----
configure.ac
- check for d_type member of struct dirent for future use
+
+ 2/24
+ ----
+doc/bash.1,doc/bashref.texi
+ - document the word expansions performed on indexed array subscripts
+ and assoc array keys
+ - document the possibility and effect of empty strings on arithmetic
+ evaluation for substring expansion, arithmetic expansion, operands
+ to the the [[ command's arithmetic operators, the expression in
+ the (( compound command, and indexed array subscripts
+
+ 2/24
+ ----
+execute_cmd.c
+ - execute_command_internal: if executing a (...) subshell, make sure
+ to update BASH_COMMAND before exiting on an error return from the
+ subshell with -e set
+ Report from Max Bowsher <maxbowsher@gmail.com>
+
+ 3/3
+ ---
+redir.c
+ - here_document_to_fd: if we are trying to use a pipe for a here
+ document, but the F_GETPIPE_SZ fcntl returns a value shorter than
+ the here document length, make sure to close the pipe file descriptors
+
+builtins/ulimit.def
+ - pipesize: use pathconf and _PC_PIPE_BUF if available
# define RLIMIT_FILESIZE 256
#endif
-#define RLIMIT_PIPESIZE 257
+#ifndef RLIMIT_PIPESIZE
+# define RLIMIT_PIPESIZE 257
+#endif
#ifdef RLIMIT_NOFILE
# define RLIMIT_OPENFILES RLIMIT_NOFILE
#endif
}
+/* The longtime problem here is that PIPE_BUF has atomicity restrictions, and
+ is not the true pipe capacity. Only a few systems can retrieve this at
+ runtime. */
static int
pipesize (RLIMTYPE *valuep)
{
+#if defined (HAVE_PATHCONF) && defined (_PC_PIPE_BUF)
+ long r;
+
+ r = pathconf (".", _PC_PIPE_BUF);
+ if (r >= 0)
+ {
+ *valuep = (RLIMTYPE) r;
+ return 0;
+ }
+#endif
#if defined (PIPE_BUF)
/* This is defined on Posix systems. */
*valuep = (RLIMTYPE) PIPE_BUF;
described below under A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN. If the value of
the expression is non-zero, the return status is 0; otherwise
the return status is 1. The _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn undergoes the same ex-
- pansions as if it were within double quotes, but double quote
- characters in _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn are not treated specially and are re-
- moved.
+ pansions as if it were within double quotes, but unescaped dou-
+ ble quote characters in _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn are not treated specially and
+ are removed. Since this can potentially result in empty
+ strings, this command treats those as expressions that evaluate
+ to 0.
[\b[[\b[ _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn ]\b]]\b]
Evaluate the conditional expression _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn and return a sta-
- tus of zero (true) or non-zero (false). Expressions are com-
+ tus of zero (true) or non-zero (false). Expressions are com-
posed of the primaries described below under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bS-\b-
- S\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS. The words between the [\b[[\b[ and ]\b]]\b] do not undergo word
- splitting and pathname expansion. The shell performs tilde ex-
+ S\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS. The words between the [\b[[\b[ and ]\b]]\b] do not undergo word
+ splitting and pathname expansion. The shell performs tilde ex-
pansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion,
command substitution, process substitution, and quote removal on
- those words. Conditional operators such as -\b-f\bf must be unquoted
+ those words. Conditional operators such as -\b-f\bf must be unquoted
to be recognized as primaries.
- When used with [\b[[\b[, the <\b< and >\b> operators sort lexicographically
+ When used with [\b[[\b[, the <\b< and >\b> operators sort lexicographically
using the current locale.
- When the =\b==\b= and !\b!=\b= operators are used, the string to the right
+ When the =\b==\b= and !\b!=\b= operators are used, the string to the right
of the operator is considered a pattern and matched according to
the rules described below under P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg, as if the e\bex\bxt\bt-\b-
g\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell option were enabled. The =\b= operator is equivalent to
- =\b==\b=. If the n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\bem\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh shell option is enabled, the match is
- performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters.
- The return value is 0 if the string matches (=\b==\b=) or does not
- match (!\b!=\b=) the pattern, and 1 otherwise. If any part of the
- pattern is quoted, the quoted portion is matched as a string:
+ =\b==\b=. If the n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\bem\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh shell option is enabled, the match is
+ performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters.
+ The return value is 0 if the string matches (=\b==\b=) or does not
+ match (!\b!=\b=) the pattern, and 1 otherwise. If any part of the
+ pattern is quoted, the quoted portion is matched as a string:
every character in the quoted portion matches itself, instead of
having any special pattern matching meaning.
- An additional binary operator, =\b=~\b~, is available, with the same
- precedence as =\b==\b= and !\b!=\b=. When it is used, the string to the
+ An additional binary operator, =\b=~\b~, is available, with the same
+ precedence as =\b==\b= and !\b!=\b=. When it is used, the string to the
right of the operator is considered a POSIX extended regular ex-
- pression and matched accordingly (using the POSIX _\br_\be_\bg_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp and
- _\br_\be_\bg_\be_\bx_\be_\bc interfaces usually described in _\br_\be_\bg_\be_\bx(3)). The return
- value is 0 if the string matches the pattern, and 1 otherwise.
+ pression and matched accordingly (using the POSIX _\br_\be_\bg_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp and
+ _\br_\be_\bg_\be_\bx_\be_\bc interfaces usually described in _\br_\be_\bg_\be_\bx(3)). The return
+ value is 0 if the string matches the pattern, and 1 otherwise.
If the regular expression is syntactically incorrect, the condi-
tional expression's return value is 2. If the n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\bem\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh shell
- option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the
+ option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the
case of alphabetic characters.
- If any part of the pattern is quoted, the quoted portion is
- matched literally, as above. If the pattern is stored in a
+ If any part of the pattern is quoted, the quoted portion is
+ matched literally, as above. If the pattern is stored in a
shell variable, quoting the variable expansion forces the entire
- pattern to be matched literally. Treat bracket expressions in
- regular expressions carefully, since normal quoting and pattern
+ pattern to be matched literally. Treat bracket expressions in
+ regular expressions carefully, since normal quoting and pattern
characters lose their meanings between brackets.
- The match succeeds if the pattern matches any part of the
+ The match succeeds if the pattern matches any part of the
string. Anchor the pattern using the ^\b^ and $\b$ regular expression
operators to force it to match the entire string.
- The array variable B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_R\bRE\bEM\bMA\bAT\bTC\bCH\bH records which parts of the
- string matched the pattern. The element of B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_R\bRE\bEM\bMA\bAT\bTC\bCH\bH with
- index 0 contains the portion of the string matching the entire
- regular expression. Substrings matched by parenthesized subex-
+ The array variable B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_R\bRE\bEM\bMA\bAT\bTC\bCH\bH records which parts of the
+ string matched the pattern. The element of B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_R\bRE\bEM\bMA\bAT\bTC\bCH\bH with
+ index 0 contains the portion of the string matching the entire
+ regular expression. Substrings matched by parenthesized subex-
pressions within the regular expression are saved in the remain-
- ing B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_R\bRE\bEM\bMA\bAT\bTC\bCH\bH indices. The element of B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_R\bRE\bEM\bMA\bAT\bTC\bCH\bH with in-
- dex _\bn is the portion of the string matching the _\bnth parenthe-
- sized subexpression. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh sets B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_R\bRE\bEM\bMA\bAT\bTC\bCH\bH in the global
- scope; declaring it as a local variable will lead to unexpected
+ ing B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_R\bRE\bEM\bMA\bAT\bTC\bCH\bH indices. The element of B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_R\bRE\bEM\bMA\bAT\bTC\bCH\bH with in-
+ dex _\bn is the portion of the string matching the _\bnth parenthe-
+ sized subexpression. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh sets B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_R\bRE\bEM\bMA\bAT\bTC\bCH\bH in the global
+ scope; declaring it as a local variable will lead to unexpected
results.
- Expressions may be combined using the following operators,
+ Expressions may be combined using the following operators,
listed in decreasing order of precedence:
(\b( _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn )\b)
- Returns the value of _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn. This may be used to
+ Returns the value of _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn. This may be used to
override the normal precedence of operators.
!\b! _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn
True if _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn is false.
True if either _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b1 or _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b2 is true.
The &\b&&\b& and |\b||\b| operators do not evaluate _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b2 if the value
- of _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b1 is sufficient to determine the return value of
+ of _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b1 is sufficient to determine the return value of
the entire conditional expression.
f\bfo\bor\br _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [ [ i\bin\bn [ _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd _\b._\b._\b. ] ] ; ] d\bdo\bo _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt ; d\bdo\bon\bne\be
- First, expand The list of words following i\bin\bn, generating a list
- of items. Then, the variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set to each element of
- this list in turn, and _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is executed each time. If the i\bin\bn
+ First, expand The list of words following i\bin\bn, generating a list
+ of items. Then, the variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set to each element of
+ this list in turn, and _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is executed each time. If the i\bin\bn
_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is omitted, the f\bfo\bor\br command executes _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt once for each po-
- sitional parameter that is set (see P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bET\bTE\bER\bRS\bS below). The re-
- turn status is the exit status of the last command that exe-
+ sitional parameter that is set (see P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bET\bTE\bER\bRS\bS below). The re-
+ turn status is the exit status of the last command that exe-
cutes. If the expansion of the items following i\bin\bn results in an
- empty list, no commands are executed, and the return status is
+ empty list, no commands are executed, and the return status is
0.
f\bfo\bor\br (( _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b1 ; _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2 ; _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b3 )) ; d\bdo\bo _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt ; d\bdo\bon\bne\be
First, evaluate the arithmetic expression _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b1 according to the
- rules described below under A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN. Then, re-
+ rules described below under A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN. Then, re-
peatedly evaluate the arithmetic expression _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2 until it eval-
- uates to zero. Each time _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2 evaluates to a non-zero value,
- execute _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt and evaluate the arithmetic expression _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b3. If
- any expression is omitted, it behaves as if it evaluates to 1.
- The return value is the exit status of the last command in _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt
- that is executed, or non-zero if any of the expressions is in-
+ uates to zero. Each time _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2 evaluates to a non-zero value,
+ execute _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt and evaluate the arithmetic expression _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b3. If
+ any expression is omitted, it behaves as if it evaluates to 1.
+ The return value is the exit status of the last command in _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt
+ that is executed, or non-zero if any of the expressions is in-
valid.
- Use the b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk and c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be builtins (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS
+ Use the b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk and c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be builtins (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS
below) to control loop execution.
s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [ i\bin\bn _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd ] ; d\bdo\bo _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt ; d\bdo\bon\bne\be
- First, expand the list of words following i\bin\bn, generating a list
- of items, and print the set of expanded words the standard er-
- ror, each preceded by a number. If the i\bin\bn _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is omitted,
- print the positional parameters (see P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bET\bTE\bER\bRS\bS below). s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt
- then displays the P\bPS\bS3\b3 prompt and reads a line from the standard
+ First, expand the list of words following i\bin\bn, generating a list
+ of items, and print the set of expanded words the standard er-
+ ror, each preceded by a number. If the i\bin\bn _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is omitted,
+ print the positional parameters (see P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bET\bTE\bER\bRS\bS below). s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt
+ then displays the P\bPS\bS3\b3 prompt and reads a line from the standard
input. If the line consists of a number corresponding to one of
- the displayed words, then s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt sets the value of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to that
- word. If the line is empty, s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt displays the words and
- prompt again. If EOF is read, s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt completes and returns 1.
- Any other value sets _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to null. The line read is saved in
- the variable R\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY. The _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is executed after each selection
+ the displayed words, then s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt sets the value of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to that
+ word. If the line is empty, s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt displays the words and
+ prompt again. If EOF is read, s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt completes and returns 1.
+ Any other value sets _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to null. The line read is saved in
+ the variable R\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY. The _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is executed after each selection
until a b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk command is executed. The exit status of s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt is
the exit status of the last command executed in _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt, or zero if
no commands were executed.
c\bca\bas\bse\be _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd i\bin\bn [ [(] _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn [ |\b| _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn ] ... ) _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt ;; ] ... e\bes\bsa\bac\bc
A c\bca\bas\bse\be command first expands _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, and tries to match it against
- each _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn in turn, proceeding from first to last, using the
- matching rules described under P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg below. A pat-
- tern list is a set of one or more patterns separated by , and
- the ) operator terminates the pattern list. The _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is ex-
- panded using tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
+ each _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn in turn, proceeding from first to last, using the
+ matching rules described under P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg below. A pat-
+ tern list is a set of one or more patterns separated by , and
+ the ) operator terminates the pattern list. The _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is ex-
+ panded using tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
arithmetic expansion, command substitution, process substitution
- and quote removal. Each _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn examined is expanded using
- tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic
+ and quote removal. Each _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn examined is expanded using
+ tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic
expansion, command substitution, process substitution, and quote
- removal. If the n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\bem\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh shell option is enabled, the match
- is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic charac-
+ removal. If the n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\bem\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh shell option is enabled, the match
+ is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic charac-
ters. A _\bc_\bl_\ba_\bu_\bs_\be is a pattern list and an associated _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt.
When a match is found, c\bca\bas\bse\be executes the corresponding _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt. If
- the ;\b;;\b; operator terminates the case clause, the c\bca\bas\bse\be command
+ the ;\b;;\b; operator terminates the case clause, the c\bca\bas\bse\be command
completes after the first match. Using ;\b;&\b& in place of ;\b;;\b; causes
- execution to continue with the _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt associated with the next
+ execution to continue with the _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt associated with the next
pattern list. Using ;\b;;\b;&\b& in place of ;\b;;\b; causes the shell to test
- the next pattern list in the statement, if any, and execute any
- associated _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt if the match succeeds, continuing the case
+ the next pattern list in the statement, if any, and execute any
+ associated _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt if the match succeeds, continuing the case
statement execution as if the pattern list had not matched. The
exit status is zero if no pattern matches.
the last _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt executed.
i\bif\bf _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt; t\bth\bhe\ben\bn _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt; [ e\bel\bli\bif\bf _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt; t\bth\bhe\ben\bn _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt; ] ... [ e\bel\bls\bse\be _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt; ] f\bfi\bi
- The i\bif\bf _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is executed. If its exit status is zero, the t\bth\bhe\ben\bn
- _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is executed. Otherwise, each e\bel\bli\bif\bf _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is executed in
- turn, and if its exit status is zero, the corresponding t\bth\bhe\ben\bn
+ The i\bif\bf _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is executed. If its exit status is zero, the t\bth\bhe\ben\bn
+ _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is executed. Otherwise, each e\bel\bli\bif\bf _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is executed in
+ turn, and if its exit status is zero, the corresponding t\bth\bhe\ben\bn
_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is executed and the command completes. Otherwise, the e\bel\bls\bse\be
- _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is executed, if present. The exit status is the exit sta-
+ _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is executed, if present. The exit status is the exit sta-
tus of the last command executed, or zero if no condition tested
true.
w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt_\b-_\b1; d\bdo\bo _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt_\b-_\b2; d\bdo\bon\bne\be
u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt_\b-_\b1; d\bdo\bo _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt_\b-_\b2; d\bdo\bon\bne\be
- The w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be command continuously executes the list _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt_\b-_\b2 as long
+ The w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be command continuously executes the list _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt_\b-_\b2 as long
as the last command in the list _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt_\b-_\b1 returns an exit status of
- zero. The u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl command is identical to the w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be command, ex-
+ zero. The u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl command is identical to the w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be command, ex-
cept that the test is negated: _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt_\b-_\b2 is executed as long as the
last command in _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt_\b-_\b1 returns a non-zero exit status. The exit
status of the w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be and u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl commands is the exit status of the
C\bCo\bop\bpr\bro\boc\bce\bes\bss\bse\bes\bs
A _\bc_\bo_\bp_\br_\bo_\bc_\be_\bs_\bs is a shell command preceded by the c\bco\bop\bpr\bro\boc\bc reserved word. A
- coprocess is executed asynchronously in a subshell, as if the command
- had been terminated with the &\b& control operator, with a two-way pipe
+ coprocess is executed asynchronously in a subshell, as if the command
+ had been terminated with the &\b& control operator, with a two-way pipe
established between the executing shell and the coprocess.
The syntax for a coprocess is:
c\bco\bop\bpr\bro\boc\bc [_\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE] _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd [_\br_\be_\bd_\bi_\br_\be_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\bs]
- This creates a coprocess named _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE. _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd may be either a simple
- command or a compound command (see above). _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE is a shell variable
+ This creates a coprocess named _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE. _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd may be either a simple
+ command or a compound command (see above). _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE is a shell variable
name. If _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE is not supplied, the default name is C\bCO\bOP\bPR\bRO\bOC\bC.
The recommended form to use for a coprocess is
c\bco\bop\bpr\bro\boc\bc _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE { _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd [_\br_\be_\bd_\bi_\br_\be_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\bs]; }
- This form is preferred because simple commands result in the coprocess
- always being named C\bCO\bOP\bPR\bRO\bOC\bC, and it is simpler to use and more complete
+ This form is preferred because simple commands result in the coprocess
+ always being named C\bCO\bOP\bPR\bRO\bOC\bC, and it is simpler to use and more complete
than the other compound commands.
- If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is a compound command, _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE is optional. The word following
- c\bco\bop\bpr\bro\boc\bc determines whether that word is interpreted as a variable name:
- it is interpreted as _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE if it is not a reserved word that introduces
- a compound command. If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is a simple command, _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE is not al-
- lowed; this is to avoid confusion between _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE and the first word of
+ If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is a compound command, _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE is optional. The word following
+ c\bco\bop\bpr\bro\boc\bc determines whether that word is interpreted as a variable name:
+ it is interpreted as _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE if it is not a reserved word that introduces
+ a compound command. If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is a simple command, _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE is not al-
+ lowed; this is to avoid confusion between _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE and the first word of
the simple command.
- When the coprocess is executed, the shell creates an array variable
- (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs below) named _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE in the context of the executing shell.
- The standard output of _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is connected via a pipe to a file de-
- scriptor in the executing shell, and that file descriptor is assigned
+ When the coprocess is executed, the shell creates an array variable
+ (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs below) named _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE in the context of the executing shell.
+ The standard output of _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is connected via a pipe to a file de-
+ scriptor in the executing shell, and that file descriptor is assigned
to _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE[0]. The standard input of _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is connected via a pipe to a
file descriptor in the executing shell, and that file descriptor is as-
- signed to _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE[1]. This pipe is established before any redirections
+ signed to _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE[1]. This pipe is established before any redirections
specified by the command (see R\bRE\bED\bDI\bIR\bRE\bEC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN below). The file descriptors
- can be utilized as arguments to shell commands and redirections using
- standard word expansions. Other than those created to execute command
- and process substitutions, the file descriptors are not available in
+ can be utilized as arguments to shell commands and redirections using
+ standard word expansions. Other than those created to execute command
+ and process substitutions, the file descriptors are not available in
subshells.
- The process ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is avail-
- able as the value of the variable _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE_PID. The w\bwa\bai\bit\bt builtin may be
+ The process ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is avail-
+ able as the value of the variable _\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE_PID. The w\bwa\bai\bit\bt builtin may be
used to wait for the coprocess to terminate.
- Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command, the c\bco\bop\bpr\bro\boc\bc
- command always returns success. The return status of a coprocess is
+ Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command, the c\bco\bop\bpr\bro\boc\bc
+ command always returns success. The return status of a coprocess is
the exit status of _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd.
S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl F\bFu\bun\bnc\bct\bti\bio\bon\bn D\bDe\bef\bfi\bin\bni\bit\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs
- A shell function is an object that is called like a simple command and
- executes a compound command with a new set of positional parameters.
+ A shell function is an object that is called like a simple command and
+ executes a compound command with a new set of positional parameters.
Shell functions are declared as follows:
_\bf_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be () _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd [_\br_\be_\bd_\bi_\br_\be_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn]
f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\bti\bio\bon\bn _\bf_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [()] _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd [_\br_\be_\bd_\bi_\br_\be_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn]
This defines a function named _\bf_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. The reserved word f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\bti\bio\bon\bn
- is optional. If the f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\bti\bio\bon\bn reserved word is supplied, the
- parentheses are optional. The _\bb_\bo_\bd_\by of the function is the com-
- pound command _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd (see C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpo\bou\bun\bnd\bd C\bCo\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bds\bs above).
- That command is usually a _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt of commands between { and }, but
+ is optional. If the f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\bti\bio\bon\bn reserved word is supplied, the
+ parentheses are optional. The _\bb_\bo_\bd_\by of the function is the com-
+ pound command _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd (see C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpo\bou\bun\bnd\bd C\bCo\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bds\bs above).
+ That command is usually a _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt of commands between { and }, but
may be any command listed under C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpo\bou\bun\bnd\bd C\bCo\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bds\bs above. If the
f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\bti\bio\bon\bn reserved word is used, but the parentheses are not sup-
plied, the braces are recommended. _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is executed
- whenever _\bf_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is specified as the name of a simple command.
+ whenever _\bf_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is specified as the name of a simple command.
When in posix mode, _\bf_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be must be a valid shell _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be and may not
- be the name of one of the POSIX _\bs_\bp_\be_\bc_\bi_\ba_\bl _\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn_\bs. In default
- mode, a function name can be any unquoted shell word that does
+ be the name of one of the POSIX _\bs_\bp_\be_\bc_\bi_\ba_\bl _\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn_\bs. In default
+ mode, a function name can be any unquoted shell word that does
not contain $\b$.
- Any redirections (see R\bRE\bED\bDI\bIR\bRE\bEC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN below) specified when a function is
+ Any redirections (see R\bRE\bED\bDI\bIR\bRE\bEC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN below) specified when a function is
defined are performed when the function is executed.
- The exit status of a function definition is zero unless a syntax error
- occurs or a readonly function with the same name already exists. When
- executed, the exit status of a function is the exit status of the last
+ The exit status of a function definition is zero unless a syntax error
+ occurs or a readonly function with the same name already exists. When
+ executed, the exit status of a function is the exit status of the last
command executed in the body. (See F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS below.)
C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bME\bEN\bNT\bTS\bS
In a non-interactive shell, or an interactive shell in which the i\bin\bnt\bte\ber\br-\b-
- a\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be_\b_c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bts\bs option to the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin is enabled (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL
- B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below), a word beginning with #\b# introduces a comment.
+ a\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be_\b_c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bts\bs option to the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin is enabled (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL
+ B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below), a word beginning with #\b# introduces a comment.
A word begins at the beginning of a line, after unquoted whitespace, or
- after an operator. The comment causes that word and all remaining
- characters on that line to be ignored. An interactive shell without
- the i\bin\bnt\bte\ber\bra\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be_\b_c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bts\bs option enabled does not allow comments. The
+ after an operator. The comment causes that word and all remaining
+ characters on that line to be ignored. An interactive shell without
+ the i\bin\bnt\bte\ber\bra\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be_\b_c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bts\bs option enabled does not allow comments. The
i\bin\bnt\bte\ber\bra\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be_\b_c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bts\bs option is enabled by default in interactive
shells.
Q\bQU\bUO\bOT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG
- _\bQ_\bu_\bo_\bt_\bi_\bn_\bg is used to remove the special meaning of certain characters or
- words to the shell. Quoting can be used to disable special treatment
+ _\bQ_\bu_\bo_\bt_\bi_\bn_\bg is used to remove the special meaning of certain characters or
+ words to the shell. Quoting can be used to disable special treatment
for special characters, to prevent reserved words from being recognized
as such, and to prevent parameter expansion.
- Each of the _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\be_\br_\bs listed above under D\bDE\bEF\bFI\bIN\bNI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS has special
+ Each of the _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\be_\br_\bs listed above under D\bDE\bEF\bFI\bIN\bNI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS has special
meaning to the shell and must be quoted if it is to represent itself.
- When the command history expansion facilities are being used (see H\bHI\bIS\bS-\b-
+ When the command history expansion facilities are being used (see H\bHI\bIS\bS-\b-
T\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN below), the _\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn character, usually !\b!, must
be quoted to prevent history expansion.
There are four quoting mechanisms: the _\be_\bs_\bc_\ba_\bp_\be _\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\be_\br, single quotes,
double quotes, and dollar-single quotes.
- A non-quoted backslash (\\b\) is the _\be_\bs_\bc_\ba_\bp_\be _\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\be_\br. It preserves the
- literal value of the next character that follows, removing any special
- meaning it has, with the exception of <newline>. If a \\b\<newline> pair
- appears, and the backslash is not itself quoted, the \\b\<newline> is
- treated as a line continuation (that is, it is removed from the input
+ A non-quoted backslash (\\b\) is the _\be_\bs_\bc_\ba_\bp_\be _\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\be_\br. It preserves the
+ literal value of the next character that follows, removing any special
+ meaning it has, with the exception of <newline>. If a \\b\<newline> pair
+ appears, and the backslash is not itself quoted, the \\b\<newline> is
+ treated as a line continuation (that is, it is removed from the input
stream and effectively ignored).
- Enclosing characters in single quotes preserves the literal value of
+ Enclosing characters in single quotes preserves the literal value of
each character within the quotes. A single quote may not occur between
single quotes, even when preceded by a backslash.
- Enclosing characters in double quotes preserves the literal value of
- all characters within the quotes, with the exception of $\b$, `\b`, \\b\, and,
+ Enclosing characters in double quotes preserves the literal value of
+ all characters within the quotes, with the exception of $\b$, `\b`, \\b\, and,
when history expansion is enabled, !\b!. When the shell is in posix mode,
- the !\b! has no special meaning within double quotes, even when history
- expansion is enabled. The characters $\b$ and `\b` retain their special
- meaning within double quotes. The backslash retains its special mean-
- ing only when followed by one of the following characters: $\b$, `\b`, "\b", \\b\,
+ the !\b! has no special meaning within double quotes, even when history
+ expansion is enabled. The characters $\b$ and `\b` retain their special
+ meaning within double quotes. The backslash retains its special mean-
+ ing only when followed by one of the following characters: $\b$, `\b`, "\b", \\b\,
or <\b<n\bne\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be>\b>. Backslashes preceding characters without a special mean-
ing are left unmodified.
- A double quote may be quoted within double quotes by preceding it with
+ A double quote may be quoted within double quotes by preceding it with
a backslash. If enabled, history expansion will be performed unless an
- !\b! appearing in double quotes is escaped using a backslash. The back-
+ !\b! appearing in double quotes is escaped using a backslash. The back-
slash preceding the !\b! is not removed.
- The special parameters *\b* and @\b@ have special meaning when in double
+ The special parameters *\b* and @\b@ have special meaning when in double
quotes (see P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bET\bTE\bER\bRS\bS below).
- Character sequences of the form $\b$'_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg' are treated as a special
- variant of single quotes. The sequence expands to _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg, with back-
- slash-escaped characters in _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg replaced as specified by the ANSI C
- standard. Backslash escape sequences, if present, are decoded as fol-
+ Character sequences of the form $\b$'_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg' are treated as a special
+ variant of single quotes. The sequence expands to _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg, with back-
+ slash-escaped characters in _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg replaced as specified by the ANSI C
+ standard. Backslash escape sequences, if present, are decoded as fol-
lows:
\\b\a\ba alert (bell)
\\b\b\bb backspace
\\b\'\b' single quote
\\b\"\b" double quote
\\b\?\b? question mark
- \\b\_\bn_\bn_\bn The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value
+ \\b\_\bn_\bn_\bn The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value
_\bn_\bn_\bn (one to three octal digits).
- \\b\x\bx_\bH_\bH The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal
+ \\b\x\bx_\bH_\bH The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal
value _\bH_\bH (one or two hex digits).
- \\b\u\bu_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
+ \\b\u\bu_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
hexadecimal value _\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH (one to four hex digits).
\\b\U\bU_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH
- The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
+ The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
hexadecimal value _\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH (one to eight hex digits).
\\b\c\bc_\bx A control-_\bx character.
- The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not
+ The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not
been present.
T\bTr\bra\ban\bns\bsl\bla\bat\bti\bin\bng\bg S\bSt\btr\bri\bin\bng\bgs\bs
A double-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign ($\b$"_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg") causes the
- string to be translated according to the current locale. The _\bg_\be_\bt_\bt_\be_\bx_\bt
- infrastructure performs the lookup and translation, using the L\bLC\bC_\b_M\bME\bES\bS-\b-
- S\bSA\bAG\bGE\bES\bS, T\bTE\bEX\bXT\bTD\bDO\bOM\bMA\bAI\bIN\bND\bDI\bIR\bR, and T\bTE\bEX\bXT\bTD\bDO\bOM\bMA\bAI\bIN\bN shell variables. If the current
+ string to be translated according to the current locale. The _\bg_\be_\bt_\bt_\be_\bx_\bt
+ infrastructure performs the lookup and translation, using the L\bLC\bC_\b_M\bME\bES\bS-\b-
+ S\bSA\bAG\bGE\bES\bS, T\bTE\bEX\bXT\bTD\bDO\bOM\bMA\bAI\bIN\bND\bDI\bIR\bR, and T\bTE\bEX\bXT\bTD\bDO\bOM\bMA\bAI\bIN\bN shell variables. If the current
locale is C\bC or P\bPO\bOS\bSI\bIX\bX, if there are no translations available, or if the
string is not translated, the dollar sign is ignored, and the string is
- treated as double-quoted as described above. This is a form of double
+ treated as double-quoted as described above. This is a form of double
quoting, so the string remains double-quoted by default, whether or not
- it is translated and replaced. If the n\bno\boe\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_t\btr\bra\ban\bns\bsl\bla\bat\bti\bio\bon\bn option is
- enabled using the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin, translated strings are single-quoted
- instead of double-quoted. See the description of s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt below under
+ it is translated and replaced. If the n\bno\boe\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_t\btr\bra\ban\bns\bsl\bla\bat\bti\bio\bon\bn option is
+ enabled using the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin, translated strings are single-quoted
+ instead of double-quoted. See the description of s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt below under
S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS.
P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bET\bTE\bER\bRS\bS
- A _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an entity that stores values. It can be a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, a num-
- ber, or one of the special characters listed below under S\bSp\bpe\bec\bci\bia\bal\bl P\bPa\bar\bra\ba-\b-
+ A _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an entity that stores values. It can be a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, a num-
+ ber, or one of the special characters listed below under S\bSp\bpe\bec\bci\bia\bal\bl P\bPa\bar\bra\ba-\b-
m\bme\bet\bte\ber\brs\bs. A _\bv_\ba_\br_\bi_\ba_\bb_\bl_\be is a parameter denoted by a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. A variable has a
- _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be and zero or more _\ba_\bt_\bt_\br_\bi_\bb_\bu_\bt_\be_\bs. Attributes are assigned using the
- d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin command (see d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be below in S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS).
+ _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be and zero or more _\ba_\bt_\bt_\br_\bi_\bb_\bu_\bt_\be_\bs. Attributes are assigned using the
+ d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin command (see d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be below in S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS).
The e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt and r\bre\bea\bad\bdo\bon\bnl\bly\by builtins assign specific attributes.
A parameter is set if it has been assigned a value. The null string is
- a valid value. Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using
+ a valid value. Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using
the u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt builtin command (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
- A _\bv_\ba_\br_\bi_\ba_\bb_\bl_\be may be assigned to by a statement of the form
+ A _\bv_\ba_\br_\bi_\ba_\bb_\bl_\be is assigned to using a statement of the form
_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be=[_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be]
- If _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be is not given, the variable is assigned the null string. All
- _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be_\bs undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, com-
- mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal (see E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bN-\b-
+ If _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be is not given, the variable is assigned the null string. All
+ _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be_\bs undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, com-
+ mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal (see E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bN-\b-
S\bSI\bIO\bON\bN below). If the variable has its i\bin\bnt\bte\beg\bge\ber\br attribute set, then _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be
is evaluated as an arithmetic expression even if the $\b$(\b((\b(...)\b))\b) expansion
is not used (see A\bAr\bri\bit\bth\bhm\bme\bet\bti\bic\bc E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn below). Word splitting and path-
- name expansion are not performed. Assignment statements may also ap-
+ name expansion are not performed. Assignment statements may also ap-
pear as arguments to the a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs, d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be, t\bty\byp\bpe\bes\bse\bet\bt, e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt, r\bre\bea\bad\bdo\bon\bnl\bly\by, and
- l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl builtin commands (_\bd_\be_\bc_\bl_\ba_\br_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn commands). When in posix mode,
- these builtins may appear in a command after one or more instances of
+ l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl builtin commands (_\bd_\be_\bc_\bl_\ba_\br_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn commands). When in posix mode,
+ these builtins may appear in a command after one or more instances of
the c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd builtin and retain these assignment statement properties.
- In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value to a
- shell variable or array index, the "+=" operator appends to or adds to
- the variable's previous value. This includes arguments to _\bd_\be_\bc_\bl_\ba_\br_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn
- commands such as d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be that accept assignment statements. When "+="
- is applied to a variable for which the i\bin\bnt\bte\beg\bge\ber\br attribute has been set,
+ In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value to a
+ shell variable or array index, the "+=" operator appends to or adds to
+ the variable's previous value. This includes arguments to _\bd_\be_\bc_\bl_\ba_\br_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn
+ commands such as d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be that accept assignment statements. When "+="
+ is applied to a variable for which the i\bin\bnt\bte\beg\bge\ber\br attribute has been set,
the variable's current value and _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be are each evaluated as arithmetic
- expressions, and the sum of the results is assigned as the variable's
+ expressions, and the sum of the results is assigned as the variable's
value. The current value is usually an integer constant, but may be an
- expression. When "+=" is applied to an array variable using compound
+ expression. When "+=" is applied to an array variable using compound
assignment (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs below), the variable's value is not unset (as it
is when using and new values are appended to the array beginning at one
greater than the array's maximum index (for indexed arrays) or added as
- additional key-value pairs in an associative array. When applied to a
- string-valued variable, _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be is expanded and appended to the vari-
+ additional key-value pairs in an associative array. When applied to a
+ string-valued variable, _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be is expanded and appended to the vari-
able's value.
A variable can be assigned the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf attribute using the -\b-n\bn option to
- the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be or l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl builtin commands (see the descriptions of d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be
- and l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl below) to create a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf, or a reference to another vari-
- able. This allows variables to be manipulated indirectly. Whenever
- the nameref variable is referenced, assigned to, unset, or has its at-
- tributes modified (other than using or changing the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf attribute
- itself), the operation is actually performed on the variable specified
- by the nameref variable's value. A nameref is commonly used within
+ the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be or l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl builtin commands (see the descriptions of d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be
+ and l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl below) to create a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf, or a reference to another vari-
+ able. This allows variables to be manipulated indirectly. Whenever
+ the nameref variable is referenced, assigned to, unset, or has its at-
+ tributes modified (other than using or changing the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf attribute
+ itself), the operation is actually performed on the variable specified
+ by the nameref variable's value. A nameref is commonly used within
shell functions to refer to a variable whose name is passed as an argu-
- ment to the function. For instance, if a variable name is passed to a
+ ment to the function. For instance, if a variable name is passed to a
shell function as its first argument, running
declare -n ref=$1
the variable name passed as the first argument. References and assign-
ments to r\bre\bef\bf, and changes to its attributes, are treated as references,
assignments, and attribute modifications to the variable whose name was
- passed as $\b$1\b1. If the control variable in a f\bfo\bor\br loop has the nameref
- attribute, the list of words can be a list of shell variables, and a
- name reference is established for each word in the list, in turn, when
- the loop is executed. Array variables cannot be given the n\bna\bam\bme\ber\bre\bef\bf at-
- tribute. However, nameref variables can reference array variables and
+ passed as $\b$1\b1. If the control variable in a f\bfo\bor\br loop has the nameref
+ attribute, the list of words can be a list of shell variables, and a
+ name reference is established for each word in the list, in turn, when
+ the loop is executed. Array variables cannot be given the n\bna\bam\bme\ber\bre\bef\bf at-
+ tribute. However, nameref variables can reference array variables and
subscripted array variables. Namerefs can be unset using the -\b-n\bn option
to the u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt builtin. Otherwise, if u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt is executed with the name of
- a nameref variable as an argument, the variable referenced by the
+ a nameref variable as an argument, the variable referenced by the
nameref variable is unset.
- When the shell starts, it reads its environment and creates a shell
- variable from each environment variable that has a valid name, as de-
+ When the shell starts, it reads its environment and creates a shell
+ variable from each environment variable that has a valid name, as de-
scribed below (see E\bEN\bNV\bVI\bIR\bRO\bON\bNM\bME\bEN\bNT\bT).
P\bPo\bos\bsi\bit\bti\bio\bon\bna\bal\bl P\bPa\bar\bra\bam\bme\bet\bte\ber\brs\bs
- A _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\ba_\bl _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is a parameter denoted by one or more digits,
+ A _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\ba_\bl _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is a parameter denoted by one or more digits,
other than the single digit 0. Positional parameters are assigned from
- the shell's arguments when it is invoked, and may be reassigned using
- the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command. Positional parameters may not be assigned to
- with assignment statements. The positional parameters are temporarily
+ the shell's arguments when it is invoked, and may be reassigned using
+ the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command. Positional parameters may not be assigned to
+ with assignment statements. The positional parameters are temporarily
replaced when a shell function is executed (see F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS below).
- When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single digit is
+ When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single digit is
expanded, it must be enclosed in braces (see E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN below). Without
braces, a digit following $ can only refer to one of the first nine po-
- sitional parameters ($\b$1\b1-\b-$\b$9\b9) or the special parameter $\b$0\b0 (see the next
+ sitional parameters ($\b$1\b1-\b-$\b$9\b9) or the special parameter $\b$0\b0 (see the next
section).
S\bSp\bpe\bec\bci\bia\bal\bl P\bPa\bar\bra\bam\bme\bet\bte\ber\brs\bs
- The shell treats several parameters specially. These parameters may
+ The shell treats several parameters specially. These parameters may
only be referenced; assignment to them is not allowed. Special parame-
ters are denoted by one of the following characters.
- *\b* ($\b$*\b*) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.
- When the expansion is not within double quotes, each positional
- parameter expands to a separate word. In contexts where word
- expansions are performed, those words are subject to further
- word splitting and pathname expansion. When the expansion oc-
- curs within double quotes, it expands to a single word with the
- value of each parameter separated by the first character of the
+ *\b* ($\b$*\b*) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.
+ When the expansion is not within double quotes, each positional
+ parameter expands to a separate word. In contexts where word
+ expansions are performed, those words are subject to further
+ word splitting and pathname expansion. When the expansion oc-
+ curs within double quotes, it expands to a single word with the
+ value of each parameter separated by the first character of the
I\bIF\bFS\bS variable. That is, "\b"$\b$*\b*"\b" is equivalent to "\b"$\b$1\b1_\bc$\b$2\b2_\bc.\b..\b..\b."\b", where
- _\bc is the first character of the value of the I\bIF\bFS\bS variable. If
+ _\bc is the first character of the value of the I\bIF\bFS\bS variable. If
I\bIF\bFS\bS is unset, the parameters are separated by spaces. If I\bIF\bFS\bS is
null, the parameters are joined without intervening separators.
- @\b@ ($\b$@\b@) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.
+ @\b@ ($\b$@\b@) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.
In contexts where word splitting is performed, this expands each
- positional parameter to a separate word; if not within double
- quotes, these words are subject to word splitting. In contexts
+ positional parameter to a separate word; if not within double
+ quotes, these words are subject to word splitting. In contexts
where word splitting is not performed, such as the value portion
- of an assignment statement, this expands to a single word with
+ of an assignment statement, this expands to a single word with
each positional parameter separated by a space. When the expan-
- sion occurs within double quotes, and word splitting is per-
- formed, each parameter expands to a separate word. That is,
+ sion occurs within double quotes, and word splitting is per-
+ formed, each parameter expands to a separate word. That is,
"\b"$\b$@\b@"\b" is equivalent to "\b"$\b$1\b1"\b" "\b"$\b$2\b2"\b" .\b..\b..\b. If the double-quoted expan-
- sion occurs within a word, the expansion of the first parameter
+ sion occurs within a word, the expansion of the first parameter
is joined with the expansion of the beginning part of the origi-
nal word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with
the expansion of the last part of the original word. When there
- are no positional parameters, "\b"$\b$@\b@"\b" and $\b$@\b@ expand to nothing
+ are no positional parameters, "\b"$\b$@\b@"\b" and $\b$@\b@ expand to nothing
(i.e., they are removed).
#\b# ($\b$#\b#) Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal.
- ?\b? ($\b$?\b?) Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed
+ ?\b? ($\b$?\b?) Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed
command.
-\b- ($\b$-\b-) Expands to the current option flags as specified upon invo-
- cation, by the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command, or those set by the shell
+ cation, by the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command, or those set by the shell
itself (such as the -\b-i\bi option).
- $\b$ ($\b$$\b$) Expands to the process ID of the shell. In a subshell, it
+ $\b$ ($\b$$\b$) Expands to the process ID of the shell. In a subshell, it
expands to the process ID of the parent shell, not the subshell.
- !\b! ($\b$!\b!)Expands to the process ID of the job most recently placed
+ !\b! ($\b$!\b!)Expands to the process ID of the job most recently placed
into the background, whether executed as an asynchronous command
or using the b\bbg\bg builtin (see J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL below).
- 0\b0 ($\b$0\b0) Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is
- set at shell initialization. If b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is invoked with a file of
- commands, $\b$0\b0 is set to the name of that file. If b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is
+ 0\b0 ($\b$0\b0) Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is
+ set at shell initialization. If b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is invoked with a file of
+ commands, $\b$0\b0 is set to the name of that file. If b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is
started with the -\b-c\bc option, then $\b$0\b0 is set to the first argument
- after the string to be executed, if one is present. Otherwise,
+ after the string to be executed, if one is present. Otherwise,
it is set to the filename used to invoke b\bba\bas\bsh\bh, as given by argu-
ment zero.
S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs
The shell sets following variables:
- _\b_ ($\b$_\b_, an underscore) This has a number of meanings depending on
+ _\b_ ($\b$_\b_, an underscore) This has a number of meanings depending on
context. At shell startup, _\b_ is set to the pathname used to in-
- voke the shell or shell script being executed as passed in the
- environment or argument list. Subsequently, it expands to the
- last argument to the previous simple command executed in the
- foreground, after expansion. It is also set to the full path-
- name used to invoke each command executed and placed in the en-
- vironment exported to that command. When checking mail, $\b$_\b_ ex-
+ voke the shell or shell script being executed as passed in the
+ environment or argument list. Subsequently, it expands to the
+ last argument to the previous simple command executed in the
+ foreground, after expansion. It is also set to the full path-
+ name used to invoke each command executed and placed in the en-
+ vironment exported to that command. When checking mail, $\b$_\b_ ex-
pands to the name of the mail file currently being checked.
- B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH Expands to the full filename used to invoke this instance of
+ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH Expands to the full filename used to invoke this instance of
b\bba\bas\bsh\bh.
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bHO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS
- A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in
- the list is a valid argument for the -\b-s\bs option to the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt
+ A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in
+ the list is a valid argument for the -\b-s\bs option to the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt
builtin command (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below). The options
- appearing in B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bHO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS are those reported as _\bo_\bn by s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt. If
- this variable is in the environment when b\bba\bas\bsh\bh starts up, the
+ appearing in B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bHO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS are those reported as _\bo_\bn by s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt. If
+ this variable is in the environment when b\bba\bas\bsh\bh starts up, the
shell enables each option in the list before reading any startup
- files. If this variable is exported, child shells will enable
+ files. If this variable is exported, child shells will enable
each option in the list. This variable is read-only.
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bHP\bPI\bID\bD
- Expands to the process ID of the current b\bba\bas\bsh\bh process. This
- differs from $\b$$\b$ under certain circumstances, such as subshells
- that do not require b\bba\bas\bsh\bh to be re-initialized. Assignments to
- B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bHP\bPI\bID\bD have no effect. If B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bHP\bPI\bID\bD is unset, it loses its spe-
+ Expands to the process ID of the current b\bba\bas\bsh\bh process. This
+ differs from $\b$$\b$ under certain circumstances, such as subshells
+ that do not require b\bba\bas\bsh\bh to be re-initialized. Assignments to
+ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bHP\bPI\bID\bD have no effect. If B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bHP\bPI\bID\bD is unset, it loses its spe-
cial properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAL\bLI\bIA\bAS\bSE\bES\bS
- An associative array variable whose members correspond to the
- internal list of aliases as maintained by the a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs builtin.
- Elements added to this array appear in the alias list; however,
- unsetting array elements currently does not remove aliases from
- the alias list. If B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAL\bLI\bIA\bAS\bSE\bES\bS is unset, it loses its special
+ An associative array variable whose members correspond to the
+ internal list of aliases as maintained by the a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs builtin.
+ Elements added to this array appear in the alias list; however,
+ unsetting array elements currently does not remove aliases from
+ the alias list. If B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAL\bLI\bIA\bAS\bSE\bES\bS is unset, it loses its special
properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGC\bC
- An array variable whose values are the number of parameters in
+ An array variable whose values are the number of parameters in
each frame of the current b\bba\bas\bsh\bh execution call stack. The number
- of parameters to the current subroutine (shell function or
- script executed with .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be) is at the top of the stack.
- When a subroutine is executed, the number of parameters passed
+ of parameters to the current subroutine (shell function or
+ script executed with .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be) is at the top of the stack.
+ When a subroutine is executed, the number of parameters passed
is pushed onto B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGC\bC. The shell sets B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGC\bC only when in
extended debugging mode (see the description of the e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg op-
- tion to the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin below). Setting e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg after the
+ tion to the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin below). Setting e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg after the
shell has started to execute a script, or referencing this vari-
- able when e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg is not set, may result in inconsistent val-
+ able when e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg is not set, may result in inconsistent val-
ues. Assignments to B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGC\bC have no effect, and it may not be
unset.
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV
- An array variable containing all of the parameters in the cur-
+ An array variable containing all of the parameters in the cur-
rent b\bba\bas\bsh\bh execution call stack. The final parameter of the last
- subroutine call is at the top of the stack; the first parameter
+ subroutine call is at the top of the stack; the first parameter
of the initial call is at the bottom. When a subroutine is exe-
- cuted, the shell pushes the supplied parameters onto B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV.
- The shell sets B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV only when in extended debugging mode
+ cuted, the shell pushes the supplied parameters onto B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV.
+ The shell sets B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV only when in extended debugging mode
(see the description of the e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg option to the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin
below). Setting e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg after the shell has started to execute
a script, or referencing this variable when e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg is not set,
- may result in inconsistent values. Assignments to B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV
+ may result in inconsistent values. Assignments to B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV
have no effect, and it may not be unset.
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV0\b0
- When referenced, this variable expands to the name of the shell
+ When referenced, this variable expands to the name of the shell
or shell script (identical to $\b$0\b0; see the description of special
- parameter 0 above). Assigning a value to B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV0\b0 sets $\b$0\b0 to
- the same value. If B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV0\b0 is unset, it loses its special
+ parameter 0 above). Assigning a value to B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV0\b0 sets $\b$0\b0 to
+ the same value. If B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV0\b0 is unset, it loses its special
properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCM\bMD\bDS\bS
- An associative array variable whose members correspond to the
- internal hash table of commands as maintained by the h\bha\bas\bsh\bh
+ An associative array variable whose members correspond to the
+ internal hash table of commands as maintained by the h\bha\bas\bsh\bh
builtin. Adding elements to this array makes them appear in the
hash table; however, unsetting array elements currently does not
- remove command names from the hash table. If B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCM\bMD\bDS\bS is un-
+ remove command names from the hash table. If B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCM\bMD\bDS\bS is un-
set, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently
reset.
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD
- Expands to the command currently being executed or about to be
- executed, unless the shell is executing a command as the result
+ Expands to the command currently being executed or about to be
+ executed, unless the shell is executing a command as the result
of a trap, in which case it is the command executing at the time
- of the trap. If B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD is unset, it loses its special
+ of the trap. If B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD is unset, it loses its special
properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN_\b_S\bST\bTR\bRI\bIN\bNG\bG
The command argument to the -\b-c\bc invocation option.
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO
- An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source
- files where each corresponding member of F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE was invoked.
+ An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source
+ files where each corresponding member of F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE was invoked.
$\b${\b{B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO[\b[_\b$_\bi]\b]}\b} is the line number in the source file
($\b${\b{B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSO\bOU\bUR\bRC\bCE\bE[\b[_\b$_\bi_\b+_\b1]\b]}\b}) where $\b${\b{F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE[\b[_\b$_\bi]\b]}\b} was called (or
- $\b${\b{B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO[\b[_\b$_\bi_\b-_\b1]\b]}\b} if referenced within another shell func-
- tion). Use L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO to obtain the current line number. Assign-
+ $\b${\b{B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO[\b[_\b$_\bi_\b-_\b1]\b]}\b} if referenced within another shell func-
+ tion). Use L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO to obtain the current line number. Assign-
ments to B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO have no effect, and it may not be unset.
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLO\bOA\bAD\bDA\bAB\bBL\bLE\bES\bS_\b_P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH
- A colon-separated list of directories in which the e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be com-
+ A colon-separated list of directories in which the e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be com-
mand looks for dynamically loadable builtins.
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_M\bMO\bON\bNO\bOS\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS
- Each time this variable is referenced, it expands to the value
- returned by the system's monotonic clock, if one is available.
- If there is no monotonic clock, this is equivalent to E\bEP\bPO\bOC\bCH\bHS\bSE\bEC\bC-\b-
- O\bON\bND\bDS\bS. If B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_M\bMO\bON\bNO\bOS\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS is unset, it loses its special prop-
+ Each time this variable is referenced, it expands to the value
+ returned by the system's monotonic clock, if one is available.
+ If there is no monotonic clock, this is equivalent to E\bEP\bPO\bOC\bCH\bHS\bSE\bEC\bC-\b-
+ O\bON\bND\bDS\bS. If B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_M\bMO\bON\bNO\bOS\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS is unset, it loses its special prop-
erties, even if it is subsequently reset.
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_R\bRE\bEM\bMA\bAT\bTC\bCH\bH
- An array variable whose members are assigned by the =\b=~\b~ binary
- operator to the [\b[[\b[ conditional command. The element with index
- 0 is the portion of the string matching the entire regular ex-
+ An array variable whose members are assigned by the =\b=~\b~ binary
+ operator to the [\b[[\b[ conditional command. The element with index
+ 0 is the portion of the string matching the entire regular ex-
pression. The element with index _\bn is the portion of the string
matching the _\bnth parenthesized subexpression.
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSO\bOU\bUR\bRC\bCE\bE
- An array variable whose members are the source filenames where
- the corresponding shell function names in the F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE array
+ An array variable whose members are the source filenames where
+ the corresponding shell function names in the F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE array
variable are defined. The shell function $\b${\b{F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE[\b[_\b$_\bi]\b]}\b} is de-
- fined in the file $\b${\b{B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSO\bOU\bUR\bRC\bCE\bE[\b[_\b$_\bi]\b]}\b} and called from
- $\b${\b{B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSO\bOU\bUR\bRC\bCE\bE[\b[_\b$_\bi_\b+_\b1]\b]}\b}. Assignments to B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSO\bOU\bUR\bRC\bCE\bE have no ef-
+ fined in the file $\b${\b{B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSO\bOU\bUR\bRC\bCE\bE[\b[_\b$_\bi]\b]}\b} and called from
+ $\b${\b{B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSO\bOU\bUR\bRC\bCE\bE[\b[_\b$_\bi_\b+_\b1]\b]}\b}. Assignments to B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSO\bOU\bUR\bRC\bCE\bE have no ef-
fect, and it may not be unset.
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSU\bUB\bBS\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL
- Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell environment
- when the shell begins executing in that environment. The ini-
- tial value is 0. If B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSU\bUB\bBS\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL is unset, it loses its spe-
+ Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell environment
+ when the shell begins executing in that environment. The ini-
+ tial value is 0. If B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSU\bUB\bBS\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL is unset, it loses its spe-
cial properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_T\bTR\bRA\bAP\bPS\bSI\bIG\bG
- Set to the signal number corresponding to the trap action being
- executed during its execution. See the description of t\btr\bra\bap\bp un-
- der S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below for information about signal
+ Set to the signal number corresponding to the trap action being
+ executed during its execution. See the description of t\btr\bra\bap\bp un-
+ der S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below for information about signal
numbers and trap execution.
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_V\bVE\bER\bRS\bSI\bIN\bNF\bFO\bO
A readonly array variable whose members hold version information
- for this instance of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. The values assigned to the array
+ for this instance of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. The values assigned to the array
members are as follows:
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_V\bVE\bER\bRS\bSI\bIN\bNF\bFO\bO[\b[0]\b] The major version number (the _\br_\be_\bl_\be_\ba_\bs_\be).
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_V\bVE\bER\bRS\bSI\bIN\bNF\bFO\bO[\b[1]\b] The minor version number (the _\bv_\be_\br_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn).
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_V\bVE\bER\bRS\bSI\bIN\bNF\bFO\bO[\b[4]\b] The release status (e.g., _\bb_\be_\bt_\ba).
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_V\bVE\bER\bRS\bSI\bIN\bNF\bFO\bO[\b[5]\b] The value of M\bMA\bAC\bCH\bHT\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE.
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_V\bVE\bER\bRS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN
- Expands to a string describing the version of this instance of
+ Expands to a string describing the version of this instance of
b\bba\bas\bsh\bh (e.g., 5.2.37(3)-release).
C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_C\bCW\bWO\bOR\bRD\bD
- An index into $\b${\b{C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDS\bS}\b} of the word containing the current
+ An index into $\b${\b{C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDS\bS}\b} of the word containing the current
cursor position. This variable is available only in shell func-
- tions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see
+ tions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see
P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn below).
C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_K\bKE\bEY\bY
The key (or final key of a key sequence) used to invoke the cur-
- rent completion function. This variable is available only in
- shell functions and external commands invoked by the programma-
+ rent completion function. This variable is available only in
+ shell functions and external commands invoked by the programma-
ble completion facilities (see P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn below).
C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
- The current command line. This variable is available only in
- shell functions and external commands invoked by the programma-
+ The current command line. This variable is available only in
+ shell functions and external commands invoked by the programma-
ble completion facilities (see P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn below).
C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_P\bPO\bOI\bIN\bNT\bT
- The index of the current cursor position relative to the begin-
- ning of the current command. If the current cursor position is
+ The index of the current cursor position relative to the begin-
+ ning of the current command. If the current cursor position is
at the end of the current command, the value of this variable is
- equal to $\b${\b{#\b#C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE}\b}. This variable is available only in
- shell functions and external commands invoked by the programma-
+ equal to $\b${\b{#\b#C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE}\b}. This variable is available only in
+ shell functions and external commands invoked by the programma-
ble completion facilities (see P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn below).
C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_T\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE
- Set to an integer value corresponding to the type of attempted
- completion that caused a completion function to be called: _\bT_\bA_\bB,
- for normal completion, _\b?, for listing completions after succes-
- sive tabs, _\b!, for listing alternatives on partial word comple-
- tion, _\b@, to list completions if the word is not unmodified, or
- _\b%, for menu completion. This variable is available only in
- shell functions and external commands invoked by the programma-
+ Set to an integer value corresponding to the type of attempted
+ completion that caused a completion function to be called: _\bT_\bA_\bB,
+ for normal completion, _\b?, for listing completions after succes-
+ sive tabs, _\b!, for listing alternatives on partial word comple-
+ tion, _\b@, to list completions if the word is not unmodified, or
+ _\b%, for menu completion. This variable is available only in
+ shell functions and external commands invoked by the programma-
ble completion facilities (see P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn below).
C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDB\bBR\bRE\bEA\bAK\bKS\bS
- The set of characters that the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be library treats as word
- separators when performing word completion. If C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDB\bBR\bRE\bEA\bAK\bKS\bS
- is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse-
+ The set of characters that the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be library treats as word
+ separators when performing word completion. If C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDB\bBR\bRE\bEA\bAK\bKS\bS
+ is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse-
quently reset.
C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDS\bS
- An array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs below) consisting of the individ-
- ual words in the current command line. The line is split into
- words as r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be would split it, using C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDB\bBR\bRE\bEA\bAK\bKS\bS as de-
- scribed above. This variable is available only in shell func-
- tions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see
+ An array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs below) consisting of the individ-
+ ual words in the current command line. The line is split into
+ words as r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be would split it, using C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDB\bBR\bRE\bEA\bAK\bKS\bS as de-
+ scribed above. This variable is available only in shell func-
+ tions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see
P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn below).
- C\bCO\bOP\bPR\bRO\bOC\bC An array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs below) created to hold the file
- descriptors for output from and input to an unnamed coprocess
+ C\bCO\bOP\bPR\bRO\bOC\bC An array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs below) created to hold the file
+ descriptors for output from and input to an unnamed coprocess
(see C\bCo\bop\bpr\bro\boc\bce\bes\bss\bse\bes\bs above).
D\bDI\bIR\bRS\bST\bTA\bAC\bCK\bK
An array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs below) containing the current con-
- tents of the directory stack. Directories appear in the stack
- in the order they are displayed by the d\bdi\bir\brs\bs builtin. Assigning
+ tents of the directory stack. Directories appear in the stack
+ in the order they are displayed by the d\bdi\bir\brs\bs builtin. Assigning
to members of this array variable may be used to modify directo-
- ries already in the stack, but the p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd and p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd builtins must
- be used to add and remove directories. Assigning to this vari-
- able does not change the current directory. If D\bDI\bIR\bRS\bST\bTA\bAC\bCK\bK is un-
+ ries already in the stack, but the p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd and p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd builtins must
+ be used to add and remove directories. Assigning to this vari-
+ able does not change the current directory. If D\bDI\bIR\bRS\bST\bTA\bAC\bCK\bK is un-
set, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently
reset.
E\bEP\bPO\bOC\bCH\bHR\bRE\bEA\bAL\bLT\bTI\bIM\bME\bE
Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number
- of seconds since the Unix Epoch (see _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3)) as a floating-
+ of seconds since the Unix Epoch (see _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3)) as a floating-
point value with micro-second granularity. Assignments to
- E\bEP\bPO\bOC\bCH\bHR\bRE\bEA\bAL\bLT\bTI\bIM\bME\bE are ignored. If E\bEP\bPO\bOC\bCH\bHR\bRE\bEA\bAL\bLT\bTI\bIM\bME\bE is unset, it loses
+ E\bEP\bPO\bOC\bCH\bHR\bRE\bEA\bAL\bLT\bTI\bIM\bME\bE are ignored. If E\bEP\bPO\bOC\bCH\bHR\bRE\bEA\bAL\bLT\bTI\bIM\bME\bE is unset, it loses
its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
E\bEP\bPO\bOC\bCH\bHS\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS
Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number
- of seconds since the Unix Epoch (see _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3)). Assignments to
- E\bEP\bPO\bOC\bCH\bHS\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS are ignored. If E\bEP\bPO\bOC\bCH\bHS\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS is unset, it loses
+ of seconds since the Unix Epoch (see _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3)). Assignments to
+ E\bEP\bPO\bOC\bCH\bHS\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS are ignored. If E\bEP\bPO\bOC\bCH\bHS\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS is unset, it loses
its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
- E\bEU\bUI\bID\bD Expands to the effective user ID of the current user, initial-
+ E\bEU\bUI\bID\bD Expands to the effective user ID of the current user, initial-
ized at shell startup. This variable is readonly.
F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE
- An array variable containing the names of all shell functions
+ An array variable containing the names of all shell functions
currently in the execution call stack. The element with index 0
is the name of any currently-executing shell function. The bot-
- tom-most element (the one with the highest index) is "main".
