-.25 F F4(HISTTIMEFORMA)2.553 E(T)-.855 E F0 -.25(va)
-108 232.8 S 4.387(riable. When).25 F 1.887(an interacti)4.387 F 2.187
+108 350.4 S 4.387(riable. When).25 F 1.887(an interacti)4.387 F 2.187
-.15(ve s)-.25 H 1.887(hell e).15 F 1.887(xits, the last)-.15 F F4
($HISTSIZE)4.387 E F0 1.887(lines are copied from the history list to)
-4.137 F F4($HISTFILE)108 244.8 Q F5(.)A F0 .056(If the)4.556 F F2
+4.137 F F4($HISTFILE)108 362.4 Q F5(.)A F0 .056(If the)4.556 F F1
(histappend)2.556 E F0 .056
-(shell option is enabled \(see the description of)2.556 F F2(shopt)2.556
+(shell option is enabled \(see the description of)2.556 F F1(shopt)2.556
E F0(under)2.556 E F4 .056(SHELL B)2.556 F(UIL)-.09 E(TIN)-.828 E
-(COMMANDS)108 256.8 Q F0(belo)2.672 E .422(w\), the lines are appended \
+(COMMANDS)108 374.4 Q F0(belo)2.672 E .422(w\), the lines are appended \
to the history \214le, otherwise the history \214le is o)-.25 F -.15(ve)
--.15 G 2.921(rwritten. If).15 F F4(HISTFILE)108 268.8 Q F0 1.114(is uns\
+-.15 G 2.921(rwritten. If).15 F F4(HISTFILE)108 386.4 Q F0 1.114(is uns\
et, or if the history \214le is unwritable, the history is not sa)3.363
F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.614(d. If).15 F(the)3.614 E F5 -.225(va)3.614 G 1.114
(riable is set, time).225 F 1.252
-(stamps are written to the history \214le, mark)108 280.8 R(ed)-.09 E F0
+(stamps are written to the history \214le, mark)108 398.4 R(ed)-.09 E F0
1.252(with the history comment character)3.502 F 3.751(,s)-.4 G 3.751
(ot)-3.751 G(he)-3.751 E 3.751(ym)-.15 G 1.251(ay be preserv)-3.751 F
-(ed)-.15 E .105(across shell sessions.)108 292.8 R .105(This uses the h\
+(ed)-.15 E .105(across shell sessions.)108 410.4 R .105(This uses the h\
istory comment character to distinguish timestamps from other history)
-5.105 F 2.605(lines. After)108 304.8 R(sa)2.605 E .105(ving the history)
+5.105 F 2.605(lines. After)108 422.4 R(sa)2.605 E .105(ving the history)
-.2 F 2.605(,t)-.65 G .104
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-F1 2.5(0\()108 468 S(zer)-2.5 E(o\))-.18 E F0(The zeroth w)144 480 Q 2.5
-(ord. F)-.1 F(or the shell, this is the command w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E F2
-(n)108.36 492 Q F0(The)30.64 E F2(n)2.5 E F0(th w)A(ord.)-.1 E F1(^)108
-504 Q F0(The \214rst ar)32.67 E 2.5(gument. That)-.18 F(is, w)2.5 E
-(ord 1.)-.1 E F1($)108 516 Q F0(The last ar)31 E(gument.)-.18 E F1(%)108
-528 Q F0(The w)26 E(ord matched by the most recent `?)-.1 E F2(string)A
-F0(?' search.)A F2(x)108.77 540 Q F1<ad>A F2(y)A F0 2.5(Ar)20.65 G
-(ange of w)-2.5 E(ords; `\255)-.1 E F2(y)A F0 2.5('a)C(bbre)-2.5 E
-(viates `0\255)-.25 E F2(y)A F0('.)A F1(*)108 552 Q F0 .315
+(inserted into the current line separated by single spaces.)108 568.8 Q
+F2 2.5(0\()108 585.6 S(zer)-2.5 E(o\))-.18 E F0(The zeroth w)144 597.6 Q
+2.5(ord. F)-.1 F(or the shell, this is the command w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E
+F1(n)108.36 609.6 Q F0(The)30.64 E F1(n)2.5 E F0(th w)A(ord.)-.1 E F2(^)
+108 621.6 Q F0(The \214rst ar)32.67 E 2.5(gument. That)-.18 F(is, w)2.5
+E(ord 1.)-.1 E F2($)108 633.6 Q F0(The last ar)31 E(gument.)-.18 E F2(%)
+108 645.6 Q F0(The w)26 E(ord matched by the most recent `?)-.1 E F1
+(string)A F0(?' search.)A F1(x)108.77 657.6 Q F2<ad>A F1(y)A F0 2.5(Ar)
+20.65 G(ange of w)-2.5 E(ords; `\255)-.1 E F1(y)A F0 2.5('a)C(bbre)-2.5
+E(viates `0\255)-.25 E F1(y)A F0('.)A F2(*)108 669.6 Q F0 .315
(All of the w)31 F .315(ords b)-.1 F .315(ut the zeroth.)-.2 F .315
-(This is a synon)5.315 F .315(ym for `)-.15 F F2(1\255$)A F0 2.815
-('. It)B .315(is not an error to use)2.815 F F1(*)2.816 E F0 .316
-(if there is)2.816 F(just one w)144 564 Q(ord in the e)-.1 E -.15(ve)
--.25 G(nt; the empty string is returned in that case.).15 E F1(x*)108
-576 Q F0(Abbre)26 E(viates)-.25 E F2(x\255$)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<78ad>108 588
-Q F0(Abbre)25.3 E(viates)-.25 E F2(x\255$)2.5 E F0(lik)2.5 E(e)-.1 E F1
-(x*)2.5 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut omits the last w)-2.7 E(ord.)-.1 E(If a w)108
-604.8 Q(ord designator is supplied without an e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
+(This is a synon)5.315 F .315(ym for `)-.15 F F1(1\255$)A F0 2.815
+('. It)B .315(is not an error to use)2.815 F F2(*)2.816 E F0 .316
+(if there is)2.816 F(just one w)144 681.6 Q(ord in the e)-.1 E -.15(ve)
+-.25 G(nt; the empty string is returned in that case.).15 E F2(x*)108
+693.6 Q F0(Abbre)26 E(viates)-.25 E F1(x\255$)2.5 E F0(.)A F2<78ad>108
+705.6 Q F0(Abbre)25.3 E(viates)-.25 E F1(x\255$)2.5 E F0(lik)2.5 E(e)-.1
+E F2(x*)2.5 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut omits the last w)-2.7 E(ord.)-.1 E(If a w)
+108 722.4 Q(ord designator is supplied without an e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
(nt speci\214cation, the pre).15 E(vious command is used as the e)-.25 E
--.15(ve)-.25 G(nt.).15 E F1(Modi\214ers)87 621.6 Q F0 .184
-(After the optional w)108 633.6 R .184(ord designator)-.1 F 2.684(,t)-.4
-G .183(here may appear a sequence of one or more of the follo)-2.684 F
-.183(wing modi\214ers,)-.25 F(each preceded by a `:'.)108 645.6 Q F1(h)
-108 662.4 Q F0(Remo)30.44 E .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H
-(railing \214le name component, lea).15 E(ving only the head.)-.2 E F1
-(t)108 674.4 Q F0(Remo)32.67 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H
-(ll leading \214le name components, lea).15 E(ving the tail.)-.2 E F1(r)
-108 686.4 Q F0(Remo)31.56 E .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing suf).15 E
-(\214x of the form)-.25 E F2(.xxx)2.5 E F0 2.5(,l)C(ea)-2.5 E
-(ving the basename.)-.2 E F1(e)108 698.4 Q F0(Remo)31.56 E .3 -.15(ve a)
--.15 H(ll b).15 E(ut the trailing suf)-.2 E(\214x.)-.25 E F1(p)108 710.4
-Q F0(Print the ne)30.44 E 2.5(wc)-.25 G(ommand b)-2.5 E(ut do not e)-.2
-E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute it.).15 E(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2007 September 14)
-135.125 E(44)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
+-.15(ve)-.25 G(nt.).15 E(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2007 December 5)138.465 E
+(44)188.455 E 0 Cg EP
%%Page: 45 45
%%BeginPageSetup
BP
%%EndPageSetup
/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(q)108 84 Q F0(Quote the substituted w)30.44
-E(ords, escaping further substitutions.)-.1 E F1(x)108 96 Q F0
-(Quote the substituted w)31 E(ords as with)-.1 E F1(q)2.5 E F0 2.5(,b)C
-(ut break into w)-2.7 E(ords at)-.1 E F1(blanks)2.5 E F0(and ne)2.5 E
-(wlines.)-.25 E F1(s/)108 108 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(old)A F1(/)A F2
-(ne)A(w)-.15 E F1(/)A F0(Substitute)144 120 Q F2(ne)3.081 E(w)-.15 E F0
-.221(for the \214rst occurrence of)3.031 F F2(old)2.951 E F0 .221
+-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Modi\214ers)87 84 Q F0 .184
+(After the optional w)108 96 R .184(ord designator)-.1 F 2.684(,t)-.4 G
+.183(here may appear a sequence of one or more of the follo)-2.684 F
+.183(wing modi\214ers,)-.25 F(each preceded by a `:'.)108 108 Q F1(h)108
+124.8 Q F0(Remo)30.44 E .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H
+(railing \214le name component, lea).15 E(ving only the head.)-.2 E F1
+(t)108 136.8 Q F0(Remo)32.67 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H
+(ll leading \214le name components, lea).15 E(ving the tail.)-.2 E F1(r)
+108 148.8 Q F0(Remo)31.56 E .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing suf).15 E
+(\214x of the form)-.25 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(.xxx)2.5 E F0 2.5(,l)C
+(ea)-2.5 E(ving the basename.)-.2 E F1(e)108 160.8 Q F0(Remo)31.56 E .3
+-.15(ve a)-.15 H(ll b).15 E(ut the trailing suf)-.2 E(\214x.)-.25 E F1
+(p)108 172.8 Q F0(Print the ne)30.44 E 2.5(wc)-.25 G(ommand b)-2.5 E
+(ut do not e)-.2 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute it.).15 E F1(q)108 184.8 Q F0
+(Quote the substituted w)30.44 E(ords, escaping further substitutions.)
+-.1 E F1(x)108 196.8 Q F0(Quote the substituted w)31 E(ords as with)-.1
+E F1(q)2.5 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut break into w)-2.7 E(ords at)-.1 E F1(blanks)
+2.5 E F0(and ne)2.5 E(wlines.)-.25 E F1(s/)108 208.8 Q F2(old)A F1(/)A
+F2(ne)A(w)-.15 E F1(/)A F0(Substitute)144 220.8 Q F2(ne)3.081 E(w)-.15 E
+F0 .221(for the \214rst occurrence of)3.031 F F2(old)2.951 E F0 .221
(in the e)3.491 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .221(nt line.).15 F(An)5.221 E 2.721
(yd)-.15 G .221(elimiter can be used in place)-2.721 F .617(of /.)144
-132 R .617
+232.8 R .617
(The \214nal delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the e)
5.617 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .617(nt line.).15 F .616(The delimiter may)5.616
-F .666(be quoted in)144 144 R F2(old)3.396 E F0(and)3.936 E F2(ne)3.526
-E(w)-.15 E F0 .666(with a single backslash.)3.476 F .666
+F .666(be quoted in)144 244.8 R F2(old)3.396 E F0(and)3.936 E F2(ne)
+3.526 E(w)-.15 E F0 .666(with a single backslash.)3.476 F .666
(If & appears in)5.666 F F2(ne)3.166 E(w)-.15 E F0 3.166(,i).31 G 3.166
(ti)-3.166 G 3.166(sr)-3.166 G .666(eplaced by)-3.166 F F2(old)3.166 E
-F0 5.666(.A).77 G .275(single backslash will quote the &.)144 156 R(If)
-5.275 E F2(old)3.004 E F0 .274(is null, it is set to the last)3.544 F F2
-(old)3.004 E F0 .274(substituted, or)3.544 F 2.774(,i)-.4 G 2.774(fn)
--2.774 G 2.774(op)-2.774 G(re)-2.774 E(vi-)-.25 E
-(ous history substitutions took place, the last)144 168 Q F2(string)2.84
-E F0(in a)2.72 E F1(!?)2.5 E F2(string)A F1([?])A F0(search.)5 E F1(&)
-108 180 Q F0(Repeat the pre)27.67 E(vious substitution.)-.25 E F1(g)108
-192 Q F0 .397(Cause changes to be applied o)31 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.897
-(rt).15 G .398(he entire e)-2.897 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .398(nt line.).15 F
-.398(This is used in conjunction with `)5.398 F F1(:s)A F0 2.898('\()C
-(e.g.,)-2.898 E(`)144 204 Q F1(:gs/)A F2(old)A F1(/)A F2(ne)A(w)-.15 E
-F1(/)A F0 1.219('\) or `)B F1(:&)A F0 3.719('. If)B 1.219(used with `)
-3.719 F F1(:s)A F0 1.218(', an)B 3.718(yd)-.15 G 1.218
+F0 5.666(.A).77 G .275(single backslash will quote the &.)144 256.8 R
+(If)5.275 E F2(old)3.004 E F0 .274(is null, it is set to the last)3.544
+F F2(old)3.004 E F0 .274(substituted, or)3.544 F 2.774(,i)-.4 G 2.774
+(fn)-2.774 G 2.774(op)-2.774 G(re)-2.774 E(vi-)-.25 E
+(ous history substitutions took place, the last)144 268.8 Q F2(string)
+2.84 E F0(in a)2.72 E F1(!?)2.5 E F2(string)A F1([?])A F0(search.)5 E F1
+(&)108 280.8 Q F0(Repeat the pre)27.67 E(vious substitution.)-.25 E F1
+(g)108 292.8 Q F0 .397(Cause changes to be applied o)31 F -.15(ve)-.15 G
+2.897(rt).15 G .398(he entire e)-2.897 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .398(nt line.)
+.15 F .398(This is used in conjunction with `)5.398 F F1(:s)A F0 2.898
+('\()C(e.g.,)-2.898 E(`)144 304.8 Q F1(:gs/)A F2(old)A F1(/)A F2(ne)A(w)
+-.15 E F1(/)A F0 1.219('\) or `)B F1(:&)A F0 3.719('. If)B 1.219
+(used with `)3.719 F F1(:s)A F0 1.218(', an)B 3.718(yd)-.15 G 1.218
(elimiter can be used in place of /, and the \214nal)-3.718 F .089
-(delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the e)144 216 R
+(delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the e)144 316.8 R
-.15(ve)-.25 G .09(nt line.).15 F(An)5.09 E F1(a)2.59 E F0 .09
-(may be used as a synon)2.59 F .09(ym for)-.15 F F1(g)144 228 Q F0(.)A
-F1(G)108 240 Q F0(Apply the follo)28.22 E(wing `)-.25 E F1(s)A F0 2.5
+(may be used as a synon)2.59 F .09(ym for)-.15 F F1(g)144 328.8 Q F0(.)A
+F1(G)108 340.8 Q F0(Apply the follo)28.22 E(wing `)-.25 E F1(s)A F0 2.5
('m)C(odi\214er once to each w)-2.5 E(ord in the e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
-(nt line.).15 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)72 256.8 Q(UIL)-.11 E
-(TIN COMMANDS)-1.007 E F0 .063(Unless otherwise noted, each b)108 268.8
+(nt line.).15 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)72 357.6 Q(UIL)-.11 E
+(TIN COMMANDS)-1.007 E F0 .063(Unless otherwise noted, each b)108 369.6
R .062(uiltin command documented in this section as accepting options p\
-receded by)-.2 F F1<ad>108
280.8 Q F0(accepts)3.8 E F1<adad>3.8 E F0 1.3
+receded by)-.2 F F1<ad>108
381.6 Q F0(accepts)3.8 E F1<adad>3.8 E F0 1.3
(to signify the end of the options.)3.8 F -.15(Fo)6.3 G 3.8(re).15 G 1.3
(xample, the)-3.95 F F1(:)3.8 E F0(,)A F1(true)3.8 E F0(,)A F1(false)3.8
E F0 3.8(,a)C(nd)-3.8 E F1(test)3.8 E F0 -.2(bu)3.8 G 1.3(iltins do not)
-.2 F(accept options.)108 292.8 Q F1(:)108 310.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A
-(guments)-.37 E F0(])A .452(No ef)144 322.8 R .452
+.2 F(accept options.)108 393.6 Q F1(:)108 411.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A
+(guments)-.37 E F0(])A .452(No ef)144 423.6 R .452
(fect; the command does nothing be)-.25 F .452(yond e)-.15 F(xpanding)
-.15 E F2(ar)3.282 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .451(and performing an)3.221 F
-2.951(ys)-.15 G(peci\214ed)-2.951 E 2.5(redirections. A)144 334.8 R
-(zero e)2.5 E(xit code is returned.)-.15 E F1(.)110.5 351.6 Q F2
+2.951(ys)-.15 G(peci\214ed)-2.951 E 2.5(redirections. A)144 435.6 R
+(zero e)2.5 E(xit code is returned.)-.15 E F1(.)110.5 452.4 Q F2
(\214lename)6.666 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A F1(sour)108
-363.6 Q(ce)-.18 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E
-F0(])A 1.02(Read and e)144 375.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.02
+464.4 Q(ce)-.18 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E
+F0(])A 1.02(Read and e)144 476.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.02
(cute commands from).15 F F2(\214lename)5.43 E F0 1.02
(in the current shell en)3.7 F 1.02(vironment and return the e)-.4 F
-(xit)-.15 E 1.68(status of the last command e)144 387.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G
+(xit)-.15 E 1.68(status of the last command e)144 488.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G
1.68(cuted from).15 F F2(\214lename)4.18 E F0 6.68(.I).18 G(f)-6.68 E F2
(\214lename)6.09 E F0 1.68(does not contain a slash, \214le)4.36 F .608
-(names in)144 399.6 R/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.108 G(TH)-.189 E
+(names in)144 500.4 R/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.108 G(TH)-.189 E
F0 .608(are used to \214nd the directory containing)2.858 F F2
(\214lename)3.108 E F0 5.608(.T).18 G .608(he \214le searched for in)
--5.608 F F4 -.666(PA)3.108 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .833(need not be e)144 411.6
+-5.608 F F4 -.666(PA)3.108 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .833(need not be e)144 512.4
R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.333(cutable. When).15 F F1(bash)3.333 E F0 .832
(is not in)3.333 F F2 .832(posix mode)3.332 F F0 3.332(,t)C .832
(he current directory is searched if no)-3.332 F .981
-(\214le is found in)144 423.6 R F4 -.666(PA)3.481 G(TH)-.189 E/F5 9
+(\214le is found in)144 524.4 R F4 -.666(PA)3.481 G(TH)-.189 E/F5 9
/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .981(If the)5.481 F F1(sour)3.481 E(cepath)-.18
E F0 .981(option to the)3.481 F F1(shopt)3.481 E F0 -.2(bu)3.481 G .981
(iltin command is turned of).2 F .982(f, the)-.25 F F4 -.666(PA)144
-435.6 S(TH)-.189 E F0 .112(is not searched.)2.363 F .112(If an)5.112 F
+536.4 S(TH)-.189 E F0 .112(is not searched.)2.363 F .112(If an)5.112 F
(y)-.15 E F2(ar)2.612 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .112(are supplied, the)2.612 F
2.612(yb)-.15 G .112(ecome the positional parameters when)-2.612 F F2
-(\214lename)144 447.6 Q F0 .341(is e)2.841 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.841
+(\214lename)144 548.4 Q F0 .341(is e)2.841 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.841
(cuted. Otherwise).15 F .341(the positional parameters are unchanged.)
2.841 F .342(The return status is the)5.342 F .716
-(status of the last command e)144 459.6 R .716
+(status of the last command e)144 560.4 R .716
(xited within the script \(0 if no commands are e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
-.716(cuted\), and f).15 F .715(alse if)-.1 F F2(\214lename)145.91 471.6
-Q F0(is not found or cannot be read.)2.68 E F1(alias)108 488.4 Q F0([)
+.716(cuted\), and f).15 F .715(alse if)-.1 F F2(\214lename)145.91 572.4
+Q F0(is not found or cannot be read.)2.68 E F1(alias)108 589.2 Q F0([)
2.5 E F1<ad70>A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)
-C(..])-2.5 E F1(Alias)144 500.4 Q F0 2.724(with no ar)5.224 F 2.724
+C(..])-2.5 E F1(Alias)144 601.2 Q F0 2.724(with no ar)5.224 F 2.724
(guments or with the)-.18 F F1<ad70>5.224 E F0 2.724
(option prints the list of aliases in the form)5.224 F F1(alias)5.225 E
-F2(name)144 512.4 Q F0(=)A F2(value)A F0 .58(on standard output.)3.08 F
+F2(name)144 613.2 Q F0(=)A F2(value)A F0 .58(on standard output.)3.08 F
.58(When ar)5.58 F .58
(guments are supplied, an alias is de\214ned for each)-.18 F F2(name)
-3.08 E F0(whose)144 524.4 Q F2(value)2.895 E F0 .395(is gi)2.895 F -.15
+3.08 E F0(whose)144 625.2 Q F2(value)2.895 E F0 .395(is gi)2.895 F -.15
(ve)-.25 G 2.895(n. A).15 F .395(trailing space in)2.895 F F2(value)
5.395 E F0 .395(causes the ne)2.895 F .395(xt w)-.15 F .395
(ord to be check)-.1 F .395(ed for alias sub-)-.1 F .054
-(stitution when the alias is e)144 536.4 R 2.554(xpanded. F)-.15 F .054
+(stitution when the alias is e)144 637.2 R 2.554(xpanded. F)-.15 F .054
(or each)-.15 F F2(name)2.554 E F0 .054(in the ar)2.554 F .054
(gument list for which no)-.18 F F2(value)2.554 E F0 .053(is sup-)2.553
-F 1.313(plied, the name and v)144 548.4 R 1.314
+F 1.313(plied, the name and v)144 649.2 R 1.314
(alue of the alias is printed.)-.25 F F1(Alias)6.314 E F0 1.314
(returns true unless a)3.814 F F2(name)3.814 E F0 1.314(is gi)3.814 F
-.15(ve)-.25 G 3.814(nf).15 G(or)-3.814 E
-(which no alias has been de\214ned.)144 560.4 Q F1(bg)108 577.2 Q F0([)
-2.5 E F2(jobspec)A F0(...])2.5 E .745(Resume each suspended job)144
-589.2 R F2(jobspec)3.245 E F0 .745
+(which no alias has been de\214ned.)144 661.2 Q F1(bg)108 678 Q F0([)2.5
+E F2(jobspec)A F0(...])2.5 E .745(Resume each suspended job)144 690 R F2
+(jobspec)3.245 E F0 .745
(in the background, as if it had been started with)3.245 F F1(&)3.244 E
-F0 5.744(.I)C(f)-5.744 E F2(job-)4.984 E(spec)144 601.2 Q F0 .671
+F0 5.744(.I)C(f)-5.744 E F2(job-)4.984 E(spec)144 702 Q F0 .671
(is not present, the shell')3.481 F 3.171(sn)-.55 G .672(otion of the)
-3.171 F F2(curr)3.172 E .672(ent job)-.37 F F0 .672(is used.)3.172 F F1
(bg)5.672 E F2(jobspec)4.912 E F0 .672(returns 0 unless run)3.482 F .419
-(when job control is disabled or)144 613.2 R 2.919(,w)-.4 G .419
+(when job control is disabled or)144 714 R 2.919(,w)-.4 G .419
(hen run with job control enabled, an)-2.919 F 2.918(ys)-.15 G
(peci\214ed)-2.918 E F2(jobspec)2.918 E F0 -.1(wa)2.918 G 2.918(sn).1 G
-(ot)-2.918 E(found or w)144 625.2 Q(as started without job control.)-.1
-E F1(bind)108 642 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6d>A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0
-2.5(][)C F1(\255lpsvPSV)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(bind)108 654 Q F0([)2.5 E F1
-<ad6d>A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad71>-2.5 E F2
-(function)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad75>-2.5 E F2(function)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C
-F1<ad72>-2.5 E F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(])A F1(bind)108 666 Q F0([)
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2<ad70>3.134 E F0
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-3
24 Q F0(File names.)27.22 E(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad66>2.5
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96 Q F0(File names.)27.22 E(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad66>2.5
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(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad67>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(helptopic)184
-372 Q F0(Help topics as accepted by the)224 384 Q F1(help)2.5 E F0 -.2
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--.25 G(.).15 E F1(ser)184 468 Q(vice)-.1 E F0(Service names.)10.67 E
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-(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(signal)184 504 Q F0
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(Names of stopped jobs, if job control is acti)6.66 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(.)
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-(tes the pattern;).05 F(in this case, an)184 132 Q 2.5(yc)-.15 G
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--.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E F1<ad50>144 144 Q F2(pr)2.5 E(e\214x)-.37 E(pr)
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--.15(ve)-.2 G(been applied.)184 168 Q F1<ad53>144 180 Q F2(suf)2.5 E
+-.15(ve)-.2 G(been applied.)184 252 Q F1<ad53>144 264 Q F2(suf)2.5 E
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F0([)2.5 E F1(\255afFirtx)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad70>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2
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14.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255afFirtx)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad70>-2.5 E F0 2.5
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98.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255afFirtx)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad70>-2.5 E F0 2.5
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-(Declare v)144 326.4 R 1.265(ariables and/or gi)-.25 F 1.565 -.15(ve t)
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350.4 R(The)5.22 E F1<ad46>2.72 E
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434.4 R(The)5.22 E F1<ad46>2.72 E
F0 .22(option inhibits the display of function de\214nitions; only the)
-2.72 F .466(function name and attrib)144 362.4 R .466(utes are printed.)
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(he)-2.966 E 1.308(source \214le name and line number where the functio\
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374.4 R(The)6.308 E F1<ad46>
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386.4 R F1<ad66>2.69 E F0 5.19(.T)C
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458.4 R(The)6.308 E F1<ad46>
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470.4 R F1<ad66>2.69 E F0 5.19(.T)C
.19(he follo)-5.19 F .191
(wing options can be used to restrict output to v)-.25 F .191
-(ariables with the speci-)-.25 F(\214ed attrib)144 398.4 Q(ute or to gi)
+(ariables with the speci-)-.25 F(\214ed attrib)144 482.4 Q(ute or to gi)
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-410.4 Q F0(Each)25.3 E F2(name)2.5 E F0(is an array v)2.5 E
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(ariable is treated as an inte)-.25 F .558(ger; arithmetic e)-.15 F -.25
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-(hese names cannot then be assigned v)-7.546 F 2.547
-(alues by subsequent)-.25 F(assignment statements or unset.)180 470.4 Q
-F1<ad74>144 482.4 Q F0(Gi)26.97 E .73 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach).15 E F2
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+-.65 G 2.546(hese names cannot then be assigned v)-7.546 F 2.547
+(alues by subsequent)-.25 F(assignment statements or unset.)180 554.4 Q
+F1<ad74>144 566.4 Q F0(Gi)26.97 E .73 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach).15 E F2
(name)2.93 E F0(the)2.929 E F2(tr)2.929 E(ace)-.15 E F0(attrib)2.929 E
2.929(ute. T)-.2 F .429(raced functions inherit the)-.35 F F1(DEB)2.929
E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.929 E F1(RETURN)2.929 E F0
-(traps from the calling shell.)180 494.4 Q(The trace attrib)5 E
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(ute has no special meaning for v)-.2 E(ariables.)-.25 E F1<ad78>144
-506.4 Q F0(Mark)25.3 E F2(name)2.5 E F0 2.5(sf)C(or e)-2.5 E
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(xport to subsequent commands via the en)-.15 E(vironment.)-.4 E .12
-(Using `+' instead of `\255' turns of)144 523.2 R 2.62(ft)-.25 G .12
+(Using `+' instead of `\255' turns of)144 607.2 R 2.62(ft)-.25 G .12
(he attrib)-2.62 F .121(ute instead, with the e)-.2 F .121
(xceptions that)-.15 F F1(+a)2.621 E F0 .121(may not be used)2.621 F
-1.237(to destro)144 535.2 R 3.737(ya)-.1 G 3.737(na)-3.737 G 1.237
+1.237(to destro)144 619.2 R 3.737(ya)-.1 G 3.737(na)-3.737 G 1.237
(rray v)-3.737 F 1.237(ariable and)-.25 F F1 1.237(+r will not r)3.737 F
(emo)-.18 E 1.437 -.1(ve t)-.1 H 1.237(he r).1 F 1.237(eadonly attrib)
-.18 F 3.737(ute. When)-.2 F 1.236(used in a)3.737 F .311(function, mak)
-144 547.2 R .311(es each)-.1 F F2(name)2.811 E F1 .311
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(local, as with the local)2.811 F F0 2.811(command. If)2.811 F 2.811(av)
2.811 G .312(ariable name is follo)-3.061 F .312(wed by)-.25 F(=)144
-559.2 Q F2(value)A F0 3.239(,t)C .739(he v)-3.239 F .739(alue of the v)
+643.2 Q F2(value)A F0 3.239(,t)C .739(he v)-3.239 F .739(alue of the v)
-.25 F .739(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(value)3.238 E F0 5.738(.T)C .738
(he return v)-5.738 F .738(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G
.738(lid option is).25 F .603
-(encountered, an attempt is made to de\214ne a function using)144 571.2
+(encountered, an attempt is made to de\214ne a function using)144 655.2
R/F5 10/Courier@0 SF .603(\255f foo=bar)3.103 F F0 3.103(,a)C 3.103(na)
--3.103 G .604(ttempt is made to)-3.103 F 1.243(assign a v)144 583.2 R
+-3.103 G .604(ttempt is made to)-3.103 F 1.243(assign a v)144 667.2 R
1.243(alue to a readonly v)-.25 F 1.242
(ariable, an attempt is made to assign a v)-.25 F 1.242
(alue to an array v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E 1.386
-(without using the compound assignment syntax \(see)144 595.2 R F1
+(without using the compound assignment syntax \(see)144 679.2 R F1
(Arrays)3.886 E F0(abo)3.886 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.386(\), one of the).15 F
-F2(names)3.886 E F0 1.386(is not a)3.886 F -.25(va)144 607.2 S .172
+F2(names)3.886 E F0 1.386(is not a)3.886 F -.25(va)144 691.2 S .172
(lid shell v).25 F .171(ariable name, an attempt is made to turn of)-.25
F 2.671(fr)-.25 G .171(eadonly status for a readonly v)-2.671 F .171
-(ariable, an)-.25 F .96(attempt is made to turn of)144 619.2 R 3.46(fa)
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(thout options, displays the list of currently remembered directories.)
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(Displays the)25.3 F F2(n)4.065 E F0 1.565
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+(without options, starting with zero.)180 144 Q F1<ad>144 156 Q F2(n)A
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(th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.194(wn by)-.25 F
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-(without options, starting with zero.)180 96 Q F1<ad63>144 108 Q F0
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(Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries.)25.86 E F1
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(ault listing format uses a tilde to denote the home direc-)-.1 F(tory)
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(Print the directory stack with one entry per line.)24.74 E F1<ad76>144
-156 Q F0 .272(Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pre\
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(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .258
(lid option is supplied or).25 F F2(n)2.758 E F0(inde)2.758 E -.15(xe)
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4.535 E F0 .295(is remo)3.105 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.795(df).15 G .295
(rom the table of acti)-2.795 F .595 -.15(ve j)-.25 H 2.795(obs. If).15
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2.743(sn)-.37 G .243(otion of the)-2.743 F F2(curr)2.743 E .243(ent job)
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(rom the table, b)-2.834 F .334(ut is mark)-.2 F .334(ed so that)-.1 F
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-(the job if the shell recei)144 261.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.689(sa).15 G F3
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(SIGHUP)A/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 1.189(If no)5.689 F F2(jobspec)
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(ve o)-.15 H 3.104(rm).15 G .604(ark all jobs; the)-3.104 F F1<ad72>
3.103 E F0 .603(option without a)3.103 F F2(jobspec)4.843 E F0(ar)3.413
E .603(gument restricts operation to running)-.18 F 2.5(jobs. The)144
-297.6 R(return v)2.5 E(alue is 0 unless a)-.25 E F2(jobspec)4.24 E F0
-(does not specify a v)2.81 E(alid job)-.25 E(.)-.4 E F1(echo)108 314.4 Q
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F0([)2.5 E F1(\255neE)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E
-.394(Output the)144 326.4 R F2(ar)2.894 E(g)-.37 E F0 .394
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(s, separated by spaces, follo)B .395(wed by a ne)-.25 F 2.895
(wline. The)-.25 F .395(return status is al)2.895 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .395
(ys 0.).1 F(If)5.395 E F1<ad6e>2.895 E F0 .549
-(is speci\214ed, the trailing ne)144 338.4 R .548(wline is suppressed.)
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-.25 F .548(If the)5.548 F F1<ad65>3.048 E F0 .548(option is gi)3.048 F
--.15(ve)-.25 G .548(n, interpretation of the fol-).15 F(lo)144 350.4 Q
+-.15(ve)-.25 G .548(n, interpretation of the fol-).15 F(lo)144 422.4 Q
.052(wing backslash-escaped characters is enabled.)-.25 F(The)5.052 E F1
<ad45>2.552 E F0 .053(option disables the interpretation of these)2.553
-F 1.503(escape characters, e)144 362.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.003(no).15 G
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4.003(ns)-4.003 G 1.502(ystems where the)-4.003 F 4.002(ya)-.15 G 1.502
(re interpreted by def)-4.002 F 4.002(ault. The)-.1 F F1(xpg_echo)4.002
E F0(shell)4.002 E .009
-(option may be used to dynamically determine whether or not)144 374.4 R
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F1(echo)2.509 E F0 -.15(ex)2.51 G .01(pands these escape characters).15
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(does not interpret)3.16 F F1<adad>3.16 E F0 .659
(to mean the end of options.)3.159 F F1(echo)5.659 E F0 .659
-(interprets the follo)3.159 F(wing)-.25 E(escape sequences:)144 398.4 Q
-F1(\\a)144 410.4 Q F0(alert \(bell\))28.22 E F1(\\b)144 422.4 Q F0
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-(wline)-.25 E F1(\\e)144 446.4 Q F0(an escape character)28.78 E F1(\\f)
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-(ve)28.22 G(rtical tab).15 E F1(\\\\)144 518.4 Q F0(backslash)30.44 E F1
-(\\0)144 530.4 Q F2(nnn)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)13.22 E
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(the eight-bit character whose v)13.78 E(alue is the he)-.25 E
(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F2(HH)2.5 E F0(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh)
--.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E F1(enable)108 559.2 Q F0([)2.5 E
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F1<ad61>A F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255dnps)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad66>-2.5 E F2
(\214lename)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .277
-(Enable and disable b)144 571.2 R .278(uiltin shell commands.)-.2 F .278
+(Enable and disable b)144 643.2 R .278(uiltin shell commands.)-.2 F .278
(Disabling a b)5.278 F .278(uiltin allo)-.2 F .278
(ws a disk command which has)-.25 F .834(the same name as a shell b)144
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(cuted without specifying a full pathname, e).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.333
(nt).15 G(hough)-3.333 E .989(the shell normally searches for b)144
-
595.2 R .989(uiltins before disk commands.)-.2 F(If)5.989 E F1<ad6e>
+
667.2 R .989(uiltins before disk commands.)-.2 F(If)5.989 E F1<ad6e>
3.489 E F0 .99(is used, each)3.49 F F2(name)3.49 E F0 .99(is dis-)3.49 F
-1.582(abled; otherwise,)144 607.2 R F2(names)4.082 E F0 1.582
+1.582(abled; otherwise,)144 679.2 R F2(names)4.082 E F0 1.582
(are enabled.)4.082 F -.15(Fo)6.582 G 4.082(re).15 G 1.582
(xample, to use the)-4.232 F F1(test)4.082 E F0 1.582
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1.524(from shared object)4.204 F F2(\214lename)4.024 E F0 4.024(,o).18 G
4.024(ns)-4.024 G 1.524(ystems that support dynamic loading.)-4.024 F
-(The)144
643.2 Q F1<ad64>2.866 E F0 .366(option will delete a b)2.866 F
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715.2 Q F1<ad64>2.866 E F0 .366(option will delete a b)2.866 F
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5.367(.I)C 2.867(fn)-5.367 G(o)-2.867 E F2(name)2.867 E F0(ar)2.867 E
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655.2 R F1<ad70>2.899 E F0 .399
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727.2 R F1<ad70>2.899 E F0 .399
(option is supplied, a list of shell b)2.899 F .399(uiltins is printed.)
-.2 F -.4(Wi)5.399 G .399(th no other option ar).4 F .398(guments, the)
--.18 F .098(list consists of all enabled shell b)144 667.2 R 2.598
-(uiltins. If)-.2 F F1<ad6e>2.598 E F0 .098(is supplied, only disabled b)
-2.598 F .099(uiltins are printed.)-.2 F(If)5.099 E F1<ad61>2.599 E F0
-1.917(is supplied, the list printed includes all b)144 679.2 R 1.916
-(uiltins, with an indication of whether or not each is)-.2 F 2.878
-(enabled. If)144 691.2 R F1<ad73>2.878 E F0 .379
-(is supplied, the output is restricted to the POSIX)2.878 F F2(special)
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-(is not a shell b)3.675 F .994(uiltin or there is an error loading a ne)
--.2 F 3.494(wb)-.25 G .994(uiltin from a shared)-3.694 F(object.)144
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-3.17 E(g)-.37 E F0 3.17(sa)C .671
+-.35 E .098(list consists of all enabled shell b)144 84 R 2.598
+(uiltins. If)-.2 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad6e>2.598 E F0 .098
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+(If)5.099 E F1<ad61>2.599 E F0 1.917
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+(uiltins, with an indication of whether or not each is)-.2 F 2.878
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+(uiltin or there is an error loading a ne)-.2 F 3.494(wb)-.25 G .994
+(uiltin from a shared)-3.694 F(object.)144 132 Q F1 -2.3 -.15(ev a)108
+148.8 T(l).15 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(The)144 160.8
+Q F2(ar)3.17 E(g)-.37 E F0 3.17(sa)C .671
(re read and concatenated together into a single command.)-3.17 F .671
-(This command is then read)5.671 F .495(and e)144 108 R -.15(xe)-.15 G
+(This command is then read)5.671 F .495(and e)144 172.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G
.495(cuted by the shell, and its e).15 F .495
(xit status is returned as the v)-.15 F .495(alue of)-.25 F F1 -2.3 -.15
(ev a)2.995 H(l).15 E F0 5.495(.I)C 2.995(ft)-5.495 G .495(here are no)
--2.995 F F2(ar)2.995 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,).27 E(or only null ar)144 120 Q
+-2.995 F F2(ar)2.995 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,).27 E(or only null ar)144 184.8 Q
(guments,)-.18 E F1 -2.3 -.15(ev a)2.5 H(l).15 E F0(returns 0.)2.5 E F1
-(exec)108
136.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255cl)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad61>-2.5 E F2
+(exec)108
201.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255cl)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad61>-2.5 E F2
(name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(command)-2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)
--.37 E F0(]])A(If)144 148.8 Q F2(command)3.005 E F0 .305
+-.37 E F0(]])A(If)144 213.6 Q F2(command)3.005 E F0 .305
(is speci\214ed, it replaces the shell.)3.575 F .305(No ne)5.305 F 2.805
(wp)-.25 G .306(rocess is created.)-2.805 F(The)5.306 E F2(ar)3.136 E
-(guments)-.37 E F0(become)3.076 E .177(the ar)144 160.8 R .177
+(guments)-.37 E F0(become)3.076 E .177(the ar)144 225.6 R .177
(guments to)-.18 F F2(command)2.676 E F0 5.176(.I)C 2.676(ft)-5.176 G
(he)-2.676 E F1<ad6c>2.676 E F0 .176
(option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the be)2.676 F .176
-(ginning of)-.15 F .499(the zeroth ar)144 172.8 R .499(gument passed to)
+(ginning of)-.15 F .499(the zeroth ar)144 237.6 R .499(gument passed to)
-.18 F F2(command)2.999 E F0 5.499(.T).77 G .499(his is what)-5.499 F F2
(lo)2.999 E(gin)-.1 E F0 .499(\(1\) does.).24 F(The)5.5 E F1<ad63>3 E F0
-.5(option causes)3 F F2(com-)3.2 E(mand)144 184.8 Q F0 .639(to be e)
+.5(option causes)3 F F2(com-)3.2 E(mand)144 249.6 Q F0 .639(to be e)
3.909 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .638(cuted with an empty en).15 F 3.138
(vironment. If)-.4 F F1<ad61>3.138 E F0 .638
(is supplied, the shell passes)3.138 F F2(name)3.498 E F0 .638(as the)
-3.318 F 1.077(zeroth ar)144 196.8 R 1.077(gument to the e)-.18 F -.15
+3.318 F 1.077(zeroth ar)144 261.6 R 1.077(gument to the e)-.18 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G 1.077(cuted command.).15 F(If)6.077 E F2(command)3.777 E F0
1.077(cannot be e)4.347 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.077(cuted for some reason, a)
-.15 F(non-interacti)144 208.8 Q .618 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .318(hell e).15 F
+.15 F(non-interacti)144 273.6 Q .618 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .318(hell e).15 F
.318(xits, unless the shell option)-.15 F F1(execfail)2.817 E F0 .317
(is enabled, in which case it returns f)2.817 F(ail-)-.1 E 2.505
-(ure. An)144 220.8 R(interacti)2.505 E .305 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .005
+(ure. An)144 285.6 R(interacti)2.505 E .305 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .005
(hell returns f).15 F .005(ailure if the \214le cannot be e)-.1 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G 2.505(cuted. If).15 F F2(command)2.705 E F0 .005
-(is not speci\214ed,)3.275 F(an)144 232.8 Q 3.037(yr)-.15 G .537
+(is not speci\214ed,)3.275 F(an)144 297.6 Q 3.037(yr)-.15 G .537
(edirections tak)-3.037 F 3.036(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.036 G .536
(ect in the current shell, and the return status is 0.).25 F .536
-(If there is a redirection)5.536 F(error)144 244.8 Q 2.5(,t)-.4 G
-(he return status is 1.)-2.5 E F1(exit)108 261.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0
+(If there is a redirection)5.536 F(error)144 309.6 Q 2.5(,t)-.4 G
+(he return status is 1.)-2.5 E F1(exit)108 326.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0
6.29(]C)C .095(ause the shell to e)-6.29 F .095(xit with a status of)
-.15 F F2(n)2.595 E F0 5.095(.I)C(f)-5.095 E F2(n)2.955 E F0 .096
(is omitted, the e)2.835 F .096(xit status is that of the last command)
--.15 F -.15(exe)144 273.6 S 2.5(cuted. A).15 F(trap on)2.5 E/F3 9
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/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXIT)2.5 E F0(is e)2.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
-(cuted before the shell terminates.).15 E F1(export)108 290.4 Q F0([)2.5
+(cuted before the shell terminates.).15 E F1(export)108 355.2 Q F0([)2.5
E F1(\255fn)A F0 2.5(][).833 G F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E
-F0(]] ...)A F1(export \255p)108 302.4 Q F0 .257(The supplied)144 314.4 R
+F0(]] ...)A F1(export \255p)108 367.2 Q F0 .257(The supplied)144 379.2 R
F2(names)3.117 E F0 .257(are mark)3.027 F .257(ed for automatic e)-.1 F
.257(xport to the en)-.15 F .257(vironment of subsequently e)-.4 F -.15
-(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E 2.626(commands. If)144 326.4 R(the)2.626 E F1
+(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E 2.626(commands. If)144 391.2 R(the)2.626 E F1
<ad66>2.626 E F0 .127(option is gi)2.627 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .127(n, the)
.15 F F2(names)2.987 E F0 .127(refer to functions.)2.897 F .127(If no)
5.127 F F2(names)2.987 E F0 .127(are gi)2.897 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .127
-(n, or if the).15 F F1<ad70>144 338.4 Q F0 .66
+(n, or if the).15 F F1<ad70>144 403.2 Q F0 .66
(option is supplied, a list of all names that are e)3.16 F .659
(xported in this shell is printed.)-.15 F(The)5.659 E F1<ad6e>3.159 E F0
-(option)3.159 E 1.586(causes the e)144 350.4 R 1.586
+(option)3.159 E 1.586(causes the e)144 415.2 R 1.586
(xport property to be remo)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 4.086(df).15 G 1.586
(rom each)-4.086 F F2(name)4.086 E F0 6.586(.I)C 4.086(fav)-6.586 G
-1.587(ariable name is follo)-4.336 F 1.587(wed by)-.25 F(=)144 362.4 Q
+1.587(ariable name is follo)-4.336 F 1.587(wed by)-.25 F(=)144 427.2 Q
F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 2.804(,t)C .304(he v)-2.804 F .304(alue of the v)
-.25 F .304(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor)2.804 E(d)-.37 E F0(.)A F1
(export)5.304 E F0 .304(returns an e)2.804 F .303
(xit status of 0 unless an in)-.15 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E .293
-(option is encountered, one of the)144 374.4 R F2(names)2.793 E F0 .293
+(option is encountered, one of the)144 439.2 R F2(names)2.793 E F0 .293
(is not a v)2.793 F .293(alid shell v)-.25 F .293(ariable name, or)-.25
F F1<ad66>2.793 E F0 .294(is supplied with a)2.793 F F2(name)144.36
-386.4 Q F0(that is not a function.)2.68 E F1(fc)108 403.2 Q F0([)2.5 E
-
F1<ad65>A F2(ename)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255lnr)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2
+451.2 Q F0(that is not a function.)2.68 E F1(fc)108 468 Q F0([)2.5 E F1
+<ad65>A F2(ename)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255lnr)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2
<8c72>-2.5 E(st)-.1 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(last)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(fc \255s)108
-415.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(pat)A F0(=)A F2 -.37(re)C(p).37 E F0 2.5(][)C F2
-(cmd)-2.5 E F0(])A .478(Fix Command.)144 427.2 R .478
+480 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(pat)A F0(=)A F2 -.37(re)C(p).37 E F0 2.5(][)C F2
+(cmd)-2.5 E F0(])A .478(Fix Command.)144 492 R .478
(In the \214rst form, a range of commands from)5.478 F F2<8c72>4.888 E
(st)-.1 E F0(to)3.658 E F2(last)3.068 E F0 .477
-(is selected from the his-)3.658 F .881(tory list.)144 439.2 R F2 -.45
-(Fi)5.881 G -.1(rs).45 G(t).1 E F0(and)4.061 E F2(last)3.471 E F0 .882
+(is selected from the his-)3.658 F .881(tory list.)144 504 R F2 -.45(Fi)
+5.881 G -.1(rs).45 G(t).1 E F0(and)4.061 E F2(last)3.471 E F0 .882
(may be speci\214ed as a string \(to locate the last command be)4.062 F
.882(ginning with)-.15 F .797(that string\) or as a number \(an inde)144
-451.2 R 3.297(xi)-.15 G .797(nto the history list, where a ne)-3.297 F
+516 R 3.297(xi)-.15 G .797(nto the history list, where a ne)-3.297 F
-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.097 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .796(umber is used as an)
-.15 F(of)144 463.2 Q .276(fset from the current command number\).)-.25 F
+.15 F(of)144 528 Q .276(fset from the current command number\).)-.25 F
(If)5.276 E F2(last)2.866 E F0 .277
(is not speci\214ed it is set to the current command)3.456 F .093
-(for listing \(so that)144 475.2 R/F4 10/Courier@0 SF .092
+(for listing \(so that)144 540 R/F4 10/Courier@0 SF .092
(fc \255l \25510)2.592 F F0 .092(prints the last 10 commands\) and to)
2.592 F F2<8c72>4.502 E(st)-.1 E F0 2.592(otherwise. If)3.272 F F2<8c72>
4.502 E(st)-.1 E F0 .092(is not)3.272 F
-(speci\214ed it is set to the pre)144 487.2 Q
-(vious command for editing and \25516 for listing.)-.25 E(The)144 511.2
-
Q F1<ad6e>2.522 E F0 .022
+(speci\214ed it is set to the pre)144 552 Q
+(vious command for editing and \25516 for listing.)-.25 E(The)144 576 Q
+F1<ad6e>2.522 E F0 .022
(option suppresses the command numbers when listing.)2.522 F(The)5.022 E
F1<ad72>2.522 E F0 .022(option re)2.522 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .022
-(rses the order of).15 F .438(the commands.)144 523.2 R .438(If the)
-
5.438 F F1<ad6c>2.938 E F0 .438(option is gi)2.938 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .438
+(rses the order of).15 F .438(the commands.)144 588 R .438(If the)5.438
+F F1<ad6c>2.938 E F0 .438(option is gi)2.938 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .438
(n, the commands are listed on standard output.).15 F(Otherwise,)5.438 E
-.334(the editor gi)144 535.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.834(nb).15 G(y)-2.834 E
-F2(ename)3.024 E F0 .335(is in)3.014 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.835
-(do).1 G 2.835(na\214)-2.835 G .335(le containing those commands.)-2.835
-F(If)5.335 E F2(ename)3.025 E F0 .335(is not gi)3.015 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
-(n,).15 E .631(the v)144 547.2 R .631(alue of the)-.25 F F3(FCEDIT)3.131
-E F0 -.25(va)2.881 G .631(riable is used, and the v).25 F .631(alue of)
+.334(the editor gi)144 600 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.834(nb).15 G(y)-2.834 E F2
+(ename)3.024 E F0 .335(is in)3.014 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.835(do)
+.1 G 2.835(na\214)-2.835 G .335(le containing those commands.)-2.835 F
+(If)5.335 E F2(ename)3.025 E F0 .335(is not gi)3.015 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
+(n,).15 E .631(the v)144 612 R .631(alue of the)-.25 F F3(FCEDIT)3.131 E
+F0 -.25(va)2.881 G .631(riable is used, and the v).25 F .631(alue of)
-.25 F F3(EDIT)3.131 E(OR)-.162 E F0(if)2.881 E F3(FCEDIT)3.13 E F0 .63
-(is not set.)2.88 F .63(If nei-)5.63 F .95(ther v)144 559.2 R .95
+(is not set.)2.88 F .63(If nei-)5.63 F .95(ther v)144 624 R .95
(ariable is set,)-.25 F F2(vi)5.116 E F0 .95(is used.)5.116 F .951
(When editing is complete, the edited commands are echoed and)5.95 F
--.15(exe)144 571.2 S(cuted.).15 E .04(In the second form,)144 595.2 R F2
+-.15(exe)144 636 S(cuted.).15 E .04(In the second form,)144 660 R F2
(command)2.54 E F0 .04(is re-e)2.54 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .039
(cuted after each instance of).15 F F2(pat)2.539 E F0 .039
(is replaced by)2.539 F F2 -.37(re)2.539 G(p).37 E F0 5.039(.A)C(useful)
--2.5 E .406(alias to use with this is)144 607.2 R F4 .406(r='fc \255s')
+-2.5 E .406(alias to use with this is)144 672 R F4 .406(r='fc \255s')
2.906 F F0 2.906(,s)C 2.906(ot)-2.906 G .406(hat typing)-2.906 F F4
6.406(rc)2.906 G(c)-6.406 E F0 .406(runs the last command be)2.906 F
-.407(ginning with)-.15 F F4(cc)144 619.2 Q F0(and typing)2.5 E F4(r)2.5
-E F0(re-e)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes the last command.).15 E .142
-(If the \214rst form is used, the return v)144 643.2 R .142
+.407(ginning with)-.15 F F4(cc)144 684 Q F0(and typing)2.5 E F4(r)2.5 E
+F0(re-e)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes the last command.).15 E .142
+(If the \214rst form is used, the return v)144 708 R .142
(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .142
(lid option is encountered or).25 F F2<8c72>4.552 E(st)-.1 E F0(or)3.322
-E F2(last)2.732 E F0 .454(specify history lines out of range.)144 655.2
-
R .454(If the)5.454 F F1<ad65>2.954 E F0 .454
+E F2(last)2.732 E F0 .454(specify history lines out of range.)144 720 R
+.454(If the)5.454 F F1<ad65>2.954 E F0 .454
(option is supplied, the return v)2.954 F .455(alue is the v)-.25 F .455
-(alue of the)-.25 F .788(last command e)144 667.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .788
-(cuted or f).15 F .787
-(ailure if an error occurs with the temporary \214le of commands.)-.1 F
-.787(If the)5.787 F 1.135
-(second form is used, the return status is that of the command re-e)144
-679.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.136(cuted, unless).15 F F2(cmd)3.836 E F0 1.136
-(does not)4.406 F(specify a v)144 691.2 Q
-(alid history line, in which case)-.25 E F1(fc)2.5 E F0(returns f)2.5 E
-(ailure.)-.1 E(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2007 September 14)135.125 E(51)
-185.115 E 0 Cg EP
+(alue of the)-.25 F(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2007 December 5)138.465 E(51)
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%%Page: 52 52
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(fg)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0
-SF(jobspec)A F0(])A(Resume)144 96 Q F2(jobspec)5.654 E F0 1.413
+-.35 E .788(last command e)144 84 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .788(cuted or f).15 F
+.787(ailure if an error occurs with the temporary \214le of commands.)
+-.1 F .787(If the)5.787 F 1.135
+(second form is used, the return status is that of the command re-e)144
+96 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.136(cuted, unless).15 F/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
+(cmd)3.836 E F0 1.136(does not)4.406 F(specify a v)144 108 Q
+(alid history line, in which case)-.25 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(fc)2.5 E
+F0(returns f)2.5 E(ailure.)-.1 E F2(fg)108 124.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1
+(jobspec)A F0(])A(Resume)144 136.8 Q F1(jobspec)5.654 E F0 1.413
(in the fore)4.224 F 1.413(ground, and mak)-.15 F 3.913(ei)-.1 G 3.913
-(tt)-3.913 G 1.413(he current job)-3.913 F 6.413(.I)-.4 G(f)-6.413 E F2
-(jobspec)5.653 E F0 1.413(is not present, the)4.223 F(shell')144 108 Q
-3.116(sn)-.55 G .616(otion of the)-3.116 F F2(curr)3.116 E .616(ent job)
+(tt)-3.913 G 1.413(he current job)-3.913 F 6.413(.I)-.4 G(f)-6.413 E F1
+(jobspec)5.653 E F0 1.413(is not present, the)4.223 F(shell')144 148.8 Q
+3.116(sn)-.55 G .616(otion of the)-3.116 F F1(curr)3.116 E .616(ent job)
-.37 F F0 .617(is used.)3.116 F .617(The return v)5.617 F .617
-(alue is that of the command placed into the)-.25 F(fore)144 120 Q .363
-(ground, or f)-.15 F .363(ailure if run when job control is disabled or)
--.1 F 2.862(,w)-.4 G .362(hen run with job control enabled, if)-2.862 F
-F2(jobspec)145.74 132 Q F0 .004(does not specify a v)2.814 F .004
-(alid job or)-.25 F F2(jobspec)4.244 E F0 .004(speci\214es a job that w)
-2.814 F .004(as started without job control.)-.1 F F1(getopts)108 148.8
-Q F2(optstring name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(gs)-.37 E F0(])A F1
-(getopts)144 160.8 Q F0 .793
-(is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters.)3.294 F F2
+(alue is that of the command placed into the)-.25 F(fore)144 160.8 Q
+.363(ground, or f)-.15 F .363
+(ailure if run when job control is disabled or)-.1 F 2.862(,w)-.4 G .362
+(hen run with job control enabled, if)-2.862 F F1(jobspec)145.74 172.8 Q
+F0 .004(does not specify a v)2.814 F .004(alid job or)-.25 F F1(jobspec)
+4.244 E F0 .004(speci\214es a job that w)2.814 F .004
+(as started without job control.)-.1 F F2(getopts)108 189.6 Q F1
+(optstring name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(ar)A(gs)-.37 E F0(])A F2(getopts)144
+201.6 Q F0 .793
+(is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters.)3.294 F F1
(optstring)6.023 E F0 .793(contains the option)3.513 F .149
-(characters to be recognized; if a character is follo)144 172.8 R .15
+(characters to be recognized; if a character is follo)144 213.6 R .15
(wed by a colon, the option is e)-.25 F .15(xpected to ha)-.15 F .45
--.15(ve a)-.2 H(n).15 E(ar)144 184.8 Q .579
+-.15(ve a)-.2 H(n).15 E(ar)144 225.6 Q .579
(gument, which should be separated from it by white space.)-.18 F .578
(The colon and question mark char)5.579 F(-)-.2 E 1.665
-(acters may not be used as option characters.)144 196.8 R 1.665
-(Each time it is in)6.665 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d,).1 E F1(getopts)
+(acters may not be used as option characters.)144 237.6 R 1.665
+(Each time it is in)6.665 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d,).1 E F2(getopts)
4.165 E F0 1.665(places the ne)4.165 F(xt)-.15 E .797
-(option in the shell v)144 208.8 R(ariable)-.25 E F2(name)3.297 E F0
-3.297(,i).18 G(nitializing)-3.297 E F2(name)3.657 E F0 .797
+(option in the shell v)144 249.6 R(ariable)-.25 E F1(name)3.297 E F0
+3.297(,i).18 G(nitializing)-3.297 E F1(name)3.657 E F0 .797
(if it does not e)3.477 F .796(xist, and the inde)-.15 F 3.296(xo)-.15 G
-3.296(ft)-3.296 G .796(he ne)-3.296 F(xt)-.15 E(ar)144 220.8 Q .085
+3.296(ft)-3.296 G .796(he ne)-3.296 F(xt)-.15 E(ar)144 261.6 Q .085
(gument to be processed into the v)-.18 F(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9
/Times-Bold@0 SF(OPTIND)2.585 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F3(OPTIND)
4.585 E F0 .085(is initialized to 1 each time the shell)2.335 F .846
-(or a shell script is in)144 232.8 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.345
-(d. When).1 F .845(an option requires an ar)3.345 F(gument,)-.18 E F1
+(or a shell script is in)144 273.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.345
+(d. When).1 F .845(an option requires an ar)3.345 F(gument,)-.18 E F2
(getopts)3.345 E F0 .845(places that ar)3.345 F(gument)-.18 E .803
-(into the v)144 244.8 R(ariable)-.25 E F3(OPT)3.303 E(ARG)-.81 E F4(.)A
+(into the v)144 285.6 R(ariable)-.25 E F3(OPT)3.303 E(ARG)-.81 E F4(.)A
F0 .803(The shell does not reset)5.303 F F3(OPTIND)3.303 E F0 .804
(automatically; it must be manually)3.054 F .294
-(reset between multiple calls to)144 256.8 R F1(getopts)2.793 E F0 .293
+(reset between multiple calls to)144 297.6 R F2(getopts)2.793 E F0 .293
(within the same shell in)2.793 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .293(cation if a ne).2 F
-2.793(ws)-.25 G .293(et of parameters)-2.793 F(is to be used.)144 268.8
-Q 2.043(When the end of options is encountered,)144 292.8 R F1(getopts)
+2.793(ws)-.25 G .293(et of parameters)-2.793 F(is to be used.)144 309.6
+Q 2.043(When the end of options is encountered,)144 333.6 R F2(getopts)
4.543 E F0 -.15(ex)4.543 G 2.043(its with a return v).15 F 2.044
-(alue greater than zero.)-.25 F F1(OPTIND)144 304.8 Q F0
+(alue greater than zero.)-.25 F F2(OPTIND)144 345.6 Q F0
(is set to the inde)2.5 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G
-(he \214rst non-option ar)-2.5 E(gument, and)-.18 E F1(name)2.5 E F0
-(is set to ?.)2.5 E F1(getopts)144 328.8 Q F0 2.393
+(he \214rst non-option ar)-2.5 E(gument, and)-.18 E F2(name)2.5 E F0
+(is set to ?.)2.5 E F2(getopts)144 369.6 Q F0 2.393
(normally parses the positional parameters, b)4.893 F 2.392
(ut if more ar)-.2 F 2.392(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.892
-(ni).15 G(n)-4.892 E F2(ar)4.892 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,).27 E F1(getopts)144
-340.8 Q F0(parses those instead.)2.5 E F1(getopts)144 364.8 Q F0 1.165
+(ni).15 G(n)-4.892 E F1(ar)4.892 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,).27 E F2(getopts)144
+381.6 Q F0(parses those instead.)2.5 E F2(getopts)144 405.6 Q F0 1.165
(can report errors in tw)3.665 F 3.665(ow)-.1 G 3.665(ays. If)-3.765 F
-1.165(the \214rst character of)3.665 F F2(optstring)3.895 E F0 1.166
-(is a colon,)3.886 F F2(silent)4.006 E F0(error)4.346 E 1.264
-(reporting is used.)144 376.8 R 1.263
+1.165(the \214rst character of)3.665 F F1(optstring)3.895 E F0 1.166
+(is a colon,)3.886 F F1(silent)4.006 E F0(error)4.346 E 1.264
+(reporting is used.)144 417.6 R 1.263
(In normal operation diagnostic messages are printed when in)6.263 F
-.25(va)-.4 G 1.263(lid options or).25 F .393(missing option ar)144
-388.8 R .393(guments are encountered.)-.18 F .394(If the v)5.394 F
+429.6 R .393(guments are encountered.)-.18 F .394(If the v)5.394 F
(ariable)-.25 E F3(OPTERR)2.894 E F0 .394
-(is set to 0, no error messages)2.644 F(will be displayed, e)144 400.8 Q
+(is set to 0, no error messages)2.644 F(will be displayed, e)144 441.6 Q
-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he \214rst character of)-2.5 E
-F2(optstring)2.73 E F0(is not a colon.)2.72 E .667(If an in)144 424.8 R
--.25(va)-.4 G .667(lid option is seen,).25 F F1(getopts)3.167 E F0 .667
-(places ? into)3.167 F F2(name)3.527 E F0 .666
+F1(optstring)2.73 E F0(is not a colon.)2.72 E .667(If an in)144 465.6 R
+-.25(va)-.4 G .667(lid option is seen,).25 F F2(getopts)3.167 E F0 .667
+(places ? into)3.167 F F1(name)3.527 E F0 .666
(and, if not silent, prints an error message)3.347 F .399(and unsets)144
-436.8 R F3(OPT)2.899 E(ARG)-.81 E F4(.)A F0(If)4.899 E F1(getopts)2.899
+477.6 R F3(OPT)2.899 E(ARG)-.81 E F4(.)A F0(If)4.899 E F2(getopts)2.899
E F0 .399(is silent, the option character found is placed in)2.899 F F3
(OPT)2.899 E(ARG)-.81 E F0 .4(and no)2.65 F
-(diagnostic message is printed.)144 448.8 Q 1.242(If a required ar)144
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(\(with or without the)2.569 F F3(SIG)2.818 E F0 .318
-(pre\214x\) or a signal)2.568 F(number;)144 708 Q F2(signum)4.188 E F0
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1.349(is a signal number)4.168 F 6.349(.I)-.55 G(f)-6.349 E F2(sigspec)
4.189 E F0 1.349(is not present, then)4.159 F F3(SIGTERM)3.849 E F0
-1.349(is assumed.)3.599 F(An)6.349 E(ar)144 720 Q .523(gument of)-.18 F
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F1<ad6c>3.023 E F0 .523(lists the signal names.)3.023 F .523(If an)5.523
F 3.023(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-3.023 G .523(uments are supplied when).18 F
F1<ad6c>3.023 E F0 .523(is gi)3.023 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .523(n, the names)
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--.35 E .28(of the signals corresponding to the ar)144 84 R .28
-(guments are listed, and the return status is 0.)-.18 F(The)5.28 E/F1 10
-/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)2.78 G(it_status).2 E F0(ar)144 96 Q .378
-(gument to)-.18 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad6c>2.878 E F0 .378
+.15 F .28(of the signals corresponding to the ar)144 156 R .28
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(is a number specifying either a signal number or the e)2.878 F .377
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.593(as successfully sent, or f)-.1 F .594(alse if an error)-.1 F
-(occurs or an in)144 120 Q -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered.).25
-E F2(let)108 136.8 Q F1(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F1(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0
-(...])2.5 E(Each)144 148.8 Q F1(ar)3.965 E(g)-.37 E F0 1.135
+(occurs or an in)144 192 Q -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered.).25
+E F1(let)108 208.8 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0
+(...])2.5 E(Each)144 220.8 Q F2(ar)3.965 E(g)-.37 E F0 1.135
(is an arithmetic e)3.855 F 1.134(xpression to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25
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-(\).)A F0 1.134(If the)5.634 F(last)144 160.8 Q F1(ar)2.83 E(g)-.37 E F0
--.25(eva)2.72 G(luates to 0,).25 E F2(let)2.5 E F0
-(returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.)2.5 E F2(local)108 177.6 Q F0([)2.5
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-(..])-2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 189.6 S 2.56(re).15 G .06(ach ar)-2.56 F .06
-(gument, a local v)-.18 F .06(ariable named)-.25 F F1(name)2.92 E F0 .06
-(is created, and assigned)2.74 F F1(value)2.56 E F0 5.06(.T).18 G(he)
--5.06 E F1(option)2.56 E F0 .06(can be)2.56 F(an)144 201.6 Q 3.153(yo)
--.15 G 3.153(ft)-3.153 G .653(he options accepted by)-3.153 F F2(declar)
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+.06(can be)2.56 F(an)144 273.6 Q 3.153(yo)-.15 G 3.153(ft)-3.153 G .653
+(he options accepted by)-3.153 F F1(declar)3.153 E(e)-.18 E F0 5.652(.W)
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(is used within a function, it causes the v)3.152 F(ari-)-.25 E(able)144
-213.6 Q F1(name)3.72 E F0 .86(to ha)3.54 F 1.16 -.15(ve a v)-.2 H .861
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(isible scope restricted to that function and its children.).15 F -.4
-(Wi)5.861 G .861(th no operands,).4 F F2(local)144 225.6 Q F0 1.165
+(Wi)5.861 G .861(th no operands,).4 F F1(local)144 297.6 Q F0 1.165
(writes a list of local v)3.665 F 1.165
(ariables to the standard output.)-.25 F 1.165(It is an error to use)
-6.165 F F2(local)3.664 E F0 1.164(when not)3.664 F .232
-(within a function.)144 237.6 R .233(The return status is 0 unless)5.232
-F F2(local)2.733 E F0 .233(is used outside a function, an in)2.733 F
--.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F1(name)3.093 E F0(is)2.913 E(supplied, or)144
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-(logout)108 266.4 Q F0(Exit a login shell.)9.33 E F2(popd)108 283.2 Q F0
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-(n)A F0(])A(Remo)144 295.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.8(se).15 G .3
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+(within a function.)144 309.6 R .233(The return status is 0 unless)5.232
+F F1(local)2.733 E F0 .233(is used outside a function, an in)2.733 F
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+(logout)108 338.4 Q F0(Exit a login shell.)9.33 E F1(popd)108 355.2 Q F0
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+(n)A F0(])A(Remo)144 367.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.8(se).15 G .3
(ntries from the directory stack.)-2.8 F -.4(Wi)5.299 G .299(th no ar).4
F .299(guments, remo)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.799(st).15 G .299
(he top directory from the)-2.799 F 1.478(stack, and performs a)144
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(op directory)-3.979 F 6.479(.A)-.65 G -.18(rg)-6.479 G 1.479
(uments, if supplied, ha).18 F 1.779 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.479(he follo).15
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(Suppresses the normal change of directory when remo)24.74 F .551
(ving directories from the stack, so)-.15 F
-(that only the stack is manipulated.)180 343.2 Q F2(+)144 355.2 Q F1(n)A
-F0(Remo)25.3 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.64(st).15 G(he)-2.64 E F1(n)2.64 E F0
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.14(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B .14(wn by)-.25 F
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(remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he \214rst directory)-2.5 E(,)
--.65 E F5(popd +1)2.5 E F0(the second.)2.5 E F2<ad>144 379.2 Q F1(n)A F0
-(Remo)25.3 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.76(st).15 G(he)-3.76 E F1(n)3.76 E F0
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1.259(th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.259(wn by)
--.25 F F2(dirs)3.759 E F0 3.759(,s)C 1.259(tarting with)-3.759 F 2.5
-(zero. F)180 391.2 R(or e)-.15 E(xample:)-.15 E F5(popd -0)2.5 E F0
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+480 R F1(popd)3.143 E F0 .643(command is successful, a)3.143 F F1(dirs)
3.143 E F0 .644(is performed as well, and the return status is 0.)3.143
-F F2(popd)5.644 E F0 .416(returns f)144 420 R .416(alse if an in)-.1 F
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-.25(va)-.4 G .415
(lid option is encountered, the directory stack is empty).25 F 2.915
(,an)-.65 G(on-e)-2.915 E .415(xistent direc-)-.15 F
-(tory stack entry is speci\214ed, or the directory change f)144 432 Q
-(ails.)-.1 E F2(printf)108 448.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2<ad76>A F1(var)2.5 E F0
-(])A F1(format)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A .372
-(Write the formatted)144 460.8 R F1(ar)2.872 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .372
-(to the standard output under the control of the)2.872 F F1(format)2.872
-E F0 5.372(.T)C(he)-5.372 E F1(format)2.872 E F0 1.804(is a character s\
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+(ails.)-.1 E F1(printf)108 520.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad76>A F2(var)2.5 E F0
+(])A F2(format)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A .372
+(Write the formatted)144 532.8 R F2(ar)2.872 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .372
+(to the standard output under the control of the)2.872 F F2(format)2.872
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tring which contains three types of objects: plain characters, which ar\
-e simply)144 472.8 R .158
+e simply)144 544.8 R .158
(copied to standard output, character escape sequences, which are con)
-144 484.8 R -.15(ve)-.4 G .159(rted and copied to the stan-).15 F .499(\
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- of the ne)144 496.8 R .499(xt successi)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F1(ar)
-3.149 E(gu-)-.37 E(ment)144 508.8 Q F0 5.423(.I)C 2.923(na)-5.423 G .423
-(ddition to the standard)-2.923 F F1(printf)2.923 E F0 .424
-(\(1\) formats,)B F2(%b)2.924 E F0(causes)2.924 E F2(printf)2.924 E F0
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+(\(1\) formats,)B F1(%b)2.924 E F0(causes)2.924 E F1(printf)2.924 E F0
.424(to e)2.924 F .424(xpand backslash escape)-.15 F .977
-(sequences in the corresponding)144 520.8 R F1(ar)3.476 E(gument)-.37 E
-F0(\(e)3.476 E .976(xcept that)-.15 F F2(\\c)3.476 E F0 .976
-(terminates output, backslashes in)3.476 F F2<5c08>3.476 E F0(,)A F2
-(\\")3.476 E F0(,)A(and)144 532.8 Q F2(\\?)3.421 E F0 .921(are not remo)
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3.421 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .922(d, and octal escapes be).15 F .922
-(ginning with)-.15 F F2(\\0)3.422 E F0 .922
-(may contain up to four digits\), and)3.422 F F2(%q)144 544.8 Q F0
-(causes)3.631 E F2(printf)3.631 E F0 1.131(to output the corresponding)
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-(in a format that can be reused as shell)3.631 F(input.)144 556.8 Q(The)
-144
580.8 Q F2<ad76>2.903 E F0 .404
+(ginning with)-.15 F F1(\\0)3.422 E F0 .922
+(may contain up to four digits\), and)3.422 F F1(%q)144 616.8 Q F0
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+(in a format that can be reused as shell)3.631 F(input.)144 628.8 Q(The)
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652.8 Q F1<ad76>2.903 E F0 .404
(option causes the output to be assigned to the v)2.903 F(ariable)-.25 E
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-(is reused as necessary to consume all of the)3.424 F F1(ar)3.423 E
-(guments)-.37 E F0 5.923(.I)C 3.423(ft)-5.923 G(he)-3.423 E F1(format)
-3.423 E F0 .923(requires more)3.423 F F1(ar)144 628.8 Q(guments)-.37 E
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F0 .033(than are supplied, the e)2.533 F .033
(xtra format speci\214cations beha)-.15 F .333 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 2.533(si)
.15 G 2.533(faz)-2.533 G .033(ero v)-2.533 F .034(alue or null string,)
--.25 F(as appropriate, had been supplied.)144 640.8 Q(The return v)5 E
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-2.5(][)C F1(dir)-2.5 E F0(])A .64(Adds a directory to the top of the di\
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--.25 G .639(op of the)-3.139 F 1.315(stack the current w)144 693.6 R
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-(returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty)144 705.6 R 5.871(.A)
--.65 G -.18(rg)-5.871 G .871(uments, if supplied, ha).18 F 1.171 -.15
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--.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad6e>144 84 Q F0 .902(Suppresses the norma\
-l change of directory when adding directories to the stack, so that)
-24.74 F(only the stack is manipulated.)180 96 Q F1(+)144 108 Q/F2 10
-/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0 1.268(Rotates the stack so that the)25.3 F F2
-(n)3.768 E F0 1.267
+-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(pushd)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6e>A F0 2.5
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+(xchanges the top tw)-.15 F 3.816(od)-.1 G 1.316(irectories and)-3.816 F
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+F1<ad6e>144 156 Q F0 .902(Suppresses the normal change of directory whe\
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+(only the stack is manipulated.)180 168 Q F1(+)144 180 Q F2(n)A F0 1.268
+(Rotates the stack so that the)25.3 F F2(n)3.768 E F0 1.267
(th directory \(counting from the left of the list sho)B 1.267(wn by)
--.25 F F1(dirs)180 120 Q F0 2.5(,s)C(tarting with zero\) is at the top.)