- This variable exists only when a shell function is executing.
- Assignments to F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE have no effect. If F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE is unset,
- it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently re-
+ tom-most element (the one with the highest index) is "main".
+ This variable exists only when a shell function is executing.
+ Assignments to F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE have no effect. If F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE is unset,
+ it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently re-
set.
- This variable can be used with B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO and B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSO\bOU\bUR\bRC\bCE\bE.
- Each element of F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE has corresponding elements in
+ This variable can be used with B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO and B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSO\bOU\bUR\bRC\bCE\bE.
+ Each element of F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE has corresponding elements in
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO and B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSO\bOU\bUR\bRC\bCE\bE to describe the call stack. For in-
- stance, $\b${\b{F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE[\b[_\b$_\bi]\b]}\b} was called from the file
- $\b${\b{B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSO\bOU\bUR\bRC\bCE\bE[\b[_\b$_\bi_\b+_\b1]\b]}\b} at line number $\b${\b{B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO[\b[_\b$_\bi]\b]}\b}. The
+ stance, $\b${\b{F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE[\b[_\b$_\bi]\b]}\b} was called from the file
+ $\b${\b{B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSO\bOU\bUR\bRC\bCE\bE[\b[_\b$_\bi_\b+_\b1]\b]}\b} at line number $\b${\b{B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO[\b[_\b$_\bi]\b]}\b}. The
c\bca\bal\bll\ble\ber\br builtin displays the current call stack using this infor-
mation.
- G\bGR\bRO\bOU\bUP\bPS\bS An array variable containing the list of groups of which the
+ G\bGR\bRO\bOU\bUP\bPS\bS An array variable containing the list of groups of which the
current user is a member. Assignments to G\bGR\bRO\bOU\bUP\bPS\bS have no effect.
- If G\bGR\bRO\bOU\bUP\bPS\bS is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it
+ If G\bGR\bRO\bOU\bUP\bPS\bS is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it
is subsequently reset.
H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCM\bMD\bD
The history number, or index in the history list, of the current
- command. Assignments to H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCM\bMD\bD have no effect. If H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCM\bMD\bD is
- unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse-
+ command. Assignments to H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCM\bMD\bD have no effect. If H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCM\bMD\bD is
+ unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse-
quently reset.
H\bHO\bOS\bST\bTN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE
Automatically set to the name of the current host.
H\bHO\bOS\bST\bTT\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE
- Automatically set to a string that uniquely describes the type
- of machine on which b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is executing. The default is system-
+ Automatically set to a string that uniquely describes the type
+ of machine on which b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is executing. The default is system-
dependent.
- L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO Each time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes a
- decimal number representing the current sequential line number
- (starting with 1) within a script or function. When not in a
- script or function, the value substituted is not guaranteed to
+ L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO Each time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes a
+ decimal number representing the current sequential line number
+ (starting with 1) within a script or function. When not in a
+ script or function, the value substituted is not guaranteed to
be meaningful. If L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO is unset, it loses its special proper-
ties, even if it is subsequently reset.
M\bMA\bAC\bCH\bHT\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE
- Automatically set to a string that fully describes the system
- type on which b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is executing, in the standard GNU _\bc_\bp_\bu_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\b-
+ Automatically set to a string that fully describes the system
+ type on which b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is executing, in the standard GNU _\bc_\bp_\bu_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\b-
_\bp_\ba_\bn_\by_\b-_\bs_\by_\bs_\bt_\be_\bm format. The default is system-dependent.
M\bMA\bAP\bPF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE
- An array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs below) created to hold the text
+ An array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs below) created to hold the text
read by the m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be builtin when no variable name is supplied.
O\bOL\bLD\bDP\bPW\bWD\bD The previous working directory as set by the c\bcd\bd command.
- O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG The value of the last option argument processed by the g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs
+ O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG The value of the last option argument processed by the g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs
builtin command (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
- O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD The index of the next argument to be processed by the g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs
+ O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD The index of the next argument to be processed by the g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs
builtin command (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
- O\bOS\bST\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE Automatically set to a string that describes the operating sys-
- tem on which b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is executing. The default is system-depen-
+ O\bOS\bST\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE Automatically set to a string that describes the operating sys-
+ tem on which b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is executing. The default is system-depen-
dent.
P\bPI\bIP\bPE\bES\bST\bTA\bAT\bTU\bUS\bS
- An array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs below) containing a list of exit
- status values from the commands in the most-recently-executed
- foreground pipeline, which may consist of only a simple command
+ An array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs below) containing a list of exit
+ status values from the commands in the most-recently-executed
+ foreground pipeline, which may consist of only a simple command
(see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR above). B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh sets P\bPI\bIP\bPE\bES\bST\bTA\bAT\bTU\bUS\bS after executing
- multi-element pipelines, timed and negated pipelines, simple
- commands, subshells created with the ( operator, the [\b[[\b[ and (\b((\b(
+ multi-element pipelines, timed and negated pipelines, simple
+ commands, subshells created with the ( operator, the [\b[[\b[ and (\b((\b(
compound commands, and after error conditions that result in the
shell aborting command execution.
- P\bPP\bPI\bID\bD The process ID of the shell's parent. This variable is read-
+ P\bPP\bPI\bID\bD The process ID of the shell's parent. This variable is read-
only.
P\bPW\bWD\bD The current working directory as set by the c\bcd\bd command.
- R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to a random
- integer between 0 and 32767. Assigning a value to R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM ini-
- tializes (seeds) the sequence of random numbers. Seeding the
- random number generator with the same constant value produces
- the same sequence of values. If R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM is unset, it loses its
+ R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to a random
+ integer between 0 and 32767. Assigning a value to R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM ini-
+ tializes (seeds) the sequence of random numbers. Seeding the
+ random number generator with the same constant value produces
+ the same sequence of values. If R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM is unset, it loses its
special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGU\bUM\bME\bEN\bNT\bT
- Any numeric argument given to a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be command that was de-
+ Any numeric argument given to a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be command that was de-
fined using "bind -x" (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below) when it
was invoked.
R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
(see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_M\bMA\bAR\bRK\bK
The position of the mark (saved insertion point) in the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
- line buffer, for use with "bind -x" (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS
+ line buffer, for use with "bind -x" (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS
below). The characters between the insertion point and the mark
are often called the _\br_\be_\bg_\bi_\bo_\bn.
R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE_\b_P\bPO\bOI\bIN\bNT\bT
The position of the insertion point in the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be line buffer,
for use with "bind -x" (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
- R\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY Set to the line of input read by the r\bre\bea\bad\bd builtin command when
+ R\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY Set to the line of input read by the r\bre\bea\bad\bd builtin command when
no arguments are supplied.
S\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS
Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number
- of seconds since shell invocation. If a value is assigned to
- S\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS, the value returned upon subsequent references is the
- number of seconds since the assignment plus the value assigned.
- The number of seconds at shell invocation and the current time
+ of seconds since shell invocation. If a value is assigned to
+ S\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS, the value returned upon subsequent references is the
+ number of seconds since the assignment plus the value assigned.
+ The number of seconds at shell invocation and the current time
are always determined by querying the system clock at one-second
- resolution. If S\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS is unset, it loses its special proper-
+ resolution. If S\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS is unset, it loses its special proper-
ties, even if it is subsequently reset.
S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS
- A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in
- the list is a valid argument for the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt
+ A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in
+ the list is a valid argument for the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt
builtin command (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below). The options
- appearing in S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS are those reported as _\bo_\bn by s\bse\bet\bt -\b-o\bo. If
- this variable is in the environment when b\bba\bas\bsh\bh starts up, the
+ appearing in S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS are those reported as _\bo_\bn by s\bse\bet\bt -\b-o\bo. If
+ this variable is in the environment when b\bba\bas\bsh\bh starts up, the
shell enables each option in the list before reading any startup
- files. If this variable is exported, child shells will enable
+ files. If this variable is exported, child shells will enable
each option in the list. This variable is read-only.
S\bSH\bHL\bLV\bVL\bL Incremented by one each time an instance of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is started.
S\bSR\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM
- Each time it is referenced, this variable expands to a 32-bit
+ Each time it is referenced, this variable expands to a 32-bit
pseudo-random number. The random number generator is not linear
- on systems that support _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bu_\br_\ba_\bn_\bd_\bo_\bm or _\ba_\br_\bc_\b4_\br_\ba_\bn_\bd_\bo_\bm(3), so each
+ on systems that support _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bu_\br_\ba_\bn_\bd_\bo_\bm or _\ba_\br_\bc_\b4_\br_\ba_\bn_\bd_\bo_\bm(3), so each
returned number has no relationship to the numbers preceding it.
- The random number generator cannot be seeded, so assignments to
+ The random number generator cannot be seeded, so assignments to
this variable have no effect. If S\bSR\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM is unset, it loses its
special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
U\bUI\bID\bD Expands to the user ID of the current user, initialized at shell
startup. This variable is readonly.
- The shell uses the following variables. In some cases, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh assigns a
+ The shell uses the following variables. In some cases, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh assigns a
default value to a variable; these cases are noted below.
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT
- The value is used to set the shell's compatibility level. See
- S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bTI\bIB\bBI\bIL\bLI\bIT\bTY\bY M\bMO\bOD\bDE\bE below for a description of the various
+ The value is used to set the shell's compatibility level. See
+ S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bTI\bIB\bBI\bIL\bLI\bIT\bTY\bY M\bMO\bOD\bDE\bE below for a description of the various
compatibility levels and their effects. The value may be a dec-
- imal number (e.g., 4.2) or an integer (e.g., 42) corresponding
- to the desired compatibility level. If B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT is unset or
- set to the empty string, the compatibility level is set to the
- default for the current version. If B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT is set to a
- value that is not one of the valid compatibility levels, the
- shell prints an error message and sets the compatibility level
- to the default for the current version. A subset of the valid
- values correspond to the compatibility levels described below
- under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bTI\bIB\bBI\bIL\bLI\bIT\bTY\bY M\bMO\bOD\bDE\bE. For example, 4.2 and 42 are
- valid values that correspond to the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b42\b2 s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt option and
- set the compatibility level to 42. The current version is also
+ imal number (e.g., 4.2) or an integer (e.g., 42) corresponding
+ to the desired compatibility level. If B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT is unset or
+ set to the empty string, the compatibility level is set to the
+ default for the current version. If B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT is set to a
+ value that is not one of the valid compatibility levels, the
+ shell prints an error message and sets the compatibility level
+ to the default for the current version. A subset of the valid
+ values correspond to the compatibility levels described below
+ under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bTI\bIB\bBI\bIL\bLI\bIT\bTY\bY M\bMO\bOD\bDE\bE. For example, 4.2 and 42 are
+ valid values that correspond to the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b42\b2 s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt option and
+ set the compatibility level to 42. The current version is also
a valid value.
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEN\bNV\bV
- If this parameter is set when b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is executing a shell script,
- its expanded value is interpreted as a filename containing com-
- mands to initialize the shell before it reads and executes com-
- mands from the script. The value of B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEN\bNV\bV is subjected to
+ If this parameter is set when b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is executing a shell script,
+ its expanded value is interpreted as a filename containing com-
+ mands to initialize the shell before it reads and executes com-
+ mands from the script. The value of B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEN\bNV\bV is subjected to
parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expan-
- sion before being interpreted as a filename. P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is not used
+ sion before being interpreted as a filename. P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is not used
to search for the resultant filename.
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_X\bXT\bTR\bRA\bAC\bCE\bEF\bFD\bD
- If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor,
- b\bba\bas\bsh\bh writes the trace output generated when "set -x" is enabled
- to that file descriptor, instead of the standard error. The
- file descriptor is closed when B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_X\bXT\bTR\bRA\bAC\bCE\bEF\bFD\bD is unset or as-
+ If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor,
+ b\bba\bas\bsh\bh writes the trace output generated when "set -x" is enabled
+ to that file descriptor, instead of the standard error. The
+ file descriptor is closed when B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_X\bXT\bTR\bRA\bAC\bCE\bEF\bFD\bD is unset or as-
signed a new value. Unsetting B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_X\bXT\bTR\bRA\bAC\bCE\bEF\bFD\bD or assigning it the
- empty string causes the trace output to be sent to the standard
+ empty string causes the trace output to be sent to the standard
error. Note that setting B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_X\bXT\bTR\bRA\bAC\bCE\bEF\bFD\bD to 2 (the standard error
- file descriptor) and then unsetting it will result in the stan-
+ file descriptor) and then unsetting it will result in the stan-
dard error being closed.
- C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH The search path for the c\bcd\bd command. This is a colon-separated
+ C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH The search path for the c\bcd\bd command. This is a colon-separated
list of directories where the shell looks for directories speci-
- fied as arguments to the c\bcd\bd command. A sample value is
+ fied as arguments to the c\bcd\bd command. A sample value is
".:~:/usr".
C\bCH\bHI\bIL\bLD\bD_\b_M\bMA\bAX\bX
- Set the number of exited child status values for the shell to
- remember. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh will not allow this value to be decreased below
- a POSIX-mandated minimum, and there is a maximum value (cur-
- rently 8192) that this may not exceed. The minimum value is
+ Set the number of exited child status values for the shell to
+ remember. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh will not allow this value to be decreased below
+ a POSIX-mandated minimum, and there is a maximum value (cur-
+ rently 8192) that this may not exceed. The minimum value is
system-dependent.
C\bCO\bOL\bLU\bUM\bMN\bNS\bS
- Used by the s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt compound command to determine the terminal
- width when printing selection lists. Automatically set if the
- c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkw\bwi\bin\bns\bsi\biz\bze\be option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon
+ Used by the s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt compound command to determine the terminal
+ width when printing selection lists. Automatically set if the
+ c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkw\bwi\bin\bns\bsi\biz\bze\be option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon
receipt of a S\bSI\bIG\bGW\bWI\bIN\bNC\bCH\bH.
C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPR\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY
An array variable from which b\bba\bas\bsh\bh reads the possible completions
- generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable com-
- pletion facility (see P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn below). Each ar-
+ generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable com-
+ pletion facility (see P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn below). Each ar-
ray element contains one possible completion.
- E\bEM\bMA\bAC\bCS\bS If b\bba\bas\bsh\bh finds this variable in the environment when the shell
- starts with value "t", it assumes that the shell is running in
+ E\bEM\bMA\bAC\bCS\bS If b\bba\bas\bsh\bh finds this variable in the environment when the shell
+ starts with value "t", it assumes that the shell is running in
an Emacs shell buffer and disables line editing.
- E\bEN\bNV\bV Expanded and executed similarly to B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEN\bNV\bV (see I\bIN\bNV\bVO\bOC\bCA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
+ E\bEN\bNV\bV Expanded and executed similarly to B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEN\bNV\bV (see I\bIN\bNV\bVO\bOC\bCA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
above) when an interactive shell is invoked in posix mode.
E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE
- A colon-separated list of shell patterns (see P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg)
- defining the set of filenames to be ignored by command search
- using P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH. Files whose full pathnames match one of these pat-
- terns are not considered executable files for the purposes of
+ A colon-separated list of shell patterns (see P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg)
+ defining the set of filenames to be ignored by command search
+ using P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH. Files whose full pathnames match one of these pat-
+ terns are not considered executable files for the purposes of
completion and command execution via P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH lookup. This does not
affect the behavior of the [\b[, t\bte\bes\bst\bt, and [\b[[\b[ commands. Full path-
- names in the command hash table are not subject to E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE.
- Use this variable to ignore shared library files that have the
- executable bit set, but are not executable files. The pattern
+ names in the command hash table are not subject to E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE.
+ Use this variable to ignore shared library files that have the
+ executable bit set, but are not executable files. The pattern
matching honors the setting of the e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell option.
F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT The default editor for the f\bfc\bc builtin command.
F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE
- A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing
+ A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing
filename completion (see R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE below). A filename whose suf-
- fix matches one of the entries in F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is excluded from the
+ fix matches one of the entries in F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is excluded from the
list of matched filenames. A sample value is ".o:~".
F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNE\bES\bST\bT
- If set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a maximum
- function nesting level. Function invocations that exceed this
+ If set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a maximum
+ function nesting level. Function invocations that exceed this
nesting level cause the current command to abort.
G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE
- A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of file
- names to be ignored by pathname expansion. If a file name
- matched by a pathname expansion pattern also matches one of the
- patterns in G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE, it is removed from the list of matches.
+ A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of file
+ names to be ignored by pathname expansion. If a file name
+ matched by a pathname expansion pattern also matches one of the
+ patterns in G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE, it is removed from the list of matches.
The pattern matching honors the setting of the e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell op-
tion.
G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBS\bSO\bOR\bRT\bT
- Controls how the results of pathname expansion are sorted. The
- value of this variable specifies the sort criteria and sort or-
- der for the results of pathname expansion. If this variable is
- unset or set to the null string, pathname expansion uses the
- historical behavior of sorting by name, in ascending lexico-
+ Controls how the results of pathname expansion are sorted. The
+ value of this variable specifies the sort criteria and sort or-
+ der for the results of pathname expansion. If this variable is
+ unset or set to the null string, pathname expansion uses the
+ historical behavior of sorting by name, in ascending lexico-
graphic order as determined by the L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCO\bOL\bLL\bLA\bAT\bTE\bE shell variable.
- If set, a valid value begins with an optional _\b+, which is ig-
+ If set, a valid value begins with an optional _\b+, which is ig-
nored, or _\b-, which reverses the sort order from ascending to de-
- scending, followed by a sort specifier. The valid sort speci-
- fiers are _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, _\bn_\bu_\bm_\be_\br_\bi_\bc, _\bs_\bi_\bz_\be, _\bm_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be, _\ba_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be, _\bc_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be, and _\bb_\bl_\bo_\bc_\bk_\bs,
+ scending, followed by a sort specifier. The valid sort speci-
+ fiers are _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, _\bn_\bu_\bm_\be_\br_\bi_\bc, _\bs_\bi_\bz_\be, _\bm_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be, _\ba_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be, _\bc_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be, and _\bb_\bl_\bo_\bc_\bk_\bs,
which sort the files on name, names in numeric rather than lexi-
- cographic order, file size, modification time, access time, in-
- ode change time, and number of blocks, respectively. If any of
- the non-name keys compare as equal (e.g., if two files are the
+ cographic order, file size, modification time, access time, in-
+ ode change time, and number of blocks, respectively. If any of
+ the non-name keys compare as equal (e.g., if two files are the
same size), sorting uses the name as a secondary sort key.
- For example, a value of _\b-_\bm_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be sorts the results in descending
+ For example, a value of _\b-_\bm_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be sorts the results in descending
order by modification time (newest first).
- The _\bn_\bu_\bm_\be_\br_\bi_\bc specifier treats names consisting solely of digits
- as numbers and sorts them using their numeric value (so "2"
+ The _\bn_\bu_\bm_\be_\br_\bi_\bc specifier treats names consisting solely of digits
+ as numbers and sorts them using their numeric value (so "2"
sorts before "10", for example). When using _\bn_\bu_\bm_\be_\br_\bi_\bc, names con-
- taining non-digits sort after all the all-digit names and are
+ taining non-digits sort after all the all-digit names and are
sorted by name using the traditional behavior.
A sort specifier of _\bn_\bo_\bs_\bo_\br_\bt disables sorting completely; b\bba\bas\bsh\bh re-
- turns the results in the order they are read from the file sys-
+ turns the results in the order they are read from the file sys-
tem, ignoring any leading _\b-.
- If the sort specifier is missing, it defaults to _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, so a
- value of _\b+ is equivalent to the null string, and a value of _\b-
- sorts by name in descending order. Any invalid value restores
+ If the sort specifier is missing, it defaults to _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, so a
+ value of _\b+ is equivalent to the null string, and a value of _\b-
+ sorts by name in descending order. Any invalid value restores
the historical sorting behavior.
H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL
- A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are
- saved on the history list. If the list of values includes
- _\bi_\bg_\bn_\bo_\br_\be_\bs_\bp_\ba_\bc_\be, lines which begin with a s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be character are not
- saved in the history list. A value of _\bi_\bg_\bn_\bo_\br_\be_\bd_\bu_\bp_\bs causes lines
+ A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are
+ saved on the history list. If the list of values includes
+ _\bi_\bg_\bn_\bo_\br_\be_\bs_\bp_\ba_\bc_\be, lines which begin with a s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be character are not
+ saved in the history list. A value of _\bi_\bg_\bn_\bo_\br_\be_\bd_\bu_\bp_\bs causes lines
matching the previous history entry not to be saved. A value of
_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bo_\br_\be_\bb_\bo_\bt_\bh is shorthand for _\bi_\bg_\bn_\bo_\br_\be_\bs_\bp_\ba_\bc_\be and _\bi_\bg_\bn_\bo_\br_\be_\bd_\bu_\bp_\bs. A value
of _\be_\br_\ba_\bs_\be_\bd_\bu_\bp_\bs causes all previous lines matching the current line
- to be removed from the history list before that line is saved.
- Any value not in the above list is ignored. If H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL is
- unset, or does not include a valid value, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh saves all lines
- read by the shell parser on the history list, subject to the
+ to be removed from the history list before that line is saved.
+ Any value not in the above list is ignored. If H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL is
+ unset, or does not include a valid value, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh saves all lines
+ read by the shell parser on the history list, subject to the
value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE. If the first line of a multi-line compound
- command was saved, the second and subsequent lines are not
- tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of
- H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL. If the first line was not saved, the second and
+ command was saved, the second and subsequent lines are not
+ tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of
+ H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL. If the first line was not saved, the second and
subsequent lines of the command are not saved either.
H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE
The name of the file in which command history is saved (see H\bHI\bIS\bS-\b-
- T\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY below). B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh assigns a default value of _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b__\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by.
- If H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is unset or null, the shell does not save the com-
+ T\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY below). B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh assigns a default value of _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b__\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by.
+ If H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is unset or null, the shell does not save the com-
mand history when it exits.
H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bES\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE
The maximum number of lines contained in the history file. When
- this variable is assigned a value, the history file is trun-
- cated, if necessary, to contain no more than that number of
- lines by removing the oldest entries. The history file is also
+ this variable is assigned a value, the history file is trun-
+ cated, if necessary, to contain no more than that number of
+ lines by removing the oldest entries. The history file is also
truncated to this size after writing it when a shell exits or by
- the h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by builtin. If the value is 0, the history file is
- truncated to zero size. Non-numeric values and numeric values
- less than zero inhibit truncation. The shell sets the default
+ the h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by builtin. If the value is 0, the history file is
+ truncated to zero size. Non-numeric values and numeric values
+ less than zero inhibit truncation. The shell sets the default
value to the value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTS\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE after reading any startup files.
H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE
- A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command
- lines should be saved on the history list. If a command line
- matches one of the patterns in the value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE, it is
- not saved on the history list. Each pattern is anchored at the
- beginning of the line and must match the complete line (b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
- does not implicitly append a "*\b*"). Each pattern is tested
- against the line after the checks specified by H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL are
+ A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command
+ lines should be saved on the history list. If a command line
+ matches one of the patterns in the value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE, it is
+ not saved on the history list. Each pattern is anchored at the
+ beginning of the line and must match the complete line (b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
+ does not implicitly append a "*\b*"). Each pattern is tested
+ against the line after the checks specified by H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL are
applied. In addition to the normal shell pattern matching char-
- acters, "&\b&" matches the previous history line. A backslash es-
- capes the "&\b&"; the backslash is removed before attempting a
- match. If the first line of a multi-line compound command was
- saved, the second and subsequent lines are not tested, and are
- added to the history regardless of the value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE. If
+ acters, "&\b&" matches the previous history line. A backslash es-
+ capes the "&\b&"; the backslash is removed before attempting a
+ match. If the first line of a multi-line compound command was
+ saved, the second and subsequent lines are not tested, and are
+ added to the history regardless of the value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE. If
the first line was not saved, the second and subsequent lines of
- the command are not saved either. The pattern matching honors
+ the command are not saved either. The pattern matching honors
the setting of the e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell option.
H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE subsumes some of the function of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL. A pat-
- tern of "&" is identical to "ignoredups", and a pattern of "[
- ]*" is identical to "ignorespace". Combining these two pat-
- terns, separating them with a colon, provides the functionality
+ tern of "&" is identical to "ignoredups", and a pattern of "[
+ ]*" is identical to "ignorespace". Combining these two pat-
+ terns, separating them with a colon, provides the functionality
of "ignoreboth".
H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTS\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE
- The number of commands to remember in the command history (see
- H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY below). If the value is 0, commands are not saved in
+ The number of commands to remember in the command history (see
+ H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY below). If the value is 0, commands are not saved in
the history list. Numeric values less than zero result in every
- command being saved on the history list (there is no limit).
- The shell sets the default value to 500 after reading any
+ command being saved on the history list (there is no limit).
+ The shell sets the default value to 500 after reading any
startup files.
H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT
- If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a
+ If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a
format string for _\bs_\bt_\br_\bf_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3) to print the time stamp associated
- with each history entry displayed by the h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by builtin. If
- this variable is set, the shell writes time stamps to the his-
- tory file so they may be preserved across shell sessions. This
- uses the history comment character to distinguish timestamps
+ with each history entry displayed by the h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by builtin. If
+ this variable is set, the shell writes time stamps to the his-
+ tory file so they may be preserved across shell sessions. This
+ uses the history comment character to distinguish timestamps
from other history lines.
H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE The home directory of the current user; the default argument for
the c\bcd\bd builtin command. The value of this variable is also used
when performing tilde expansion.
H\bHO\bOS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE
- Contains the name of a file in the same format as _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bh_\bo_\bs_\bt_\bs
+ Contains the name of a file in the same format as _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bh_\bo_\bs_\bt_\bs
that should be read when the shell needs to complete a hostname.
- The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while
- the shell is running; the next time hostname completion is at-
- tempted after the value is changed, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh adds the contents of
- the new file to the existing list. If H\bHO\bOS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is set, but has
- no value, or does not name a readable file, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to
- read _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bh_\bo_\bs_\bt_\bs to obtain the list of possible hostname comple-
+ The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while
+ the shell is running; the next time hostname completion is at-
+ tempted after the value is changed, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh adds the contents of
+ the new file to the existing list. If H\bHO\bOS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is set, but has
+ no value, or does not name a readable file, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to
+ read _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bh_\bo_\bs_\bt_\bs to obtain the list of possible hostname comple-
tions. When H\bHO\bOS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is unset, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh clears the hostname list.
I\bIF\bFS\bS The _\bI_\bn_\bt_\be_\br_\bn_\ba_\bl _\bF_\bi_\be_\bl_\bd _\bS_\be_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bt_\bo_\br that is used for word splitting af-
- ter expansion and to split lines into words with the r\bre\bea\bad\bd
+ ter expansion and to split lines into words with the r\bre\bea\bad\bd
builtin command. Word splitting is described below under E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bN-\b-
S\bSI\bIO\bON\bN. The default value is "<space><tab><newline>".
I\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bEE\bEO\bOF\bF
Controls the action of an interactive shell on receipt of an E\bEO\bOF\bF
character as the sole input. If set, the value is the number of
- consecutive E\bEO\bOF\bF characters which must be typed as the first
- characters on an input line before b\bba\bas\bsh\bh exits. If the variable
- is set but does not have a numeric value, or the value is null,
- the default value is 10. If it is unset, E\bEO\bOF\bF signifies the end
+ consecutive E\bEO\bOF\bF characters which must be typed as the first
+ characters on an input line before b\bba\bas\bsh\bh exits. If the variable
+ is set but does not have a numeric value, or the value is null,
+ the default value is 10. If it is unset, E\bEO\bOF\bF signifies the end
of input to the shell.
I\bIN\bNP\bPU\bUT\bTR\bRC\bC
- The filename for the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be startup file, overriding the de-
+ The filename for the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be startup file, overriding the de-
fault of _\b~_\b/_\b._\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc (see R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE below).
I\bIN\bNS\bSI\bID\bDE\bE_\b_E\bEM\bMA\bAC\bCS\bS
- If this variable appears in the environment when the shell
- starts, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh assumes that it is running inside an Emacs shell
- buffer and may disable line editing, depending on the value of
+ If this variable appears in the environment when the shell
+ starts, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh assumes that it is running inside an Emacs shell
+ buffer and may disable line editing, depending on the value of
T\bTE\bER\bRM\bM.
- L\bLA\bAN\bNG\bG Used to determine the locale category for any category not
+ L\bLA\bAN\bNG\bG Used to determine the locale category for any category not
specifically selected with a variable starting with L\bLC\bC_\b_.
- L\bLC\bC_\b_A\bAL\bLL\bL This variable overrides the value of L\bLA\bAN\bNG\bG and any other L\bLC\bC_\b_
+ L\bLC\bC_\b_A\bAL\bLL\bL This variable overrides the value of L\bLA\bAN\bNG\bG and any other L\bLC\bC_\b_
variable specifying a locale category.
L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCO\bOL\bLL\bLA\bAT\bTE\bE
- This variable determines the collation order used when sorting
- the results of pathname expansion, and determines the behavior
- of range expressions, equivalence classes, and collating se-
+ This variable determines the collation order used when sorting
+ the results of pathname expansion, and determines the behavior
+ of range expressions, equivalence classes, and collating se-
quences within pathname expansion and pattern matching.
L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCT\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE
- This variable determines the interpretation of characters and
- the behavior of character classes within pathname expansion and
+ This variable determines the interpretation of characters and
+ the behavior of character classes within pathname expansion and
pattern matching.
L\bLC\bC_\b_M\bME\bES\bSS\bSA\bAG\bGE\bES\bS
- This variable determines the locale used to translate double-
+ This variable determines the locale used to translate double-
quoted strings preceded by a $\b$.
L\bLC\bC_\b_N\bNU\bUM\bME\bER\bRI\bIC\bC
- This variable determines the locale category used for number
+ This variable determines the locale category used for number
formatting.
L\bLC\bC_\b_T\bTI\bIM\bME\bE
- This variable determines the locale category used for data and
+ This variable determines the locale category used for data and
time formatting.
- L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bES\bS Used by the s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt compound command to determine the column
- length for printing selection lists. Automatically set if the
- c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkw\bwi\bin\bns\bsi\biz\bze\be option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon
+ L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bES\bS Used by the s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt compound command to determine the column
+ length for printing selection lists. Automatically set if the
+ c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkw\bwi\bin\bns\bsi\biz\bze\be option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon
receipt of a S\bSI\bIG\bGW\bWI\bIN\bNC\bCH\bH.
M\bMA\bAI\bIL\bL If the value is set to a file or directory name and the M\bMA\bAI\bIL\bLP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH
- variable is not set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh informs the user of the arrival of
+ variable is not set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh informs the user of the arrival of
mail in the specified file or Maildir-format directory.
M\bMA\bAI\bIL\bLC\bCH\bHE\bEC\bCK\bK
- Specifies how often (in seconds) b\bba\bas\bsh\bh checks for mail. The de-
- fault is 60 seconds. When it is time to check for mail, the
- shell does so before displaying the primary prompt. If this
- variable is unset, or set to a value that is not a number
+ Specifies how often (in seconds) b\bba\bas\bsh\bh checks for mail. The de-
+ fault is 60 seconds. When it is time to check for mail, the
+ shell does so before displaying the primary prompt. If this
+ variable is unset, or set to a value that is not a number
greater than or equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking.
M\bMA\bAI\bIL\bLP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH
A colon-separated list of filenames to be checked for mail. The
message to be printed when mail arrives in a particular file may
- be specified by separating the filename from the message with a
- "?". When used in the text of the message, $\b$_\b_ expands to the
+ be specified by separating the filename from the message with a
+ "?". When used in the text of the message, $\b$_\b_ expands to the
name of the current mailfile. For example:
M\bMA\bAI\bIL\bLP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH='/var/mail/bfox?"You have mail":~/shell-mail?"$_ has mail!"'
- B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh can be configured to supply a default value for this vari-
- able (there is no value by default), but the location of the
+ B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh can be configured to supply a default value for this vari-
+ able (there is no value by default), but the location of the
user mail files that it uses is system dependent (e.g.,
/var/mail/$\b$U\bUS\bSE\bER\bR).
O\bOP\bPT\bTE\bER\bRR\bR If set to the value 1, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh displays error messages generated by
- the g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs builtin command (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
- O\bOP\bPT\bTE\bER\bRR\bR is initialized to 1 each time the shell is invoked or a
+ the g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs builtin command (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
+ O\bOP\bPT\bTE\bER\bRR\bR is initialized to 1 each time the shell is invoked or a
shell script is executed.
- P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH The search path for commands. It is a colon-separated list of
- directories in which the shell looks for commands (see C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD
- E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN below). A zero-length (null) directory name in the
+ P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH The search path for commands. It is a colon-separated list of
+ directories in which the shell looks for commands (see C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD
+ E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN below). A zero-length (null) directory name in the
value of P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH indicates the current directory. A null directory
- name may appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial or
- trailing colon. The default path is system-dependent, and is
+ name may appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial or
+ trailing colon. The default path is system-dependent, and is
set by the administrator who installs b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. A common value is
/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin
P\bPO\bOS\bSI\bIX\bXL\bLY\bY_\b_C\bCO\bOR\bRR\bRE\bEC\bCT\bT
- If this variable is in the environment when b\bba\bas\bsh\bh starts, the
- shell enters posix mode before reading the startup files, as if
- the -\b--\b-p\bpo\bos\bsi\bix\bx invocation option had been supplied. If it is set
- while the shell is running, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh enables posix mode, as if the
+ If this variable is in the environment when b\bba\bas\bsh\bh starts, the
+ shell enters posix mode before reading the startup files, as if
+ the -\b--\b-p\bpo\bos\bsi\bix\bx invocation option had been supplied. If it is set
+ while the shell is running, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh enables posix mode, as if the
command "set -o posix" had been executed. When the shell enters
posix mode, it sets this variable if it was not already set.
P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bT_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD
- If this variable is set, and is an array, the value of each set
- element is executed as a command prior to issuing each primary
- prompt. If this is set but not an array variable, its value is
+ If this variable is set, and is an array, the value of each set
+ element is executed as a command prior to issuing each primary
+ prompt. If this is set but not an array variable, its value is
used as a command to execute instead.
P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bT_\b_D\bDI\bIR\bRT\bTR\bRI\bIM\bM
- If set to a number greater than zero, the value is used as the
+ If set to a number greater than zero, the value is used as the
number of trailing directory components to retain when expanding
- the \\b\w\bw and \\b\W\bW prompt string escapes (see P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG below).
+ the \\b\w\bw and \\b\W\bW prompt string escapes (see P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG below).
Characters removed are replaced with an ellipsis.
- P\bPS\bS0\b0 The value of this parameter is expanded (see P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG below)
- and displayed by interactive shells after reading a command and
+ P\bPS\bS0\b0 The value of this parameter is expanded (see P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG below)
+ and displayed by interactive shells after reading a command and
before the command is executed.
- P\bPS\bS1\b1 The value of this parameter is expanded (see P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG below)
- and used as the primary prompt string. The default value is
+ P\bPS\bS1\b1 The value of this parameter is expanded (see P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG below)
+ and used as the primary prompt string. The default value is
"\s-\v\$ ".
- P\bPS\bS2\b2 The value of this parameter is expanded as with P\bPS\bS1\b1 and used as
+ P\bPS\bS2\b2 The value of this parameter is expanded as with P\bPS\bS1\b1 and used as
the secondary prompt string. The default is "> ".
P\bPS\bS3\b3 The value of this parameter is used as the prompt for the s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt
command (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR above).
- P\bPS\bS4\b4 The value of this parameter is expanded as with P\bPS\bS1\b1 and the
+ P\bPS\bS4\b4 The value of this parameter is expanded as with P\bPS\bS1\b1 and the
value is printed before each command b\bba\bas\bsh\bh displays during an ex-
ecution trace. The first character of the expanded value of P\bPS\bS4\b4
is replicated multiple times, as necessary, to indicate multiple
levels of indirection. The default is "+ ".
- S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL This variable expands to the full pathname to the shell. If it
- is not set when the shell starts, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh assigns to it the full
+ S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL This variable expands to the full pathname to the shell. If it
+ is not set when the shell starts, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh assigns to it the full
pathname of the current user's login shell.
T\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT
- The value of this parameter is used as a format string specify-
- ing how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the
- t\bti\bim\bme\be reserved word should be displayed. The %\b% character intro-
- duces an escape sequence that is expanded to a time value or
- other information. The escape sequences and their meanings are
+ The value of this parameter is used as a format string specify-
+ ing how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the
+ t\bti\bim\bme\be reserved word should be displayed. The %\b% character intro-
+ duces an escape sequence that is expanded to a time value or
+ other information. The escape sequences and their meanings are
as follows; the brackets denote optional portions.
%\b%%\b% A literal %\b%.
%\b%[\b[_\bp]\b][\b[l\bl]\b]R\bR The elapsed time in seconds.
%\b%[\b[_\bp]\b][\b[l\bl]\b]S\bS The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.
%\b%P\bP The CPU percentage, computed as (%U + %S) / %R.
- The optional _\bp is a digit specifying the _\bp_\br_\be_\bc_\bi_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn, the number
+ The optional _\bp is a digit specifying the _\bp_\br_\be_\bc_\bi_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn, the number
of fractional digits after a decimal point. A value of 0 causes
- no decimal point or fraction to be output. t\bti\bim\bme\be prints at most
- six digits after the decimal point; values of _\bp greater than 6
+ no decimal point or fraction to be output. t\bti\bim\bme\be prints at most
+ six digits after the decimal point; values of _\bp greater than 6
are changed to 6. If _\bp is not specified, t\bti\bim\bme\be prints three dig-
its after the decimal point.
- The optional l\bl specifies a longer format, including minutes, of
- the form _\bM_\bMm_\bS_\bS._\bF_\bFs. The value of _\bp determines whether or not
+ The optional l\bl specifies a longer format, including minutes, of
+ the form _\bM_\bMm_\bS_\bS._\bF_\bFs. The value of _\bp determines whether or not
the fraction is included.
- If this variable is not set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh acts as if it had the value
- $\b$'\b'\\b\n\bnr\bre\bea\bal\bl\\b\t\bt%\b%3\b3l\blR\bR\\b\n\bnu\bus\bse\ber\br\\b\t\bt%\b%3\b3l\blU\bU\\b\n\bns\bsy\bys\bs\\b\t\bt%\b%3\b3l\blS\bS'\b'. If the value is null,
- b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not display any timing information. A trailing new-
+ If this variable is not set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh acts as if it had the value
+ $\b$'\b'\\b\n\bnr\bre\bea\bal\bl\\b\t\bt%\b%3\b3l\blR\bR\\b\n\bnu\bus\bse\ber\br\\b\t\bt%\b%3\b3l\blU\bU\\b\n\bns\bsy\bys\bs\\b\t\bt%\b%3\b3l\blS\bS'\b'. If the value is null,
+ b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not display any timing information. A trailing new-
line is added when the format string is displayed.
- T\bTM\bMO\bOU\bUT\bT If set to a value greater than zero, the r\bre\bea\bad\bd builtin uses the
- value as its default timeout. The s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt command terminates if
- input does not arrive after T\bTM\bMO\bOU\bUT\bT seconds when input is coming
- from a terminal. In an interactive shell, the value is inter-
- preted as the number of seconds to wait for a line of input af-
- ter issuing the primary prompt. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh terminates after waiting
- for that number of seconds if a complete line of input does not
+ T\bTM\bMO\bOU\bUT\bT If set to a value greater than zero, the r\bre\bea\bad\bd builtin uses the
+ value as its default timeout. The s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt command terminates if
+ input does not arrive after T\bTM\bMO\bOU\bUT\bT seconds when input is coming
+ from a terminal. In an interactive shell, the value is inter-
+ preted as the number of seconds to wait for a line of input af-
+ ter issuing the primary prompt. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh terminates after waiting
+ for that number of seconds if a complete line of input does not
arrive.
- T\bTM\bMP\bPD\bDI\bIR\bR If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh uses its value as the name of a directory in which
+ T\bTM\bMP\bPD\bDI\bIR\bR If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh uses its value as the name of a directory in which
b\bba\bas\bsh\bh creates temporary files for the shell's use.
a\bau\but\bto\bo_\b_r\bre\bes\bsu\bum\bme\be
This variable controls how the shell interacts with the user and
- job control. If this variable is set, simple commands consist-
- ing of only a single word, without redirections, are treated as
- candidates for resumption of an existing stopped job. There is
- no ambiguity allowed; if there is more than one job beginning
- with or containing the word, this selects the most recently ac-
- cessed job. The _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be of a stopped job, in this context, is the
- command line used to start it, as displayed by j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs. If set to
- the value _\be_\bx_\ba_\bc_\bt, the word must match the name of a stopped job
- exactly; if set to _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg, the word needs to match a sub-
- string of the name of a stopped job. The _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg value pro-
+ job control. If this variable is set, simple commands consist-
+ ing of only a single word, without redirections, are treated as
+ candidates for resumption of an existing stopped job. There is
+ no ambiguity allowed; if there is more than one job beginning
+ with or containing the word, this selects the most recently ac-
+ cessed job. The _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be of a stopped job, in this context, is the
+ command line used to start it, as displayed by j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs. If set to
+ the value _\be_\bx_\ba_\bc_\bt, the word must match the name of a stopped job
+ exactly; if set to _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg, the word needs to match a sub-
+ string of the name of a stopped job. The _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg value pro-
vides functionality analogous to the %\b%?\b? job identifier (see J\bJO\bOB\bB
- C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL below). If set to any other value (e.g., _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx), the
- word must be a prefix of a stopped job's name; this provides
+ C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL below). If set to any other value (e.g., _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx), the
+ word must be a prefix of a stopped job's name; this provides
functionality analogous to the %\b%_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg job identifier.
h\bhi\bis\bst\btc\bch\bha\bar\brs\bs
- The two or three characters which control history expansion,
- quick substitution, and tokenization (see H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN be-
- low). The first character is the _\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn character,
- the character which begins a history expansion, normally "!\b!".
- The second character is the _\bq_\bu_\bi_\bc_\bk _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\bi_\bt_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn character, nor-
- mally "^\b^". When it appears as the first character on the line,
+ The two or three characters which control history expansion,
+ quick substitution, and tokenization (see H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN be-
+ low). The first character is the _\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn character,
+ the character which begins a history expansion, normally "!\b!".
+ The second character is the _\bq_\bu_\bi_\bc_\bk _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\bi_\bt_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn character, nor-
+ mally "^\b^". When it appears as the first character on the line,
history substitution repeats the previous command, replacing one
- string with another. The optional third character is the _\bh_\bi_\bs_\b-
- _\bt_\bo_\br_\by _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt character, normally "#\b#", which indicates that the
- remainder of the line is a comment when it appears as the first
- character of a word. The history comment character disables
- history substitution for the remaining words on the line. It
+ string with another. The optional third character is the _\bh_\bi_\bs_\b-
+ _\bt_\bo_\br_\by _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt character, normally "#\b#", which indicates that the
+ remainder of the line is a comment when it appears as the first
+ character of a word. The history comment character disables
+ history substitution for the remaining words on the line. It
does not necessarily cause the shell parser to treat the rest of
the line as a comment.
A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs
- B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables.
- Any variable may be used as an indexed array; the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin ex-
- plicitly declares an array. There is no maximum limit on the size of
- an array, nor any requirement that members be indexed or assigned con-
- tiguously. Indexed arrays are referenced using arithmetic expressions
- that must expand to an integer (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN below) and
- are zero-based; associative arrays are referenced using arbitrary
- strings. Unless otherwise noted, indexed array indices must be non-
+ B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables.
+ Any variable may be used as an indexed array; the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin ex-
+ plicitly declares an array. There is no maximum limit on the size of
+ an array, nor any requirement that members be indexed or assigned con-
+ tiguously. Indexed arrays are referenced using arithmetic expressions
+ that must expand to an integer (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN below) and
+ are zero-based; associative arrays are referenced using arbitrary
+ strings. Unless otherwise noted, indexed array indices must be non-
negative integers.
- An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned
+ The shell performs parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expan-
+ sion, command substitution, and quote removal on indexed array sub-
+ scripts. Since this can potentially result in empty strings, subscript
+ indexing treats those as expressions that evaluate to 0.
+
+ The shell performs tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
+ arithmetic expansion, command substitution, and quote removal on asso-
+ ciative array subscripts. Empty strings cannot be used as associative
+ array keys.
+
+ B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh automatically creates an indexed array if any variable is assigned
to using the syntax
_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be .
The _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate
- to a number greater than or equal to zero. To explicitly declare an
+ to a number greater than or equal to zero. To explicitly declare an
indexed array, use
d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be -\b-a\ba _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
(see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
r\bre\bea\bad\bdo\bon\bnl\bly\by builtins. Each attribute applies to all members of an array.
Arrays are assigned using compound assignments of the form _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be=(\b(value_\b1
- ... value_\bn)\b), where each _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be may be of the form [_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]=_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg.
- Indexed array assignments do not require anything but _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg. Each
- _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be in the list is expanded using the shell expansions described be-
+ ... value_\bn)\b), where each _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be may be of the form [_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]=_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg.
+ Indexed array assignments do not require anything but _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg. Each
+ _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be in the list is expanded using the shell expansions described be-
low under E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN, but _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\bes that are valid variable assignments in-
- cluding the brackets and subscript do not undergo brace expansion and
+ cluding the brackets and subscript do not undergo brace expansion and
word splitting, as with individual variable assignments.
- When assigning to indexed arrays, if the optional brackets and sub-
- script are supplied, that index is assigned to; otherwise the index of
- the element assigned is the last index assigned to by the statement
+ When assigning to indexed arrays, if the optional brackets and sub-
+ script are supplied, that index is assigned to; otherwise the index of
+ the element assigned is the last index assigned to by the statement
plus one. Indexing starts at zero.
When assigning to an associative array, the words in a compound assign-
- ment may be either assignment statements, for which the subscript is
- required, or a list of words that is interpreted as a sequence of al-
- ternating keys and values: _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be=(\b( _\bk_\be_\by_\b1 _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be_\b1 _\bk_\be_\by_\b2 _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be_\b2 ...)\b). These
- are treated identically to _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be=(\b( [_\bk_\be_\by_\b1]=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be_\b1 [_\bk_\be_\by_\b2]=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be_\b2 ...)\b).
- The first word in the list determines how the remaining words are in-
- terpreted; all assignments in a list must be of the same type. When
- using key/value pairs, the keys may not be missing or empty; a final
+ ment may be either assignment statements, for which the subscript is
+ required, or a list of words that is interpreted as a sequence of al-
+ ternating keys and values: _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be=(\b( _\bk_\be_\by_\b1 _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be_\b1 _\bk_\be_\by_\b2 _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be_\b2 ...)\b). These
+ are treated identically to _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be=(\b( [_\bk_\be_\by_\b1]=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be_\b1 [_\bk_\be_\by_\b2]=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be_\b2 ...)\b).
+ The first word in the list determines how the remaining words are in-
+ terpreted; all assignments in a list must be of the same type. When
+ using key/value pairs, the keys may not be missing or empty; a final
missing value is treated like the empty string.
- This syntax is also accepted by the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin. Individual array
- elements may be assigned to using the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be syntax in-
+ This syntax is also accepted by the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin. Individual array
+ elements may be assigned to using the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be syntax in-
troduced above.
- When assigning to an indexed array, if _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is subscripted by a nega-
+ When assigning to an indexed array, if _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is subscripted by a nega-
tive number, that number is interpreted as relative to one greater than
- the maximum index of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, so negative indices count back from the end
+ the maximum index of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, so negative indices count back from the end
of the array, and an index of -1 references the last element.
The "+=" operator appends to an array variable when assigning using the
compound assignment syntax; see P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bET\bTE\bER\bRS\bS above.
- An array element is referenced using ${_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]}. The braces
- are required to avoid conflicts with pathname expansion. If _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt
+ An array element is referenced using ${_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]}. The braces
+ are required to avoid conflicts with pathname expansion. If _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt
is @\b@ or *\b*, the word expands to all members of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, unless noted in the
- description of a builtin or word expansion. These subscripts differ
- only when the word appears within double quotes. If the word is dou-
- ble-quoted, ${_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[*]} expands to a single word with the value of each
- array member separated by the first character of the I\bIF\bFS\bS special vari-
- able, and ${_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[@]} expands each element of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to a separate word.
+ description of a builtin or word expansion. These subscripts differ
+ only when the word appears within double quotes. If the word is dou-
+ ble-quoted, ${_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[*]} expands to a single word with the value of each
+ array member separated by the first character of the I\bIF\bFS\bS special vari-
+ able, and ${_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[@]} expands each element of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to a separate word.
When there are no array members, ${_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[@]} expands to nothing. If the
- double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of the
- first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the expansion of
- the original word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined
- with the last part of the expansion of the original word. This is
- analogous to the expansion of the special parameters *\b* and @\b@ (see S\bSp\bpe\be-\b-
+ double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of the
+ first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the expansion of
+ the original word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined
+ with the last part of the expansion of the original word. This is
+ analogous to the expansion of the special parameters *\b* and @\b@ (see S\bSp\bpe\be-\b-
c\bci\bia\bal\bl P\bPa\bar\bra\bam\bme\bet\bte\ber\brs\bs above).
- ${#_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]} expands to the length of ${_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]}. If
+ ${#_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]} expands to the length of ${_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]}. If
_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt is *\b* or @\b@, the expansion is the number of elements in the ar-
ray.
If the _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt used to reference an element of an indexed array eval-
- uates to a number less than zero, it is interpreted as relative to one
- greater than the maximum index of the array, so negative indices count
- back from the end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last
+ uates to a number less than zero, it is interpreted as relative to one
+ greater than the maximum index of the array, so negative indices count
+ back from the end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last
element.
Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to ref-
- erencing the array with a subscript of 0. Any reference to a variable
+ erencing the array with a subscript of 0. Any reference to a variable
using a valid subscript is valid; b\bba\bas\bsh\bh creates an array if necessary.
- An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a
+ An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a
value. The null string is a valid value.
- It is possible to obtain the keys (indices) of an array as well as the
- values. ${!\b!_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\b@]} and ${!\b!_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\b*]} expand to the indices assigned in
+ It is possible to obtain the keys (indices) of an array as well as the
+ values. ${!\b!_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\b@]} and ${!\b!_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\b*]} expand to the indices assigned in
array variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. The treatment when in double quotes is similar to
the expansion of the special parameters _\b@ and _\b* within double quotes.
The u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt builtin is used to destroy arrays. u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt] un-
- sets the array element at index _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt, for both indexed and asso-
- ciative arrays. Negative subscripts to indexed arrays are interpreted
- as described above. Unsetting the last element of an array variable
- does not unset the variable. u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, where _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an array, re-
- moves the entire array. u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt] behaves differently de-
- pending on whether _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an indexed or associative array when _\bs_\bu_\bb_\b-
+ sets the array element at index _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt, for both indexed and asso-
+ ciative arrays. Negative subscripts to indexed arrays are interpreted
+ as described above. Unsetting the last element of an array variable
+ does not unset the variable. u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, where _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an array, re-
+ moves the entire array. u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt] behaves differently de-
+ pending on whether _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an indexed or associative array when _\bs_\bu_\bb_\b-
_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt is *\b* or @\b@. If _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an associative array, this unsets the el-
- ement with subscript *\b* or @\b@. If _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an indexed array, unset re-
+ ement with subscript *\b* or @\b@. If _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an indexed array, unset re-
moves all of the elements but does not remove the array itself.
- When using a variable name with a subscript as an argument to a com-
- mand, such as with u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt, without using the word expansion syntax de-
- scribed above, (e.g., unset a[4]), the argument is subject to pathname
- expansion. Quote the argument if pathname expansion is not desired
+ When using a variable name with a subscript as an argument to a com-
+ mand, such as with u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt, without using the word expansion syntax de-
+ scribed above, (e.g., unset a[4]), the argument is subject to pathname
+ expansion. Quote the argument if pathname expansion is not desired
(e.g., unset 'a[4]').
- The d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be, l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdo\bon\bnl\bly\by builtins each accept a -\b-a\ba option to
- specify an indexed array and a -\b-A\bA option to specify an associative ar-
- ray. If both options are supplied, -\b-A\bA takes precedence. The r\bre\bea\bad\bd
- builtin accepts a -\b-a\ba option to assign a list of words read from the
+ The d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be, l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdo\bon\bnl\bly\by builtins each accept a -\b-a\ba option to
+ specify an indexed array and a -\b-A\bA option to specify an associative ar-
+ ray. If both options are supplied, -\b-A\bA takes precedence. The r\bre\bea\bad\bd
+ builtin accepts a -\b-a\ba option to assign a list of words read from the
standard input to an array. The s\bse\bet\bt and d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtins display array
- values in a way that allows them to be reused as assignments. Other
- builtins accept array name arguments as well (e.g., m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be); see the
- descriptions of individual builtins below for details. The shell pro-
+ values in a way that allows them to be reused as assignments. Other
+ builtins accept array name arguments as well (e.g., m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be); see the
+ descriptions of individual builtins below for details. The shell pro-
vides a number of builtin array variables.
E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN
_\bm_\be_\bt_\bi_\bc _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd _\bs_\bp_\bl_\bi_\bt_\bt_\bi_\bn_\bg, _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bh_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn, and _\bq_\bu_\bo_\bt_\be _\br_\be_\bm_\bo_\bv_\ba_\bl.
The order of expansions is: brace expansion; tilde expansion, parameter
- and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, and command substitution
- (done in a left-to-right fashion); word splitting; pathname expansion;
+ and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, and command substitution
+ (done in a left-to-right fashion); word splitting; pathname expansion;
and quote removal.
On systems that can support it, there is an additional expansion avail-
- able: _\bp_\br_\bo_\bc_\be_\bs_\bs _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\bi_\bt_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn. This is performed at the same time as
- tilde, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and command sub-
+ able: _\bp_\br_\bo_\bc_\be_\bs_\bs _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\bi_\bt_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn. This is performed at the same time as
+ tilde, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and command sub-
stitution.
- _\bQ_\bu_\bo_\bt_\be _\br_\be_\bm_\bo_\bv_\ba_\bl is always performed last. It removes quote characters
- present in the original word, not ones resulting from one of the other
+ _\bQ_\bu_\bo_\bt_\be _\br_\be_\bm_\bo_\bv_\ba_\bl is always performed last. It removes quote characters
+ present in the original word, not ones resulting from one of the other
expansions, unless they have been quoted themselves.
- Only brace expansion, word splitting, and pathname expansion can in-
- crease the number of words of the expansion; other expansions expand a
- single word to a single word. The only exceptions to this are the ex-
+ Only brace expansion, word splitting, and pathname expansion can in-
+ crease the number of words of the expansion; other expansions expand a
+ single word to a single word. The only exceptions to this are the ex-
pansions of "\b"$\b$@\b@"\b" and "\b"$\b${\b{_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[\b[@\b@]\b]}\b}"\b", and, in most cases, $\b$*\b* and
$\b${\b{_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[\b[*\b*]\b]}\b} as explained above (see P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bET\bTE\bER\bRS\bS).
B\bBr\bra\bac\bce\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
- _\bB_\br_\ba_\bc_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn is a mechanism to generate arbitrary strings sharing a
+ _\bB_\br_\ba_\bc_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn is a mechanism to generate arbitrary strings sharing a
common prefix and suffix, either of which can be empty. This mechanism
- is similar to _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bh_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn, but the filenames generated need not
- exist. Patterns to be brace expanded are formed from an optional _\bp_\br_\be_\b-
- _\ba_\bm_\bb_\bl_\be, followed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a se-
- quence expression between a pair of braces, followed by an optional
- _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bt_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt. The preamble is prefixed to each string contained within
- the braces, and the postscript is then appended to each resulting
+ is similar to _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bh_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn, but the filenames generated need not
+ exist. Patterns to be brace expanded are formed from an optional _\bp_\br_\be_\b-
+ _\ba_\bm_\bb_\bl_\be, followed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a se-
+ quence expression between a pair of braces, followed by an optional
+ _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bt_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt. The preamble is prefixed to each string contained within
+ the braces, and the postscript is then appended to each resulting
string, expanding left to right.
- Brace expansions may be nested. The results of each expanded string
+ Brace expansions may be nested. The results of each expanded string
are not sorted; brace expansion preserves left to right order. For ex-
ample, a{\b{d,c,b}\b}e expands into "ade ace abe".
- A sequence expression takes the form {\b{_\bx.\b..\b._\by[\b[.\b..\b._\bi_\bn_\bc_\br]\b]}\b}, where _\bx and _\by are
- either integers or single letters, and _\bi_\bn_\bc_\br, an optional increment, is
+ A sequence expression takes the form {\b{_\bx.\b..\b._\by[\b[.\b..\b._\bi_\bn_\bc_\br]\b]}\b}, where _\bx and _\by are
+ either integers or single letters, and _\bi_\bn_\bc_\br, an optional increment, is
an integer. When integers are supplied, the expression expands to each
- number between _\bx and _\by, inclusive. If either _\bx or _\by begins with a
+ number between _\bx and _\by, inclusive. If either _\bx or _\by begins with a
zero, each generated term will contain the same number of digits, zero-
padding where necessary. When letters are supplied, the expression ex-
- pands to each character lexicographically between _\bx and _\by, inclusive,
- using the default C locale. Note that both _\bx and _\by must be of the same
- type (integer or letter). When the increment is supplied, it is used
- as the difference between each term. The default increment is 1 or -1
- as appropriate.
+ pands to each character lexicographically between _\bx and _\by, inclusive,
+ using the C locale. Note that both _\bx and _\by must be of the same type
+ (integer or letter). When the increment is supplied, it is used as the
+ difference between each term. The default increment is 1 or -1 as ap-
+ propriate.
Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions, and any char-
- acters special to other expansions are preserved in the result. It is
- strictly textual. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh does not apply any syntactic interpretation to
+ acters special to other expansions are preserved in the result. It is
+ strictly textual. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh does not apply any syntactic interpretation to
the context of the expansion or the text between the braces.
- A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening and
+ A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening and
closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma or a valid sequence ex-
pression. Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged.
- A "{" or Q , may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its being con-
- sidered part of a brace expression. To avoid conflicts with parameter
- expansion, the string "${" is not considered eligible for brace expan-
+ A "{" or Q , may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its being con-
+ sidered part of a brace expression. To avoid conflicts with parameter
+ expansion, the string "${" is not considered eligible for brace expan-
sion, and inhibits brace expansion until the closing "}".
This construct is typically used as shorthand when the common prefix of
or
chown root /usr/{ucb/{ex,edit},lib/{ex?.?*,how_ex}}
- Brace expansion introduces a slight incompatibility with historical
- versions of s\bsh\bh. s\bsh\bh does not treat opening or closing braces specially
- when they appear as part of a word, and preserves them in the output.
- B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh removes braces from words as a consequence of brace expansion.
+ Brace expansion introduces a slight incompatibility with historical
+ versions of s\bsh\bh. s\bsh\bh does not treat opening or closing braces specially
+ when they appear as part of a word, and preserves them in the output.
+ B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh removes braces from words as a consequence of brace expansion.
For example, a word entered to s\bsh\bh as "file{1,2}" appears identically in
the output. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh outputs that word as "file1 file2" after brace expan-
- sion. Start b\bba\bas\bsh\bh with the +\b+B\bB option or disable brace expansion with
+ sion. Start b\bba\bas\bsh\bh with the +\b+B\bB option or disable brace expansion with
the +\b+B\bB option to the s\bse\bet\bt command (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below) for
strict s\bsh\bh compatibility.
T\bTi\bil\bld\bde\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
- If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character ("~\b~"), all of the
- characters preceding the first unquoted slash (or all characters, if
- there is no unquoted slash) are considered a _\bt_\bi_\bl_\bd_\be_\b-_\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx. If none of
- the characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the characters in the
- tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a possible _\bl_\bo_\bg_\bi_\bn _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
- If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the
+ If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character ("~\b~"), all of the
+ characters preceding the first unquoted slash (or all characters, if
+ there is no unquoted slash) are considered a _\bt_\bi_\bl_\bd_\be_\b-_\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx. If none of
+ the characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the characters in the
+ tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a possible _\bl_\bo_\bg_\bi_\bn _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
+ If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the
value of the shell parameter H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE. If H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE is unset, the tilde expands
- to the home directory of the user executing the shell instead. Other-
- wise, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory associated
+ to the home directory of the user executing the shell instead. Other-
+ wise, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory associated
with the specified login name.
- If the tilde-prefix is a "~+", the value of the shell variable P\bPW\bWD\bD re-
+ If the tilde-prefix is a "~+", the value of the shell variable P\bPW\bWD\bD re-
places the tilde-prefix. If the tilde-prefix is a "~-", the shell sub-
- stitutes the value of the shell variable O\bOL\bLD\bDP\bPW\bWD\bD, if it is set. If the
- characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a number
- _\bN, optionally prefixed by a "+" or a "-", the tilde-prefix is replaced
+ stitutes the value of the shell variable O\bOL\bLD\bDP\bPW\bWD\bD, if it is set. If the
+ characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a number
+ _\bN, optionally prefixed by a "+" or a "-", the tilde-prefix is replaced
with the corresponding element from the directory stack, as it would be
displayed by the d\bdi\bir\brs\bs builtin invoked with the characters following the
- tilde in the tilde-prefix as an argument. If the characters following
+ tilde in the tilde-prefix as an argument. If the characters following
the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a number without a leading "+"
or "-", tilde expansion assumes "+".
- The results of tilde expansion are treated as if they were quoted, so
- the replacement is not subject to word splitting and pathname expan-
+ The results of tilde expansion are treated as if they were quoted, so
+ the replacement is not subject to word splitting and pathname expan-
sion.
- If the login name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the tilde-
+ If the login name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the tilde-
prefix is unchanged.
- B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh checks each variable assignment for unquoted tilde-prefixes imme-
- diately following a :\b: or the first =\b=, and performs tilde expansion in
- these cases. Consequently, one may use filenames with tildes in as-
- signments to P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, M\bMA\bAI\bIL\bLP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, and C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, and the shell assigns the ex-
+ B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh checks each variable assignment for unquoted tilde-prefixes imme-
+ diately following a :\b: or the first =\b=, and performs tilde expansion in
+ these cases. Consequently, one may use filenames with tildes in as-
+ signments to P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, M\bMA\bAI\bIL\bLP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, and C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, and the shell assigns the ex-
panded value.
- B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh also performs tilde expansion on words satisfying the conditions
+ B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh also performs tilde expansion on words satisfying the conditions
of variable assignments (as described above under P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bET\bTE\bER\bRS\bS) when they
- appear as arguments to simple commands. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh does not do this, except
+ appear as arguments to simple commands. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh does not do this, except
for the _\bd_\be_\bc_\bl_\ba_\br_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn commands listed above, when in posix mode.
P\bPa\bar\bra\bam\bme\bet\bte\ber\br E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
The "$\b$" character introduces parameter expansion, command substitution,
- or arithmetic expansion. The parameter name or symbol to be expanded
- may be enclosed in braces, which are optional but serve to protect the
- variable to be expanded from characters immediately following it which
+ or arithmetic expansion. The parameter name or symbol to be expanded
+ may be enclosed in braces, which are optional but serve to protect the
+ variable to be expanded from characters immediately following it which
could be interpreted as part of the name.
- When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first "}\b}" not
+ When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first "}\b}" not
escaped by a backslash or within a quoted string, and not within an em-
- bedded arithmetic expansion, command substitution, or parameter expan-
+ bedded arithmetic expansion, command substitution, or parameter expan-
sion.
The basic form of parameter expansion is
${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br}
which substitutes the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br. The braces are required when
- _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is a positional parameter with more than one digit, or when
- _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is followed by a character which is not to be interpreted as
- part of its name. The _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is a shell parameter as described
+ _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is a positional parameter with more than one digit, or when
+ _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is followed by a character which is not to be interpreted as
+ part of its name. The _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is a shell parameter as described
above P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bET\bTE\bER\bRS\bS) or an array reference (A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs).
- If the first character of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an exclamation point (!\b!), and
+ If the first character of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an exclamation point (!\b!), and
_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is not a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf, it introduces a level of indirection. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh
uses the value formed by expanding the rest of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br as the new _\bp_\ba_\b-
- _\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br; this new parameter is then expanded and that value is used in
- the rest of the expansion, rather than the expansion of the original
- _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br. This is known as _\bi_\bn_\bd_\bi_\br_\be_\bc_\bt _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn. The value is subject
- to tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, and
- arithmetic expansion. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is a nameref, this expands to the
+ _\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br; this new parameter is then expanded and that value is used in
+ the rest of the expansion, rather than the expansion of the original
+ _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br. This is known as _\bi_\bn_\bd_\bi_\br_\be_\bc_\bt _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn. The value is subject
+ to tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, and
+ arithmetic expansion. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is a nameref, this expands to the
name of the parameter referenced by _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br instead of performing the
complete indirect expansion, for compatibility. The exceptions to this
are the expansions of ${!\b!_\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx*\b*} and ${!\b!_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\b@]} described below. The
- exclamation point must immediately follow the left brace in order to
+ exclamation point must immediately follow the left brace in order to
introduce indirection.
In each of the cases below, _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is subject to tilde expansion, parame-
ter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion.
When not performing substring expansion, using the forms documented be-
- low (e.g., :\b:-\b-), b\bba\bas\bsh\bh tests for a parameter that is unset or null.
+ low (e.g., :\b:-\b-), b\bba\bas\bsh\bh tests for a parameter that is unset or null.
Omitting the colon tests only for a parameter that is unset.
${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br:\b:-\b-_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd}
- U\bUs\bse\be D\bDe\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt V\bVa\bal\blu\bue\bes\bs. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is unset or null, the expan-
- sion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is substituted. Otherwise, the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br
+ U\bUs\bse\be D\bDe\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt V\bVa\bal\blu\bue\bes\bs. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is unset or null, the expan-
+ sion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is substituted. Otherwise, the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br
is substituted.
${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br:\b:=\b=_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd}
- A\bAs\bss\bsi\big\bgn\bn D\bDe\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt V\bVa\bal\blu\bue\bes\bs. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is unset or null, the ex-
- pansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is assigned to _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br, and the expansion is
+ A\bAs\bss\bsi\big\bgn\bn D\bDe\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt V\bVa\bal\blu\bue\bes\bs. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is unset or null, the ex-
+ pansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is assigned to _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br, and the expansion is
the final value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br. Positional parameters and special
parameters may not be assigned in this way.
${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br:\b:?\b?_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd}
- D\bDi\bis\bsp\bpl\bla\bay\by E\bEr\brr\bro\bor\br i\bif\bf N\bNu\bul\bll\bl o\bor\br U\bUn\bns\bse\bet\bt. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is null or unset,
+ D\bDi\bis\bsp\bpl\bla\bay\by E\bEr\brr\bro\bor\br i\bif\bf N\bNu\bul\bll\bl o\bor\br U\bUn\bns\bse\bet\bt. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is null or unset,
the shell writes the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd (or a message to that ef-
fect if _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is not present) to the standard error and, if it is
- not interactive, exits with a non-zero status. An interactive
+ not interactive, exits with a non-zero status. An interactive
shell does not exit, but does not execute the command associated
- with the expansion. Otherwise, the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is sub-
+ with the expansion. Otherwise, the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is sub-
stituted.
${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br:\b:+\b+_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd}
- U\bUs\bse\be A\bAl\blt\bte\ber\brn\bna\bat\bte\be V\bVa\bal\blu\bue\be. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is null or unset, nothing is
- substituted, otherwise the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is substituted.
+ U\bUs\bse\be A\bAl\blt\bte\ber\brn\bna\bat\bte\be V\bVa\bal\blu\bue\be. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is null or unset, nothing is
+ substituted, otherwise the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is substituted.
The value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is not used.
${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br:\b:_\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt}
${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br:\b:_\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt:\b:_\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh}
- S\bSu\bub\bbs\bst\btr\bri\bin\bng\bg E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn. Expands to up to _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh characters of the
- value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br starting at the character specified by _\bo_\bf_\bf_\b-
- _\bs_\be_\bt. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is @\b@ or *\b*, an indexed array subscripted by @\b@
- or *\b*, or an associative array name, the results differ as de-
- scribed below. If _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh is omitted, expands to the substring
- of the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br starting at the character specified by
- _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt and extending to the end of the value. _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh and _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt
- are arithmetic expressions (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN below).
+ S\bSu\bub\bbs\bst\btr\bri\bin\bng\bg E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn. Expands to up to _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh characters of the
+ value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br starting at the character specified by _\bo_\bf_\bf_\b-
+ _\bs_\be_\bt. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is @\b@ or *\b*, an indexed array subscripted by @\b@
+ or *\b*, or an associative array name, the results differ as de-
+ scribed below. If :\b:_\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh is omitted (the first form above),
+ this expands to the substring of the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br starting
+ at the character specified by _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt and extending to the end of
+ the value. If _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt is omitted, it is treated as 0. If _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh
+ is omitted, but the colon after _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt is present, it is treated
+ as 0. _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh and _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt are arithmetic expressions (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bH-\b-
+ M\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN below).
If _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt evaluates to a number less than zero, the value is
used as an offset in characters from the end of the value of _\bp_\ba_\b-
$\b$(\b((\b(_\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn)\b))\b)
The _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn undergoes the same expansions as if it were within dou-
- ble quotes, but double quote characters in _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn are not treated
- specially and are removed. All tokens in the expression undergo para-
- meter and variable expansion, command substitution, and quote removal.
- The result is treated as the arithmetic expression to be evaluated.
- Arithmetic expansions may be nested.
+ ble quotes, but unescaped double quote characters in _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn are not
+ treated specially and are removed. All tokens in the expression un-
+ dergo parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and quote
+ removal. The result is treated as the arithmetic expression to be
+ evaluated. Since the way Bash handles double quotes can potentially
+ result in empty strings, arithmetic expansion treats those as expres-
+ sions that evaluate to 0. Arithmetic expansions may be nested.
The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below under
A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN. If _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn is invalid, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh prints a message
or equal to _\ba_\br_\bg_\b2, respectively. _\ba_\br_\bg_\b1 and _\ba_\br_\bg_\b2 may be positive
or negative integers. When used with the [\b[[\b[ command, _\ba_\br_\bg_\b1 and
_\ba_\br_\bg_\b2 are evaluated as arithmetic expressions (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC
- E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above).
+ E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above). Since the expansions the [\b[[\b[ command performs
+ on _\ba_\br_\bg_\b1 and _\ba_\br_\bg_\b2 can potentially result in empty strings, arith-
+ metic expression evaluation treats those as expressions that
+ evaluate to 0.
S\bSI\bIM\bMP\bPL\bLE\bE C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN
When the shell executes a simple command, it performs the following ex-
- pansions, assignments, and redirections, from left to right, in the
+ pansions, assignments, and redirections, from left to right, in the
following order.
- 1. The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments
- (those preceding the command name) and redirections are saved
+ 1. The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments
+ (those preceding the command name) and redirections are saved
for later processing.
- 2. The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are
- expanded. If any words remain after expansion, the first word
- is taken to be the name of the command and the remaining words
+ 2. The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are
+ expanded. If any words remain after expansion, the first word
+ is taken to be the name of the command and the remaining words
are the arguments.
3. Redirections are performed as described above under R\bRE\bED\bDI\bIR\bRE\bEC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN.
4. The text after the =\b= in each variable assignment undergoes tilde
expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
- expansion, and quote removal before being assigned to the vari-
+ expansion, and quote removal before being assigned to the vari-
able.
If no command name results, the variable assignments affect the current
- shell environment. In the case of such a command (one that consists
- only of assignment statements and redirections), assignment statements
- are performed before redirections. Otherwise, the variables are added
- to the environment of the executed command and do not affect the cur-
+ shell environment. In the case of such a command (one that consists
+ only of assignment statements and redirections), assignment statements
+ are performed before redirections. Otherwise, the variables are added
+ to the environment of the executed command and do not affect the cur-
rent shell environment. If any of the assignments attempts to assign a
- value to a readonly variable, an error occurs, and the command exits
+ value to a readonly variable, an error occurs, and the command exits
with a non-zero status.
- If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not af-
- fect the current shell environment. A redirection error causes the
+ If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not af-
+ fect the current shell environment. A redirection error causes the
command to exit with a non-zero status.
- If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as
- described below. Otherwise, the command exits. If one of the expan-
- sions contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command
- is the exit status of the last command substitution performed. If
+ If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as
+ described below. Otherwise, the command exits. If one of the expan-
+ sions contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command
+ is the exit status of the last command substitution performed. If
there were no command substitutions, the command exits with a zero sta-
tus.
C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
- After a command has been split into words, if it results in a simple
- command and an optional list of arguments, the shell performs the fol-
+ After a command has been split into words, if it results in a simple
+ command and an optional list of arguments, the shell performs the fol-
lowing actions.
- If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to locate
- it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that function is
- invoked as described above in F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS. If the name does not match a
- function, the shell searches for it in the list of shell builtins. If
+ If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to locate
+ it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that function is
+ invoked as described above in F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS. If the name does not match a
+ function, the shell searches for it in the list of shell builtins. If
a match is found, that builtin is invoked.
- If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, and contains no
- slashes, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh searches each element of the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH for a directory con-
+ If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, and contains no
+ slashes, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh searches each element of the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH for a directory con-
taining an executable file by that name. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh uses a hash table to re-
- member the full pathnames of executable files (see h\bha\bas\bsh\bh under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL
- B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below). Bash performs a full search of the directo-
- ries in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH only if the command is not found in the hash table. If
- the search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for a defined shell
- function named c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd_\b_n\bno\bot\bt_\b_f\bfo\bou\bun\bnd\bd_\b_h\bha\ban\bnd\bdl\ble\be. If that function exists, it
- is invoked in a separate execution environment with the original com-
- mand and the original command's arguments as its arguments, and the
- function's exit status becomes the exit status of that subshell. If
+ member the full pathnames of executable files (see h\bha\bas\bsh\bh under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL
+ B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below). Bash performs a full search of the directo-
+ ries in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH only if the command is not found in the hash table. If
+ the search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for a defined shell
+ function named c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd_\b_n\bno\bot\bt_\b_f\bfo\bou\bun\bnd\bd_\b_h\bha\ban\bnd\bdl\ble\be. If that function exists, it
+ is invoked in a separate execution environment with the original com-
+ mand and the original command's arguments as its arguments, and the
+ function's exit status becomes the exit status of that subshell. If
that function is not defined, the shell prints an error message and re-
turns an exit status of 127.
- If the search is successful, or if the command name contains one or
+ If the search is successful, or if the command name contains one or
more slashes, the shell executes the named program in a separate execu-
tion environment. Argument 0 is set to the name given, and the remain-
ing arguments to the command are set to the arguments given, if any.
- If this execution fails because the file is not in executable format,
- and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl _\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt, a
+ If this execution fails because the file is not in executable format,
+ and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl _\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt, a
file containing shell commands, and the shell creates a new instance of
- itself to execute it. Bash tries to determine whether the file is a
- text file or a binary, and will not execute files it determines to be
+ itself to execute it. Bash tries to determine whether the file is a
+ text file or a binary, and will not execute files it determines to be
binaries. This subshell reinitializes itself, so that the effect is as
- if a new shell had been invoked to handle the script, with the excep-
- tion that the locations of commands remembered by the parent (see h\bha\bas\bsh\bh
+ if a new shell had been invoked to handle the script, with the excep-
+ tion that the locations of commands remembered by the parent (see h\bha\bas\bsh\bh
below under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS are retained by the child.
- If the program is a file beginning with #\b#!\b!, the remainder of the first
- line specifies an interpreter for the program. The shell executes the
+ If the program is a file beginning with #\b#!\b!, the remainder of the first
+ line specifies an interpreter for the program. The shell executes the
specified interpreter on operating systems that do not handle this exe-
cutable format themselves. The arguments to the interpreter consist of
- a single optional argument following the interpreter name on the first
- line of the program, followed by the name of the program, followed by
+ a single optional argument following the interpreter name on the first
+ line of the program, followed by the name of the program, followed by
the command arguments, if any.
C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN E\bEN\bNV\bVI\bIR\bRO\bON\bNM\bME\bEN\bNT\bT
- The shell has an _\be_\bx_\be_\bc_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn _\be_\bn_\bv_\bi_\br_\bo_\bn_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt, which consists of the follow-
+ The shell has an _\be_\bx_\be_\bc_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn _\be_\bn_\bv_\bi_\br_\bo_\bn_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt, which consists of the follow-
ing:
- +\bo Open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by
+ +\bo Open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by
redirections supplied to the e\bex\bxe\bec\bc builtin.
- +\bo The current working directory as set by c\bcd\bd, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd, or p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd, or
+ +\bo The current working directory as set by c\bcd\bd, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd, or p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd, or
inherited by the shell at invocation.
- +\bo The file creation mode mask as set by u\bum\bma\bas\bsk\bk or inherited from
+ +\bo The file creation mode mask as set by u\bum\bma\bas\bsk\bk or inherited from
the shell's parent.
+\bo Current traps set by t\btr\bra\bap\bp.
+\bo Shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with s\bse\bet\bt
or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment.
- +\bo Shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the
+ +\bo Shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the
shell's parent in the environment.
- +\bo Options enabled at invocation (either by default or with com-
+ +\bo Options enabled at invocation (either by default or with com-
mand-line arguments) or by s\bse\bet\bt.
+\bo Options enabled by s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt.
+\bo Shell aliases defined with a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs.
- +\bo Various process IDs, including those of background jobs, the
+ +\bo Various process IDs, including those of background jobs, the
value of $\b$$\b$, and the value of P\bPP\bPI\bID\bD.
- When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function is to be
- executed, it is invoked in a separate execution environment that con-
- sists of the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are inher-
+ When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function is to be
+ executed, it is invoked in a separate execution environment that con-
+ sists of the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are inher-
ited from the shell.
- +\bo The shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions
+ +\bo The shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions
specified by redirections to the command.
+\bo The current working directory.
+\bo The file creation mode mask.
- +\bo Shell variables and functions marked for export, along with
+ +\bo Shell variables and functions marked for export, along with
variables exported for the command, passed in the environment.
+\bo Traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from
the shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored.
- A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the
+ A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the
shell's execution environment.
A _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl is a copy of the shell process.
- Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, and asynchro-
+ Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, and asynchro-
nous commands are invoked in a subshell environment that is a duplicate
of the shell environment, except that traps caught by the shell are re-
- set to the values that the shell inherited from its parent at invoca-
- tion. Builtin commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline, except
- possibly in the last element depending on the value of the l\bla\bas\bst\btp\bpi\bip\bpe\be
- shell option, are also executed in a subshell environment. Changes
- made to the subshell environment cannot affect the shell's execution
+ set to the values that the shell inherited from its parent at invoca-
+ tion. Builtin commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline, except
+ possibly in the last element depending on the value of the l\bla\bas\bst\btp\bpi\bip\bpe\be
+ shell option, are also executed in a subshell environment. Changes
+ made to the subshell environment cannot affect the shell's execution
environment.
- When the shell is in posix mode, subshells spawned to execute command
- substitutions inherit the value of the -\b-e\be option from their parent
- shell. When not in posix mode, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh clears the -\b-e\be option in such sub-
- shells. See the description of the i\bin\bnh\bhe\ber\bri\bit\bt_\b_e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt shell option below
+ When the shell is in posix mode, subshells spawned to execute command
+ substitutions inherit the value of the -\b-e\be option from their parent
+ shell. When not in posix mode, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh clears the -\b-e\be option in such sub-
+ shells. See the description of the i\bin\bnh\bhe\ber\bri\bit\bt_\b_e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt shell option below
for how to control this behavior when not in posix mode.
- If a command is followed by a &\b& and job control is not active, the de-
+ If a command is followed by a &\b& and job control is not active, the de-
fault standard input for the command is the empty file _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bn_\bu_\bl_\bl. Oth-
- erwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the call-
+ erwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the call-
ing shell as modified by redirections.
E\bEN\bNV\bVI\bIR\bRO\bON\bNM\bME\bEN\bNT\bT
- When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings called the
+ When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings called the
_\be_\bn_\bv_\bi_\br_\bo_\bn_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt. This is a list of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be-_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be pairs, of the form
_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be.
- The shell provides several ways to manipulate the environment. On in-
- vocation, the shell scans its own environment and creates a parameter
- for each name found, automatically marking it for _\be_\bx_\bp_\bo_\br_\bt to child
+ The shell provides several ways to manipulate the environment. On in-
+ vocation, the shell scans its own environment and creates a parameter
+ for each name found, automatically marking it for _\be_\bx_\bp_\bo_\br_\bt to child
processes. Executed commands inherit the environment. The e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt, d\bde\be-\b-
- c\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be -\b-x\bx, and u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt commands modify the environment by adding and
- deleting parameters and functions. If the value of a parameter in the
- environment is modified, the new value automatically becomes part of
- the environment, replacing the old. The environment inherited by any
- executed command consists of the shell's initial environment, whose
- values may be modified in the shell, less any pairs removed by the u\bun\bn-\b-
- s\bse\bet\bt or e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt -\b-n\bn commands, plus any additions via the e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt and d\bde\be-\b-
+ c\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be -\b-x\bx, and u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt commands modify the environment by adding and
+ deleting parameters and functions. If the value of a parameter in the
+ environment is modified, the new value automatically becomes part of
+ the environment, replacing the old. The environment inherited by any
+ executed command consists of the shell's initial environment, whose
+ values may be modified in the shell, less any pairs removed by the u\bun\bn-\b-
+ s\bse\bet\bt or e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt -\b-n\bn commands, plus any additions via the e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt and d\bde\be-\b-
c\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be -\b-x\bx commands.
- If any parameter assignments, as described above in P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bET\bTE\bER\bRS\bS, appear
+ If any parameter assignments, as described above in P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bET\bTE\bER\bRS\bS, appear
before a _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, the variable assignments are part of that com-
mand's environment for as long as it executes. These assignment state-
- ments affect only the environment seen by that command. If these as-
- signments precede a call to a shell function, the variables are local
+ ments affect only the environment seen by that command. If these as-
+ signments precede a call to a shell function, the variables are local
to the function and exported to that function's children.
- If the -\b-k\bk option is set (see the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command below), then _\ba_\bl_\bl
- parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command, not
+ If the -\b-k\bk option is set (see the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command below), then _\ba_\bl_\bl
+ parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command, not
just those that precede the command name.
- When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh invokes an external command, the variable _\b_ is set to the
+ When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh invokes an external command, the variable _\b_ is set to the
full pathname of the command and passed to that command in its environ-
ment.
E\bEX\bXI\bIT\bT S\bST\bTA\bAT\bTU\bUS\bS
- The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the
+ The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the
_\bw_\ba_\bi_\bt_\bp_\bi_\bd system call or equivalent function. Exit statuses fall between
- 0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may use values above
+ 0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may use values above
125 specially. Exit statuses from shell builtins and compound commands
are also limited to this range. Under certain circumstances, the shell
will use special values to indicate specific failure modes.
For the shell's purposes, a command which exits with a zero exit status
- has succeeded. So while an exit status of zero indicates success, a
+ has succeeded. So while an exit status of zero indicates success, a
non-zero exit status indicates failure.
- When a command terminates on a fatal signal _\bN, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh uses the value of
+ When a command terminates on a fatal signal _\bN, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh uses the value of
128+_\bN as the exit status.
- If a command is not found, the child process created to execute it re-
- turns a status of 127. If a command is found but is not executable,
+ If a command is not found, the child process created to execute it re-
+ turns a status of 127. If a command is found but is not executable,
the return status is 126.
If a command fails because of an error during expansion or redirection,
the exit status is greater than zero.
- Shell builtin commands return a status of 0 (_\bt_\br_\bu_\be) if successful, and
- non-zero (_\bf_\ba_\bl_\bs_\be) if an error occurs while they execute. All builtins
- return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage, generally in-
+ Shell builtin commands return a status of 0 (_\bt_\br_\bu_\be) if successful, and
+ non-zero (_\bf_\ba_\bl_\bs_\be) if an error occurs while they execute. All builtins
+ return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage, generally in-
valid options or missing arguments.
The exit status of the last command is available in the special parame-
ter $?.
- B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh itself returns the exit status of the last command executed, un-
- less a syntax error occurs, in which case it exits with a non-zero
+ B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh itself returns the exit status of the last command executed, un-
+ less a syntax error occurs, in which case it exits with a non-zero
value. See also the e\bex\bxi\bit\bt builtin command below.
S\bSI\bIG\bGN\bNA\bAL\bLS\bS
- When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores
- S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTE\bER\bRM\bM (so that k\bki\bil\bll\bl 0\b0 does not kill an interactive shell), and
+ When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores
+ S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTE\bER\bRM\bM (so that k\bki\bil\bll\bl 0\b0 does not kill an interactive shell), and
catches and handles S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT (so that the w\bwa\bai\bit\bt builtin is interruptible).
- When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh receives S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT, it breaks out of any executing loops. In
+ When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh receives S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT, it breaks out of any executing loops. In
all cases, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh ignores S\bSI\bIG\bGQ\bQU\bUI\bIT\bT. If job control is in effect, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh ig-
nores S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTT\bTI\bIN\bN, S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTT\bTO\bOU\bU, and S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTS\bST\bTP\bP.
Non-builtin commands b\bba\bas\bsh\bh executes have signal handlers set to the val-
ues inherited by the shell from its parent, unless t\btr\bra\bap\bp sets them to be
- ignored, in which case the child process will ignore them as well.
- When job control is not in effect, asynchronous commands ignore S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT
+ ignored, in which case the child process will ignore them as well.
+ When job control is not in effect, asynchronous commands ignore S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT
and S\bSI\bIG\bGQ\bQU\bUI\bIT\bT in addition to these inherited handlers. Commands run as a
- result of command substitution ignore the keyboard-generated job con-
+ result of command substitution ignore the keyboard-generated job con-
trol signals S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTT\bTI\bIN\bN, S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTT\bTO\bOU\bU, and S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTS\bST\bTP\bP.
- The shell exits by default upon receipt of a S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP. Before exiting,
- an interactive shell resends the S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP to all jobs, running or
- stopped. The shell sends S\bSI\bIG\bGC\bCO\bON\bNT\bT to stopped jobs to ensure that they
- receive the S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP (see J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL below for more information about
- running and stopped jobs). To prevent the shell from sending the sig-
- nal to a particular job, remove it from the jobs table with the d\bdi\bis\bso\bow\bwn\bn
- builtin (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below) or mark it not to receive
+ The shell exits by default upon receipt of a S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP. Before exiting,
+ an interactive shell resends the S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP to all jobs, running or
+ stopped. The shell sends S\bSI\bIG\bGC\bCO\bON\bNT\bT to stopped jobs to ensure that they
+ receive the S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP (see J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL below for more information about
+ running and stopped jobs). To prevent the shell from sending the sig-
+ nal to a particular job, remove it from the jobs table with the d\bdi\bis\bso\bow\bwn\bn
+ builtin (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below) or mark it not to receive
S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP using d\bdi\bis\bso\bow\bwn\bn -\b-h\bh.
- If the h\bhu\bup\bpo\bon\bne\bex\bxi\bit\bt shell option has been set using s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh sends a
+ If the h\bhu\bup\bpo\bon\bne\bex\bxi\bit\bt shell option has been set using s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh sends a
S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP to all jobs when an interactive login shell exits.
- If b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal for
- which a trap has been set, it will not execute the trap until the com-
+ If b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal for
+ which a trap has been set, it will not execute the trap until the com-
mand completes. If b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is waiting for an asynchronous command via the
- w\bwa\bai\bit\bt builtin, and it receives a signal for which a trap has been set,
- the w\bwa\bai\bit\bt builtin will return immediately with an exit status greater
+ w\bwa\bai\bit\bt builtin, and it receives a signal for which a trap has been set,
+ the w\bwa\bai\bit\bt builtin will return immediately with an exit status greater
than 128, immediately after which the shell executes the trap.
- When job control is not enabled, and b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is waiting for a foreground
+ When job control is not enabled, and b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is waiting for a foreground
command to complete, the shell receives keyboard-generated signals such
- as S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT (usually generated by ^\b^C\bC) that users commonly intend to send
+ as S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT (usually generated by ^\b^C\bC) that users commonly intend to send
to that command. This happens because the shell and the command are in
- the same process group as the terminal, and ^\b^C\bC sends S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT to all
- processes in that process group. Since b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not enable job con-
- trol by default when the shell is not interactive, this scenario is
+ the same process group as the terminal, and ^\b^C\bC sends S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT to all
+ processes in that process group. Since b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not enable job con-
+ trol by default when the shell is not interactive, this scenario is
most common in non-interactive shells.
- When job control is enabled, and b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is waiting for a foreground com-
- mand to complete, the shell does not receive keyboard-generated sig-
- nals, because it is not in the same process group as the terminal.
+ When job control is enabled, and b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is waiting for a foreground com-
+ mand to complete, the shell does not receive keyboard-generated sig-
+ nals, because it is not in the same process group as the terminal.
This scenario is most common in interactive shells, where b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts
- to enable job control by default. See J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL below for more in-
+ to enable job control by default. See J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL below for more in-
formation about process groups.
When job control is not enabled, and b\bba\bas\bsh\bh receives S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT while waiting
1. If the command terminates due to the S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh concludes that
the user meant to send the S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT to the shell as well, and acts
on the S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT (e.g., by running a S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT trap, exiting a non-in-
- teractive shell, or returning to the top level to read a new
+ teractive shell, or returning to the top level to read a new
command).
- 2. If the command does not terminate due to S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT, the program
- handled the S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT itself and did not treat it as a fatal sig-
- nal. In that case, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not treat S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT as a fatal sig-
- nal, either, instead assuming that the S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT was used as part
- of the program's normal operation (e.g., emacs uses it to abort
+ 2. If the command does not terminate due to S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT, the program
+ handled the S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT itself and did not treat it as a fatal sig-
+ nal. In that case, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not treat S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT as a fatal sig-
+ nal, either, instead assuming that the S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT was used as part
+ of the program's normal operation (e.g., emacs uses it to abort
editing commands) or deliberately discarded. However, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh will
- run any trap set on S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT, as it does with any other trapped
- signal it receives while it is waiting for the foreground com-
+ run any trap set on S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT, as it does with any other trapped
+ signal it receives while it is waiting for the foreground com-
mand to complete, for compatibility.
- When job control is enabled, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not receive keyboard-generated
- signals such as S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT while it is waiting for a foreground command.
- An interactive shell does not pay attention to the S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT, even if the
- foreground command terminates as a result, other than noting its exit
- status. If the shell is not interactive, and the foreground command
- terminates due to the S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh pretends it received the S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT it-
+ When job control is enabled, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not receive keyboard-generated
+ signals such as S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT while it is waiting for a foreground command.
+ An interactive shell does not pay attention to the S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT, even if the
+ foreground command terminates as a result, other than noting its exit
+ status. If the shell is not interactive, and the foreground command
+ terminates due to the S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh pretends it received the S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT it-
self (scenario 1 above), for compatibility.
J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL
_\bJ_\bo_\bb _\bc_\bo_\bn_\bt_\br_\bo_\bl refers to the ability to selectively stop (_\bs_\bu_\bs_\bp_\be_\bn_\bd) the ex-
- ecution of processes and continue (_\br_\be_\bs_\bu_\bm_\be) their execution at a later
- point. A user typically employs this facility via an interactive in-
+ ecution of processes and continue (_\br_\be_\bs_\bu_\bm_\be) their execution at a later
+ point. A user typically employs this facility via an interactive in-
terface supplied jointly by the operating system kernel's terminal dri-
ver and b\bba\bas\bsh\bh.
- The shell associates a _\bj_\bo_\bb with each pipeline. It keeps a table of
- currently executing jobs, which the j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs command will display. Each
- job has a _\bj_\bo_\bb _\bn_\bu_\bm_\bb_\be_\br, which j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs displays between brackets. Job num-
- bers start at 1. When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh starts a job asynchronously (in the _\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk_\b-
+ The shell associates a _\bj_\bo_\bb with each pipeline. It keeps a table of
+ currently executing jobs, which the j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs command will display. Each
+ job has a _\bj_\bo_\bb _\bn_\bu_\bm_\bb_\be_\br, which j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs displays between brackets. Job num-
+ bers start at 1. When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh starts a job asynchronously (in the _\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk_\b-
_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd), it prints a line that looks like:
[1] 25647
indicating that this job is job number 1 and that the process ID of the
last process in the pipeline associated with this job is 25647. All of
- the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh
+ the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh
uses the _\bj_\bo_\bb abstraction as the basis for job control.
- To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job control,
+ To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job control,
each process has a _\bp_\br_\bo_\bc_\be_\bs_\bs _\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bp _\bI_\bD, and the operating system maintains
- the notion of a _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bt_\be_\br_\bm_\bi_\bn_\ba_\bl _\bp_\br_\bo_\bc_\be_\bs_\bs _\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bp _\bI_\bD. Processes that have
- the same process group ID are said to be part of the same _\bp_\br_\bo_\bc_\be_\bs_\bs
- _\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bp. Members of the _\bf_\bo_\br_\be_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd process group (processes whose
- process group ID is equal to the current terminal process group ID) re-
- ceive keyboard-generated signals such as S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT. Processes in the
- foreground process group are said to be _\bf_\bo_\br_\be_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd processes. _\bB_\ba_\bc_\bk_\b-
- _\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd processes are those whose process group ID differs from the ter-
- minal's; such processes are immune to keyboard-generated signals. Only
- foreground processes are allowed to read from or, if the user so speci-
- fies with "stty tostop", write to the terminal. Background processes
- which attempt to read from (write to when "tostop" is in effect) the
- terminal are sent a S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTT\bTI\bIN\bN (\b(S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTT\bTO\bOU\bU)\b) signal by the kernel's terminal
- driver, which, unless caught, suspends the process.
+ the notion of a _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bt_\be_\br_\bm_\bi_\bn_\ba_\bl _\bp_\br_\bo_\bc_\be_\bs_\bs _\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bp _\bI_\bD. This terminal
+ process group ID is associated with the _\bc_\bo_\bn_\bt_\br_\bo_\bl_\bl_\bi_\bn_\bg _\bt_\be_\br_\bm_\bi_\bn_\ba_\bl.
+
+ Processes that have the same process group ID are said to be part of
+ the same _\bp_\br_\bo_\bc_\be_\bs_\bs _\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bp. Members of the _\bf_\bo_\br_\be_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd process group
+ (processes whose process group ID is equal to the current terminal
+ process group ID) receive keyboard-generated signals such as S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT.
+ Processes in the foreground process group are said to be _\bf_\bo_\br_\be_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd
+ processes. _\bB_\ba_\bc_\bk_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd processes are those whose process group ID dif-
+ fers from the controlling terminal's; such processes are immune to key-
+ board-generated signals. Only foreground processes are allowed to read
+ from or, if the user so specifies with "stty tostop", write to the con-
+ trolling terminal. The system sends a S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTT\bTI\bIN\bN (\b(S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTT\bTO\bOU\bU)\b) signal to
+ background processes which attempt to read from (write to when "tostop"
+ is in effect) the terminal, which, unless caught, suspends the process.
If the operating system on which b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is running supports job control,
b\bba\bas\bsh\bh contains facilities to use it. Typing the _\bs_\bu_\bs_\bp_\be_\bn_\bd character (typ-
at the top of the screen.
c\bcl\ble\bea\bar\br-\b-s\bsc\bcr\bre\bee\ben\bn (\b(C\bC-\b-l\bl)\b)
Clear the screen, then redraw the current line, leaving the cur-
- rent line at the top of the screen. With an argument, refresh
- the current line without clearing the screen.
+ rent line at the top of the screen. With a numeric argument,
+ refresh the current line without clearing the screen.
r\bre\bed\bdr\bra\baw\bw-\b-c\bcu\bur\brr\bre\ben\bnt\bt-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be
Refresh the current line.
(see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR above), exits with a non-zero status.
The shell does not exit if the command that fails is
part of the command list immediately following a w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be
- or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl keyword, part of the test following the i\bif\bf or
- e\bel\bli\bif\bf reserved words, part of any command executed in a
- &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b| list except the command following the final &\b&&\b&
- or |\b||\b|, any command in a pipeline but the last (subject
- to the state of the p\bpi\bip\bpe\bef\bfa\bai\bil\bl shell option), or if the
- command's return value is being inverted with !\b!. If a
- compound command other than a subshell returns a non-
- zero status because a command failed while -\b-e\be was being
- ignored, the shell does not exit. A trap on E\bER\bRR\bR, if
- set, is executed before the shell exits. This option
+ or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl reserved word, part of the test following the
+ i\bif\bf or e\bel\bli\bif\bf reserved words, part of any command executed
+ in a &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b| list except the command following the fi-
+ nal &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b|, any command in a pipeline but the last
+ (subject to the state of the p\bpi\bip\bpe\bef\bfa\bai\bil\bl shell option), or
+ if the command's return value is being inverted with !\b!.
+ If a compound command other than a subshell returns a
+ non-zero status because a command failed while -\b-e\be was
+ being ignored, the shell does not exit. A trap on E\bER\bRR\bR,
+ if set, is executed before the shell exits. This option
applies to the shell environment and each subshell envi-
- ronment separately (see C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN E\bEN\bNV\bVI\bIR\bRO\bON\bNM\bME\bEN\bNT\bT
+ ronment separately (see C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN E\bEN\bNV\bVI\bIR\bRO\bON\bNM\bME\bEN\bNT\bT
above), and may cause subshells to exit before executing
all the commands in the subshell.
- If a compound command or shell function executes in a
- context where -\b-e\be is being ignored, none of the commands
- executed within the compound command or function body
- will be affected by the -\b-e\be setting, even if -\b-e\be is set
- and a command returns a failure status. If a compound
- command or shell function sets -\b-e\be while executing in a
- context where -\b-e\be is ignored, that setting will not have
- any effect until the compound command or the command
+ If a compound command or shell function executes in a
+ context where -\b-e\be is being ignored, none of the commands
+ executed within the compound command or function body
+ will be affected by the -\b-e\be setting, even if -\b-e\be is set
+ and a command returns a failure status. If a compound
+ command or shell function sets -\b-e\be while executing in a
+ context where -\b-e\be is ignored, that setting will not have
+ any effect until the compound command or the command
containing the function call completes.
-\b-f\bf Disable pathname expansion.
- -\b-h\bh Remember the location of commands as they are looked up
+ -\b-h\bh Remember the location of commands as they are looked up
for execution. This is enabled by default.
- -\b-k\bk All arguments in the form of assignment statements are
- placed in the environment for a command, not just those
+ -\b-k\bk All arguments in the form of assignment statements are
+ placed in the environment for a command, not just those
that precede the command name.
- -\b-m\bm Monitor mode. Job control is enabled. This option is
- on by default for interactive shells on systems that
- support it (see J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL above). All processes run
+ -\b-m\bm Monitor mode. Job control is enabled. This option is
+ on by default for interactive shells on systems that
+ support it (see J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL above). All processes run
in a separate process group. When a background job com-
pletes, the shell prints a line containing its exit sta-
tus.
-\b-n\bn Read commands but do not execute them. This may be used
- to check a shell script for syntax errors. This is ig-
+ to check a shell script for syntax errors. This is ig-
nored by interactive shells.
-\b-o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
The _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be can be one of the following:
Same as -\b-a\ba.
b\bbr\bra\bac\bce\bee\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd
Same as -\b-B\bB.
- e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs Use an emacs-style command line editing inter-
+ e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs Use an emacs-style command line editing inter-
face. This is enabled by default when the shell
is interactive, unless the shell is started with
- the -\b--\b-n\bno\boe\bed\bdi\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg option. This also affects the
+ the -\b--\b-n\bno\boe\bed\bdi\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg option. This also affects the
editing interface used for r\bre\bea\bad\bd -\b-e\be.
e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt Same as -\b-e\be.
e\ber\brr\brt\btr\bra\bac\bce\be
H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY. This option is on by default in inter-
active shells.
i\big\bgn\bno\bor\bre\bee\beo\bof\bf
- The effect is as if the shell command
+ The effect is as if the shell command
"IGNOREEOF=10" had been executed (see S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl
V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs above).
k\bke\bey\byw\bwo\bor\brd\bd Same as -\b-k\bk.
p\bph\bhy\bys\bsi\bic\bca\bal\bl
Same as -\b-P\bP.
p\bpi\bip\bpe\bef\bfa\bai\bil\bl
- If set, the return value of a pipeline is the
- value of the last (rightmost) command to exit
- with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands
- in the pipeline exit successfully. This option
+ If set, the return value of a pipeline is the
+ value of the last (rightmost) command to exit
+ with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands
+ in the pipeline exit successfully. This option
is disabled by default.
- p\bpo\bos\bsi\bix\bx Enable posix mode; change the behavior of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
- where the default operation differs from the
- POSIX standard to match the standard. See S\bSE\bEE\bE
- A\bAL\bLS\bSO\bO below for a reference to a document that
+ p\bpo\bos\bsi\bix\bx Enable posix mode; change the behavior of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
+ where the default operation differs from the
+ POSIX standard to match the standard. See S\bSE\bEE\bE
+ A\bAL\bLS\bSO\bO below for a reference to a document that
details how posix mode affects bash's behavior.
p\bpr\bri\biv\bvi\bil\ble\beg\bge\bed\bd
Same as -\b-p\bp.
v\bve\ber\brb\bbo\bos\bse\be Same as -\b-v\bv.
- v\bvi\bi Use a vi-style command line editing interface.
+ v\bvi\bi Use a vi-style command line editing interface.
This also affects the editing interface used for
r\bre\bea\bad\bd -\b-e\be.
x\bxt\btr\bra\bac\bce\be Same as -\b-x\bx.
- If -\b-o\bo is supplied with no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, s\bse\bet\bt prints the
- current shell option settings. If +\b+o\bo is supplied with
- no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, s\bse\bet\bt prints a series of s\bse\bet\bt commands to
- recreate the current option settings on the standard
+ If -\b-o\bo is supplied with no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, s\bse\bet\bt prints the
+ current shell option settings. If +\b+o\bo is supplied with
+ no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, s\bse\bet\bt prints a series of s\bse\bet\bt commands to
+ recreate the current option settings on the standard
output.
- -\b-p\bp Turn on _\bp_\br_\bi_\bv_\bi_\bl_\be_\bg_\be_\bd mode. In this mode, the shell does
- not read the $\b$E\bEN\bNV\bV and $\b$B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEN\bNV\bV files, shell functions
- are not inherited from the environment, and the S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bL-\b-
- L\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bHO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS, C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, and G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE variables, if
- they appear in the environment, are ignored. If the
- shell is started with the effective user (group) id not
- equal to the real user (group) id, and the -\b-p\bp option is
- not supplied, these actions are taken and the effective
+ -\b-p\bp Turn on _\bp_\br_\bi_\bv_\bi_\bl_\be_\bg_\be_\bd mode. In this mode, the shell does
+ not read the $\b$E\bEN\bNV\bV and $\b$B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEN\bNV\bV files, shell functions
+ are not inherited from the environment, and the S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bL-\b-
+ L\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bHO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS, C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, and G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE variables, if
+ they appear in the environment, are ignored. If the
+ shell is started with the effective user (group) id not
+ equal to the real user (group) id, and the -\b-p\bp option is
+ not supplied, these actions are taken and the effective
user id is set to the real user id. If the -\b-p\bp option is
supplied at startup, the effective user id is not reset.
- Turning this option off causes the effective user and
+ Turning this option off causes the effective user and
group ids to be set to the real user and group ids.
-\b-r\br Enable restricted shell mode. This option cannot be un-
set once it has been set.
-\b-t\bt Exit after reading and executing one command.
-\b-u\bu Treat unset variables and parameters other than the spe-
- cial parameters "@" and "*", or array variables sub-
- scripted with "@" or "*", as an error when performing
- parameter expansion. If expansion is attempted on an
- unset variable or parameter, the shell prints an error
- message, and, if not interactive, exits with a non-zero
+ cial parameters "@" and "*", or array variables sub-
+ scripted with "@" or "*", as an error when performing
+ parameter expansion. If expansion is attempted on an
+ unset variable or parameter, the shell prints an error
+ message, and, if not interactive, exits with a non-zero
status.
-\b-v\bv Print shell input lines as they are read.
- -\b-x\bx After expanding each _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, f\bfo\bor\br command, c\bca\bas\bse\be
+ -\b-x\bx After expanding each _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, f\bfo\bor\br command, c\bca\bas\bse\be
command, s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt command, or arithmetic f\bfo\bor\br command, dis-
- play the expanded value of P\bPS\bS4\b4, followed by the command
- and its expanded arguments or associated word list, to
+ play the expanded value of P\bPS\bS4\b4, followed by the command
+ and its expanded arguments or associated word list, to
the standard error.
- -\b-B\bB The shell performs brace expansion (see B\bBr\bra\bac\bce\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
+ -\b-B\bB The shell performs brace expansion (see B\bBr\bra\bac\bce\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
above). This is on by default.
- -\b-C\bC If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not overwrite an existing file with
- the >\b>, >\b>&\b&, and <\b<>\b> redirection operators. Using the
- redirection operator >\b>|\b| instead of >\b> will override this
+ -\b-C\bC If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not overwrite an existing file with
+ the >\b>, >\b>&\b&, and <\b<>\b> redirection operators. Using the
+ redirection operator >\b>|\b| instead of >\b> will override this
and force the creation of an output file.
-\b-E\bE If set, any trap on E\bER\bRR\bR is inherited by shell functions,
- command substitutions, and commands executed in a sub-
- shell environment. The E\bER\bRR\bR trap is normally not inher-
+ command substitutions, and commands executed in a sub-
+ shell environment. The E\bER\bRR\bR trap is normally not inher-
ited in such cases.
-\b-H\bH Enable !\b! style history substitution. This option is on
by default when the shell is interactive.
- -\b-P\bP If set, the shell does not resolve symbolic links when
- executing commands such as c\bcd\bd that change the current
+ -\b-P\bP If set, the shell does not resolve symbolic links when
+ executing commands such as c\bcd\bd that change the current
working directory. It uses the physical directory
structure instead. By default, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh follows the logical
- chain of directories when performing commands which
+ chain of directories when performing commands which
change the current directory.
- -\b-T\bT If set, any traps on D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN are inherited by
+ -\b-T\bT If set, any traps on D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN are inherited by
shell functions, command substitutions, and commands ex-
- ecuted in a subshell environment. The D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN
+ ecuted in a subshell environment. The D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN
traps are normally not inherited in such cases.
-\b--\b- If no arguments follow this option, unset the positional
parameters. Otherwise, set the positional parameters to
the _\ba_\br_\bgs, even if some of them begin with a -\b-.
-\b- Signal the end of options, and assign all remaining _\ba_\br_\bgs
to the positional parameters. The -\b-x\bx and -\b-v\bv options are
- turned off. If there are no _\ba_\br_\bgs, the positional para-
+ turned off. If there are no _\ba_\br_\bgs, the positional para-
meters remain unchanged.
- The options are off by default unless otherwise noted. Using +
- rather than - causes these options to be turned off. The op-
+ The options are off by default unless otherwise noted. Using +
+ rather than - causes these options to be turned off. The op-
tions can also be specified as arguments to an invocation of the
- shell. The current set of options may be found in $\b$-\b-. The re-
- turn status is always zero unless an invalid option is encoun-
+ shell. The current set of options may be found in $\b$-\b-. The re-
+ turn status is always zero unless an invalid option is encoun-
tered.
s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt [_\bn]
Rename positional parameters from _\bn+1 ... to $\b$1\b1 .\b..\b..\b..\b. Parameters
- represented by the numbers $\b$#\b# down to $\b$#\b#-_\bn+1 are unset. _\bn must
- be a non-negative number less than or equal to $\b$#\b#. If _\bn is 0,
- no parameters are changed. If _\bn is not given, it is assumed to
- be 1. If _\bn is greater than $\b$#\b#, the positional parameters are
- not changed. The return status is greater than zero if _\bn is
+ represented by the numbers $\b$#\b# down to $\b$#\b#-_\bn+1 are unset. _\bn must
+ be a non-negative number less than or equal to $\b$#\b#. If _\bn is 0,
+ no parameters are changed. If _\bn is not given, it is assumed to
+ be 1. If _\bn is greater than $\b$#\b#, the positional parameters are
+ not changed. The return status is greater than zero if _\bn is
greater than $\b$#\b# or less than zero; otherwise 0.
s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt [-\b-p\bpq\bqs\bsu\bu] [-\b-o\bo] [_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behav-
- ior. The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the
+ Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behav-
+ ior. The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the
-\b-o\bo option is used, those available with the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt
builtin command.
- With no options, or with the -\b-p\bp option, display a list of all
- settable options, with an indication of whether or not each is
- set; if any _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are supplied, the output is restricted to
+ With no options, or with the -\b-p\bp option, display a list of all
+ settable options, with an indication of whether or not each is
+ set; if any _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are supplied, the output is restricted to
those options. The -\b-p\bp option displays output in a form that may
be reused as input.
Other options have the following meanings:
-\b-s\bs Enable (set) each _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
-\b-u\bu Disable (unset) each _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
- -\b-q\bq Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status
+ -\b-q\bq Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status
indicates whether the _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set or unset. If multi-
- ple _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are supplied with -\b-q\bq, the return
+ ple _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are supplied with -\b-q\bq, the return
status is zero if all _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are enabled; non-zero oth-
erwise.
- -\b-o\bo Restricts the values of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to be those defined for
+ -\b-o\bo Restricts the values of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to be those defined for
the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin.
- If either -\b-s\bs or -\b-u\bu is used with no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments, s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt
- shows only those options which are set or unset, respectively.
- Unless otherwise noted, the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt options are disabled (unset)
+ If either -\b-s\bs or -\b-u\bu is used with no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments, s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt
+ shows only those options which are set or unset, respectively.
+ Unless otherwise noted, the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt options are disabled (unset)
by default.
- The return status when listing options is zero if all _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs
- are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting op-
- tions, the return status is zero unless an _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a
+ The return status when listing options is zero if all _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs
+ are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting op-
+ tions, the return status is zero unless an _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a
valid shell option.
The list of s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt options is:
a\bar\brr\bra\bay\by_\b_e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_o\bon\bnc\bce\be
- If set, the shell suppresses multiple evaluation of as-
+ If set, the shell suppresses multiple evaluation of as-
sociative and indexed array subscripts during arithmetic
expression evaluation, while executing builtins that can
- perform variable assignments, and while executing
+ perform variable assignments, and while executing
builtins that perform array dereferencing.
a\bas\bss\bso\boc\bc_\b_e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_o\bon\bnc\bce\be
Deprecated; a synonym for a\bar\brr\bra\bay\by_\b_e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_o\bon\bnc\bce\be.
- a\bau\but\bto\boc\bcd\bd If set, a command name that is the name of a directory
- is executed as if it were the argument to the c\bcd\bd com-
+ a\bau\but\bto\boc\bcd\bd If set, a command name that is the name of a directory
+ is executed as if it were the argument to the c\bcd\bd com-
mand. This option is only used by interactive shells.
b\bba\bas\bsh\bh_\b_s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be_\b_f\bfu\bul\bll\blp\bpa\bat\bth\bh
- If set, filenames added to the B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSO\bOU\bUR\bRC\bCE\bE array vari-
- able are converted to full pathnames (see S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl V\bVa\bar\bri\bi-\b-
+ If set, filenames added to the B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSO\bOU\bUR\bRC\bCE\bE array vari-
+ able are converted to full pathnames (see S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl V\bVa\bar\bri\bi-\b-
a\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs above).
c\bcd\bda\bab\bbl\ble\be_\b_v\bva\bar\brs\bs
- If set, an argument to the c\bcd\bd builtin command that is
- not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable
+ If set, an argument to the c\bcd\bd builtin command that is
+ not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable
whose value is the directory to change to.
- c\bcd\bds\bsp\bpe\bel\bll\bl If set, the c\bcd\bd command attempts to correct minor errors
- in the spelling of a directory component. Minor errors
- include transposed characters, a missing character, and
+ c\bcd\bds\bsp\bpe\bel\bll\bl If set, the c\bcd\bd command attempts to correct minor errors
+ in the spelling of a directory component. Minor errors
+ include transposed characters, a missing character, and
one extra character. If c\bcd\bd corrects the directory name,
- it prints the corrected filename, and the command pro-
+ it prints the corrected filename, and the command pro-
ceeds. This option is only used by interactive shells.
c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkh\bha\bas\bsh\bh
If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh checks that a command found in the hash ta-
- ble exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed
- command no longer exists, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh performs a normal path
+ ble exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed
+ command no longer exists, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh performs a normal path
search.
c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkj\bjo\bob\bbs\bs
If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh lists the status of any stopped and running
- jobs before exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs
+ jobs before exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs
are running, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh defers the exit until a second exit is
- attempted without an intervening command (see J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bN-\b-
- T\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL above). The shell always postpones exiting if any
+ attempted without an intervening command (see J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bN-\b-
+ T\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL above). The shell always postpones exiting if any
jobs are stopped.
c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkw\bwi\bin\bns\bsi\biz\bze\be
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh checks the window size after each external
- (non-builtin) command and, if necessary, updates the
- values of L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bES\bS and C\bCO\bOL\bLU\bUM\bMN\bNS\bS, using the file descriptor
- associated with the standard error if it is a terminal.
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh checks the window size after each external
+ (non-builtin) command and, if necessary, updates the
+ values of L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bES\bS and C\bCO\bOL\bLU\bUM\bMN\bNS\bS, using the file descriptor
+ associated with the standard error if it is a terminal.
This option is enabled by default.
- c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to save all lines of a multiple-
- line command in the same history entry. This allows
- easy re-editing of multi-line commands. This option is
- enabled by default, but only has an effect if command
+ c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to save all lines of a multiple-
+ line command in the same history entry. This allows
+ easy re-editing of multi-line commands. This option is
+ enabled by default, but only has an effect if command
history is enabled, as described above under H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b31\b1
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b42\b2
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b43\b3
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b44\b4
- These control aspects of the shell's compatibility mode
+ These control aspects of the shell's compatibility mode
(see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bTI\bIB\bBI\bIL\bLI\bIT\bTY\bY M\bMO\bOD\bDE\bE below).
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be_\b_f\bfu\bul\bll\blq\bqu\buo\bot\bte\be
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh quotes all shell metacharacters in file-
- names and directory names when performing completion.
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh quotes all shell metacharacters in file-
+ names and directory names when performing completion.
If not set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh removes metacharacters such as the dol-
- lar sign from the set of characters that will be quoted
- in completed filenames when these metacharacters appear
- in shell variable references in words to be completed.
- This means that dollar signs in variable names that ex-
- pand to directories will not be quoted; however, any
- dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be quoted,
- either. This is active only when bash is using back-
- slashes to quote completed filenames. This variable is
- set by default, which is the default bash behavior in
+ lar sign from the set of characters that will be quoted
+ in completed filenames when these metacharacters appear
+ in shell variable references in words to be completed.
+ This means that dollar signs in variable names that ex-
+ pand to directories will not be quoted; however, any
+ dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be quoted,
+ either. This is active only when bash is using back-
+ slashes to quote completed filenames. This variable is
+ set by default, which is the default bash behavior in
versions through 4.2.
d\bdi\bir\bre\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh replaces directory names with the results
- of word expansion when performing filename completion.
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh replaces directory names with the results
+ of word expansion when performing filename completion.
This changes the contents of the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be editing
- buffer. If not set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to preserve what the
+ buffer. If not set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to preserve what the
user typed.
d\bdi\bir\brs\bsp\bpe\bel\bll\bl
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts spelling correction on directory
- names during word completion if the directory name ini-
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts spelling correction on directory
+ names during word completion if the directory name ini-
tially supplied does not exist.
- d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh includes filenames beginning with a "." in
- the results of pathname expansion. The filenames _\b. and
+ d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh includes filenames beginning with a "." in
+ the results of pathname expansion. The filenames _\b. and
_\b._\b. must always be matched explicitly, even if d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb is
set.
e\bex\bxe\bec\bcf\bfa\bai\bil\bl
If set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it can-
- not execute the file specified as an argument to the
- e\bex\bxe\bec\bc builtin. An interactive shell does not exit if
+ not execute the file specified as an argument to the
+ e\bex\bxe\bec\bc builtin. An interactive shell does not exit if
e\bex\bxe\bec\bc fails.
e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bse\bes\bs
- If set, aliases are expanded as described above under
+ If set, aliases are expanded as described above under
A\bAL\bLI\bIA\bAS\bSE\bES\bS. This option is enabled by default for interac-
tive shells.
e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg
- If set at shell invocation, or in a shell startup file,
+ If set at shell invocation, or in a shell startup file,
arrange to execute the debugger profile before the shell
- starts, identical to the -\b--\b-d\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bgg\bge\ber\br option. If set af-
- ter invocation, behavior intended for use by debuggers
+ starts, identical to the -\b--\b-d\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bgg\bge\ber\br option. If set af-
+ ter invocation, behavior intended for use by debuggers
is enabled:
1\b1.\b. The -\b-F\bF option to the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin displays the
source file name and line number corresponding to
each function name supplied as an argument.
- 2\b2.\b. If the command run by the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap returns a
- non-zero value, the next command is skipped and
+ 2\b2.\b. If the command run by the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap returns a
+ non-zero value, the next command is skipped and
not executed.
- 3\b3.\b. If the command run by the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap returns a
- value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub-
- routine (a shell function or a shell script exe-
- cuted by the .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins), the shell
+ 3\b3.\b. If the command run by the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap returns a
+ value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub-
+ routine (a shell function or a shell script exe-
+ cuted by the .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins), the shell
simulates a call to r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn.
- 4\b4.\b. B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGC\bC and B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV are updated as described
+ 4\b4.\b. B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGC\bC and B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV are updated as described
in their descriptions above).
- 5\b5.\b. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu-
+ 5\b5.\b. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu-
tion, shell functions, and subshells invoked with
(\b( _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd )\b) inherit the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN traps.
- 6\b6.\b. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution,
- shell functions, and subshells invoked with (\b(
+ 6\b6.\b. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution,
+ shell functions, and subshells invoked with (\b(
_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd )\b) inherit the E\bER\bRR\bR trap.