--2.5 E F1<ad>144 132 Q F2(n)A F0 .92(Rotates the stack so that the)25.3
+-.25 F F1(dirs)180 192 Q F0 2.5(,s)C(tarting with zero\) is at the top.)
+-2.5 E F1<ad>144 204 Q F2(n)A F0 .92(Rotates the stack so that the)25.3
F F2(n)3.42 E F0 .92
(th directory \(counting from the right of the list sho)B .92(wn by)-.25
-F F1(dirs)180 144 Q F0 2.5(,s)C(tarting with zero\) is at the top.)-2.5
-E F2(dir)144.35 156 Q F0(Adds)23.98 E F2(dir)2.85 E F0
+F F1(dirs)180 216 Q F0 2.5(,s)C(tarting with zero\) is at the top.)-2.5
+E F2(dir)144.35 228 Q F0(Adds)23.98 E F2(dir)2.85 E F0
(to the directory stack at the top, making it the ne)3.23 E 2.5(wc)-.25
-G(urrent w)-2.5 E(orking directory)-.1 E(.)-.65 E .489(If the)144 172.8
+G(urrent w)-2.5 E(orking directory)-.1 E(.)-.65 E .489(If the)144 244.8
R F1(pushd)2.989 E F0 .489(command is successful, a)2.989 F F1(dirs)
2.988 E F0 .488(is performed as well.)2.988 F .488
(If the \214rst form is used,)5.488 F F1(pushd)2.988 E F0 1.039
-(returns 0 unless the cd to)144 184.8 R F2(dir)3.889 E F0 -.1(fa)4.269 G
+(returns 0 unless the cd to)144 256.8 R F2(dir)3.889 E F0 -.1(fa)4.269 G
3.539(ils. W).1 F 1.039(ith the second form,)-.4 F F1(pushd)3.54 E F0
-1.04(returns 0 unless the directory)3.54 F .847(stack is empty)144 196.8
+1.04(returns 0 unless the directory)3.54 F .847(stack is empty)144 268.8
R 3.347(,an)-.65 G(on-e)-3.347 E .847(xistent directory stack element i\
s speci\214ed, or the directory change to the)-.15 F(speci\214ed ne)144
-208.8 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(urrent directory f)-2.5 E(ails.)-.1 E F1(pwd)108
-225.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255LP)A F0(])A .844
-(Print the absolute pathname of the current w)144 237.6 R .845
+280.8 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(urrent directory f)-2.5 E(ails.)-.1 E F1(pwd)108
+297.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255LP)A F0(])A .844
+(Print the absolute pathname of the current w)144 309.6 R .845
(orking directory)-.1 F 5.845(.T)-.65 G .845
(he pathname printed contains no)-5.845 F .182(symbolic links if the)144
-
249.6 R F1<ad50>2.681 E F0 .181(option is supplied or the)2.681 F F1
+
321.6 R F1<ad50>2.681 E F0 .181(option is supplied or the)2.681 F F1
.181(\255o ph)2.681 F(ysical)-.15 E F0 .181(option to the)2.681 F F1
(set)2.681 E F0 -.2(bu)2.681 G .181(iltin command is).2 F 3.263
-(enabled. If)144
261.6 R(the)3.263 E F1<ad4c>3.263 E F0 .763
+(enabled. If)144
333.6 R(the)3.263 E F1<ad4c>3.263 E F0 .763
(option is used, the pathname printed may contain symbolic links.)3.263
F .764(The return)5.764 F 1.36(status is 0 unless an error occurs while\
- reading the name of the current directory or an in)144 273.6 R -.25(va)
--.4 G(lid).25 E(option is supplied.)144 285.6 Q F1 -.18(re)108 302.4 S
+ reading the name of the current directory or an in)144 345.6 R -.25(va)
+-.4 G(lid).25 E(option is supplied.)144 357.6 Q F1 -.18(re)108 374.4 S
(ad).18 E F0([)2.5 E F1(\255ers)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad61>-2.5 E F2(aname)
2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad64>-2.5 E F2(delim)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad6e>-2.5
E F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad70>-2.5 E F2(pr)2.5 E
(ompt)-.45 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad74>-2.5 E F2(timeout)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1
<ad75>-2.5 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .516(\
One line is read from the standard input, or from the \214le descriptor)
-144 314.4 R F2(fd)3.016 E F0 .516(supplied as an ar)3.016 F .517
-(gument to)-.18 F(the)144 3
26.4 Q F1<ad75>2.539 E F0 .039
+144 386.4 R F2(fd)3.016 E F0 .516(supplied as an ar)3.016 F .517
+(gument to)-.18 F(the)144 3
98.4 Q F1<ad75>2.539 E F0 .039
(option, and the \214rst w)2.539 F .038(ord is assigned to the \214rst)
-.1 F F2(name)2.538 E F0 2.538(,t).18 G .038(he second w)-2.538 F .038
(ord to the second)-.1 F F2(name)2.538 E F0(,).18 E .42
-(and so on, with lefto)144 338.4 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.92(rw).15 G .42
+(and so on, with lefto)144 410.4 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.92(rw).15 G .42
(ords and their interv)-3.02 F .42
(ening separators assigned to the last)-.15 F F2(name)2.92 E F0 5.42(.I)
-.18 G 2.92(ft)-5.42 G(here)-2.92 E .541(are fe)144 350.4 R .541(wer w)
+.18 G 2.92(ft)-5.42 G(here)-2.92 E .541(are fe)144 422.4 R .541(wer w)
-.25 F .541(ords read from the input stream than names, the remaining n\
-ames are assigned empty)-.1 F -.25(va)144 362.4 S 2.51(lues. The).25 F
+ames are assigned empty)-.1 F -.25(va)144 434.4 S 2.51(lues. The).25 F
.011(characters in)2.511 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)2.511 E F0 .011
(are used to split the line into w)2.261 F 2.511(ords. The)-.1 F .011
(backslash character \()2.511 F F1(\\)A F0 2.511(\)m)C(ay)-2.511 E 1.891
-(be used to remo)144 374.4 R 2.191 -.15(ve a)-.15 H 2.191 -.15(ny s).15
+(be used to remo)144 446.4 R 2.191 -.15(ve a)-.15 H 2.191 -.15(ny s).15
H 1.891(pecial meaning for the ne).15 F 1.89
(xt character read and for line continuation.)-.15 F
-(Options, if supplied, ha)144 386.4 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E
-(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad61>144 398.4 Q F2(aname)2.5 E F0 1.049
-(The w)180 410.4 R 1.049
+(Options, if supplied, ha)144 458.4 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E
+(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad61>144 470.4 Q F2(aname)2.5 E F0 1.049
+(The w)180 482.4 R 1.049
(ords are assigned to sequential indices of the array v)-.1 F(ariable)
-.25 E F2(aname)3.55 E F0 3.55(,s).18 G 1.05(tarting at 0.)-3.55 F F2
-(aname)180.33 422.4 Q F0(is unset before an)2.68 E 2.5(yn)-.15 G .5 -.25
+(aname)180.33 494.4 Q F0(is unset before an)2.68 E 2.5(yn)-.15 G .5 -.25
(ew va)-2.5 H(lues are assigned.).25 E(Other)5 E F2(name)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5
-E(guments are ignored.)-.18 E F1<ad64>144 434.4 Q F2(delim)2.5 E F0
-(The \214rst character of)180 446.4 Q F2(delim)2.5 E F0
+E(guments are ignored.)-.18 E F1<ad64>144 506.4 Q F2(delim)2.5 E F0
+(The \214rst character of)180 518.4 Q F2(delim)2.5 E F0
(is used to terminate the input line, rather than ne)2.5 E(wline.)-.25 E
-F1<ad65>144 458.4 Q F0 .373
+F1<ad65>144 530.4 Q F0 .373
(If the standard input is coming from a terminal,)25.86 F F1 -.18(re)
2.873 G(adline).18 E F0(\(see)2.873 E F3(READLINE)2.872 E F0(abo)2.622 E
-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.872(\)i).15 G 2.872(su)-2.872 G(sed)-2.872 E
-(to obtain the line.)180 470.4 Q F1<ad6e>144 482.4 Q F2(nc)2.5 E(har)
--.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 494.4 S(ad).18 E F0 1.394
+(to obtain the line.)180 542.4 Q F1<ad6e>144 554.4 Q F2(nc)2.5 E(har)
+-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 566.4 S(ad).18 E F0 1.394
(returns after reading)3.894 F F2(nc)3.894 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.395
(characters rather than w)3.894 F 1.395(aiting for a complete line of)
--.1 F(input.)180 506.4 Q F1<ad70>144 518.4 Q F2(pr)2.5 E(ompt)-.45 E F0
-(Display)180 530.4 Q F2(pr)3.661 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 1.161
+-.1 F(input.)180 578.4 Q F1<ad70>144 590.4 Q F2(pr)2.5 E(ompt)-.45 E F0
+(Display)180 602.4 Q F2(pr)3.661 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 1.161
(on standard error)3.661 F 3.661(,w)-.4 G 1.161(ithout a trailing ne)
--3.661 F 1.161(wline, before attempting to read)-.25 F(an)180 542.4 Q
+-3.661 F 1.161(wline, before attempting to read)-.25 F(an)180 614.4 Q
2.5(yi)-.15 G 2.5(nput. The)-2.5 F
(prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.)2.5 E F1
-<ad72>144 554.4 Q F0 .543(Backslash does not act as an escape character)
+<ad72>144 626.4 Q F0 .543(Backslash does not act as an escape character)
25.86 F 5.543(.T)-.55 G .544(he backslash is considered to be part of)
--5.543 F(the line.)180 566.4 Q(In particular)5 E 2.5(,ab)-.4 G
+-5.543 F(the line.)180 638.4 Q(In particular)5 E 2.5(,ab)-.4 G
(ackslash-ne)-2.5 E(wline pair may not be used as a line continuation.)
--.25 E F1<ad73>144 578.4 Q F0(Silent mode.)26.41 E
+-.25 E F1<ad73>144 650.4 Q F0(Silent mode.)26.41 E
(If input is coming from a terminal, characters are not echoed.)5 E F1
-<ad74>144 590.4 Q F2(timeout)2.5 E F0(Cause)180 602.4 Q F1 -.18(re)3.549
+<ad74>144 662.4 Q F2(timeout)2.5 E F0(Cause)180 674.4 Q F1 -.18(re)3.549
G(ad).18 E F0 1.048(to time out and return f)3.549 F 1.048
(ailure if a complete line of input is not read within)-.1 F F2(timeout)
-180 614.4 Q F0 2.92(seconds. This)2.92 F .42(option has no ef)2.92 F .42
+180 686.4 Q F0 2.92(seconds. This)2.92 F .42(option has no ef)2.92 F .42
(fect if)-.25 F F1 -.18(re)2.92 G(ad).18 E F0 .42
-(is not reading input from the terminal)2.92 F(or a pipe.)180 626.4 Q F1
-<ad75>144 638.4 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0(Read input from \214le descriptor)14.46
-E F2(fd)2.5 E F0(.)A .192(If no)144 655.2 R F2(names)3.052 E F0 .192
+(is not reading input from the terminal)2.92 F(or a pipe.)180 698.4 Q F1
+<ad75>144 710.4 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0(Read input from \214le descriptor)14.46
+E F2(fd)2.5 E F0(.)A .192(If no)144 727.2 R F2(names)3.052 E F0 .192
(are supplied, the line read is assigned to the v)2.962 F(ariable)-.25 E
F3(REPL)2.691 E(Y)-.828 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .191
-(The return code is zero,)4.691 F 1.217
-(unless end-of-\214le is encountered,)144 667.2 R F1 -.18(re)3.717 G(ad)
-.18 E F0 1.217(times out, or an in)3.717 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.218
-(lid \214le descriptor is supplied as the).25 F(ar)144 679.2 Q
-(gument to)-.18 E F1<ad75>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.18(re)108 696 S(adonly).18 E
-F0([)2.5 E F1(\255apf)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(wor)A(d)
--.37 E F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E .77(The gi)144 708 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(n).15
-E F2(names)3.27 E F0 .77(are mark)3.27 F .77(ed readonly; the v)-.1 F
-.77(alues of these)-.25 F F2(names)3.63 E F0 .77
-(may not be changed by subse-)3.54 F 1.096(quent assignment.)144 720 R
-1.096(If the)6.096 F F1<ad66>3.596 E F0 1.097
-(option is supplied, the functions corresponding to the)3.596 F F2
-(names)3.597 E F0 1.097(are so)3.597 F(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q
-(2007 September 14)135.125 E(55)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
+(The return code is zero,)4.691 F(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2007 December 5)
+138.465 E(55)188.455 E 0 Cg EP
%%Page: 56 56
%%BeginPageSetup
BP
%%EndPageSetup
/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E(mark)144 84 Q 2.873(ed. The)-.1 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad61>
-2.873 E F0 .373(option restricts the v)2.873 F .372(ariables to arrays.)
--.25 F .372(If no)5.372 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)3.232 E F0(ar)
+-.35 E 1.217(unless end-of-\214le is encountered,)144 84 R/F1 10
+/Times-Bold@0 SF -.18(re)3.717 G(ad).18 E F0 1.217(times out, or an in)
+3.717 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.218(lid \214le descriptor is supplied as the).25
+F(ar)144 96 Q(gument to)-.18 E F1<ad75>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.18(re)108 112.8
+S(adonly).18 E F0([)2.5 E F1(\255apf)A F0 2.5(][)C/F2 10/Times-Italic@0
+SF(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E .77
+(The gi)144 124.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(n).15 E F2(names)3.27 E F0 .77
+(are mark)3.27 F .77(ed readonly; the v)-.1 F .77(alues of these)-.25 F
+F2(names)3.63 E F0 .77(may not be changed by subse-)3.54 F 1.096
+(quent assignment.)144 136.8 R 1.096(If the)6.096 F F1<ad66>3.596 E F0
+1.097(option is supplied, the functions corresponding to the)3.596 F F2
+(names)3.597 E F0 1.097(are so)3.597 F(mark)144 148.8 Q 2.873(ed. The)
+-.1 F F1<ad61>2.873 E F0 .373(option restricts the v)2.873 F .372
+(ariables to arrays.)-.25 F .372(If no)5.372 F F2(name)3.232 E F0(ar)
3.052 E .372(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .372(n, or if the).15
-F F1<ad70>144 96 Q F0 .796
+F F1<ad70>144 160.8 Q F0 .796
(option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed.)3.296 F
(The)5.796 E F1<ad70>3.296 E F0 .796(option causes output to be)3.296 F
-.828(displayed in a format that may be reused as input.)144 108 R .828
+.828(displayed in a format that may be reused as input.)144 172.8 R .828
(If a v)5.828 F .828(ariable name is follo)-.25 F .827(wed by =)-.25 F
-F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 3.327(,t)C(he)-3.327 E -.25(va)144 120 S .404
+F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 3.327(,t)C(he)-3.327 E -.25(va)144 184.8 S .404
(lue of the v).25 F .404(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor)2.904 E(d)-.37
E F0 5.404(.T)C .405(he return status is 0 unless an in)-5.404 F -.25
-(va)-.4 G .405(lid option is encountered,).25 F 1.07(one of the)144 132
-R F2(names)3.929 E F0 1.069(is not a v)3.839 F 1.069(alid shell v)-.25 F
-1.069(ariable name, or)-.25 F F1<ad66>3.569 E F0 1.069
+(va)-.4 G .405(lid option is encountered,).25 F 1.07(one of the)144
+196.8 R F2(names)3.929 E F0 1.069(is not a v)3.839 F 1.069(alid shell v)
+
-.25 F 1.069(ariable name, or)-.25 F F1<ad66>3.569 E F0 1.069
(is supplied with a)3.569 F F2(name)3.929 E F0 1.069(that is not a)3.749
-F(function.)144 144 Q F1 -.18(re)108 160.8 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0([)2.5
-E F2(n)A F0(])A .586(Causes a function to e)144 172.8 R .587
+F(function.)144 208.8 Q F1 -.18(re)108 225.6 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0([)
+2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .586(Causes a function to e)144 237.6 R .587
(xit with the return v)-.15 F .587(alue speci\214ed by)-.25 F F2(n)3.087
E F0 5.587(.I).24 G(f)-5.587 E F2(n)3.447 E F0 .587
(is omitted, the return status is)3.327 F 1.335
-(that of the last command e)144 184.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.335
+(that of the last command e)144 249.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.335
(cuted in the function body).15 F 6.335(.I)-.65 G 3.835(fu)-6.335 G
1.335(sed outside a function, b)-3.835 F 1.335(ut during)-.2 F -.15(exe)
-144 196.8 S .794(cution of a script by the).15 F F1(.)3.294 E F0(\()
+144 261.6 S .794(cution of a script by the).15 F F1(.)3.294 E F0(\()
5.794 E F1(sour)A(ce)-.18 E F0 3.294(\)c)C .794
(ommand, it causes the shell to stop e)-3.294 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .795
-(cuting that script).15 F .246(and return either)144 208.8 R F2(n)3.106
+(cuting that script).15 F .246(and return either)144 273.6 R F2(n)3.106
E F0 .246(or the e)2.986 F .246(xit status of the last command e)-.15 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G .246(cuted within the script as the e).15 F .245
-(xit sta-)-.15 F .081(tus of the script.)144 220.8 R .082
+(xit sta-)-.15 F .081(tus of the script.)144 285.6 R .082
(If used outside a function and not during e)5.082 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .082
(cution of a script by).15 F F1(.)2.582 E F0 2.582(,t).833 G .082
-(he return sta-)-2.582 F 2.306(tus is f)144 232.8 R 4.806(alse. An)-.1 F
+(he return sta-)-2.582 F 2.306(tus is f)144 297.6 R 4.806(alse. An)-.1 F
4.806(yc)-.15 G 2.305(ommand associated with the)-4.806 F F1(RETURN)
4.805 E F0 2.305(trap is e)4.805 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.305(cuted before e)
.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cution).15 E(resumes after the function or script.)
-144 244.8 Q F1(set)108 261.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1
+144 309.6 Q F1(set)108 326.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1
(\255\255abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad6f>-2.5 E F2(option)2.5
-E F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E F1(set)108 273.6 Q F0
+E F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E F1(set)108 338.4 Q F0
([)2.5 E F1(+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(+o)-2.5 E F2(option)
-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 285.6 S
+2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 350.4 S
.835(thout options, the name and v).4 F .835(alue of each shell v)-.25 F
.836(ariable are displayed in a format that can be)-.25 F .784
-(reused as input for setting or resetting the currently-set v)144 297.6
+(reused as input for setting or resetting the currently-set v)144 362.4
R 3.284(ariables. Read-only)-.25 F -.25(va)3.284 G .783
-(riables cannot be).25 F 2.946(reset. In)144 309.6 R F2 .447(posix mode)
+(riables cannot be).25 F 2.946(reset. In)144 374.4 R F2 .447(posix mode)
2.946 F F0 2.947(,o)C .447(nly shell v)-2.947 F .447
(ariables are listed.)-.25 F .447
(The output is sorted according to the current)5.447 F 3.531
-(locale. When)144 321.6 R 1.031(options are speci\214ed, the)3.531 F
+(locale. When)144 386.4 R 1.031(options are speci\214ed, the)3.531 F
3.531(ys)-.15 G 1.031(et or unset shell attrib)-3.531 F 3.53(utes. An)
-.2 F 3.53(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-3.53 G 1.03(uments remaining).18 F .202
-(after the options are processed are treated as v)144 333.6 R .202
+(after the options are processed are treated as v)144 398.4 R .202
(alues for the positional parameters and are assigned,)-.25 F(in order)
-144 345.6 Q 2.5(,t)-.4 G(o)-2.5 E F1($1)2.5 E F0(,)A F1($2)2.5 E F0(,)A
+144 410.4 Q 2.5(,t)-.4 G(o)-2.5 E F1($1)2.5 E F0(,)A F1($2)2.5 E F0(,)A
F1 2.5(... $)2.5 F F2(n)A F0 5(.O)C(ptions, if speci\214ed, ha)-5 E .3
--.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad61>144 357.6 Q
+-.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad61>144 422.4 Q
F0 .54(Automatically mark v)29.3 F .539
(ariables and functions which are modi\214ed or created for e)-.25 F
-.539(xport to)-.15 F(the en)184 369.6 Q
-(vironment of subsequent commands.)-.4 E F1<ad62>144 381.6 Q F0 .131
+.539(xport to)-.15 F(the en)184 434.4 Q
+(vironment of subsequent commands.)-.4 E F1<ad62>144 446.4 Q F0 .131
(Report the status of terminated background jobs immediately)28.74 F
2.632(,r)-.65 G .132(ather than before the ne)-2.632 F(xt)-.15 E
-(primary prompt.)184 393.6 Q(This is ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve o)
--.25 H(nly when job control is enabled.).15 E F1<ad65>144 405.6 Q F0
+(primary prompt.)184 458.4 Q(This is ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve o)
+-.25 H(nly when job control is enabled.).15 E F1<ad65>144 470.4 Q F0
1.694(Exit immediately if a)29.86 F F2 1.693(simple command)4.193 F F0
(\(see)4.193 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.693(SHELL GRAMMAR)4.193 F F0(abo)
3.943 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 4.193(\)e).15 G 1.693(xits with a)-4.343 F .011
-(non-zero status.)184 417.6 R .011(The shell does not e)5.011 F .011
+(non-zero status.)184 482.4 R .011(The shell does not e)5.011 F .011
(xit if the command that f)-.15 F .012(ails is part of the command)-.1 F
-.719(list immediately follo)184 429.6 R .719(wing a)-.25 F F1(while)
+.719(list immediately follo)184 494.4 R .719(wing a)-.25 F F1(while)
3.219 E F0(or)3.219 E F1(until)3.219 E F0 -.1(ke)3.219 G(yw)-.05 E .719
(ord, part of the test in an)-.1 F F1(if)3.218 E F0(statement,)3.218 E
-1.163(part of a)184 441.6 R F1(&&)3.664 E F0(or)3.664 E/F4 10/Symbol SF
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-<ad45>144 120 Q F0 .104(If set, an)27.63 F 2.604(yt)-.15 G .104(rap on)
--2.604 F F1(ERR)2.604 E F0 .103
-(is inherited by shell functions, command substitutions, and com-)2.604
-F .838(mands e)184 132 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .838(cuted in a subshell en).15
-F 3.338(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(ERR)3.338 E F0 .839
-(trap is normally not inherited in)3.339 F(such cases.)184 144 Q F1
-<ad48>144 156 Q F0(Enable)26.52 E F1(!)3.032 E F0 .532
-(style history substitution.)5.532 F .531(This option is on by def)5.532
-F .531(ault when the shell is inter)-.1 F(-)-.2 E(acti)184 168 Q -.15
-(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1<ad50>144 180 Q F0 1.164
+.15 F(tor)184 180 Q F1(>|)2.5 E F0(instead of)2.5 E F1(>)2.5 E F0(.)A F1
+<ad45>144 192 Q F0 .103(If set, an)27.63 F 2.603(yt)-.15 G .103(rap on)
+-2.603 F F1(ERR)2.603 E F0 .104
+(is inherited by shell functions, command substitutions, and com-)2.603
+F .839(mands e)184 204 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .839(cuted in a subshell en).15
+F 3.339(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(ERR)3.338 E F0 .838
+(trap is normally not inherited in)3.338 F(such cases.)184 216 Q F1
+<ad48>144 228 Q F0(Enable)26.52 E F1(!)3.031 E F0 .531
+(style history substitution.)5.531 F .531(This option is on by def)5.531
+F .532(ault when the shell is inter)-.1 F(-)-.2 E(acti)184 240 Q -.15
+(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1<ad50>144 252 Q F0 1.165
(If set, the shell does not follo)28.19 F 3.664(ws)-.25 G 1.164
-(ymbolic links when e)-3.664 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.165
-(cuting commands such as).15 F F1(cd)3.665 E F0 2.822
-(that change the current w)184 192 R 2.822(orking directory)-.1 F 7.822
-(.I)-.65 G 5.322(tu)-7.822 G 2.822(ses the ph)-5.322 F 2.821
-(ysical directory structure)-.05 F 2.685(instead. By)184 204 R(def)2.685
+(ymbolic links when e)-3.664 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.164
+(cuting commands such as).15 F F1(cd)3.664 E F0 2.821
+(that change the current w)184 264 R 2.822(orking directory)-.1 F 7.822
+(.I)-.65 G 5.322(tu)-7.822 G 2.822(ses the ph)-5.322 F 2.822
+(ysical directory structure)-.05 F 2.686(instead. By)184 276 R(def)2.686
E(ault,)-.1 E F1(bash)2.686 E F0(follo)2.686 E .186
(ws the logical chain of directories when performing com-)-.25 F
-(mands which change the current directory)184 2
16 Q(.)-.65 E F1<ad54>144
-228 Q F0 .89(If set, an)27.63 F 3.39(yt)-.15 G .89(raps on)-3.39 F F1
+(mands which change the current directory)184 2
88 Q(.)-.65 E F1<ad54>144
+300 Q F0 .89(If set, an)27.63 F 3.39(yt)-.15 G .89(raps on)-3.39 F F1
(DEB)3.39 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)3.39 E F1(RETURN)3.39 E F0 .89
(are inherited by shell functions, command)3.39 F 1.932
-(substitutions, and commands e)184 240 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.932
+(substitutions, and commands e)184 312 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.932
(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 4.432(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(DEB)4.432 E
-(UG)-.1 E F0(and)4.432 E F1(RETURN)184 252 Q F0
-(traps are normally not inherited in such cases.)2.5 E F1<adad>144 264 Q
-F0 .401(If no ar)28.6 F .401(guments follo)-.18 F 2.901(wt)-.25 G .401
+(UG)-.1 E F0(and)4.432 E F1(RETURN)184 324 Q F0
+(traps are normally not inherited in such cases.)2.5 E F1<adad>144 336 Q
+F0 .4(If no ar)28.6 F .401(guments follo)-.18 F 2.901(wt)-.25 G .401
(his option, then the positional parameters are unset.)-2.901 F
-(Otherwise,)5.4 E(the positional parameters are set to the)184 276 Q/F2
-10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(s, e)A -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni)
-.15 G 2.5(fs)-2.5 G(ome of them be)-2.5 E(gin with a)-.15 E F1<ad>2.5 E
-F0(.)A F1<ad>144 288 Q F0 1.944
-(Signal the end of options, cause all remaining)34.3 F F2(ar)4.444 E(g)
--.37 E F0 4.444(st)C 4.444(ob)-4.444 G 4.445(ea)-4.444 G 1.945
-(ssigned to the positional)-4.445 F 3.446(parameters. The)184 300 R F1
-<ad78>3.446 E F0(and)3.446 E F1<ad76>3.446 E F0 .945
-(options are turned of)3.446 F 3.445(f. If)-.25 F .945(there are no)
-3.445 F F2(ar)3.445 E(g)-.37 E F0 .945(s, the positional)B
-(parameters remain unchanged.)184 312 Q .425(The options are of)144
-328.8 R 2.925(fb)-.25 G 2.925(yd)-2.925 G(ef)-2.925 E .425
+(Otherwise,)5.401 E(the positional parameters are set to the)184 348 Q
+F2(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(s, e)A -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fs)-2.5 G
+(ome of them be)-2.5 E(gin with a)-.15 E F1<ad>2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad>144
+360 Q F0 1.945(Signal the end of options, cause all remaining)34.3 F F2
+(ar)4.444 E(g)-.37 E F0 4.444(st)C 4.444(ob)-4.444 G 4.444(ea)-4.444 G
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+(options are turned of)3.445 F 3.445(f. If)-.25 F .946(there are no)
+3.445 F F2(ar)3.446 E(g)-.37 E F0 .946(s, the positional)B
+(parameters remain unchanged.)184 384 Q .425(The options are of)144
+400.8 R 2.925(fb)-.25 G 2.925(yd)-2.925 G(ef)-2.925 E .425
(ault unless otherwise noted.)-.1 F .425
-(Using + rather than \255 causes these options)5.425 F .178
-(to be turned of)144 340.8 R 2.678(f. The)-.25 F .178
+(Using + rather than \255 causes these options)5.425 F .177
+(to be turned of)144 412.8 R 2.677(f. The)-.25 F .178
(options can also be speci\214ed as ar)2.678 F .178(guments to an in)
--.18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .177(cation of the shell.).2 F(The)5.177 E .066
-(current set of options may be found in)144 352.8 R F1<24ad>2.566 E F0
+-.18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .178(cation of the shell.).2 F(The)5.178 E .066
+(current set of options may be found in)144 424.8 R F1<24ad>2.566 E F0
5.066(.T)C .066(he return status is al)-5.066 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .066
-(ys true unless an in).1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .067(lid option).25 F
-(is encountered.)144 364.8 Q F1(shift)108 381.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0
-(])A .429(The positional parameters from)144 393.6 R F2(n)2.929 E F0
-.429(+1 ... are renamed to)B F1 .429($1 ....)2.929 F F0 -.15(Pa)5.428 G
-.428(rameters represented by the num-).15 F(bers)144 405.6 Q F1($#)2.582
-E F0(do)2.582 E .082(wn to)-.25 F F1($#)2.582 E F0<ad>A F2(n)A F0 .082
-(+1 are unset.)B F2(n)5.442 E F0 .082(must be a non-ne)2.822 F -.05(ga)
--.15 G(ti).05 E .383 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .083(umber less than or equal to)
-.15 F F1($#)2.583 E F0 5.083(.I)C(f)-5.083 E F2(n)2.943 E F0 .06
-(is 0, no parameters are changed.)144 417.6 R(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0
+(ys true unless an in).1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .066(lid option).25 F
+(is encountered.)144 436.8 Q F1(shift)108 453.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0
+(])A .428(The positional parameters from)144 465.6 R F2(n)2.928 E F0
+.429(+1 ... are renamed to)B F1 .429($1 ....)2.929 F F0 -.15(Pa)5.429 G
+.429(rameters represented by the num-).15 F(bers)144 477.6 Q F1($#)2.583
+E F0(do)2.583 E .083(wn to)-.25 F F1($#)2.583 E F0<ad>A F2(n)A F0 .083
+(+1 are unset.)B F2(n)5.443 E F0 .083(must be a non-ne)2.823 F -.05(ga)
+-.15 G(ti).05 E .382 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .082(umber less than or equal to)
+.15 F F1($#)2.582 E F0 5.082(.I)C(f)-5.082 E F2(n)2.942 E F0 .06
+(is 0, no parameters are changed.)144 489.6 R(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0
.06(is not gi)2.8 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .06(n, it is assumed to be 1.).15 F
(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 .06(is greater than)2.8 F F1($#)2.56 E F0 2.56
-(,t)C(he)-2.56 E .143(positional parameters are not changed.)144 429.6 R
-.144(The return status is greater than zero if)5.143 F F2(n)3.004 E F0
-.144(is greater than)2.884 F F1($#)2.644 E F0
-(or less than zero; otherwise 0.)144 441.6 Q F1(shopt)108 458.4 Q F0([)
+(,t)C(he)-2.56 E .144(positional parameters are not changed.)144 501.6 R
+.144(The return status is greater than zero if)5.144 F F2(n)3.003 E F0
+.143(is greater than)2.883 F F1($#)2.643 E F0
+(or less than zero; otherwise 0.)144 513.6 Q F1(shopt)108 530.4 Q F0([)
2.5 E F1(\255pqsu)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad6f>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(optname)
--2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.8(To)144 470.4 S .222(ggle the v).8 F .222
+-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.8(To)144 542.4 S .222(ggle the v).8 F .222
(alues of v)-.25 F .222(ariables controlling optional shell beha)-.25 F
(vior)-.2 E 5.222(.W)-.55 G .222(ith no options, or with the)-5.622 F F1
<ad70>2.722 E F0 .721(option, a list of all settable options is display\
-ed, with an indication of whether or not each is set.)144 482.4 R(The)
-144 494.4 Q F1<ad70>2.828 E F0 .327(option causes output to be displaye\
-d in a form that may be reused as input.)2.828 F .327(Other options)
-5.327 F(ha)144 506.4 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)
--.25 E F1<ad73>144 518.4 Q F0(Enable \(set\) each)26.41 E F2(optname)2.5
-E F0(.)A F1<ad75>144 530.4 Q F0(Disable \(unset\) each)24.74 E F2
-(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad71>144 542.4 Q F0 .003(Suppresses normal out\
+ed, with an indication of whether or not each is set.)144 554.4 R(The)
+144 566.4 Q F1<ad70>2.827 E F0 .327(option causes output to be displaye\
+d in a form that may be reused as input.)2.827 F .328(Other options)
+5.328 F(ha)144 578.4 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)
+-.25 E F1<ad73>144 590.4 Q F0(Enable \(set\) each)26.41 E F2(optname)2.5
+E F0(.)A F1<ad75>144 602.4 Q F0(Disable \(unset\) each)24.74 E F2
+(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad71>144 614.4 Q F0 .003(Suppresses normal out\
put \(quiet mode\); the return status indicates whether the)24.74 F F2
-(optname)2.504 E F0(is)2.504 E .256(set or unset.)180 554.4 R .256
-(If multiple)5.256 F F2(optname)2.756 E F0(ar)2.756 E .256
+(optname)2.503 E F0(is)2.503 E .255(set or unset.)180 626.4 R .255
+(If multiple)5.255 F F2(optname)2.755 E F0(ar)2.755 E .256
(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.756(nw).15 G(ith)-2.756 E F1
-<ad71>2.756 E F0 2.755(,t)C .255(he return status is zero if)-2.755 F
-(all)180 566.4 Q F2(optnames)2.5 E F0(are enabled; non-zero otherwise.)
-2.5 E F1<ad6f>144 578.4 Q F0(Restricts the v)25.3 E(alues of)-.25 E F2
+<ad71>2.756 E F0 2.756(,t)C .256(he return status is zero if)-2.756 F
+(all)180 638.4 Q F2(optnames)2.5 E F0(are enabled; non-zero otherwise.)
+2.5 E F1<ad6f>144 650.4 Q F0(Restricts the v)25.3 E(alues of)-.25 E F2
(optname)2.5 E F0(to be those de\214ned for the)2.5 E F1<ad6f>2.5 E F0
-(option to the)2.5 E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .127
-(If either)144 595.2 R F1<ad73>2.627 E F0(or)2.627 E F1<ad75>2.627 E F0
+(option to the)2.5 E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .128
+(If either)144 667.2 R F1<ad73>2.628 E F0(or)2.628 E F1<ad75>2.628 E F0
.127(is used with no)2.627 F F2(optname)2.627 E F0(ar)2.627 E .127
-(guments, the display is limited to those options which)-.18 F 1.024
-(are set or unset, respecti)144 607.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 6.024
-(.U)-.65 G 1.024(nless otherwise noted, the)-6.024 F F1(shopt)3.523 E F0
-1.023(options are disabled \(unset\) by)3.523 F(def)144 619.2 Q(ault.)
+(guments, the display is limited to those options which)-.18 F 1.023
+(are set or unset, respecti)144 679.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 6.023
+(.U)-.65 G 1.024(nless otherwise noted, the)-6.023 F F1(shopt)3.524 E F0
+1.024(options are disabled \(unset\) by)3.524 F(def)144 691.2 Q(ault.)
-.1 E 1.544(The return status when listing options is zero if all)144
-636 R F2(optnames)4.044 E F0 1.545(are enabled, non-zero otherwise.)
-4.045 F .696
+708 R F2(optnames)4.044 E F0 1.544(are enabled, non-zero otherwise.)
+4.044 F .696
(When setting or unsetting options, the return status is zero unless an)
-144 648 R F2(optname)3.196 E F0 .696(is not a v)3.196 F .695(alid shell)
--.25 F(option.)144 660 Q(The list of)144 676.8 Q F1(shopt)2.5 E F0
-(options is:)2.5 E F1(autocd)144 694.8 Q F0 .199
-(If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is e)11.11 F
--.15(xe)-.15 G .2(cuted as if it were the ar).15 F(gu-)-.18 E
-(ment to the)184 706.8 Q F1(cd)2.5 E F0 2.5(command. This)2.5 F
-(option is only used by interacti)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E
-(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2007 September 14)135.125 E(58)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
+144 720 R F2(optname)3.196 E F0 .696(is not a v)3.196 F .696(alid shell)
+-.25 F(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2007 December 5)138.465 E(58)188.455 E 0 Cg
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(cdable_v)144 84 Q(ars)-.1 E F0 .156
-(If set, an ar)184 96 R .156(gument to the)-.18 F F1(cd)2.656 E F0 -.2
-(bu)2.656 G .155
+-.35 E(option.)144 84 Q(The list of)144 100.8 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF
+(shopt)2.5 E F0(options is:)2.5 E F1(autocd)144 118.8 Q F0 .2
+(If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is e)11.11 F
+-.15(xe)-.15 G .199(cuted as if it were the ar).15 F(gu-)-.18 E
+(ment to the)184 130.8 Q F1(cd)2.5 E F0 2.5(command. This)2.5 F
+(option is only used by interacti)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E
+F1(cdable_v)144 142.8 Q(ars)-.1 E F0 .155(If set, an ar)184 154.8 R .155
+(gument to the)-.18 F F1(cd)2.655 E F0 -.2(bu)2.655 G .156
(iltin command that is not a directory is assumed to be the).2 F
-(name of a v)184 108 Q(ariable whose v)-.25 E
-(alue is the directory to change to.)-.25 E F1(cdspell)144 120 Q F0
+(name of a v)184 166.8 Q(ariable whose v)-.25 E
+(alue is the directory to change to.)-.25 E F1(cdspell)144 178.8 Q F0
1.055
(If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component in a)
-10.55 F F1(cd)3.555 E F0 1.055(command will be)3.555 F 3.988
-(corrected. The)184 132 R 1.488(errors check)3.988 F 1.487
-(ed for are transposed characters, a missing character)-.1 F 3.987(,a)
--.4 G(nd)-3.987 E .552(one character too man)184 144 R 4.352 -.65(y. I)
--.15 H 3.052(fac).65 G .552
+10.55 F F1(cd)3.555 E F0 1.055(command will be)3.555 F 3.987
+(corrected. The)184 190.8 R 1.487(errors check)3.987 F 1.487
+(ed for are transposed characters, a missing character)-.1 F 3.988(,a)
+-.4 G(nd)-3.988 E .552(one character too man)184 202.8 R 4.352 -.65
+(y. I)-.15 H 3.052(fac).65 G .552
(orrection is found, the corrected \214le name is printed, and)-3.052 F
-(the command proceeds.)184 156 Q(This option is only used by interacti)5
-E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F1(checkhash)144 168 Q F0 2.08
-(If set,)184 180 R F1(bash)4.58 E F0 2.079
-(checks that a command found in the hash table e)4.58 F 2.079
-(xists before trying to)-.15 F -.15(exe)184 192 S(cute it.).15 E
+(the command proceeds.)184 214.8 Q
+(This option is only used by interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.)
+.15 E F1(checkhash)144 226.8 Q F0 2.079(If set,)184 238.8 R F1(bash)
+4.579 E F0 2.079(checks that a command found in the hash table e)4.579 F
+2.08(xists before trying to)-.15 F -.15(exe)184 250.8 S(cute it.).15 E
(If a hashed command no longer e)5 E
-(xists, a normal path search is performed.)-.15 E F1(checkjobs)144 204 Q
-F0 .56(If set, bash lists the status of an)184 216 R 3.061(ys)-.15 G
-.561(topped and running jobs before e)-3.061 F .561(xiting an interacti)
--.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.439(shell. If)184 228 R(an)3.439 E 3.439(yj)-.15
-G .938(obs are running, this causes the e)-3.439 F .938
-(xit to be deferred until a second e)-.15 F .938(xit is)-.15 F 1.456
-(attempted without an interv)184 240 R 1.456(ening command \(see)-.15 F
-F1 1.456(JOB CONTR)3.956 F(OL)-.3 E F0(abo)3.956 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.956
-(\). The).15 F(shell)3.956 E(al)184 252 Q -.1(wa)-.1 G(ys postpones e).1
-E(xiting if an)-.15 E 2.5(yj)-.15 G(obs are stopped.)-2.5 E F1
-(checkwinsize)144 264 Q F0 .797(If set,)184 276 R F1(bash)3.297 E F0
-.797(checks the windo)3.297 F 3.297(ws)-.25 G .796
-(ize after each command and, if necessary)-3.297 F 3.296(,u)-.65 G .796
-(pdates the)-3.296 F -.25(va)184 288 S(lues of).25 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0
+(xists, a normal path search is performed.)-.15 E F1(checkjobs)144 262.8
+Q F0 .561(If set, bash lists the status of an)184 274.8 R 3.061(ys)-.15
+G .56(topped and running jobs before e)-3.061 F .56(xiting an interacti)
+-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.438(shell. If)184 286.8 R(an)3.438 E 3.438(yj)
+-.15 G .938(obs are running, this causes the e)-3.438 F .938
+(xit to be deferred until a second e)-.15 F .939(xit is)-.15 F 1.456
+(attempted without an interv)184 298.8 R 1.456(ening command \(see)-.15
+F F1 1.456(JOB CONTR)3.956 F(OL)-.3 E F0(abo)3.956 E -.15(ve)-.15 G
+3.956(\). The).15 F(shell)3.956 E(al)184 310.8 Q -.1(wa)-.1 G
+(ys postpones e).1 E(xiting if an)-.15 E 2.5(yj)-.15 G(obs are stopped.)
+-2.5 E F1(checkwinsize)144 322.8 Q F0 .796(If set,)184 334.8 R F1(bash)
+3.296 E F0 .796(checks the windo)3.296 F 3.296(ws)-.25 G .797
+(ize after each command and, if necessary)-3.296 F 3.297(,u)-.65 G .797
+(pdates the)-3.297 F -.25(va)184 346.8 S(lues of).25 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0
SF(LINES)2.5 E F0(and)2.25 E F2(COLUMNS)2.5 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A
-F1(cmdhist)144 300 Q F0 1.202(If set,)6.11 F F1(bash)3.702 E F0 1.202
+F1(cmdhist)144 358.8 Q F0 1.202(If set,)6.11 F F1(bash)3.702 E F0 1.202
(attempts to sa)3.702 F 1.502 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 1.202
(ll lines of a multiple-line command in the same history).15 F(entry)184
-312 Q 5(.T)-.65 G(his allo)-5 E
-(ws easy re-editing of multi-line commands.)-.25 E F1(dotglob)144 324 Q
-F0 .165(If set,)7.77 F F1(bash)2.665 E F0 .165(includes \214lenames be)
-2.665 F .165(ginning with a `.)-.15 F 2.665('i)-.7 G 2.665(nt)-2.665 G
-.165(he results of pathname e)-2.665 F(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(execfail)144
-336 Q F0 1.386(If set, a non-interacti)7.79 F 1.686 -.15(ve s)-.25 H
-1.386(hell will not e).15 F 1.386(xit if it cannot e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15
-G 1.387(cute the \214le speci\214ed as an).15 F(ar)184 348 Q
+370.8 Q 5(.T)-.65 G(his allo)-5 E
+(ws easy re-editing of multi-line commands.)-.25 E F1(dotglob)144 382.8
+Q F0 .165(If set,)7.77 F F1(bash)2.665 E F0 .165
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--.09 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 1.63(the command)3.88 F F2(ar)4.46 E
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-F2(for)3.707 E F0(command,)3.706 E F2(case)3.706 E F0(command,)3.706 E
-F2(select)3.706 E F0 1.206(command, e)3.706 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.206
-(ry arithmetic).15 F F2(for)144 228 Q F0 .412
-(command, and before the \214rst command e)2.912 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .412
-(cutes in a shell function \(see).15 F F3 .413(SHELL GRAMMAR)2.912 F F0
-(abo)144 240 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.666(\). Refer).15 F .166
-(to the description of the)2.666 F F1(extdeb)2.666 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .166
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+(command,)3.706 E F2(select)3.707 E F0 1.207(command, e)3.707 F -.15(ve)
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+(command, and before the \214rst command e)2.913 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .412
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(option to the)2.666 F F1(shopt)2.666 E F0 -.2(bu)2.666 G .166
-(iltin for details of its ef).2 F(fect)-.25 E .508(on the)144 252 R F1
-(DEB)3.008 E(UG)-.1 E F0 3.008(trap. If)3.008 F(a)3.008 E F2(sigspec)
+(iltin for details of its ef).2 F(fect)-.25 E .509(on the)144 321.6 R F1
+(DEB)3.009 E(UG)-.1 E F0 3.009(trap. If)3.009 F(a)3.009 E F2(sigspec)
3.348 E F0(is)3.318 E F3(ERR)3.008 E F4(,)A F0 .508(the command)2.758 F
-F2(ar)3.338 E(g)-.37 E F0 .509(is e)3.228 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .509
-(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.009(ras).15 G .509(imple com-)-3.009
-F 2.506(mand has a non\255zero e)144 264 R 2.506
+F2(ar)3.338 E(g)-.37 E F0 .508(is e)3.228 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .508
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(xit status, subject to the follo)-.15 F 2.506(wing conditions.)-.25 F
(The)7.506 E F3(ERR)5.006 E F0 2.506(trap is not)4.756 F -.15(exe)144
-276 S .105(cuted if the f).15 F .105
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(ailed command is part of the command list immediately follo)-.1 F .105
(wing a)-.25 F F1(while)2.605 E F0(or)2.605 E F1(until)2.605 E F0 -.1
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-3.436(sr)-.55 G(eturn)-3.436 E -.25(va)144 300 S 1.094(lue is being in)
-.25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G 1.094(rted via).15 F F1(!)3.594 E F0 6.094(.T)C
-1.094(hese are the same conditions obe)-6.094 F 1.094(yed by the)-.15 F
-F1(err)3.594 E(exit)-.18 E F0 3.595(option. If)3.594 F(a)3.595 E F2
-(sigspec)144.34 312 Q F0(is)3.349 E F3(RETURN)3.039 E F4(,)A F0 .539
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-(xe)-.15 G .538(cuted each time a shell function or a script e).15 F
--.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E .505(with the)144 324 R F1(.)3.005 E F0(or)
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-(iltins \214nishes e).2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.006(cuting. Signals).15 F
-.506(ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be)3.006 F .704
-(trapped or reset.)144 336 R -.35(Tr)5.704 G .704
-(apped signals that are not being ignored are reset to their original v)
-.35 F .703(alues in a)-.25 F .224(child process when it is created.)144
-348 R .224(The return status is f)5.224 F .224(alse if an)-.1 F(y)-.15 E
-F2(sigspec)3.064 E F0 .224(is in)3.034 F -.25(va)-.4 G .225
-(lid; otherwise).25 F F1(trap)2.725 E F0(returns true.)144 360 Q F1
-(type)108 376.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aftpP)A F0(])A F2(name)2.5 E F0([)
-2.5 E F2(name)A F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 388.8 S .174
-(th no options, indicate ho).4 F 2.674(we)-.25 G(ach)-2.674 E F2(name)
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-(uld be interpreted if used as a command name.).1 F .173(If the)5.173 F
-F1<ad74>144 400.8 Q F0 .842(option is used,)3.342 F F1(type)3.342 E F0
+(ke)144 357.6 S(yw)-.05 E .549(ord, part of the test in an)-.1 F F2(if)
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+(sr)-.55 G .578(eturn v)-3.078 F .578(alue is being in)-.25 F -.15(ve)
+-.4 G .578(rted via).15 F F1(!)3.078 E F0 5.577(.T)C .577
+(hese are the same conditions obe)-5.577 F .577(yed by the)-.15 F F1
+(err)144 381.6 Q(exit)-.18 E F0 3.03(option. If)3.03 F(a)3.03 E F2
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+(xe)-.15 G .531(cuted each time a shell function).15 F .317
+(or a script e)144 393.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .317(cuted with the).15 F F1
+(.)2.817 E F0(or)2.817 E F1(sour)2.817 E(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.817 G
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+.316(ignored upon entry to)2.817 F .787
+(the shell cannot be trapped or reset.)144 405.6 R -.35(Tr)5.787 G .787
+(apped signals that are not being ignored are reset to their).35 F 1.1
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+(uld be interpreted if used as a command name.).1 F .174(If the)5.174 F
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.843(prints a string which is one of)3.343 F F2(alias)3.343 E F0(,).27 E
F2 -.1(ke)3.343 G(ywor)-.2 E(d)-.37 E F0(,).77 E F2(function)3.343 E F0
-(,).24 E F2 -.2(bu)3.343 G(iltin).2 E F0 3.343(,o).24 G(r)-3.343 E F2
-(\214le)5.253 E F0(if)3.523 E F2(name)144.36 412.8 Q F0 .087
-(is an alias, shell reserv)2.767 F .087(ed w)-.15 F .087
-(ord, function, b)-.1 F .086(uiltin, or disk \214le, respecti)-.2 F -.15
-(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.086(.I)-.65 G 2.586(ft)-5.086 G(he)-2.586 E F2
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-(found, then nothing is printed, and an e)144 424.8 R .118
-(xit status of f)-.15 F .118(alse is returned.)-.1 F .119(If the)5.119 F
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-(either returns the name of the disk \214le that w)144 436.8 R .855
+(,).24 E F2 -.2(bu)3.342 G(iltin).2 E F0 3.342(,o).24 G(r)-3.342 E F2
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+(is an alias, shell reserv)2.766 F .086(ed w)-.15 F .086
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+(xit status of f)-.15 F .118(alse is returned.)-.1 F .118(If the)5.118 F
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+(either returns the name of the disk \214le that w)144 506.4 R .855
(ould be e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .855(cuted if).15 F F2(name)3.715 E F0
-.855(were speci\214ed as a com-)3.535 F .64(mand name, or nothing if)144
-448.8 R/F6 10/Courier@0 SF .64(type -t name)3.14 F F0 -.1(wo)3.14 G .641
-(uld not return).1 F F2(\214le)3.141 E F0 5.641(.T).18 G(he)-5.641 E F1
-<ad50>3.141 E F0 .641(option forces a)3.141 F F3 -.666(PA)3.141 G(TH)
--.189 E F0 .113(search for each)144 460.8 R F2(name)2.613 E F0 2.613(,e)
-C -.15(ve)-2.863 G 2.613(ni).15 G(f)-2.613 E F6 .113(type -t name)2.613
-F F0 -.1(wo)2.613 G .113(uld not return).1 F F2(\214le)2.613 E F0 5.113
-(.I).18 G 2.613(fa)-5.113 G .112(command is hashed,)-.001 F F1<ad70>
-2.612 E F0(and)144 472.8 Q F1<ad50>2.944 E F0 .444(print the hashed v)
-2.944 F .444(alue, not necessarily the \214le that appears \214rst in)
--.25 F F3 -.666(PA)2.945 G(TH)-.189 E F4(.)A F0 .445(If the)4.945 F F1
-<ad61>2.945 E F0(option)2.945 E .265(is used,)144 484.8 R F1(type)2.765
-E F0 .265(prints all of the places that contain an e)2.765 F -.15(xe)
--.15 G .265(cutable named).15 F F2(name)2.765 E F0 5.265(.T).18 G .265
-(his includes aliases)-5.265 F .426(and functions, if and only if the)
-144
496.8 R F1<ad70>2.926 E F0 .426(option is not also used.)2.926 F
-.427(The table of hashed commands is not)5.426 F .549
-(consulted when using)144 508.8 R F1<ad61>3.049 E F0 5.549(.T)C(he)
--5.549 E F1<ad66>3.049 E F0 .548
-(option suppresses shell function lookup, as with the)3.049 F F1
-(command)3.048 E F0 -.2(bu)144 520.8 S(iltin.).2 E F1(type)5 E F0
+.855(were speci\214ed as a com-)3.535 F .641(mand name, or nothing if)
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+E F0 .112(search for each)144 530.4 R F2(name)2.612 E F0 2.612(,e)C -.15
+(ve)-2.862 G 2.613(ni).15 G(f)-2.613 E F6 .113(type -t name)2.613 F F0
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+E F0(option)2.944 E .265(is used,)144 554.4 R F1(type)2.765 E F0 .265
+(prints all of the places that contain an e)2.765 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .265
+(cutable named).15 F F2(name)2.765 E F0 5.265(.T).18 G .265
+(his includes aliases)-5.265 F .427(and functions, if and only if the)
+144
566.4 R F1<ad70>2.926 E F0 .426(option is not also used.)2.926 F
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+(consulted when using)144 578.4 R F1<ad61>3.048 E F0 5.548(.T)C(he)
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+(option suppresses shell function lookup, as with the)3.048 F F1
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-537.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255SHacde\214lmnpqrstuvx)A F0([)2.5 E F2(limit)A
-F0(]])A(Pro)144 549.6 Q .243(vides control o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.743
-(rt).15 G .243(he resources a)-2.743 F -.25(va)-.2 G .244
+607.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255SHacde\214lmnpqrstuvx)A F0([)2.5 E F2(limit)A
+F0(]])A(Pro)144 619.2 Q .244(vides control o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.744
+(rt).15 G .244(he resources a)-2.744 F -.25(va)-.2 G .244
(ilable to the shell and to processes started by it, on systems).25 F
-.944(that allo)144 561.6 R 3.444(ws)-.25 G .944(uch control.)-3.444 F
-(The)5.944 E F1<ad48>3.444 E F0(and)3.444 E F1<ad53>3.444 E F0 .943
+.943(that allo)144 631.2 R 3.443(ws)-.25 G .943(uch control.)-3.443 F
+(The)5.943 E F1<ad48>3.443 E F0(and)3.443 E F1<ad53>3.444 E F0 .944
(options specify that the hard or soft limit is set for the)3.444 F(gi)
-144 573.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.708(nr).15 G 2.708(esource. A)-2.708 F .208
+144 643.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.709(nr).15 G 2.709(esource. A)-2.709 F .208
(hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; a so\
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-(alue of the hard limit.)-.25 F .425(If neither)5.426 F F1<ad48>2.925 E
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--.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad6c>144 84 Q F0
-(The maximum size that may be lock)27.52 E(ed into memory)-.1 E F1<ad6d>
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-(be set\))180 120 Q F1<ad70>144 132 Q F0
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+(The maximum scheduling priority \("nice"\))25.86 E F1<ad66>144 132 Q F0
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+E F1<ad69>144 144 Q F0(The maximum number of pending signals)27.52 E F1
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168 Q F0(The maximum stack size)26.41 E F1<ad74>144
-
180 Q F0(The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds)26.97 E F1<ad75>144
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240 Q F0(The maximum stack size)26.41 E F1<ad74>144
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252 Q F0(The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds)26.97 E F1<ad75>144
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+(ilable to the shell).25 E F1<ad78>144 288 Q F0
+(The maximum number of \214le locks)25.3 E(If)144 304.8 Q/F2 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(limit)2.933 E F0 .343(is gi)3.523 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
.343(n, it is the ne).15 F 2.843(wv)-.25 G .343
(alue of the speci\214ed resource \(the)-3.093 F F1<ad61>2.843 E F0 .343
-(option is display only\).)2.843 F .343(If no)5.343 F .175(option is gi)
-144 244.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .175(n, then).15 F F1<ad66>2.675 E F0 .175
-(is assumed.)2.675 F -1.11(Va)5.175 G .175
-(lues are in 1024-byte increments, e)1.11 F .176(xcept for)-.15 F F1
-<ad74>2.676 E F0 2.676(,w)C .176(hich is in)-2.676 F(seconds,)144 256.8
-Q F1<ad70>2.698 E F0 2.698(,w)C .198
-(hich is in units of 512-byte blocks, and)-2.69
8 F F1<ad6e>2.698 E F0
-(and)2.698 E F1<ad75>2.697 E F0 2.697(,w)C .197(hich are unscaled v)
--2.697 F 2.697(alues. The)-.25 F .404(return status is 0 unless an in)
-144 268.8 R -.25(va)-.4 G .404(lid option or ar).25 F .404
+(option is display only\).)2.843 F .343(If no)5.343 F .176(option is gi)
+144 316.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .176(n, then).15 F F1<ad66>2.676 E F0 .175
+(is assumed.)2.676 F -1.11(Va)5.175 G .175
+(lues are in 1024-byte increments, e)1.11 F .175(xcept for)-.15 F F1
+<ad74>2.675 E F0 2.675(,w)C .175(hich is in)-2.675 F(seconds,)144 328.8
+Q F1<ad70>2.697 E F0 2.697(,w)C .197
+(hich is in units of 512-byte blocks, and)-2.69
7 F F1<ad6e>2.698 E F0
+(and)2.698 E F1<ad75>2.698 E F0 2.698(,w)C .198(hich are unscaled v)
+-2.698 F 2.698(alues. The)-.25 F .404(return status is 0 unless an in)
+144 340.8 R -.25(va)-.4 G .404(lid option or ar).25 F .404
(gument is supplied, or an error occurs while setting)-.18 F 2.5(an)144
-280.8 S .5 -.25(ew l)-2.5 H(imit.).25 E F1(umask)108 297.6 Q F0([)2.5 E
+352.8 S .5 -.25(ew l)-2.5 H(imit.).25 E F1(umask)108 369.6 Q F0([)2.5 E
F1<ad70>A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad53>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(mode)-2.5 E F0(])A
-.2(The user \214le-creation mask is set to)144 309.6 R F2(mode)2.7 E F0
+.2(The user \214le-creation mask is set to)144 381.6 R F2(mode)2.7 E F0
5.2(.I).18 G(f)-5.2 E F2(mode)3.08 E F0(be)2.88 E .2
(gins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal)-.15 F .066(number; o\
therwise it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that acce\
-pted by)144 321.6 R F2 -.15(ch)2.566 G(mod).15 E F0(\(1\).).77 E(If)144
-333.6 Q F2(mode)3.263 E F0 .382(is omitted, the current v)3.063 F .382
+pted by)144 393.6 R F2 -.15(ch)2.566 G(mod).15 E F0(\(1\).).77 E(If)144
+405.6 Q F2(mode)3.262 E F0 .382(is omitted, the current v)3.062 F .382
(alue of the mask is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.382 E F1<ad53>2.882 E F0 .382
(option causes the mask to be)2.882 F .547
-(printed in symbolic form; the def)144 345.6 R .547
+(printed in symbolic form; the def)144 417.6 R .547
(ault output is an octal number)-.1 F 5.547(.I)-.55 G 3.047(ft)-5.547 G
(he)-3.047 E F1<ad70>3.047 E F0 .547(option is supplied, and)3.047 F F2
-(mode)144.38 357.6 Q F0 .552
-(is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.)3.232
-F .551(The return status is 0 if the)5.551 F(mode w)144 369.6 Q
+(mode)144.38 429.6 Q F0 .551
+(is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.)3.231
+F .552(The return status is 0 if the)5.552 F(mode w)144 441.6 Q
(as successfully changed or if no)-.1 E F2(mode)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 E
(gument w)-.18 E(as supplied, and f)-.1 E(alse otherwise.)-.1 E F1
-(unalias)108 386.4 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(a)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0
-(...])2.5 E(Remo)144 398.4 Q 1.955 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F2(name)
+(unalias)108 458.4 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(a)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0
+(...])2.5 E(Remo)144 470.4 Q 1.955 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F2(name)
4.155 E F0 1.655(from the list of de\214ned aliases.)4.155 F(If)6.655 E
F1<ad61>4.155 E F0 1.655(is supplied, all alias de\214nitions are)4.155
-F(remo)144 410.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(d. The).15 F(return v)2.5 E
+F(remo)144 482.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(d. The).15 F(return v)2.5 E
(alue is true unless a supplied)-.25 E F2(name)2.86 E F0
-(is not a de\214ned alias.)2.68 E F1(unset)108 427.2 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1
-(fv)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 439.2 S 3.107
-(re).15 G(ach)-3.107 E F2(name)3.107 E F0 3.107(,r).18 G(emo)-3.107 E
-.907 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .607(he corresponding v).15 F .607
-(ariable or function.)-.25 F .606(If no options are supplied, or the)
-5.607 F F1<ad76>144 451.2 Q F0 .304(option is gi)2.804 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
-.304(n, each).15 F F2(name)3.164 E F0 .305(refers to a shell v)2.985 F
-2.805(ariable. Read-only)-.25 F -.25(va)2.805 G .305
-(riables may not be unset.).25 F(If)5.305 E F1<ad66>144 463.2 Q F0 .46
-(is speci\214ed, each)2.96 F F2(name)3.32 E F0 .459
-(refers to a shell function, and the function de\214nition is remo)3.14
-F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.959(d. Each).15 F .902(unset v)144 475.2 R .902
+(is not a de\214ned alias.)2.68 E F1(unset)108 499.2 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1
+(fv)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 511.2 S 3.106
+(re).15 G(ach)-3.106 E F2(name)3.106 E F0 3.106(,r).18 G(emo)-3.106 E
+.906 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .606(he corresponding v).15 F .607
+(ariable or function.)-.25 F .607(If no options are supplied, or the)
+5.607 F F1<ad76>144 523.2 Q F0 .305(option is gi)2.805 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
+.305(n, each).15 F F2(name)3.165 E F0 .305(refers to a shell v)2.985 F
+2.805(ariable. Read-only)-.25 F -.25(va)2.805 G .304
+(riables may not be unset.).25 F(If)5.304 E F1<ad66>144 535.2 Q F0 .459
+(is speci\214ed, each)2.959 F F2(name)3.319 E F0 .459
+(refers to a shell function, and the function de\214nition is remo)3.139
+F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.96(d. Each).15 F .903(unset v)144 547.2 R .903
(ariable or function is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.402(df).15 G .902
-(rom the en)-3.402 F .903(vironment passed to subsequent commands.)-.4 F
-(If)5.903 E(an)144 487.2 Q 4.285(yo)-.15 G(f)-4.285 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0
-SF(RANDOM)4.285 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3(SECONDS)4.035 E F4(,)A F3
+(rom the en)-3.402 F .902(vironment passed to subsequent commands.)-.4 F
+(If)5.902 E(an)144 559.2 Q 4.284(yo)-.15 G(f)-4.284 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0
+SF(RANDOM)4.284 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3(SECONDS)4.035 E F4(,)A F3
(LINENO)4.035 E F4(,)A F3(HISTCMD)4.035 E F4(,)A F3(FUNCN)4.035 E(AME)
-.18 E F4(,)A F3(GR)4.035 E(OUPS)-.27 E F4(,)A F0(or)4.035 E F3(DIRST)
-4.284 E -.495(AC)-.81 G(K).495 E F0(are)4.034 E .328(unset, the)144
-499.2 R 2.828(yl)-.15 G .328(ose their special properties, e)-2.828 F
+4.285 E -.495(AC)-.81 G(K).495 E F0(are)4.035 E .329(unset, the)144
+571.2 R 2.829(yl)-.15 G .328(ose their special properties, e)-2.829 F
-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.828(ni).15 G 2.828(ft)-2.828 G(he)-2.828 E 2.828(ya)
--.15 G .328(re subsequently reset.)-2.828 F .328(The e)5.328 F .329
-(xit status is true)-.15 F(unless a)144 511.2 Q F2(name)2.86 E F0
-(is readonly)2.68 E(.)-.65 E F1(wait)108 528 Q F0([)2.5 E F2 2.5(n.)C
-(..)-2.5 E F0(])A -.8(Wa)144 540 S .288
+-.15 G .328(re subsequently reset.)-2.828 F .328(The e)5.328 F .328
+(xit status is true)-.15 F(unless a)144 583.2 Q F2(name)2.86 E F0
+(is readonly)2.68 E(.)-.65 E F1(wait)108 600 Q F0([)2.5 E F2 2.5(n.)C
+(..)-2.5 E F0(])A -.8(Wa)144 612 S .288
(it for each speci\214ed process and return its termination status.).8 F
-(Each)5.288 E F2(n)3.148 E F0 .287(may be a process ID or a)3.028 F .722
-(job speci\214cation; if a job spec is gi)144 552 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .722
+(Each)5.288 E F2(n)3.148 E F0 .288(may be a process ID or a)3.028 F .722
+(job speci\214cation; if a job spec is gi)144 624 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .722
(n, all processes in that job').15 F 3.222(sp)-.55 G .722(ipeline are w)
--3.222 F .722(aited for)-.1 F 5.722(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.722 E F2(n)3.583 E F0
-(is)3.463 E 1.266(not gi)144 564 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.266
-(n, all currently acti).15 F 1.566 -.15(ve c)-.25 H 1.265
-(hild processes are w).15 F 1.265(aited for)-.1 F 3.765(,a)-.4 G 1.265
-(nd the return status is zero.)-3.765 F(If)6.265 E F2(n)4.125 E F0 .456
-(speci\214es a non-e)144 576 R .457
+-3.222 F .722(aited for)-.1 F 5.722(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.722 E F2(n)3.582 E F0
+(is)3.462 E 1.265(not gi)144 636 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.265
+(n, all currently acti).15 F 1.565 -.15(ve c)-.25 H 1.265
+(hild processes are w).15 F 1.265(aited for)-.1 F 3.765(,a)-.4 G 1.266
+(nd the return status is zero.)-3.765 F(If)6.266 E F2(n)4.126 E F0 .457
+(speci\214es a non-e)144 648 R .457
(xistent process or job, the return status is 127.)-.15 F .457
-(Otherwise, the return status is the)5.457 F -.15(ex)144 588 S
+(Otherwise, the return status is the)5.457 F -.15(ex)144 660 S
(it status of the last process or job w).15 E(aited for)-.1 E(.)-.55 E
-/F5 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(RESTRICTED SHELL)72 604.8 Q F0(If)108 616.8 Q
-F1(bash)4.397 E F0 1.897(is started with the name)4.397 F F1(rbash)4.397
-E F0 4.397(,o)C 4.397(rt)-4.397 G(he)-4.397 E F1<ad72>4.397 E F0 1.896
-(option is supplied at in)4.397 F -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.896
-(cation, the shell becomes).2 F 3.445(restricted. A)108 628.8 R .945
-(restricted shell is used to set up an en)3.445 F .946
-(vironment more controlled than the standard shell.)-.4 F(It)5.946 E
-(beha)108 640.8 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(si).15 G(dentically to)-2.5 E F1
+/F5 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(RESTRICTED SHELL)72 676.8 Q F0(If)108 688.8 Q
+F1(bash)4.396 E F0 1.896(is started with the name)4.396 F F1(rbash)4.397
+E F0 4.397(,o)C 4.397(rt)-4.397 G(he)-4.397 E F1<ad72>4.397 E F0 1.897
+(option is supplied at in)4.397 F -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.897
+(cation, the shell becomes).2 F 3.446(restricted. A)108 700.8 R .945
+(restricted shell is used to set up an en)3.446 F .945
+(vironment more controlled than the standard shell.)-.4 F(It)5.945 E
+(beha)108 712.8 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(si).15 G(dentically to)-2.5 E F1
(bash)2.5 E F0(with the e)2.5 E(xception that the follo)-.15 E
-(wing are disallo)-.25 E(wed or not performed:)-.25 E 32.5<8363>108
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-E F1 -.3(BA)2.5 G(SH_ENV).3 E F0 32.5<8373>108 691.2 S
-(pecifying command names containing)-32.5 E F1(/)2.5 E F0 32.5<8373>108
-708 S(pecifying a \214le name containing a)-32.5 E F1(/)2.5 E F0
-(as an ar)2.5 E(gument to the)-.18 E F1(.)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)5 G
-(iltin command).2 E(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2007 September 14)135.125 E
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--.35 E 32.5<8353>108 84 S .351
+-.35 E 32.5<8363>108 84 S(hanging directories with)-32.5 E/F1 10
+/Times-Bold@0 SF(cd)2.5 E F0 32.5<8373>108 100.8 S
+(etting or unsetting the v)-32.5 E(alues of)-.25 E F1(SHELL)2.5 E F0(,)A
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+-.3(BA)2.5 G(SH_ENV).3 E F0 32.5<8373>108 117.6 S
+(pecifying command names containing)-32.5 E F1(/)2.5 E F0 32.5<8373>108
+134.4 S(pecifying a \214le name containing a)-32.5 E F1(/)2.5 E F0
+(as an ar)2.5 E(gument to the)-.18 E F1(.)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)5 G
+(iltin command).2 E 32.5<8353>108 151.2 S .351
(pecifying a \214lename containing a slash as an ar)-32.5 F .351
-(gument to the)-.18 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad70>2.851 E F0 .351
-(option to the)2.851 F F1(hash)2.851 E F0 -.2(bu)2.851 G .351
-(iltin com-).2 F(mand)144 96 Q 32.5<8369>108 112.8 S
-(mporting function de\214nitions from the shell en)-32.5 E
-(vironment at startup)-.4 E 32.5<8370>108 129.6 S(arsing the v)-32.5 E
-(alue of)-.25 E F1(SHELLOPTS)2.5 E F0(from the shell en)2.5 E
-(vironment at startup)-.4 E 32.5<8372>108 146.4 S(edirecting output usi\
+(gument to the)-.18 F F1<ad70>2.851 E F0 .351(option to the)2.851 F F1
+(hash)2.852 E F0 -.2(bu)2.852 G .352(iltin com-).2 F(mand)144 163.2 Q
+32.5<8369>108 180 S(mporting function de\214nitions from the shell en)
+-32.5 E(vironment at startup)-.4 E 32.5<8370>108 196.8 S(arsing the v)
+-32.5 E(alue of)-.25 E F1(SHELLOPTS)2.5 E F0(from the shell en)2.5 E
+(vironment at startup)-.4 E 32.5<8372>108 213.6 S(edirecting output usi\
ng the >, >|, <>, >&, &>, and >> redirection operators)-32.5 E 32.5
-<8375>108 163.2 S(sing the)-32.5 E F1(exec)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G
+<8375>108 230.4 S(sing the)-32.5 E F1(exec)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G
(iltin command to replace the shell with another command).2 E 32.5<8361>
-108 180 S(dding or deleting b)-32.5 E(uiltin commands with the)-.2 E F1
-<ad66>2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F1<ad64>2.5 E F0(options to the)2.5 E F1
-(enable)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command).2 E 32.5<8355>108 196.8 S
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+
F1<ad66>2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F1<ad64>2.5 E F0(options to the)2.5 E F1
+(enable)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command).2 E 32.5<8355>108 264 S
(sing the)-32.5 E F1(enable)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G
(iltin command to enable disabled shell b).2 E(uiltins)-.2 E 32.5<8373>
-108 2
13.6 S(pecifying the)-32.5 E F1<ad70>2.5 E F0(option to the)2.5 E
-F1(command)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command).2 E 32.5<8374>108 230.4
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80.8 S(pecifying the)-32.5 E F1<ad70>2.5 E F0(option to the)2.5 E
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S(urning of)-32.5 E 2.5(fr)-.25 G(estricted mode with)-2.5 E F1(set +r)
2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1(set +o r)2.5 E(estricted)-.18 E F0(.)A
-(These restrictions are enforced after an)108 247.2 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G
+(These restrictions are enforced after an)108 314.4 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G
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-(When a command that is found to be a shell script is e)108 264 R -.15
-(xe)-.15 G 1.567(cuted \(see).15 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.567
-(COMMAND EXECUTION)4.067 F F0(abo)3.817 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\),).15 E F1
-(rbash)108 276 Q F0(turns of)2.5 E 2.5(fa)-.25 G .3 -.15(ny r)-2.5 H
+(When a command that is found to be a shell script is e)108 331.2 R -.15
+(xe)-.15 G 1.566(cuted \(see).15 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.566
+(COMMAND EXECUTION)4.066 F F0(abo)3.816 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\),).15 E F1
+(rbash)108 343.2 Q F0(turns of)2.5 E 2.5(fa)-.25 G .3 -.15(ny r)-2.5 H
(estrictions in the shell spa).15 E(wned to e)-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
-(cute the script.).15 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SEE ALSO)72 292.8 Q/F4
-10/Times-Italic@0 SF(Bash Refer)108 304.8 Q(ence Manual)-.37 E F0 2.5
-(,B)C(rian F)-2.5 E(ox and Chet Rame)-.15 E(y)-.15 E F4
-(The Gnu Readline Libr)108 316.8 Q(ary)-.15 E F0 2.5(,B)C(rian F)-2.5 E
-(ox and Chet Rame)-.15 E(y)-.15 E F4(The Gnu History Libr)108 328.8 Q
-(ary)-.15 E F0 2.5(,B)C(rian F)-2.5 E(ox and Chet Rame)-.15 E(y)-.15 E
-F4 -.8(Po)108 340.8 S(rtable Oper).8 E
-(ating System Interface \(POSIX\) P)-.15 E(art 2: Shell and Utilities)
--.8 E F0 2.5(,I)C(EEE)-2.5 E F4(sh)108 352.8 Q F0(\(1\),)A F4(ksh)2.5 E
-F0(\(1\),)A F4(csh)2.5 E F0(\(1\))A F4(emacs)108 364.8 Q F0(\(1\),)A F4
-(vi)2.5 E F0(\(1\))A F4 -.37(re)108 376.8 S(adline).37 E F0(\(3\))A F3
-(FILES)72 393.6 Q F4(/bin/bash)109.666 405.6 Q F0(The)144 417.6 Q F1
-(bash)2.5 E F0 -.15(exe)2.5 G(cutable).15 E F4(/etc/pr)109.666 429.6 Q
-(o\214le)-.45 E F0(The systemwide initialization \214le, e)144 441.6 Q
--.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted for login shells).15 E F4(~/.bash_pr)109.666 453.6
-Q(o\214le)-.45 E F0(The personal initialization \214le, e)144 465.6 Q
--.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted for login shells).15 E F4(~/.bashr)109.666 477.6 Q
-(c)-.37 E F0(The indi)144 489.6 Q(vidual per)-.25 E(-interacti)-.2 E
--.15(ve)-.25 G(-shell startup \214le).15 E F4(~/.bash_lo)109.666 501.6 Q
-(gout)-.1 E F0(The indi)144 513.6 Q
-(vidual login shell cleanup \214le, e)-.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
-(cuted when a login shell e).15 E(xits)-.15 E F4(~/.inputr)109.666 525.6
-Q(c)-.37 E F0(Indi)144 537.6 Q(vidual)-.25 E F4 -.37(re)2.5 G(adline).37
-E F0(initialization \214le)2.5 E F3 -.548(AU)72 554.4 S(THORS).548 E F0
-(Brian F)108 566.4 Q(ox, Free Softw)-.15 E(are F)-.1 E(oundation)-.15 E
-(bfox@gnu.or)108 578.4 Q(g)-.18 E(Chet Rame)108 595.2 Q 1.3 -.65(y, C)
--.15 H(ase W).65 E(estern Reserv)-.8 E 2.5(eU)-.15 G(ni)-2.5 E -.15(ve)
--.25 G(rsity).15 E(chet@po.cwru.edu)108 607.2 Q F3 -.11(BU)72 624 S
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-636 R .568(ug in)-.2 F F1(bash,)3.068 E F0 .568(you should report it.)