- e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb If set, enable the extended pattern matching features
+ e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb If set, enable the extended pattern matching features
described above under P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn.
e\bex\bxt\btq\bqu\buo\bot\bte\be
- If set, $\b$'_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg' and $\b$"_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg" quoting is performed
- within $\b${\b{_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br}\b} expansions enclosed in double
+ If set, $\b$'_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg' and $\b$"_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg" quoting is performed
+ within $\b${\b{_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br}\b} expansions enclosed in double
quotes. This option is enabled by default.
f\bfa\bai\bil\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
- If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during
+ If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during
pathname expansion result in an expansion error.
f\bfo\bor\brc\bce\be_\b_f\bfi\big\bgn\bno\bor\bre\be
- If set, the suffixes specified by the F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE shell
- variable cause words to be ignored when performing word
+ If set, the suffixes specified by the F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE shell
+ variable cause words to be ignored when performing word
completion even if the ignored words are the only possi-
- ble completions. See S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs above for a de-
- scription of F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE. This option is enabled by de-
+ ble completions. See S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs above for a de-
+ scription of F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE. This option is enabled by de-
fault.
g\bgl\blo\bob\bba\bas\bsc\bci\bii\bir\bra\ban\bng\bge\bes\bs
- If set, range expressions used in pattern matching
- bracket expressions (see P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg above) behave
- as if in the traditional C locale when performing com-
- parisons. That is, pattern matching does not take the
- current locale's collating sequence into account, so b\bb
- will not collate between A\bA and B\bB, and upper-case and
+ If set, range expressions used in pattern matching
+ bracket expressions (see P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg above) behave
+ as if in the traditional C locale when performing com-
+ parisons. That is, pattern matching does not take the
+ current locale's collating sequence into account, so b\bb
+ will not collate between A\bA and B\bB, and upper-case and
lower-case ASCII characters will collate together.
g\bgl\blo\bob\bbs\bsk\bki\bip\bpd\bdo\bot\bts\bs
- If set, pathname expansion will never match the file-
- names _\b. and _\b._\b., even if the pattern begins with a ".".
+ If set, pathname expansion will never match the file-
+ names _\b. and _\b._\b., even if the pattern begins with a ".".
This option is enabled by default.
g\bgl\blo\bob\bbs\bst\bta\bar\br
If set, the pattern *\b**\b* used in a pathname expansion con-
- text will match all files and zero or more directories
- and subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by a /\b/,
+ text will match all files and zero or more directories
+ and subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by a /\b/,
only directories and subdirectories match.
g\bgn\bnu\bu_\b_e\ber\brr\brf\bfm\bmt\bt
If set, shell error messages are written in the standard
GNU error message format.
h\bhi\bis\bst\bta\bap\bpp\bpe\ben\bnd\bd
- If set, the history list is appended to the file named
+ If set, the history list is appended to the file named
by the value of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE variable when the shell ex-
its, rather than overwriting the file.
h\bhi\bis\bst\btr\bre\bee\bed\bdi\bit\bt
- If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, the user is given
- the opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitu-
+ If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, the user is given
+ the opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitu-
tion.
h\bhi\bis\bst\btv\bve\ber\bri\bif\bfy\by
- If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, the results of his-
- tory substitution are not immediately passed to the
- shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded
+ If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, the results of his-
+ tory substitution are not immediately passed to the
+ shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded
into the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be editing buffer, allowing further modi-
fication.
h\bho\bos\bst\btc\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be
If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh will attempt to
- perform hostname completion when a word containing a @\b@
- is being completed (see C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bin\bng\bg under R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
+ perform hostname completion when a word containing a @\b@
+ is being completed (see C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bin\bng\bg under R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
above). This is enabled by default.
h\bhu\bup\bpo\bon\bne\bex\bxi\bit\bt
If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh will send S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP to all jobs when an inter-
active login shell exits.
i\bin\bnh\bhe\ber\bri\bit\bt_\b_e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt
- If set, command substitution inherits the value of the
- e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt option, instead of unsetting it in the subshell
- environment. This option is enabled when posix mode is
+ If set, command substitution inherits the value of the
+ e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt option, instead of unsetting it in the subshell
+ environment. This option is enabled when posix mode is
enabled.
i\bin\bnt\bte\ber\bra\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be_\b_c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bts\bs
- In an interactive shell, a word beginning with #\b# causes
- that word and all remaining characters on that line to
- be ignored, as in a non-interactive shell (see C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bME\bEN\bNT\bTS\bS
+ In an interactive shell, a word beginning with #\b# causes
+ that word and all remaining characters on that line to
+ be ignored, as in a non-interactive shell (see C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bME\bEN\bNT\bTS\bS
above). This option is enabled by default.
l\bla\bas\bst\btp\bpi\bip\bpe\be
- If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs
+ If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs
the last command of a pipeline not executed in the back-
ground in the current shell environment.
- l\bli\bit\bth\bhi\bis\bst\bt If set, and the c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt option is enabled, multi-line
+ l\bli\bit\bth\bhi\bis\bst\bt If set, and the c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt option is enabled, multi-line
commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines
rather than using semicolon separators where possible.
l\blo\boc\bca\bal\blv\bva\bar\br_\b_i\bin\bnh\bhe\ber\bri\bit\bt
scope before any new value is assigned. The nameref at-
tribute is not inherited.
l\blo\boc\bca\bal\blv\bva\bar\br_\b_u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt
- If set, calling u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt on local variables in previous
- function scopes marks them so subsequent lookups find
+ If set, calling u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt on local variables in previous
+ function scopes marks them so subsequent lookups find
them unset until that function returns. This is identi-
- cal to the behavior of unsetting local variables at the
+ cal to the behavior of unsetting local variables at the
current function scope.
l\blo\bog\bgi\bin\bn_\b_s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl
- The shell sets this option if it is started as a login
- shell (see I\bIN\bNV\bVO\bOC\bCA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above). The value may not be
+ The shell sets this option if it is started as a login
+ shell (see I\bIN\bNV\bVO\bOC\bCA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above). The value may not be
changed.
m\bma\bai\bil\blw\bwa\bar\brn\bn
- If set, and a file that b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is checking for mail has
- been accessed since the last time it was checked, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
- displays the message "The mail in _\bm_\ba_\bi_\bl_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be has been
+ If set, and a file that b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is checking for mail has
+ been accessed since the last time it was checked, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
+ displays the message "The mail in _\bm_\ba_\bi_\bl_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be has been
read".
n\bno\bo_\b_e\bem\bmp\bpt\bty\by_\b_c\bcm\bmd\bd_\b_c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn
If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not search
- P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH for possible completions when completion is at-
+ P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH for possible completions when completion is at-
tempted on an empty line.
n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\beg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh matches filenames in a case-insensitive
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh matches filenames in a case-insensitive
fashion when performing pathname expansion (see P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be
E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn above).
n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\bem\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh matches patterns in a case-insensitive
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh matches patterns in a case-insensitive
fashion when performing matching while executing c\bca\bas\bse\be or
[\b[[\b[ conditional commands, when performing pattern substi-
- tution word expansions, or when filtering possible com-
+ tution word expansions, or when filtering possible com-
pletions as part of programmable completion.
n\bno\boe\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_t\btr\bra\ban\bns\bsl\bla\bat\bti\bio\bon\bn
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh encloses the translated results of $\b$"\b"..."\b"
- quoting in single quotes instead of double quotes. If
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh encloses the translated results of $\b$"\b"..."\b"
+ quoting in single quotes instead of double quotes. If
the string is not translated, this has no effect.
n\bnu\bul\bll\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
If set, pathname expansion patterns which match no files
removed, rather than expanding to themselves.
p\bpa\bat\bts\bsu\bub\bb_\b_r\bre\bep\bpl\bla\bac\bce\bem\bme\ben\bnt\bt
If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh expands occurrences of &\b& in the replacement
- string of pattern substitution to the text matched by
- the pattern, as described under P\bPa\bar\bra\bam\bme\bet\bte\ber\br E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
+ string of pattern substitution to the text matched by
+ the pattern, as described under P\bPa\bar\bra\bam\bme\bet\bte\ber\br E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
above. This option is enabled by default.
p\bpr\bro\bog\bgc\bco\bom\bmp\bp
- If set, enable the programmable completion facilities
+ If set, enable the programmable completion facilities
(see P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn above). This option is en-
abled by default.
p\bpr\bro\bog\bgc\bco\bom\bmp\bp_\b_a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs
- If set, and programmable completion is enabled, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
- treats a command name that doesn't have any completions
+ If set, and programmable completion is enabled, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
+ treats a command name that doesn't have any completions
as a possible alias and attempts alias expansion. If it
- has an alias, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts programmable completion us-
+ has an alias, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts programmable completion us-
ing the command word resulting from the expanded alias.
p\bpr\bro\bom\bmp\bpt\btv\bva\bar\brs\bs
If set, prompt strings undergo parameter expansion, com-
- mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote re-
- moval after being expanded as described in P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG
+ mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote re-
+ moval after being expanded as described in P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG
above. This option is enabled by default.
r\bre\bes\bst\btr\bri\bic\bct\bte\bed\bd_\b_s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl
- The shell sets this option if it is started in re-
- stricted mode (see R\bRE\bES\bST\bTR\bRI\bIC\bCT\bTE\bED\bD S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL below). The value
- may not be changed. This is not reset when the startup
- files are executed, allowing the startup files to dis-
+ The shell sets this option if it is started in re-
+ stricted mode (see R\bRE\bES\bST\bTR\bRI\bIC\bCT\bTE\bED\bD S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL below). The value
+ may not be changed. This is not reset when the startup
+ files are executed, allowing the startup files to dis-
cover whether or not a shell is restricted.
s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt_\b_v\bve\ber\brb\bbo\bos\bse\be
- If set, the s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt builtin prints an error message when
+ If set, the s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt builtin prints an error message when
the shift count exceeds the number of positional parame-
ters.
s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\bep\bpa\bat\bth\bh
If set, the .\b. (s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be) builtin uses the value of P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH to
- find the directory containing the file supplied as an
- argument when the -\b-p\bp option is not supplied. This op-
+ find the directory containing the file supplied as an
+ argument when the -\b-p\bp option is not supplied. This op-
tion is enabled by default.
v\bva\bar\brr\bre\bed\bdi\bir\br_\b_c\bcl\blo\bos\bse\be
- If set, the shell automatically closes file descriptors
- assigned using the _\b{_\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\b} redirection syntax (see
+ If set, the shell automatically closes file descriptors
+ assigned using the _\b{_\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\b} redirection syntax (see
R\bRE\bED\bDI\bIR\bRE\bEC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above) instead of leaving them open when the
command completes.
x\bxp\bpg\bg_\b_e\bec\bch\bho\bo
- If set, the e\bec\bch\bho\bo builtin expands backslash-escape se-
- quences by default. If the p\bpo\bos\bsi\bix\bx shell option is also
+ If set, the e\bec\bch\bho\bo builtin expands backslash-escape se-
+ quences by default. If the p\bpo\bos\bsi\bix\bx shell option is also
enabled, e\bec\bch\bho\bo does not interpret any options.
s\bsu\bus\bsp\bpe\ben\bnd\bd [-\b-f\bf]
- Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a S\bSI\bIG\bGC\bCO\bON\bNT\bT
- signal. A login shell, or a shell without job control enabled,
- cannot be suspended; the -\b-f\bf option will override this and force
- the suspension. The return status is 0 unless the shell is a
- login shell or job control is not enabled and -\b-f\bf is not sup-
+ Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a S\bSI\bIG\bGC\bCO\bON\bNT\bT
+ signal. A login shell, or a shell without job control enabled,
+ cannot be suspended; the -\b-f\bf option will override this and force
+ the suspension. The return status is 0 unless the shell is a
+ login shell or job control is not enabled and -\b-f\bf is not sup-
plied.
t\bte\bes\bst\bt _\be_\bx_\bp_\br
[\b[ _\be_\bx_\bp_\br ]\b]
Return a status of 0 (true) or 1 (false) depending on the evalu-
- ation of the conditional expression _\be_\bx_\bp_\br. Each operator and
- operand must be a separate argument. Expressions are composed
- of the primaries described above under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS.
- t\bte\bes\bst\bt does not accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore
+ ation of the conditional expression _\be_\bx_\bp_\br. Each operator and
+ operand must be a separate argument. Expressions are composed
+ of the primaries described above under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS.
+ t\bte\bes\bst\bt does not accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore
an argument of -\b--\b- as signifying the end of options.
- Expressions may be combined using the following operators,
- listed in decreasing order of precedence. The evaluation de-
+ Expressions may be combined using the following operators,
+ listed in decreasing order of precedence. The evaluation de-
pends on the number of arguments; see below. t\bte\bes\bst\bt uses operator
precedence when there are five or more arguments.
!\b! _\be_\bx_\bp_\br True if _\be_\bx_\bp_\br is false.
(\b( _\be_\bx_\bp_\br )\b)
- Returns the value of _\be_\bx_\bp_\br. This may be used to override
+ Returns the value of _\be_\bx_\bp_\br. This may be used to override
normal operator precedence.
_\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b1 -a\ba _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2
True if both _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b1 and _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2 are true.
null.
2 arguments
If the first argument is !\b!, the expression is true if and
- only if the second argument is null. If the first argu-
- ment is one of the unary conditional operators listed
- above under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS, the expression is
+ only if the second argument is null. If the first argu-
+ ment is one of the unary conditional operators listed
+ above under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS, the expression is
true if the unary test is true. If the first argument is
not a valid unary conditional operator, the expression is
false.
3 arguments
The following conditions are applied in the order listed.
- If the second argument is one of the binary conditional
+ If the second argument is one of the binary conditional
operators listed above under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS, the
result of the expression is the result of the binary test
- using the first and third arguments as operands. The -\b-a\ba
- and -\b-o\bo operators are considered binary operators when
- there are three arguments. If the first argument is !\b!,
- the value is the negation of the two-argument test using
+ using the first and third arguments as operands. The -\b-a\ba
+ and -\b-o\bo operators are considered binary operators when
+ there are three arguments. If the first argument is !\b!,
+ the value is the negation of the two-argument test using
the second and third arguments. If the first argument is
exactly (\b( and the third argument is exactly )\b), the result
- is the one-argument test of the second argument. Other-
+ is the one-argument test of the second argument. Other-
wise, the expression is false.
4 arguments
The following conditions are applied in the order listed.
If the first argument is !\b!, the result is the negation of
- the three-argument expression composed of the remaining
- arguments. If the first argument is exactly (\b( and the
+ the three-argument expression composed of the remaining
+ arguments. If the first argument is exactly (\b( and the
fourth argument is exactly )\b), the result is the two-argu-
- ment test of the second and third arguments. Otherwise,
- the expression is parsed and evaluated according to
+ ment test of the second and third arguments. Otherwise,
+ the expression is parsed and evaluated according to
precedence using the rules listed above.
5 or more arguments
- The expression is parsed and evaluated according to
+ The expression is parsed and evaluated according to
precedence using the rules listed above.
When the shell is in posix mode, or if the expression is part of
the [\b[[\b[ command, the <\b< and >\b> operators sort using the current lo-
- cale. If the shell is not in posix mode, the t\bte\bes\bst\bt and [\b[ com-
+ cale. If the shell is not in posix mode, the t\bte\bes\bst\bt and [\b[ com-
mands sort lexicographically using ASCII ordering.
- The historical operator-precedence parsing with 4 or more argu-
- ments can lead to ambiguities when it encounters strings that
- look like primaries. The POSIX standard has deprecated the -\b-a\ba
- and -\b-o\bo primaries and enclosing expressions within parentheses.
- Scripts should no longer use them. It's much more reliable to
- restrict test invocations to a single primary, and to replace
+ The historical operator-precedence parsing with 4 or more argu-
+ ments can lead to ambiguities when it encounters strings that
+ look like primaries. The POSIX standard has deprecated the -\b-a\ba
+ and -\b-o\bo primaries and enclosing expressions within parentheses.
+ Scripts should no longer use them. It's much more reliable to
+ restrict test invocations to a single primary, and to replace
uses of -\b-a\ba and -\b-o\bo with the shell's &\b&&\b& and |\b||\b| list operators.
- t\bti\bim\bme\bes\bs Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and
+ t\bti\bim\bme\bes\bs Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and
for processes run from the shell. The return status is 0.
t\btr\bra\bap\bp [-\b-l\blp\bpP\bP] [[_\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc ...]
The _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is a command that is read and executed when the shell
- receives any of the signals _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc. If _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is absent (and
+ receives any of the signals _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc. If _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is absent (and
there is a single _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc) or -\b-, each specified _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is reset
- to the value it had when the shell was started. If _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is
- the null string the signal specified by each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is ignored
+ to the value it had when the shell was started. If _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is
+ the null string the signal specified by each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is ignored
by the shell and by the commands it invokes.
- If no arguments are supplied, t\btr\bra\bap\bp displays the actions associ-
+ If no arguments are supplied, t\btr\bra\bap\bp displays the actions associ-
ated with each trapped signal as a set of t\btr\bra\bap\bp commands that can
- be reused as shell input to restore the current signal disposi-
- tions. If -\b-p\bp is given, and _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is not present, then t\btr\bra\bap\bp
- displays the actions associated with each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc or, if none
+ be reused as shell input to restore the current signal disposi-
+ tions. If -\b-p\bp is given, and _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is not present, then t\btr\bra\bap\bp
+ displays the actions associated with each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc or, if none
are supplied, for all trapped signals, as a set of t\btr\bra\bap\bp commands
- that can be reused as shell input to restore the current signal
- dispositions. The -\b-P\bP option behaves similarly, but displays
- only the actions associated with each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc argument. -\b-P\bP re-
- quires at least one _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc argument. The -\b-P\bP or -\b-p\bp options may
- be used in a subshell environment (e.g., command substitution)
- and, as long as they are used before t\btr\bra\bap\bp is used to change a
+ that can be reused as shell input to restore the current signal
+ dispositions. The -\b-P\bP option behaves similarly, but displays
+ only the actions associated with each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc argument. -\b-P\bP re-
+ quires at least one _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc argument. The -\b-P\bP or -\b-p\bp options may
+ be used in a subshell environment (e.g., command substitution)
+ and, as long as they are used before t\btr\bra\bap\bp is used to change a
signal's handling, will display the state of its parent's traps.
- The -\b-l\bl option prints a list of signal names and their corre-
- sponding numbers. Each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is either a signal name defined
+ The -\b-l\bl option prints a list of signal names and their corre-
+ sponding numbers. Each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is either a signal name defined
in <_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\ba_\bl_\b._\bh>, or a signal number. Signal names are case insen-
- sitive and the S\bSI\bIG\bG prefix is optional. If -\b-l\bl is supplied with
+ sitive and the S\bSI\bIG\bG prefix is optional. If -\b-l\bl is supplied with
no _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc arguments, it prints a list of valid signal names.
- If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is E\bEX\bXI\bIT\bT (0), _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed on exit from the
- shell. If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG, _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed before every
- _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, _\bf_\bo_\br command, _\bc_\ba_\bs_\be command, _\bs_\be_\bl_\be_\bc_\bt command, ((
- arithmetic command, [[ conditional command, arithmetic _\bf_\bo_\br com-
- mand, and before the first command executes in a shell function
- (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR above). Refer to the description of the
- e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg shell option (see s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt above) for details of its ef-
- fect on the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap. If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN, _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is exe-
+ If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is E\bEX\bXI\bIT\bT (0), _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed on exit from the
+ shell. If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG, _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed before every
+ _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, _\bf_\bo_\br command, _\bc_\ba_\bs_\be command, _\bs_\be_\bl_\be_\bc_\bt command, ((
+ arithmetic command, [[ conditional command, arithmetic _\bf_\bo_\br com-
+ mand, and before the first command executes in a shell function
+ (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR above). Refer to the description of the
+ e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg shell option (see s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt above) for details of its ef-
+ fect on the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap. If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN, _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is exe-
cuted each time a shell function or a script executed with the .\b.
or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins finishes executing.
- If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is E\bER\bRR\bR, _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed whenever a pipeline
- (which may consist of a single simple command), a list, or a
- compound command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to the
- following conditions. The E\bER\bRR\bR trap is not executed if the
+ If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is E\bER\bRR\bR, _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed whenever a pipeline
+ (which may consist of a single simple command), a list, or a
+ compound command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to the
+ following conditions. The E\bER\bRR\bR trap is not executed if the
failed command is part of the command list immediately following
- a w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl keyword, part of the test in an _\bi_\bf statement,
- part of a command executed in a &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b| list except the command
- following the final &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b|, any command in a pipeline but the
- last (subject to the state of the p\bpi\bip\bpe\bef\bfa\bai\bil\bl shell option), or if
- the command's return value is being inverted using !\b!. These are
- the same conditions obeyed by the e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt (-\b-e\be) option.
+ a w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl reserved word, part of the test in an _\bi_\bf state-
+ ment, part of a command executed in a &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b| list except the
+ command following the final &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b|, any command in a pipeline
+ but the last (subject to the state of the p\bpi\bip\bpe\bef\bfa\bai\bil\bl shell op-
+ tion), or if the command's return value is being inverted using
+ !\b!. These are the same conditions obeyed by the e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt (-\b-e\be) op-
+ tion.
When the shell is not interactive, signals ignored upon entry to
the shell cannot be trapped or reset. Interactive shells permit
Array variables may not (yet) be exported.
-GNU Bash 5.3 2025 January 8 _\bB_\bA_\bS_\bH(1)
+GNU Bash 5.3 2025 February 24 _\bB_\bA_\bS_\bH(1)
.\" Case Western Reserve University
.\" chet.ramey@case.edu
.\"
-.\" Last Change: Wed Jan 8 09:27:11 EST 2025
+.\" Last Change: Mon Feb 24 16:09:49 EST 2025
.\"
.\" For bash_builtins, strip all but "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS" section
.\" For rbash, strip all but "RESTRICTED SHELL" section
.ds zY \" empty
.if \n(zZ=1 .ig zZ
.if \n(zY=1 .ig zY
-.TH BASH 1 "2025 January 8" "GNU Bash 5.3"
+.TH BASH 1 "2025 February 24" "GNU Bash 5.3"
.\"
.ie \n(.g \{\
.ds ' \(aq
but unescaped double quote characters
in \fIexpression\fP are not treated
specially and are removed.
+Since this can potentially result in empty strings, this command treats
+those as expressions that evaluate to 0.
.TP
\fB[[\fP \fIexpression\fP \fB]]\fP
.PD
associative arrays are referenced using arbitrary strings.
Unless otherwise noted, indexed array indices must be non-negative integers.
.PP
-An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned to
-using the syntax
+The shell performs
+parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion,
+command substitution, and quote removal
+on indexed array subscripts.
+Since this
+can potentially result in empty strings,
+subscript indexing treats
+those as expressions that evaluate to 0.
+.PP
+The shell performs
+tilde expansion,
+parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion,
+command substitution, and quote removal
+on associative array subscripts.
+Empty strings cannot be used as associative array keys.
+.PP
+\fBBash\fP automatically creates an indexed array
+if any variable is assigned to using the syntax
.RS
\fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP]=\fIvalue\fP
\&.
All tokens in the expression undergo parameter and variable expansion,
command substitution, and quote removal.
The result is treated as the arithmetic expression to be evaluated.
+Since the way Bash handles double quotes
+can potentially result in empty strings,
+arithmetic expansion treats
+those as expressions that evaluate to 0.
Arithmetic expansions may be nested.
.PP
The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below under
.SM
.B "ARITHMETIC EVALUATION"
above).
+Since the expansions the \fB[[\fP command performs on
+.I arg1
+and
+.I arg2
+can potentially result in empty strings,
+arithmetic expression evaluation treats
+those as expressions that evaluate to 0.
.PD
.SH "SIMPLE COMMAND EXPANSION"
When the shell executes a simple command, it performs the following
each process has a \fIprocess group ID\fP, and
the operating system maintains the notion of a \fIcurrent terminal
process group ID\fP.
+This terminal process group ID is associated with the
+\fIcontrolling terminal\fP.
+.PP
Processes that have the same process group ID are said to be part of
the same \fIprocess group\fP.
Members of the \fIforeground\fP process group (processes whose
.I foreground
processes.
.I Background
-processes are those whose process group ID differs from the terminal's;
+processes are those whose process group ID differs from the
+controlling terminal's;
such processes are immune to keyboard-generated signals.
-Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or, if the
-user so specifies with
+Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or,
+if the user so specifies with
.Q "stty tostop" ,
-write to the terminal.
-Background processes which attempt to read from (write to when
-.Q tostop
-is in effect) the terminal are sent a
+write to the controlling terminal.
+The system sends a
.SM
.B "SIGTTIN (SIGTTOU)"
-signal by the kernel's terminal driver,
+signal to background processes which attempt to
+read from (write to when
+.Q tostop
+is in effect)
+the terminal,
which, unless caught, suspends the process.
.PP
If the operating system on which
</HEAD>
<BODY><TABLE WIDTH=100%>
<TR>
-<TH ALIGN=LEFT width=33%>BASH(1)<TH ALIGN=CENTER width=33%>2025 January 8<TH ALIGN=RIGHT width=33%>BASH(1)
+<TH ALIGN=LEFT width=33%>BASH(1)<TH ALIGN=CENTER width=33%>2025 February 24<TH ALIGN=RIGHT width=33%>BASH(1)
</TR>
</TABLE>
<BR><A HREF="#index">Index</A>
The <I>expression</I>
undergoes the same expansions
as if it were within double quotes,
-but double quote characters in <I>expression</I> are not treated
+but unescaped double quote characters
+in <I>expression</I> are not treated
specially and are removed.
+Since this can potentially result in empty strings, this command treats
+those as expressions that evaluate to 0.
<DT><B>[[</B> <I>expression</I> <B>]]</B><DD>
Evaluate the conditional expression <I>expression</I>
A
<I>variable</I>
-may be assigned to by a statement of the form
+is assigned to using a statement of the form
<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
<P>
Unless otherwise noted, indexed array indices must be non-negative integers.
<P>
-An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned to
-using the syntax
+The shell performs
+parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion,
+command substitution, and quote removal
+on indexed array subscripts.
+Since this
+can potentially result in empty strings,
+subscript indexing treats
+those as expressions that evaluate to 0.
+<P>
+
+The shell performs
+tilde expansion,
+parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion,
+command substitution, and quote removal
+on associative array subscripts.
+Empty strings cannot be used as associative array keys.
+<P>
+
+<B>Bash</B> automatically creates an indexed array
+if any variable is assigned to using the syntax
<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
<I>name</I>[<I>subscript</I>]=<I>value</I>
.
zero-padding where necessary.
When letters are supplied, the expression expands to each character
lexicographically between <I>x</I> and <I>y</I>, inclusive,
-using the default C locale.
+using the C locale.
Note that both <I>x</I> and <I>y</I> must be of the same type
(integer or letter).
When the increment is supplied, it is used as the difference between
If <I>parameter</I> is <B>@</B> or <B>*</B>, an indexed array subscripted by
<B>@</B> or <B>*</B>, or an associative array name, the results differ as
described below.
-If <I>length</I> is omitted, expands to the substring of the value of
+If <B>:</B><I>length</I> is omitted (the first form above), this
+expands to the substring of the value of
<I>parameter</I> starting at the character specified by <I>offset</I>
and extending to the end of the value.
+If <I>offset</I> is omitted,
+it is treated as 0.
+If <I>length</I> is omitted,
+but the colon after <I>offset</I> is present,
+it is treated as 0.
<I>length</I> and <I>offset</I> are arithmetic expressions (see
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>ARITHMETIC EVALUATION</B>
undergoes the same expansions
as if it were within double quotes,
-but double quote characters in <I>expression</I> are not treated specially
-and are removed.
+but unescaped double quote characters
+in <I>expression</I> are not treated
+specially and are removed.
All tokens in the expression undergo parameter and variable expansion,
command substitution, and quote removal.
The result is treated as the arithmetic expression to be evaluated.
+Since the way Bash handles double quotes
+can potentially result in empty strings,
+arithmetic expansion treats
+those as expressions that evaluate to 0.
Arithmetic expansions may be nested.
<P>
</FONT>
above).
+Since the expansions the <B>[[</B> command performs on
+<I>arg1</I>
+
+and
+<I>arg2</I>
+
+can potentially result in empty strings,
+arithmetic expression evaluation treats
+those as expressions that evaluate to 0.
</DL>
<A NAME="lbBY"> </A>
each process has a <I>process group ID</I>, and
the operating system maintains the notion of a <I>current terminal
process group ID</I>.
+This terminal process group ID is associated with the
+<I>controlling terminal</I>.
+<P>
+
Processes that have the same process group ID are said to be part of
the same <I>process group</I>.
Members of the <I>foreground</I> process group (processes whose
processes.
<I>Background</I>
-processes are those whose process group ID differs from the terminal's;
+processes are those whose process group ID differs from the
+controlling terminal's;
such processes are immune to keyboard-generated signals.
-Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or, if the
-user so specifies with
-
-write to the terminal.
-Background processes which attempt to read from (write to when
+Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or,
+if the user so specifies with
-is in effect) the terminal are sent a
+write to the controlling terminal.
+The system sends a
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGTTIN (SIGTTOU)</B>
</FONT>
-signal by the kernel's terminal driver,
+signal to background processes which attempt to
+read from (write to when
+
+is in effect)
+the terminal,
which, unless caught, suspends the process.
<P>
Clear the screen,
then redraw the current line,
leaving the current line at the top of the screen.
-With an argument, refresh the current line without clearing the
+With a numeric argument, refresh the current line without clearing the
screen.
<DT><B>redraw-current-line</B>
or
<B>until</B>
-keyword,
+reserved word,
part of the test following the
<B>if</B>
or
<B>until</B>
-keyword,
+reserved word,
part of the test in an
<I>if</I>
<HR>
<TABLE WIDTH=100%>
<TR>
-<TH ALIGN=LEFT width=33%>GNU Bash 5.3<TH ALIGN=CENTER width=33%>2025 January 8<TH ALIGN=RIGHT width=33%>BASH(1)
+<TH ALIGN=LEFT width=33%>GNU Bash 5.3<TH ALIGN=CENTER width=33%>2025 February 24<TH ALIGN=RIGHT width=33%>BASH(1)
</TR>
</TABLE>
<HR>
<DT><A HREF="#lbDJ">BUGS</A><DD>
</DL>
<HR>
-This document was created by man2html from /usr/local/src/bash/bash-20250122/doc/bash.1.<BR>
-Time: 28 January 2025 09:45:18 EST
+This document was created by man2html from /usr/local/src/bash/bash-20250224/doc/bash.1.<BR>
+Time: 28 February 2025 11:12:41 EST
</BODY>
</HTML>
This is bash.info, produced by makeinfo version 7.1 from bashref.texi.
This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the
-Bash shell (version 5.3, 8 January 2025).
+Bash shell (version 5.3, 24 February 2025).
- This is Edition 5.3, last updated 8 January 2025, of ‘The GNU Bash
+ This is Edition 5.3, last updated 24 February 2025, of ‘The GNU Bash
Reference Manual’, for ‘Bash’, Version 5.3.
Copyright © 1988-2025 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
*************
This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the
-Bash shell (version 5.3, 8 January 2025). The Bash home page is
+Bash shell (version 5.3, 24 February 2025). The Bash home page is
<http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/>.
- This is Edition 5.3, last updated 8 January 2025, of ‘The GNU Bash
+ This is Edition 5.3, last updated 24 February 2025, of ‘The GNU Bash
Reference Manual’, for ‘Bash’, Version 5.3.
Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some
The arithmetic EXPRESSION is evaluated according to the rules
described below (*note Shell Arithmetic::). The EXPRESSION
undergoes the same expansions as if it were within double quotes,
- but double quote characters in EXPRESSION are not treated specially
- and are removed. If the value of the expression is non-zero, the
+ but unescaped double quote characters in EXPRESSION are not treated
+ specially and are removed. Since this can potentially result in
+ empty strings, this command treats those as expressions that
+ evaluate to 0. If the value of the expression is non-zero, the
return status is 0; otherwise the return status is 1.
‘[[...]]’
is a valid value. Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using
the ‘unset’ builtin command.
- A variable may be assigned to by a statement of the form
+ A variable is assigned to using a statement of the form
NAME=[VALUE]
If VALUE is not given, the variable is assigned the null string. All
VALUEs undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
number between X and Y, inclusive. If either X or Y begins with a zero,
each generated term will contain the same number of digits, zero-padding
where necessary. When letters are supplied, the expression expands to
-each character lexicographically between X and Y, inclusive, using the
-default C locale. Note that both X and Y must be of the same type
-(integer or letter). When the increment is supplied, it is used as the
-difference between each term. The default increment is 1 or -1 as
-appropriate.
+each character lexicographically between X and Y, inclusive, using the C
+locale. Note that both X and Y must be of the same type (integer or
+letter). When the increment is supplied, it is used as the difference
+between each term. The default increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate.
Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions, and any
characters special to other expansions are preserved in the result. It
$ : ${var=DEFAULT}
$ echo $var
DEFAULT
+ $ var=
+ $ : ${var=DEFAULT}
+ $ echo $var
+
$ var=
$ : ${var:=DEFAULT}
$ echo $var
DEFAULT
+ $ unset var
+ $ : ${var:=DEFAULT}
+ $ echo $var
+ DEFAULT
‘${PARAMETER:?WORD}’
If PARAMETER is null or unset, the shell writes the expansion of
$ var=
$ : ${var:?var is unset or null}
bash: var: var is unset or null
+ $ echo ${var?var is unset}
+
+ $ unset var
+ $ : ${var?var is unset}
+ bash: var: var is unset
+ $ : ${var:?var is unset or null}
+ bash: var: var is unset or null
+ $ var=123
+ $ echo ${var:?var is unset or null}
+ 123
‘${PARAMETER:+WORD}’
If PARAMETER is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise
$ var=123
$ echo ${var:+var is set and not null}
var is set and not null
+ $ echo ${var+var is set}
+ var is set
$ var=
$ echo ${var:+var is set and not null}
+ $ echo ${var+var is set}
+ var is set
+ $ unset var
+ $ echo ${var+var is set}
+
+ $ echo ${var:+var is set and not null}
+
$
‘${PARAMETER:OFFSET}’
LENGTH characters of the value of PARAMETER starting at the
character specified by OFFSET. If PARAMETER is ‘@’ or ‘*’, an
indexed array subscripted by ‘@’ or ‘*’, or an associative array
- name, the results differ as described below. If LENGTH is omitted,
- it expands to the substring of the value of PARAMETER starting at
- the character specified by OFFSET and extending to the end of the
- value. LENGTH and OFFSET are arithmetic expressions (*note Shell
- Arithmetic::).
+ name, the results differ as described below. If :LENGTH is omitted
+ (the first form above), this expands to the substring of the value
+ of PARAMETER starting at the character specified by OFFSET and
+ extending to the end of the value. If OFFSET is omitted, it is
+ treated as 0. If LENGTH is omitted, but the colon after OFFSET is
+ present, it is treated as 0. LENGTH and OFFSET are arithmetic
+ expressions (*note Shell Arithmetic::).
If OFFSET evaluates to a number less than zero, the value is used
as an offset in characters from the end of the value of PARAMETER.
$(( EXPRESSION ))
The EXPRESSION undergoes the same expansions as if it were within
-double quotes, but double quote characters in EXPRESSION are not treated
-specially and are removed. All tokens in the expression undergo
-parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and quote
-removal. The result is treated as the arithmetic expression to be
-evaluated. Arithmetic expansions may be nested.
+double quotes, but unescaped double quote characters in EXPRESSION are
+not treated specially and are removed. All tokens in the expression
+undergo parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and
+quote removal. The result is treated as the arithmetic expression to be
+evaluated. Since the way Bash handles double quotes can potentially
+result in empty strings, arithmetic expansion treats those as
+expressions that evaluate to 0. Arithmetic expansions may be nested.
The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below
(*note Shell Arithmetic::). If the expression is invalid, Bash prints a
compound command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to the
following conditions. The ‘ERR’ trap is not executed if the failed
command is part of the command list immediately following an
- ‘until’ or ‘while’ keyword, part of the test following the ‘if’ or
- ‘elif’ reserved words, part of a command executed in a ‘&&’ or ‘||’
- list except the command following the final ‘&&’ or ‘||’, any
- command in a pipeline but the last, (subject to the state of the
- ‘pipefail’ shell option), or if the command's return status is
+ ‘until’ or ‘while’ reserved word, part of the test following the
+ ‘if’ or ‘elif’ reserved words, part of a command executed in a ‘&&’
+ or ‘||’ list except the command following the final ‘&&’ or ‘||’,
+ any command in a pipeline but the last, (subject to the state of
+ the ‘pipefail’ shell option), or if the command's return status is
being inverted using ‘!’. These are the same conditions obeyed by
the ‘errexit’ (‘-e’) option.
a list (*note Lists::), or a compound command (*note Compound
Commands::) returns a non-zero status. The shell does not
exit if the command that fails is part of the command list
- immediately following a ‘while’ or ‘until’ keyword, part of
- the test in an ‘if’ statement, part of any command executed in
- a ‘&&’ or ‘||’ list except the command following the final
+ immediately following a ‘while’ or ‘until’ reserved word, part
+ of the test in an ‘if’ statement, part of any command executed
+ in a ‘&&’ or ‘||’ list except the command following the final
‘&&’ or ‘||’, any command in a pipeline but the last (subject
to the state of the ‘pipefail’ shell option), or if the
command's return status is being inverted with ‘!’. If a
greater than or equal to ARG2, respectively. ARG1 and ARG2 may be
positive or negative integers. When used with the ‘[[’ command,
ARG1 and ARG2 are evaluated as arithmetic expressions (*note Shell
- Arithmetic::).
+ Arithmetic::). Since the expansions the ‘[[’ command performs on
+ ARG1 and ARG2 can potentially result in empty strings, arithmetic
+ expression evaluation treats those as expressions that evaluate to
+ 0.
\1f
File: bash.info, Node: Shell Arithmetic, Next: Aliases, Prev: Bash Conditional Expressions, Up: Bash Features
and are zero-based; associative arrays use arbitrary strings. Unless
otherwise noted, indexed array indices must be non-negative integers.
- An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned
-to using the syntax
+ The shell performs parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic
+expansion, command substitution, and quote removal on indexed array
+subscripts. Since this can potentially result in empty strings,
+subscript indexing treats those as expressions that evaluate to 0.
+
+ The shell performs tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
+arithmetic expansion, command substitution, and quote removal on
+associative array subscripts. Empty strings cannot be used as
+associative array keys.
+
+ Bash automatically creates an indexed array if any variable is
+assigned to using the syntax
NAME[SUBSCRIPT]=VALUE
The SUBSCRIPT is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate
double-quoted string, even if the ‘histexpand’ option is enabled.
31. When printing shell function definitions (e.g., by ‘type’), Bash
- does not print the ‘function’ keyword unless necessary.
+ does not print the ‘function’ reserved word unless necessary.
32. Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic
expansion results in an invalid expression.
58. The ‘kill’ builtin does not accept signal names with a ‘SIG’
prefix.
- 59. The ‘printf’ builtin uses ‘double’ (via ‘strtod’) to convert
+ 59. The ‘kill’ builtin returns a failure status if any of the pid or
+ job arguments are invalid or if sending the specified signal to any
+ of them fails. In default mode, ‘kill’ returns success if the
+ signal was successfully sent to any of the specified processes.
+
+ 60. The ‘printf’ builtin uses ‘double’ (via ‘strtod’) to convert
arguments corresponding to floating point conversion specifiers,
instead of ‘long double’ if it's available. The ‘L’ length
modifier forces ‘printf’ to use ‘long double’ if it's available.
- 60. The ‘pwd’ builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as
+ 61. The ‘pwd’ builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as
the current directory, even if it is not asked to check the file
system with the ‘-P’ option.
- 61. The ‘read’ builtin may be interrupted by a signal for which a trap
+ 62. The ‘read’ builtin may be interrupted by a signal for which a trap
has been set. If Bash receives a trapped signal while executing
‘read’, the trap handler executes and ‘read’ returns an exit status
greater than 128.
- 62. When the ‘set’ builtin is invoked without options, it does not
+ 63. When the ‘set’ builtin is invoked without options, it does not
display shell function names and definitions.
- 63. When the ‘set’ builtin is invoked without options, it displays
+ 64. When the ‘set’ builtin is invoked without options, it displays
variable values without quotes, unless they contain shell
metacharacters, even if the result contains nonprinting characters.
- 64. The ‘test’ builtin compares strings using the current locale when
+ 65. The ‘test’ builtin compares strings using the current locale when
evaluating the ‘<’ and ‘>’ binary operators.
- 65. The ‘test’ builtin's ‘-t’ unary primary requires an argument.
+ 66. The ‘test’ builtin's ‘-t’ unary primary requires an argument.
Historical versions of ‘test’ made the argument optional in certain
cases, and Bash attempts to accommodate those for backwards
compatibility.
- 66. The ‘trap’ builtin displays signal names without the leading
+ 67. The ‘trap’ builtin displays signal names without the leading
‘SIG’.
- 67. The ‘trap’ builtin doesn't check the first argument for a possible
+ 68. The ‘trap’ builtin doesn't check the first argument for a possible
signal specification and revert the signal handling to the original
disposition if it is, unless that argument consists solely of
digits and is a valid signal number. If users want to reset the
handler for a given signal to the original disposition, they should
use ‘-’ as the first argument.
- 68. ‘trap -p’ without arguments displays signals whose dispositions
+ 69. ‘trap -p’ without arguments displays signals whose dispositions
are set to SIG_DFL and those that were ignored when the shell
started, not just trapped signals.
- 69. The ‘type’ and ‘command’ builtins will not report a non-executable
+ 70. The ‘type’ and ‘command’ builtins will not report a non-executable
file as having been found, though the shell will attempt to execute
such a file if it is the only so-named file found in ‘$PATH’.
- 70. The ‘ulimit’ builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the ‘-c’
+ 71. The ‘ulimit’ builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the ‘-c’
and ‘-f’ options.
- 71. The ‘unset’ builtin with the ‘-v’ option specified returns a fatal
+ 72. The ‘unset’ builtin with the ‘-v’ option specified returns a fatal
error if it attempts to unset a ‘readonly’ or ‘non-unsettable’
variable, which causes a non-interactive shell to exit.
- 72. When asked to unset a variable that appears in an assignment
+ 73. When asked to unset a variable that appears in an assignment
statement preceding the command, the ‘unset’ builtin attempts to
unset a variable of the same name in the current or previous scope
as well. This implements the required "if an assigned variable is
further modified by the utility, the modifications made by the
utility shall persist" behavior.
- 73. The arrival of ‘SIGCHLD’ when a trap is set on ‘SIGCHLD’ does not
+ 74. The arrival of ‘SIGCHLD’ when a trap is set on ‘SIGCHLD’ does not
interrupt the ‘wait’ builtin and cause it to return immediately.
The trap command is run once for each child that exits.
- 74. Bash removes an exited background process's status from the list
+ 75. Bash removes an exited background process's status from the list
of such statuses after the ‘wait’ builtin returns it.
There is other POSIX behavior that Bash does not implement by default
To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job
control, each process has a “process group ID”, and the operating system
-maintains the notion of a current terminal process group ID. Processes
-that have the same process group ID are said to be part of the same
-“process group”. Members of the foreground process group (processes
-whose process group ID is equal to the current terminal process group
-ID) receive keyboard-generated signals such as ‘SIGINT’. Processes in
-the foreground process group are said to be foreground processes.
-Background processes are those whose process group ID differs from the
-terminal's; such processes are immune to keyboard-generated signals.
-Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or, if the user so
-specifies with ‘stty tostop’, write to the terminal. Background
-processes which attempt to read from (write to when ‘tostop’ is in
-effect) the terminal are sent a ‘SIGTTIN’ (‘SIGTTOU’) signal by the
-kernel's terminal driver, which, unless caught, suspends the process.
+maintains the notion of a current terminal process group ID. This
+terminal process group ID is associated with the “controlling terminal”.
+
+ Processes that have the same process group ID are said to be part of
+the same “process group”. Members of the foreground process group
+(processes whose process group ID is equal to the current terminal
+process group ID) receive keyboard-generated signals such as ‘SIGINT’.
+Processes in the foreground process group are said to be foreground
+processes. Background processes are those whose process group ID
+differs from the controlling terminal's; such processes are immune to
+keyboard-generated signals. Only foreground processes are allowed to
+read from or, if the user so specifies with ‘stty tostop’, write to the
+controlling terminal. The system sends a ‘SIGTTIN’ (‘SIGTTOU’) signal
+to background processes which attempt to read from (write to when
+‘tostop’ is in effect) the terminal, which, unless caught, suspends the
+process.
If the operating system on which Bash is running supports job
control, Bash contains facilities to use it. Typing the “suspend”
‘clear-screen (C-l)’
Clear the screen, then redraw the current line, leaving the current
- line at the top of the screen.
+ line at the top of the screen. If given a numeric argument, this
+ refreshes the current line without clearing the screen.
‘redraw-current-line ()’
Refresh the current line. By default, this is unbound.
• Bash implements command aliases and the ‘alias’ and ‘unalias’
builtins (*note Aliases::).
- • Bash implements the ‘!’ keyword to negate the return value of a
- pipeline (*note Pipelines::). This is very useful when an ‘if’
+ • Bash implements the ‘!’ reserved word to negate the return value of
+ a pipeline (*note Pipelines::). This is very useful when an ‘if’
statement needs to act only if a test fails. The Bash ‘-o
pipefail’ option to ‘set’ will cause a pipeline to return a failure
status if any command fails (*note The Set Builtin::).
* !: Pipelines. (line 9)
* [[: Conditional Constructs.
- (line 126)
+ (line 128)
* ]]: Conditional Constructs.
- (line 126)
+ (line 128)
* {: Command Grouping. (line 21)
* }: Command Grouping. (line 21)
* case: Conditional Constructs.
* quoted-insert (C-q or C-v): Commands For Text. (line 28)
* re-read-init-file (C-x C-r): Miscellaneous Commands.
(line 6)
-* redraw-current-line (): Commands For Moving. (line 61)
+* redraw-current-line (): Commands For Moving. (line 62)
* reverse-search-history (C-r): Commands For History.
(line 29)
* revert-line (M-r): Miscellaneous Commands.
\1f
Tag Table:
-Node: Top\7f897
-Node: Introduction\7f2834
-Node: What is Bash?\7f3047
-Node: What is a shell?\7f4180
-Node: Definitions\7f6790
-Node: Basic Shell Features\7f10117
-Node: Shell Syntax\7f11341
-Node: Shell Operation\7f12368
-Node: Quoting\7f13659
-Node: Escape Character\7f14997
-Node: Single Quotes\7f15532
-Node: Double Quotes\7f15881
-Node: ANSI-C Quoting\7f17226
-Node: Locale Translation\7f18620
-Node: Creating Internationalized Scripts\7f20023
-Node: Comments\7f24221
-Node: Shell Commands\7f24988
-Node: Reserved Words\7f25927
-Node: Simple Commands\7f26792
-Node: Pipelines\7f27454
-Node: Lists\7f30710
-Node: Compound Commands\7f32582
-Node: Looping Constructs\7f33591
-Node: Conditional Constructs\7f36110
-Node: Command Grouping\7f51046
-Node: Coprocesses\7f52538
-Node: GNU Parallel\7f55224
-Node: Shell Functions\7f56142
-Node: Shell Parameters\7f64590
-Node: Positional Parameters\7f69492
-Node: Special Parameters\7f70582
-Node: Shell Expansions\7f74043
-Node: Brace Expansion\7f76232
-Node: Tilde Expansion\7f79578
-Node: Shell Parameter Expansion\7f82533
-Node: Command Substitution\7f102341
-Node: Arithmetic Expansion\7f105870
-Node: Process Substitution\7f106884
-Node: Word Splitting\7f107992
-Node: Filename Expansion\7f110436
-Node: Pattern Matching\7f113660
-Node: Quote Removal\7f119383
-Node: Redirections\7f119687
-Node: Executing Commands\7f129950
-Node: Simple Command Expansion\7f130617
-Node: Command Search and Execution\7f132725
-Node: Command Execution Environment\7f135169
-Node: Environment\7f138617
-Node: Exit Status\7f140520
-Node: Signals\7f142578
-Node: Shell Scripts\7f147507
-Node: Shell Builtin Commands\7f150805
-Node: Bourne Shell Builtins\7f152916
-Node: Bash Builtins\7f179480
-Node: Modifying Shell Behavior\7f216404
-Node: The Set Builtin\7f216746
-Node: The Shopt Builtin\7f228734
-Node: Special Builtins\7f245786
-Node: Shell Variables\7f246775
-Node: Bourne Shell Variables\7f247209
-Node: Bash Variables\7f249717
-Node: Bash Features\7f288622
-Node: Invoking Bash\7f289636
-Node: Bash Startup Files\7f296220
-Node: Interactive Shells\7f301462
-Node: What is an Interactive Shell?\7f301870
-Node: Is this Shell Interactive?\7f302532
-Node: Interactive Shell Behavior\7f303356
-Node: Bash Conditional Expressions\7f307117
-Node: Shell Arithmetic\7f312328
-Node: Aliases\7f315657
-Node: Arrays\7f318791
-Node: The Directory Stack\7f325883
-Node: Directory Stack Builtins\7f326680
-Node: Controlling the Prompt\7f331125
-Node: The Restricted Shell\7f334010
-Node: Bash POSIX Mode\7f336892
-Node: Shell Compatibility Mode\7f354953
-Node: Job Control\7f363960
-Node: Job Control Basics\7f364417
-Node: Job Control Builtins\7f370695
-Node: Job Control Variables\7f377377
-Node: Command Line Editing\7f378608
-Node: Introduction and Notation\7f380311
-Node: Readline Interaction\7f382663
-Node: Readline Bare Essentials\7f383851
-Node: Readline Movement Commands\7f385659
-Node: Readline Killing Commands\7f386655
-Node: Readline Arguments\7f388678
-Node: Searching\7f389735
-Node: Readline Init File\7f391978
-Node: Readline Init File Syntax\7f393281
-Node: Conditional Init Constructs\7f420106
-Node: Sample Init File\7f424491
-Node: Bindable Readline Commands\7f427611
-Node: Commands For Moving\7f429149
-Node: Commands For History\7f431517
-Node: Commands For Text\7f436907
-Node: Commands For Killing\7f441032
-Node: Numeric Arguments\7f443820
-Node: Commands For Completion\7f444972
-Node: Keyboard Macros\7f450668
-Node: Miscellaneous Commands\7f451369
-Node: Readline vi Mode\7f457936
-Node: Programmable Completion\7f458913
-Node: Programmable Completion Builtins\7f467650
-Node: A Programmable Completion Example\7f479387
-Node: Using History Interactively\7f484732
-Node: Bash History Facilities\7f485413
-Node: Bash History Builtins\7f489148
-Node: History Interaction\7f495619
-Node: Event Designators\7f500569
-Node: Word Designators\7f502147
-Node: Modifiers\7f504539
-Node: Installing Bash\7f506476
-Node: Basic Installation\7f507592
-Node: Compilers and Options\7f511468
-Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures\7f512218
-Node: Installation Names\7f513971
-Node: Specifying the System Type\7f516205
-Node: Sharing Defaults\7f516951
-Node: Operation Controls\7f517665
-Node: Optional Features\7f518684
-Node: Reporting Bugs\7f531064
-Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell\7f532421
-Node: GNU Free Documentation License\7f553841
-Node: Indexes\7f579018
-Node: Builtin Index\7f579469
-Node: Reserved Word Index\7f586567
-Node: Variable Index\7f589012
-Node: Function Index\7f606425
-Node: Concept Index\7f620420
+Node: Top\7f901
+Node: Introduction\7f2842
+Node: What is Bash?\7f3055
+Node: What is a shell?\7f4188
+Node: Definitions\7f6798
+Node: Basic Shell Features\7f10125
+Node: Shell Syntax\7f11349
+Node: Shell Operation\7f12376
+Node: Quoting\7f13667
+Node: Escape Character\7f15005
+Node: Single Quotes\7f15540
+Node: Double Quotes\7f15889
+Node: ANSI-C Quoting\7f17234
+Node: Locale Translation\7f18628
+Node: Creating Internationalized Scripts\7f20031
+Node: Comments\7f24229
+Node: Shell Commands\7f24996
+Node: Reserved Words\7f25935
+Node: Simple Commands\7f26800
+Node: Pipelines\7f27462
+Node: Lists\7f30718
+Node: Compound Commands\7f32590
+Node: Looping Constructs\7f33599
+Node: Conditional Constructs\7f36118
+Node: Command Grouping\7f51188
+Node: Coprocesses\7f52680
+Node: GNU Parallel\7f55366
+Node: Shell Functions\7f56284
+Node: Shell Parameters\7f64732
+Node: Positional Parameters\7f69633
+Node: Special Parameters\7f70723
+Node: Shell Expansions\7f74184
+Node: Brace Expansion\7f76373
+Node: Tilde Expansion\7f79711
+Node: Shell Parameter Expansion\7f82666
+Node: Command Substitution\7f103309
+Node: Arithmetic Expansion\7f106838
+Node: Process Substitution\7f108014
+Node: Word Splitting\7f109122
+Node: Filename Expansion\7f111566
+Node: Pattern Matching\7f114790
+Node: Quote Removal\7f120513
+Node: Redirections\7f120817
+Node: Executing Commands\7f131080
+Node: Simple Command Expansion\7f131747
+Node: Command Search and Execution\7f133855
+Node: Command Execution Environment\7f136299
+Node: Environment\7f139747
+Node: Exit Status\7f141650
+Node: Signals\7f143708
+Node: Shell Scripts\7f148637
+Node: Shell Builtin Commands\7f151935
+Node: Bourne Shell Builtins\7f154046
+Node: Bash Builtins\7f180616
+Node: Modifying Shell Behavior\7f217540
+Node: The Set Builtin\7f217882
+Node: The Shopt Builtin\7f229876
+Node: Special Builtins\7f246928
+Node: Shell Variables\7f247917
+Node: Bourne Shell Variables\7f248351
+Node: Bash Variables\7f250859
+Node: Bash Features\7f289764
+Node: Invoking Bash\7f290778
+Node: Bash Startup Files\7f297362
+Node: Interactive Shells\7f302604
+Node: What is an Interactive Shell?\7f303012
+Node: Is this Shell Interactive?\7f303674
+Node: Interactive Shell Behavior\7f304498
+Node: Bash Conditional Expressions\7f308259
+Node: Shell Arithmetic\7f313676
+Node: Aliases\7f317005
+Node: Arrays\7f320139
+Node: The Directory Stack\7f327727
+Node: Directory Stack Builtins\7f328524
+Node: Controlling the Prompt\7f332969
+Node: The Restricted Shell\7f335854
+Node: Bash POSIX Mode\7f338736
+Node: Shell Compatibility Mode\7f357093
+Node: Job Control\7f366100
+Node: Job Control Basics\7f366557
+Node: Job Control Builtins\7f372925
+Node: Job Control Variables\7f379607
+Node: Command Line Editing\7f380838
+Node: Introduction and Notation\7f382541
+Node: Readline Interaction\7f384893
+Node: Readline Bare Essentials\7f386081
+Node: Readline Movement Commands\7f387889
+Node: Readline Killing Commands\7f388885
+Node: Readline Arguments\7f390908
+Node: Searching\7f391965
+Node: Readline Init File\7f394208
+Node: Readline Init File Syntax\7f395511
+Node: Conditional Init Constructs\7f422336
+Node: Sample Init File\7f426721
+Node: Bindable Readline Commands\7f429841
+Node: Commands For Moving\7f431379
+Node: Commands For History\7f433843
+Node: Commands For Text\7f439233
+Node: Commands For Killing\7f443358
+Node: Numeric Arguments\7f446146
+Node: Commands For Completion\7f447298
+Node: Keyboard Macros\7f452994
+Node: Miscellaneous Commands\7f453695
+Node: Readline vi Mode\7f460262
+Node: Programmable Completion\7f461239
+Node: Programmable Completion Builtins\7f469976
+Node: A Programmable Completion Example\7f481713
+Node: Using History Interactively\7f487058
+Node: Bash History Facilities\7f487739
+Node: Bash History Builtins\7f491474
+Node: History Interaction\7f497945
+Node: Event Designators\7f502895
+Node: Word Designators\7f504473
+Node: Modifiers\7f506865
+Node: Installing Bash\7f508802
+Node: Basic Installation\7f509918
+Node: Compilers and Options\7f513794
+Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures\7f514544
+Node: Installation Names\7f516297
+Node: Specifying the System Type\7f518531
+Node: Sharing Defaults\7f519277
+Node: Operation Controls\7f519991
+Node: Optional Features\7f521010
+Node: Reporting Bugs\7f533390
+Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell\7f534747
+Node: GNU Free Documentation License\7f556173
+Node: Indexes\7f581350
+Node: Builtin Index\7f581801
+Node: Reserved Word Index\7f588899
+Node: Variable Index\7f591344
+Node: Function Index\7f608757
+Node: Concept Index\7f622752
\1f
End Tag Table
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-2.793 F F2(\255\255posix)2.794 E F1 .294(command line option, it follo)
-2.794 F .294(ws the POSIX stan-)-.25 F .621(dard for startup \214les.)