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@xrdef{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell-title}{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell}
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@xrdef{GNU Free Documentation License-pg}{139}
-@xrdef{GNU Free Documentation License-snt}{Section@tie @char67.1}
+@xrdef{GNU Free Documentation License-snt}{Appendix@tie @char67{}}
@xrdef{Indexes-title}{Indexes}
@xrdef{Indexes-pg}{147}
@xrdef{Indexes-snt}{Appendix@tie @char68{}}
\entry{configuration}{123}{configuration}
\entry{Bash installation}{123}{Bash installation}
\entry{Bash configuration}{123}{Bash configuration}
-\entry{FDL, GNU Free Documentation License}{139}{FDL, GNU Free Documentation License}
\entry {expressions, arithmetic}{76}
\entry {expressions, conditional}{75}
\initial {F}
-\entry {FDL, GNU Free Documentation License}{139}
\entry {field}{3}
\entry {filename}{3}
\entry {filename expansion}{23}
<HTML>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
-<!-- Created on October, 10 2007 by texi2html 1.64 -->
+<!-- Created on January, 10 2008 by texi2html 1.64 -->
<!--
Written by: Lionel Cons <Lionel.Cons@cern.ch> (original author)
Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
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<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
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+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
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<H1>Bash Reference Manual</H1></P><P>
This text is a brief description of the features that are present in
-the Bash shell (version 3.2, 14 September 2007).
+the Bash shell (version 3.2, 14 December 2007).
</P><P>
-This is Edition 3.2, last updated 14 September 2007,
+This is Edition 3.2, last updated 14 December 2007,
of <CITE>The GNU Bash Reference Manual</CITE>,
for <CODE>Bash</CODE>, Version 3.2.
</P><P>
<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66">6. Bash Features</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Features found only in Bash.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC89">7. Job Control</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">What job control is and how Bash allows you
to use it.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117">9. Using History Interactively</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Command History Expansion</TD></TR>
<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC93">8. Command Line Editing</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Chapter describing the command line
editing features.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117">9. Using History Interactively</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Command History Expansion</TD></TR>
<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC124">10. Installing Bash</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to build and install Bash on your system.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC133">A. Reporting Bugs</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to report bugs in Bash.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC134">B. Major Differences From The Bourne Shell</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">A terse list of the differences
between Bash and historical
versions of /bin/sh.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC136">C. Copying This Manual</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Copying this manual.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">D. Indexes</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Various indexes for this manual.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC136">C. GNU Free Documentation License</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Copying and sharing this documentation.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">D. Indexes</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Various indexes for this manual.</TD></TR>
</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4"> >> </A>]</TD>
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<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
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+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<A NAME="Introduction"></A>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4"> >> </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 1.1 What is Bash? </H2>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4"> >> </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 1.2 What is a shell? </H2>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC5"> >> </A>]</TD>
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<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H1> 2. Definitions </H1>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC56"> >> </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H1> 3. Basic Shell Features </H1>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC15"> >> </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 3.1 Shell Syntax </H2>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC15"> >> </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.1.1 Shell Operation </H3>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC14"> >> </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
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<H3> 3.1.2 Quoting </H3>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC14"> >> </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
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<H4> 3.1.2.1 Escape Character </H4>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC14"> >> </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
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+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H4> 3.1.2.2 Single Quotes </H4>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC14"> >> </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H4> 3.1.2.3 Double Quotes </H4>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC14"> >> </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
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+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H4> 3.1.2.4 ANSI-C Quoting </H4>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC14"> >> </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H4> 3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation </H4>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC15"> >> </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.1.3 Comments </H3>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC23"> >> </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">Index</A>]</TD>
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</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 3.2 Shell Commands </H2>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC23"> >> </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
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</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.2.1 Simple Commands </H3>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC23"> >> </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.2.2 Pipelines </H3>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC23"> >> </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
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</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.2.3 Lists of Commands </H3>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC23"> >> </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
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</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.2.4 Compound Commands </H3>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC23"> >> </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H4> 3.2.4.1 Looping Constructs </H4>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC23"> >> </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H4> 3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs </H4>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC23"> >> </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H4> 3.2.4.3 Grouping Commands </H4>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC56"> >> </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
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</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 3.3 Shell Functions </H2>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27"> >> </A>]</TD>
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<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">Index</A>]</TD>
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</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 3.4 Shell Parameters </H2>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27"> >> </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
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</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.4.1 Positional Parameters </H3>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27"> >> </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.4.2 Special Parameters </H3>
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<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 3.5 Shell Expansions </H2>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC38"> >> </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.5.1 Brace Expansion </H3>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC38"> >> </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.5.2 Tilde Expansion </H3>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC38"> >> </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion </H3>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC38"> >> </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.5.4 Command Substitution </H3>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC38"> >> </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
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</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.5.5 Arithmetic Expansion </H3>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC38"> >> </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
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+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
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</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.5.6 Process Substitution </H3>
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<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">Index</A>]</TD>
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</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.5.7 Word Splitting </H3>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37"> >> </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.5.8 Filename Expansion </H3>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37"> >> </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H4> 3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching </H4>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC38"> >> </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.5.9 Quote Removal </H3>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC48"> >> </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 3.6 Redirections </H2>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC48"> >> </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.6.1 Redirecting Input </H3>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC48"> >> </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.6.2 Redirecting Output </H3>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC48"> >> </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.6.3 Appending Redirected Output </H3>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC48"> >> </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.6.4 Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error </H3>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC48"> >> </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.6.5 Here Documents </H3>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC48"> >> </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.6.6 Here Strings </H3>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC48"> >> </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.6.7 Duplicating File Descriptors </H3>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC48"> >> </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.6.8 Moving File Descriptors </H3>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC48"> >> </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.6.9 Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing </H3>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC55"> >> </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 3.7 Executing Commands </H2>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC55"> >> </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.7.1 Simple Command Expansion </H3>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC55"> >> </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.7.2 Command Search and Execution </H3>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC55"> >> </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.7.3 Command Execution Environment </H3>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC55"> >> </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.7.4 Environment </H3>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC55"> >> </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.7.5 Exit Status </H3>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC55"> >> </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.7.6 Signals </H3>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC56"> >> </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 3.8 Shell Scripts </H2>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63"> >> </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H1> 4. Shell Builtin Commands </H1>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63"> >> </A>]</TD>
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<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins </H2>
The <CODE>ERR</CODE> trap is not executed if the failed command is part of the
command list immediately following an <CODE>until</CODE> or <CODE>while</CODE> keyword,
part of the test in an <CODE>if</CODE> statement,
-part of a <CODE>&&</CODE> or <CODE>||</CODE> list, or if the command's return
+part of a command executed in a <CODE>&&</CODE> or <CODE>||</CODE> list,
+or if the command's return
status is being inverted using <CODE>!</CODE>.
These are the same conditions obeyed by the <CODE>errexit</CODE> option.
If a <VAR>sigspec</VAR> is <CODE>RETURN</CODE>, the command <VAR>arg</VAR> is executed
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63"> >> </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 4.2 Bash Builtin Commands </H2>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC62"> >> </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 4.3 Modifying Shell Behavior </H2>
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<H3> 4.3.1 The Set Builtin </H3>
with a non-zero status, unless the command that fails is part of the
command list immediately following a <CODE>while</CODE> or <CODE>until</CODE> keyword,
part of the test in an <CODE>if</CODE> statement,
-part of a <CODE>&&</CODE> or <CODE>||</CODE> list,
+part of a command executed in a <CODE>&&</CODE> or <CODE>||b</CODE> list,
any command in a pipeline but the last,
or if the command's return status is being inverted using <CODE>!</CODE>.
Failing simple commands that are part of shell functions or command lists
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<H3> 4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin </H3>
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<H2> 4.4 Special Builtins </H2>
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<H1> 5. Shell Variables </H1>
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<H2> 5.1 Bourne Shell Variables </H2>
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<H2> 5.2 Bash Variables </H2>
An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source files
corresponding to each member of <VAR>FUNCNAME</VAR>.
<CODE>${BASH_LINENO[$i]}</CODE> is the line number in the source file where
-<CODE>${FUNCNAME[$i]}</CODE> was called.
+<CODE>${FUNCNAME[$i]}</CODE> was called (or <CODE>${BASH_LINENO[$i-1]}</CODE> if
+referenced within another shell function).
The corresponding source file name is <CODE>${BASH_SOURCE[$i]}</CODE>.
Use <CODE>LINENO</CODE> to obtain the current line number.
<P>
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<H1> 6. Bash Features </H1>
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<H2> 6.1 Invoking Bash </H2>
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<H2> 6.2 Bash Startup Files </H2>
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<P>
-Bash attempts to determine when it is being run by the remote shell
-daemon, usually <CODE>rshd</CODE>. If Bash determines it is being run by
-rshd, it reads and executes commands from <TT>`~/.bashrc'</TT>, if that
+Bash attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard input
+connected to a a network connection, as if by the remote shell
+daemon, usually <CODE>rshd</CODE>, or the secure shell daemon <CODE>sshd</CODE>.
+If Bash determines it is being run in
+this fashion, it reads and executes commands from <TT>`~/.bashrc'</TT>, if that
file exists and is readable.
It will not do this if invoked as <CODE>sh</CODE>.
The <SAMP>`--norc'</SAMP> option may be used to inhibit this behavior, and the
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<H2> 6.3 Interactive Shells </H2>
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<H3> 6.3.1 What is an Interactive Shell? </H3>
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<H3> 6.3.2 Is this Shell Interactive? </H3>
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<H3> 6.3.3 Interactive Shell Behavior </H3>
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<H2> 6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions </H2>
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<H2> 6.5 Shell Arithmetic </H2>
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<H2> 6.6 Aliases </H2>
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<H2> 6.7 Arrays </H2>
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<H2> 6.8 The Directory Stack </H2>
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<H3> 6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins </H3>
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<H2> 6.9 Controlling the Prompt </H2>
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<H2> 6.10 The Restricted Shell </H2>
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<H2> 6.11 Bash POSIX Mode </H2>
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<H1> 7. Job Control </H1>
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<H2> 7.1 Job Control Basics </H2>
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<H2> 7.2 Job Control Builtins </H2>
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<H2> 7.3 Job Control Variables </H2>
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<H1> 8. Command Line Editing </H1>
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<H2> 8.1 Introduction to Line Editing </H2>
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<H2> 8.2 Readline Interaction </H2>
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<H3> 8.2.1 Readline Bare Essentials </H3>
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<H3> 8.2.2 Readline Movement Commands </H3>
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<H3> 8.2.3 Readline Killing Commands </H3>
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<H3> 8.2.4 Readline Arguments </H3>
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<H3> 8.2.5 Searching for Commands in the History </H3>
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<H2> 8.3 Readline Init File </H2>
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<H3> 8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax </H3>
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<H3> 8.3.2 Conditional Init Constructs </H3>
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<H3> 8.3.3 Sample Init File </H3>
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<H2> 8.4 Bindable Readline Commands </H2>
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<H3> 8.4.1 Commands For Moving </H3>
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<H3> 8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History </H3>
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<H3> 8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text </H3>
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<H3> 8.4.4 Killing And Yanking </H3>
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<H3> 8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments </H3>
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<H3> 8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You </H3>
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<H3> 8.4.7 Keyboard Macros </H3>
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<H3> 8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands </H3>
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<H2> 8.5 Readline vi Mode </H2>
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<H2> 8.6 Programmable Completion </H2>
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<H2> 8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins </H2>
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</TR></TABLE>
<H1> 9. Using History Interactively </H1>
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</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 9.1 Bash History Facilities </H2>
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</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 9.2 Bash History Builtins </H2>
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</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 9.3 History Expansion </H2>
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<H3> 9.3.1 Event Designators </H3>
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</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 9.3.2 Word Designators </H3>
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</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 9.3.3 Modifiers </H3>
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</TR></TABLE>
<H1> 10. Installing Bash </H1>
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<H2> 10.1 Basic Installation </H2>
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<H2> 10.2 Compilers and Options </H2>
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<H2> 10.3 Compiling For Multiple Architectures </H2>
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<H2> 10.4 Installation Names </H2>
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<H2> 10.5 Specifying the System Type </H2>
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<H2> 10.6 Sharing Defaults </H2>
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<H2> 10.7 Operation Controls </H2>
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<H2> 10.8 Optional Features </H2>
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<H1> A. Reporting Bugs </H1>
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<H1> B. Major Differences From The Bourne Shell </H1>
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<H2> B.1 Implementation Differences From The SVR4.2 Shell </H2>
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under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
- with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
- A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
+ with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
+ Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
Free Documentation License''.
</FONT></pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,
-replace the "with...Texts." line with this:
+replace the "with<small>...</small>Texts." line with this:
</P><P>
<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=smallexample><FONT SIZE=-1><pre> with the Invariant Sections being <VAR>list their titles</VAR>, with
<A NAME="Indexes"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC139"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC138"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138"> < </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140"> > </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC136"> < </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139"> > </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ << ]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top"> Up </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ >> ]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H1> D. Indexes </H1>
-<!--docid::SEC139::-->
+<!--docid::SEC138::-->
<P>
<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">D.1 Index of Shell Builtin Commands</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Index of Bash builtin commands.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">D.2 Index of Shell Reserved Words</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Index of Bash reserved words.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">D.3 Parameter and Variable Index</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Quick reference helps you find the
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">D.1 Index of Shell Builtin Commands</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Index of Bash builtin commands.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">D.2 Index of Shell Reserved Words</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Index of Bash reserved words.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">D.3 Parameter and Variable Index</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Quick reference helps you find the
variable you want.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC143">D.4 Function Index</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Index of bindable Readline functions.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC144">D.5 Concept Index</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">General index for concepts described in
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">D.4 Function Index</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Index of bindable Readline functions.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC143">D.5 Concept Index</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">General index for concepts described in
this manual.</TD></TR>
</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>
<A NAME="Builtin Index"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC140"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC139"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139"> < </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141"> > </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138"> < </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140"> > </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ << ]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138"> Up </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ >> ]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> D.1 Index of Shell Builtin Commands </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC140::-->
+<!--docid::SEC139::-->
<table><tr><th valign=top>Jump to: </th><td><A HREF="bashref.html#bt_." style="text-decoration:none"><b>.</b></A>
<A HREF="bashref.html#bt_:" style="text-decoration:none"><b>:</b></A>
<A NAME="Reserved Word Index"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC141"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC140"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140"> < </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142"> > </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142"> << </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139"> < </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141"> > </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141"> << </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138"> Up </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ >> ]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> D.2 Index of Shell Reserved Words </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC141::-->
+<!--docid::SEC140::-->
<table><tr><th valign=top>Jump to: </th><td><A HREF="bashref.html#rw_!" style="text-decoration:none"><b>!</b></A>
<A HREF="bashref.html#rw_[" style="text-decoration:none"><b>[</b></A>
<A NAME="Variable Index"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC142"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC141"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141"> < </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC143"> > </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC143"> << </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140"> < </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142"> > </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142"> << </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138"> Up </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ >> ]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> D.3 Parameter and Variable Index </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC142::-->
+<!--docid::SEC141::-->
<table><tr><th valign=top>Jump to: </th><td><A HREF="bashref.html#vr_!" style="text-decoration:none"><b>!</b></A>
<A HREF="bashref.html#vr_#" style="text-decoration:none"><b>#</b></A>
<A NAME="Function Index"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC143"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC142"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142"> < </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC144"> > </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC144"> << </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141"> < </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC143"> > </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC143"> << </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138"> Up </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ >> ]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> D.4 Function Index </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC143::-->
+<!--docid::SEC142::-->
<table><tr><th valign=top>Jump to: </th><td><A HREF="bashref.html#fn_A" style="text-decoration:none"><b>A</b></A>
<A HREF="bashref.html#fn_B" style="text-decoration:none"><b>B</b></A>
<A NAME="Concept Index"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC144"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC143"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC143"> < </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142"> < </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ > ]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ << ]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138"> Up </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ >> ]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> D.5 Concept Index </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC144::-->
+<!--docid::SEC143::-->
<table><tr><th valign=top>Jump to: </th><td><A HREF="bashref.html#cp_A" style="text-decoration:none"><b>A</b></A>
<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_B" style="text-decoration:none"><b>B</b></A>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC80">expressions, conditional</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC80">6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_F"></A>F</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX516">FDL, GNU Free Documentation License</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC137">C.1 GNU Free Documentation License</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5">field</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX6">filename</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX66">filename expansion</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC35">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</A></TD></TR>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H1>Table of Contents</H1>
<A NAME="TOC135" HREF="bashref.html#SEC135">B.1 Implementation Differences From The SVR4.2 Shell</A>
<BR>
</UL>
-<A NAME="TOC136" HREF="bashref.html#SEC136">C. Copying This Manual</A>
-<BR>
-<UL>
-<A NAME="TOC137" HREF="bashref.html#SEC137">C.1 GNU Free Documentation License</A>
-<BR>
-<UL>
-<A NAME="TOC138" HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">C.1.1 ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents</A>
+<A NAME="TOC136" HREF="bashref.html#SEC136">C. GNU Free Documentation License</A>
<BR>
-</UL>
-</UL>
-<A NAME="TOC139" HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">D. Indexes</A>
+<A NAME="TOC138" HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">D. Indexes</A>
<BR>
<UL>
-<A NAME="TOC140" HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">D.1 Index of Shell Builtin Commands</A>
+<A NAME="TOC139" HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">D.1 Index of Shell Builtin Commands</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC141" HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">D.2 Index of Shell Reserved Words</A>
+<A NAME="TOC140" HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">D.2 Index of Shell Reserved Words</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC142" HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">D.3 Parameter and Variable Index</A>
+<A NAME="TOC141" HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">D.3 Parameter and Variable Index</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC143" HREF="bashref.html#SEC143">D.4 Function Index</A>
+<A NAME="TOC142" HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">D.4 Function Index</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC144" HREF="bashref.html#SEC144">D.5 Concept Index</A>
+<A NAME="TOC143" HREF="bashref.html#SEC143">D.5 Concept Index</A>
<BR>
</UL>
</UL>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H1>Short Table of Contents</H1>
<BR>
<A NAME="TOC134" HREF="bashref.html#SEC134">B. Major Differences From The Bourne Shell</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC136" HREF="bashref.html#SEC136">C. Copying This Manual</A>
+<A NAME="TOC136" HREF="bashref.html#SEC136">C. GNU Free Documentation License</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC139" HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">D. Indexes</A>
+<A NAME="TOC138" HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">D. Indexes</A>
<BR>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H1>About this document</H1>
-This document was generated by <I>Chet Ramey</I> on <I>October, 10 2007</I>
+This document was generated by <I>Chet Ramey</I> on <I>January, 10 2008</I>
using <A HREF="http://www.mathematik.uni-kl.de/~obachman/Texi2html
"><I>texi2html</I></A>
<P></P>
<BR>
<FONT SIZE="-1">
This document was generated
-by <I>Chet Ramey</I> on <I>October, 10 2007</I>
+by <I>Chet Ramey</I> on <I>January, 10 2008</I>
using <A HREF="http://www.mathematik.uni-kl.de/~obachman/Texi2html
"><I>texi2html</I></A>
/Users/chet/src/bash/src/doc/bashref.texi.
This text is a brief description of the features that are present in
-the Bash shell (version 3.2, 14 September 2007).
+the Bash shell (version 3.2, 14 December 2007).
- This is Edition 3.2, last updated 14 September 2007, of `The GNU
-Bash Reference Manual', for `Bash', Version 3.2.
+ This is Edition 3.2, last updated 14 December 2007, of `The GNU Bash
+Reference Manual', for `Bash', Version 3.2.
- Copyright (C) 1988-2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+ Copyright (C) 1988-2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software
Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts
- being "A GNU Manual," and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a)
+ being "A GNU Manual", and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a)
below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
- "GNU Free Documentation License."
+ "GNU Free Documentation License".
- (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: "You have freedom to copy and
- modify this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by
- the Free Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development."
+ (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: "You are free to copy and modify
+ this GNU Manual. Buying copies from GNU Press supports the FSF in
+ developing GNU and promoting software freedom."
INFO-DIR-SECTION Basics
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
*************
This text is a brief description of the features that are present in
-the Bash shell (version 3.2, 14 September 2007).
+the Bash shell (version 3.2, 14 December 2007).
- This is Edition 3.2, last updated 14 September 2007, of `The GNU
-Bash Reference Manual', for `Bash', Version 3.2.
+ This is Edition 3.2, last updated 14 December 2007, of `The GNU Bash
+Reference Manual', for `Bash', Version 3.2.
Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some
features that only appear in Bash. Some of the shells that Bash has
* Bash Features:: Features found only in Bash.
* Job Control:: What job control is and how Bash allows you
to use it.
-* Using History Interactively:: Command History Expansion
* Command Line Editing:: Chapter describing the command line
editing features.
+* Using History Interactively:: Command History Expansion
* Installing Bash:: How to build and install Bash on your system.
* Reporting Bugs:: How to report bugs in Bash.
* Major Differences From The Bourne Shell:: A terse list of the differences
between Bash and historical
versions of /bin/sh.
-* Copying This Manual:: Copying this manual.
+* GNU Free Documentation License:: Copying and sharing this documentation.
* Indexes:: Various indexes for this manual.
\1f
subject to the following conditions. The `ERR' trap is not
executed if the failed command is part of the command list
immediately following an `until' or `while' keyword, part of the
- test in an `if' statement, part of a `&&' or `||' list, or if the
- command's return status is being inverted using `!'. These are
- the same conditions obeyed by the `errexit' option. If a SIGSPEC
- is `RETURN', the command ARG is executed each time a shell
- function or a script executed with the `.' or `source' builtins
- finishes executing.
+ test in an `if' statement, part of a command executed in a `&&' or
+ `||' list, or if the command's return status is being inverted
+ using `!'. These are the same conditions obeyed by the `errexit'
+ option. If a SIGSPEC is `RETURN', the command ARG is executed
+ each time a shell function or a script executed with the `.' or
+ `source' builtins finishes executing.
Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset.
Trapped signals that are not being ignored are reset to their
Commands::) exits with a non-zero status, unless the command
that fails is part of the command list immediately following
a `while' or `until' keyword, part of the test in an `if'
- statement, part of a `&&' or `||' list, any command in a
- pipeline but the last, or if the command's return status is
- being inverted using `!'. Failing simple commands that are
- part of shell functions or command lists enclosed in braces
- or parentheses satisfying the above conditions do not cause
- the shell to exit. A trap on `ERR', if set, is executed
- before the shell exits.
+ statement, part of a command executed in a `&&' or `||b' list,
+ any command in a pipeline but the last, or if the command's
+ return status is being inverted using `!'. Failing simple
+ commands that are part of shell functions or command lists
+ enclosed in braces or parentheses satisfying the above
+ conditions do not cause the shell to exit. A trap on `ERR',
+ if set, is executed before the shell exits.
`-f'
Disable file name generation (globbing).
An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source
files corresponding to each member of FUNCNAME.
`${BASH_LINENO[$i]}' is the line number in the source file where
- `${FUNCNAME[$i]}' was called. The corresponding source file name
- is `${BASH_SOURCE[$i]}'. Use `LINENO' to obtain the current line
- number.
+ `${FUNCNAME[$i]}' was called (or `${BASH_LINENO[$i-1]}' if
+ referenced within another shell function). The corresponding
+ source file name is `${BASH_SOURCE[$i]}'. Use `LINENO' to obtain
+ the current line number.
`BASH_REMATCH'
An array variable whose members are assigned by the `=~' binary
Invoked by remote shell daemon
..............................
-Bash attempts to determine when it is being run by the remote shell
-daemon, usually `rshd'. If Bash determines it is being run by rshd, it
-reads and executes commands from `~/.bashrc', if that file exists and
-is readable. It will not do this if invoked as `sh'. The `--norc'
-option may be used to inhibit this behavior, and the `--rcfile' option
-may be used to force another file to be read, but `rshd' does not
-generally invoke the shell with those options or allow them to be
-specified.
+Bash attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard input
+connected to a a network connection, as if by the remote shell daemon,
+usually `rshd', or the secure shell daemon `sshd'. If Bash determines
+it is being run in this fashion, it reads and executes commands from
+`~/.bashrc', if that file exists and is readable. It will not do this
+if invoked as `sh'. The `--norc' option may be used to inhibit this
+behavior, and the `--rcfile' option may be used to force another file
+to be read, but `rshd' does not generally invoke the shell with those
+options or allow them to be specified.
Invoked with unequal effective and real UID/GIDs
................................................
building (*note Optional Features::).
\1f
-File: bashref.info, Node: Job Control, Next: Using History Interactively, Prev: Bash Features, Up: Top
+File: bashref.info, Node: Job Control, Next: Command Line Editing, Prev: Bash Features, Up: Top
7 Job Control
*************
\1f
-File: bashref.info, Node: Command Line Editing, Next: Installing Bash, Prev: Using History Interactively, Up: Top
+File: bashref.info, Node: Command Line Editing, Next: Using History Interactively, Prev: Job Control, Up: Top
8 Command Line Editing
**********************
\1f
-File: bashref.info, Node: Using History Interactively, Next: Command Line Editing, Prev: Job Control, Up: Top
+File: bashref.info, Node: Using History Interactively, Next: Installing Bash, Prev: Command Line Editing, Up: Top
9 Using History Interactively
*****************************
\1f
-File: bashref.info, Node: Installing Bash, Next: Reporting Bugs, Prev: Command Line Editing, Up: Top
+File: bashref.info, Node: Installing Bash, Next: Reporting Bugs, Prev: Using History Interactively, Up: Top
10 Installing Bash
******************
Please send all reports concerning this manual to <chet@po.CWRU.Edu>.