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-G .62(riable and read and e).25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .62(cute com-).15 F
-(mands from the \214le whose name is the e)108 381.6 Q(xpanded v)-.15 E
+.396(option has no ef-)2.896 F 2.5(fect. A)108 340.8 R(non-interacti)2.5
+E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hell in).15 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dw).1 G
+(ith the name)-2.5 E F2(sh)2.5 E F1(does not attempt to read an)2.5 E
+2.5(yo)-.15 G(ther startup \214les.)-2.5 E(When in)108 357.6 Q -.2(vo)
+-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(da).1 G(s)-2.5 E F2(sh)2.5 E F1(,)A F2(bash)2.5 E
+F1(enters posix mode after reading the startup \214les.)2.5 E(When)108
+374.4 Q F2(bash)2.968 E F1 .468(is started in posix mode, as with the)
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+2.968 F .469(ws the)-.25 F F5(POSIX)2.969 E F1(stan-)2.719 E .621
+(dard for startup \214les.)108 386.4 R .621(In this mode, interacti)
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+F3(ENV)3.121 E F1 -.25(va)2.87 G .62(riable and read and e).25 F -.15
+(xe)-.15 G .62(cute com-).15 F
+(mands from the \214le whose name is the e)108 398.4 Q(xpanded v)-.15 E
2.5(alue. No)-.25 F(other startup \214les are read.)2.5 E F2(Bash)108
-398.4 Q F1 .224(attempts to determine when it is being run with its sta\
+415.2 Q F1 .224(attempts to determine when it is being run with its sta\
ndard input connected to a netw)2.723 F .224(ork connection,)-.1 F .85
-(as when e)108 410.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .85
+(as when e)108 427.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .85
(cuted by the historical and rarely-seen remote shell daemon, usually)
.15 F F0 -.1(rs)3.35 G(hd).1 E F1 3.35(,o)C 3.35(rt)-3.35 G .85
-(he secure shell)-3.35 F(daemon)108 422.4 Q F0(sshd)3.875 E F1 6.375(.I)
+(he secure shell)-3.35 F(daemon)108 439.2 Q F0(sshd)3.875 E F1 6.375(.I)
C(f)-6.375 E F2(bash)3.875 E F1 1.376
(determines it is being run non-interacti)3.875 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.376
(ly in this f).15 F 1.376(ashion, it reads and e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
-(cutes).15 E .384(commands from)108 434.4 R F0(\001/.bashr)4.549 E(c)
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-.37 E F1 2.883(,i)1.666 G 2.883(ft)-2.883 G .383(hat \214le e)-2.883 F
.383(xists and is readable.)-.15 F F2(Bash)5.383 E F1 .383
(does not read this \214le if in)2.883 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.883
-(da).1 G(s)-2.883 E F2(sh)2.883 E F1(.)A(The)108 4
46.4 Q F2<adad6e6f72>
+(da).1 G(s)-2.883 E F2(sh)2.883 E F1(.)A(The)108 4
63.2 Q F2<adad6e6f72>
2.76 E(c)-.18 E F1 .26(option inhibits this beha)2.76 F(vior)-.2 E 2.76
(,a)-.4 G .26(nd the)-2.76 F F2<adad72>2.761 E(c\214le)-.18 E F1 .261
(option mak)2.761 F(es)-.1 E F2(bash)2.761 E F1 .261(use a dif)2.761 F
-.261(ferent \214le instead of)-.25 F F0(\001/.bashr)109.666 458.4 Q(c)
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-.37 E F1 2.65(,b)1.666 G .15(ut neither)-2.85 F F0 -.1(rs)2.65 G(hd).1
E F1(nor)2.65 E F0(sshd)2.65 E F1 .149(generally in)2.65 F -.2(vo)-.4 G
.349 -.1(ke t).2 H .149(he shell with those options or allo).1 F 2.649
-(wt)-.25 G .149(hem to be spec-)-2.649 F(i\214ed.)108 470.4 Q .433
-(If the shell is started with the ef)108 487.2 R(fecti)-.25 E .733 -.15
+(wt)-.25 G .149(hem to be spec-)-2.649 F(i\214ed.)108 487.2 Q .433
+(If the shell is started with the ef)108 504 R(fecti)-.25 E .733 -.15
(ve u)-.25 H .433
(ser \(group\) id not equal to the real user \(group\) id, and the).15 F
F2<ad70>2.934 E F1(op-)2.934 E 1.124(tion is not supplied, no startup \
-\214les are read, shell functions are not inherited from the en)108
-499.2 R 1.124(vironment, the)-.4 F F3(SHELLOPTS)108 511.2 Q F5(,)A F3
--.27(BA)2.959 G(SHOPTS).27 E F5(,)A F3(CDP)2.959 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H)
-.855 E F5(,)A F1(and)2.959 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.209 E F1 -.25(va)2.959 G
-.709(riables, if the).25 F 3.209(ya)-.15 G .71(ppear in the en)-3.209 F
-.71(vironment, are)-.4 F .905(ignored, and the ef)108 523.2 R(fecti)-.25
-E 1.205 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .904(ser id is set to the real user id.).15 F
+\214les are read, shell functions are not inherited from the en)108 516
+R 1.124(vironment, the)-.4 F F3(SHELLOPTS)108 528 Q F5(,)A F3 -.27(BA)
+2.959 G(SHOPTS).27 E F5(,)A F3(CDP)2.959 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F5
+(,)A F1(and)2.959 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.209 E F1 -.25(va)2.959 G .709
+(riables, if the).25 F 3.209(ya)-.15 G .71(ppear in the en)-3.209 F .71
+(vironment, are)-.4 F .905(ignored, and the ef)108 540 R(fecti)-.25 E
+1.205 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .904(ser id is set to the real user id.).15 F
.904(If the)5.904 F F2<ad70>3.404 E F1 .904(option is supplied at in)
-3.404 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .904(cation, the).2 F(startup beha)108 535.2 Q
+3.404 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .904(cation, the).2 F(startup beha)108 552 Q
(vior is the same, b)-.2 E(ut the ef)-.2 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve u)
-.25 H(ser id is not reset.).15 E/F6 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(DEFINITIONS)
-72 552 Q F1(The follo)108 564 Q
+72 568.8 Q F1(The follo)108 580.8 Q
(wing de\214nitions are used throughout the rest of this document.)-.25
-E F2(blank)108 576 Q F1 2.5(As)144 576 S(pace or tab)-2.5 E(.)-.4 E F2
-(whitespace)108 588 Q F1 2.587(Ac)144 600 S .087
+E F2(blank)108 592.8 Q F1 2.5(As)144 592.8 S(pace or tab)-2.5 E(.)-.4 E
+F2(whitespace)108 604.8 Q F1 2.587(Ac)144 616.8 S .087
(haracter belonging to the)-2.587 F F2(space)2.587 E F1 .088
(character class in the current locale, or for which)2.587 F F0(isspace)
-2.588 E F1 .088(\(3\) re-)B(turns true.)144 612 Q F2 -.1(wo)108 624 S
-(rd).1 E F1 2.5(As)144 624 S
+2.588 E F1 .088(\(3\) re-)B(turns true.)144 628.8 Q F2 -.1(wo)108 640.8
+S(rd).1 E F1 2.5(As)144 640.8 S
(equence of characters considered as a single unit by the shell.)-2.5 E
(Also kno)5 E(wn as a)-.25 E F2(tok)2.5 E(en)-.1 E F1(.)A F2(name)108
-636 Q F1(A)144 636 Q F0(wor)3.006 E(d)-.37 E F1 .165
+652.8 Q F1(A)144 652.8 Q F0(wor)3.006 E(d)-.37 E F1 .165
(consisting only of alphanumeric characters and underscores, and be)
3.436 F .165(ginning with an alpha-)-.15 F
-(betic character or an underscore.)144 648 Q(Also referred to as an)5 E
-F2(identi\214er)2.5 E F1(.)A F2(metacharacter)108 660 Q F1 2.5(Ac)144
-672 S(haracter that, when unquoted, separates w)-2.5 E 2.5(ords. One)-.1
-F(of the follo)2.5 E(wing:)-.25 E F2 5(|&;\(\)<>s)144 684 S 2.5
-(pace tab newline)-5 F(contr)108 696 Q(ol operator)-.18 E F1(A)144 708 Q
-F0(tok)2.5 E(en)-.1 E F1(that performs a control function.)2.5 E
-(It is one of the follo)5 E(wing symbols:)-.25 E F2 2.5
-(|| & && ; ;; ;& ;;& \( \) | |&)144 720 R(<newline>)10 E F1
-(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E(3)190.955 E 0 Cg EP
+(betic character or an underscore.)144 664.8 Q(Also referred to as an)5
+E F2(identi\214er)2.5 E F1(.)A F2(metacharacter)108 676.8 Q F1 2.5(Ac)
+144 688.8 S(haracter that, when unquoted, separates w)-2.5 E 2.5
+(ords. One)-.1 F(of the follo)2.5 E(wing:)-.25 E F2 5(|&;\(\)<>s)144
+700.8 S 2.5(pace tab newline)-5 F F1(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q
+(2025 February 24)139.29 E(3)193.45 E 0 Cg EP
%%Page: 4 4
%%BeginPageSetup
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/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF
138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH)
-.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(RESER)72 84 Q(VED W)-.602
-E(ORDS)-.11 E F0 .306(Reserved wor)108 96 R(ds)-.37 E F1 .306(are w)
+.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(contr)108 84 Q(ol operator)
+-.18 E F1(A)144 96 Q F0(tok)2.5 E(en)-.1 E F1
+(that performs a control function.)2.5 E(It is one of the follo)5 E
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+(<newline>)10 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(RESER)72 124.8 Q(VED W)-.602 E
+(ORDS)-.11 E F0 .306(Reserved wor)108 136.8 R(ds)-.37 E F1 .306(are w)
2.806 F .306(ords that ha)-.1 F .606 -.15(ve a s)-.2 H .306
(pecial meaning to the shell.).15 F .307(The follo)5.307 F .307(wing w)
--.25 F .307(ords are recognized as)-.1 F(reserv)108 108 Q .314
+-.25 F .307(ords are recognized as)-.1 F(reserv)108 148.8 Q .314
(ed when unquoted and either the \214rst w)-.15 F .314
-(ord of a command \(see)-.1 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .313(SHELL GRAMMAR)
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-(rd of a).1 F/F4 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(case)3.143 E F1(or)3.143 E F4
-(select)3.143 E F1 .643(command \(only)3.143 F F4(in)3.143 E F1 .643
-(is v)3.143 F .643(alid\), or the third w)-.25 F .643(ord of a)-.1 F F4
--.25(fo)3.143 G(r).25 E F1 .644(command \(only)3.143 F F4(in)3.144 E F1
-(and)3.144 E F4(do)3.144 E F1(are v)108 132 Q(alid\):)-.25 E F4 11.295
-(!c)144 148.8 S 8.795(ase copr)-11.295 F 8.795
-(oc do done elif else esac \214 f)-.18 F 8.795
-(or function if in select then)-.25 F 7.5(until while { } time [[ ]])144
-160.8 R F2(SHELL GRAMMAR)72 177.6 Q F1
-(This section describes the syntax of the v)108 189.6 Q
-(arious forms of shell commands.)-.25 E F4(Simple Commands)87 206.4 Q F1
-(A)108 218.4 Q F0 .388(simple command)2.888 F F1 .388
+(ord of a command \(see)-.1 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .313(SHELL GRAMMAR)
+2.813 F F1(belo)2.563 E .313(w\), the third)-.25 F -.1(wo)108 160.8 S
+.643(rd of a).1 F F2(case)3.143 E F1(or)3.143 E F2(select)3.143 E F1
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+(alid\), or the third w)-.25 F .643(ord of a)-.1 F F2 -.25(fo)3.143 G(r)
+.25 E F1 .644(command \(only)3.143 F F2(in)3.144 E F1(and)3.144 E F2(do)
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+8.795(ase copr)-11.295 F 8.795(oc do done elif else esac \214 f)-.18 F
+8.795(or function if in select then)-.25 F 7.5
+(until while { } time [[ ]])144 201.6 R F3(SHELL GRAMMAR)72 218.4 Q F1
+(This section describes the syntax of the v)108 230.4 Q
+(arious forms of shell commands.)-.25 E F2(Simple Commands)87 247.2 Q F1
+(A)108 259.2 Q F0 .388(simple command)2.888 F F1 .388
(is a sequence of optional v)2.888 F .389(ariable assignments follo)-.25
-F .389(wed by)-.25 F F4(blank)2.889 E F1 .389(-separated w)B .389
-(ords and)-.1 F .816(redirections, and terminated by a)108 230.4 R F0
+F .389(wed by)-.25 F F2(blank)2.889 E F1 .389(-separated w)B .389
+(ords and)-.1 F .816(redirections, and terminated by a)108 271.2 R F0
(contr)3.316 E .815(ol oper)-.45 F(ator)-.15 E F1 5.815(.T)C .815
(he \214rst w)-5.815 F .815(ord speci\214es the command to be e)-.1 F
--.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted,).15 E(and is passed as ar)108 242.4 Q
+-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted,).15 E(and is passed as ar)108 283.2 Q
(gument zero.)-.18 E(The remaining w)5 E(ords are passed as ar)-.1 E
(guments to the in)-.18 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dc).1 G(ommand.)
--2.5 E(The return v)108 259.2 Q(alue of a)-.25 E F0(simple command)2.5 E
+-2.5 E(The return v)108 300 Q(alue of a)-.25 E F0(simple command)2.5 E
F1(is its e)2.5 E(xit status, or 128+)-.15 E F0(n)A F1
(if the command is terminated by signal)3.333 E F0(n)2.86 E F1(.).24 E
-F4(Pipelines)87 276 Q F1(A)108 288 Q F0(pipeline)2.996 E F1 .496(is a s\
-equence of one or more commands separated by one of the control operato\
-rs)2.996 F F4(|)2.996 E F1(or)2.996 E F4(|&)2.996 E F1 5.496(.T)C(he)
--5.496 E(format for a pipeline is:)108 300 Q([)144 316.8 Q F4(time)A F1
-([)2.5 E F4<ad70>A F1(]] [ ! ])A F0(command1)2.5 E F1 2.5([[)2.5 G F4(|)
--2.5 E/F5 10/Symbol SF<ef>A F4(|&)A F1(])A F0(command2)2.5 E F1 -3.332
-1.666(... ])2.5 H .8(The standard output of)108 333.6 R F0(command1)3.5
-E F1 .799(is connected via a pipe to the standard input of)3.3 F F0
-(command2)3.499 E F1 5.799(.T).02 G .799(his con-)-5.799 F .214
-(nection is performed before an)108 345.6 R 2.714(yr)-.15 G .214
+F2(Pipelines)87 316.8 Q F1(A)108 328.8 Q F0(pipeline)2.996 E F1 .496(is\
+ a sequence of one or more commands separated by one of the control ope\
+rators)2.996 F F2(|)2.996 E F1(or)2.996 E F2(|&)2.996 E F1 5.496(.T)C
+(he)-5.496 E(format for a pipeline is:)108 340.8 Q([)144 357.6 Q F2
+(time)A F1([)2.5 E F2<ad70>A F1(]] [ ! ])A F0(command1)2.5 E F1 2.5([[)
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+F1 -3.332 1.666(... ])2.5 H .8(The standard output of)108 374.4 R F0
+(command1)3.5 E F1 .799
+(is connected via a pipe to the standard input of)3.3 F F0(command2)
+3.499 E F1 5.799(.T).02 G .799(his con-)-5.799 F .214
+(nection is performed before an)108 386.4 R 2.714(yr)-.15 G .214
(edirections speci\214ed by the)-2.714 F F0(command1)2.915 E F1(\(see)A
-F3(REDIRECTION)2.715 E F1(belo)2.465 E 2.715(w\). If)-.25 F F4(|&)2.715
-E F1 .3(is the pipeline operator)108 357.6 R(,)-.4 E F0(command1)2.8 E
+F4(REDIRECTION)2.715 E F1(belo)2.465 E 2.715(w\). If)-.25 F F2(|&)2.715
+E F1 .3(is the pipeline operator)108 398.4 R(,)-.4 E F0(command1)2.8 E
F1 1.4 -.55('s s)D .3(tandard error).55 F 2.8(,i)-.4 G 2.8(na)-2.8 G .3
(ddition to its standard output, is connected to)-2.8 F F0(com-)2.8 E
-(mand2)108 369.6 Q F1 1.751 -.55('s s)D .651
-(tandard input through the pipe; it is shorthand for).55 F F4 .651
+(mand2)108 410.4 Q F1 1.751 -.55('s s)D .651
+(tandard input through the pipe; it is shorthand for).55 F F2 .651
(2>&1 |)3.151 F F1 5.651(.T)C .652
(his implicit redirection of the stan-)-5.651 F
-(dard error to the standard output is performed after an)108 381.6 Q 2.5
+(dard error to the standard output is performed after an)108 422.4 Q 2.5
(yr)-.15 G(edirections speci\214ed by)-2.5 E F0(command1)2.5 E F1(.)A
-.48(The return status of a pipeline is the e)108 398.4 R .48
-(xit status of the last command, unless the)-.15 F F4(pipefail)2.98 E F1
-.48(option is enabled.)2.98 F(If)108 410.4 Q F4(pipefail)2.686 E F1 .186
+.48(The return status of a pipeline is the e)108 439.2 R .48
+(xit status of the last command, unless the)-.15 F F2(pipefail)2.98 E F1
+.48(option is enabled.)2.98 F(If)108 451.2 Q F2(pipefail)2.686 E F1 .186
(is enabled, the pipeline')2.686 F 2.686(sr)-.55 G .186
(eturn status is the v)-2.686 F .187
(alue of the last \(rightmost\) command to e)-.25 F .187(xit with a)-.15
-F .611(non-zero status, or zero if all commands e)108 422.4 R .611
+F .611(non-zero status, or zero if all commands e)108 463.2 R .611
(xit successfully)-.15 F 5.611(.I)-.65 G 3.111(ft)-5.611 G .61
-(he reserv)-3.111 F .61(ed w)-.15 F(ord)-.1 E F4(!)3.11 E F1 .61
-(precedes a pipeline, the)5.61 F -.15(ex)108 434.4 S .408
+(he reserv)-3.111 F .61(ed w)-.15 F(ord)-.1 E F2(!)3.11 E F1 .61
+(precedes a pipeline, the)5.61 F -.15(ex)108 475.2 S .408
(it status of that pipeline is the logical ne).15 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .408
(tion of the e).05 F .408(xit status as described abo)-.15 F -.15(ve)
-.15 G 5.408(.I).15 G 2.908(fap)-5.408 G .408(ipeline is e)-2.908 F -.15
-(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E(cuted synchronously)108 446.4 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G
+(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E(cuted synchronously)108 487.2 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G
(he shell w)-2.5 E(aits for all commands in the pipeline to terminate b\
-efore returning a v)-.1 E(alue.)-.25 E .358(If the)108 463.2 R F4(time)
+efore returning a v)-.1 E(alue.)-.25 E .358(If the)108 504 R F2(time)
2.858 E F1(reserv)2.858 E .358(ed w)-.15 F .358(ord precedes a pipeline\
, the shell reports the elapsed as well as user and system time)-.1 F
-.553(consumed by its e)108 475.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .554
-(cution when the pipeline terminates.).15 F(The)5.554 E F
4<ad70>3.054 E
-F1 .554(option changes the output format to that)3.054 F .352
-(speci\214ed by POSIX.)108 487.2 R .352
-(When the shell is in posix mode, it does not recognize)5.352 F F4(time)
-2.852 E F1 .352(as a reserv)2.852 F .352(ed w)-.15 F .352(ord if the)-.1
-F(ne)108 499.2 Q .043(xt tok)-.15 F .043(en be)-.1 F .043
+.553(consumed by its e)108 516 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .554
+(cution when the pipeline terminates.).15 F(The)5.554 E F
2<ad70>3.054 E
+F1 .554(option changes the output format to that)3.054 F .497
+(speci\214ed by)108 528 R/F6 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSIX)2.997 E F1 5.497
+(.W)C .497(hen the shell is in posix mode, it does not recognize)-5.497
+F F2(time)2.996 E F1 .496(as a reserv)2.996 F .496(ed w)-.15 F .496
+(ord if the)-.1 F(ne)108 540 Q .043(xt tok)-.15 F .043(en be)-.1 F .043
(gins with a \231\255\232.)-.15 F .044(The v)5.043 F .044(alue of the)
--.25 F F3(TIMEFORMA)2.544 E(T)-.855 E F1 -.25(va)2.294 G .044
+-.25 F F4(TIMEFORMA)2.544 E(T)-.855 E F1 -.25(va)2.294 G .044
(riable is a format string that speci\214es ho).25 F(w)-.25 E .26
(the timing information should be displayed; see the description of)108
-511.2 R F3(TIMEFORMA)2.76 E(T)-.855 E F1(belo)2.509 E 2.759(wu)-.25 G
-(nder)-2.759 E F4 .259(Shell V)2.759 F(ari-)-.92 E(ables)108 523.2 Q F1
-(.)A .287(When the shell is in posix mode,)108 540 R F4(time)2.787 E F1
+552 R F4(TIMEFORMA)2.76 E(T)-.855 E F1(belo)2.509 E 2.759(wu)-.25 G
+(nder)-2.759 E F2 .259(Shell V)2.759 F(ari-)-.92 E(ables)108 564 Q F1(.)
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--.855 E F1 -.25(va)2.25 G
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(riable speci\214es the format of the time information.).25 E .303(Each\
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-(See)5.208 E F3 .208(COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIR)2.708 F(ONMENT)-.27 E F1
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-(These are referred)5.178 F .779(to as)108 96 R F0(async)3.279 E(hr)-.15
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(The return status is the e)5 E(xit status of the last command e)-.15 E
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-.15 G(cuted if, and only if,).15 E F0(command1)2.7 E F1(returns an e)
2.5 E(xit status of zero \(success\).)-.15 E(An OR list has the form)108
-187.2 Q F0(command1)144 204 Q F2(||)2.5 E F0(command2)2.5 E(command2)
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+216 Q F0(command1)144 232.8 Q F2(||)2.5 E F0(command2)2.5 E(command2)
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(cuted if, and only if,).15 F F0(command1)3.135 E F1 .435
(returns a non-zero e)2.935 F .435(xit status.)-.15 F .434
-(The return status of AND)5.434 F(and OR lists is the e)108 232.8 Q
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(xit status of the last command e)-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
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+(cuted in the list.).15 E F2(Compound Commands)87 278.4 Q F1(A)108 290.4
Q F0 1.053(compound command)3.553 F F1 1.053(is one of the follo)3.553 F
3.553(wing. In)-.25 F 1.053(most cases a)3.553 F F0(list)3.553 E F1
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G .215(cuted in a subshell \(see).15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .215
(COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIR)2.715 F(ONMENT)-.27 E F1(belo)2.465 E 2.715(wf)
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2.709(vironment\). V)-.4 F .209(ariable assignments and b)-1.11 F .209
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(fect after the command completes.)-.25 F 1.069
-(The return status is the e)6.069 F(xit)-.15 E(status of)144 338.4 Q F0
-(list)2.5 E F1(.)A({)108 355.2 Q F0(list)2.5 E F1 2.5(;})C F0(list)144
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(cuted in the current shell en).15 F(vironment.)-.4 E F0(list)5.714 E F1
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-(ord is permitted to be recognized.)-.1 F .951(Since the)5.951 F 3.451
-(yd)-.15 G 3.451(on)-3.451 G .951(ot cause a w)-3.451 F .951
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(ord break, the)-.1 F 3.451(ym)-.15 G .951(ust be)-3.451 F
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4.849 F .349(alue of the e)-.25 F .348
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E(ession)-.37 E F1(under)3.282 E .782(goes the same e)-.18 F .782
-(xpansions as if it were within double)-.15 F(quotes, b)144 472.8 Q
-(ut double quote characters in)-.2 E F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37
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-E F2([[)108 489.6 Q F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F2(]])2.5 E F1
-(Ev)144 501.6 Q 2.274(aluate the conditional e)-.25 F(xpression)-.15 E
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Q 3.663(alse\). Expressions)-.1 F 1.164
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(nder)-3.664 E F3(CONDITION)3.664 E 1.164(AL EX-)-.18 F(PRESSIONS)144
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561.6 Q F2<ad66>2.5 E F1
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614.4 Q F2<ad66>2.5 E F1
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(pression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional e).15 F
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(w\). The)-.25 F .075(return status is the e)2.575 F .075
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2.5(].)2.5 G -3.332 1.666(.. \))-.834 H F0(list).834 E F1(;; ] .)2.5 E
-1.666(..)1.666 G F2(esac).834 E F1(A)144 148.8 Q F2(case)2.81 E F1 .31
+1.666(..)1.666 G F2(esac).834 E F1(A)144 220.8 Q F2(case)2.81 E F1 .31
(command \214rst e)2.81 F(xpands)-.15 E F0(wor)2.81 E(d)-.37 E F1 2.81
(,a)C .309(nd tries to match it ag)-2.81 F .309(ainst each)-.05 F F0
(pattern)2.809 E F1 .309(in turn, proceeding)2.809 F .971
(from \214rst to last, using the matching rules described under)144
-160.8 R F2 -.1(Pa)3.471 G(tter).1 E 3.471(nM)-.15 G(atching)-3.471 E F1
+232.8 R F2 -.1(Pa)3.471 G(tter).1 E 3.471(nM)-.15 G(atching)-3.471 E F1
(belo)3.471 E 4.771 -.65(w. A)-.25 H(pattern)4.121 E 1.007
-(list is a set of one or more patterns separated by)144 172.8 R 3.506
+(list is a set of one or more patterns separated by)144 244.8 R 3.506
(,a)5.172 G 1.006(nd the \) operator terminates the pattern list.)-3.506
-F(The)144 184.8 Q F0(wor)3.015 E(d)-.37 E F1 .515(is e)3.015 F .515
+F(The)144 256.8 Q F0(wor)3.015 E(d)-.37 E F1 .515(is e)3.015 F .515
(xpanded using tilde e)-.15 F .515(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .515
(ariable e)-.25 F .515(xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F(xpan-)-.15 E .051
(sion, command substitution, process substitution and quote remo)144
-196.8 R -.25(va)-.15 G 2.551(l. Each).25 F F0(pattern)2.551 E F1 -.15
+268.8 R -.25(va)-.15 G 2.551(l. Each).25 F F0(pattern)2.551 E F1 -.15
(ex)2.551 G .05(amined is e).15 F(x-)-.15 E .76(panded using tilde e)144
-208.8 R .76(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .76(ariable e)-.25 F .76
+280.8 R .76(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .76(ariable e)-.25 F .76
(xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F .76(xpansion, command)-.15 F .419
-(substitution, process substitution, and quote remo)144 220.8 R -.25(va)
+(substitution, process substitution, and quote remo)144 292.8 R -.25(va)
-.15 G 2.919(l. If).25 F(the)2.919 E F2(nocasematch)2.919 E F1 .419
(shell option is enabled,)2.919 F .706
-(the match is performed without re)144 232.8 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .706
+(the match is performed without re)144 304.8 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .706
(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 F(A)5.706 E F0(clause)
-3.207 E F1 .707(is a pattern)3.207 F(list and an associated)144 244.8 Q
-F0(list)2.5 E F1(.)A .14(When a match is found,)144 261.6 R F2(case)2.64
+3.207 E F1 .707(is a pattern)3.207 F(list and an associated)144 316.8 Q
+F0(list)2.5 E F1(.)A .14(When a match is found,)144 333.6 R F2(case)2.64
E F1 -.15(exe)2.64 G .139(cutes the corresponding).15 F F0(list)2.639 E
F1 5.139(.I)C 2.639(ft)-5.139 G(he)-2.639 E F2(;;)2.639 E F1 .139
-(operator terminates the case)2.639 F .695(clause, the)144 273.6 R F2
+(operator terminates the case)2.639 F .695(clause, the)144 345.6 R F2
(case)3.195 E F1 .695(command completes after the \214rst match.)3.195 F
(Using)5.695 E F2(;&)3.195 E F1 .695(in place of)3.195 F F2(;;)3.195 E
F1 .695(causes e)3.195 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cu-).15 E .499
-(tion to continue with the)144 285.6 R F0(list)2.999 E F1 .498
+(tion to continue with the)144 357.6 R F0(list)2.999 E F1 .498
(associated with the ne)2.999 F .498(xt pattern list.)-.15 F(Using)5.498
E F2(;;&)2.998 E F1 .498(in place of)2.998 F F2(;;)2.998 E F1(causes)
-2.998 E .669(the shell to test the ne)144 297.6 R .669
+2.998 E .669(the shell to test the ne)144 369.6 R .669
(xt pattern list in the statement, if an)-.15 F 1.97 -.65(y, a)-.15 H
.67(nd e).65 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .67(cute an).15 F 3.17(ya)-.15 G
-(ssociated)-3.17 E F0(list)3.17 E F1 .67(if the)3.17 F 1.189
-(match succeeds.)144 309.6 R 1.189(continuing the case statement e)6.189
-F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.188(cution as if the pattern list had not matched.)
-.15 F(The e)144 321.6 Q(xit status is zero if no pattern matches.)-.15 E
-(Otherwise, it is the e)144 338.4 Q(xit status of the last command e)
+(ssociated)-3.17 E F0(list)3.17 E F1 .67(if the)3.17 F 1.367
+(match succeeds, continuing the case statement e)144 381.6 R -.15(xe)
+-.15 G 1.367(cution as if the pattern list had not matched.).15 F(The e)
+144 393.6 Q(xit status is zero if no pattern matches.)-.15 E
+(Otherwise, it is the e)144 410.4 Q(xit status of the last command e)
-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted in the last).15 E F0(list)2.5 E F1 -.15(exe)
-2.5 G(cuted.).15 E F2(if)108 355.2 Q F0(list)2.5 E F1(;)A F2(then)2.5 E
+2.5 G(cuted.).15 E F2(if)108 427.2 Q F0(list)2.5 E F1(;)A F2(then)2.5 E
F0(list)2.5 E F1 2.5(;[)C F2(elif)A F0(list)2.5 E F1(;)A F2(then)2.5 E
F0(list)2.5 E F1 2.5(;].)C -3.332 1.666(.. [)-.834 H F2(else).834 E F0
-(list)2.5 E F1 2.5(;])C F2<8c>A F1(The)144 367.2 Q F2(if)2.977 E F0
+(list)2.5 E F1 2.5(;])C F2<8c>A F1(The)144 439.2 Q F2(if)2.977 E F0
(list)3.067 E F1 .478(is e)3.658 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.978(cuted. If).15 F
.478(its e)2.978 F .478(xit status is zero, the)-.15 F F2(then)2.978 E
F0(list)2.978 E F1 .478(is e)2.978 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.978
(cuted. Otherwise,).15 F(each)2.978 E F2(elif)2.978 E F0(list)2.978 E F1
-1.088(is e)144 379.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.088(cuted in turn, and if its e)
+1.088(is e)144 451.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.088(cuted in turn, and if its e)
.15 F 1.087(xit status is zero, the corresponding)-.15 F F2(then)3.587 E
F0(list)3.587 E F1 1.087(is e)3.587 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.087
-(cuted and the).15 F .103(command completes.)144 391.2 R .103
+(cuted and the).15 F .103(command completes.)144 463.2 R .103
(Otherwise, the)5.103 F F2(else)2.603 E F0(list)2.603 E F1 .103(is e)
2.603 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .103(cuted, if present.).15 F .103(The e)5.103 F
.103(xit status is the e)-.15 F .104(xit sta-)-.15 F
-(tus of the last command e)144 403.2 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
-(cuted, or zero if no condition tested true.).15 E F2(while)108 420 Q F0
+(tus of the last command e)144 475.2 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
+(cuted, or zero if no condition tested true.).15 E F2(while)108 492 Q F0
(list-1)2.5 E F1(;)A F2(do)2.5 E F0(list-2)2.5 E F1(;)A F2(done)2.5 E
-(until)108 432 Q F0(list-1)2.5 E F1(;)A F2(do)2.5 E F0(list-2)2.5 E F1
-(;)A F2(done)2.5 E F1(The)144 444 Q F2(while)3.45 E F1 .95
+(until)108 504 Q F0(list-1)2.5 E F1(;)A F2(do)2.5 E F0(list-2)2.5 E F1
+(;)A F2(done)2.5 E F1(The)144 516 Q F2(while)3.45 E F1 .95
(command continuously e)3.45 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .95(cutes the list).15 F
F0(list-2)3.45 E F1 .95(as long as the last command in the list)3.45 F
-F0(list-1)144 456 Q F1 .205(returns an e)2.705 F .205
+F0(list-1)144 528 Q F1 .205(returns an e)2.705 F .205
(xit status of zero.)-.15 F(The)5.205 E F2(until)2.705 E F1 .205
(command is identical to the)2.705 F F2(while)2.705 E F1 .205
-(command, e)2.705 F(xcept)-.15 E .6(that the test is ne)144 468 R -.05
+(command, e)2.705 F(xcept)-.15 E .6(that the test is ne)144 540 R -.05
(ga)-.15 G(ted:).05 E F0(list-2)3.19 E F1 .6(is e)3.12 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
.599(cuted as long as the last command in).15 F F0(list-1)3.189 E F1
-.599(returns a non-zero)3.099 F -.15(ex)144 480 S .204(it status.).15 F
+.599(returns a non-zero)3.099 F -.15(ex)144 552 S .204(it status.).15 F
.204(The e)5.204 F .204(xit status of the)-.15 F F2(while)2.704 E F1
(and)2.704 E F2(until)2.704 E F1 .205(commands is the e)2.704 F .205
-(xit status of the last command)-.15 F -.15(exe)144 492 S(cuted in).15 E
+(xit status of the last command)-.15 F -.15(exe)144 564 S(cuted in).15 E
F0(list-2)2.5 E F1 2.5(,o)C 2.5(rz)-2.5 G(ero if none w)-2.5 E(as e)-.1
-E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F2(Copr)87 508.8 Q(ocesses)-.18 E F1(A)108
-520.8 Q F0(copr)2.602 E(ocess)-.45 E F1 .102
+E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F2(Copr)87 580.8 Q(ocesses)-.18 E F1(A)108
+592.8 Q F0(copr)2.602 E(ocess)-.45 E F1 .102
(is a shell command preceded by the)2.602 F F2(copr)2.602 E(oc)-.18 E F1
(reserv)2.602 E .102(ed w)-.15 F 2.602(ord. A)-.1 F .102(coprocess is e)
2.602 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .101(cuted asynchro-).15 F .641
(nously in a subshell, as if the command had been terminated with the)
-108 532.8 R F2(&)3.142 E F1 .642(control operator)3.142 F 3.142(,w)-.4 G
+108 604.8 R F2(&)3.142 E F1 .642(control operator)3.142 F 3.142(,w)-.4 G
.642(ith a tw)-3.142 F(o-w)-.1 E(ay)-.1 E
-(pipe established between the e)108 544.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
+(pipe established between the e)108 616.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cuting shell and the coprocess.).15 E(The syntax for a coprocess is:)
-108 561.6 Q F2(copr)144 578.4 Q(oc)-.18 E F1([)2.5 E F0 -.27(NA)C(ME).27
+108 633.6 Q F2(copr)144 650.4 Q(oc)-.18 E F1([)2.5 E F0 -.27(NA)C(ME).27
E F1(])A F0(command)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0 -.37(re)C(dir).37 E(ections)-.37
-E F1(])A .599(This creates a coprocess named)108 595.2 R F0 -.27(NA)
+E F1(])A .599(This creates a coprocess named)108 667.2 R F0 -.27(NA)
3.099 G(ME).27 E F1(.)A F0(command)5.599 E F1 .599
(may be either a simple command or a compound com-)3.099 F 1.4
-(mand \(see abo)108 607.2 R -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F0 -.27(NA)6.4 G
+(mand \(see abo)108 679.2 R -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F0 -.27(NA)6.4 G
(ME).27 E F1 1.4(is a shell v)3.9 F 1.4(ariable name.)-.25 F(If)6.4 E F0
-.27(NA)3.9 G(ME).27 E F1 1.4(is not supplied, the def)3.9 F 1.4
-(ault name is)-.1 F F2(CO-)3.9 E(PR)108 619.2 Q(OC)-.3 E F1(.)A
-(The recommended form to use for a coprocess is)108 636 Q F2(copr)144
-652.8 Q(oc)-.18 E F0 -.27(NA)2.5 G(ME).27 E F1({)2.5 E F0(command)2.5 E
-F1([)2.5 E F0 -.37(re)C(dir).37 E(ections)-.37 E F1(]; })A .799(This fo\
-rm is preferred because simple commands result in the coprocess al)108
-669.6 R -.1(wa)-.1 G .799(ys being named).1 F F2(COPR)3.299 E(OC)-.3 E
-F1(,)A(and it is simpler to use and more complete than the other compou\
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-(is a compound command,)3.061 F F0 -.27(NA)3.061 G(ME).27 E F1 .562
-(is optional. The w)3.061 F .562(ord follo)-.1 F(wing)-.25 E F2(copr)
-3.062 E(oc)-.18 E F1 .562(determines whether)3.062 F .339(that w)108
-710.4 R .339(ord is interpreted as a v)-.1 F .339
-(ariable name: it is interpreted as)-.25 F F0 -.27(NA)2.839 G(ME).27 E
-F1 .338(if it is not a reserv)2.838 F .338(ed w)-.15 F .338
-(ord that intro-)-.1 F 1.121(duces a compound command.)108 722.4 R(If)
-6.121 E F0(command)3.621 E F1 1.121(is a simple command,)3.621 F F0 -.27
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-(wed; this is to a)-.25 F -.2(vo)-.2 G(id).2 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q
-(2024 December 12)136.795 E(7)190.955 E 0 Cg EP
+(ault name is)-.1 F F2(CO-)3.9 E(PR)108 691.2 Q(OC)-.3 E F1(.)A
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/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF
138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH)
-.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(confusion between)108 84 Q F0 -.27(NA)2.5 G(ME).27
-E F1(and the \214rst w)2.5 E(ord of the simple command.)-.1 E .09
-(When the coprocess is e)108 100.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .09
-(cuted, the shell creates an array v).15 F .09(ariable \(see)-.25 F/F2
-10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Arrays)2.59 E F1(belo)2.59 E .09(w\) named)-.25 F F0
--.27(NA)2.59 G(ME).27 E F1 .09(in the)2.59 F(conte)108 112.8 Q .302
+.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E .799(This form is preferred because simple command\
+s result in the coprocess al)108 84 R -.1(wa)-.1 G .799(ys being named)
+.1 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(COPR)3.299 E(OC)-.3 E F1(,)A(and it is simpl\
+er to use and more complete than the other compound commands.)108 96 Q
+(If)108 112.8 Q F0(command)3.061 E F1 .561(is a compound command,)3.061
+F F0 -.27(NA)3.061 G(ME).27 E F1 .562(is optional. The w)3.061 F .562
+(ord follo)-.1 F(wing)-.25 E F2(copr)3.062 E(oc)-.18 E F1 .562
+(determines whether)3.062 F .339(that w)108 124.8 R .339
+(ord is interpreted as a v)-.1 F .339
+(ariable name: it is interpreted as)-.25 F F0 -.27(NA)2.839 G(ME).27 E
+F1 .338(if it is not a reserv)2.838 F .338(ed w)-.15 F .338
+(ord that intro-)-.1 F 1.121(duces a compound command.)108 136.8 R(If)
+6.121 E F0(command)3.621 E F1 1.121(is a simple command,)3.621 F F0 -.27
+(NA)3.621 G(ME).27 E F1 1.121(is not allo)3.621 F 1.122
+(wed; this is to a)-.25 F -.2(vo)-.2 G(id).2 E(confusion between)108
+148.8 Q F0 -.27(NA)2.5 G(ME).27 E F1(and the \214rst w)2.5 E
+(ord of the simple command.)-.1 E .09(When the coprocess is e)108 165.6
+R -.15(xe)-.15 G .09(cuted, the shell creates an array v).15 F .09
+(ariable \(see)-.25 F F2(Arrays)2.59 E F1(belo)2.59 E .09(w\) named)-.25
+F F0 -.27(NA)2.59 G(ME).27 E F1 .09(in the)2.59 F(conte)108 177.6 Q .302
(xt of the e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .302(cuting shell.).15 F .302
(The standard output of)5.302 F F0(command)3.002 E F1 .302
(is connected via a pipe to a \214le descriptor)3.572 F .588(in the e)
-108 124.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .587
+108 189.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .587
(cuting shell, and that \214le descriptor is assigned to).15 F F0 -.27
(NA)3.087 G(ME).27 E F1 3.087([0]. The)B .587(standard input of)3.087 F
F0(command)3.287 E F1(is)3.857 E 2.029
-(connected via a pipe to a \214le descriptor in the e)108 136.8 R -.15
+(connected via a pipe to a \214le descriptor in the e)108 201.6 R -.15
(xe)-.15 G 2.029
(cuting shell, and that \214le descriptor is assigned to).15 F F0 -.27
-(NA)108 148.8 S(ME).27 E F1 2.879([1]. This)B .379
+(NA)108 213.6 S(ME).27 E F1 2.879([1]. This)B .379
(pipe is established before an)2.879 F 2.879(yr)-.15 G .379
(edirections speci\214ed by the command \(see)-2.879 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0
-SF(REDIRECTION)2.879 E F1(belo)108 160.8 Q 3.425(w\). The)-.25 F .925
+SF(REDIRECTION)2.879 E F1(belo)108 225.6 Q 3.425(w\). The)-.25 F .925
(\214le descriptors can be utilized as ar)3.425 F .926
(guments to shell commands and redirections using stan-)-.18 F .286
-(dard w)108 172.8 R .286(ord e)-.1 F 2.786(xpansions. Other)-.15 F .286
+(dard w)108 237.6 R .286(ord e)-.1 F 2.786(xpansions. Other)-.15 F .286
(than those created to e)2.786 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .286
(cute command and process substitutions, the \214le de-).15 F
-(scriptors are not a)108 184.8 Q -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable in subshells.).25
-E 1.676(The process ID of the shell spa)108 201.6 R 1.676(wned to e)-.15
+(scriptors are not a)108 249.6 Q -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable in subshells.).25
+E 1.676(The process ID of the shell spa)108 266.4 R 1.676(wned to e)-.15
F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.676(cute the coprocess is a).15 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.676
(ilable as the v).25 F 1.677(alue of the v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F0 -.27
-(NA)108 213.6 S(ME).27 E F1 2.5(_PID. The)B F2(wait)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5
+(NA)108 278.4 S(ME).27 E F1 2.5(_PID. The)B F2(wait)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5
G(iltin may be used to w).2 E(ait for the coprocess to terminate.)-.1 E
.336(Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command, the)108
-230.4 R F2(copr)2.836 E(oc)-.18 E F1 .335(command al)2.835 F -.1(wa)-.1
+295.2 R F2(copr)2.836 E(oc)-.18 E F1 .335(command al)2.835 F -.1(wa)-.1
G .335(ys returns success.).1 F
-(The return status of a coprocess is the e)108 242.4 Q(xit status of)
--.15 E F0(command)2.5 E F1(.)A F2(Shell Function De\214nitions)87 259.2
-Q F1 2.697(As)108 271.2 S .198
+(The return status of a coprocess is the e)108 307.2 Q(xit status of)
+-.15 E F0(command)2.5 E F1(.)A F2(Shell Function De\214nitions)87 324 Q
+F1 2.697(As)108 336 S .198
(hell function is an object that is called lik)-2.697 F 2.698(eas)-.1 G
.198(imple command and e)-2.698 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .198
-(cutes a compound command with).15 F 2.5(an)108 283.2 S .5 -.25(ew s)
--2.5 H(et of positional parameters.).25 E
-(Shell functions are declared as follo)5 E(ws:)-.25 E F0(fname)108 300 Q
-F1(\(\))2.5 E F0(compound\255command)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0 -.37(re)C(dir)
-.37 E(ection)-.37 E F1(])A F2(function)108 312 Q F0(fname)2.5 E F1
-([\(\)])2.5 E F0(compound\255command)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0 -.37(re)C(dir)
-.37 E(ection)-.37 E F1(])A .217(This de\214nes a function named)144 324
-R F0(fname)2.717 E F1 5.217(.T)C .217(he reserv)-5.217 F .217(ed w)-.15
-F(ord)-.1 E F2(function)2.717 E F1 .216(is optional.)2.717 F .216
-(If the)5.216 F F2(function)2.716 E F1(re-)2.716 E(serv)144 336 Q .68
-(ed w)-.15 F .68(ord is supplied, the parentheses are optional.)-.1 F
+(cutes a compound command with).15 F 2.5(an)108 348 S .5 -.25(ew s)-2.5
+H(et of positional parameters.).25 E
+(Shell functions are declared as follo)5 E(ws:)-.25 E F0(fname)108 364.8
+Q F1(\(\))2.5 E F0(compound\255command)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0 -.37(re)C
+(dir).37 E(ection)-.37 E F1(])A F2(function)108 376.8 Q F0(fname)2.5 E
+F1([\(\)])2.5 E F0(compound\255command)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0 -.37(re)C
+(dir).37 E(ection)-.37 E F1(])A .217(This de\214nes a function named)144
+388.8 R F0(fname)2.717 E F1 5.217(.T)C .217(he reserv)-5.217 F .217
+(ed w)-.15 F(ord)-.1 E F2(function)2.717 E F1 .216(is optional.)2.717 F
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+.68(ed w)-.15 F .68(ord is supplied, the parentheses are optional.)-.1 F
(The)5.68 E F0(body)3.18 E F1 .68(of the function is the compound)3.18 F
-(command)144 348 Q F0(compound\255command)2.784 E F1(\(see)3.354 E F2
+(command)144 412.8 Q F0(compound\255command)2.784 E F1(\(see)3.354 E F2
.084(Compound Commands)2.584 F F1(abo)2.584 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.584
-(\). That).15 F .084(command is usually a)2.584 F F0(list)144 360 Q F1
+(\). That).15 F .084(command is usually a)2.584 F F0(list)144 424.8 Q F1
.044(of commands between { and }, b)2.544 F .044(ut may be an)-.2 F
2.544(yc)-.15 G .044(ommand listed under)-2.544 F F2 .044
-(Compound Commands)2.544 F F1(abo)144 372 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.532(.I).15
-G 3.032(ft)-5.532 G(he)-3.032 E F2(function)3.032 E F1(reserv)3.032 E
-.532(ed w)-.15 F .532(ord is used, b)-.1 F .532
+(Compound Commands)2.544 F F1(abo)144 436.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.532(.I)
+.15 G 3.032(ft)-5.532 G(he)-3.032 E F2(function)3.032 E F1(reserv)3.032
+E .532(ed w)-.15 F .532(ord is used, b)-.1 F .532
(ut the parentheses are not supplied, the braces are)-.2 F(recommended.)
-144 384 Q F0(compound\255command)6.253 E F1 1.253(is e)3.753 F -.15(xe)
--.15 G 1.253(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E F0(fname)3.753 E
-F1 1.254(is speci\214ed as the name of a)3.753 F 1.187(simple command.)
-144 396 R 1.187(When in posix mode,)6.187 F F0(fname)3.687 E F1 1.186
-(must be a v)3.687 F 1.186(alid shell)-.25 F F0(name)3.686 E F1 1.186
-(and may not be the)3.686 F .088(name of one of the POSIX)144 408 R F0
-.089(special b)2.589 F(uiltins)-.2 E F1 5.089(.I)C 2.589(nd)-5.089 G(ef)
--2.589 E .089(ault mode, a function name can be an)-.1 F 2.589(yu)-.15 G
-(nquoted)-2.589 E(shell w)144 420 Q(ord that does not contain)-.1 E F2
-($)2.5 E F1(.)A(An)108 436.8 Q 2.93(yr)-.15 G .43(edirections \(see)
--2.93 F F3(REDIRECTION)2.93 E F1(belo)2.68 E .43
+144 448.8 Q F0(compound\255command)6.253 E F1 1.253(is e)3.753 F -.15
+(xe)-.15 G 1.253(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E F0(fname)3.753
+E F1 1.254(is speci\214ed as the name of a)3.753 F 1.187
+(simple command.)144 460.8 R 1.187(When in posix mode,)6.187 F F0(fname)
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+(uiltins)-.2 E F1 5.273(.I)C 2.773(nd)-5.273 G(ef)-2.773 E .274
+(ault mode, a function name can be an)-.1 F 2.774(yu)-.15 G(nquoted)
+-2.774 E(shell w)144 484.8 Q(ord that does not contain)-.1 E F2($)2.5 E
+F1(.)A(An)108 501.6 Q 2.93(yr)-.15 G .43(edirections \(see)-2.93 F F3
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(w\) speci\214ed when a function is de\214ned are performed when the)
--.25 F(function is e)108 448.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E .57(The e)
-108 465.6 R .57(xit status of a function de\214nition is zero unless a \
+-.25 F(function is e)108 513.6 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E .57(The e)
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syntax error occurs or a readonly function with the)-.15 F .85
-(same name already e)108 477.6 R 3.35(xists. When)-.15 F -.15(exe)3.35 G
+(same name already e)108 542.4 R 3.35(xists. When)-.15 F -.15(exe)3.35 G
.85(cuted, the e).15 F .85(xit status of a function is the e)-.15 F .85
-(xit status of the last com-)-.15 F(mand e)108 489.6 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
+(xit status of the last com-)-.15 F(mand e)108 554.4 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cuted in the body).15 E 5(.\()-.65 G(See)-5 E F3(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E F1
-(belo)2.25 E -.65(w.)-.25 G(\)).65 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMMENTS)
-72 506.4 Q F1 .982(In a non-interacti)108 518.4 R 1.282 -.15(ve s)-.25 H
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+72 571.2 Q F1 .982(In a non-interacti)108 583.2 R 1.282 -.15(ve s)-.25 H
.982(hell, or an interacti).15 F 1.282 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .982
(hell in which the).15 F F2(interacti)3.482 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1
-E F1 .982(option to the)3.482 F F2(shopt)3.482 E F1 -.2(bu)108 530.4 S
+E F1 .982(option to the)3.482 F F2(shopt)3.482 E F1 -.2(bu)108 595.2 S
.612(iltin is enabled \(see).2 F F3 .612(SHELL B)3.112 F(UIL)-.09 E .612
(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F1(belo)2.862 E .612(w\), a w)-.25 F .612(ord be)
-.1 F .612(ginning with)-.15 F F2(#)3.111 E F1 .611(introduces a com-)
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(gins at the be)-.15 F .355
(ginning of a line, after unquoted whitespace, or after an operator)-.15
F 5.355(.T)-.55 G .355(he com-)-5.355 F .364(ment causes that w)108
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(ord and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored.)-.1 F .363
(An interacti)5.363 F .663 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .363(hell without).15 F(the)
-108 566.4 Q F2(interacti)2.62 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1 E F1 .121
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(option enabled does not allo)2.621 F 2.621(wc)-.25 G 2.621
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-F1 .121(option is)2.621 F(enabled by def)108 578.4 Q(ault in interacti)
--.1 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F4 -.11(QU)72 595.2 S -.438(OT)
-.11 G(ING).438 E F0(Quoting)108 607.2 Q F1 .478(is used to remo)2.978 F
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-(he special meaning of certain characters or w).15 F .477
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(used to disable special treatment for special characters, to pre)108
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-(ords from being recognized as)-.1 F(such, and to pre)108 631.2 Q -.15
-(ve)-.25 G(nt parameter e).15 E(xpansion.)-.15 E .289(Each of the)108
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--.25 F F0(history e)108 688.8 Q(xpansion)-.2 E F1(character)2.5 E 2.5
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-E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt history e).15 E(xpansion.)-.15 E .768
-(There are four quoting mechanisms: the)108 705.6 R F0 .768(escape c)
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+(2025 February 24)139.29 E(8)193.45 E 0 Cg EP
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-.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E 2.962(An)108 84 S .463(on-quoted backslash \()
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-.73 G 2.963(tp)-5.463 G(reserv)-2.963 E .463(es the literal v)-.15 F
-.463(alue of the ne)-.25 F .463(xt character that)-.15 F(follo)108 96 Q
-.878(ws, remo)-.25 F .878(ving an)-.15 F 3.378(ys)-.15 G .878
+.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E 1.344(When the command history e)108 84 R 1.344
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(pecial meaning it has, with the e)-3.378 F .877(xception of <ne)-.15 F
-3.377(wline>. If)-.25 F(a)3.377 E F2(\\)3.377 E F1(<ne)A .877
+3.377(wline>. If)-.25 F(a)3.377 E F3(\\)3.377 E F1(<ne)A .877
(wline> pair ap-)-.25 F .176
-(pears, and the backslash is not itself quoted, the)108 108 R F2(\\)
+(pears, and the backslash is not itself quoted, the)108 165.6 R F3(\\)
2.676 E F1(<ne)A .176
(wline> is treated as a line continuation \(that is, it is re-)-.25 F
-(mo)108 120 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(df).15 G(rom the input stream and ef)
+(mo)108 177.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(df).15 G(rom the input stream and ef)
-2.5 E(fecti)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly ignored\).).15 E .295
-(Enclosing characters in single quotes preserv)108 136.8 R .295
+(Enclosing characters in single quotes preserv)108 194.4 R .295
(es the literal v)-.15 F .295(alue of each character within the quotes.)
-.25 F 2.795(As)5.295 G(in-)-2.795 E
-(gle quote may not occur between single quotes, e)108 148.8 Q -.15(ve)
+(gle quote may not occur between single quotes, e)108 206.4 Q -.15(ve)
-.25 G 2.5(nw).15 G(hen preceded by a backslash.)-2.5 E .033
-(Enclosing characters in double quotes preserv)108 165.6 R .034
+(Enclosing characters in double quotes preserv)108 223.2 R .034
(es the literal v)-.15 F .034
(alue of all characters within the quotes, with the)-.25 F -.15(ex)108
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-(xpansion is enabled,)-.15 F F2(!)2.556 E F1 5.056(.W)C .056
-(hen the shell is in posix mode, the)-5.056 F F2(!)2.556 E F1 .056
-(has no)2.556 F .46(special meaning within double quotes, e)108 189.6 R
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-(xpansion is enabled.)-.15 F .46(The characters)5.46 F F2($)2.96 E F1
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-(tain their special meaning within double quotes.)108 201.6 R .562
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(The backslash retains its special meaning only when fol-)5.563 F(lo)108
-213.6 Q .317(wed by one of the follo)-.25 F .318(wing characters:)-.25 F
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(ackslashes preceding characters with-)-5.318 F
-(out a special meaning are left unmodi\214ed.)108 225.6 Q 3.144(Ad)108
-242.4 S .644(ouble quote may be quoted within double quotes by precedin\
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-(ex)108 254.4 S 1.267(pansion will be performed unless an).15 F F2(!)
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-(appearing in double quotes is escaped using a backslash.)6.267 F(The)
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-E -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E(The special parameters)108 283.2 Q F2(*)2.5 E
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-(pecial meaning when in double quotes \(see).15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF
--.666(PA)2.5 G(RAMETERS).666 E F1(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E .149
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(ariant of single quotes.)-.25 F .148(The sequence e)5.148 F(x-)-.15 E
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(ith backslash-escaped characters in)-3.027 F F0(string)3.027 E F1 .528
(replaced as speci\214ed by the ANSI C standard.)3.027 F
-(Backslash escape sequences, if present, are decoded as follo)108 324 Q
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-Q F1(backspace)180 348 Q F2(\\e)144 360 Q(\\E)144 372 Q F1
-(an escape character)180 372 Q F2(\\f)144 384 Q F1(form feed)180 384 Q
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-F2(\\")144 468 Q F1(double quote)180 468 Q F2(\\?)144 480 Q F1
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-(The eight-bit character whose v)180 492 Q(alue is the octal v)-.25 E
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-(\\x)144 504 Q F0(HH)A F1(The eight-bit character whose v)180 504 Q
-(alue is the he)-.25 E(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F0(HH)2.5 E F1
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-(The Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 528 R 1.203
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+(\\r)144 465.6 Q F1(carriage return)180 465.6 Q F3(\\t)144 477.6 Q F1
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+(rtical tab).15 E F3(\\\\)144 501.6 Q F1(backslash)180 501.6 Q F3<5c08>
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(alue is the he)-.25 F 1.203(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F0(HHHH)
-3.703 E F1(\(one to four he)180 540 Q 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\).)-2.5 E F2
-(\\U)144 552 Q F0(HHHHHHHH)A F1 .244
-(The Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 564 R .245
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+(\\U)144 609.6 Q F0(HHHHHHHH)A F1 .244
+(The Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 621.6 R .245
(alue is the he)-.25 F .245(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F0(HHHHH-)
-2.745 E(HHH)180 576 Q F1(\(one to eight he)2.5 E 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\).)
--2.5 E F2(\\c)144 588 Q F0(x)A F1 2.5(Ac)180 588 S(ontrol-)-2.5 E F0(x)A
-F1(character)2.5 E(.)-.55 E(The e)108 604.8 Q(xpanded result is single-\
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E .316(w\) to create a)-.25 F F0(namer)2.815 E(ef)-.37 E F1 2.815(,o)C
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F -.15(xe)-.15 G .067
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-.25 F .251
(xpands to the name of the shell or shell script \(identical to)-.15 F
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3.82 F(x)-.15 E F0(n)3.82 E F1 1.32
(is the portion of the string matching the)3.82 F F0(n)3.82 E F1 1.32
-(th parenthesized)B(sube)144 132 Q(xpression.)-.15 E F2 -.3(BA)108 144 S
-(SH_SOURCE).3 E F1 .126(An array v)144 156 R .125(ariable whose members\
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-E F1 .78(array v)3.03 F .78(ariable are de\214ned.)-.25 F .78
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-(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F0($i)A F2(]})A F1 .424(and called from)2.924 F F2
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--5.424 E(ments to)144 192 Q F3 -.27(BA)2.5 G(SH_SOURCE).27 E F1(ha)2.25
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-(initial v)2.732 F .232(alue is 0.)-.25 F(If)5.232 E F3 -.27(BA)2.732 G
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+360 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .202(cuted during its e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.702
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.169
(w\) created to hold the \214le descriptors for output from and input)
--.25 F(to an unnamed coprocess \(see)144 216 Q F2(Copr)2.5 E(ocesses)
--.18 E F1(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F2(DIRST)108 228 Q -.55(AC)
--.9 G(K).55 E F1 .79(An array v)144 240 R .79(ariable \(see)-.25 F F2
-(Arrays)3.29 E F1(belo)3.289 E .789
+-.25 F(to an unnamed coprocess \(see)144 300 Q F2(Copr)2.5 E(ocesses)
+-.18 E F1(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F2(DIRST)108 312 Q -.55(AC)
+-.9 G(K).55 E F1 .789(An array v)144 324 R .789(ariable \(see)-.25 F F2
+(Arrays)3.289 E F1(belo)3.289 E .789
(w\) containing the current contents of the directory stack.)-.25 F(Di-)
-5.789 E .099(rectories appear in the stack in the order the)144 252 R
+5.79 E .099(rectories appear in the stack in the order the)144 336 R
2.599(ya)-.15 G .099(re displayed by the)-2.599 F F2(dirs)2.599 E F1 -.2
-(bu)2.599 G 2.599(iltin. Assigning).2 F .099(to mem-)2.599 F .84
-(bers of this array v)144 264 R .84
+(bu)2.599 G 2.598(iltin. Assigning).2 F .098(to mem-)2.598 F .84
+(bers of this array v)144 348 R .84
(ariable may be used to modify directories already in the stack, b)-.25
-F .84(ut the)-.2 F F2(pushd)3.34 E F1(and)144 276 Q F2(popd)2.714 E F1
--.2(bu)2.714 G .214(iltins must be used to add and remo).2 F .514 -.15
-(ve d)-.15 H 2.715(irectories. Assigning).15 F .215(to this v)2.715 F
-.215(ariable does not)-.25 F .118(change the current directory)144 288 R
-5.118(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.118 E F3(DIRST)2.617 E -.495(AC)-.81 G(K).495 E F1
+F .84(ut the)-.2 F F2(pushd)3.34 E F1(and)144 360 Q F2(popd)2.715 E F1
+-.2(bu)2.715 G .215(iltins must be used to add and remo).2 F .514 -.15
+(ve d)-.15 H 2.714(irectories. Assigning).15 F .214(to this v)2.714 F
+.214(ariable does not)-.25 F .117(change the current directory)144 372 R
+5.117(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.117 E F3(DIRST)2.617 E -.495(AC)-.81 G(K).495 E F1
.117(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.367 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
-2.617(ni).15 G 2.617(fi)-2.617 G 2.617(ti)-2.617 G 2.617(ss)-2.617 G
-(ub-)-2.617 E(sequently reset.)144 300 Q F2(EPOCHREAL)108 312 Q(TIME)
--.92 E F1 .337(Each time this parameter is referenced, it e)144 324 R
-.338(xpands to the number of seconds since the Unix Epoch)-.15 F(\(see)
-144 336 Q F0(time)2.981 E F1 .351(\(3\)\) as a \215oating-point v).18 F
-.351(alue with micro-second granularity)-.25 F 5.35(.A)-.65 G .35
-(ssignments to)-5.35 F F3(EPOCHRE-)2.85 E(AL)144 348 Q(TIME)-.828 E F1
-1.09(are ignored.)3.34 F(If)6.09 E F3(EPOCHREAL)3.59 E(TIME)-.828 E F1
-1.09(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)3.34 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
-3.591(ni).15 G 3.591(fi)-3.591 G 3.591(ti)-3.591 G(s)-3.591 E
-(subsequently reset.)144 360 Q F2(EPOCHSECONDS)108 372 Q F1 .338
-(Each time this parameter is referenced, it e)144 384 R .337
+2.618(ni).15 G 2.618(fi)-2.618 G 2.618(ti)-2.618 G 2.618(ss)-2.618 G
+(ub-)-2.618 E(sequently reset.)144 384 Q F2(EPOCHREAL)108 396 Q(TIME)
+-.92 E F1 .338(Each time this parameter is referenced, it e)144 408 R
+.337(xpands to the number of seconds since the Unix Epoch)-.15 F(\(see)
+144 420 Q F0(time)2.98 E F1 .35(\(3\)\) as a \215oating-point v).18 F
+.351(alue with micro-second granularity)-.25 F 5.351(.A)-.65 G .351
+(ssignments to)-5.351 F F3(EPOCHRE-)2.851 E(AL)144 432 Q(TIME)-.828 E F1
+1.091(are ignored.)3.341 F(If)6.091 E F3(EPOCHREAL)3.59 E(TIME)-.828 E
+F1 1.09(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)3.34 F -.15(ve)-.25
+G 3.59(ni).15 G 3.59(fi)-3.59 G 3.59(ti)-3.59 G(s)-3.59 E
+(subsequently reset.)144 444 Q F2(EPOCHSECONDS)108 456 Q F1 .337
+(Each time this parameter is referenced, it e)144 468 R .338
(xpands to the number of seconds since the Unix Epoch)-.15 F(\(see)144
-396 Q F0(time)4.143 E F1 4.013(\(3\)\). Assignments).18 F(to)4.013 E F3
-(EPOCHSECONDS)4.013 E F1 1.513(are ignored.)3.763 F(If)6.514 E F3
-(EPOCHSECONDS)4.014 E F1 1.514(is unset, it)3.764 F
-(loses its special properties, e)144 408 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G
+480 Q F0(time)4.144 E F1 4.014(\(3\)\). Assignments).18 F(to)4.014 E F3
+(EPOCHSECONDS)4.014 E F1 1.513(are ignored.)3.764 F(If)6.513 E F3
+(EPOCHSECONDS)4.013 E F1 1.513(is unset, it)3.763 F
+(loses its special properties, e)144 492 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G
2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F2
-(EUID)108 420 Q F1 1.104(Expands to the ef)144 420 R(fecti)-.25 E 1.403
+(EUID)108 504 Q F1 1.103(Expands to the ef)144 504 R(fecti)-.25 E 1.403
-.15(ve u)-.25 H 1.103(ser ID of the current user).15 F 3.603(,i)-.4 G
-1.103(nitialized at shell startup.)-3.603 F 1.103(This v)6.103 F 1.103
-(ariable is)-.25 F(readonly)144 432 Q(.)-.65 E F2(FUNCN)108 444 Q(AME)
--.2 E F1 .478(An array v)144 456 R .479
+1.103(nitialized at shell startup.)-3.603 F 1.104(This v)6.103 F 1.104
+(ariable is)-.25 F(readonly)144 516 Q(.)-.65 E F2(FUNCN)108 528 Q(AME)
+-.2 E F1 .479(An array v)144 540 R .479
(ariable containing the names of all shell functions currently in the e)
--.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .479(cution call stack.).15 F .277
-(The element with inde)144 468 R 2.777(x0i)-.15 G 2.777(st)-2.777 G .276
-(he name of an)-2.777 F 2.776(yc)-.15 G(urrently-e)-2.776 E -.15(xe)-.15
-G .276(cuting shell function.).15 F .276(The bottom-most)5.276 F .065
-(element \(the one with the highest inde)144 480 R .065
+-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .478(cution call stack.).15 F .276
+(The element with inde)144 552 R 2.776(x0i)-.15 G 2.776(st)-2.776 G .276
+(he name of an)-2.776 F 2.777(yc)-.15 G(urrently-e)-2.777 E -.15(xe)-.15
+G .277(cuting shell function.).15 F .277(The bottom-most)5.277 F .065
+(element \(the one with the highest inde)144 564 R .065
(x\) is \231main\232.)-.15 F .065(This v)5.065 F .065(ariable e)-.25 F
-.065(xists only when a shell function)-.15 F .003(is e)144 492 R -.15
-(xe)-.15 G 2.503(cuting. Assignments).15 F(to)2.503 E F3(FUNCN)2.503 E
+.065(xists only when a shell function)-.15 F .002(is e)144 576 R -.15
+(xe)-.15 G 2.502(cuting. Assignments).15 F(to)2.502 E F3(FUNCN)2.502 E
(AME)-.18 E F1(ha)2.252 E .302 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.502(oe).15 G -.25(ff)
--2.502 G 2.502(ect. If).25 F F3(FUNCN)2.502 E(AME)-.18 E F1 .002
-(is unset, it loses its spe-)2.252 F(cial properties, e)144 504 Q -.15
+-2.502 G 2.502(ect. If).25 F F3(FUNCN)2.502 E(AME)-.18 E F1 .003
+(is unset, it loses its spe-)2.252 F(cial properties, e)144 588 Q -.15
(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G
-(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E 4.584(This v)144 520.8 R 4.584
+(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E 4.585(This v)144 604.8 R 4.585
(ariable can be used with)-.25 F F3 -.27(BA)7.084 G(SH_LINENO).27 E F1
-(and)6.834 E F3 -.27(BA)7.085 G(SH_SOURCE).27 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)
-A F1 4.585(Each element of)9.085 F F3(FUNCN)144 532.8 Q(AME)-.18 E F1
+(and)6.834 E F3 -.27(BA)7.084 G(SH_SOURCE).27 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)
+A F1 4.584(Each element of)9.084 F F3(FUNCN)144 616.8 Q(AME)-.18 E F1
.733(has corresponding elements in)2.983 F F3 -.27(BA)3.233 G(SH_LINENO)
.27 E F1(and)2.983 E F3 -.27(BA)3.233 G(SH_SOURCE).27 E F1 .733
-(to describe the)2.983 F .012(call stack.)144 544.8 R -.15(Fo)5.012 G
+(to describe the)2.983 F .012(call stack.)144 628.8 R -.15(Fo)5.012 G
2.512(ri).15 G(nstance,)-2.512 E F2(${FUNCN)2.512 E(AME[)-.2 E F0($i)A
F2(]})A F1 -.1(wa)2.512 G 2.512(sc).1 G .012(alled from the \214le)
--2.512 F F2(${B)2.512 E(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F0($i+1)A F2(]})A F1 1.184
-(at line number)144 556.8 R F2(${B)3.684 E(ASH_LINENO[)-.3 E F0($i)A F2
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-1.183(iltin displays the current call stack using).2 F
-(this information.)144 568.8 Q F2(GR)108 580.8 Q(OUPS)-.3 E F1 1.228
-(An array v)144 592.8 R 1.228(ariable containing the list of groups of \
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-E .572(ments to)144 604.8 R F3(GR)3.072 E(OUPS)-.27 E F1(ha)2.822 E .872
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+(this information.)144 652.8 Q F2(GR)108 664.8 Q(OUPS)-.3 E F1 1.229
+(An array v)144 676.8 R 1.228(ariable containing the list of groups of \
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-.15(ve n)-.2 H 3.072(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-3.072 G 3.072(ect. If).25 F F3
(GR)3.072 E(OUPS)-.27 E F1 .572
(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.822 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
-3.072(ni).15 G 3.071(fi)-3.072 G 3.071(ti)-3.071 G(s)-3.071 E
-(subsequently reset.)144 616.8 Q F2(HISTCMD)108 628.8 Q F1 2.81
-(The history number)144 640.8 R 5.31(,o)-.4 G 5.31(ri)-5.31 G(nde)-5.31
-E 5.311(xi)-.15 G 5.311(nt)-5.311 G 2.811
-(he history list, of the current command.)-5.311 F 2.811(Assignments to)
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-(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.934 G 2.934(ect. If).25 F F3(HISTCMD)2.934 E F1
-.434(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.684 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
-2.934(ni).15 G 2.934(fi)-2.934 G 2.933(ti)-2.934 G 2.933(ss)-2.933 G
-(ubse-)-2.933 E(quently reset.)144 664.8 Q F2(HOSTN)108 676.8 Q(AME)-.2
-E F1(Automatically set to the name of the current host.)144 688.8 Q F2
-(HOSTTYPE)108 700.8 Q F1 .222(Automatically set to a string that unique\
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-(def)2.5 E(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q
-(2024 December 12)136.795 E(14)185.955 E 0 Cg EP
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-arting with 1\) within a script or function.)144 108 R .079
-(When not in a script or)5.078 F .307(function, the v)144 120 R .307
-(alue substituted is not guaranteed to be meaningful.)-.25 F(If)5.306 E
-/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(LINENO)2.806 E F1 .306(is unset, it loses its)
-2.556 F(special properties, e)144 132 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5
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-(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E F2(MAPFILE)108 180 Q F1 .294
-(An array v)144 192 R .294(ariable \(see)-.25 F F2(Arrays)2.794 E F1
-(belo)2.794 E .294(w\) created to hold the te)-.25 F .293
-(xt read by the)-.15 F F2(map\214le)2.793 E F1 -.2(bu)2.793 G .293
-(iltin when no).2 F -.25(va)144 204 S(riable name is supplied.).25 E F2
-(OLDPWD)108 216 Q F1(The pre)144 228 Q(vious w)-.25 E
+.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTCMD)108 84 Q F1 2.811
+(The history number)144 96 R 5.311(,o)-.4 G 5.311(ri)-5.311 G(nde)-5.311
+E 5.311(xi)-.15 G 5.311(nt)-5.311 G 2.811
+(he history list, of the current command.)-5.311 F 2.81(Assignments to)
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+132 Q(AME)-.2 E F1(Automatically set to the name of the current host.)
+144 144 Q F2(HOSTTYPE)108 156 Q F1 .223(Automatically set to a string t\
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+180 R(def)2.5 E(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E F2(LINENO)108 192 Q F1
+1.408(Each time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes a d\
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+(CHTYPE)-.55 E F1 .898(Automatically set to a string that fully describ\
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--.15 G 2.83(cuting. The).15 F(def)144 336 Q(ault is system-dependent.)
--.1 E F2(PIPEST)108 348 Q -.95(AT)-.9 G(US).95 E F1 .297(An array v)144
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-(Each time this parameter is referenced, it e)144 468 R .417
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+540 Q 2.5(sp)-.55 G 2.5(arent. This)-2.5 F -.25(va)2.5 G
+(riable is readonly).25 E(.)-.65 E F2(PWD)108 552 Q F1(The current w)144
+552 Q(orking directory as set by the)-.1 E F2(cd)2.5 E F1(command.)2.5 E
+F2(RANDOM)108 564 Q F1 .417
+(Each time this parameter is referenced, it e)144 576 R .417
(xpands to a random inte)-.15 F .417(ger between 0 and 32767.)-.15 F
-(As-)5.417 E .125(signing a v)144 480 R .125(alue to)-.25 F F3(RANDOM)
-2.625 E F1 .124(initializes \(seeds\) the sequence of random numbers.)
-2.374 F .124(Seeding the ran-)5.124 F 1.343
-(dom number generator with the same constant v)144 492 R 1.344
-(alue produces the same sequence of v)-.25 F 3.844(alues. If)-.25 F F3
-(RANDOM)144 504 Q F1(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.25 E
+(As-)5.416 E .124(signing a v)144 588 R .124(alue to)-.25 F F3(RANDOM)
+2.624 E F1 .124(initializes \(seeds\) the sequence of random numbers.)
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+(dom number generator with the same constant v)144 600 R 1.343
+(alue produces the same sequence of v)-.25 F 3.843(alues. If)-.25 F F3
+(RANDOM)144 612 Q F1(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.25 E
-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G
-(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F2(READLINE_ARGUMENT)108 516 Q F1(An)144 528
+(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F2(READLINE_ARGUMENT)108 624 Q F1(An)144 636
Q 4.665(yn)-.15 G 2.165(umeric ar)-4.665 F 2.165(gument gi)-.18 F -.15
(ve)-.25 G 4.665(nt).15 G 4.665(oa)-4.665 G F2 -.18(re)C(adline).18 E F1
2.165(command that w)4.665 F 2.165
-(as de\214ned using \231bind \255x\232 \(see)-.1 F F3(SHELL B)144 540 Q
+(as de\214ned using \231bind \255x\232 \(see)-.1 F F3(SHELL B)144 648 Q
(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F1(belo)2.25 E(w\) when it w)-.25 E
-(as in)-.1 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E F2(READLINE_LINE)108 552 Q
-F1 1.693(The contents of the)144 564 R F2 -.18(re)4.193 G(adline).18 E
-F1 1.693(line b)4.193 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 4.193(,f)-.4 G 1.694
-(or use with \231bind \255x\232 \(see)-4.193 F F3 1.694(SHELL B)4.194 F
-(UIL)-.09 E 1.694(TIN COM-)-.828 F(MANDS)144 576 Q F1(belo)2.25 E(w\).)
--.25 E F2(READLINE_MARK)108 588 Q F1 .236(The position of the mark \(sa)
-144 600 R -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.736(di).15 G .236(nsertion point\) in the)
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+F1 1.694(line b)4.194 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 4.194(,f)-.4 G 1.693
+(or use with \231bind \255x\232 \(see)-4.194 F F3 1.693(SHELL B)4.193 F
+(UIL)-.09 E 1.693(TIN COM-)-.828 F(MANDS)144 684 Q F1(belo)2.25 E(w\).)
+-.25 E F2(READLINE_MARK)108 696 Q F1 .236(The position of the mark \(sa)
+144 708 R -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.736(di).15 G .236(nsertion point\) in the)
-2.736 F F2 -.18(re)2.736 G(adline).18 E F1 .236(line b)2.736 F(uf)-.2 E
(fer)-.25 E 2.736(,f)-.4 G .236(or use with \231bind \255x\232)-2.736 F
-(\(see)144 612 Q F3 1.016(SHELL B)3.516 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.016(TIN COMMANDS)
--.828 F F1(belo)3.266 E 3.516(w\). The)-.25 F 1.017
-(characters between the insertion point and the)3.516 F
-(mark are often called the)144 624 Q F0 -.37(re)2.5 G(gion)-.03 E F1(.)A
-F2(READLINE_POINT)108 636 Q F1 .443
-(The position of the insertion point in the)144 648 R F2 -.18(re)2.943 G
-(adline).18 E F1 .443(line b)2.943 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 2.943(,f)-.4 G
-.442(or use with \231bind \255x\232 \(see)-2.943 F F3(SHELL)2.942 E -.09
-(BU)144 660 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F1(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E
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-684 Q F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G
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-(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E(15)185.955 E 0 Cg EP
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138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH)
-.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E .627(of seconds since the assignment plus the v)144
-84 R .627(alue assigned.)-.25 F .628(The number of seconds at shell in)
-5.627 F -.2(vo)-.4 G(ca-).2 E .364(tion and the current time are al)144
-96 R -.1(wa)-.1 G .363
+.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(mark are often called the)144 84 Q F0 -.37(re)2.5 G
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+.442(The position of the insertion point in the)144 108 R F2 -.18(re)
+2.943 G(adline).18 E F1 .443(line b)2.943 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 2.943
+(,f)-.4 G .443(or use with \231bind \255x\232 \(see)-2.943 F/F3 9
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+(Set to the line of input read by the)144 144 Q F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18
+E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command when no ar).2 E(guments are supplied.)
+-.18 E F2(SECONDS)108 156 Q F1 .178
+(Each time this parameter is referenced, it e)144 168 R .177
+(xpands to the number of seconds since shell in)-.15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G
+(cation.).2 E .712(If a v)144 180 R .712(alue is assigned to)-.25 F F3
+(SECONDS)3.212 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F1 .712(the v)2.962 F .712
+(alue returned upon subsequent references is the number)-.25 F .628
+(of seconds since the assignment plus the v)144 192 R .627
+(alue assigned.)-.25 F .627(The number of seconds at shell in)5.627 F
+-.2(vo)-.4 G(ca-).2 E .363(tion and the current time are al)144 204 R
+-.1(wa)-.1 G .364
(ys determined by querying the system clock at one-second reso-).1 F 2.5
-(lution. If)144 108 R/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SECONDS)2.5 E F1
+(lution. If)144 216 R F3(SECONDS)2.5 E F1
(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)
--2.5 E/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELLOPTS)108 120 Q F1 3.262(Ac)144 132 S
-.763(olon-separated list of enabled shell options.)-3.262 F .763(Each w)
+-2.5 E F2(SHELLOPTS)108 228 Q F1 3.263(Ac)144 240 S .763
+(olon-separated list of enabled shell options.)-3.263 F .763(Each w)
5.763 F .763(ord in the list is a v)-.1 F .763(alid ar)-.25 F .763
-(gument for the)-.18 F F3<ad6f>144 144 Q F1 1.174(option to the)3.674 F
-F3(set)3.674 E F1 -.2(bu)3.674 G 1.174(iltin command \(see).2 F F2 1.173
-(SHELL B)3.673 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.173(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F1(belo)3.423 E
-3.673(w\). The)-.25 F(options)3.673 E .019(appearing in)144 156 R F2
-(SHELLOPTS)2.519 E F1 .019(are those reported as)2.269 F F0(on)2.749 E
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-.019(his v)-2.519 F .02(ariable is in the en)-.25 F(vironment)-.4 E
-(when)144 168 Q F3(bash)2.766 E F1 .266
+(gument for the)-.18 F F2<ad6f>144 252 Q F1 1.173(option to the)3.673 F
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+(SHELL B)3.674 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.174(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F1(belo)3.424 E
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+(SHELLOPTS)2.52 E F1 .019(are those reported as)2.27 F F0(on)2.749 E F1
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+.019(his v)-2.519 F .019(ariable is in the en)-.25 F(vironment)-.4 E
+(when)144 276 Q F2(bash)3.42 E F1 .92
(starts up, the shell enables each option in the list before reading an)
-2.766 F 2.766(ys)-.15 G .265(tartup \214les.)-2.766 F(This)5.265 E -.25
-(va)144 180 S(riable is read-only).25 E(.)-.65 E F3(SHL)108 192 Q(VL)
--.92 E F1(Incremented by one each time an instance of)144 204 Q F3(bash)
-2.5 E F1(is started.)2.5 E F3(SRANDOM)108 216 Q F1 .561
-(Each time it is referenced, this v)144 228 R .561(ariable e)-.25 F .562
-(xpands to a 32-bit pseudo-random number)-.15 F 5.562(.T)-.55 G .562
-(he random)-5.562 F .65
-(number generator is not linear on systems that support)144 240 R F0
+3.42 F 3.42(ys)-.15 G .92(tartup \214les.)-3.42 F(If)5.92 E(this v)144
+288 Q(ariable is e)-.25 E
+(xported, child shells will enable each option in the list.)-.15 E
+(This v)5 E(ariable is read-only)-.25 E(.)-.65 E F2(SHL)108 300 Q(VL)
+-.92 E F1(Incremented by one each time an instance of)144 312 Q F2(bash)
+2.5 E F1(is started.)2.5 E F2(SRANDOM)108 324 Q F1 .562
+(Each time it is referenced, this v)144 336 R .561(ariable e)-.25 F .561
+(xpands to a 32-bit pseudo-random number)-.15 F 5.561(.T)-.55 G .561
+(he random)-5.561 F .65
+(number generator is not linear on systems that support)144 348 R F0
(/de)4.816 E(v/ur)-.15 E(andom)-.15 E F1(or)4.816 E F0(ar)3.48 E(c4r)
--.37 E(andom)-.15 E F1 .649(\(3\), so each).32 F .788
+-.37 E(andom)-.15 E F1 .65(\(3\), so each).32 F .788
(returned number has no relationship to the numbers preceding it.)144
-252 R .788(The random number generator)5.788 F .088
-(cannot be seeded, so assignments to this v)144 264 R .087(ariable ha)
--.25 F .387 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.587(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.587 G 2.587
-(ect. If).25 F F2(SRANDOM)2.587 E F1 .087(is unset, it loses its)2.337 F
-(special properties, e)144 276 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5
-G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F3(UID)108 288 Q
-F1(Expands to the user ID of the current user)144 288 Q 2.5(,i)-.4 G
+360 R .787(The random number generator)5.787 F .087
+(cannot be seeded, so assignments to this v)144 372 R .087(ariable ha)
+-.25 F .387 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.587(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.587 G 2.588
+(ect. If).25 F F3(SRANDOM)2.588 E F1 .088(is unset, it loses its)2.338 F
+(special properties, e)144 384 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5
+G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F2(UID)108 396 Q
+F1(Expands to the user ID of the current user)144 396 Q 2.5(,i)-.4 G
(nitialized at shell startup.)-2.5 E(This v)5 E(ariable is readonly)-.25
-E(.)-.65 E .114(The shell uses the follo)108 304.8 R .114(wing v)-.25 F
-.114(ariables. In some cases,)-.25 F F3(bash)2.614 E F1 .115
-(assigns a def)2.614 F .115(ault v)-.1 F .115(alue to a v)-.25 F .115
-(ariable; these cases)-.25 F(are noted belo)108 316.8 Q -.65(w.)-.25 G
-F3 -.3(BA)108 333.6 S(SH_COMP).3 E -.95(AT)-.74 G F1 .503(The v)144
-345.6 R .502(alue is used to set the shell')-.25 F 3.002(sc)-.55 G .502
-(ompatibility le)-3.002 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.002(l. See).15 F F2 .502
-(SHELL COMP)3.002 F -.855(AT)-.666 G .502(IBILITY MODE).855 F F1(be-)
-2.752 E(lo)144 357.6 Q 2.662(wf)-.25 G .162(or a description of the v)
--2.662 F .162(arious compatibility le)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .162
-(ls and their ef).15 F 2.663(fects. The)-.25 F -.25(va)2.663 G .163
+E(.)-.65 E .115(The shell uses the follo)108 412.8 R .115(wing v)-.25 F
+.115(ariables. In some cases,)-.25 F F2(bash)2.614 E F1 .114
+(assigns a def)2.614 F .114(ault v)-.1 F .114(alue to a v)-.25 F .114
+(ariable; these cases)-.25 F(are noted belo)108 424.8 Q -.65(w.)-.25 G
+F2 -.3(BA)108 441.6 S(SH_COMP).3 E -.95(AT)-.74 G F1 .502(The v)144
+453.6 R .502(alue is used to set the shell')-.25 F 3.002(sc)-.55 G .502
+(ompatibility le)-3.002 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.002(l. See).15 F F3 .503
+(SHELL COMP)3.002 F -.855(AT)-.666 G .503(IBILITY MODE).855 F F1(be-)
+2.753 E(lo)144 465.6 Q 2.663(wf)-.25 G .163(or a description of the v)
+-2.663 F .162(arious compatibility le)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .162
+(ls and their ef).15 F 2.662(fects. The)-.25 F -.25(va)2.662 G .162
(lue may be a dec-).25 F .33(imal number \(e.g., 4.2\) or an inte)144
-369.6 R .33
+477.6 R .33
(ger \(e.g., 42\) corresponding to the desired compatibility le)-.15 F
--.15(ve)-.25 G 2.83(l. If).15 F F2 -.27(BA)144 381.6 S(SH_COMP).27 E
+-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.83(l. If).15 F F3 -.27(BA)144 489.6 S(SH_COMP).27 E
-.855(AT)-.666 G F1 .431
-(is unset or set to the empty string, the compatibility le)3.536 F -.15
+(is unset or set to the empty string, the compatibility le)3.537 F -.15
(ve)-.25 G 2.931(li).15 G 2.931(ss)-2.931 G .431(et to the def)-2.931 F
-.432(ault for)-.1 F .654(the current v)144 393.6 R 3.154(ersion. If)-.15
-F F2 -.27(BA)3.154 G(SH_COMP).27 E -.855(AT)-.666 G F1 .654
-(is set to a v)3.759 F .653(alue that is not one of the v)-.25 F .653
-(alid compatibility)-.25 F(le)144 405.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .585
+.431(ault for)-.1 F .653(the current v)144 501.6 R 3.153(ersion. If)-.15
+F F3 -.27(BA)3.153 G(SH_COMP).27 E -.855(AT)-.666 G F1 .653
+(is set to a v)3.758 F .654(alue that is not one of the v)-.25 F .654
+(alid compatibility)-.25 F(le)144 513.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .585
(ls, the shell prints an error message and sets the compatibility le).15
-F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.085(lt).15 G 3.085(ot)-3.085 G .585(he def)-3.085 F
-.585(ault for the cur)-.1 F(-)-.2 E .724(rent v)144 417.6 R 3.224
-(ersion. A)-.15 F .724(subset of the v)3.224 F .724(alid v)-.25 F .723
-(alues correspond to the compatibility le)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .723
-(ls described belo).15 F(w)-.25 E(under)144 429.6 Q F2 .144(SHELL COMP)
-2.644 F -.855(AT)-.666 G .144(IBILITY MODE).855 F/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF
-(.)A F1 -.15(Fo)4.644 G 2.645(re).15 G .145(xample, 4.2 and 42 are v)
--2.795 F .145(alid v)-.25 F .145(alues that correspond)-.25 F .567
-(to the)144 441.6 R F3 .567(compat42 shopt)3.067 F F1 .567
-(option and set the compatibility le)3.067 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.066(lt).15
-G 3.066(o4)-3.066 G 3.066(2. The)-3.066 F .566(current v)3.066 F .566
-(ersion is also a)-.15 F -.25(va)144 453.6 S(lid v).25 E(alue.)-.25 E F3
--.3(BA)108 465.6 S(SH_ENV).3 E F1 .298(If this parameter is set when)144
-477.6 R F3(bash)2.798 E F1 .298(is e)2.798 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .298
-(cuting a shell script, its e).15 F .299(xpanded v)-.15 F .299
+F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.085(lt).15 G 3.084(ot)-3.085 G .584(he def)-3.084 F
+.584(ault for the cur)-.1 F(-)-.2 E .723(rent v)144 525.6 R 3.223
+(ersion. A)-.15 F .723(subset of the v)3.223 F .724(alid v)-.25 F .724
+(alues correspond to the compatibility le)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .724
+(ls described belo).15 F(w)-.25 E(under)144 537.6 Q F3 .145(SHELL COMP)
+2.645 F -.855(AT)-.666 G .145(IBILITY MODE).855 F F4(.)A F1 -.15(Fo)
+4.645 G 2.645(re).15 G .145(xample, 4.2 and 42 are v)-2.795 F .144
+(alid v)-.25 F .144(alues that correspond)-.25 F .566(to the)144 549.6 R
+F2 .566(compat42 shopt)3.066 F F1 .566
+(option and set the compatibility le)3.066 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.067(lt).15
+G 3.067(o4)-3.067 G 3.067(2. The)-3.067 F .567(current v)3.067 F .567
+(ersion is also a)-.15 F -.25(va)144 561.6 S(lid v).25 E(alue.)-.25 E F2
+-.3(BA)108 573.6 S(SH_ENV).3 E F1 .299(If this parameter is set when)144
+585.6 R F2(bash)2.799 E F1 .298(is e)2.798 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .298
+(cuting a shell script, its e).15 F .298(xpanded v)-.15 F .298
(alue is interpreted as a)-.25 F .468(\214lename containing commands to\
- initialize the shell before it reads and e)144 489.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G
-.467(cutes commands from).15 F .838(the script.)144 501.6 R .838(The v)
-5.838 F .838(alue of)-.25 F F2 -.27(BA)3.339 G(SH_ENV).27 E F1 .839
-(is subjected to parameter e)3.089 F .839
-(xpansion, command substitution,)-.15 F .922(and arithmetic e)144 513.6
-R .922(xpansion before being interpreted as a \214lename.)-.15 F F2
+ initialize the shell before it reads and e)144 597.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G
+.468(cutes commands from).15 F .839(the script.)144 609.6 R .839(The v)
+5.839 F .839(alue of)-.25 F F3 -.27(BA)3.339 G(SH_ENV).27 E F1 .839
+(is subjected to parameter e)3.089 F .838
+(xpansion, command substitution,)-.15 F .921(and arithmetic e)144 621.6
+R .922(xpansion before being interpreted as a \214lename.)-.15 F F3
-.666(PA)5.922 G(TH)-.189 E F1 .922(is not used to search for)3.172 F
-(the resultant \214lename.)144 525.6 Q F3 -.3(BA)108 537.6 S(SH_XTRA).3
-E(CEFD)-.55 E F1 .55(If set to an inte)144 549.6 R .55
+(the resultant \214lename.)144 633.6 Q F2 -.3(BA)108 645.6 S(SH_XTRA).3
+E(CEFD)-.55 E F1 .551(If set to an inte)144 657.6 R .551
(ger corresponding to a v)-.15 F .551(alid \214le descriptor)-.25 F(,)
--.4 E F3(bash)3.051 E F1 .551(writes the trace output generated)3.051 F
-.245(when \231set \255x\232 is enabled to that \214le descriptor)144
-561.6 R 2.745(,i)-.4 G .245(nstead of the standard error)-2.745 F 5.244
-(.T)-.55 G .244(he \214le descriptor is)-5.244 F .76(closed when)144
-573.6 R F2 -.27(BA)3.26 G(SH_XTRA).27 E(CEFD)-.495 E F1 .761
-(is unset or assigned a ne)3.01 F 3.261(wv)-.25 G 3.261(alue. Unsetting)
--3.511 F F2 -.27(BA)3.261 G(SH_XTRA).27 E(CEFD)-.495 E F1 .583(or assig\
-ning it the empty string causes the trace output to be sent to the stan\
-dard error)144 585.6 R 5.582(.N)-.55 G .582(ote that)-5.582 F(setting)
-144 597.6 Q F2 -.27(BA)2.995 G(SH_XTRA).27 E(CEFD)-.495 E F1 .495(to 2 \
-\(the standard error \214le descriptor\) and then unsetting it will res\
-ult)2.745 F(in the standard error being closed.)144 609.6 Q F3(CDP)108
-621.6 Q -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F1 .554(The search path for the)144 633.6
-R F3(cd)3.054 E F1 3.054(command. This)3.054 F .554
-(is a colon-separated list of directories where the shell)3.054 F
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R 1.115(alue of this parameter is used as the prompt for the)-.25 F F2
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+(alue is printed before each command)-.25 F F2(bash)144 612 Q F1 .334
+(displays during an e)2.834 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .335(cution trace.).15 F
.335(The \214rst character of the e)5.335 F .335(xpanded v)-.15 F .335
-(alue of)-.25 F F3(PS4)2.834 E F1 .334(is repli-)2.584 F
-(cated multiple times, as necessary)144 480 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G 2.5(oi)-2.5
+(alue of)-.25 F F5(PS4)2.835 E F1 .335(is repli-)2.585 F
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G(ndicate multiple le)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ls of indirection.).15 E
-(The def)5 E(ault is \231+ \232.)-.1 E F2(SHELL)108 492 Q F1 .542
-(This v)144 504 R .542(ariable e)-.25 F .542
-(xpands to the full pathname to the shell.)-.15 F .543
-(If it is not set when the shell starts,)5.543 F F2(bash)3.043 E F1
-(assigns to it the full pathname of the current user')144 516 Q 2.5(sl)
--.55 G(ogin shell.)-2.5 E F2(TIMEFORMA)108 528 Q(T)-.95 E F1 .827(The v)
-144 540 R .826
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+(This v)144 648 R .543(ariable e)-.25 F .543
+(xpands to the full pathname to the shell.)-.15 F .542
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+(assigns to it the full pathname of the current user')144 660 Q 2.5(sl)
+-.55 G(ogin shell.)-2.5 E F2(TIMEFORMA)108 672 Q(T)-.95 E F1 .826(The v)
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(alue of this parameter is used as a format string specifying ho)-.25 F
-3.326(wt)-.25 G .826(he timing information for)-3.326 F .648
-(pipelines pre\214x)144 552 R .648(ed with the)-.15 F F2(time)3.148 E F1
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-(The)5.649 E F2(%)3.149 E F1 .649(character introduces)3.149 F .712
-(an escape sequence that is e)144 564 R .711(xpanded to a time v)-.15 F
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-(and their meanings are as follo)144 576 Q(ws; the brack)-.25 E
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-(iteral)-2.5 E F2(%)2.5 E F1(.)A F2(%[)144 600 Q F0(p)A F2(][l]R)A F1
-(The elapsed time in seconds.)194 600 Q F2(%[)144 612 Q F0(p)A F2(][l]U)
-A F1(The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode.)194 612 Q F2(%[)144
-624 Q F0(p)A F2(][l]S)A F1
-(The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.)194 624 Q F2(%P)144 636
-Q F1(The CPU percentage, computed as \(%U + %S\) / %R.)194 636 Q .87
-(The optional)144 652.8 R F0(p)3.37 E F1 .87(is a digit specifying the)
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-(he number of fractional digits after a decimal)-3.37 F 2.67(point. A)
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-(lue of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output.).25 F F2
-(time)5.169 E F1 .169(prints at most six digits)2.669 F 1.21
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-(prints three digits after the decimal point.)144 688.8 Q .668
-(The optional)144 705.6 R F2(l)3.168 E F1 .668
-(speci\214es a longer format, including minutes, of the form)3.168 F F0
-(MM)3.168 E F1(m)A F0(SS)A F1(.)A F0(FF)A F1 3.167(s. The)B -.25(va)
-3.167 G(lue).25 E(of)144 717.6 Q F0(p)2.5 E F1
-(determines whether or not the fraction is included.)2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.3)
-72 768 Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E(20)185.955 E 0 Cg EP
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+(pipelines pre\214x)144 696 R .649(ed with the)-.15 F F2(time)3.149 E F1
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+(and their meanings are as follo)144 720 Q(ws; the brack)-.25 E
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-.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E 13.364(If this v)144 84 R 13.364
-(ariable is not set,)-.25 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)15.865 E F1
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-(information. A)144 108 R(trailing ne)2.5 E
+.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(%%)144 84 Q F1 2.5(Al)194 84
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+(The elapsed time in seconds.)194 96 Q F2(%[)144 108 Q F0(p)A F2(][l]U)A
+F1(The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode.)194 108 Q F2(%[)144 120
+Q F0(p)A F2(][l]S)A F1(The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.)
+194 120 Q F2(%P)144 132 Q F1
+(The CPU percentage, computed as \(%U + %S\) / %R.)194 132 Q .87
+(The optional)144 148.8 R F0(p)3.37 E F1 .87(is a digit specifying the)
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+(lue of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output.).25 F F2
+(time)5.17 E F1 .17(prints at most six digits)2.67 F 1.211
+(after the decimal point; v)144 172.8 R 1.211(alues of)-.25 F F0(p)3.711
+E F1 1.211(greater than 6 are changed to 6.)3.711 F(If)6.21 E F0(p)3.71
+E F1 1.21(is not speci\214ed,)3.71 F F2(time)3.71 E F1
+(prints three digits after the decimal point.)144 184.8 Q .667
+(The optional)144 201.6 R F2(l)3.167 E F1 .668
+(speci\214es a longer format, including minutes, of the form)3.168 F F0
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+(determines whether or not the fraction is included.)2.5 E 13.365
+(If this v)144 230.4 R 13.365(ariable is not set,)-.25 F F2(bash)15.865
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+144 242.4 Q(eal\\t%3lR\\nuser\\t%3lU\\nsys\\t%3lS\010)-.18 E F1 5.292
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+-2.793 E 2.5(information. A)144 254.4 R(trailing ne)2.5 E
(wline is added when the format string is displayed.)-.25 E F2(TMOUT)108
-120 Q F1 .225(If set to a v)144 132 R .225(alue greater than zero, the)
--.25 F F2 -.18(re)2.725 G(ad).18 E F1 -.2(bu)2.725 G .225
-(iltin uses the v).2 F .226(alue as its def)-.25 F .226(ault timeout.)
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-(seconds when input is coming from a)2.93 F 2.555(terminal. In)144 156 R
-.055(an interacti)2.555 F .355 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .055(hell, the v).15 F
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+(ault timeout.)-.1 F(The)5.225 E F2(select)2.725 E F1 .68
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.055(alue is interpreted as the number of seconds to w)-.25 F .055
(ait for a line)-.1 F .836(of input after issuing the primary prompt.)
-144 168 R F2(Bash)5.836 E F1 .836(terminates after w)3.336 F .836
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(aiting for that number of sec-)-.1 F
-(onds if a complete line of input does not arri)144 180 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G
-(.).15 E F2(TMPDIR)108 192 Q F1 .39(If set,)144 204 R F2(bash)2.89 E F1
-.39(uses its v)2.89 F .39(alue as the name of a directory in which)-.25
-F F2(bash)2.891 E F1 .391(creates temporary \214les for the)2.891 F
-(shell')144 216 Q 2.5(su)-.55 G(se.)-2.5 E F2(auto_r)108 228 Q(esume)
--.18 E F1 .531(This v)144 240 R .531(ariable controls ho)-.25 F 3.031
-(wt)-.25 G .531(he shell interacts with the user and job control.)-3.031
-F .53(If this v)5.53 F .53(ariable is set,)-.25 F .409
-(simple commands consisting of only a single w)144 252 R .409
-(ord, without redirections, are treated as candidates)-.1 F 1.018
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-(.T)-.4 G 1.017(here is no ambiguity allo)-6.018 F 1.017
-(wed; if there is more than)-.25 F 1.002(one job be)144 276 R 1.002
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(ginning with or containing the w)-.15 F 1.002
(ord, this selects the most recently accessed job)-.1 F 6.002(.T)-.4 G
-(he)-6.002 E F0(name)144.36 288 Q F1 .603
-(of a stopped job, in this conte)3.284 F .603
+(he)-6.002 E F0(name)144.36 434.4 Q F1 .603
+(of a stopped job, in this conte)3.283 F .603
(xt, is the command line used to start it, as displayed by)-.15 F F2
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-(xactly; if set to)-.15 F F0(sub-)3.919 E(string)144 312 Q F1 2.572(,t)
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-(lue pro-).25 F .576(vides functionality analogous to the)144 324 R F2
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+(ord must match the name of a stopped job e)-.1 F 1.078
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+(.T)-.4 G(he)-5.072 E F0(substring)2.912 E F1 -.25(va)2.792 G .072
+(lue pro-).25 F .576(vides functionality analogous to the)144 470.4 R F2
(%?)3.076 E F1 .576(job identi\214er \(see)5.576 F F3 .576(JOB CONTR)
3.076 F(OL)-.27 E F1(belo)2.826 E 3.076(w\). If)-.25 F .576(set to an)
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-(ord must be a pre\214x of a stopped job')-.1 F 3.342(sn)-.55 G .842
-(ame; this pro)-3.342 F .842(vides func-)-.15 F
-(tionality analogous to the)144 348 Q F2(%)2.5 E F0(string)A F1
-(job identi\214er)2.5 E(.)-.55 E F2(histchars)108 360 Q F1 .672(The tw)
-144 372 R 3.172(oo)-.1 G 3.172(rt)-3.172 G .672
-(hree characters which control history e)-3.172 F .673
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+(pr)4.592 E(e\214x)-.37 E F1 .842(\), the w).53 F .842
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+(tionality analogous to the)144 494.4 Q F2(%)2.5 E F0(string)A F1
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+(The tw)144 518.4 R 3.173(oo)-.1 G 3.173(rt)-3.173 G .673
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(xpansion, quick substitution, and tok)-.15 F(enization)-.1 E(\(see)144
-384 Q F3(HIST)4.066 E(OR)-.162 E 3.816(YE)-.315 G(XP)-3.816 E(ANSION)
--.666 E F1(belo)3.816 E 4.066(w\). The)-.25 F 1.565
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--.2 E F1(character)4.065 E 4.065(,t)-.4 G(he)-4.065 E .57
-(character which be)144 396 R .57(gins a history e)-.15 F .571
-(xpansion, normally \231)-.15 F F2(!)A F1 3.071(\232. The)B .571
-(second character is the)3.071 F F0(quic)3.071 E 3.071(ks)-.2 G(ub-)
--3.071 E(stitution)144 408 Q F1(character)2.785 E 2.785(,n)-.4 G .285
-(ormally \231)-2.785 F F2<00>A F1 2.785(\232. When)B .285
-(it appears as the \214rst character on the line, history substi-)2.785
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-(vious command, replacing one string with another)-.25 F 5.016(.T)-.55 G
-.016(he optional third charac-)-5.016 F .431(ter is the character which\
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-e)144 432 R .688(\214rst character of a w)144 444 R .688
-(ord, normally \231)-.1 F F2(#)A F1 3.188(\232. The)B .689
-(history comment character disables history substitu-)3.189 F .405
-(tion for the remaining w)144 456 R .405(ords on the line.)-.1 F .404
-(It does not necessarily cause the shell parser to treat the)5.405 F
-(rest of the line as a comment.)144 468 Q F2(Arrays)87 484.8 Q(Bash)108
-496.8 Q F1(pro)3.39 E .89(vides one-dimensional inde)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15
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-(rray v).15 F 3.391(ariables. An)-.25 F 3.391(yv)-.15 G .891
-(ariable may be used as an)-3.641 F(inde)108 508.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
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-(bu)2.698 G .197(iltin e).2 F .197(xplicitly declares an array)-.15 F
-5.197(.T)-.65 G .197(here is no maximum limit on the size of an)-5.197 F
-(array)108 520.8 Q 3.705(,n)-.65 G 1.205(or an)-3.705 F 3.705(yr)-.15 G
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-.15 G 3.705(ra)-3.705 G 1.205(ssigned contiguously)-3.705 F 6.205(.I)
--.65 G(nde)-6.205 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.705(da).15 G 1.205(rrays are refer)
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-(rrays are).15 F .529(referenced using arbitrary strings.)108 544.8 R
-.529(Unless otherwise noted, inde)5.529 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.029(da).15 G
-.529(rray indices must be non-ne)-3.029 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .83
--.15(ve i)-.25 H(n-).15 E(te)108 556.8 Q(gers.)-.15 E 2.463(An inde)108
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-E F0(subscript)3.522 E F1 .682(is treated as an arithmetic e)3.862 F
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-G 3.249(da).15 G(rray)-3.249 E 3.249(,u)-.65 G(se)-3.249 E F2(declar)
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-(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(declar)5 E 2.5<65ad>-.18 G(a)-2.5 E F0(name)
-2.5 E F2([)A F0(subscript)A F2(])A F1(is also accepted; the)2.5 E F0
-(subscript)2.5 E F1(is ignored.)2.5 E(Associati)108 626.4 Q .3 -.15
-(ve a)-.25 H(rrays are created using).15 E F2(declar)2.5 E 2.5<65ad>-.18
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-(utes may be speci\214ed for an array v)-.2 F .941(ariable using the)
--.25 F F2(declar)3.441 E(e)-.18 E F1(and)3.441 E F2 -.18(re)3.441 G
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-1.666(... v)2.918 H(alue)-1.916 E F0(n)A F2(\))A F1 2.917(,w)C .417
-(here each)-2.917 F F0(value)2.917 E F1 .156(may be of the form [)108
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-(xe)-.15 G 2.656(da).15 G .156(rray assignments do not require an)-2.656
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--5.156 E F0(value)108 696 Q F1 .216(in the list is e)2.716 F .216
-(xpanded using the shell e)-.15 F .216(xpansions described belo)-.15 F
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-(xpansion and)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 720 S(rd splitting, as with indi).1 E
-(vidual v)-.25 E(ariable assignments.)-.25 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q
-(2024 December 12)136.795 E(21)185.955 E 0 Cg EP
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-(luates to a number less than zero, it is).25 F .687
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(ariable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a v)-.25 E
2.5(alue. The)-.25 F(null string is a v)2.5 E(alid v)-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E
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-(alues. ${)-.25 F F2(!)A F0(name)A F1([)A F0(@)A F1 .417(]} and ${)B F2
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(pand to the indices assigned in array v).15 F(ariable)-.25 E F0(name)
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-Q(xpansion of the special parameters)-.15 E F0(@)2.5 E F1(and)2.5 E F0
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(rrays.)-3.281 E F2(unset)5.781 E F0(name)3.281 E F1([)A F0(subscript)A
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-F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.858(da).15 G .358(nd associati)-2.858 F .658 -.15
-(ve a)-.25 H 2.858(rrays. Ne).15 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .658 -.15
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-(,)-.65 E .937(this unsets the element with subscript)108 640.8 R F2(*)
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F1 .764(Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been sp\
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-({)3.149 E F0(x)A F2(..)A F0(y)A F2([..)A F0(incr)A F2(]})A F1 3.149(,w)
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-(are either inte)3.149 F .648(gers or single letters, and)-.15 F F0
-(incr)108 470.4 Q F1 2.615(,a)C 2.615(no)-2.615 G .115
-(ptional increment, is an inte)-2.615 F(ger)-.15 E 5.115(.W)-.55 G .115
-(hen inte)-5.115 F .115(gers are supplied, the e)-.15 F .115
-(xpression e)-.15 F .115(xpands to each num-)-.15 F .911(ber between)108
-482.4 R F0(x)3.411 E F1(and)3.411 E F0(y)3.411 E F1 3.411(,i)C(nclusi)
--3.411 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.911(.I).15 G 3.411(fe)-5.911 G(ither)-3.411 E
-F0(x)3.411 E F1(or)3.411 E F0(y)3.411 E F1(be)3.41 E .91(gins with)-.15
-F F0(0)3.41 E F1 3.41(,e)C .91(ach generated term will contain the same)
--3.41 F .513(number of digits, zero-padding where necessary)108 494.4 R
-5.513(.W)-.65 G .513(hen either)-5.513 F F0(x)3.013 E F1(or)3.014 E F0
-(y)3.014 E F1(be)3.014 E .514(gins with a zero, the shell attempts)-.15
-F .086(to force all generated terms to contain the same number of digit\
-s, zero-padding where necessary)108 506.4 R 5.085(.W)-.65 G .085
-(hen let-)-5.085 F .16(ters are supplied, the e)108 518.4 R .16
-(xpression e)-.15 F .161(xpands to each character le)-.15 F .161
-(xicographically between)-.15 F F0(x)2.661 E F1(and)2.661 E F0(y)2.661 E
-F1 2.661(,i)C(nclusi)-2.661 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.661(,u).15 G(s-)-2.661 E
-.485(ing the def)108 530.4 R .485(ault C locale.)-.1 F .485
-(Note that both)5.485 F F0(x)2.985 E F1(and)2.985 E F0(y)2.985 E F1 .484
-(must be of the same type \(inte)2.985 F .484(ger or letter\).)-.15 F
-.484(When the in-)5.484 F .271
-(crement is supplied, it is used as the dif)108 542.4 R .271
-(ference between each term.)-.25 F .271(The def)5.271 F .271
-(ault increment is 1 or \2551 as ap-)-.1 F(propriate.)108 554.4 Q .582
-(Brace e)108 571.2 R .582(xpansion is performed before an)-.15 F 3.082
-(yo)-.15 G .581(ther e)-3.082 F .581(xpansions, and an)-.15 F 3.081(yc)
--.15 G .581(haracters special to other e)-3.081 F(xpansions)-.15 E .015
-(are preserv)108 583.2 R .015(ed in the result.)-.15 F .015
-(It is strictly te)5.015 F(xtual.)-.15 E F2(Bash)5.016 E F1 .016
-(does not apply an)2.516 F 2.516(ys)-.15 G .016
-(yntactic interpretation to the con-)-2.516 F(te)108 595.2 Q
-(xt of the e)-.15 E(xpansion or the te)-.15 E(xt between the braces.)
--.15 E 2.502(Ac)108 612 S .002(orrectly-formed brace e)-2.502 F .001(xp\
-ansion must contain unquoted opening and closing braces, and at least o\
-ne un-)-.15 F(quoted comma or a v)108 624 Q(alid sequence e)-.25 E 2.5
-(xpression. An)-.15 F 2.5(yi)-.15 G(ncorrectly formed brace e)-2.5 E
-(xpansion is left unchanged.)-.15 E(A)108 640.8 Q F2({)2.521 E F1(or)
-2.521 E F2(,)2.521 E F1 .021(may be quoted with a backslash to pre)2.521
-F -.15(ve)-.25 G .022(nt its being considered part of a brace e).15 F
-2.522(xpression. T)-.15 F 2.522(oa)-.8 G -.2(vo)-2.722 G(id).2 E .172
-(con\215icts with parameter e)108 652.8 R .172(xpansion, the string)-.15
-F F2(${)2.672 E F1 .172(is not considered eligible for brace e)2.672 F
-.172(xpansion, and inhibits)-.15 F(brace e)108 664.8 Q
-(xpansion until the closing)-.15 E F2(})2.5 E F1(.)A 1.476(This constru\
-ct is typically used as shorthand when the common pre\214x of the strin\
-gs to be generated is)108 681.6 R(longer than in the abo)108 693.6 Q .3
--.15(ve ex)-.15 H(ample:).15 E(mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,ne)144
-710.4 Q -.65(w,)-.25 G(dist,b).65 E(ugs})-.2 E(or)108 722.4 Q
-(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E(23)185.955 E 0 Cg EP
+F1 2.766(,f).18 G(ollo)-2.766 E .266(wed by either a series)-.25 F 1.316
+(of comma-separated strings or a sequence e)108 686.4 R 1.315
+(xpression between a pair of braces, follo)-.15 F 1.315
+(wed by an optional)-.25 F F0(postscript)109.25 698.4 Q F1 5.659(.T).68
+G .659(he preamble is pre\214x)-5.659 F .659(ed to each string containe\
+d within the braces, and the postscript is then)-.15 F
+(appended to each resulting string, e)108 710.4 Q
+(xpanding left to right.)-.15 E 1.744(Brace e)108 727.2 R 1.744
+(xpansions may be nested.)-.15 F 1.744(The results of each e)6.744 F
+1.744(xpanded string are not sorted; brace e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.15 E
+(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 E(23)188.45 E 0 Cg EP
%%Page: 24 24
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/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF
138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH)
-.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(cho)144 84 Q(wn root /usr/{ucb/{e)-.25 E
-(x,edit},lib/{e)-.15 E(x?.?*,ho)-.15 E(w_e)-.25 E(x}})-.15 E .618
-(Brace e)108 100.8 R .618
+.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(preserv)108 84 Q(es left to right order)-.15 E 5
+(.F)-.55 G(or e)-5.15 E(xample, a)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF({)A F1
+(d,c,b)A F2(})A F1 2.5(ee)C(xpands into \231ade ace abe\232.)-2.65 E
+3.148(As)108 100.8 S .648(equence e)-3.148 F .648(xpression tak)-.15 F
+.649(es the form)-.1 F F2({)3.149 E F0(x)A F2(..)A F0(y)A F2([..)A F0
+(incr)A F2(]})A F1 3.149(,w)C(here)-3.149 E F0(x)3.149 E F1(and)3.149 E
+F0(y)3.149 E F1 .649(are either inte)3.149 F .649
+(gers or single letters, and)-.15 F F0(incr)108 112.8 Q F1 2.615(,a)C
+2.615(no)-2.615 G .115(ptional increment, is an inte)-2.615 F(ger)-.15 E
+5.115(.W)-.55 G .115(hen inte)-5.115 F .115(gers are supplied, the e)
+-.15 F .115(xpression e)-.15 F .115(xpands to each num-)-.15 F 1.105
+(ber between)108 124.8 R F0(x)3.605 E F1(and)3.605 E F0(y)3.605 E F1
+3.605(,i)C(nclusi)-3.605 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 6.105(.I).15 G 3.605(fe)-6.105
+G(ither)-3.605 E F0(x)3.605 E F1(or)3.605 E F0(y)3.605 E F1(be)3.606 E
+1.106(gins with a zero, each generated term will contain the)-.15 F .02
+(same number of digits, zero-padding where necessary)108 136.8 R 5.019
+(.W)-.65 G .019(hen letters are supplied, the e)-5.019 F .019
+(xpression e)-.15 F .019(xpands to)-.15 F .054(each character le)108
+148.8 R .054(xicographically between)-.15 F F0(x)2.554 E F1(and)2.554 E
+F0(y)2.554 E F1 2.554(,i)C(nclusi)-2.554 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.554(,u).15 G
+.054(sing the C locale.)-2.554 F .055(Note that both)5.055 F F0(x)2.555
+E F1(and)2.555 E F0(y)2.555 E F1(must)2.555 E .249
+(be of the same type \(inte)108 160.8 R .249(ger or letter\).)-.15 F
+.248(When the increment is supplied, it is used as the dif)5.249 F .248
+(ference between)-.25 F(each term.)108 172.8 Q(The def)5 E
+(ault increment is 1 or \2551 as appropriate.)-.1 E .581(Brace e)108
+189.6 R .581(xpansion is performed before an)-.15 F 3.081(yo)-.15 G .581
+(ther e)-3.081 F .581(xpansions, and an)-.15 F 3.082(yc)-.15 G .582
+(haracters special to other e)-3.082 F(xpansions)-.15 E .016
+(are preserv)108 201.6 R .016(ed in the result.)-.15 F .016
+(It is strictly te)5.016 F(xtual.)-.15 E F2(Bash)5.016 E F1 .015
+(does not apply an)2.516 F 2.515(ys)-.15 G .015
+(yntactic interpretation to the con-)-2.515 F(te)108 213.6 Q
+(xt of the e)-.15 E(xpansion or the te)-.15 E(xt between the braces.)
+-.15 E 2.501(Ac)108 230.4 S .001(orrectly-formed brace e)-2.501 F .001(\
+xpansion must contain unquoted opening and closing braces, and at least\
+ one un-)-.15 F(quoted comma or a v)108 242.4 Q(alid sequence e)-.25 E
+2.5(xpression. An)-.15 F 2.5(yi)-.15 G(ncorrectly formed brace e)-2.5 E
+(xpansion is left unchanged.)-.15 E 2.753<4199>108 259.2 S .253
+({\232 or Q , may be quoted with a backslash to pre)-2.753 F -.15(ve)
+-.25 G .253(nt its being considered part of a brace e).15 F 2.752
+(xpression. T)-.15 F(o)-.8 E -.2(avo)108 271.2 S .068
+(id con\215icts with parameter e).2 F .069
+(xpansion, the string \231${\232 is not considered eligible for brace e)
+-.15 F .069(xpansion, and)-.15 F(inhibits brace e)108 283.2 Q
+(xpansion until the closing \231}\232.)-.15 E 1.476(This construct is t\
+ypically used as shorthand when the common pre\214x of the strings to b\
+e generated is)108 300 R(longer than in the abo)108 312 Q .3 -.15(ve ex)
+-.15 H(ample:).15 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF
+(mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,new,dist,bugs})144 328.8 Q F1(or)108
+340.8 Q F3(chown root /usr/{ucb/{ex,edit},lib/{ex?.?*,how_ex}})144 352.8
+Q F1 .618(Brace e)108 369.6 R .618
(xpansion introduces a slight incompatibility with historical v)-.15 F
-.618(ersions of)-.15 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(sh)3.118 E F1(.)A F2(sh)
-5.618 E F1 .618(does not treat open-)3.118 F .247
-(ing or closing braces specially when the)108 112.8 R 2.747(ya)-.15 G
-.247(ppear as part of a w)-2.747 F .248(ord, and preserv)-.1 F .248
-(es them in the output.)-.15 F F2(Bash)5.248 E F1(remo)108 124.8 Q -.15
+.618(ersions of)-.15 F F2(sh)3.118 E F1(.)A F2(sh)5.618 E F1 .618
+(does not treat open-)3.118 F .248
+(ing or closing braces specially when the)108 381.6 R 2.748(ya)-.15 G
+.247(ppear as part of a w)-2.748 F .247(ord, and preserv)-.1 F .247
+(es them in the output.)-.15 F F2(Bash)5.247 E F1(remo)108 393.6 Q -.15
(ve)-.15 G 3.53(sb).15 G 1.03(races from w)-3.53 F 1.03
(ords as a consequence of brace e)-.1 F 3.53(xpansion. F)-.15 F 1.03
(or e)-.15 F 1.03(xample, a w)-.15 F 1.03(ord entered to)-.1 F F2(sh)
-3.53 E F1(as)3.53 E F0(\214le{1,2})108 136.8 Q F1 .061
-(appears identically in the output.)2.561 F F2(Bash)5.061 E F1 .061
-(outputs that w)2.561 F .061(ord as)-.1 F F0 .061(\214le1 \214le2)4.471
-F F1 .062(after brace e)2.582 F 2.562(xpansion. Start)-.15 F F2(bash)108
-148.8 Q F1 .845(with the)3.345 F F2(+B)3.345 E F1 .845
-(option or disable brace e)3.345 F .845(xpansion with the)-.15 F F2(+B)
-3.345 E F1 .845(option to the)3.345 F F2(set)3.344 E F1 .844
-(command \(see)3.344 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL)3.344 E -.09(BU)108
-160.8 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F1(belo)2.25 E(w\) for strict)-.25
-E F2(sh)2.5 E F1(compatibility)2.5 E(.)-.65 E F2 -.18(Ti)87 177.6 S
-(lde Expansion).18 E F1 .845(If a w)108 189.6 R .846(ord be)-.1 F .846
+3.53 E F1(as)3.53 E .384
+(\231\214le{1,2}\232 appears identically in the output.)108 405.6 R F2
+(Bash)5.384 E F1 .384(outputs that w)2.884 F .384
+(ord as \231\214le1 \214le2\232 after brace e)-.1 F(xpansion.)-.15 E
+(Start)108 417.6 Q F2(bash)3.962 E F1 1.462(with the)3.962 F F2(+B)3.962
+E F1 1.463(option or disable brace e)3.963 F 1.463(xpansion with the)
+-.15 F F2(+B)3.963 E F1 1.463(option to the)3.963 F F2(set)3.963 E F1
+1.463(command \(see)3.963 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)108 429.6 Q
+(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F1(belo)2.25 E(w\) for strict)-.25 E F2
+(sh)2.5 E F1(compatibility)2.5 E(.)-.65 E F2 -.18(Ti)87 446.4 S
+(lde Expansion).18 E F1 .846(If a w)108 458.4 R .846(ord be)-.1 F .846
(gins with an unquoted tilde character \(\231)-.15 F F2<01>A F1 .846
(\232\), all of the characters preceding the \214rst unquoted)B .185(sl\
ash \(or all characters, if there is no unquoted slash\) are considered\
- a)108 201.6 R F0(tilde-pr)2.685 E(e\214x)-.37 E F1 5.185(.I)C 2.685(fn)
--5.185 G .185(one of the characters)-2.685 F .725(in the tilde-pre\214x\
- are quoted, the characters in the tilde-pre\214x follo)108 213.6 R .726
-(wing the tilde are treated as a possible)-.25 F F0(lo)108 225.6 Q .523
-(gin name)-.1 F F1 5.523(.I)C 3.023(ft)-5.523 G .523
+ a)108 470.4 R F0(tilde-pr)2.685 E(e\214x)-.37 E F1 5.185(.I)C 2.685(fn)
+-5.185 G .185(one of the characters)-2.685 F .726(in the tilde-pre\214x\
+ are quoted, the characters in the tilde-pre\214x follo)108 482.4 R .725
+(wing the tilde are treated as a possible)-.25 F F0(lo)108 494.4 Q .522
+(gin name)-.1 F F1 5.522(.I)C 3.022(ft)-5.522 G .522
(his login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the v)
--3.023 F .522(alue of the shell parameter)-.25 F F3(HOME)108 237.6 Q/F4
-9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(If)5.076 E F3(HOME)3.076 E F1 .577
+-3.022 F .523(alue of the shell parameter)-.25 F F4(HOME)108 506.4 Q/F5
+9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(If)5.077 E F4(HOME)3.077 E F1 .577
(is unset, the tilde e)2.827 F .577
-(xpands to the home directory of the user e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .577
+(xpands to the home directory of the user e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .576
(cuting the shell instead.).15 F(Otherwise, the tilde-pre\214x is repla\
ced with the home directory associated with the speci\214ed login name.)