\1f
-File: bashref.info, Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell, Next: Copying This Manual, Prev: Reporting Bugs, Up: Top
+File: bashref.info, Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell, Next: GNU Free Documentation License, Prev: Reporting Bugs, Up: Top
Appendix B Major Differences From The Bourne Shell
**************************************************
turns on job control).
\1f
-File: bashref.info, Node: Copying This Manual, Next: Indexes, Prev: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell, Up: Top
-
-Appendix C Copying This Manual
-******************************
-
-* Menu:
-
-* GNU Free Documentation License:: License for copying this manual.
-
-\1f
-File: bashref.info, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Up: Copying This Manual
+File: bashref.info, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Next: Indexes, Prev: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell, Up: Top
-C.1 GNU Free Documentation License
-==================================
+Appendix C GNU Free Documentation License
+*****************************************
Version 1.2, November 2002
Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
- 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA
+ 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
a storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the
copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the
legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual
- works permit. When the Document is included an aggregate, this
+ works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this
License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which
are not themselves derivative works of the Document.
you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the
Free Software Foundation.
-C.1.1 ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
-----------------------------------------------------------
+ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
+====================================================
To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
the License in the document and put the following copyright and license
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
- with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
- A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
+ with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
+ Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
Free Documentation License''.
If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover
permit their use in free software.
\1f
-File: bashref.info, Node: Indexes, Prev: Copying This Manual, Up: Top
+File: bashref.info, Node: Indexes, Prev: GNU Free Documentation License, Up: Top
Appendix D Indexes
******************
* BASH_ENV: Bash Variables. (line 46)
* BASH_EXECUTION_STRING: Bash Variables. (line 52)
* BASH_LINENO: Bash Variables. (line 55)
-* BASH_REMATCH: Bash Variables. (line 63)
-* BASH_SOURCE: Bash Variables. (line 71)
-* BASH_SUBSHELL: Bash Variables. (line 75)
-* BASH_VERSINFO: Bash Variables. (line 79)
-* BASH_VERSION: Bash Variables. (line 103)
+* BASH_REMATCH: Bash Variables. (line 64)
+* BASH_SOURCE: Bash Variables. (line 72)
+* BASH_SUBSHELL: Bash Variables. (line 76)
+* BASH_VERSINFO: Bash Variables. (line 80)
+* BASH_VERSION: Bash Variables. (line 104)
* BASHPID: Bash Variables. (line 16)
* bell-style: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 38)
(line 45)
* CDPATH: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 9)
-* COLUMNS: Bash Variables. (line 106)
+* COLUMNS: Bash Variables. (line 107)
* comment-begin: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 50)
-* COMP_CWORD: Bash Variables. (line 111)
-* COMP_KEY: Bash Variables. (line 140)
-* COMP_LINE: Bash Variables. (line 117)
-* COMP_POINT: Bash Variables. (line 122)
-* COMP_TYPE: Bash Variables. (line 130)
-* COMP_WORDBREAKS: Bash Variables. (line 144)
-* COMP_WORDS: Bash Variables. (line 150)
+* COMP_CWORD: Bash Variables. (line 112)
+* COMP_KEY: Bash Variables. (line 141)
+* COMP_LINE: Bash Variables. (line 118)
+* COMP_POINT: Bash Variables. (line 123)
+* COMP_TYPE: Bash Variables. (line 131)
+* COMP_WORDBREAKS: Bash Variables. (line 145)
+* COMP_WORDS: Bash Variables. (line 151)
* completion-query-items: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 60)
-* COMPREPLY: Bash Variables. (line 157)
+* COMPREPLY: Bash Variables. (line 158)
* convert-meta: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 70)
-* DIRSTACK: Bash Variables. (line 162)
+* DIRSTACK: Bash Variables. (line 163)
* disable-completion: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 76)
* editing-mode: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 81)
-* EMACS: Bash Variables. (line 172)
+* EMACS: Bash Variables. (line 173)
* enable-keypad: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 87)
-* EUID: Bash Variables. (line 177)
+* EUID: Bash Variables. (line 178)
* expand-tilde: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 92)
-* FCEDIT: Bash Variables. (line 181)
-* FIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 185)
-* FUNCNAME: Bash Variables. (line 191)
-* GLOBIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 200)
-* GROUPS: Bash Variables. (line 206)
-* histchars: Bash Variables. (line 212)
-* HISTCMD: Bash Variables. (line 227)
-* HISTCONTROL: Bash Variables. (line 232)
-* HISTFILE: Bash Variables. (line 248)
-* HISTFILESIZE: Bash Variables. (line 252)
-* HISTIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 260)
+* FCEDIT: Bash Variables. (line 182)
+* FIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 186)
+* FUNCNAME: Bash Variables. (line 192)
+* GLOBIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 201)
+* GROUPS: Bash Variables. (line 207)
+* histchars: Bash Variables. (line 213)
+* HISTCMD: Bash Variables. (line 228)
+* HISTCONTROL: Bash Variables. (line 233)
+* HISTFILE: Bash Variables. (line 249)
+* HISTFILESIZE: Bash Variables. (line 253)
+* HISTIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 261)
* history-preserve-point: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 96)
-* HISTSIZE: Bash Variables. (line 279)
-* HISTTIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 283)
+* HISTSIZE: Bash Variables. (line 280)
+* HISTTIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 284)
* HOME: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 13)
* horizontal-scroll-mode: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 102)
-* HOSTFILE: Bash Variables. (line 292)
-* HOSTNAME: Bash Variables. (line 303)
-* HOSTTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 306)
+* HOSTFILE: Bash Variables. (line 293)
+* HOSTNAME: Bash Variables. (line 304)
+* HOSTTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 307)
* IFS: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 18)
-* IGNOREEOF: Bash Variables. (line 309)
+* IGNOREEOF: Bash Variables. (line 310)
* input-meta: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 109)
-* INPUTRC: Bash Variables. (line 319)
+* INPUTRC: Bash Variables. (line 320)
* isearch-terminators: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 116)
* keymap: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 123)
-* LANG: Bash Variables. (line 323)
-* LC_ALL: Bash Variables. (line 327)
-* LC_COLLATE: Bash Variables. (line 331)
-* LC_CTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 338)
+* LANG: Bash Variables. (line 324)
+* LC_ALL: Bash Variables. (line 328)
+* LC_COLLATE: Bash Variables. (line 332)
+* LC_CTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 339)
* LC_MESSAGES <1>: Locale Translation. (line 11)
-* LC_MESSAGES: Bash Variables. (line 343)
-* LC_NUMERIC: Bash Variables. (line 347)
-* LINENO: Bash Variables. (line 351)
-* LINES: Bash Variables. (line 355)
-* MACHTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 360)
+* LC_MESSAGES: Bash Variables. (line 344)
+* LC_NUMERIC: Bash Variables. (line 348)
+* LINENO: Bash Variables. (line 352)
+* LINES: Bash Variables. (line 356)
+* MACHTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 361)
* MAIL: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 22)
-* MAILCHECK: Bash Variables. (line 364)
+* MAILCHECK: Bash Variables. (line 365)
* MAILPATH: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 27)
* mark-modified-lines: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 146)
* meta-flag: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 109)
-* OLDPWD: Bash Variables. (line 372)
+* OLDPWD: Bash Variables. (line 373)
* OPTARG: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 34)
-* OPTERR: Bash Variables. (line 375)
+* OPTERR: Bash Variables. (line 376)
* OPTIND: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 38)
-* OSTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 379)
+* OSTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 380)
* output-meta: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 153)
* page-completions: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 158)
* PATH: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 42)
-* PIPESTATUS: Bash Variables. (line 382)
-* POSIXLY_CORRECT: Bash Variables. (line 387)
-* PPID: Bash Variables. (line 396)
-* PROMPT_COMMAND: Bash Variables. (line 400)
+* PIPESTATUS: Bash Variables. (line 383)
+* POSIXLY_CORRECT: Bash Variables. (line 388)
+* PPID: Bash Variables. (line 397)
+* PROMPT_COMMAND: Bash Variables. (line 401)
* PS1: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 48)
* PS2: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 53)
-* PS3: Bash Variables. (line 404)
-* PS4: Bash Variables. (line 409)
-* PWD: Bash Variables. (line 415)
-* RANDOM: Bash Variables. (line 418)
-* REPLY: Bash Variables. (line 423)
-* SECONDS: Bash Variables. (line 426)
-* SHELL: Bash Variables. (line 432)
-* SHELLOPTS: Bash Variables. (line 437)
-* SHLVL: Bash Variables. (line 446)
+* PS3: Bash Variables. (line 405)
+* PS4: Bash Variables. (line 410)
+* PWD: Bash Variables. (line 416)
+* RANDOM: Bash Variables. (line 419)
+* REPLY: Bash Variables. (line 424)
+* SECONDS: Bash Variables. (line 427)
+* SHELL: Bash Variables. (line 433)
+* SHELLOPTS: Bash Variables. (line 438)
+* SHLVL: Bash Variables. (line 447)
* show-all-if-ambiguous: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 168)
* show-all-if-unmodified: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 174)
* TEXTDOMAIN: Locale Translation. (line 11)
* TEXTDOMAINDIR: Locale Translation. (line 11)
-* TIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 451)
-* TMOUT: Bash Variables. (line 489)
-* TMPDIR: Bash Variables. (line 501)
-* UID: Bash Variables. (line 505)
+* TIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 452)
+* TMOUT: Bash Variables. (line 490)
+* TMPDIR: Bash Variables. (line 502)
+* UID: Bash Variables. (line 506)
* visible-stats: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 183)
* expressions, arithmetic: Shell Arithmetic. (line 6)
* expressions, conditional: Bash Conditional Expressions.
(line 6)
-* FDL, GNU Free Documentation License: GNU Free Documentation License.
- (line 6)
* field: Definitions. (line 29)
* filename: Definitions. (line 34)
* filename expansion: Filename Expansion. (line 9)
* interactive shell: Invoking Bash. (line 127)
* internationalization: Locale Translation. (line 6)
* job: Definitions. (line 37)
-* job control <1>: Definitions. (line 41)
-* job control: Job Control Basics. (line 6)
+* job control <1>: Job Control Basics. (line 6)
+* job control: Definitions. (line 41)
* kill ring: Readline Killing Commands.
(line 19)
* killing text: Readline Killing Commands.
* shell, interactive: Interactive Shells. (line 6)
* signal: Definitions. (line 76)
* signal handling: Signals. (line 6)
-* special builtin <1>: Definitions. (line 80)
-* special builtin: Special Builtins. (line 6)
+* special builtin <1>: Special Builtins. (line 6)
+* special builtin: Definitions. (line 80)
* startup files: Bash Startup Files. (line 6)
* suspending jobs: Job Control Basics. (line 6)
* tilde expansion: Tilde Expansion. (line 6)
\1f
Tag Table:
-Node: Top\7f1359
-Node: Introduction\7f3171
-Node: What is Bash?\7f3399
-Node: What is a shell?\7f4512
-Node: Definitions\7f7052
-Node: Basic Shell Features\7f9821
-Node: Shell Syntax\7f11040
-Node: Shell Operation\7f12070
-Node: Quoting\7f13364
-Node: Escape Character\7f14667
-Node: Single Quotes\7f15152
-Node: Double Quotes\7f15500
-Node: ANSI-C Quoting\7f16625
-Node: Locale Translation\7f17581
-Node: Comments\7f18477
-Node: Shell Commands\7f19095
-Node: Simple Commands\7f19861
-Node: Pipelines\7f20492
-Node: Lists\7f22367
-Node: Compound Commands\7f23998
-Node: Looping Constructs\7f24782
-Node: Conditional Constructs\7f27229
-Node: Command Grouping\7f34789
-Node: Shell Functions\7f36268
-Node: Shell Parameters\7f40729
-Node: Positional Parameters\7f43059
-Node: Special Parameters\7f43959
-Node: Shell Expansions\7f46923
-Node: Brace Expansion\7f48848
-Node: Tilde Expansion\7f51174
-Node: Shell Parameter Expansion\7f53525
-Node: Command Substitution\7f61225
-Node: Arithmetic Expansion\7f62558
-Node: Process Substitution\7f63408
-Node: Word Splitting\7f64458
-Node: Filename Expansion\7f66081
-Node: Pattern Matching\7f68221
-Node: Quote Removal\7f71539
-Node: Redirections\7f71834
-Node: Executing Commands\7f79564
-Node: Simple Command Expansion\7f80234
-Node: Command Search and Execution\7f82164
-Node: Command Execution Environment\7f84170
-Node: Environment\7f86969
-Node: Exit Status\7f88629
-Node: Signals\7f89833
-Node: Shell Scripts\7f91801
-Node: Shell Builtin Commands\7f94319
-Node: Bourne Shell Builtins\7f95996
-Node: Bash Builtins\7f113204
-Node: Modifying Shell Behavior\7f133336
-Node: The Set Builtin\7f133681
-Node: The Shopt Builtin\7f142506
-Node: Special Builtins\7f152736
-Node: Shell Variables\7f153715
-Node: Bourne Shell Variables\7f154155
-Node: Bash Variables\7f156136
-Node: Bash Features\7f177431
-Node: Invoking Bash\7f178314
-Node: Bash Startup Files\7f184123
-Node: Interactive Shells\7f188982
-Node: What is an Interactive Shell?\7f189392
-Node: Is this Shell Interactive?\7f190041
-Node: Interactive Shell Behavior\7f190856
-Node: Bash Conditional Expressions\7f194136
-Node: Shell Arithmetic\7f197715
-Node: Aliases\7f200461
-Node: Arrays\7f203033
-Node: The Directory Stack\7f206382
-Node: Directory Stack Builtins\7f207096
-Node: Printing a Prompt\7f209988
-Node: The Restricted Shell\7f212702
-Node: Bash POSIX Mode\7f214534
-Node: Job Control\7f222293
-Node: Job Control Basics\7f222760
-Node: Job Control Builtins\7f227269
-Node: Job Control Variables\7f231596
-Node: Command Line Editing\7f232754
-Node: Introduction and Notation\7f233753
-Node: Readline Interaction\7f235375
-Node: Readline Bare Essentials\7f236566
-Node: Readline Movement Commands\7f238355
-Node: Readline Killing Commands\7f239320
-Node: Readline Arguments\7f241240
-Node: Searching\7f242284
-Node: Readline Init File\7f244470
-Node: Readline Init File Syntax\7f245617
-Node: Conditional Init Constructs\7f257992
-Node: Sample Init File\7f260525
-Node: Bindable Readline Commands\7f263642
-Node: Commands For Moving\7f264849
-Node: Commands For History\7f265710
-Node: Commands For Text\7f268865
-Node: Commands For Killing\7f271538
-Node: Numeric Arguments\7f273680
-Node: Commands For Completion\7f274819
-Node: Keyboard Macros\7f278412
-Node: Miscellaneous Commands\7f278983
-Node: Readline vi Mode\7f284294
-Node: Programmable Completion\7f285208
-Node: Programmable Completion Builtins\7f291026
-Node: Using History Interactively\7f298622
-Node: Bash History Facilities\7f299302
-Node: Bash History Builtins\7f302216
-Node: History Interaction\7f306073
-Node: Event Designators\7f308778
-Node: Word Designators\7f309793
-Node: Modifiers\7f311432
-Node: Installing Bash\7f312836
-Node: Basic Installation\7f313966
-Node: Compilers and Options\7f316658
-Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures\7f317399
-Node: Installation Names\7f319063
-Node: Specifying the System Type\7f319881
-Node: Sharing Defaults\7f320597
-Node: Operation Controls\7f321270
-Node: Optional Features\7f322228
-Node: Reporting Bugs\7f331159
-Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell\7f332353
-Node: Copying This Manual\7f349022
-Node: GNU Free Documentation License\7f349292
-Node: Indexes\7f371698
-Node: Builtin Index\7f372141
-Node: Reserved Word Index\7f378674
-Node: Variable Index\7f381122
-Node: Function Index\7f392286
-Node: Concept Index\7f399018
+Node: Top\7f1348
+Node: Introduction\7f3187
+Node: What is Bash?\7f3415
+Node: What is a shell?\7f4528
+Node: Definitions\7f7068
+Node: Basic Shell Features\7f9837
+Node: Shell Syntax\7f11056
+Node: Shell Operation\7f12086
+Node: Quoting\7f13380
+Node: Escape Character\7f14683
+Node: Single Quotes\7f15168
+Node: Double Quotes\7f15516
+Node: ANSI-C Quoting\7f16641
+Node: Locale Translation\7f17597
+Node: Comments\7f18493
+Node: Shell Commands\7f19111
+Node: Simple Commands\7f19877
+Node: Pipelines\7f20508
+Node: Lists\7f22383
+Node: Compound Commands\7f24014
+Node: Looping Constructs\7f24798
+Node: Conditional Constructs\7f27245
+Node: Command Grouping\7f34805
+Node: Shell Functions\7f36284
+Node: Shell Parameters\7f40745
+Node: Positional Parameters\7f43075
+Node: Special Parameters\7f43975
+Node: Shell Expansions\7f46939
+Node: Brace Expansion\7f48864
+Node: Tilde Expansion\7f51190
+Node: Shell Parameter Expansion\7f53541
+Node: Command Substitution\7f61241
+Node: Arithmetic Expansion\7f62574
+Node: Process Substitution\7f63424
+Node: Word Splitting\7f64474
+Node: Filename Expansion\7f66097
+Node: Pattern Matching\7f68237
+Node: Quote Removal\7f71555
+Node: Redirections\7f71850
+Node: Executing Commands\7f79580
+Node: Simple Command Expansion\7f80250
+Node: Command Search and Execution\7f82180
+Node: Command Execution Environment\7f84186
+Node: Environment\7f86985
+Node: Exit Status\7f88645
+Node: Signals\7f89849
+Node: Shell Scripts\7f91817
+Node: Shell Builtin Commands\7f94335
+Node: Bourne Shell Builtins\7f96012
+Node: Bash Builtins\7f113242
+Node: Modifying Shell Behavior\7f133374
+Node: The Set Builtin\7f133719
+Node: The Shopt Builtin\7f142567
+Node: Special Builtins\7f152797
+Node: Shell Variables\7f153776
+Node: Bourne Shell Variables\7f154216
+Node: Bash Variables\7f156197
+Node: Bash Features\7f177569
+Node: Invoking Bash\7f178452
+Node: Bash Startup Files\7f184261
+Node: Interactive Shells\7f189230
+Node: What is an Interactive Shell?\7f189640
+Node: Is this Shell Interactive?\7f190289
+Node: Interactive Shell Behavior\7f191104
+Node: Bash Conditional Expressions\7f194384
+Node: Shell Arithmetic\7f197963
+Node: Aliases\7f200709
+Node: Arrays\7f203281
+Node: The Directory Stack\7f206630
+Node: Directory Stack Builtins\7f207344
+Node: Printing a Prompt\7f210236
+Node: The Restricted Shell\7f212950
+Node: Bash POSIX Mode\7f214782
+Node: Job Control\7f222541
+Node: Job Control Basics\7f223001
+Node: Job Control Builtins\7f227510
+Node: Job Control Variables\7f231837
+Node: Command Line Editing\7f232995
+Node: Introduction and Notation\7f233990
+Node: Readline Interaction\7f235612
+Node: Readline Bare Essentials\7f236803
+Node: Readline Movement Commands\7f238592
+Node: Readline Killing Commands\7f239557
+Node: Readline Arguments\7f241477
+Node: Searching\7f242521
+Node: Readline Init File\7f244707
+Node: Readline Init File Syntax\7f245854
+Node: Conditional Init Constructs\7f258229
+Node: Sample Init File\7f260762
+Node: Bindable Readline Commands\7f263879
+Node: Commands For Moving\7f265086
+Node: Commands For History\7f265947
+Node: Commands For Text\7f269102
+Node: Commands For Killing\7f271775
+Node: Numeric Arguments\7f273917
+Node: Commands For Completion\7f275056
+Node: Keyboard Macros\7f278649
+Node: Miscellaneous Commands\7f279220
+Node: Readline vi Mode\7f284531
+Node: Programmable Completion\7f285445
+Node: Programmable Completion Builtins\7f291263
+Node: Using History Interactively\7f298859
+Node: Bash History Facilities\7f299543
+Node: Bash History Builtins\7f302457
+Node: History Interaction\7f306314
+Node: Event Designators\7f309019
+Node: Word Designators\7f310034
+Node: Modifiers\7f311673
+Node: Installing Bash\7f313077
+Node: Basic Installation\7f314214
+Node: Compilers and Options\7f316906
+Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures\7f317647
+Node: Installation Names\7f319311
+Node: Specifying the System Type\7f320129
+Node: Sharing Defaults\7f320845
+Node: Operation Controls\7f321518
+Node: Optional Features\7f322476
+Node: Reporting Bugs\7f331407
+Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell\7f332601
+Node: GNU Free Documentation License\7f349281
+Node: Indexes\7f371742
+Node: Builtin Index\7f372196
+Node: Reserved Word Index\7f378729
+Node: Variable Index\7f381177
+Node: Function Index\7f392341
+Node: Concept Index\7f399073
\1f
End Tag Table
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**/Users/chet/src/bash/src/doc/bashref.texi
(/Users/chet/src/bash/src/doc/bashref.texi (./texinfo.tex
Loading texinfo [version 2003-02-03.16]: Basics,
[11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25]
[26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] Chapter 4 [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38]
[39] [40] [41]
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+Underfull \hbox (badness 5231) in paragraph at lines 3127--3140
@texttt emacs-meta[]@textrm , @texttt emacs-ctlx[]@textrm , @texttt vi[]@textr
m , @texttt vi-move[]@textrm , @texttt vi-command[]@textrm , and
.etc.
[42] [43] [44] [45]
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+Overfull \hbox (43.33536pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 3470--3470
[]@texttt read [-ers] [-a @textttsl aname@texttt ] [-d @textttsl de-lim@texttt
] [-n @textttsl nchars@texttt ] [-p @textttsl prompt@texttt ] [-t @textttsl ti
me-
.etc.
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+Underfull \hbox (badness 2573) in paragraph at lines 4097--4101
[] []@textrm Error trac-ing is en-abled: com-mand sub-sti-tu-tion, shell
@hbox(7.60416+2.12917)x433.62, glue set 2.95305
[54] [55] [56] Chapter 5 [57] [58] [59] [60] [61] [62] [63] [64] [65] [66]
Chapter 6 [67] [68]
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+Overfull \hbox (51.96864pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 4914--4914
[]@texttt bash [long-opt] [-ir] [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o @textttsl op-tion@t
exttt ] [-O @textttsl shopt_option@texttt ] [@textttsl ar-
.etc.
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[]@texttt bash [long-opt] [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o @textttsl op-tion@texttt
] [-O @textttsl shopt_option@texttt ] -c @textttsl string @texttt [@textttsl ar
-
.etc.
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[]@texttt bash [long-opt] -s [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o @textttsl op-tion@text
tt ] [-O @textttsl shopt_option@texttt ] [@textttsl ar-
.etc.
[69] [70]
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[]@textrm When a lo-gin shell ex-its, Bash reads and ex-e-cutes com-mands from
the file
.etc.
[71] [72] [73] [74] [75] [76] [77] [78] [79] [80] [81] [82] [83] [84]
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@textrm `@texttt --enable-strict-posix-default[]@textrm '[] to @texttt configur
e[] @textrm when build-ing (see Sec-tion 10.8
Chapter 7 [85] [86] [87] [88] [89]
(/Users/chet/src/bash/src/lib/readline/doc/rluser.texi Chapter 8 [90] [91]
[92] [93] [94] [95]
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@texttt emacs-meta[]@textrm , @texttt emacs-ctlx[]@textrm , @texttt vi[]@textr
m , @texttt vi-move[]@textrm , @texttt vi-command[]@textrm , and
.etc.
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[]@texttt Meta-Control-h: backward-kill-word Text after the function name is i
gnored[]
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[]@texttt complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o @textttsl comp-option@texttt ] [-A @tex
tttsl ac-tion@texttt ] [-G @textttsl glob-
.etc.
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@texttt hostname[]@textrm Hostnames, as taken from the file spec-i-fied by
@hbox(7.60416+2.12917)x433.62, glue set 3.02202
[115]) (/Users/chet/src/bash/src/lib/readline/doc/hsuser.texi Chapter 9
[116] [117] [118] [119] [120]) Chapter 10 [121] [122] [123] [124] [125]
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+Underfull \hbox (badness 2772) in paragraph at lines 6802--6806
[]@textrm Enable sup-port for large files (@texttt http://www.sas.com/standard
s/large_
[148] (./bashref.rws) (./bashref.vrs [149] [150]) (./bashref.fns [151])
[152] (./bashref.cps [153]) [154] )
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+h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)37 b Fb(123)2025
+3258 y(in)n(teraction,)26 b(readline)9 b Fc(.)14 b(.)e(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f
(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)
-f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)48
-b Fb(3)2025 3932 y(job)26 b(con)n(trol)12 b Fc(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h
+f(.)g(.)35 b Fb(91)2025 3348 y(in)n(teractiv)n(e)26 b(shell)20
+b Fc(.)12 b(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f
+(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)45 b Fb(71,)27
+b(73)2025 3438 y(in)n(ternationalization)21 b Fc(.)12
+b(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g
+(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)45 b Fb(7)2025 3688
+y Fr(J)2025 3811 y Fb(job)22 b Fc(.)12 b(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)
+h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g
+(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)48
+b Fb(3)2025 3901 y(job)26 b(con)n(trol)12 b Fc(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h
(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)
h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)38 b Fb(3,)26 b(87)2025
-4192 y Fr(K)2025 4312 y Fb(kill)g(ring)14 b Fc(.)f(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g
+4168 y Fr(K)2025 4290 y Fb(kill)g(ring)14 b Fc(.)f(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g
(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)
g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)40
-b Fb(93)2025 4401 y(killing)26 b(text)16 b Fc(.)c(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f
+b Fb(93)2025 4381 y(killing)26 b(text)16 b Fc(.)c(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f
(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)
f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)42 b Fb(93)2025
-4661 y Fr(L)2025 4781 y Fb(lo)r(calization)10 b Fc(.)15
+4647 y Fr(L)2025 4770 y Fb(lo)r(calization)10 b Fc(.)15
b(.)d(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g
(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)36
-b Fb(7)2025 4871 y(login)26 b(shell)13 b Fc(.)h(.)e(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h
+b Fb(7)2025 4860 y(login)26 b(shell)13 b Fc(.)h(.)e(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h
(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)
g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)39 b Fb(71)2025
-5131 y Fr(M)2025 5251 y Fb(matc)n(hing,)26 b(pattern)7
+5127 y Fr(M)2025 5250 y Fb(matc)n(hing,)26 b(pattern)7
b Fc(.)12 b(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h
(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)33 b Fb(24)2025
5340 y(metac)n(haracter)17 b Fc(.)d(.)e(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h
\appendixentry{Reporting Bugs}{A}{131}
\appendixentry{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell}{B}{133}
\secentry{Implementation Differences From The SVR4.2 Shell}{B}{1}{137}
-\appendixentry{Copying This Manual}{C}{139}
-\secentry{GNU Free Documentation License}{C}{1}{139}
-\subsecentry{ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents}{C}{1}{1}{145}
+\appendixentry{GNU Free Documentation License}{C}{139}
\appendixentry{Indexes}{D}{147}
\secentry{Index of Shell Builtin Commands}{D}{1}{147}
\secentry{Index of Shell Reserved Words}{D}{2}{149}
above) exits with a non-zero status. The shell does not
exit if the command that fails is part of the command
list immediately following a w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl keyword,
- part of the test in an i\bif\bf statement, part of a &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b|
- list, any command in a pipeline but the last, or if the
- command's return value is being inverted via !\b!. Failing
- simple commands that are part of shell functions or com-
- mand lists enclosed in braces or parentheses satisfying
- the above conditions do not cause the shell to exit. A
- trap on E\bER\bRR\bR, if set, is executed before the shell exits.
+ part of the test in an i\bif\bf statement, part of a command
+ executed in a &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b| list, any command in a pipeline
+ but the last, or if the command's return value is being
+ inverted via !\b!. Failing simple commands that are part
+ of shell functions or command lists enclosed in braces
+ or parentheses satisfying the above conditions do not
+ cause the shell to exit. A trap on E\bER\bRR\bR, if set, is exe-
+ cuted before the shell exits.
-\b-f\bf Disable pathname expansion.
-\b-h\bh Remember the location of commands as they are looked up
for execution. This is enabled by default.
non-zero exit status, subject to the following conditions. The
E\bER\bRR\bR trap is not executed if the failed command is part of the
command list immediately following a w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl keyword,
- part of the test in an _\bi_\bf statement, part of a &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b| list, or
- if the command's return value is being inverted via !\b!. These
- are the same conditions obeyed by the e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt option. If a
- _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN, the command _\ba_\br_\bg is executed each time a shell
- function or a script executed with the .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins fin-
- ishes executing. Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot
- be trapped or reset. Trapped signals that are not being ignored
- are reset to their original values in a child process when it is
- created. The return status is false if any _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is invalid;
- otherwise t\btr\bra\bap\bp returns true.
+ part of the test in an _\bi_\bf statement, part of a command executed
+ in a &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b| list, or if the command's return value is being
+ inverted via !\b!. These are the same conditions obeyed by the
+ e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt option. If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN, the command _\ba_\br_\bg is exe-
+ cuted each time a shell function or a script executed with the .\b.
+ or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins finishes executing. Signals ignored upon
+ entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset. Trapped signals
+ that are not being ignored are reset to their original values in
+ a child process when it is created. The return status is false
+ if any _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is invalid; otherwise t\btr\bra\bap\bp returns true.
t\bty\byp\bpe\be [-\b-a\baf\bft\btp\bpP\bP] _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
With no options, indicate how each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be would be interpreted if
%!PS-Adobe-3.0
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+%%CreationDate: Thu Jan 10 17:41:19 2008
%%DocumentNeededResources: font Times-Roman
%%+ font Times-Bold
%%+ font Times-Italic
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(ord, part of the test in an)-.1 F F1(if)3.219 E F0(statement,)3.219 E
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-(ommand in a pipeline b)-3.664 F 1.164(ut the last, or if the command')
--.2 F(s)-.55 E .152(return v)184 304.8 R .152(alue is being in)-.25 F
--.15(ve)-.4 G .152(rted via).15 F F1(!)2.652 E F0 5.152(.F)C .152
-(ailing simple commands that are part of shell func-)-5.302 F .251(tion\
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-184 316.8 R .55 -.15(ve c)-.15 H(onditions).15 E
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(guments in the form of assignment statements are placed in the en)-.18
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--.15(xe)-.15 G .653(cute them.).15 F .652
-(This may be used to check a shell script for)5.653 F(syntax errors.)184
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+(separate process group and a line containing their e)184 436.8 R .641
+(xit status is printed upon their com-)-.15 F(pletion.)184 448.8 Q F1
+<ad6e>144 460.8 Q F0 .652(Read commands b)28.74 F .652(ut do not e)-.2 F
+-.15(xe)-.15 G .652(cute them.).15 F .653
+(This may be used to check a shell script for)5.652 F(syntax errors.)184
+472.8 Q(This is ignored by interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15
+E F1<ad6f>144 484.8 Q F2(option\255name)2.5 E F0(The)184 496.8 Q F2
(option\255name)2.5 E F0(can be one of the follo)2.5 E(wing:)-.25 E F1
-(allexport)184
496.8 Q F0(Same as)224 508.8 Q F1<ad61>2.5 E F0(.)A F1
-(braceexpand)184 5
20.8 Q F0(Same as)224 532.8 Q F1<ad42>2.5 E F0(.)A F1
-(emacs)184 544.8 Q F0 .089
+(allexport)184
508.8 Q F0(Same as)224 520.8 Q F1<ad61>2.5 E F0(.)A F1
+(braceexpand)184 5
32.8 Q F0(Same as)224 544.8 Q F1<ad42>2.5 E F0(.)A F1
+(emacs)184 556.8 Q F0 .089
(Use an emacs-style command line editing interf)13.9 F 2.589(ace. This)
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-(when the shell is interacti)224 556.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.45(,u).15 G
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.95(nless the shell is started with the)-3.45 F F1(\255\255noediting)
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-F1<ad45>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(functrace)184 592.8 Q F0(Same as)224 604.8 Q F1
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-<ad65>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(hashall)184 6
28.8 Q F0(Same as)9.43 E F1<ad68>2.5
-E F0(.)A F1(histexpand)184 6
40.8 Q F0(Same as)224 652.8 Q F1<ad48>2.5 E
-F0(.)A F1(history)184 664.8 Q F0 .586(Enable command history)10 F 3.087
+3.45 E F0(option.)224 580.8 Q F1(errtrace)184 592.8 Q F0(Same as)5.03 E
+F1<ad45>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(functrace)184 604.8 Q F0(Same as)224 616.8 Q F1
+<ad54>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(err)184 628.8 Q(exit)-.18 E F0(Same as)11.31 E F1
+<ad65>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(hashall)184 6
40.8 Q F0(Same as)9.43 E F1<ad68>2.5
+E F0(.)A F1(histexpand)184 6
52.8 Q F0(Same as)224 664.8 Q F1<ad48>2.5 E
+F0(.)A F1(history)184 676.8 Q F0 .587(Enable command history)10 F 3.087
(,a)-.65 G 3.087(sd)-3.087 G .587(escribed abo)-3.087 F .887 -.15(ve u)
-.15 H(nder).15 E F3(HIST)3.087 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E/F5 9
-/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .587(This option is)5.087 F(on by def)224 676.8
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Q(ault in interacti)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F1(ignor)184
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(fect is as if the shell command)-.25 F/F6 10/Courier@0 SF(IGNOREEOF=10)
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EP
%%Page: 13 13
2.5 E F0(.)A F1(nounset)184 180 Q F0(Same as)6.66 E F1<ad75>2.5 E F0(.)A
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Q(ysical)-.15 E F0(Same as)5.14 E F1<ad50>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(pipefail)184
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1.136
(xit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands in the pipeline)
-.15 F -.15(ex)224 240 S(it successfully).15 E 5(.T)-.65 G
(his option is disabled by def)-5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(posix)184 252 Q F0
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(fers from the)-.25 F(POSIX standard to match the standard \()224 264 Q
/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(posix mode)A F0(\).)A F1(pri)184 276 Q(vileged)
(rbose).1 E F0(Same as)7.33 E F1<ad76>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(vi)184 312 Q F0
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(xtrace)184 324 Q F0(Same as)13.35 E F1<ad78>2.5 E F0(.)A(If)184 342 Q
-F1<ad6f>3.053 E F0 .553(is supplied with no)3.053 F F2(option\255name)
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(riable, if it appears in the en).25 F .019(vironment, is ignored.)-.4 F
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(ser \(group\) id not equal to the real user \(group\) id, and the).15 F
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+F1<ad70>3.359 E F0 .858(option is not sup-)3.359 F .293
(plied, these actions are tak)184 426 R .293(en and the ef)-.1 F(fecti)
-.25 E .593 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .293(ser id is set to the real user id.).15
-F .293(If the)5.293 F F1<ad70>2.793 E F0 1.195
+F .294(If the)5.294 F F1<ad70>2.794 E F0 1.196
(option is supplied at startup, the ef)184 438 R(fecti)-.25 E 1.495 -.15
-(ve u)-.25 H 1.195(ser id is not reset.).15 F -.45(Tu)6.196 G 1.196
+(ve u)-.25 H 1.195(ser id is not reset.).15 F -.45(Tu)6.195 G 1.195
(rning this option of).45 F(f)-.25 E(causes the ef)184 450 Q(fecti)-.25
E .3 -.15(ve u)-.25 H
(ser and group ids to be set to the real user and group ids.).15 E F1
<ad74>144 462 Q F0(Exit after reading and e)30.97 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
-(cuting one command.).15 E F1<ad75>144 474 Q F0 -.35(Tr)28.74 G .445
+(cuting one command.).15 E F1<ad75>144 474 Q F0 -.35(Tr)28.74 G .444
(eat unset v).35 F .444
(ariables as an error when performing parameter e)-.25 F 2.944
-(xpansion. If)-.15 F -.15(ex)2.944 G .444(pansion is).15 F .519
+(xpansion. If)-.15 F -.15(ex)2.945 G .445(pansion is).15 F .52
(attempted on an unset v)184 486 R .519
(ariable, the shell prints an error message, and, if not interacti)-.25
F -.15(ve)-.25 G(,).15 E -.15(ex)184 498 S(its with a non-zero status.)