-108 249.6 Q .368(If the tilde-pre\214x is a \231\001+\232, the v)108
-266.4 R .368(alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(PWD)2.868 E F1
+108 518.4 Q .368(If the tilde-pre\214x is a \231\001+\232, the v)108
+535.2 R .368(alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F4(PWD)2.868 E F1
.368(replaces the tilde-pre\214x.)2.618 F .368(If the tilde-pre\214x)
5.368 F .227(is a \231\001\255\232, the shell substitutes the v)108
-278.4 R .227(alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(OLDPWD)2.727 E
-F4(,)A F1 .227(if it is set.)2.477 F .227(If the characters follo)5.227
+547.2 R .227(alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F4(OLDPWD)2.727 E
+F5(,)A F1 .227(if it is set.)2.477 F .227(If the characters follo)5.227
F(w-)-.25 E .296
-(ing the tilde in the tilde-pre\214x consist of a number)108 290.4 R F0
+(ing the tilde in the tilde-pre\214x consist of a number)108 559.2 R F0
(N)2.796 E F1 2.796(,o)C .296(ptionally pre\214x)-2.796 F .296
-(ed by a \231+\232 or a \231\255\232, the tilde-pre\214x)-.15 F .813(is\
+(ed by a \231+\232 or a \231\255\232, the tilde-pre\214x)-.15 F .814(is\
replaced with the corresponding element from the directory stack, as i\
-t w)108 302.4 R .814(ould be displayed by the)-.1 F F2(dirs)3.314 E F1
--.2(bu)108 314.4 S .699(iltin in).2 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.199(dw)
-.1 G .699(ith the characters follo)-3.199 F .699
-(wing the tilde in the tilde-pre\214x as an ar)-.25 F 3.198(gument. If)
--.18 F .698(the characters)3.198 F(follo)108 326.4 Q .482(wing the tild\
+t w)108 571.2 R .813(ould be displayed by the)-.1 F F2(dirs)3.313 E F1
+-.2(bu)108 583.2 S .698(iltin in).2 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.198(dw)
+.1 G .698(ith the characters follo)-3.198 F .699
+(wing the tilde in the tilde-pre\214x as an ar)-.25 F 3.199(gument. If)
+-.18 F .699(the characters)3.199 F(follo)108 595.2 Q .482(wing the tild\
e in the tilde-pre\214x consist of a number without a leading \231+\232\
- or \231\255\232, tilde e)-.25 F .482(xpansion as-)-.15 F
-(sumes \231+\232.)108 338.4 Q .54(The results of tilde e)108 355.2 R .54
+ or \231\255\232, tilde e)-.25 F .481(xpansion as-)-.15 F
+(sumes \231+\232.)108 607.2 Q .54(The results of tilde e)108 624 R .54
(xpansion are treated as if the)-.15 F 3.04(yw)-.15 G .54
(ere quoted, so the replacement is not subject to w)-3.04 F(ord)-.1 E
-(splitting and pathname e)108 367.2 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E
-(If the login name is in)108 384 Q -.25(va)-.4 G(lid, or the tilde e).25
-E(xpansion f)-.15 E(ails, the tilde-pre\214x is unchanged.)-.1 E F2
-(Bash)108 400.8 Q F1 .578(checks each v)3.078 F .578
+(splitting and pathname e)108 636 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E
+(If the login name is in)108 652.8 Q -.25(va)-.4 G(lid, or the tilde e)
+.25 E(xpansion f)-.15 E(ails, the tilde-pre\214x is unchanged.)-.1 E F2
+(Bash)108 669.6 Q F1 .578(checks each v)3.078 F .578
(ariable assignment for unquoted tilde-pre\214x)-.25 F .578
(es immediately follo)-.15 F .578(wing a)-.25 F F2(:)3.078 E F1 .578
-(or the \214rst)3.078 F F2(=)3.078 E F1(,)A 1.042(and performs tilde e)
-108 412.8 R 1.042(xpansion in these cases.)-.15 F(Consequently)6.041 E
-3.541(,o)-.65 G 1.041(ne may use \214lenames with tildes in assign-)
--3.541 F(ments to)108 424.8 Q F3 -.666(PA)2.5 G(TH)-.189 E F4(,)A F3
-(MAILP)2.25 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F4(,)A F1(and)2.25 E F3(CDP)2.5
-E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F4(,)A F1(and the shell assigns the e)2.25 E
-(xpanded v)-.15 E(alue.)-.25 E F2(Bash)108 441.6 Q F1 1.768
-(also performs tilde e)4.268 F 1.768(xpansion on w)-.15 F 1.769
-(ords satisfying the conditions of v)-.1 F 1.769
-(ariable assignments \(as de-)-.25 F .464(scribed abo)108 453.6 R .764
--.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3 -.666(PA)2.964 G(RAMETERS).666 E F4(\))A
-F1 .464(when the)2.714 F 2.964(ya)-.15 G .464(ppear as ar)-2.964 F .463
-(guments to simple commands.)-.18 F F2(Bash)5.463 E F1 .463(does not)
-2.963 F(do this, e)108 465.6 Q(xcept for the)-.15 E F0(declar)2.5 E
-(ation)-.15 E F1(commands listed abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(,w).15 G
-(hen in posix mode.)-2.5 E F2 -.1(Pa)87 482.4 S(rameter Expansion).1 E
-F1 .014(The \231)108 494.4 R F2($)A F1 2.514<9a63>C .014
-(haracter introduces parameter e)-2.514 F .014
-(xpansion, command substitution, or arithmetic e)-.15 F 2.515
-(xpansion. The)-.15 F(pa-)2.515 E .314(rameter name or symbol to be e)
-108 506.4 R .314
+(or the \214rst)3.078 F F2(=)3.078 E F1(,)A 1.041(and performs tilde e)
+108 681.6 R 1.041(xpansion in these cases.)-.15 F(Consequently)6.041 E
+3.541(,o)-.65 G 1.042(ne may use \214lenames with tildes in assign-)
+-3.541 F(ments to)108 693.6 Q F4 -.666(PA)2.5 G(TH)-.189 E F5(,)A F4
+(MAILP)2.25 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F5(,)A F1(and)2.25 E F4(CDP)2.5
+E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F5(,)A F1(and the shell assigns the e)2.25 E
+(xpanded v)-.15 E(alue.)-.25 E F2(Bash)108 710.4 Q F1 1.769
+(also performs tilde e)4.269 F 1.769(xpansion on w)-.15 F 1.768
+(ords satisfying the conditions of v)-.1 F 1.768
+(ariable assignments \(as de-)-.25 F .463(scribed abo)108 722.4 R .763
+-.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F4 -.666(PA)2.963 G(RAMETERS).666 E F5(\))A
+F1 .463(when the)2.713 F 2.963(ya)-.15 G .463(ppear as ar)-2.963 F .464
+(guments to simple commands.)-.18 F F2(Bash)5.464 E F1 .464(does not)
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+.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(do this, e)108 84 Q(xcept for the)-.15 E F0(declar)
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+.15 G(hen in posix mode.)-2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.1(Pa)87 100.8 S
+(rameter Expansion).1 E F1 .015(The \231)108 112.8 R F2($)A F1 2.515
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+(xpansion, command substitution, or arithmetic e)-.15 F 2.514
+(xpansion. The)-.15 F(pa-)2.514 E .314(rameter name or symbol to be e)
+108 124.8 R .314
(xpanded may be enclosed in braces, which are optional b)-.15 F .314
-(ut serv)-.2 F 2.813(et)-.15 G 2.813(op)-2.813 G(rotect)-2.813 E .414
-(the v)108 518.4 R .414(ariable to be e)-.25 F .414
-(xpanded from characters immediately follo)-.15 F .415
+(ut serv)-.2 F 2.814(et)-.15 G 2.814(op)-2.814 G(rotect)-2.814 E .415
+(the v)108 136.8 R .415(ariable to be e)-.25 F .415
+(xpanded from characters immediately follo)-.15 F .414
(wing it which could be interpreted as part of)-.25 F(the name.)108
-530.4 Q 1.073
+148.8 Q 1.072
(When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the \214rst \231)108
-547.2 R F2(})A F1 3.573<9a6e>C 1.072
-(ot escaped by a backslash or within a)-3.573 F .821
-(quoted string, and not within an embedded arithmetic e)108 559.2 R .822
+165.6 R F2(})A F1 3.573<9a6e>C 1.073
+(ot escaped by a backslash or within a)-3.573 F .822
+(quoted string, and not within an embedded arithmetic e)108 177.6 R .821
(xpansion, command substitution, or parameter e)-.15 F(x-)-.15 E
-(pansion.)108 571.2 Q(The basic form of parameter e)108 588 Q
-(xpansion is)-.15 E(${)108 604.8 Q F0(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(})A .285
-(which substitutes the v)108 621.6 R .285(alue of)-.25 F F0(par)2.785 E
+(pansion.)108 189.6 Q(The basic form of parameter e)108 206.4 Q
+(xpansion is)-.15 E(${)108 223.2 Q F0(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(})A .284
+(which substitutes the v)108 240 R .284(alue of)-.25 F F0(par)2.784 E
(ameter)-.15 E F1 5.285(.T)C .285(he braces are required when)-5.285 F
-F0(par)4.034 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 .284(is a positional parame-)3.514 F
-.066(ter with more than one digit, or when)108 633.6 R F0(par)3.816 E
-(ameter)-.15 E F1 .066(is follo)3.296 F .067
-(wed by a character which is not to be interpreted as)-.25 F .407
-(part of its name.)108 645.6 R(The)5.407 E F0(par)2.907 E(ameter)-.15 E
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--.74(PA)3.056 G(RAMETERS).74 E F1 2.906(\)o)C 2.906(ra)-2.906 G 2.906
-(na)-2.906 G .406(rray ref-)-2.906 F(erence \()108 657.6 Q F2(Arrays)A
-F1(\).)A .346(If the \214rst character of)108 674.4 R F0(par)2.846 E
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+.067(ter with more than one digit, or when)108 252 R F0(par)3.817 E
+(ameter)-.15 E F1 .067(is follo)3.297 F .066
+(wed by a character which is not to be interpreted as)-.25 F .406
+(part of its name.)108 264 R(The)5.406 E F0(par)2.906 E(ameter)-.15 E F1
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-(ntroduces)-2.847 E 2.907(al)108 686.4 S -2.15 -.25(ev e)-2.907 H 2.907
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-(as the ne)2.906 F(w)-.25 E F0(par)2.906 E(ame-)-.15 E(ter)108 698.4 Q
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-(xpansion, rather than the)-.15 F -.15(ex)108 710.4 S .292
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+(xpansion, rather than the)-.15 F -.15(ex)108 328.8 S .291
(pansion of the original).15 F F0(par)2.791 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 5.291(.T)
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-(alue is subject to tilde e)-.25 F(x-)-.15 E .163(pansion, parameter e)
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-(xpands to the name of the parameter referenced by)-.15 F F0(par)2.962 E
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-3.635(direct e)108 96 R 3.635(xpansion, for compatibility)-.15 F 8.635
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+(nd the e)-2.958 F .458(xpansion is the \214nal v)-.15 F .458(alue of)
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-(meters may not be assigned in this w)144 271.2 Q(ay)-.1 E(.)-.65 E(${)
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-(xpan-)-.15 E(sion of)144 376.8 Q F0(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F1
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--.15 E F1(is not used.)2.5 E(${)108 393.6 Q F0(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:)
-A F0(of)A(fset)-.18 E F1(})A(${)108 405.6 Q F0(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:)
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-(Substring Expansion)144 417.6 R F1 5.002(.E)C .002(xpands to up to)
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(he K transformation, b)-2.658 F .157(ut e)-.2 F .157(xpands the k)-.15
F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.657(sa).15 G .157(nd v)-2.657 F .157(alues of inde)
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--.15(ve a)-.25 H -.2(r-).15 G(rays to separate w)180 240 Q(ords after w)
--.1 E(ord splitting.)-.1 E(If)144 256.8 Q F0(par)4.402 E(ameter)-.15 E
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+(\))A F1(can be replaced by the equi)108 120 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent b).25
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2.592(\)f)1.666 G .092(orm, all characters between the parentheses mak)
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-(There is an alternate form of command substitution:)108 513.6 Q F2(${)
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+-2.592 F(treated specially)108 172.8 Q(.)-.65 E
+(There is an alternate form of command substitution:)108 189.6 Q F2(${)
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F F2(|)2.771 E F1 2.771(,a)C .271(nd the close brace must be in)-2.771 F
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+micolon\).)-.1 F F2(Bash)108 276 Q F1(allo)2.71 E .21
(ws the close brace to be joined to the remaining characters in the w)
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(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.384 G .884(ect immediately in the current e).25 F
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-(the current en)108 640.8 Q
+(the current en)108 316.8 Q
(vironment after the command completes \(e.g., the)-.4 E F2(exit)2.5 E
F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin e).2 E(xits the shell\).)-.15 E .221
-(This type of command substitution super\214cially resembles e)108 657.6
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R -.15(xe)-.15 G .221(cuting an unnamed shell function: local v).15 F
(ari-)-.25 E .172(ables are created as when a shell function is e)108
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(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F1 -.2(bu)2.672 G .172(iltin forces).2 F F0(command)
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1.721(cution en).15 F 1.721
(vironment, including the positional parameters, is shared with the)-.4
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-(ariable.)-.25 E .894(Command substitutions may be nested.)108 124.8 R
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+(ariable.)-.25 E .894(Command substitutions may be nested.)108 451.2 R
2.494 -.8(To n)5.894 H .894
(est when using the backquoted form, escape the inner back-).8 F
-(quotes with backslashes.)108 136.8 Q .004
-(If the substitution appears within double quotes,)108 153.6 R F2(bash)
+(quotes with backslashes.)108 463.2 Q .004
+(If the substitution appears within double quotes,)108 480 R F2(bash)
2.504 E F1 .004(does not perform w)2.504 F .004
(ord splitting and pathname e)-.1 F(xpan-)-.15 E(sion on the results.)
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+108 492 Q F2(Arithmetic Expansion)87 508.8 Q F1 1.139(Arithmetic e)108
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(luates an arithmetic e).25 F 1.139
(xpression and substitutes the result.)-.15 F 1.14
-(The format for arith-)6.139 F(metic e)108 206.4 Q(xpansion is:)-.15 E
-F2($\(\()144 223.2 Q F0 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F2(\)\))A F1(The)
-108 240 Q F0 -.2(ex)2.736 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1(under)2.976 E .236
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-(xpansions as if it were within double quotes, b)-.15 F .235
-(ut double quote charac-)-.2 F .42(ters in)108 252 R F0 -.2(ex)2.92 G
-(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1 .42(are not treated specially and are remo)
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--.1 F .421(xpression under)-.15 F .421(go parame-)-.18 F 1.21(ter and v)
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-(metic e)108 276 Q(xpression to be e)-.15 E -.25(va)-.25 G 2.5
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-(luation is performed according to the rules listed belo).25 F 3.878(wu)
--.25 G(nder)-3.878 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.378(ARITHMETIC EV)3.878 F
-(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1
-(If)5.879 E F0 -.2(ex)108 304.8 S(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1 .022(is in)
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+-.15 F(der)108 590.4 Q .179(go parameter and v)-.18 F .179(ariable e)
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+(ay Bash handles double quotes can potentially result)-.1 F .234
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+-.15 E(may be nested.)108 626.4 Q 1.378(The e)108 643.2 R -.25(va)-.25 G
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(prints a message to standard error indicating f)2.522 F .022
(ailure, does not perform the substi-)-.1 F(tution, and does not e)108
-316.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute the command associated with the e).15 E
-(xpansion.)-.15 E F2(Pr)87 333.6 Q(ocess Substitution)-.18 E F0(Pr)108
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-(ws a process')-.25 F 2.905(si)-.55 G .405
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(nput or output to be referred to using a \214lename.)-2.905 F .405
-(It tak)5.405 F .405(es the form)-.1 F(of)108 357.6 Q F2(<\()3.251 E F0
+(It tak)5.405 F .405(es the form)-.1 F(of)108 708 Q F2(<\()3.251 E F0
(list)A F2(\)).833 E F1(or)3.251 E F2(>\()3.251 E F0(list)A F2(\)).833 E
F1 5.751(.T)C .751(he process)-5.751 F F0(list)3.251 E F1 .751
(is run asynchronously)3.251 F 3.251(,a)-.65 G .751
(nd its input or output appears as a \214lename.)-3.251 F
-(This \214lename is passed as an ar)108 369.6 Q
+(This \214lename is passed as an ar)108 720 Q
(gument to the current command as the result of the e)-.18 E(xpansion.)
--.15 E .447(If the)108 386.4 R F2(>\()2.947 E F0(list)A F2(\)).833 E F1
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-(naming open \214les.)108 439.2 Q .897(When a)108 456 R -.25(va)-.2 G
-.896(ilable, process substitution is performed simultaneously with para\
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-(command substitution, and arithmetic e)108 468 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F2
--.75(Wo)87 484.8 S(rd Splitting).75 E F1 1.142
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--.1 G .002(ys considered IFS whitespace, e).1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.501(ni)
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(This means that adjacent non-)5.723 F 1.101
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2.691(,u)-.65 G .191(nless the shell option)-2.691 F F2(dotglob)2.69 E
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F .535(If {)5.534 F F0(varname)A F1 3.035(}i)C 3.035(ss)-3.035 G .535
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E(d)-.37 E F1 .114(may not e)2.614 F .114(xpand to a number or)-.15 F F2
<ad>2.614 E F1 5.114(.I)C 2.614(fi)-5.114 G 2.615(td)-2.614 G .115
-(oes, other redirection operators)-2.615 F(apply \(see)108 528 Q F2
+(oes, other redirection operators)-2.615 F(apply \(see)108 228 Q F2
(Duplicating File Descriptors)2.5 E F1(belo)2.5 E
-(w\) for compatibility reasons.)-.25 E F2 -.25(Ap)87 544.8 S
+(w\) for compatibility reasons.)-.25 E F2 -.25(Ap)87 244.8 S
(pending Standard Output and Standard Err).25 E(or)-.18 E F1 1.032(This\
construct appends both the standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) and\
- the standard error output \(\214le de-)108 556.8 R
-(scriptor 2\) to the \214le whose name is the e)108 568.8 Q(xpansion of)
+ the standard error output \(\214le de-)108 256.8 R
+(scriptor 2\) to the \214le whose name is the e)108 268.8 Q(xpansion of)
-.15 E F0(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F1(.).77 E
(The format for appending standard output and standard error is:)108
-585.6 Q F2(&>>)144 602.4 Q F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1
-(This is semantically equi)108 619.2 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F2
-(>>)144 636 Q F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(2)2.5 E F2(>&)A F1(1)A(\(see)108
-652.8 Q F2(Duplicating File Descriptors)2.5 E F1(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E
-F2(Her)87 669.6 Q 2.5(eD)-.18 G(ocuments)-2.5 E F1 .211(This type of re\
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+(This is semantically equi)108 319.2 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F2
+(>>)144 336 Q F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(2)2.5 E F2(>&)A F1(1)A(\(see)108
+352.8 Q F2(Duplicating File Descriptors)2.5 E F1(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E
+F2(Her)87 369.6 Q 2.5(eD)-.18 G(ocuments)-2.5 E F1 .211(This type of re\
direction instructs the shell to read input from the current source unt\
-il it reads a line contain-)108 681.6 R .27(ing only)108 693.6 R F0
+il it reads a line contain-)108 381.6 R .27(ing only)108 393.6 R F0
(delimiter)3.12 E F1 .27(\(with no trailing blanks\).)3.5 F .269
(All of the lines read up to that point then become the standard)5.27 F
-(input \(or \214le descriptor)108 705.6 Q F0(n)2.5 E F1(if)2.5 E F0(n)
+(input \(or \214le descriptor)108 405.6 Q F0(n)2.5 E F1(if)2.5 E F0(n)
2.5 E F1(is speci\214ed\) for a command.)2.5 E
-(The format of here-documents is:)108 722.4 Q(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q
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-F1([)A F2<ad>A F1(])A F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E(her)164 96 Q(e-document)-.37 E
-(delimiter)144 108 Q F1 .241(The shell does not perform parameter and v)
-108 124.8 R .241(ariable e)-.25 F .241
-(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic e)-.15 F(xpansion,)-.15 E
-(or pathname e)108 136.8 Q(xpansion is performed on)-.15 E F0(wor)2.84 E
-(d)-.37 E F1(.).77 E .053(If an)108 153.6 R 2.553(yp)-.15 G .053(art of)
--2.553 F F0(wor)2.893 E(d)-.37 E F1 .053(is quoted, the)3.323 F F0
-(delimiter)2.902 E F1 .052(is the result of quote remo)3.282 F -.25(va)
--.15 G 2.552(lo).25 G(n)-2.552 E F0(wor)2.892 E(d)-.37 E F1 2.552(,a).77
-G .052(nd the lines in the here-)-2.552 F .101(document are not e)108
-165.6 R 2.601(xpanded. If)-.15 F F0(wor)2.602 E(d)-.37 E F1 .102
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-2.602 E(d)-.37 E F1 .102(itself, and the here-document te)2.602 F .102
-(xt is)-.15 F .131(treated similarly to a double-quoted string: all lin\
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-.894(xpansion, the character sequence)-.15 F F2(\\<newline>)3.394 E F1
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-(nd)-2.624 E F2(\\)2.624 E F1 .124(must be used to quote the characters)
+(The format of here-documents is:)108 422.4 Q([)144 439.2 Q F0(n)A F1(])
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+(e-document)-.37 E(delimiter)144 463.2 Q F1 .241
+(The shell does not perform parameter and v)108 480 R .241(ariable e)
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+(xpansion,)-.15 E(or pathname e)108 492 Q(xpansion is performed on)-.15
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+G .053(art of)-2.553 F F0(wor)2.893 E(d)-.37 E F1 .053(is quoted, the)
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+-.25(va)-.15 G 2.552(lo).25 G(n)-2.552 E F0(wor)2.892 E(d)-.37 E F1
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+(xpansion, the character sequence)-.15 F F2(\\<newline>)3.394 E F1 .895
+(is treated liter)3.394 F(-)-.2 E(ally)108 556.8 Q 2.624(,a)-.65 G(nd)
+-2.624 E F2(\\)2.624 E F1 .124(must be used to quote the characters)
2.624 F F2(\\)2.624 E F1(,)A F2($)2.624 E F1 2.624(,a)C(nd)-2.624 E F2
<92>2.624 E F1 2.624(;h)C -.25(ow)-2.624 G -2.15 -.25(ev e).25 H .924
-.4(r, d).25 H .124(ouble quote characters ha).4 F .424 -.15(ve n)-.2 H
-2.624(os).15 G(pecial)-2.624 E(meaning.)108 213.6 Q .97
-(If the redirection operator is)108 230.4 R F2(<<\255)3.47 E F1 3.47(,t)
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+(If the redirection operator is)108 585.6 R F2(<<\255)3.47 E F1 3.47(,t)
C .971(hen the shell strips all leading tab characters from input lines\
- and the)-3.47 F .366(line containing)108 242.4 R F0(delimiter)3.216 E
+ and the)-3.47 F .366(line containing)108 597.6 R F0(delimiter)3.216 E
F1 5.366(.T).73 G .366(his allo)-5.366 F .365
(ws here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural f)
--.25 F(ash-)-.1 E(ion.)108 254.4 Q .797
-(If the delimiter is not quoted, the)108 271.2 R F2(\\<newline>)3.298 E
+-.25 F(ash-)-.1 E(ion.)108 609.6 Q .797
+(If the delimiter is not quoted, the)108 626.4 R F2(\\<newline>)3.298 E
F1 .798(sequence is treated as a line continuation: the tw)3.298 F 3.298
(ol)-.1 G .798(ines are)-3.298 F .973(joined and the backslash-ne)108
-283.2 R .973(wline is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.472(d. This).15 F
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.972(happens while reading the here-document, before the)3.472 F
-(check for the ending delimiter)108 295.2 Q 2.5(,s)-.4 G 2.5(oj)-2.5 G
-(oined lines can form the end delimiter)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F2(Her)87 312 Q
-2.5(eS)-.18 G(trings)-2.5 E F1 2.5(Av)108 324 S
-(ariant of here documents, the format is:)-2.75 E([)144 340.8 Q F0(n)A
-F1(])A F2(<<<)A F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(The)108 357.6 Q F0(wor)3.291 E(d)
--.37 E F1(under)3.291 E .792(goes tilde e)-.18 F .792
+(check for the ending delimiter)108 650.4 Q 2.5(,s)-.4 G 2.5(oj)-2.5 G
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(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .792(ariable e)-.25 F .792
-(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)108 369.6 S
+(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)108 724.8 S
1.188(pansion, and quote remo).15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 3.687(l. P).25 F
1.187(athname e)-.15 F 1.187(xpansion and w)-.15 F 1.187
-(ord splitting are not performed.)-.1 F 1.187(The result is)6.187 F .374
-(supplied as a single string, with a ne)108 381.6 R .375(wline appended\
-, to the command on its standard input \(or \214le descrip-)-.25 F(tor)
-108 393.6 Q F0(n)2.5 E F1(if)2.5 E F0(n)2.5 E F1(is speci\214ed\).)2.5 E
-F2(Duplicating File Descriptors)87 410.4 Q F1(The redirection operator)
-108 422.4 Q([)144 439.2 Q F0(n)A F1(])A F2(<&)A F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1
-.512(is used to duplicate input \214le descriptors.)108 456 R(If)5.512 E
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+(Duplicating File Descriptors)87 112.8 Q F1(The redirection operator)108
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+(is used to duplicate input \214le descriptors.)108 158.4 R(If)5.512 E
F0(wor)3.352 E(d)-.37 E F1 -.15(ex)3.782 G .512
(pands to one or more digits, \214le descriptor).15 F F0(n)3.372 E F1
-.512(is made)3.252 F .097(to be a cop)108 468 R 2.597(yo)-.1 G 2.598(ft)
--2.597 G .098(hat \214le descriptor)-2.598 F 5.098(.I)-.55 G 2.598(ti)
--5.098 G 2.598(sar)-2.598 G .098(edirection error if the digits in)
+.512(is made)3.252 F .097(to be a cop)108 170.4 R 2.597(yo)-.1 G 2.598
+(ft)-2.597 G .098(hat \214le descriptor)-2.598 F 5.098(.I)-.55 G 2.598
+(ti)-5.098 G 2.598(sar)-2.598 G .098(edirection error if the digits in)
-2.598 F F0(wor)2.938 E(d)-.37 E F1 .098
(do not specify a \214le descrip-)3.368 F 1.04(tor open for input.)108
-480 R(If)6.04 E F0(wor)3.88 E(d)-.37 E F1 -.25(eva)4.31 G 1.04
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(luates to).25 F F2<ad>3.54 E F1 3.54<2c8c>C 1.04(le descriptor)-3.54 F
F0(n)3.9 E F1 1.04(is closed.)3.78 F(If)6.04 E F0(n)3.9 E F1 1.04
(is not speci\214ed, this uses the)3.78 F
-(standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\).)108 492 Q(The operator)108
-508.8 Q([)144 525.6 Q F0(n)A F1(])A F2(>&)A F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1 .31
-(is used similarly to duplicate output \214le descriptors.)108 542.4 R
+(standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\).)108 194.4 Q(The operator)108
+211.2 Q([)144 228 Q F0(n)A F1(])A F2(>&)A F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1 .31
+(is used similarly to duplicate output \214le descriptors.)108 244.8 R
(If)5.31 E F0(n)3.17 E F1 .31
(is not speci\214ed, this uses the standard output \(\214le)3.05 F .552
-(descriptor 1\).)108 554.4 R .552
+(descriptor 1\).)108 256.8 R .552
(It is a redirection error if the digits in)5.552 F F0(wor)3.392 E(d)
-.37 E F1 .552(do not specify a \214le descriptor open for output.)3.822
-F(If)108 566.4 Q F0(wor)3.227 E(d)-.37 E F1 -.25(eva)3.657 G .387
+F(If)108 268.8 Q F0(wor)3.227 E(d)-.37 E F1 -.25(eva)3.657 G .387
(luates to).25 F F2<ad>2.887 E F1 2.887<2c8c>C .387(le descriptor)-2.887
F F0(n)3.248 E F1 .388(is closed.)3.128 F .388(As a special case, if)
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-.37 E F1 .388(does not e)2.888 F(x-)-.15 E 1.063
-(pand to one or more digits or)108
578.4 R F2<ad>3.563 E F1 3.563(,t)C
+(pand to one or more digits or)108
280.8 R F2<ad>3.563 E F1 3.563(,t)C
1.063
(his redirects the standard output and standard error as described pre)
--3.563 F(vi-)-.25 E(ously)108 590.4 Q(.)-.65 E F2(Mo)87 607.2 Q
-(ving File Descriptors)-.1 E F1(The redirection operator)108 619.2 Q([)
-144 636 Q F0(n)A F1(])A F2(<&)A F0(digit)A F2<ad>A F1(mo)108 652.8 Q
+-3.563 F(vi-)-.25 E(ously)108 292.8 Q(.)-.65 E F2(Mo)87 309.6 Q
+(ving File Descriptors)-.1 E F1(The redirection operator)108 321.6 Q([)
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-.15(ve)-.15 G 3.017(st).15 G .517(he \214le descriptor)-3.017 F F0
(digit)3.017 E F1 .517(to \214le descriptor)3.017 F F0(n)3.377 E F1
3.017(,o).24 G 3.017(rt)-3.017 G .518
(he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-3.017 F F0(n)3.018 E F1
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(is closed after being duplicated to)2.5 E F0(n)2.5 E F1(.)A(Similarly)
-108 681.6 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he redirection operator)-2.5 E([)144 698.4 Q
-F0(n)A F1(])A F2(>&)A F0(digit)A F2<ad>A F1(mo)108 715.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15
-G 2.768(st).15 G .268(he \214le descriptor)-2.768 F F0(digit)2.768 E F1
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.268(to \214le descriptor)2.768 F F0(n)3.128 E F1 2.768(,o).24 G 2.768
(rt)-2.768 G .267(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.768 F
-F0(n)2.767 E F1 .267(is not speci-)2.767 F(\214ed.)108 727.2 Q
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-.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Opening File Descriptors f)87
-84 Q(or Reading and Writing)-.25 E F1(The redirection operator)108 96 Q
-([)144 112.8 Q F0(n)A F1(])A F2(<>)A F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1 .279
-(opens the \214le whose name is the e)108 129.6 R .279(xpansion of)-.15
-F F0(wor)3.119 E(d)-.37 E F1 .279
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+(Opening File Descriptors f)87 446.4 Q(or Reading and Writing)-.25 E F1
+(The redirection operator)108 458.4 Q([)144 475.2 Q F0(n)A F1(])A F2(<>)
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+R .279(xpansion of)-.15 F F0(wor)3.119 E(d)-.37 E F1 .279
(for both reading and writing on \214le descriptor)3.549 F F0(n)3.139 E
F1 2.779(,o).24 G 2.779(ro)-2.779 G(n)-2.779 E(\214le descriptor 0 if)
-108 141.6 Q F0(n)2.86 E F1(is not speci\214ed.)2.74 E
+108 504 Q F0(n)2.86 E F1(is not speci\214ed.)2.74 E
(If the \214le does not e)5 E(xist, it is created.)-.15 E/F3 10.95
-/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)72 158.4 Q F0(Aliases)108 170.4 Q F1(allo)3.002
+/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)72 520.8 Q F0(Aliases)108 532.8 Q F1(allo)3.002
E 3.002(was)-.25 G .502(tring to be substituted for a w)-3.002 F .502
(ord that is in a position in the input where it can be the \214rst)-.1
-F -.1(wo)108 182.4 S .408(rd of a simple command.).1 F .408(Aliases ha)
+F -.1(wo)108 544.8 S .408(rd of a simple command.).1 F .408(Aliases ha)
5.408 F .708 -.15(ve n)-.2 H .408(ames and corresponding v).15 F .409
-(alues that are set and unset using the)-.25 F F2(alias)108 194.4 Q F1
+(alues that are set and unset using the)-.25 F F2(alias)108 556.8 Q F1
(and)2.5 E F2(unalias)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin commands \(see).2 E/F4
9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F1(belo)
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1.033(ord in the right position, it checks the w)-.1 F 1.033
-(ord to see if it matches an alias)-.1 F 3.038(name. If)108 223.2 R .538
+(ord to see if it matches an alias)-.1 F 3.038(name. If)108 585.6 R .538
(it matches, the shell replaces the w)3.038 F .538(ord with the alias v)
-.1 F .538(alue, and reads that v)-.25 F .538(alue as if it had been)
--.25 F 1.082(read instead of the w)108 235.2 R 3.582(ord. The)-.1 F
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1.082(shell doesn')3.582 F 3.582(tl)-.18 G 1.082(ook at an)-3.582 F
3.582(yc)-.15 G 1.082(haracters follo)-3.582 F 1.082(wing the w)-.25 F
-1.081(ord before attempting)-.1 F(alias substitution.)108 247.2 Q .264
-(The characters)108 264 R F2(/)2.764 E F1(,)A F2($)2.764 E F1(,)A F2<92>
-2.764 E F1 2.764(,a)C(nd)-2.764 E F2(=)2.764 E F1 .264(and an)2.764 F
-2.764(yo)-.15 G 2.764(ft)-2.764 G .264(he shell)-2.764 F F0(metac)2.764
-E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 .264
+1.081(ord before attempting)-.1 F(alias substitution.)108 609.6 Q .264
+(The characters)108 626.4 R F2(/)2.764 E F1(,)A F2($)2.764 E F1(,)A F2
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+F 2.764(yo)-.15 G 2.764(ft)-2.764 G .264(he shell)-2.764 F F0(metac)
+2.764 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 .264
(or quoting characters listed abo)2.764 F .565 -.15(ve m)-.15 H .265
-(ay not).15 F .299(appear in an alias name.)108 276 R .298
+(ay not).15 F .299(appear in an alias name.)108 638.4 R .298
(The replacement te)5.298 F .298(xt may contain an)-.15 F 2.798(yv)-.15
G .298(alid shell input, including shell metachar)-3.048 F(-)-.2 E 2.625
-(acters. The)108 288 R .125(\214rst w)2.625 F .125
+(acters. The)108 650.4 R .125(\214rst w)2.625 F .125
(ord of the replacement te)-.1 F .125(xt is tested for aliases, b)-.15 F
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(xpanded a second time.)-.15 F .666(This means that one may alias)5.666
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-(sequence, aliases de\214ned in a function are not a)108 540 R -.25(va)
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(rocess created to interpret them \(contrast this with the e)-4.126 F
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-F .255
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(cations that e).2 E(xceed the limit cause the entire command to abort.)
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2.543 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F1 .043(is e)2.543 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .043
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-(xt command after the function call.)-.15 F(If)5.683 E F3 -.18(re)3.183
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--.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .852(cuted before).15 F(the)108 542.4 Q F3 -.18
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(re)4.667 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F1 7.167(.A)C 2.466 -.15(ny c)-7.167 H
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--2.65 G(cution.).15 E(The)108
583.2 Q F3<ad66>2.707 E F1 .207
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295.2 Q F2<ad66>2.707 E F1 .207
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(wed as operands; parameter e)-.25 F .68
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(ariables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter)
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(he C language de\214nition, without suf)-3.017 F<8c78>-.25 E .518
(es or character constants.)-.15 F .518(Constants with)5.518 F 3.283(al)
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-(ords are)-.1 F(the ar)144 408 Q(guments.)-.18 E(3.)108 424.8 Q
-(Redirections are performed as described abo)144 424.8 Q .3 -.15(ve u)
--.15 H(nder).15 E F3(REDIRECTION)2.5 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(4.)
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-E F1 .717(in each v)3.217 F .717(ariable assignment under)-.25 F .717
-(goes tilde e)-.18 F .717(xpansion, parameter e)-.15 F(xpansion,)-.15 E
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(ariable assignments af)-.25 F .586(fect the current shell en)-.25 F
3.087(vironment. In)-.4 F .587(the case of)3.087 F .371(such a command \
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-(are performed before redirections.)108 506.4 R .835(Otherwise, the v)
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278.4 R F3<ad6b>3.31 E F1 .81(option is set \(see the)
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-([1] 25647)144 230.4 Q .241(indicating that this job is job number 1 an\
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4.24 E F1(abstraction as the basis for job control.)2.73 E 2.374 -.8
-(To f)108 288 T .774(acilitate the implementation of the user interf).7
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(board-generated signals.).15 F .533(Only fore)5.533 F .533
(ground processes are allo)-.15 F .533(wed to read)-.25 F .716(from or)
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-(tempt to read from \(write to when \231tostop\232 is in ef)108 384 R
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(yping the)-5.808 F F0 .008(delayed suspend)2.858 F F1 .008
(character \(typically)3.278 F F4<0059>2.508 E F1 2.508(,C)C .008
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3.228 F .727(The suspend character tak)5.727 F .727(es ef)-.1 F .727
(fect immediately)-.25 F(,)-.65 E .553(and has the additional side ef)
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(ending output and typeahead.)-3.053 F 2.153 -.8(To f)5.553 H .554
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(ays to refer to a job in the shell.)-.1 F(The)5.777 E F4(%)3.277 E F1
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-(fore returning.)108 278.4 Q/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)72 295.2 Q
-(OMPTING)-.329 E F1 .644(When e)108 307.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .644
-(cuting interacti).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E(,)-.65 E F2(bash)3.144 E
-F1 .645(displays the primary prompt)3.145 F F3(PS1)3.145 E F1 .645
-(when it is ready to read a command,)2.895 F(and the secondary prompt)
-108 319.2 Q F3(PS2)2.5 E F1
-(when it needs more input to complete a command.)2.25 E F2(Bash)108 336
-Q F1 -.15(ex)3.183 G .683(amines the v).15 F .682(alue of the array v)
--.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F2(PR)3.182 E(OMPT_COMMAND)-.3 E F1 .682
-(just before printing each primary)3.182 F 2.576(prompt. If)108 348 R
-(an)2.576 E 2.576(ye)-.15 G .076(lements in)-2.576 F F2(PR)2.576 E
-(OMPT_COMMAND)-.3 E F1 .076(are set and non-null, Bash e)2.576 F -.15
-(xe)-.15 G .076(cutes each v).15 F .076(alue, in nu-)-.25 F .344
-(meric order)108 360 R 2.844(,j)-.4 G .344
-(ust as if it had been typed on the command line.)-2.844 F F2(Bash)5.343
-E F1(displays)2.843 E F3(PS0)2.843 E F1 .343(after it reads a command)
-2.593 F -.2(bu)108 372 S 2.5(tb).2 G(efore e)-2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
-(cuting it.).15 E F2(Bash)108 388.8 Q F1(displays)2.5 E F3(PS4)2.5 E F1
-(as described abo)2.25 E .3 -.15(ve b)-.15 H
-(efore tracing each command when the).15 E F2<ad78>2.5 E F1
-(option is enabled.)2.5 E F2(Bash)108 405.6 Q F1(allo)2.934 E .434
-(ws the prompt strings)-.25 F F2(PS0)2.934 E F1(,)A F2(PS1)2.934 E F1(,)
-A F2(PS2)2.934 E F1 2.934(,a)C(nd)-2.934 E F2(PS4)2.934 E F1 2.934(,t)C
+(fore returning.)108 703.2 Q(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2025 February 24)
+139.29 E(44)188.45 E 0 Cg EP
+%%Page: 45 45
+%%BeginPageSetup
+BP
+%%EndPageSetup
+/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF
+138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH)
+.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)72 84 Q(OMPTING)-.329 E
+F1 .644(When e)108 96 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .644(cuting interacti).15 F -.15
+(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E(,)-.65 E/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)3.144 E F1 .645
+(displays the primary prompt)3.145 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(PS1)3.145 E F1
+.645(when it is ready to read a command,)2.895 F
+(and the secondary prompt)108 108 Q F4(PS2)2.5 E F1
+(when it needs more input to complete a command.)2.25 E F3(Bash)108
+124.8 Q F1 -.15(ex)3.183 G .683(amines the v).15 F .682
+(alue of the array v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(PR)3.182 E(OMPT_COMMAND)
+-.3 E F1 .682(just before printing each primary)3.182 F 2.576
+(prompt. If)108 136.8 R(an)2.576 E 2.576(ye)-.15 G .076(lements in)
+-2.576 F F3(PR)2.576 E(OMPT_COMMAND)-.3 E F1 .076
+(are set and non-null, Bash e)2.576 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .076(cutes each v)
+.15 F .076(alue, in nu-)-.25 F .344(meric order)108 148.8 R 2.844(,j)-.4
+G .344(ust as if it had been typed on the command line.)-2.844 F F3
+(Bash)5.343 E F1(displays)2.843 E F4(PS0)2.843 E F1 .343
+(after it reads a command)2.593 F -.2(bu)108 160.8 S 2.5(tb).2 G
+(efore e)-2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting it.).15 E F3(Bash)108 177.6 Q F1
+(displays)2.5 E F4(PS4)2.5 E F1(as described abo)2.25 E .3 -.15(ve b)
+-.15 H(efore tracing each command when the).15 E F3<ad78>2.5 E F1
+(option is enabled.)2.5 E F3(Bash)108 194.4 Q F1(allo)2.934 E .434
+(ws the prompt strings)-.25 F F3(PS0)2.934 E F1(,)A F3(PS1)2.934 E F1(,)
+A F3(PS2)2.934 E F1 2.934(,a)C(nd)-2.934 E F3(PS4)2.934 E F1 2.934(,t)C
2.935(ob)-2.934 G 2.935(ec)-2.935 G .435
(ustomized by inserting a number of back-)-2.935 F
-(slash-escaped special characters that are decoded as follo)108 417.6 Q
-(ws:)-.25 E F2(\\a)144 434.4 Q F1(An ASCII bell character \(07\).)180
-434.4 Q F2(\\d)144 446.4 Q F1(The date in \231W)180 446.4 Q
+(slash-escaped special characters that are decoded as follo)108 206.4 Q
+(ws:)-.25 E F3(\\a)144 223.2 Q F1(An ASCII bell character \(07\).)180
+223.2 Q F3(\\d)144 235.2 Q F1(The date in \231W)180 235.2 Q
(eekday Month Date\232 format \(e.g., \231T)-.8 E(ue May 26\232\).)-.45
-E F2(\\D{)144 458.4 Q F0(format)A F2(})A F1(The)180 470.4 Q F0(format)
+E F3(\\D{)144 247.2 Q F0(format)A F3(})A F1(The)180 259.2 Q F0(format)
3.67 E F1 1.17(is passed to)3.67 F F0(strftime)4.01 E F1 1.17
(\(3\) and the result is inserted into the prompt string; an).18 F
-(empty)180 482.4 Q F0(format)2.5 E F1
+(empty)180 271.2 Q F0(format)2.5 E F1
(results in a locale-speci\214c time representation.)2.5 E
-(The braces are required.)5 E F2(\\e)144 494.4 Q F1
-(An ASCII escape character \(033\).)180 494.4 Q F2(\\h)144 506.4 Q F1
-(The hostname up to the \214rst \231.)180 506.4 Q<9a2e>-.7 E F2(\\H)144
-518.4 Q F1(The hostname.)180 518.4 Q F2(\\j)144 530.4 Q F1
-(The number of jobs currently managed by the shell.)180 530.4 Q F2(\\l)
-144 542.4 Q F1(The basename of the shell')180 542.4 Q 2.5(st)-.55 G
-(erminal de)-2.5 E(vice name \(e.g., \231ttys0\232\).)-.25 E F2(\\n)144
-554.4 Q F1 2.5(An)180 554.4 S -.25(ew)-2.5 G(line.).25 E F2(\\r)144
-566.4 Q F1 2.5(Ac)180 566.4 S(arriage return.)-2.5 E F2(\\s)144 578.4 Q
-F1(The name of the shell: the basename of)180 578.4 Q F2($0)2.5 E F1
-(\(the portion follo)2.5 E(wing the \214nal slash\).)-.25 E F2(\\t)144
-590.4 Q F1(The current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format.)180 590.4 Q F2
-(\\T)144 602.4 Q F1(The current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format.)180
-602.4 Q F2(\\@)144 614.4 Q F1(The current time in 12-hour am/pm format.)
-180 614.4 Q F2(\\A)144 626.4 Q F1
-(The current time in 24-hour HH:MM format.)180 626.4 Q F2(\\u)144 638.4
-Q F1(The username of the current user)180 638.4 Q(.)-.55 E F2(\\v)144
-650.4 Q F1(The)180 650.4 Q F2(bash)2.5 E F1 -.15(ve)2.5 G
-(rsion \(e.g., 2.00\).).15 E F2(\\V)144 662.4 Q F1(The)180 662.4 Q F2
+(The braces are required.)5 E F3(\\e)144 283.2 Q F1
+(An ASCII escape character \(033\).)180 283.2 Q F3(\\h)144 295.2 Q F1
+(The hostname up to the \214rst \231.)180 295.2 Q<9a2e>-.7 E F3(\\H)144
+307.2 Q F1(The hostname.)180 307.2 Q F3(\\j)144 319.2 Q F1
+(The number of jobs currently managed by the shell.)180 319.2 Q F3(\\l)
+144 331.2 Q F1(The basename of the shell')180 331.2 Q 2.5(st)-.55 G
+(erminal de)-2.5 E(vice name \(e.g., \231ttys0\232\).)-.25 E F3(\\n)144
+343.2 Q F1 2.5(An)180 343.2 S -.25(ew)-2.5 G(line.).25 E F3(\\r)144
+355.2 Q F1 2.5(Ac)180 355.2 S(arriage return.)-2.5 E F3(\\s)144 367.2 Q
+F1(The name of the shell: the basename of)180 367.2 Q F3($0)2.5 E F1
+(\(the portion follo)2.5 E(wing the \214nal slash\).)-.25 E F3(\\t)144
+379.2 Q F1(The current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format.)180 379.2 Q F3
+(\\T)144 391.2 Q F1(The current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format.)180
+391.2 Q F3(\\@)144 403.2 Q F1(The current time in 12-hour am/pm format.)
+180 403.2 Q F3(\\A)144 415.2 Q F1
+(The current time in 24-hour HH:MM format.)180 415.2 Q F3(\\u)144 427.2
+Q F1(The username of the current user)180 427.2 Q(.)-.55 E F3(\\v)144
+439.2 Q F1(The)180 439.2 Q F3(bash)2.5 E F1 -.15(ve)2.5 G
+(rsion \(e.g., 2.00\).).15 E F3(\\V)144 451.2 Q F1(The)180 451.2 Q F3
(bash)2.5 E F1(release, v)2.5 E(ersion + patch le)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
-2.5(l\().15 G(e.g., 2.00.0\))-2.5 E F2(\\w)144 674.4 Q F1 1.645(The v)
-180 674.4 R 1.645(alue of the)-.25 F F2(PWD)4.145 E F1 1.645(shell v)
-4.145 F 1.645(ariable \()-.25 F F2($PWD)A F1 1.645(\), with)B F3($HOME)
+2.5(l\().15 G(e.g., 2.00.0\))-2.5 E F3(\\w)144 463.2 Q F1 1.645(The v)
+180 463.2 R 1.645(alue of the)-.25 F F3(PWD)4.145 E F1 1.645(shell v)
+4.145 F 1.645(ariable \()-.25 F F3($PWD)A F1 1.645(\), with)B F4($HOME)
4.145 E F1(abbre)3.895 E 1.646(viated with a tilde)-.25 F(\(uses the v)
-180 686.4 Q(alue of the)-.25 E F3(PR)2.5 E(OMPT_DIR)-.27 E(TRIM)-.36 E
-F1 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable\).).25 E F2(\\W)144 698.4 Q F1(The basename of)
-180 698.4 Q F2($PWD)2.5 E F1 2.5(,w)C(ith)-2.5 E F3($HOME)2.5 E F1
-(abbre)2.25 E(viated with a tilde.)-.25 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q
-(2024 December 12)136.795 E(44)185.955 E 0 Cg EP
-%%Page: 45 45
-%%BeginPageSetup
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-%%EndPageSetup
-/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF
-138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH)
-.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(\\!)144 84 Q F1
-(The history number of this command.)180 84 Q F2(\\#)144 96 Q F1
-(The command number of this command.)180 96 Q F2(\\$)144 108 Q F1
-(If the ef)180 108 Q(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve U)-.25 H(ID is 0, a).15 E
-F2(#)2.5 E F1 2.5(,o)C(therwise a)-2.5 E F2($)2.5 E F1(.)A F2(\\)144 120
-Q F0(nnn)A F1(The character corresponding to the octal number)180 120 Q
-F0(nnn)2.5 E F1(.)A F2(\\\\)144 132 Q F1 2.5(Ab)180 132 S(ackslash.)-2.5
-E F2(\\[)144 144 Q F1(Be)180 144 Q 1.128(gin a sequence of non-printing\
- characters, which could be used to embed a terminal)-.15 F
-(control sequence into the prompt.)180 156 Q F2(\\])144 168 Q F1
-(End a sequence of non-printing characters.)180 168 Q .119
-(The command number and the history number are usually dif)108 184.8 R
-.12(ferent: the history number of a command is its)-.25 F .547(position\
- in the history list, which may include commands restored from the hist\
-ory \214le \(see)108 196.8 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)3.046 E(OR)-.162
-E(Y)-.315 E F1(be-)2.796 E(lo)108 208.8 Q .354(w\), while the command n\
-umber is the position in the sequence of commands e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15
-G .355(cuted during the current).15 F .823(shell session.)108 220.8 R
-.822(After the string is decoded, it is e)5.823 F .822
+180 475.2 Q(alue of the)-.25 E F4(PR)2.5 E(OMPT_DIR)-.27 E(TRIM)-.36 E
+F1 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable\).).25 E F3(\\W)144 487.2 Q F1(The basename of)
+180 487.2 Q F3($PWD)2.5 E F1 2.5(,w)C(ith)-2.5 E F4($HOME)2.5 E F1
+(abbre)2.25 E(viated with a tilde.)-.25 E F3(\\!)144 499.2 Q F1
+(The history number of this command.)180 499.2 Q F3(\\#)144 511.2 Q F1
+(The command number of this command.)180 511.2 Q F3(\\$)144 523.2 Q F1
+(If the ef)180 523.2 Q(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve U)-.25 H(ID is 0, a).15 E
+F3(#)2.5 E F1 2.5(,o)C(therwise a)-2.5 E F3($)2.5 E F1(.)A F3(\\)144
+535.2 Q F0(nnn)A F1(The character corresponding to the octal number)180
+535.2 Q F0(nnn)2.5 E F1(.)A F3(\\\\)144 547.2 Q F1 2.5(Ab)180 547.2 S
+(ackslash.)-2.5 E F3(\\[)144 559.2 Q F1(Be)180 559.2 Q 1.128(gin a sequ\
+ence of non-printing characters, which could be used to embed a termina\
+l)-.15 F(control sequence into the prompt.)180 571.2 Q F3(\\])144 583.2
+Q F1(End a sequence of non-printing characters.)180 583.2 Q .119
+(The command number and the history number are usually dif)108 600 R .12
+(ferent: the history number of a command is its)-.25 F .547(position in\
+ the history list, which may include commands restored from the history\
+ \214le \(see)108 612 R F4(HIST)3.046 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F1(be-)
+2.796 E(lo)108 624 Q .354(w\), while the command number is the position\
+ in the sequence of commands e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .355
+(cuted during the current).15 F .823(shell session.)108 636 R .822
+(After the string is decoded, it is e)5.823 F .822
(xpanded via parameter e)-.15 F .822(xpansion, command substitution,)
--.15 F .682(arithmetic e)108 232.8 R .682(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15
-F -.25(va)-.15 G .682(l, subject to the v).25 F .683(alue of the)-.25 F
-F2(pr)3.183 E(omptv)-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F1 .683(shell option \(see the de-)
-3.183 F 1.198(scription of the)108 244.8 R F2(shopt)3.698 E F1 1.198
-(command under)3.698 F F3 1.197(SHELL B)3.697 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.197
+-.15 F .682(arithmetic e)108 648 R .682(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F
+-.25(va)-.15 G .682(l, subject to the v).25 F .683(alue of the)-.25 F F3
+(pr)3.183 E(omptv)-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F1 .683(shell option \(see the de-)
+3.183 F 1.198(scription of the)108 660 R F3(shopt)3.698 E F1 1.198
+(command under)3.698 F F4 1.197(SHELL B)3.697 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.197
(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F1(belo)3.447 E 3.697(w\). This)-.25 F 1.197
(can ha)3.697 F 1.497 -.15(ve u)-.2 H(nw).15 E(anted)-.1 E .322(side ef)
-108 256.8 R .322(fects if escaped portions of the string appear within \
-command substitution or contain characters spe-)-.25 F(cial to w)108
-268.8 Q(ord e)-.1 E(xpansion.)-.15 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE)
-72 285.6 Q F1 .151
+108 672 R .322(fects if escaped portions of the string appear within co\
+mmand substitution or contain characters spe-)-.25 F(cial to w)108 684 Q
+(ord e)-.1 E(xpansion.)-.15 E F2(READLINE)72 700.8 Q F1 .151
(This is the library that handles reading input when using an interacti)
-108 297.6 R .45 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .15(hell, unless the).15 F F2
+108 712.8 R .45 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .15(hell, unless the).15 F F3
(\255\255noediting)2.65 E F1(option)2.65 E .573(is supplied at shell in)
-108 309.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G 3.073(cation. Line).2 F .573
-(editing is also used when using the)3.073 F F2<ad65>3.073 E F1 .573
-(option to the)3.073 F F2 -.18(re)3.074 G(ad).18 E F1 -.2(bu)3.074 G
-3.074(iltin. By).2 F(def)108 321.6 Q 1.244(ault, the line editing comma\
-nds are similar to those of emacs; a vi-style line editing interf)-.1 F
-1.243(ace is also)-.1 F -.2(av)108 333.6 S 3.35(ailable. Line)-.05 F .85
+108 724.8 R -.2(vo)-.4 G 3.073(cation. Line).2 F .573
+(editing is also used when using the)3.073 F F3<ad65>3.073 E F1 .573
+(option to the)3.073 F F3 -.18(re)3.074 G(ad).18 E F1 -.2(bu)3.074 G
+3.074(iltin. By).2 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 E(45)
+188.45 E 0 Cg EP
+%%Page: 46 46
+%%BeginPageSetup
+BP
+%%EndPageSetup
+/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF
+138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH)
+.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(def)108 84 Q 1.244(ault, the line editing commands\
+ are similar to those of emacs; a vi-style line editing interf)-.1 F
+1.243(ace is also)-.1 F -.2(av)108 96 S 3.35(ailable. Line)-.05 F .85
(editing can be enabled at an)3.35 F 3.35(yt)-.15 G .85(ime using the)
--3.35 F F2 .85(\255o emacs)3.35 F F1(or)3.35 E F2 .85(\255o vi)3.35 F F1
-.85(options to the)3.35 F F2(set)3.35 E F1 -.2(bu)3.35 G(iltin).2 E
-(\(see)108 345.6 Q F3 .763(SHELL B)3.263 F(UIL)-.09 E .763(TIN COMMANDS)
--.828 F F1(belo)3.013 E 3.263(w\). T)-.25 F 3.263(ot)-.8 G .763(urn of)
--3.263 F 3.263(fl)-.25 G .763
+-3.35 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF .85(\255o emacs)3.35 F F1(or)3.35 E F2 .85
+(\255o vi)3.35 F F1 .85(options to the)3.35 F F2(set)3.35 E F1 -.2(bu)
+3.35 G(iltin).2 E(\(see)108 108 Q/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .763(SHELL B)
+3.263 F(UIL)-.09 E .763(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F1(belo)3.013 E 3.263
+(w\). T)-.25 F 3.263(ot)-.8 G .763(urn of)-3.263 F 3.263(fl)-.25 G .763
(ine editing after the shell is running, use the)-3.263 F F2(+o)3.262 E
-(emacs)108 357.6 Q F1(or)2.5 E F2(+o vi)2.5 E F1(options to the)2.5 E F2
-(set)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F2(Readline Notation)87 374.4 Q
+(emacs)108 120 Q F1(or)2.5 E F2(+o vi)2.5 E F1(options to the)2.5 E F2
+(set)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F2(Readline Notation)87 136.8 Q
F1 .862(This section uses Emacs-style editing concepts and uses its not\
-ation for k)108 386.4 R -.15(ey)-.1 G(strok).15 E 3.362(es. Control)-.1
-F -.1(ke)3.362 G .862(ys are de-)-.05 F .55(noted by C\255)108 398.4 R
+ation for k)108 148.8 R -.15(ey)-.1 G(strok).15 E 3.362(es. Control)-.1
+F -.1(ke)3.362 G .862(ys are de-)-.05 F .55(noted by C\255)108 160.8 R
F0 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F1 3.05(,e)C .55(.g., C\255n means Control\255N.)