-.15 G(re read.)-2.5 E F1<ad78>144 522 Q F0 .315(After e)29.3 F .315
(xpanding each)-.15 F F2 .315(simple command)2.815 F F0(,)A F1 -.25(fo)
2.815 G(r).25 E F0(command,)2.815 E F1(case)2.815 E F0(command,)2.815 E
-F1(select)2.815 E F0(command,)2.815 E 1.235(or arithmetic)184 534 R F1
+F1(select)2.815 E F0(command,)2.815 E 1.236(or arithmetic)184 534 R F1
-.25(fo)3.736 G(r).25 E F0 1.236(command, display the e)3.736 F 1.236
(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.236(alue of)-.25 F F3(PS4)3.736 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0
SF(,)A F0(follo)3.486 E 1.236(wed by the com-)-.25 F(mand and its e)184
546 Q(xpanded ar)-.15 E(guments or associated w)-.18 E(ord list.)-.1 E
-F1<ad42>144 558 Q F0 2.579(The shell performs brace e)27.63 F 2.578
+F1<ad42>144 558 Q F0 2.578(The shell performs brace e)27.63 F 2.578
(xpansion \(see)-.15 F F1 2.578(Brace Expansion)5.078 F F0(abo)5.078 E
--.15(ve)-.15 G 5.078(\). This).15 F 2.578(is on by)5.078 F(def)184 570 Q
-(ault.)-.1 E F1<ad43>144 582 Q F0 .213(If set,)27.08 F F1(bash)2.713 E
-F0 .213(does not o)2.713 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .214(rwrite an e).15 F .214
+-.15(ve)-.15 G 5.079(\). This).15 F 2.579(is on by)5.079 F(def)184 570 Q
+(ault.)-.1 E F1<ad43>144 582 Q F0 .214(If set,)27.08 F F1(bash)2.714 E
+F0 .214(does not o)2.714 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .214(rwrite an e).15 F .214
(xisting \214le with the)-.15 F F1(>)2.714 E F0(,)A F1(>&)2.714 E F0
-2.714(,a)C(nd)-2.714 E F1(<>)2.714 E F0 .214(redirection opera-)2.714 F
-3.054(tors. This)184 594 R .553(may be o)3.053 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .553
+2.713(,a)C(nd)-2.713 E F1(<>)2.713 E F0 .213(redirection opera-)2.713 F
+3.053(tors. This)184 594 R .553(may be o)3.053 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .553
(rridden when creating output \214les by using the redirection opera-)
.15 F(tor)184 606 Q F1(>|)2.5 E F0(instead of)2.5 E F1(>)2.5 E F0(.)A F1
-<ad45>144 618 Q F0 .103(If set, an)27.63 F 2.603(yt)-.15 G .103(rap on)
--2.603 F F1(ERR)2.603 E F0 .104
-(is inherited by shell functions, command substitutions, and com-)2.603
-F .839(mands e)184 630 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .839(cuted in a subshell en).15
-F 3.339(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(ERR)3.338 E F0 .838
-(trap is normally not inherited in)3.338 F(such cases.)184 642 Q F1
-<ad48>144 654 Q F0(Enable)26.52 E F1(!)3.031 E F0 .531
-(style history substitution.)5.531 F .531(This option is on by def)5.531
-F .532(ault when the shell is inter)-.1 F(-)-.2 E(acti)184 666 Q -.15
-(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1<ad50>144 678 Q F0 1.165
+<ad45>144 618 Q F0 .104(If set, an)27.63 F 2.604(yt)-.15 G .104(rap on)
+-2.604 F F1(ERR)2.604 E F0 .103
+(is inherited by shell functions, command substitutions, and com-)2.604
+F .838(mands e)184 630 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .838(cuted in a subshell en).15
+F 3.338(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(ERR)3.338 E F0 .839
+(trap is normally not inherited in)3.339 F(such cases.)184 642 Q F1
+<ad48>144 654 Q F0(Enable)26.52 E F1(!)3.032 E F0 .532
+(style history substitution.)5.532 F .531(This option is on by def)5.532
+F .531(ault when the shell is inter)-.1 F(-)-.2 E(acti)184 666 Q -.15
+(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1<ad50>144 678 Q F0 1.164
(If set, the shell does not follo)28.19 F 3.664(ws)-.25 G 1.164
-(ymbolic links when e)-3.664 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.164
-(cuting commands such as).15 F F1(cd)3.664 E F0 2.821
+(ymbolic links when e)-3.664 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.165
+(cuting commands such as).15 F F1(cd)3.665 E F0 2.822
(that change the current w)184 690 R 2.822(orking directory)-.1 F 7.822
-(.I)-.65 G 5.322(tu)-7.822 G 2.822(ses the ph)-5.322 F 2.822
-(ysical directory structure)-.05 F 2.686(instead. By)184 702 R(def)2.686
+(.I)-.65 G 5.322(tu)-7.822 G 2.822(ses the ph)-5.322 F 2.821
+(ysical directory structure)-.05 F 2.685(instead. By)184 702 R(def)2.685
E(ault,)-.1 E F1(bash)2.686 E F0(follo)2.686 E .186
(ws the logical chain of directories when performing com-)-.25 F
(mands which change the current directory)184 714 Q(.)-.65 E
(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 4.432(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(DEB)4.432 E
(UG)-.1 E F0(and)4.432 E F1(RETURN)184 108 Q F0
(traps are normally not inherited in such cases.)2.5 E F1<adad>144 120 Q
-F0 .4(If no ar)28.6 F .401(guments follo)-.18 F 2.901(wt)-.25 G .401
+F0 .401(If no ar)28.6 F .401(guments follo)-.18 F 2.901(wt)-.25 G .401
(his option, then the positional parameters are unset.)-2.901 F
-(Otherwise,)5.401 E(the positional parameters are set to the)184 132 Q
-/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(s, e)A -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
-(ni).15 G 2.5(fs)-2.5 G(ome of them be)-2.5 E(gin with a)-.15 E F1<ad>
-2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad>144 144 Q F0 1.945
+(Otherwise,)5.4 E(the positional parameters are set to the)184 132 Q/F2
+10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(s, e)A -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni)
+.15 G 2.5(fs)-2.5 G(ome of them be)-2.5 E(gin with a)-.15 E F1<ad>2.5 E
+F0(.)A F1<ad>144 144 Q F0 1.944
(Signal the end of options, cause all remaining)34.3 F F2(ar)4.444 E(g)
--.37 E F0 4.444(st)C 4.444(ob)-4.444 G 4.444(ea)-4.444 G 1.944
-(ssigned to the positional)-4.444 F 3.445(parameters. The)184 156 R F1
-<ad78>3.445 E F0(and)3.445 E F1<ad76>3.445 E F0 .945
-(options are turned of)3.445 F 3.445(f. If)-.25 F .946(there are no)
-3.445 F F2(ar)3.446 E(g)-.37 E F0 .946(s, the positional)B
+-.37 E F0 4.444(st)C 4.444(ob)-4.444 G 4.445(ea)-4.444 G 1.945
+(ssigned to the positional)-4.445 F 3.446(parameters. The)184 156 R F1
+<ad78>3.446 E F0(and)3.446 E F1<ad76>3.446 E F0 .945
+(options are turned of)3.446 F 3.445(f. If)-.25 F .945(there are no)
+3.445 F F2(ar)3.445 E(g)-.37 E F0 .945(s, the positional)B
(parameters remain unchanged.)184 168 Q .425(The options are of)144
184.8 R 2.925(fb)-.25 G 2.925(yd)-2.925 G(ef)-2.925 E .425
(ault unless otherwise noted.)-.1 F .425
-(Using + rather than \255 causes these options)5.425 F .177
-(to be turned of)144 196.8 R 2.677(f. The)-.25 F .178
+(Using + rather than \255 causes these options)5.425 F .178
+(to be turned of)144 196.8 R 2.678(f. The)-.25 F .178
(options can also be speci\214ed as ar)2.678 F .178(guments to an in)
--.18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .178(cation of the shell.).2 F(The)5.178 E .066
+-.18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .177(cation of the shell.).2 F(The)5.177 E .066
(current set of options may be found in)144 208.8 R F1<24ad>2.566 E F0
5.066(.T)C .066(he return status is al)-5.066 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .066
-(ys true unless an in).1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .066(lid option).25 F
+(ys true unless an in).1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .067(lid option).25 F
(is encountered.)144 220.8 Q F1(shift)108 237.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0
-(])A .428(The positional parameters from)144 249.6 R F2(n)2.928 E F0
-.429(+1 ... are renamed to)B F1 .429($1 ....)2.929 F F0 -.15(Pa)5.429 G
-.429(rameters represented by the num-).15 F(bers)144 261.6 Q F1($#)2.583
-E F0(do)2.583 E .083(wn to)-.25 F F1($#)2.583 E F0<ad>A F2(n)A F0 .083
-(+1 are unset.)B F2(n)5.443 E F0 .083(must be a non-ne)2.823 F -.05(ga)
--.15 G(ti).05 E .382 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .082(umber less than or equal to)
-.15 F F1($#)2.582 E F0 5.082(.I)C(f)-5.082 E F2(n)2.942 E F0 .06
+(])A .429(The positional parameters from)144 249.6 R F2(n)2.929 E F0
+.429(+1 ... are renamed to)B F1 .429($1 ....)2.929 F F0 -.15(Pa)5.428 G
+.428(rameters represented by the num-).15 F(bers)144 261.6 Q F1($#)2.582
+E F0(do)2.582 E .082(wn to)-.25 F F1($#)2.582 E F0<ad>A F2(n)A F0 .082
+(+1 are unset.)B F2(n)5.442 E F0 .082(must be a non-ne)2.822 F -.05(ga)
+-.15 G(ti).05 E .383 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .083(umber less than or equal to)
+.15 F F1($#)2.583 E F0 5.083(.I)C(f)-5.083 E F2(n)2.943 E F0 .06
(is 0, no parameters are changed.)144 273.6 R(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0
.06(is not gi)2.8 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .06(n, it is assumed to be 1.).15 F
(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 .06(is greater than)2.8 F F1($#)2.56 E F0 2.56
-(,t)C(he)-2.56 E .144(positional parameters are not changed.)144 285.6 R
-.144(The return status is greater than zero if)5.144 F F2(n)3.003 E F0
-.143(is greater than)2.883 F F1($#)2.643 E F0
+(,t)C(he)-2.56 E .143(positional parameters are not changed.)144 285.6 R
+.144(The return status is greater than zero if)5.143 F F2(n)3.004 E F0
+.144(is greater than)2.884 F F1($#)2.644 E F0
(or less than zero; otherwise 0.)144 297.6 Q F1(shopt)108 314.4 Q F0([)
2.5 E F1(\255pqsu)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad6f>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(optname)
-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.8(To)144 326.4 S .222(ggle the v).8 F .222
(vior)-.2 E 5.222(.W)-.55 G .222(ith no options, or with the)-5.622 F F1
<ad70>2.722 E F0 .721(option, a list of all settable options is display\
ed, with an indication of whether or not each is set.)144 338.4 R(The)
-144 350.4 Q F1<ad70>2.827 E F0 .327(option causes output to be displaye\
-d in a form that may be reused as input.)2.827 F .328(Other options)
-5.328 F(ha)144 362.4 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)
+144 350.4 Q F1<ad70>2.828 E F0 .327(option causes output to be displaye\
+d in a form that may be reused as input.)2.828 F .327(Other options)
+5.327 F(ha)144 362.4 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)
-.25 E F1<ad73>144 374.4 Q F0(Enable \(set\) each)26.41 E F2(optname)2.5
E F0(.)A F1<ad75>144 386.4 Q F0(Disable \(unset\) each)24.74 E F2
(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad71>144 398.4 Q F0 .003(Suppresses normal out\
put \(quiet mode\); the return status indicates whether the)24.74 F F2
-(optname)2.503 E F0(is)2.503 E .255(set or unset.)180 410.4 R .255
-(If multiple)5.255 F F2(optname)2.755 E F0(ar)2.755 E .256
+(optname)2.504 E F0(is)2.504 E .256(set or unset.)180 410.4 R .256
+(If multiple)5.256 F F2(optname)2.756 E F0(ar)2.756 E .256
(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.756(nw).15 G(ith)-2.756 E F1
-<ad71>2.756 E F0 2.756(,t)C .256(he return status is zero if)-2.756 F
+<ad71>2.756 E F0 2.755(,t)C .255(he return status is zero if)-2.755 F
(all)180 422.4 Q F2(optnames)2.5 E F0(are enabled; non-zero otherwise.)
2.5 E F1<ad6f>144 434.4 Q F0(Restricts the v)25.3 E(alues of)-.25 E F2
(optname)2.5 E F0(to be those de\214ned for the)2.5 E F1<ad6f>2.5 E F0
-(option to the)2.5 E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .128
-(If either)144 451.2 R F1<ad73>2.628 E F0(or)2.628 E F1<ad75>2.628 E F0
+(option to the)2.5 E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .127
+(If either)144 451.2 R F1<ad73>2.627 E F0(or)2.627 E F1<ad75>2.627 E F0
.127(is used with no)2.627 F F2(optname)2.627 E F0(ar)2.627 E .127
-(guments, the display is limited to those options which)-.18 F 1.023
-(are set or unset, respecti)144 463.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 6.023
-(.U)-.65 G 1.024(nless otherwise noted, the)-6.023 F F1(shopt)3.524 E F0
-1.024(options are disabled \(unset\) by)3.524 F(def)144 475.2 Q(ault.)
+(guments, the display is limited to those options which)-.18 F 1.024
+(are set or unset, respecti)144 463.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 6.024
+(.U)-.65 G 1.024(nless otherwise noted, the)-6.024 F F1(shopt)3.523 E F0
+1.023(options are disabled \(unset\) by)3.523 F(def)144 475.2 Q(ault.)
-.1 E 1.544(The return status when listing options is zero if all)144
-492 R F2(optnames)4.044 E F0 1.544(are enabled, non-zero otherwise.)
-4.044 F .696
+492 R F2(optnames)4.044 E F0 1.545(are enabled, non-zero otherwise.)
+4.045 F .696
(When setting or unsetting options, the return status is zero unless an)
-144 504 R F2(optname)3.196 E F0 .696(is not a v)3.196 F .696(alid shell)
+144 504 R F2(optname)3.196 E F0 .696(is not a v)3.196 F .695(alid shell)
-.25 F(option.)144 516 Q(The list of)144 532.8 Q F1(shopt)2.5 E F0
-(options is:)2.5 E F1(autocd)144 550.8 Q F0 .2
+(options is:)2.5 E F1(autocd)144 550.8 Q F0 .199
(If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is e)11.11 F
--.15(xe)-.15 G .199(cuted as if it were the ar).15 F(gu-)-.18 E
+-.15(xe)-.15 G .2(cuted as if it were the ar).15 F(gu-)-.18 E
(ment to the)184 562.8 Q F1(cd)2.5 E F0 2.5(command. This)2.5 F
(option is only used by interacti)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E
-F1(cdable_v)144 574.8 Q(ars)-.1 E F0 .155(If set, an ar)184 586.8 R .155
-(gument to the)-.18 F F1(cd)2.655 E F0 -.2(bu)2.655 G .156
+F1(cdable_v)144 574.8 Q(ars)-.1 E F0 .156(If set, an ar)184 586.8 R .156
+(gument to the)-.18 F F1(cd)2.656 E F0 -.2(bu)2.656 G .155
(iltin command that is not a directory is assumed to be the).2 F
(name of a v)184 598.8 Q(ariable whose v)-.25 E
(alue is the directory to change to.)-.25 E F1(cdspell)144 610.8 Q F0
1.055
(If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component in a)
-10.55 F F1(cd)3.555 E F0 1.055(command will be)3.555 F 3.987
-(corrected. The)184 622.8 R 1.487(errors check)3.987 F 1.487
-(ed for are transposed characters, a missing character)-.1 F 3.988(,a)
--.4 G(nd)-3.988 E .552(one character too man)184 634.8 R 4.352 -.65
+10.55 F F1(cd)3.555 E F0 1.055(command will be)3.555 F 3.988
+(corrected. The)184 622.8 R 1.488(errors check)3.988 F 1.487
+(ed for are transposed characters, a missing character)-.1 F 3.987(,a)
+-.4 G(nd)-3.987 E .552(one character too man)184 634.8 R 4.352 -.65
(y. I)-.15 H 3.052(fac).65 G .552
(orrection is found, the corrected \214le name is printed, and)-3.052 F
(the command proceeds.)184 646.8 Q
(This option is only used by interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.)
-.15 E F1(checkhash)144 658.8 Q F0 2.079(If set,)184 670.8 R F1(bash)
-4.579 E F0 2.079(checks that a command found in the hash table e)4.579 F
-2.08(xists before trying to)-.15 F -.15(exe)184 682.8 S(cute it.).15 E
+.15 E F1(checkhash)144 658.8 Q F0 2.08(If set,)184 670.8 R F1(bash)4.58
+E F0 2.079(checks that a command found in the hash table e)4.58 F 2.079
+(xists before trying to)-.15 F -.15(exe)184 682.8 S(cute it.).15 E
(If a hashed command no longer e)5 E
(xists, a normal path search is performed.)-.15 E F1(checkjobs)144 694.8
-Q F0 .561(If set, bash lists the status of an)184 706.8 R 3.061(ys)-.15
-G .56(topped and running jobs before e)-3.061 F .56(xiting an interacti)
--.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.438(shell. If)184 718.8 R(an)3.438 E 3.438(yj)
--.15 G .938(obs are running, this causes the e)-3.438 F .938
-(xit to be deferred until a second e)-.15 F .939(xit is)-.15 F 1.456
+Q F0 .56(If set, bash lists the status of an)184 706.8 R 3.061(ys)-.15 G
+.561(topped and running jobs before e)-3.061 F .561(xiting an interacti)
+-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.439(shell. If)184 718.8 R(an)3.439 E 3.439(yj)
+-.15 G .938(obs are running, this causes the e)-3.439 F .938
+(xit to be deferred until a second e)-.15 F .938(xit is)-.15 F 1.456
(attempted without an interv)184 730.8 R 1.456(ening command \(see)-.15
F F1 1.456(JOB CONTR)3.956 F(OL)-.3 E F0(abo)3.956 E -.15(ve)-.15 G
3.956(\). The).15 F(shell)3.956 E(GNU Bash-3.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)
(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E(al)184 84 Q
-.1(wa)-.1 G(ys postpones e).1 E(xiting if an)-.15 E 2.5(yj)-.15 G
(obs are stopped.)-2.5 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(checkwinsize)144 96 Q F0
-.796(If set,)184 108 R F1(bash)3.296 E F0 .796(checks the windo)3.296 F
-3.296(ws)-.25 G .797(ize after each command and, if necessary)-3.296 F
-3.297(,u)-.65 G .797(pdates the)-3.297 F -.25(va)184 120 S(lues of).25 E
+.797(If set,)184 108 R F1(bash)3.297 E F0 .797(checks the windo)3.297 F
+3.297(ws)-.25 G .796(ize after each command and, if necessary)-3.297 F
+3.296(,u)-.65 G .796(pdates the)-3.296 F -.25(va)184 120 S(lues of).25 E
/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(LINES)2.5 E F0(and)2.25 E F2(COLUMNS)2.5 E/F3 9
/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(cmdhist)144 132 Q F0 1.202(If set,)6.11 F F1
(bash)3.702 E F0 1.202(attempts to sa)3.702 F 1.502 -.15(ve a)-.2 H
F0 .165(If set,)7.77 F F1(bash)2.665 E F0 .165(includes \214lenames be)
2.665 F .165(ginning with a `.)-.15 F 2.665('i)-.7 G 2.665(nt)-2.665 G
.165(he results of pathname e)-2.665 F(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(execfail)144
-168 Q F0 1.387(If set, a non-interacti)7.79 F 1.687 -.15(ve s)-.25 H
+168 Q F0 1.386(If set, a non-interacti)7.79 F 1.686 -.15(ve s)-.25 H
1.386(hell will not e).15 F 1.386(xit if it cannot e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15
-G 1.386(cute the \214le speci\214ed as an).15 F(ar)184 180 Q
+G 1.387(cute the \214le speci\214ed as an).15 F(ar)184 180 Q
(gument to the)-.18 E F1(exec)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command.).2 E
(An interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hell does not e).15 E(xit if)-.15
E F1(exec)2.5 E F0 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F1(expand_aliases)144 192 Q F0
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E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F1(extdeb)144 228 Q(ug)-.2 E F0
(If set, beha)184 240 Q(vior intended for use by deb)-.2 E
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Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(\()2.5 E F4
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-(ail to match \214lenames during pathname e)-.1 F 1.425
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198.725 E 0 Cg EP
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-(This option is enabled by def)184 480 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)144 492
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(The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode \(see)
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198.725 E 0 Cg EP
%%Page: 17 17
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+316.8 Q .552(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 .552
(the e)2.802 F .552(xpression is true if the unary test is true.)-.15 F
.552(If the \214rst ar)5.552 F(gu-)-.18 E(ment is not a v)180 328.8 Q
(alid unary conditional operator)-.25 E 2.5(,t)-.4 G(he e)-2.5 E
(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(3a)144 340.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G
-(uments).18 E .023(If the second ar)180 352.8 R .023
+(uments).18 E .024(If the second ar)180 352.8 R .023
(gument is one of the binary conditional operators listed abo)-.18 F
-.324 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3(CON-)2.524 E(DITION)180 364.8 Q
-1.478(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F F4(,)A F0 1.477(the result of the e)3.727 F
+.323 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3(CON-)2.523 E(DITION)180 364.8 Q
+1.477(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F F4(,)A F0 1.477(the result of the e)3.727 F
1.477(xpression is the result of the binary test)-.15 F .513
(using the \214rst and third ar)180 376.8 R .513(guments as operands.)
-.18 F(The)5.513 E F1<ad61>3.013 E F0(and)3.013 E F1<ad6f>3.013 E F0
-.513(operators are considered)3.013 F .972
+.512(operators are considered)3.013 F .972
(binary operators when there are three ar)180 388.8 R 3.472(guments. If)
-.18 F .972(the \214rst ar)3.472 F .972(gument is)-.18 F F1(!)3.472 E F0
-3.472(,t)C .972(he v)-3.472 F .972(alue is)-.25 F .883(the ne)180 400.8
-R -.05(ga)-.15 G .883(tion of the tw).05 F(o-ar)-.1 E .884
-(gument test using the second and third ar)-.18 F 3.384(guments. If)-.18
-F .884(the \214rst)3.384 F(ar)180 412.8 Q .875(gument is e)-.18 F
-(xactly)-.15 E F1(\()3.375 E F0 .875(and the third ar)3.375 F .875
-(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F1(\))3.375 E F0 3.374(,t)C .874
-(he result is the one-ar)-3.374 F(gument)-.18 E(test of the second ar)
+3.472(,t)C .972(he v)-3.472 F .972(alue is)-.25 F .884(the ne)180 400.8
+R -.05(ga)-.15 G .884(tion of the tw).05 F(o-ar)-.1 E .884
+(gument test using the second and third ar)-.18 F 3.383(guments. If)-.18
+F .883(the \214rst)3.383 F(ar)180 412.8 Q .874(gument is e)-.18 F
+(xactly)-.15 E F1(\()3.374 E F0 .875(and the third ar)3.374 F .875
+(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F1(\))3.375 E F0 3.375(,t)C .875
+(he result is the one-ar)-3.375 F(gument)-.18 E(test of the second ar)
180 424.8 Q 2.5(gument. Otherwise,)-.18 F(the e)2.5 E(xpression is f)
--.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(4a)144 436.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .384
-(If the \214rst ar)180 448.8 R .384(gument is)-.18 F F1(!)2.884 E F0
-2.885(,t)C .385(he result is the ne)-2.885 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .385
-(tion of the three-ar).05 F .385(gument e)-.18 F .385(xpression com-)
--.15 F 1.648(posed of the remaining ar)180 460.8 R 4.147
-(guments. Otherwise,)-.18 F 1.647(the e)4.147 F 1.647
+-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(4a)144 436.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .385
+(If the \214rst ar)180 448.8 R .385(gument is)-.18 F F1(!)2.885 E F0
+2.885(,t)C .385(he result is the ne)-2.885 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .384
+(tion of the three-ar).05 F .384(gument e)-.18 F .384(xpression com-)
+-.15 F 1.647(posed of the remaining ar)180 460.8 R 4.147
+(guments. Otherwise,)-.18 F 1.647(the e)4.147 F 1.648
(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G(luated).25 E
(according to precedence using the rules listed abo)180 472.8 Q -.15(ve)
-.15 G(.).15 E 2.5(5o)144 484.8 S 2.5(rm)-2.5 G(ore ar)-2.5 E(guments)
accumulated user and system times for the shell and for processes run f\
rom the shell.)13.23 F(The return status is 0.)144 537.6 Q F1(trap)108
554.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lp)A F0 2.5(][)C([)-2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0
-(])A F2(sigspec)2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .702(The command)144 566.4 R F2(ar)
-3.532 E(g)-.37 E F0 .702(is to be read and e)3.422 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .702
-(cuted when the shell recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.203(ss).15 G
-(ignal\(s\))-3.203 E F2(sigspec)3.203 E F0 5.703(.I).31 G(f)-5.703 E F2
-(ar)3.533 E(g)-.37 E F0(is)3.423 E .609(absent \(and there is a single)
+(])A F2(sigspec)2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .703(The command)144 566.4 R F2(ar)
+3.533 E(g)-.37 E F0 .703(is to be read and e)3.423 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .702
+(cuted when the shell recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.202(ss).15 G
+(ignal\(s\))-3.202 E F2(sigspec)3.202 E F0 5.702(.I).31 G(f)-5.702 E F2
+(ar)3.532 E(g)-.37 E F0(is)3.422 E .608(absent \(and there is a single)
144 578.4 R F2(sigspec)3.108 E F0 3.108(\)o)C(r)-3.108 E F1<ad>3.108 E
F0 3.108(,e)C .608
(ach speci\214ed signal is reset to its original disposition)-3.108 F
-.658(\(the v)144 590.4 R .658(alue it had upon entrance to the shell\).)
--.25 F(If)5.658 E F2(ar)3.488 E(g)-.37 E F0 .659
+.659(\(the v)144 590.4 R .659(alue it had upon entrance to the shell\).)
+-.25 F(If)5.658 E F2(ar)3.488 E(g)-.37 E F0 .658
(is the null string the signal speci\214ed by each)3.378 F F2(sigspec)
-144.34 602.4 Q F0 .581
-(is ignored by the shell and by the commands it in)3.391 F -.2(vo)-.4 G
--.1(ke).2 G 3.08(s. If).1 F F2(ar)3.41 E(g)-.37 E F0 .58
-(is not present and)3.3 F F1<ad70>3.08 E F0(has)3.08 E 1.214
+144.34 602.4 Q F0 .58(is ignored by the shell and by the commands it in)
+3.39 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.081(s. If).1 F F2(ar)3.411 E(g)-.37 E
+F0 .581(is not present and)3.301 F F1<ad70>3.081 E F0(has)3.081 E 1.215
(been supplied, then the trap commands associated with each)144 614.4 R
-F2(sigspec)4.054 E F0 1.215(are displayed.)4.024 F 1.215(If no ar)6.215
+F2(sigspec)4.054 E F0 1.214(are displayed.)4.024 F 1.214(If no ar)6.214
F(gu-)-.18 E .86(ments are supplied or if only)144 626.4 R F1<ad70>3.36
E F0 .86(is gi)3.36 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(n,).15 E F1(trap)3.36 E F0 .86
(prints the list of commands associated with each)3.36 F 2.83
(signal. The)144 638.4 R F1<ad6c>2.83 E F0 .33(option causes the shell \
-to print a list of signal names and their corresponding num-)2.83 F
-4.311(bers. Each)144 650.4 R F2(sigspec)4.651 E F0 1.811
-(is either a signal name de\214ned in <)4.621 F F2(signal.h)A F0 1.81
-(>, or a signal number)B 6.81(.S)-.55 G(ignal)-6.81 E .745
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+(bers. Each)144 650.4 R F2(sigspec)4.65 E F0 1.811
+(is either a signal name de\214ned in <)4.62 F F2(signal.h)A F0 1.811
+(>, or a signal number)B 6.811(.S)-.55 G(ignal)-6.811 E .745
(names are case insensiti)144 662.4 R 1.045 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .745
(nd the SIG pre\214x is optional.).15 F .745(If a)5.745 F F2(sigspec)
3.585 E F0(is)3.555 E F3(EXIT)3.245 E F0 .745(\(0\) the command)2.995 F
-F2(ar)144.33 674.4 Q(g)-.37 E F0 1.63(is e)4.35 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.63
+F2(ar)144.33 674.4 Q(g)-.37 E F0 1.629(is e)4.349 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.629
(cuted on e).15 F 1.63(xit from the shell.)-.15 F 1.63(If a)6.63 F F2
-(sigspec)4.47 E F0(is)4.44 E F3(DEB)4.13 E(UG)-.09 E F4(,)A F0 1.629
-(the command)3.88 F F2(ar)4.459 E(g)-.37 E F0 1.629(is e)4.349 F -.15
-(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E 1.206(before e)144 686.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry).15
-E F2 1.206(simple command)3.706 F F0(,)A F2(for)3.706 E F0(command,)
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-(xe)-.15 G .412(cutes in a shell function \(see).15 F F3 .412
-(SHELL GRAMMAR)2.912 F F0(abo)144 710.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.665
-(\). Refer).15 F .166(to the description of the)2.665 F F1(extdeb)2.666
+(sigspec)4.47 E F0(is)4.44 E F3(DEB)4.13 E(UG)-.09 E F4(,)A F0 1.63
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+(SHELL GRAMMAR)2.912 F F0(abo)144 710.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.666
+(\). Refer).15 F .166(to the description of the)2.666 F F1(extdeb)2.666
E(ug)-.2 E F0 .166(option to the)2.666 F F1(shopt)2.666 E F0 -.2(bu)
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--.15 G 1.98(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.48(ras).15 G(imple)-4.48
-E(GNU Bash-3.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(17)198.725 E 0 Cg EP
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+-4.481 E(GNU Bash-3.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(17)198.725 E 0 Cg
+EP
%%Page: 18 18
%%BeginPageSetup
BP
F -.15(exe)144 96 S .105(cuted if the f).15 F .105
(ailed command is part of the command list immediately follo)-.1 F .105
(wing a)-.25 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(while)2.605 E F0(or)2.605 E F2
-(until)2.605 E F0 -.1(ke)144 108 S(yw)-.05 E .936
-(ord, part of the test in an)-.1 F/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(if)3.446 E F0
-.936(statement, part of a)5.396 F F2(&&)3.436 E F0(or)3.436 E/F4 10
-/Symbol SF<efef>3.436 E F0 .936(list, or if the command')3.436 F 3.436
-(sr)-.55 G(eturn)-3.436 E -.25(va)144 120 S 1.095(lue is being in).25 F
--.15(ve)-.4 G 1.094(rted via).15 F F2(!)3.594 E F0 6.094(.T)C 1.094
-(hese are the same conditions obe)-6.094 F 1.094(yed by the)-.15 F F2
-(err)3.594 E(exit)-.18 E F0 3.594(option. If)3.594 F(a)3.594 E F3
-(sigspec)144.34 132 Q F0(is)3.348 E F1(RETURN)3.038 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0
-SF(,)A F0 .538(the command)2.788 F F3(ar)3.368 E(g)-.37 E F0 .538(is e)
-3.258 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .538
-(cuted each time a shell function or a script e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
-(cuted).15 E .506(with the)144 144 R F2(.)3.006 E F0(or)3.006 E F2(sour)
-3.006 E(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.006 G .506(iltins \214nishes e).2 F -.15
-(xe)-.15 G 3.006(cuting. Signals).15 F .505
-(ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be)3.006 F .703
-(trapped or reset.)144 156 R -.35(Tr)5.703 G .704
-(apped signals that are not being ignored are reset to their original v)
-.35 F .704(alues in a)-.25 F .224(child process when it is created.)144
-168 R .224(The return status is f)5.224 F .224(alse if an)-.1 F(y)-.15 E
-F3(sigspec)3.064 E F0 .224(is in)3.034 F -.25(va)-.4 G .224
-(lid; otherwise).25 F F2(trap)2.724 E F0(returns true.)144 180 Q F2
-(type)108 196.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255aftpP)A F0(])A F3(name)2.5 E F0([)
-2.5 E F3(name)A F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 208.8 S .173
-(th no options, indicate ho).4 F 2.673(we)-.25 G(ach)-2.673 E F3(name)
-3.033 E F0 -.1(wo)2.853 G .174
-(uld be interpreted if used as a command name.).1 F .174(If the)5.174 F
-F2<ad74>144 220.8 Q F0 .843(option is used,)3.343 F F2(type)3.343 E F0
+(until)2.605 E F0 -.1(ke)144 108 S(yw)-.05 E .549
+(ord, part of the test in an)-.1 F/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(if)3.059 E F0
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+(cuted in a).15 F F2(&&)3.049 E F0(or)3.049 E/F4 10/Symbol SF<efef>3.049
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+(rted via).15 F F2(!)3.077 E F0 5.578(.T)C .578
+(hese are the same conditions obe)-5.578 F .578(yed by the)-.15 F F2
+(err)144 132 Q(exit)-.18 E F0 3.031(option. If)3.031 F(a)3.031 E F3
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+(,)A F0 .531(the command)2.781 F F3(ar)3.361 E(g)-.37 E F0 .531(is e)
+3.251 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .53(cuted each time a shell function).15 F .316
+(or a script e)144 144 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .317(cuted with the).15 F F2(.)
+2.817 E F0(or)2.817 E F2(sour)2.817 E(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.817 G .317
+(iltins \214nishes e).2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.817(cuting. Signals).15 F
+.317(ignored upon entry to)2.817 F .787
+(the shell cannot be trapped or reset.)144 156 R -.35(Tr)5.787 G .787
+(apped signals that are not being ignored are reset to their).35 F 1.1
+(original v)144 168 R 1.1(alues in a child process when it is created.)
+-.25 F 1.1(The return status is f)6.1 F 1.1(alse if an)-.1 F(y)-.15 E F3
+(sigspec)3.94 E F0(is)3.91 E(in)144 180 Q -.25(va)-.4 G(lid; otherwise)
+.25 E F2(trap)2.5 E F0(returns true.)2.5 E F2(type)108 196.8 Q F0([)2.5
+E F2(\255aftpP)A F0(])A F3(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F3(name)A F0(...])2.5 E
+-.4(Wi)144 208.8 S .174(th no options, indicate ho).4 F 2.674(we)-.25 G
+(ach)-2.674 E F3(name)3.034 E F0 -.1(wo)2.854 G .173
+(uld be interpreted if used as a command name.).1 F .173(If the)5.173 F
+F2<ad74>144 220.8 Q F0 .842(option is used,)3.342 F F2(type)3.342 E F0
.843(prints a string which is one of)3.343 F F3(alias)3.343 E F0(,).27 E
F3 -.1(ke)3.343 G(ywor)-.2 E(d)-.37 E F0(,).77 E F3(function)3.343 E F0
-(,).24 E F3 -.2(bu)3.342 G(iltin).2 E F0 3.342(,o).24 G(r)-3.342 E F3
-(\214le)5.252 E F0(if)3.522 E F3(name)144.36 232.8 Q F0 .086
-(is an alias, shell reserv)2.766 F .086(ed w)-.15 F .086
-(ord, function, b)-.1 F .087(uiltin, or disk \214le, respecti)-.2 F -.15
-(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.087(.I)-.65 G 2.587(ft)-5.087 G(he)-2.587 E F3
-(name)2.947 E F0 .087(is not)2.767 F .119
+(,).24 E F3 -.2(bu)3.343 G(iltin).2 E F0 3.343(,o).24 G(r)-3.343 E F3
+(\214le)5.253 E F0(if)3.523 E F3(name)144.36 232.8 Q F0 .087
+(is an alias, shell reserv)2.767 F .087(ed w)-.15 F .087
+(ord, function, b)-.1 F .086(uiltin, or disk \214le, respecti)-.2 F -.15
+(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.086(.I)-.65 G 2.586(ft)-5.086 G(he)-2.586 E F3
+(name)2.946 E F0 .086(is not)2.766 F .118
(found, then nothing is printed, and an e)144 244.8 R .118
-(xit status of f)-.15 F .118(alse is returned.)-.1 F .118(If the)5.118 F
-F2<ad70>2.618 E F0 .118(option is used,)2.618 F F2(type)2.618 E F0 .855
+(xit status of f)-.15 F .118(alse is returned.)-.1 F .119(If the)5.119 F
+F2<ad70>2.619 E F0 .119(option is used,)2.619 F F2(type)2.619 E F0 .855
(either returns the name of the disk \214le that w)144 256.8 R .855
(ould be e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .855(cuted if).15 F F3(name)3.715 E F0
-.855(were speci\214ed as a com-)3.535 F .641(mand name, or nothing if)
-144 268.8 R/F6 10/Courier@0 SF .641(type -t name)3.141 F F0 -.1(wo)3.141
-G .641(uld not return).1 F F3(\214le)3.14 E F0 5.64(.T).18 G(he)-5.64 E
-F2<ad50>3.14 E F0 .64(option forces a)3.14 F F1 -.666(PA)3.14 G(TH)-.189
-E F0 .112(search for each)144 280.8 R F3(name)2.612 E F0 2.612(,e)C -.15
-(ve)-2.862 G 2.613(ni).15 G(f)-2.613 E F6 .113(type -t name)2.613 F F0
--.1(wo)2.613 G .113(uld not return).1 F F3(\214le)2.613 E F0 5.113(.I)
-.18 G 2.613(fac)-5.113 G .113(ommand is hashed,)-2.613 F F2<ad70>2.613 E
-F0(and)144 292.8 Q F2<ad50>2.945 E F0 .445(print the hashed v)2.945 F
-.444(alue, not necessarily the \214le that appears \214rst in)-.25 F F1
--.666(PA)2.944 G(TH)-.189 E F5(.)A F0 .444(If the)4.944 F F2<ad61>2.944
-E F0(option)2.944 E .265(is used,)144 304.8 R F2(type)2.765 E F0 .265
-(prints all of the places that contain an e)2.765 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .265
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-(his includes aliases)-5.265 F .427(and functions, if and only if the)
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+(.I).18 G 2.613(fa)-5.113 G .112(command is hashed,)-.001 F F2<ad70>
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+<ad61>2.945 E F0(option)2.945 E .265(is used,)144 304.8 R F2(type)2.765
+E F0 .265(prints all of the places that contain an e)2.765 F -.15(xe)
+-.15 G .265(cutable named).15 F F3(name)2.765 E F0 5.265(.T).18 G .265
+(his includes aliases)-5.265 F .426(and functions, if and only if the)
144 316.8 R F2<ad70>2.926 E F0 .426(option is not also used.)2.926 F
-.426(The table of hashed commands is not)5.426 F .548
-(consulted when using)144 328.8 R F2<ad61>3.048 E F0 5.548(.T)C(he)
--5.548 E F2<ad66>3.048 E F0 .549
-(option suppresses shell function lookup, as with the)3.048 F F2
-(command)3.049 E F0 -.2(bu)144 340.8 S(iltin.).2 E F2(type)5 E F0
+.427(The table of hashed commands is not)5.426 F .549
+(consulted when using)144 328.8 R F2<ad61>3.049 E F0 5.549(.T)C(he)
+-5.549 E F2<ad66>3.049 E F0 .548
+(option suppresses shell function lookup, as with the)3.049 F F2
+(command)3.048 E F0 -.2(bu)144 340.8 S(iltin.).2 E F2(type)5 E F0
(returns true if an)2.5 E 2.5(yo)-.15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he ar)-2.5 E
(guments are found, f)-.18 E(alse if none are found.)-.1 E F2(ulimit)108
357.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255SHacde\214lmnpqrstuvx)A F0([)2.5 E F3(limit)A
-F0(]])A(Pro)144 369.6 Q .244(vides control o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.744
-(rt).15 G .244(he resources a)-2.744 F -.25(va)-.2 G .244
+F0(]])A(Pro)144 369.6 Q .243(vides control o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.743
+(rt).15 G .243(he resources a)-2.743 F -.25(va)-.2 G .244
(ilable to the shell and to processes started by it, on systems).25 F
-.943(that allo)144 381.6 R 3.443(ws)-.25 G .943(uch control.)-3.443 F
-(The)5.943 E F2<ad48>3.443 E F0(and)3.443 E F2<ad53>3.444 E F0 .944
+.944(that allo)144 381.6 R 3.444(ws)-.25 G .944(uch control.)-3.444 F
+(The)5.944 E F2<ad48>3.444 E F0(and)3.444 E F2<ad53>3.444 E F0 .943
(options specify that the hard or soft limit is set for the)3.444 F(gi)
-144 393.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.709(nr).15 G 2.709(esource. A)-2.709 F .208
+144 393.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.708(nr).15 G 2.708(esource. A)-2.708 F .208
(hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; a so\
-ft limit may)2.709 F .425(be increased up to the v)144 405.6 R .425
-(alue of the hard limit.)-.25 F .426(If neither)5.425 F F2<ad48>2.926 E
-F0(nor)2.926 E F2<ad53>2.926 E F0 .426
-(is speci\214ed, both the soft and)2.926 F .139(hard limits are set.)144
+ft limit may)2.708 F .426(be increased up to the v)144 405.6 R .426
+(alue of the hard limit.)-.25 F .425(If neither)5.426 F F2<ad48>2.925 E
+F0(nor)2.925 E F2<ad53>2.925 E F0 .425
+(is speci\214ed, both the soft and)2.925 F .139(hard limits are set.)144
417.6 R .139(The v)5.139 F .139(alue of)-.25 F F3(limit)2.729 E F0 .139
(can be a number in the unit speci\214ed for the resource or one)3.319 F
-.741(of the special v)144 429.6 R(alues)-.25 E F2(hard)3.241 E F0(,)A F2
+.742(of the special v)144 429.6 R(alues)-.25 E F2(hard)3.242 E F0(,)A F2
(soft)3.241 E F0 3.241(,o)C(r)-3.241 E F2(unlimited)3.241 E F0 3.241(,w)
C .741(hich stand for the current hard limit, the current)-3.241 F .78
(soft limit, and no limit, respecti)144 441.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E
5.78(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.78 E F3(limit)3.37 E F0 .78
(is omitted, the current v)3.96 F .78(alue of the soft limit of the)-.25
-F .49
8(resource is printed, unless the)144 453.6 R F2<ad48>2.999 E F0
-.499(option is gi)2.999 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.999(n. When).15 F .499
+F .49
9(resource is printed, unless the)144 453.6 R F2<ad48>2.999 E F0
+.499(option is gi)2.999 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.999(n. When).15 F .498
(more than one resource is speci\214ed, the)2.999 F
(limit name and unit are printed before the v)144 465.6 Q 2.5
(alue. Other)-.25 F(options are interpreted as follo)2.5 E(ws:)-.25 E F2
(ed into memory)-.1 E F2<ad6d>144 561.6 Q F0
(The maximum resident set size)21.97 E F2<ad6e>144 573.6 Q F0 .791(The \
maximum number of open \214le descriptors \(most systems do not allo)
-24.74 F 3.29(wt)-.25 G .79(his v)-3.29 F .79(alue to)-.25 F(be set\))180
-585.6 Q F2<ad70>144 597.6 Q F0
+24.74 F 3.291(wt)-.25 G .791(his v)-3.291 F .791(alue to)-.25 F
+
(be set\))180 585.6 Q F2<ad70>144 597.6 Q F0
(The pipe size in 512-byte blocks \(this may not be set\))24.74 E F2
<ad71>144 609.6 Q F0
(The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues)24.74 E F2<ad72>144
E F0 .343(is gi)3.523 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .343(n, it is the ne).15 F 2.843
(wv)-.25 G .343(alue of the speci\214ed resource \(the)-3.093 F F2<ad61>
2.843 E F0 .343(option is display only\).)2.843 F .343(If no)5.343 F
-.17
6(option is gi)144 710.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .176(n, then).15 F F2<ad66>
-2.676 E F0 .175(is assumed.)2.676 F -1.11(Va)5.175 G .175
-(lues are in 1024-byte increments, e)1.11 F .175(xcept for)-.15 F F2
-<ad74>2.675 E F0 2.675(,w)C .175(hich is in)-2.675 F(seconds,)144 722.4
-Q F2<ad70>2.697 E F0 2.697(,w)C .197
-(hich is in units of 512-byte blocks, and)-2.69
7 F F2<ad6e>2.698 E F0
-(and)2.698 E F2<ad75>2.698 E F0 2.698(,w)C .198(hich are unscaled v)
--2.698 F 2.698(alues. The)-.25 F(GNU Bash-3.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)
+.17
5(option is gi)144 710.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .175(n, then).15 F F2<ad66>
+2.675 E F0 .175(is assumed.)2.675 F -1.11(Va)5.175 G .175
+(lues are in 1024-byte increments, e)1.11 F .176(xcept for)-.15 F F2
+<ad74>2.676 E F0 2.676(,w)C .176(hich is in)-2.676 F(seconds,)144 722.4
+Q F2<ad70>2.698 E F0 2.698(,w)C .198
+(hich is in units of 512-byte blocks, and)-2.69
8 F F2<ad6e>2.698 E F0
+(and)2.698 E F2<ad75>2.697 E F0 2.697(,w)C .197(hich are unscaled v)
+-2.697 F 2.697(alues. The)-.25 F(GNU Bash-3.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)
148.735 E(18)198.725 E 0 Cg EP
%%Page: 19 19
%%BeginPageSetup
(gins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal)-.15 F .066(number; o\
therwise it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that acce\
pted by)144 136.8 R F2 -.15(ch)2.566 G(mod).15 E F0(\(1\).).77 E(If)144
-148.8 Q F2(mode)3.262 E F0 .382(is omitted, the current v)3.062 F .382
+148.8 Q F2(mode)3.263 E F0 .382(is omitted, the current v)3.063 F .382
(alue of the mask is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.382 E F1<ad53>2.882 E F0 .382
(option causes the mask to be)2.882 F .547
(printed in symbolic form; the def)144 160.8 R .547
(ault output is an octal number)-.1 F 5.547(.I)-.55 G 3.047(ft)-5.547 G
(he)-3.047 E F1<ad70>3.047 E F0 .547(option is supplied, and)3.047 F F2
-(mode)144.38 172.8 Q F0 .551
-(is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.)3.231
-F .552(The return status is 0 if the)5.552 F(mode w)144 184.8 Q
+(mode)144.38 172.8 Q F0 .552
+(is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.)3.232
+F .551(The return status is 0 if the)5.551 F(mode w)144 184.8 Q
(as successfully changed or if no)-.1 E F2(mode)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 E
(gument w)-.18 E(as supplied, and f)-.1 E(alse otherwise.)-.1 E F1
(unalias)108 201.6 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(a)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0
F(remo)144 225.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(d. The).15 F(return v)2.5 E
(alue is true unless a supplied)-.25 E F2(name)2.86 E F0
(is not a de\214ned alias.)2.68 E F1(unset)108 242.4 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1
-(fv)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 254.4 S 3.106
-(re).15 G(ach)-3.106 E F2(name)3.106 E F0 3.106(,r).18 G(emo)-3.106 E
-.906 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .606(he corresponding v).15 F .607
-(ariable or function.)-.25 F .607(If no options are supplied, or the)
-5.607 F F1<ad76>144 266.4 Q F0 .305(option is gi)2.805 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
-.305(n, each).15 F F2(name)3.165 E F0 .305(refers to a shell v)2.985 F
-2.805(ariable. Read-only)-.25 F -.25(va)2.805 G .304
-(riables may not be unset.).25 F(If)5.304 E F1<ad66>144 278.4 Q F0 .459
-(is speci\214ed, each)2.959 F F2(name)3.319 E F0 .459
-(refers to a shell function, and the function de\214nition is remo)3.139
-F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.96(d. Each).15 F .903(unset v)144 290.4 R .903
+(fv)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 254.4 S 3.107
+(re).15 G(ach)-3.107 E F2(name)3.107 E F0 3.107(,r).18 G(emo)-3.107 E
+.907 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .607(he corresponding v).15 F .607
+(ariable or function.)-.25 F .606(If no options are supplied, or the)
+5.607 F F1<ad76>144 266.4 Q F0 .304(option is gi)2.804 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
+.304(n, each).15 F F2(name)3.164 E F0 .305(refers to a shell v)2.985 F
+2.805(ariable. Read-only)-.25 F -.25(va)2.805 G .305
+(riables may not be unset.).25 F(If)5.305 E F1<ad66>144 278.4 Q F0 .46
+(is speci\214ed, each)2.96 F F2(name)3.32 E F0 .459
+(refers to a shell function, and the function de\214nition is remo)3.14
+F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.959(d. Each).15 F .902(unset v)144 290.4 R .902
(ariable or function is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.402(df).15 G .902
-(rom the en)-3.402 F .902(vironment passed to subsequent commands.)-.4 F
-(If)5.902 E(an)144 302.4 Q 4.284(yo)-.15 G(f)-4.284 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0
-SF(RANDOM)4.284 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3(SECONDS)4.035 E F4(,)A F3
+(rom the en)-3.402 F .903(vironment passed to subsequent commands.)-.4 F
+(If)5.903 E(an)144 302.4 Q 4.285(yo)-.15 G(f)-4.285 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0
+SF(RANDOM)4.285 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3(SECONDS)4.035 E F4(,)A F3
(LINENO)4.035 E F4(,)A F3(HISTCMD)4.035 E F4(,)A F3(FUNCN)4.035 E(AME)
-.18 E F4(,)A F3(GR)4.035 E(OUPS)-.27 E F4(,)A F0(or)4.035 E F3(DIRST)
-4.285 E -.495(AC)-.81 G(K).495 E F0(are)4.035 E .329(unset, the)144
-314.4 R 2.829(yl)-.15 G .328(ose their special properties, e)-2.829 F
+4.284 E -.495(AC)-.81 G(K).495 E F0(are)4.034 E .328(unset, the)144
+314.4 R 2.828(yl)-.15 G .328(ose their special properties, e)-2.828 F
-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.828(ni).15 G 2.828(ft)-2.828 G(he)-2.828 E 2.828(ya)
--.15 G .328(re subsequently reset.)-2.828 F .328(The e)5.328 F .328
+-.15 G .328(re subsequently reset.)-2.828 F .328(The e)5.328 F .329
(xit status is true)-.15 F(unless a)144 326.4 Q F2(name)2.86 E F0
(is readonly)2.68 E(.)-.65 E F1(wait)108 343.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2 2.5(n.)C
(..)-2.5 E F0(])A -.8(Wa)144 355.2 S .288
(it for each speci\214ed process and return its termination status.).8 F
-(Each)5.288 E F2(n)3.148 E F0 .288(may be a process ID or a)3.028 F .722
+(Each)5.288 E F2(n)3.148 E F0 .287(may be a process ID or a)3.028 F .722
(job speci\214cation; if a job spec is gi)144 367.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G
.722(n, all processes in that job').15 F 3.222(sp)-.55 G .722
(ipeline are w)-3.222 F .722(aited for)-.1 F 5.722(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.722 E
-F2(n)3.582 E F0(is)3.462 E 1.265(not gi)144 379.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.265
-(n, all currently acti).15 F 1.565 -.15(ve c)-.25 H 1.265
-(hild processes are w).15 F 1.265(aited for)-.1 F 3.765(,a)-.4 G 1.266
-(nd the return status is zero.)-3.765 F(If)6.266 E F2(n)4.126 E F0 .457
+F2(n)3.583 E F0(is)3.463 E 1.266(not gi)144 379.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.266
+(n, all currently acti).15 F 1.566 -.15(ve c)-.25 H 1.265
+(hild processes are w).15 F 1.265(aited for)-.1 F 3.765(,a)-.4 G 1.265
+(nd the return status is zero.)-3.765 F(If)6.265 E F2(n)4.125 E F0 .456
(speci\214es a non-e)144 391.2 R .457
(xistent process or job, the return status is 127.)-.15 F .457
(Otherwise, the return status is the)5.457 F -.15(ex)144 403.2 S
%!PS-Adobe-3.0
%%Creator: groff version 1.19.1
-%%CreationDate: Wed Oct 10 09:50:26 2007
+%%CreationDate: Thu Jan 10 17:41:20 2008
%%DocumentNeededResources: font Times-Roman
%%+ font Times-Bold
%%DocumentSuppliedResources: procset grops 1.19 1
static struct line_state line_state_array[2];
static struct line_state *line_state_visible = &line_state_array[0];
static struct line_state *line_state_invisible = &line_state_array[1];
+static int line_structures_initialized = 0;
/* Backwards-compatible names. */
#define inv_lbreaks (line_state_invisible->lbreaks)
{
/* should be enough. */
inv_lbsize = vis_lbsize = 256;
- inv_lbreaks = (int *)xmalloc (inv_lbsize * sizeof (int));
- vis_lbreaks = (int *)xmalloc (vis_lbsize * sizeof (int));
+
#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
line_state_visible->wbsize = vis_lbsize;
line_state_visible->wrapped_line = (int *)xmalloc (line_state_visible->wbsize * sizeof (int));
line_state_invisible->wbsize = inv_lbsize;
line_state_invisible->wrapped_line = (int *)xmalloc (line_state_invisible->wbsize * sizeof (int));
#endif
+
+ inv_lbreaks = (int *)xmalloc (inv_lbsize * sizeof (int));
+ vis_lbreaks = (int *)xmalloc (vis_lbsize * sizeof (int));
inv_lbreaks[0] = vis_lbreaks[0] = 0;
}
+
+ line_structures_initialized = 1;
}
/* Basic redisplay algorithm. */
if (!rl_display_prompt)
rl_display_prompt = "";
- if (invisible_line == 0 || vis_lbreaks == 0)
+ if (line_structures_initialized == 0)
{
init_line_structures (0);
rl_on_new_line ();
static struct line_state line_state_array[2];
static struct line_state *line_state_visible = &line_state_array[0];
static struct line_state *line_state_invisible = &line_state_array[1];
+static int line_structures_initialized = 0;
/* Backwards-compatible names. */
#define inv_lbreaks (line_state_invisible->lbreaks)
{
/* should be enough. */
inv_lbsize = vis_lbsize = 256;
- inv_lbreaks = (int *)xmalloc (inv_lbsize * sizeof (int));
- vis_lbreaks = (int *)xmalloc (vis_lbsize * sizeof (int));
+
#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
line_state_visible->wbsize = vis_lbsize;
line_state_visible->wrapped_line = (int *)xmalloc (line_state_visible->wbsize * sizeof (int));
line_state_invisible->wbsize = inv_lbsize;
line_state_invisible->wrapped_line = (int *)xmalloc (line_state_invisible->wbsize * sizeof (int));
#endif
+
+ inv_lbreaks = (int *)xmalloc (inv_lbsize * sizeof (int));
+ vis_lbreaks = (int *)xmalloc (vis_lbsize * sizeof (int));
inv_lbreaks[0] = vis_lbreaks[0] = 0;
}
+
+ line_structures_initialized = 1;
}
/* Basic redisplay algorithm. */
if (!rl_display_prompt)
rl_display_prompt = "";
- if (invisible_line == 0 || vis_lbreaks == 0)
+ if (line_structures_initialized == 0)
{
init_line_structures (0);
rl_on_new_line ();
#endif
#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
+ if (line_state_invisible
memset (line_state_invisible->wrapped_line, 0, line_state_invisible->wbsize * sizeof (int));
num = 0;
#endif
second and subsequent lines start at inv_lbreaks[N], offset by
OFFSET (which has already been calculated above). */
+#define INVIS_FIRST() (prompt_physical_chars > _rl_screenwidth ? prompt_invis_chars_first_line : wrap_offset)
#define WRAP_OFFSET(line, offset) ((line == 0) \
- ? (offset ? prompt_invis_chars_first_line : 0) \
+ ? (offset ? INVIS_FIRST() : 0) \
: ((line == prompt_last_screen_line) ? wrap_offset-prompt_invis_chars_first_line : 0))
#define W_OFFSET(line, offset) ((line) == 0 ? offset : 0)
#define VIS_LLEN(l) ((l) > _rl_vis_botlin ? 0 : (vis_lbreaks[l+1] - vis_lbreaks[l]))
}
else
{
- /* We have horizontal scrolling and we are not inserting at
- the end. We have invisible characters in this line. This
- is a dumb update. */
_rl_output_some_chars (nfd, temp);
_rl_last_c_pos += col_temp;
/* If nfd begins before any invisible characters in the prompt,
}
#endif
+/* Skip characters in STRING until we find a character in DELIMS, and return
+ the index of that character. START is the index into string at which we
+ begin. This is similar in spirit to strpbrk, but it returns an index into
+ STRING and takes a starting index. This little piece of code knows quite
+ a lot of shell syntax. It's very similar to skip_double_quoted and other
+ functions of that ilk. */
+int
+skip_to_delim (string, start, delims)
+ char *string;
+ int start;
+ char *delims;
+{
+ int i, pass_next, backq, si, c;
+ size_t slen;
+ char *temp;
+ DECLARE_MBSTATE;
+
+ slen = strlen (string + start) + start;
+ no_longjmp_on_fatal_error = 1;
+ i = start;
+ pass_next = backq = 0;
+ while (c = string[i])
+ {
+ if (pass_next)
+ {
+ pass_next = 0;
+ if (c == 0)
+ CQ_RETURN(i);
+ ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, i);
+ continue;
+ }
+ else if (c == '\\')
+ {
+ pass_next = 1;
+ i++;
+ continue;
+ }
+ else if (backq)
+ {
+ if (c == '`')
+ backq = 0;
+ ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, i);
+ continue;
+ }
+ else if (c == '`')
+ {
+ backq = 1;
+ i++;
+ continue;
+ }
+ else if (c == '\'' || c == '"')
+ {
+ i = (c == '\'') ? skip_single_quoted (string, slen, ++i)
+ : skip_double_quoted (string, slen, ++i);
+ /* no increment, the skip functions increment past the closing quote. */
+ }
+ else if (c == '$' && (string[i+1] == LPAREN || string[i+1] == LBRACE))
+ {
+ si = i + 2;
+ if (string[si] == '\0')
+ CQ_RETURN(si);
+
+ if (string[i+1] == LPAREN)
+ temp = extract_delimited_string (string, &si, "$(", "(", ")", SX_NOALLOC|SX_COMMAND); /* ) */
+ else
+ temp = extract_dollar_brace_string (string, &si, 0, SX_NOALLOC);
+ i = si;
+ if (string[i] == '\0') /* don't increment i past EOS in loop */
+ break;
+ i++;
+ continue;
+ }
+ else if (member (c, delims))
+ break;
+ else
+ ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, i);
+ }
+
+ CQ_RETURN(i);
+}
+
#if defined (READLINE)
/* Return 1 if the portion of STRING ending at EINDEX is quoted (there is
an unclosed quoted string), or if the character at EINDEX is quoted
return (openc);
}
-/* Skip characters in STRING until we find a character in DELIMS, and return
- the index of that character. START is the index into string at which we
- begin. This is similar in spirit to strpbrk, but it returns an index into
- STRING and takes a starting index. This little piece of code knows quite
- a lot of shell syntax. It's very similar to skip_double_quoted and other
- functions of that ilk. */
-int
-skip_to_delim (string, start, delims)
- char *string;
- int start;
- char *delims;
-{
- int i, pass_next, backq, si, c;
- size_t slen;
- char *temp;
- DECLARE_MBSTATE;
-
- slen = strlen (string + start) + start;
- no_longjmp_on_fatal_error = 1;
- i = start;
- pass_next = backq = 0;
- while (c = string[i])
- {
- if (pass_next)
- {
- pass_next = 0;
- if (c == 0)
- CQ_RETURN(i);
- ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, i);
- continue;
- }
- else if (c == '\\')
- {
- pass_next = 1;
- i++;
- continue;
- }
- else if (backq)
- {
- if (c == '`')
- backq = 0;
- ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, i);
- continue;
- }
- else if (c == '`')
- {
- backq = 1;
- i++;
- continue;
- }
- else if (c == '\'' || c == '"')
- {
- i = (c == '\'') ? skip_single_quoted (string, slen, ++i)
- : skip_double_quoted (string, slen, ++i);
- /* no increment, the skip functions increment past the closing quote. */
- }
- else if (c == '$' && (string[i+1] == LPAREN || string[i+1] == LBRACE))
- {
- si = i + 2;
- if (string[si] == '\0')
- CQ_RETURN(si);
-
- if (string[i+1] == LPAREN)
- temp = extract_delimited_string (string, &si, "$(", "(", ")", SX_NOALLOC|SX_COMMAND); /* ) */
- else
- temp = extract_dollar_brace_string (string, &si, 0, SX_NOALLOC);
- i = si;
- if (string[i] == '\0') /* don't increment i past EOS in loop */
- break;
- i++;
- continue;
- }
- else if (member (c, delims))
- break;
- else
- ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, i);
- }
-
- CQ_RETURN(i);
-}
-
/* Split STRING (length SLEN) at DELIMS, and return a WORD_LIST with the
individual words. If DELIMS is NULL, the current value of $IFS is used
to split the string, and the function follows the shell field splitting
return (string_list_internal (list, " "));
}
+/* An external interface that can be used by the rest of the shell to
+ obtain a string containing the first character in $IFS. Handles all
+ the multibyte complications. If LENP is non-null, it is set to the
+ length of the returned string. */
+char *
+ifs_firstchar (lenp)
+ int *lenp;
+{
+ char *ret;
+ int len;
+
+ ret = xmalloc (MB_LEN_MAX + 1);
+#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
+ if (ifs_firstc_len == 1)
+ {
+ ret[0] = ifs_firstc[0];
+ ret[1] = '\0';
+ len = ret[0] ? 1 : 0;
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ memcpy (ret, ifs_firstc, ifs_firstc_len);
+ ret[len = ifs_firstc_len] = '\0';
+ }
+#else
+ ret[0] = ifs_firstc;
+ ret[1] = '\0';
+ len = ret[0] ? 0 : 1;
+#endif
+
+ if (lenp)
+ *lenp = len;
+
+ return ret;
+}
+
/* Return a single string of all the words present in LIST, obeying the
quoting rules for "$*", to wit: (P1003.2, draft 11, 3.5.2) "If the
expansion [of $*] appears within a double quoted string, it expands
char *varname, *value, *patsub;
int quoted;
{
- int vtype, mflags, starsub;
+ int vtype, mflags, starsub, delim;
char *val, *temp, *pat, *rep, *p, *lpatsub, *tt;
SHELL_VAR *v;
/* If the pattern starts with a `/', make sure we skip over it when looking
for the replacement delimiter. */
+#if 0
if (rep = quoted_strchr ((*patsub == '/') ? lpatsub+1 : lpatsub, '/', ST_BACKSL))
*rep++ = '\0';
else
rep = (char *)NULL;
+#else
+ delim = skip_to_delim (lpatsub, ((*patsub == '/') ? 1 : 0), "/");
+ if (lpatsub[delim] == '/')
+ {
+ lpatsub[delim] = 0;
+ rep = lpatsub + delim + 1;
+ }
+ else
+ rep = (char *)NULL;
+#endif
if (rep && *rep == '\0')
rep = (char *)NULL;
return (string_list_internal (list, " "));
}
+/* An external interface that can be used by the rest of the shell to
+ obtain a string containing the first character in $IFS. Handles all
+ the multibyte complications. If LENP is non-null, it is set to the
+ length of the returned string. */
+char *
+ifs_firstchar (lenp)
+ int *lenp;
+{
+ char *ret;
+ int len;
+
+ ret = xmalloc (MB_LEN_MAX + 1);
+#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
+ if (ifs_firstc_len == 1)
+ {
+ ret[0] = ifs_firstc[0];
+ ret[1] = '\0';
+ len = ret[0] ? 1 : 0;
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ memcpy (ret, ifs_firstc, ifs_firstc_len);
+ ret[len = ifs_firstc_len] = '\0';
+ }
+#else
+ ret[0] = ifs_firstc;
+ ret[1] = '\0';
+ len = ret[0] ? 0 : 1;
+#endif
+
+ if (lenp)
+ *lenp = len;
+
+ return ret;
+}
+
/* Return a single string of all the words present in LIST, obeying the
quoting rules for "$*", to wit: (P1003.2, draft 11, 3.5.2) "If the
expansion [of $*] appears within a double quoted string, it expands
char *varname, *value, *patsub;
int quoted;
{
- int vtype, mflags, starsub;
+ int vtype, mflags, starsub, delim;
char *val, *temp, *pat, *rep, *p, *lpatsub, *tt;
SHELL_VAR *v;
/* If the pattern starts with a `/', make sure we skip over it when looking
for the replacement delimiter. */
+#if 0
if (rep = quoted_strchr ((*patsub == '/') ? lpatsub+1 : lpatsub, '/', ST_BACKSL))
*rep++ = '\0';
else
rep = (char *)NULL;
+#else
+ delim = skip_to_delim (lpatsub, ((*patsub == '/') ? 1 : 0), "/");
+ if (lpatsub[delim] == '/')
+ {
+ lpatsub[delim] = 0;
+ rep = lpatsub + delim + 1;
+ }
+ else
+ rep = (char *)NULL;
+#endif
if (rep && *rep == '\0')
rep = (char *)NULL;
free (temp);
temp = temp1;
sindex += t_index;
- goto add_string;
+ goto add_quoted_string; /* XXX was add_string */
}
else
{
STRING. */
extern WORD_LIST *list_string __P((char *, char *, int));
+extern char *ifs_firstchar __P((int *));
extern char *get_word_from_string __P((char **, char *, char **));
extern char *strip_trailing_ifs_whitespace __P((char *, char *, int));
extern char *cond_expand_word __P((WORD_DESC *, int));
#endif
+extern int skip_to_delim __P((char *, int, char *));
+
#if defined (READLINE)
extern int char_is_quoted __P((char *, int));
extern int unclosed_pair __P((char *, int, char *));
-extern int skip_to_delim __P((char *, int, char *));
extern WORD_LIST *split_at_delims __P((char *, int, char *, int, int *, int *));
#endif
/* subst.h -- Names of externally visible functions in subst.c. */
-/* Copyright (C) 1993-2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+/* Copyright (C) 1993-2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell.
STRING. */
extern WORD_LIST *list_string __P((char *, char *, int));
+extern char *ifs_firstchar __P((int *));
extern char *get_word_from_string __P((char **, char *, char **));
extern char *strip_trailing_ifs_whitespace __P((char *, char *, int));
-BUILD_DIR=/usr/local/build/chet/bash/bash-current
+BUILD_DIR=/usr/local/build/bash/bash-current
THIS_SH=$BUILD_DIR/bash
PATH=$PATH:$BUILD_DIR
123456789
9
9
+4, A B C D
+2, C D
h
h
--blah
echo ${a:1}
echo ${a: -1}
echo ${a: ${#a}-1}
+
+# problem with bash through 3.2.33
+oIFS="$IFS"
+IFS=$'\n'
+a=(A B C D)
+b=("${a[@]}")
+echo "${#b[@]}", "${b[@]}" # 4, A B C D -- OK
+b=("${a[@]:2}")
+echo "${#b[@]}", "${b[@]}" # 1, C D -- bug, should be 2, C D
+IFS="$oIFS"
projects / thirdparty / bash.git / commitdiff