-3.05 F(Similarly)5.55 E(,)-.65 E F0(meta)3.43 E F1 -.1(ke)3.31 G .55
(ys are denoted by M\255)-.05 F F0 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F1 3.05(,s)C 3.05
-(oM)-3.05 G .55(\255x means)-3.05 F 2.5(Meta\255X. The)108 410.4 R
+(oM)-3.05 G .55(\255x means)-3.05 F 2.5(Meta\255X. The)108 172.8 R
(Meta k)2.5 E .3 -.15(ey i)-.1 H 2.5(so).15 G(ften labeled \231)-2.5 E
-(Alt\232 or \231Option\232.)-.8 E .149(On k)108 427.2 R -.15(ey)-.1 G
+(Alt\232 or \231Option\232.)-.8 E .149(On k)108 189.6 R -.15(ey)-.1 G
.149(boards without a).15 F F0(Meta)3.329 E F1 -.1(ke)2.909 G 1.449 -.65
(y, M)-.05 H<ad>.65 E F0(x)A F1 .149(means ESC)2.649 F F0(x)2.649 E F1
2.649(,i)C .15(.e., press and release the Escape k)-2.649 F -.15(ey)-.1
-G 2.65(,t)-.5 G .15(hen press and)-2.65 F 1.217(release the)108 439.2 R
+G 2.65(,t)-.5 G .15(hen press and)-2.65 F 1.217(release the)108 201.6 R
F0(x)4.487 E F1 -.1(ke)4.247 G 2.517 -.65(y, i)-.05 H 3.716(ns).65 G
3.716(equence. This)-3.716 F(mak)3.716 E 1.216(es ESC the)-.1 F F0 1.216
(meta pr)3.716 F(e\214x)-.37 E F1 6.216(.T)C 1.216
(he combination M\255C\255)-6.216 F F0(x)A F1 1.216(means ESC)3.716 F
-(Control\255)108 451.2 Q F0(x)A F1 2.93(:p)C .43
+(Control\255)108 213.6 Q F0(x)A F1 2.93(:p)C .43
(ress and release the Escape k)-2.93 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.93(,t)-.5 G .43
(hen press and hold the Control k)-2.93 F .73 -.15(ey w)-.1 H .43
(hile pressing the).15 F F0(x)3.7 E F1 -.1(ke)3.46 G -.65(y,)-.05 G
-(then release both.)108 463.2 Q .217(On some k)108 480 R -.15(ey)-.1 G
+(then release both.)108 225.6 Q .217(On some k)108 242.4 R -.15(ey)-.1 G
.217(boards, the Meta k).15 F .517 -.15(ey m)-.1 H .216
(odi\214er produces characters with the eighth bit \(0200\) set.).15 F
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-(rting the follo).15 F .747(wing character to a meta character)-.25 F
-3.248(,a)-.4 G 3.248(sd)-3.248 G(e-)-3.248 E(scribed belo)180 96 Q 2.5
-(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.5 E F2 -.25(fo)2.5 G -.18(rc).25 G(e-meta-pr).18 E
-(e\214x)-.18 E F1(.)A F2(\\e)144 108 Q F1(An escape character)180 108 Q
-(.)-.55 E F2(\\\\)144 120 Q F1(Backslash.)180 120 Q F2(\\")144 132 Q F1
-(Literal ", a double quote.)180 132 Q F2<5c08>144 144 Q F1
-(Literal \010, a single quote.)180 144 Q(In addition to the GNU Emacs s\
-tyle escape sequences, a second set of backslash escapes is a)108 160.8
-Q -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable:).25 E F2(\\a)144 172.8 Q F1(alert \(bell\))180
-172.8 Q F2(\\b)144 184.8 Q F1(backspace)180 184.8 Q F2(\\d)144 196.8 Q
-F1(delete)180 196.8 Q F2(\\f)144 208.8 Q F1(form feed)180 208.8 Q F2
-(\\n)144 220.8 Q F1(ne)180 220.8 Q(wline)-.25 E F2(\\r)144 232.8 Q F1
-(carriage return)180 232.8 Q F2(\\t)144 244.8 Q F1(horizontal tab)180
-244.8 Q F2(\\v)144 256.8 Q F1 -.15(ve)180 256.8 S(rtical tab).15 E F2
-(\\)144 268.8 Q F0(nnn)A F1(The eight-bit character whose v)180 268.8 Q
-(alue is the octal v)-.25 E(alue)-.25 E F0(nnn)2.5 E F1
-(\(one to three digits\).)2.5 E F2(\\x)144 280.8 Q F0(HH)A F1
-(The eight-bit character whose v)180 280.8 Q(alue is the he)-.25 E
-(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F0(HH)2.5 E F1(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh)
--.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\).).15 E 1.142(When entering the te)108
-297.6 R 1.141(xt of a macro, single or double quotes must be used to in\
-dicate a macro de\214nition.)-.15 F .62(Unquoted te)108 309.6 R .62
-(xt is assumed to be a function name.)-.15 F .62
-(The backslash escapes described abo)5.62 F .92 -.15(ve a)-.15 H .62
-(re e).15 F .62(xpanded in)-.15 F(the macro body)108 321.6 Q 5(.B)-.65 G
+E F2<5c43ad>144 446.4 Q F1 2.5(Ac)180 446.4 S(ontrol pre\214x.)-2.5 E F2
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+(wing character to a meta character)-.25 F 3.248(,a)-.4 G 3.248(sd)
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+F2 -.25(fo)2.5 G -.18(rc).25 G(e-meta-pr).18 E(e\214x)-.18 E F1(.)A F2
+(\\e)144 482.4 Q F1(An escape character)180 482.4 Q(.)-.55 E F2(\\\\)144
+494.4 Q F1(Backslash.)180 494.4 Q F2(\\")144 506.4 Q F1
+(Literal ", a double quote.)180 506.4 Q F2<5c08>144 518.4 Q F1
+(Literal \010, a single quote.)180 518.4 Q(In addition to the GNU Emacs\
+ style escape sequences, a second set of backslash escapes is a)108
+535.2 Q -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable:).25 E F2(\\a)144 547.2 Q F1
+(alert \(bell\))180 547.2 Q F2(\\b)144 559.2 Q F1(backspace)180 559.2 Q
+F2(\\d)144 571.2 Q F1(delete)180 571.2 Q F2(\\f)144 583.2 Q F1
+(form feed)180 583.2 Q F2(\\n)144 595.2 Q F1(ne)180 595.2 Q(wline)-.25 E
+F2(\\r)144 607.2 Q F1(carriage return)180 607.2 Q F2(\\t)144 619.2 Q F1
+(horizontal tab)180 619.2 Q F2(\\v)144 631.2 Q F1 -.15(ve)180 631.2 S
+(rtical tab).15 E F2(\\)144 643.2 Q F0(nnn)A F1
+(The eight-bit character whose v)180 643.2 Q(alue is the octal v)-.25 E
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+655.2 Q F0(HH)A F1(The eight-bit character whose v)180 655.2 Q
+(alue is the he)-.25 E(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F0(HH)2.5 E F1
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--2.5 E(xt, including " and \010.)-.15 E F2(Bash)108 338.4 Q F1 1.197
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(will display or modify the current)3.697 F F2 -.18(re)3.696 G(adline)
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F F1 1.173(options to the)3.673 F F2(set)3.673 E F1 -.2(bu)3.673 G 1.174
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--.25 F(mode during interacti)108 362.4 Q .3 -.15(ve u)-.25 H(se.).15 E
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(va)3.127 G .627(riables can tak).25 F 3.127(et)-.1 G .627(he v)-3.127 F
(alues)-.25 E F2(On)3.127 E F1(or)3.127 E F2(Off)3.127 E F1 .627
(\(without re)3.127 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .627(rd to case\).).05 F(Unrecog-)
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(When)5.345 E F2 -.18(re)2.845 G(adline).18 E F1 .345(reads a v)2.845 F
.345(ariable v)-.25 F .345(alue, empty or null v)-.25 F .345
-(alues, \231on\232 \(case-)-.25 F(insensiti)108 472.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G
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(\), and \2311\232 are equi).15 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F2(On)2.5
E F1 5(.A)C(ll other v)-5 E(alues are equi)-.25 E -.25(va)-.25 G
-(lent to).25 E F2(Off)2.5 E F1(.)A(The)108 489.6 Q F2 .713(bind \255V)
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3.213 F F1 .713(command lists the current)3.213 F F2 -.18(re)3.213 G
(adline).18 E F1 -.25(va)3.214 G .714(riable names and v).25 F .714
(alues \(see)-.25 F F3 .714(SHELL B)3.214 F(UIL)-.09 E .714(TIN COM-)
--.828 F(MANDS)108 501.6 Q F1(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E(The v)108 518.4 Q
+-.828 F(MANDS)108 223.2 Q F1(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E(The v)108 240 Q
(ariables and their def)-.25 E(ault v)-.1 E(alues are:)-.25 E F2(acti)
-108
535.2 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G<ad72>.1 E(egion\255start\255color)-.18 E F1
-2.73(As)144 547.2 S .23(tring v)-2.73 F .23
+108
256.8 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G<ad72>.1 E(egion\255start\255color)-.18 E F1
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(ariable that controls the te)-.25 F .229
(xt color and background when displaying the te)-.15 F .229
-(xt in the acti)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(re)144 559.2 Q 1.526
+(xt in the acti)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(re)144 280.8 Q 1.526
(gion \(see the description of)-.15 F F2(enable\255acti)4.026 E -.1(ve)
-.1 G<ad72>.1 E(egion)-.18 E F1(belo)4.026 E 4.026(w\). This)-.25 F
1.526(string must not tak)4.026 F 4.027(eu)-.1 G 4.027(pa)-4.027 G -.15
-(ny)-4.027 G(ph)144 571.2 Q .284
+(ny)-4.027 G(ph)144 292.8 Q .284
(ysical character positions on the display)-.05 F 2.784(,s)-.65 G 2.784
(oi)-2.784 G 2.784(ts)-2.784 G .283
(hould consist only of terminal escape sequences.)-2.784 F .45
-(It is output to the terminal before displaying the te)144 583.2 R .45
+(It is output to the terminal before displaying the te)144 304.8 R .45
(xt in the acti)-.15 F .75 -.15(ve r)-.25 H -.15(eg).15 G 2.95
(ion. This).15 F -.25(va)2.95 G .45(riable is reset to).25 F .379
-(the def)144 595.2 R .379(ault v)-.1 F .379(alue whene)-.25 F -.15(ve)
+(the def)144 316.8 R .379(ault v)-.1 F .379(alue whene)-.25 F -.15(ve)
-.25 G 2.879(rt).15 G .379(he terminal type changes.)-2.879 F .379
(The def)5.379 F .379(ault v)-.1 F .378
(alue is the string that puts the)-.25 F .654
-(terminal in standout mode, as obtained from the terminal')144 607.2 R
+(terminal in standout mode, as obtained from the terminal')144 328.8 R
3.155(st)-.55 G .655(erminfo description.)-3.155 F 3.155(As)5.655 G .655
-(ample v)-3.155 F(alue)-.25 E(might be \231\\e[01;33m\232.)144 619.2 Q
-F2(acti)108
631.2 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G<ad72>.1 E(egion\255end\255color)-.18 E
-F1 3.778(As)144 643.2 S 1.278(tring v)-3.778 F 1.277
+(ample v)-3.155 F(alue)-.25 E(might be \231\\e[01;33m\232.)144 340.8 Q
+F2(acti)108
352.8 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G<ad72>.1 E(egion\255end\255color)-.18 E
+F1 3.778(As)144 364.8 S 1.278(tring v)-3.778 F 1.277
(ariable that \231undoes\232 the ef)-.25 F 1.277(fects of)-.25 F F2
(acti)3.777 E -.1(ve)-.1 G<ad72>.1 E(egion\255start\255color)-.18 E F1
1.277(and restores \231normal\232)3.777 F .216
-(terminal display appearance after displaying te)144 655.2 R .216
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(xt in the acti)-.15 F .516 -.15(ve r)-.25 H -.15(eg).15 G 2.716
(ion. This).15 F .216(string must not tak)2.716 F 2.716(eu)-.1 G(p)
--2.716 E(an)144 667.2 Q 3.738(yp)-.15 G -.05(hy)-3.738 G 1.238
+-2.716 E(an)144 388.8 Q 3.738(yp)-.15 G -.05(hy)-3.738 G 1.238
(sical character positions on the display).05 F 3.737(,s)-.65 G 3.737
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(hould consist only of terminal escape se-)-3.737 F 2.927(quences. It)
-144 679.2 R .427(is output to the terminal after displaying the te)2.927
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F .428(xt in the acti)-.15 F .728 -.15(ve r)-.25 H -.15(eg).15 G 2.928
(ion. This).15 F -.25(va)2.928 G .428(riable is).25 F .519
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F .251(restores the terminal from standout mode, as obtained from the t\
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-84 Q F1 1.284(Controls what happens when)144 96 R F2 -.18(re)3.784 G
-(adline).18 E F1 -.1(wa)3.784 G 1.284(nts to ring the terminal bell.).1
-F 1.284(If set to)6.284 F F2(none)3.784 E F1(,)A F2 -.18(re)3.784 G
-(adline).18 E F1(ne)144 108 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.644(rr).15 G .144
-(ings the bell.)-2.644 F .144(If set to)5.144 F F2(visible)2.644 E F1(,)
-A F2 -.18(re)2.644 G(adline).18 E F1 .145
-(uses a visible bell if one is a)2.644 F -.25(va)-.2 G 2.645(ilable. If)
-.25 F .145(set to)2.645 F F2(audi-)2.645 E(ble)144 120 Q F1(,)A F2 -.18
-(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F1(attempts to ring the terminal')2.5 E 2.5(sb)
--.55 G(ell.)-2.5 E F2(bind\255tty\255special\255chars \(On\))108 132 Q
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-(st)-.55 G 1.105(erminal dri)-3.605 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.605(rt).15 G
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-(rride the def).15 F(ault)-.1 E F2 -.18(re)3.605 G(adline).18 E F1
-(bindings)3.605 E .859(described here.)144 168 R -.8(Ty)5.859 G .859
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+(bell\255style \(audible\))108 448.8 Q F1 1.284
+(Controls what happens when)144 460.8 R F2 -.18(re)3.784 G(adline).18 E
+F1 -.1(wa)3.784 G 1.284(nts to ring the terminal bell.).1 F 1.284
+(If set to)6.284 F F2(none)3.784 E F1(,)A F2 -.18(re)3.784 G(adline).18
+E F1(ne)144 472.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.644(rr).15 G .144(ings the bell.)
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+(bind\255tty\255special\255chars \(On\))108 496.8 Q F1 .516(If set to)
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+(described here.)144 532.8 R -.8(Ty)5.859 G .859
(pe \231stty \255a\232 at a).8 F F2(bash)3.359 E F1 .858
(prompt to see your current terminal settings, including)3.359 F
-(the special control characters \(usually)144 180 Q F2(cchars)2.5 E F1
-(\).)A F2(blink\255matching\255par)108 192 Q(en \(Off\))-.18 E F1 .056
-(If set to)144 204 R F2(On)2.556 E F1(,)A F2 -.18(re)2.556 G(adline).18
-E F1 .056(attempts to brie\215y mo)2.556 F .356 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .057
-(he cursor to an opening parenthesis when a closing).15 F
-(parenthesis is inserted.)144 216 Q F2(color)108 228 Q
+(the special control characters \(usually)144 544.8 Q F2(cchars)2.5 E F1
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+.057(he cursor to an opening parenthesis when a closing).15 F
+(parenthesis is inserted.)144 580.8 Q F2(color)108 592.8 Q
(ed\255completion\255pr)-.18 E(e\214x \(Off\))-.18 E F1 .352(If set to)
-144 240 R F2(On)2.852 E F1 2.852(,w)C .352(hen listing completions,)
+144 604.8 R F2(On)2.852 E F1 2.852(,w)C .352(hen listing completions,)
-2.852 F F2 -.18(re)2.852 G(adline).18 E F1 .352
(displays the common pre\214x of the set of possible)2.852 F 2.935
-(completions using a dif)144 252 R 2.935(ferent color)-.25 F 7.936(.T)
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-(en)3.077 E .577(vironment v)-.4 F 3.077(ariable. If)-.25 F .577
+(en from the v)-.1 F 2.936(alue of the)-.25 F F2(LS_COLORS)144 628.8 Q
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(there is a color de\214nition in)3.077 F F2($LS_COLORS)3.077 E F1 .577
-(for the cus-)3.077 F .926(tom suf)144 276 R .926
+(for the cus-)3.077 F .926(tom suf)144 640.8 R .926
(\214x \231.readline-colored-completion-pre\214x\232,)-.25 F F2 -.18(re)
3.426 G(adline).18 E F1 .926(uses this color for the common pre\214x)
-3.426 F(instead of its def)144 288 Q(ault.)-.1 E F2(color)108 300 Q
-(ed\255stats \(Off\))-.18 E F1 1.393(If set to)144 312 R F2(On)3.893 E
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+(ed\255stats \(Off\))-.18 E F1 1.393(If set to)144 676.8 R F2(On)3.893 E
F1(,)A F2 -.18(re)3.893 G(adline).18 E F1 1.393
(displays possible completions using dif)3.893 F 1.393
-(ferent colors to indicate their \214le)-.25 F 2.5(type. The)144 324 R
+(ferent colors to indicate their \214le)-.25 F 2.5(type. The)144 688.8 R
(color de\214nitions are tak)2.5 E(en from the v)-.1 E(alue of the)-.25
E F2(LS_COLORS)2.5 E F1(en)2.5 E(vironment v)-.4 E(ariable.)-.25 E F2
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R F2(On)4.074 E F1 4.074(,a)C(nd)-4.074 E F2(completion\255ignor)4.074 E
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(When set to a v)5.243 F .243(alue greater than zero,)-.25 F F2 -.18(re)
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(alue with an ellipsis when displaying possible completions.)-.25 F .103
-(If a comple-)5.102 F .135(tion be)144 528 R .135
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(is completing \214lenames, it uses three underscores instead of)2.635 F
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-Q F1 .529(This determines when the user is queried about vie)144 564 R
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(he eighth bit set to an ASCII k).15 F .835 -.15(ey s)-.1 H(e-).15 E
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(he meta pre\214x\).).15 F 1.044(The def)6.044 F 1.044(ault is)-.1 F F0
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(upport it,)-3.537 F F2 -.18(re)3.536 G(adline).18 E F1 1.036
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-(corresponding to a signal generated from the k)144 144 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G
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-(Controls whether)144 168 R F2 -.18(re)2.513 G(adline).18 E F1 .013
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.15 F F0(Emacs)2.513 E F1(or)2.513 E F0(vi)2.513 E F1(.)A F2
-(editing\255mode)5.013 E F1 .014(can be)2.514 F(set to either)144 180 Q
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F2(emacs)2.5 E F1(or)2.5 E F2(vi)2.5 E F1(.)A F2
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(show\255mode\255in\255pr)3.018 E(ompt)-.45 E F1 -.25(va)3.018 G .517
(riable is enabled, this string is displayed immediately before the).25
F .622(last line of the primary prompt when emacs editing mode is acti)
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S 3.118(yb)-.05 G .617
(inding, so the standard set of meta- and control- pre\214x)-3.118 F
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(ailable. The)-.05 F .076(\\1 and \\2 escapes be)2.576 F .077
(gin and end sequences of non-printing characters, which can be)-.15 F
-(used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string.)144 252
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264 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G<ad72>.1 E(egion \(On\))-.18 E
-F1 .622(When this v)144 276 R .622(ariable is set to)-.25 F F0(On)3.121
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612 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G<ad72>.1 E(egion \(On\))-.18 E
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E F1(,)A F2 -.18(re)3.121 G(adline).18 E F1(allo)3.121 E .621
(ws certain commands to designate the re)-.25 F .621(gion as)-.15 F F0
-(ac-)3.121 E(tive)144 288 Q F1 5.082(.W)C .082(hen the re)-5.082 F .082
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(gion is acti)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(,).15 E F2 -.18(re)2.583 G(adline)
.18 E F1 .083(highlights the te)2.583 F .083(xt in the re)-.15 F .083
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300 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G<ad72>.1 E(egion\255start\255color)-.18 E F1 -.25(va)
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648 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G<ad72>.1 E(egion\255start\255color)-.18 E F1 -.25(va)
2.775 G .275(riable, which def).25 F .274
(aults to the string that enables the terminal')-.1 F 2.774(ss)-.55 G
-(tandout)-2.774 E 3.149(mode. The)144 312 R(acti)3.149 E .949 -.15(ve r)
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-.25 H -.15(eg).15 G .649(ion sho).15 F .649(ws the te)-.25 F .649
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.65(atching te)-3.15 F .65(xt found)-.15 F
-(by incremental and non-incremental history searches.)144 324 Q F2
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(con\214gures the terminal to insert each paste into the editing b)3.187
F(uf)-.2 E .687(fer as a)-.25 F .799(single string of characters, inste\
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-R -.15(ey)-.1 G(-).15 E 2.625(board. This)144 372 R .125(is called)2.625
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--.18(re)2.625 G(adline).18 E F1 .124(from e)2.624 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .124
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-(he terminal claims to support.).15 F(On)5.029 E(man)144 456 Q 2.985(yt)
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(ey i)-.1 H 2.5(sh).15 G(eld do)-2.5 E
(wn when the character is typed \(a meta character\).)-.25 E F2
-(expand\255tilde \(Off\))108 492 Q F1(If set to)144 504 Q F2(On)2.5 E F1
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(,)A F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F1(performs tilde e)2.5 E
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-.15(ve)-.4 G .284(rting a k).15 F .584 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .284
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(rt\255meta).1 E F1 -.25(va)2.916 G .416
-(riable to determine whether to perform this).25 F(con)144 576 Q -.15
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(ve)-.4 G .095(rsion: if).15 F F2(con)2.595 E -.1(ve)-.4 G(rt\255meta).1
E F1(is)2.595 E F2(On)2.595 E F1(,)A F2 -.18(re)2.595 G(adline).18 E F1
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--2.595 E F2(Off)2.595 E F1(,)A F2 -.18(re)144 588 S(adline).18 E F1(con)
+-2.595 E F2(Off)2.595 E F1(,)A F2 -.18(re)144 288 S(adline).18 E F1(con)
2.5 E -.15(ve)-.4 G(rts).15 E F0(C)2.5 E F1
(to a meta character by setting the eighth bit \(0200\).)2.5 E F2
-(history\255pr)108 600 Q(eser)-.18 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(\255point \(Off\)).1 E
-F1 .553(If set to)144 612 R F2(On)3.052 E F1 3.052(,t)C .552(he history\
+(history\255pr)108 300 Q(eser)-.18 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(\255point \(Off\)).1 E
+F1 .553(If set to)144 312 R F2(On)3.052 E F1 3.052(,t)C .552(he history\
code attempts to place point at the same location on each history line\
- re-)-3.052 F(trie)144 624 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(dw).15 G(ith)-2.5 E F2
+ re-)-3.052 F(trie)144 324 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(dw).15 G(ith)-2.5 E F2
(pr)2.5 E -.15(ev)-.18 G(ious-history).15 E F1(or)2.5 E F2(next-history)
-2.5 E F1(.)A F2(history\255size \(unset\))108 636 Q F1 .948
-(Set the maximum number of history entries sa)144 648 R -.15(ve)-.2 G
+2.5 E F1(.)A F2(history\255size \(unset\))108 336 Q F1 .948
+(Set the maximum number of history entries sa)144 348 R -.15(ve)-.2 G
3.448(di).15 G 3.448(nt)-3.448 G .948(he history list.)-3.448 F .949
(If set to zero, an)5.948 F 3.449(ye)-.15 G(xisting)-3.599 E .483
-(history entries are deleted and no ne)144 660 R 2.983(we)-.25 G .483
+(history entries are deleted and no ne)144 360 R 2.983(we)-.25 G .483
(ntries are sa)-2.983 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.983(d. If).15 F .482(set to a v)
-2.983 F .482(alue less than zero, the num-)-.25 F .228
-(ber of history entries is not limited.)144 672 R .229(By def)5.229 F
-(ault,)-.1 E F2(bash)2.729 E F1 .229
-(sets the the maximum number of history en-)2.729 F 1.192
-(tries to the v)144 684 R 1.192(alue of the)-.25 F F2(HISTSIZE)3.692 E
-F1 1.191(shell v)3.691 F 3.691(ariable. Setting)-.25 F F0
-(history\255size)3.691 E F1 1.191(to a non-numeric v)3.691 F(alue)-.25 E
-(will set the maximum number of history entries to 500.)144 696 Q
-(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E(49)185.955 E 0 Cg EP
-%%Page: 50 50
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-/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF
-138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH)
-.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(horizontal\255scr)108 84 Q
-(oll\255mode \(Off\))-.18 E F1 .848(Setting this v)144 96 R .848
-(ariable to)-.25 F F2(On)3.348 E F1(mak)3.349 E(es)-.1 E F2 -.18(re)
-3.349 G(adline).18 E F1 .849(use a single line for display)3.349 F 3.349
-(,s)-.65 G .849(crolling the input hori-)-3.349 F .068(zontally on a si\
-ngle screen line when it becomes longer than the screen width rather th\
-an wrapping)144 108 R(to a ne)144 120 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G 2.5(ine. This)-2.5
-F(setting is automatically enabled for terminals of height 1.)2.5 E F2
-(input\255meta \(Off\))108 132 Q F1 .371(If set to)144 144 R F2(On)2.871
+2.983 F .482(alue less than zero, the num-)-.25 F .295
+(ber of history entries is not limited.)144 372 R .295(By def)5.295 F
+(ault,)-.1 E F2(bash)2.795 E F1 .295
+(sets the maximum number of history entries)2.795 F .316(to the v)144
+384 R .316(alue of the)-.25 F F2(HISTSIZE)2.816 E F1 .315(shell v)2.815
+F 2.815(ariable. Setting)-.25 F F0(history\255size)2.815 E F1 .315
+(to a non-numeric v)2.815 F .315(alue will set)-.25 F
+(the maximum number of history entries to 500.)144 396 Q F2
+(horizontal\255scr)108 408 Q(oll\255mode \(Off\))-.18 E F1 .848
+(Setting this v)144 420 R .848(ariable to)-.25 F F2(On)3.348 E F1(mak)
+3.349 E(es)-.1 E F2 -.18(re)3.349 G(adline).18 E F1 .849
+(use a single line for display)3.349 F 3.349(,s)-.65 G .849
+(crolling the input hori-)-3.349 F .068(zontally on a single screen lin\
+e when it becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping)144
+432 R(to a ne)144 444 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G 2.5(ine. This)-2.5 F
+(setting is automatically enabled for terminals of height 1.)2.5 E F2
+(input\255meta \(Off\))108 456 Q F1 .371(If set to)144 468 R F2(On)2.871
E F1(,)A F2 -.18(re)2.871 G(adline).18 E F1 .371(enables eight-bit inpu\
t \(that is, it does not clear the eighth bit in the charac-)2.871 F
-.718(ters it reads\), re)144 156 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .718
+.718(ters it reads\), re)144 480 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .718
(rdless of what the terminal claims it can support.).05 F .717(The def)
5.717 F .717(ault is)-.1 F F0(Of)3.217 E(f)-.18 E F1 3.217(,b)C(ut)
--3.417 E F2 -.18(re)3.217 G(ad-).18 E(line)144 168 Q F1 1.246
+-3.417 E F2 -.18(re)3.217 G(ad-).18 E(line)144 492 Q F1 1.246
(sets it to)3.746 F F0(On)3.746 E F1 1.246(if the locale contains chara\
cters whose encodings may include bytes with the)3.746 F .786
-(eighth bit set.)144 180 R .786(This v)5.786 F .786
+(eighth bit set.)144 504 R .786(This v)5.786 F .786
(ariable is dependent on the)-.25 F F2(LC_CTYPE)3.286 E F1 .786
(locale cate)3.286 F(gory)-.15 E 3.286(,a)-.65 G .786(nd its v)-3.286 F
-.786(alue may)-.25 F(change if the locale changes.)144 192 Q(The name)5
+.786(alue may)-.25 F(change if the locale changes.)144 516 Q(The name)5
E F2(meta\255\215ag)2.5 E F1(is a synon)2.5 E(ym for)-.15 E F2
-(input\255meta)2.5 E F1(.)A F2(isear)108 204 Q(ch\255terminators \()-.18
+(input\255meta)2.5 E F1(.)A F2(isear)108 528 Q(ch\255terminators \()-.18
E F1<99>A F2(C\255[C\255j)A F1<9a>A F2(\))A F1 .439(The string of chara\
cters that should terminate an incremental search without subsequently \
-e)144 216 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E .935
-(ing the character as a command.)144 228 R .935(If this v)5.935 F .935
+e)144 540 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E .935
+(ing the character as a command.)144 552 R .935(If this v)5.935 F .935
(ariable has not been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.434(nav).15 G .934
-(alue, the characters)-3.684 F F0(ESC)3.434 E F1(and)144 240 Q F2
+(alue, the characters)-3.684 F F0(ESC)3.434 E F1(and)144 564 Q F2
(C\255j)2.5 E F1(terminate an incremental search.)2.5 E F2 -.1(ke)108
-252 S(ymap \(emacs\)).1 E F1 1.82(Set the current)144 264 R F2 -.18(re)
+576 S(ymap \(emacs\)).1 E F1 1.82(Set the current)144 588 R F2 -.18(re)
4.32 G(adline).18 E F1 -.1(ke)4.32 G 4.32(ymap. The)-.05 F 1.82
(set of v)4.32 F 1.82(alid k)-.25 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 1.82(map names is).15
F F0 1.82(emacs, emacs\255standar)4.32 F(d,)-.37 E .042
-(emacs\255meta, emacs\255ctlx, vi, vi\255command)144 276 R F1 2.542(,a)C
+(emacs\255meta, emacs\255ctlx, vi, vi\255command)144 600 R F1 2.542(,a)C
(nd)-2.542 E F0(vi\255insert)2.832 E F1(.).68 E F0(vi)5.042 E F1 .042
(is equi)2.542 F -.25(va)-.25 G .042(lent to).25 F F0(vi\255command)
-2.541 E F1(;)A F0(emacs)2.541 E F1 .481(is equi)144 288 R -.25(va)-.25 G
+2.541 E F1(;)A F0(emacs)2.541 E F1 .481(is equi)144 612 R -.25(va)-.25 G
.481(lent to).25 F F0(emacs\255standar)2.981 E(d)-.37 E F1 5.481(.T)C
.481(he def)-5.481 F .481(ault v)-.1 F .481(alue is)-.25 F F0(emacs)
2.981 E F1 2.982(;t)C .482(he v)-2.982 F .482(alue of)-.25 F F2
-(editing\255mode)2.982 E F1 .482(also af-)2.982 F(fects the def)144 300
-Q(ault k)-.1 E -.15(ey)-.1 G(map.).15 E F2 -.1(ke)108 312 S
-(yseq\255timeout \(500\)).1 E F1 .235(Speci\214es the duration)144 324 R
+(editing\255mode)2.982 E F1 .482(also af-)2.982 F(fects the def)144 624
+Q(ault k)-.1 E -.15(ey)-.1 G(map.).15 E F2 -.1(ke)108 636 S
+(yseq\255timeout \(500\)).1 E F1 .235(Speci\214es the duration)144 648 R
F2 -.18(re)2.735 G(adline).18 E F1 .234(will w)2.735 F .234
(ait for a character when reading an ambiguous k)-.1 F .534 -.15(ey s)
--.1 H(equence).15 E .524(\(one that can form a complete k)144 336 R .824
+-.1 H(equence).15 E .524(\(one that can form a complete k)144 660 R .824
-.15(ey s)-.1 H .524(equence using the input read so f).15 F(ar)-.1 E
3.025(,o)-.4 G 3.025(rc)-3.025 G .525(an tak)-3.025 F 3.025(ea)-.1 G
-.525(dditional in-)-3.025 F .18(put to complete a longer k)144 348 R .48
+.525(dditional in-)-3.025 F .18(put to complete a longer k)144 672 R .48
-.15(ey s)-.1 H 2.679(equence\). If).15 F F2 -.18(re)2.679 G(adline).18
E F1 .179(does not recei)2.679 F .479 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .479 -.15(ny i)
.15 H .179(nput within the timeout,).15 F .15(it uses the shorter b)144
-360 R .15(ut complete k)-.2 F .45 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 2.651(equence. The).15
+684 R .15(ut complete k)-.2 F .45 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 2.651(equence. The).15
F -.25(va)2.651 G .151(lue is speci\214ed in milliseconds, so a v).25 F
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+.151(alue of)-.25 F 1.35(1000 means that)144 696 R F2 -.18(re)3.85 G
(adline).18 E F1 1.35(will w)3.85 F 1.35
(ait one second for additional input.)-.1 F 1.35(If this v)6.35 F 1.35
-(ariable is set to a)-.25 F -.25(va)144 384 S 1.283
+(ariable is set to a)-.25 F -.25(va)144 708 S 1.283
(lue less than or equal to zero, or to a non-numeric v).25 F(alue,)-.25
E F2 -.18(re)3.783 G(adline).18 E F1 -.1(wa)3.783 G 1.283
(its until another k).1 F 1.583 -.15(ey i)-.1 H(s).15 E
-(pressed to decide which k)144 396 Q .3 -.15(ey s)-.1 H
-(equence to complete.).15 E F2(mark\255dir)108 408 Q(ectories \(On\))
--.18 E F1(If set to)144 420 Q F2(On)2.5 E F1 2.5(,c)C
+(pressed to decide which k)144 720 Q .3 -.15(ey s)-.1 H
+(equence to complete.).15 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2025 February 24)
+139.29 E(50)188.45 E 0 Cg EP
+%%Page: 51 51
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+/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF
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+.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(mark\255dir)108 84 Q
+(ectories \(On\))-.18 E F1(If set to)144 96 Q F2(On)2.5 E F1 2.5(,c)C
(ompleted directory names ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a s)-.2 H(lash appended.)
-.15 E F2(mark\255modi\214ed\255lines \(Off\))108 432 Q F1(If set to)144
-444 Q F2(On)2.5 E F1(,)A F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F1
+.15 E F2(mark\255modi\214ed\255lines \(Off\))108 108 Q F1(If set to)144
+120 Q F2(On)2.5 E F1(,)A F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F1
(displays history lines that ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H
(een modi\214ed with a preceding asterisk \().15 E F2(*)A F1(\).)A F2
-(mark\255symlink)108 456 Q(ed\255dir)-.1 E(ectories \(Off\))-.18 E F1
-.227(If set to)144 468 R F2(On)2.727 E F1 2.727(,c)C .227
+(mark\255symlink)108 132 Q(ed\255dir)-.1 E(ectories \(Off\))-.18 E F1
+.227(If set to)144 144 R F2(On)2.727 E F1 2.727(,c)C .227
(ompleted names which are symbolic links to directories ha)-2.727 F .527
--.15(ve a s)-.2 H .226(lash appended, sub-).15 F(ject to the v)144 480 Q
+-.15(ve a s)-.2 H .226(lash appended, sub-).15 F(ject to the v)144 156 Q
(alue of)-.25 E F2(mark\255dir)2.5 E(ectories)-.18 E F1(.)A F2
-(match\255hidden\255\214les \(On\))108 492 Q F1 .512(This v)144 504 R
+(match\255hidden\255\214les \(On\))108 168 Q F1 .512(This v)144 180 R
.513(ariable, when set to)-.25 F F2(On)3.013 E F1 3.013(,f)C(orces)
-3.013 E F2 -.18(re)3.013 G(adline).18 E F1 .513
(to match \214les whose names be)3.013 F .513(gin with a \231.)-.15 F
5.513<9a28>-.7 G(hid-)-5.513 E .737
-(den \214les\) when performing \214lename completion.)144 516 R .737
+(den \214les\) when performing \214lename completion.)144 192 R .737
(If set to)5.737 F F2(Off)3.237 E F1 3.237(,t)C .736
-(he user must include the leading)-3.237 F<992e>144 528 Q 5<9a69>-.7 G
+(he user must include the leading)-3.237 F<992e>144 204 Q 5<9a69>-.7 G
2.5(nt)-5 G(he \214lename to be completed.)-2.5 E F2
-(menu\255complete\255display\255pr)108 540 Q(e\214x \(Off\))-.18 E F1
-1.585(If set to)144 552 R F2(On)4.085 E F1 4.085(,m)C 1.585(enu complet\
+(menu\255complete\255display\255pr)108 216 Q(e\214x \(Off\))-.18 E F1
+1.585(If set to)144 228 R F2(On)4.085 E F1 4.085(,m)C 1.585(enu complet\
ion displays the common pre\214x of the list of possible completions)
--4.085 F(\(which may be empty\) before c)144 564 Q
-(ycling through the list.)-.15 E F2(output\255meta \(Off\))108 576 Q F1
-.27(If set to)144 588 R F2(On)2.77 E F1(,)A F2 -.18(re)2.77 G(adline).18
+-4.085 F(\(which may be empty\) before c)144 240 Q
+(ycling through the list.)-.15 E F2(output\255meta \(Off\))108 252 Q F1
+.27(If set to)144 264 R F2(On)2.77 E F1(,)A F2 -.18(re)2.77 G(adline).18
E F1 .269(displays characters with the eighth bit set directly rather t\
-han as a meta-pre-)2.77 F<8c78>144 600 Q .437(ed escape sequence.)-.15 F
+han as a meta-pre-)2.77 F<8c78>144 276 Q .437(ed escape sequence.)-.15 F
.437(The def)5.437 F .437(ault is)-.1 F F0(Of)2.937 E(f)-.18 E F1 2.938
(,b)C(ut)-3.138 E F2 -.18(re)2.938 G(adline).18 E F1 .438(sets it to)
2.938 F F0(On)2.938 E F1 .438(if the locale contains charac-)2.938 F
.393(ters whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth bit set.)144
-612 R .393(This v)5.393 F .393(ariable is dependent on the)-.25 F F2
-(LC_CTYPE)144 624 Q F1(locale cate)2.5 E(gory)-.15 E 2.5(,a)-.65 G
+288 R .393(This v)5.393 F .393(ariable is dependent on the)-.25 F F2
+(LC_CTYPE)144 300 Q F1(locale cate)2.5 E(gory)-.15 E 2.5(,a)-.65 G
(nd its v)-2.5 E(alue may change if the locale changes.)-.25 E F2
-(page\255completions \(On\))108 636 Q F1 .291(If set to)144 648 R F2(On)
+(page\255completions \(On\))108 312 Q F1 .291(If set to)144 324 R F2(On)
2.791 E F1(,)A F2 -.18(re)2.791 G(adline).18 E F1 .291
(uses an internal pager resembling)2.791 F F0(mor)3.171 E(e)-.37 E F1
.292(\(1\) to display a screenful of possible).18 F
-(completions at a time.)144 660 Q F2(pr)108 672 Q
-(efer\255visible\255bell)-.18 E F1(See)144 684 Q F2(bell\255style)2.5 E
-F1(.)A F2(print\255completions\255horizontally \(Off\))108 696 Q F1 .231
-(If set to)144 708 R F2(On)2.731 E F1(,)A F2 -.18(re)2.731 G(adline).18
+(completions at a time.)144 336 Q F2(pr)108 348 Q
+(efer\255visible\255bell)-.18 E F1(See)144 360 Q F2(bell\255style)2.5 E
+F1(.)A F2(print\255completions\255horizontally \(Off\))108 372 Q F1 .231
+(If set to)144 384 R F2(On)2.731 E F1(,)A F2 -.18(re)2.731 G(adline).18
E F1 .231(displays completions with matches sorted horizontally in alph\
-abetical order)2.731 F(,)-.4 E(rather than do)144 720 Q(wn the screen.)
--.25 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E(50)185.955 E 0
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-/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF
-138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH)
-.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -2.29 -.18(re v)108 84 T
-(ert\255all\255at\255newline \(Off\)).08 E F1 .772(If set to)144 96 R F2
-(On)3.272 E F1(,)A F2 -.18(re)3.272 G(adline).18 E F1 .773
+abetical order)2.731 F(,)-.4 E(rather than do)144 396 Q(wn the screen.)
+-.25 E F2 -2.29 -.18(re v)108 408 T(ert\255all\255at\255newline \(Off\))
+.08 E F1 .772(If set to)144 420 R F2(On)3.272 E F1(,)A F2 -.18(re)3.272
+G(adline).18 E F1 .773
(will undo all changes to history lines before returning when e)3.272 F
--.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F2(ac-)3.273 E(cept\255line)144 108 Q F1
+-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F2(ac-)3.273 E(cept\255line)144 432 Q F1
5.663(.B)C 3.163(yd)-5.663 G(ef)-3.163 E .663
(ault, history lines may be modi\214ed and retain indi)-.1 F .663
-(vidual undo lists across calls)-.25 F(to)144 120 Q F2 -.18(re)2.5 G
-(adline).18 E F1(.)A F2(sear)108 132 Q(ch\255ignor)-.18 E
-(e\255case \(Off\))-.18 E F1 .102(If set to)144 144 R F2(On)2.603 E F1
+(vidual undo lists across calls)-.25 F(to)144 444 Q F2 -.18(re)2.5 G
+(adline).18 E F1(.)A F2(sear)108 456 Q(ch\255ignor)-.18 E
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(,)A F2 -.18(re)2.603 G(adline).18 E F1 .103(performs incremental and n\
on-incremental history list searches in a case\255in-)2.603 F(sensiti)
-144 156 Q .3 -.15(ve f)-.25 H(ashion.).05 E F2(sho)108 168 Q
+144 480 Q .3 -.15(ve f)-.25 H(ashion.).05 E F2(sho)108 492 Q
(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous \(Off\))-.1 E F1 .304(This alters the def)
-144 180 R .304(ault beha)-.1 F .304(vior of the completion functions.)
+144 504 R .304(ault beha)-.1 F .304(vior of the completion functions.)
-.2 F .304(If set to)5.304 F F2(On)2.804 E F1 2.803(,w)C .303
(ords which ha)-2.903 F .603 -.15(ve m)-.2 H(ore).15 E 1.264(than one p\
ossible completion cause the matches to be listed immediately instead o\
-f ringing the)144 192 R(bell.)144 204 Q F2(sho)108 216 Q
+f ringing the)144 516 R(bell.)144 528 Q F2(sho)108 540 Q
(w\255all\255if\255unmodi\214ed \(Off\))-.1 E F1 5.346
-(This alters the def)144 228 R 5.346(ault beha)-.1 F 5.345
+(This alters the def)144 552 R 5.346(ault beha)-.1 F 5.345
(vior of the completion functions in a f)-.2 F 5.345(ashion similar to)
--.1 F F2(sho)144 240 Q(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous)-.1 E F1 6.69(.I)C
+-.1 F F2(sho)144 564 Q(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous)-.1 E F1 6.69(.I)C
4.19(fs)-6.69 G 1.691(et to)-4.19 F F2(On)4.191 E F1 4.191(,w)C 1.691
(ords which ha)-4.291 F 1.991 -.15(ve m)-.2 H 1.691
-(ore than one possible completion).15 F 1.04(without an)144 252 R 3.54
+(ore than one possible completion).15 F 1.04(without an)144 576 R 3.54
(yp)-.15 G 1.039
(ossible partial completion \(the possible completions don')-3.54 F
3.539(ts)-.18 G 1.039(hare a common pre\214x\))-3.539 F(cause the match\
-es to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell.)144 264 Q F2
-(sho)108 276 Q(w\255mode\255in\255pr)-.1 E(ompt \(Off\))-.18 E F1 1.021
-(If set to)144 288 R F2(On)3.521 E F1 3.521(,a)C 1.022
+es to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell.)144 588 Q F2
+(sho)108 600 Q(w\255mode\255in\255pr)-.1 E(ompt \(Off\))-.18 E F1 1.021
+(If set to)144 612 R F2(On)3.521 E F1 3.521(,a)C 1.022
(dd a string to the be)-3.521 F 1.022
(ginning of the prompt indicating the editing mode: emacs, vi)-.15 F
-(command, or vi insertion.)144 300 Q(The mode strings are user)5 E
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-.451(This searches backw)5.451 F(ard)-.1 E .134(or forw)108 664.8 R .134
-(ard in the history for the ne)-.1 F .135
+tring becomes the current line.)108 316.8 Q 2.052 -.8(To \214)108 333.6
+T .452(nd other matching entries in the history list, type).8 F F2
+(C\255r)2.952 E F1(or)2.952 E F2(C\255s)2.952 E F1 .451(as appropriate.)
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+345.6 R .134(ard in the history for the ne)-.1 F .135
(xt entry matching the search string typed so f)-.15 F(ar)-.1 E 5.135
(.A)-.55 G .435 -.15(ny o)-5.135 H .135(ther k).15 F .435 -.15(ey s)-.1
-H(equence).15 E .716(bound to a)108 676.8 R F2 -.18(re)3.216 G(adline)
+H(equence).15 E .716(bound to a)108 357.6 R F2 -.18(re)3.216 G(adline)
.18 E F1 .715(command terminates the search and e)3.216 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
.715(cutes that command.).15 F -.15(Fo)5.715 G 3.215(ri).15 G .715
(nstance, a ne)-3.215 F(wline)-.25 E .601
-(terminates the search and accepts the line, thereby e)108 688.8 R -.15
+(terminates the search and accepts the line, thereby e)108 369.6 R -.15
(xe)-.15 G .601(cuting the command from the history list.).15 F 3.102
(Am)5.602 G -.15(ove)-3.102 G(-).15 E
-(ment command will terminate the search, mak)108 700.8 Q 2.5(et)-.1 G
+(ment command will terminate the search, mak)108 381.6 Q 2.5(et)-.1 G
(he last line found the current line, and be)-2.5 E(gin editing.)-.15 E
-F2(Readline)108 717.6 Q F1 1.476
+F2(Readline)108 398.4 Q F1 1.476
(remembers the last incremental search string.)3.976 F 1.476(If tw)6.476
F(o)-.1 E F2(C\255r)3.976 E F1 3.976(sa)C 1.475(re typed without an)
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-(characters de\214ning a ne)108 729.6 Q 2.5(ws)-.25 G(earch string,)-2.5
+(characters de\214ning a ne)108 410.4 Q 2.5(ws)-.25 G(earch string,)-2.5
E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F1(uses an)2.5 E 2.5(yr)-.15 G
-(emembered search string.)-2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 December 12)
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-/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF
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-.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E .012(Non-incremental searches read the entire sear\
-ch string before starting to search for matching history entries.)108 84
-R(The search string may be typed by the user or be part of the contents\
- of the current line.)108 96 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF
-(Readline Command Names)87 112.8 Q F1 1.392(The follo)108 124.8 R 1.391
+(emembered search string.)-2.5 E .012(Non-incremental searches read the\
+ entire search string before starting to search for matching history en\
+tries.)108 427.2 R(The search string may be typed by the user or be par\
+t of the contents of the current line.)108 439.2 Q F2
+(Readline Command Names)87 456 Q F1 1.392(The follo)108 468 R 1.391
(wing is a list of the names of the commands and the def)-.25 F 1.391
(ault k)-.1 F 1.691 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.391(equences to which the).15 F
-3.891(ya)-.15 G(re)-3.891 E 2.5(bound. Command)108 136.8 R
+3.891(ya)-.15 G(re)-3.891 E 2.5(bound. Command)108 480 R
(names without an accompan)2.5 E(ying k)-.15 E .3 -.15(ey s)-.1 H
(equence are unbound by def).15 E(ault.)-.1 E .054(In the follo)108
-153.6 R .054(wing descriptions,)-.25 F F0(point)2.554 E F1 .055
+496.8 R .054(wing descriptions,)-.25 F F0(point)2.554 E F1 .055
(refers to the current cursor position, and)2.554 F F0(mark)2.555 E F1
-.055(refers to a cursor position)2.555 F(sa)108 165.6 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G
+.055(refers to a cursor position)2.555 F(sa)108 508.8 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G
2.679(db).15 G 2.679(yt)-2.679 G(he)-2.679 E F2(set\255mark)2.679 E F1
2.679(command. The)2.679 F(te)2.679 E .178
(xt between the point and mark is referred to as the)-.15 F F0 -.37(re)
-2.678 G(gion)-.03 E F1(.)A F2(Read-)5.178 E(line)108 177.6 Q F1 .381
+2.678 G(gion)-.03 E F1(.)A F2(Read-)5.178 E(line)108 520.8 Q F1 .381
(has the concept of an)2.881 F F0 .381(active r)2.881 F -.4(eg)-.37 G
(ion).4 E F1 2.881(:w)C .381(hen the re)-2.881 F .381(gion is acti)-.15
F -.15(ve)-.25 G(,).15 E F2 -.18(re)2.881 G(adline).18 E F1 .382
(redisplay highlights the re)2.881 F(gion)-.15 E 1.027(using the v)108
-
189.6 R 1.027(alue of the)-.25 F F2(acti)3.527 E -.1(ve)-.1 G<ad72>.1 E
+
532.8 R 1.027(alue of the)-.25 F F2(acti)3.527 E -.1(ve)-.1 G<ad72>.1 E
(egion\255start\255color)-.18 E F1 -.25(va)3.527 G 3.527(riable. The).25
F F2(enable\255acti)3.527 E -.1(ve)-.1 G<ad72>.1 E 1.027(egion r)-.18 F
(eadline)-.18 E F1 -.25(va)3.527 G(riable).25 E(turns this on and of)108
-201.6 Q 2.5(f. Se)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ral commands set the re).15 E
+544.8 Q 2.5(f. Se)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ral commands set the re).15 E
(gion to acti)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(;t).15 G(hose are noted belo)
--2.5 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F2(Commands f)87 218.4 Q(or Mo)-.25 E(ving)-.1 E
-(beginning\255of\255line \(C\255a\))108 230.4 Q F1(Mo)144 242.4 Q .3
+-2.5 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F2(Commands f)87 561.6 Q(or Mo)-.25 E(ving)-.1 E
+(beginning\255of\255line \(C\255a\))108 573.6 Q F1(Mo)144 585.6 Q .3
-.15(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he start of the current line.)-2.5 E
(This may also be bound to the Home k)5 E .3 -.15(ey o)-.1 H 2.5(ns).15
G(ome k)-2.5 E -.15(ey)-.1 G(boards.).15 E F2
-(end\255of\255line \(C\255e\))108 254.4 Q F1(Mo)144 266.4 Q .3 -.15
+(end\255of\255line \(C\255e\))108 597.6 Q F1(Mo)144 609.6 Q .3 -.15
(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he end of the line.)-2.5 E
(This may also be bound to the End k)5 E .3 -.15(ey o)-.1 H 2.5(ns).15 G
-(ome k)-2.5 E -.15(ey)-.1 G(boards.).15 E F2 -.25(fo)108 278.4 S
-(rward\255char \(C\255f\)).25 E F1(Mo)144 290.4 Q .3 -.15(ve f)-.15 H
+(ome k)-2.5 E -.15(ey)-.1 G(boards.).15 E F2 -.25(fo)108 621.6 S
+(rward\255char \(C\255f\)).25 E F1(Mo)144 633.6 Q .3 -.15(ve f)-.15 H
(orw).15 E(ard a character)-.1 E 5(.T)-.55 G
(his may also be bound to the right arro)-5 E 2.5(wk)-.25 G .3 -.15
(ey o)-2.6 H 2.5(ns).15 G(ome k)-2.5 E -.15(ey)-.1 G(boards.).15 E F2
-(backward\255char \(C\255b\))108 302.4 Q F1(Mo)144 314.4 Q .3 -.15(ve b)
+(backward\255char \(C\255b\))108 645.6 Q F1(Mo)144 657.6 Q .3 -.15(ve b)
-.15 H(ack a character).15 E 5(.T)-.55 G
(his may also be bound to the left arro)-5 E 2.5(wk)-.25 G .3 -.15(ey o)
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-108 326.4 S(rward\255w).25 E(ord \(M\255f\))-.1 E F1(Mo)144 338.4 Q .822
+108 669.6 S(rward\255w).25 E(ord \(M\255f\))-.1 E F1(Mo)144 681.6 Q .822
-.15(ve f)-.15 H(orw).15 E .522(ard to the end of the ne)-.1 F .523
(xt w)-.15 F 3.023(ord. W)-.1 F .523
(ords are composed of alphanumeric characters \(let-)-.8 F
-(ters and digits\).)144 350.4 Q F2(backward\255w)108 362.4 Q
-(ord \(M\255b\))-.1 E F1(Mo)144 374.4 Q 1.71 -.15(ve b)-.15 H 1.41
+(ters and digits\).)144 693.6 Q F2(backward\255w)108 705.6 Q
+(ord \(M\255b\))-.1 E F1(Mo)144 717.6 Q 1.71 -.15(ve b)-.15 H 1.41
(ack to the start of the current or pre).15 F 1.41(vious w)-.25 F 3.91
(ord. W)-.1 F 1.41(ords are composed of alphanumeric)-.8 F
-(characters \(letters and digits\).)144 386.4 Q F2(shell\255f)108 398.4
-Q(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F1(Mo)144 410.4 Q .784 -.15(ve f)-.15 H
-(orw).15 E .484(ard to the end of the ne)-.1 F .484(xt w)-.15 F 2.984
-(ord. W)-.1 F .484(ords are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharac-)
--.8 F(ters.)144 422.4 Q F2(shell\255backward\255w)108 434.4 Q(ord)-.1 E
-F1(Mo)144 446.4 Q .909 -.15(ve b)-.15 H .609
+(characters \(letters and digits\).)144 729.6 Q(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q
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+(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord \(M\255C\255f\))-.1 E F1(Mo)144 96 Q .784 -.15
+(ve f)-.15 H(orw).15 E .484(ard to the end of the ne)-.1 F .484(xt w)
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+(ords are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharac-)-.8 F(ters.)144 108
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+144 132 Q .909 -.15(ve b)-.15 H .609
(ack to the start of the current or pre).15 F .609(vious w)-.25 F 3.109
(ord. W)-.1 F .608(ords are delimited by non-quoted shell)-.8 F
-(metacharacters.)144 458.4 Q F2(pr)108 470.4 Q -.15(ev)-.18 G
-(ious\255scr).15 E(een\255line)-.18 E F1 .89(Attempt to mo)144 482.4 R
-1.19 -.15(ve p)-.15 H .89(oint to the same ph).15 F .891
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(ysical screen column on the pre)-.05 F .891(vious ph)-.25 F .891
-(ysical screen line.)-.05 F .911(This will not ha)144 494.4 R 1.211 -.15
+(ysical screen line.)-.05 F .911(This will not ha)144 180 R 1.211 -.15
(ve t)-.2 H .911(he desired ef).15 F .911(fect if the current)-.25 F F2
-.18(re)3.411 G(adline).18 E F1 .91(line does not tak)3.41 F 3.41(eu)-.1
-G 3.41(pm)-3.41 G .91(ore than one)-3.41 F(ph)144 506.4 Q(ysical line o\
-r if point is not greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen\
- width.)-.05 E F2(next\255scr)108 518.4 Q(een\255line)-.18 E F1 .481
-(Attempt to mo)144 530.4 R .781 -.15(ve p)-.15 H .481
-(oint to the same ph).15 F .481(ysical screen column on the ne)-.05 F
-.482(xt ph)-.15 F .482(ysical screen line.)-.05 F(This)5.482 E .05
-(will not ha)144 542.4 R .35 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .05(he desired ef).15 F .05
-(fect if the current)-.25 F F2 -.18(re)2.549 G(adline).18 E F1 .049
-(line does not tak)2.549 F 2.549(eu)-.1 G 2.549(pm)-2.549 G .049
-(ore than one ph)-2.549 F(ysical)-.05 E .033
-(line or if the length of the current)144 554.4 R F2 -.18(re)2.533 G
+G 3.41(pm)-3.41 G .91(ore than one)-3.41 F(ph)144 192 Q(ysical line or \
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+(Attempt to mo)144 216 R .781 -.15(ve p)-.15 H .481(oint to the same ph)
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+(ysical screen line.)-.05 F(This)5.482 E .05(will not ha)144 228 R .35
+-.15(ve t)-.2 H .05(he desired ef).15 F .05(fect if the current)-.25 F
+F2 -.18(re)2.549 G(adline).18 E F1 .049(line does not tak)2.549 F 2.549
+(eu)-.1 G 2.549(pm)-2.549 G .049(ore than one ph)-2.549 F(ysical)-.05 E
+.033(line or if the length of the current)144 240 R F2 -.18(re)2.533 G
(adline).18 E F1 .034
(line is not greater than the length of the prompt plus the)2.533 F
-(screen width.)144 566.4 Q F2(clear\255display \(M\255C\255l\))108 578.4
-Q F1 1.499(Clear the screen and, if possible, the terminal')144 590.4 R
+(screen width.)144 252 Q F2(clear\255display \(M\255C\255l\))108 264 Q
+F1 1.499(Clear the screen and, if possible, the terminal')144 276 R
3.999(ss)-.55 G 1.498(crollback b)-3.999 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 3.998(,t)
-.4 G 1.498(hen redra)-3.998 F 3.998(wt)-.15 G 1.498(he current line,)
--3.998 F(lea)144 602.4 Q
-(ving the current line at the top of the screen.)-.2 E F2(clear\255scr)
-108 614.4 Q(een \(C\255l\))-.18 E F1 1.36(Clear the screen, then redra)
-144 626.4 R 3.86(wt)-.15 G 1.36(he current line, lea)-3.86 F 1.36
-(ving the current line at the top of the screen.)-.2 F -.4(Wi)144 638.4
-S(th an ar).4 E
+-3.998 F(lea)144 288 Q(ving the current line at the top of the screen.)
+-.2 E F2(clear\255scr)108 300 Q(een \(C\255l\))-.18 E F1 1.36
+(Clear the screen, then redra)144 312 R 3.86(wt)-.15 G 1.36
+(he current line, lea)-3.86 F 1.36
+(ving the current line at the top of the screen.)-.2 F -.4(Wi)144 324 S
+(th a numeric ar).4 E
(gument, refresh the current line without clearing the screen.)-.18 E F2
--.18(re)108 650.4 S(draw\255curr).18 E(ent\255line)-.18 E F1
-(Refresh the current line.)144 662.4 Q F2(Commands f)87 679.2 Q
+-.18(re)108 336 S(draw\255curr).18 E(ent\255line)-.18 E F1
+(Refresh the current line.)144 348 Q F2(Commands f)87 364.8 Q
(or Manipulating the History)-.25 E(accept\255line \(Newline, Retur)108
-691.2 Q(n\))-.15 E F1 .159(Accept the line re)144 703.2 R -.05(ga)-.15 G
+376.8 Q(n\))-.15 E F1 .159(Accept the line re)144 388.8 R -.05(ga)-.15 G
.159(rdless of where the cursor is.).05 F .158
(If this line is non-empty)5.158 F 2.658(,a)-.65 G .158
(dd it to the history list)-2.658 F .337(according to the state of the)
-144 715.2 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTCONTR)2.838 E(OL)-.27 E F1(and)
+144 400.8 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTCONTR)2.838 E(OL)-.27 E F1(and)
2.588 E F2(HISTIGNORE)2.838 E F1 -.25(va)2.838 G 2.838(riables. If).25 F
.338(the line is a modi-)2.838 F
(\214ed history line, restore the history line to its original state.)
-144 727.2 Q(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E(53)185.955
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-/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF
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-.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(pr)108 84 Q -.15(ev)-.18 G
-(ious\255history \(C\255p\)).15 E F1 1.669(Fetch the pre)144 96 R 1.668
+144 412.8 Q F2(pr)108 424.8 Q -.15(ev)-.18 G(ious\255history \(C\255p\))
+.15 E F1 1.669(Fetch the pre)144 436.8 R 1.668
(vious command from the history list, mo)-.25 F 1.668
(ving back in the list.)-.15 F 1.668(This may also be)6.668 F
-(bound to the up arro)144 108 Q 2.5(wk)-.25 G .3 -.15(ey o)-2.6 H 2.5
+(bound to the up arro)144 448.8 Q 2.5(wk)-.25 G .3 -.15(ey o)-2.6 H 2.5
(ns).15 G(ome k)-2.5 E -.15(ey)-.1 G(boards.).15 E F2
-(next\255history \(C\255n\))108 120 Q F1 .214(Fetch the ne)144 132 R
+(next\255history \(C\255n\))108 460.8 Q F1 .214(Fetch the ne)144 472.8 R
.214(xt command from the history list, mo)-.15 F .214(ving forw)-.15 F
.214(ard in the list.)-.1 F .214(This may also be bound)5.214 F
-(to the do)144 144 Q(wn arro)-.25 E 2.5(wk)-.25 G .3 -.15(ey o)-2.6 H
+(to the do)144 484.8 Q(wn arro)-.25 E 2.5(wk)-.25 G .3 -.15(ey o)-2.6 H
2.5(ns).15 G(ome k)-2.5 E -.15(ey)-.1 G(boards.).15 E F2
-(beginning\255of\255history \(M\255<\))108 156 Q F1(Mo)144 168 Q .3 -.15
-(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he \214rst line in the history)-2.5 E(.)-.65 E
-F2(end\255of\255history \(M\255>\))108 180 Q F1(Mo)144 192 Q .3 -.15
-(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he end of the input history)-2.5 E 2.5(,i)-.65
-G(.e., the line currently being entered.)-2.5 E F2
-(operate\255and\255get\255next \(C\255o\))108 204 Q F1 .24
-(Accept the current line for e)144 216 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .24
+(beginning\255of\255history \(M\255<\))108 496.8 Q F1(Mo)144 508.8 Q .3
+-.15(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he \214rst line in the history)-2.5 E(.)
+-.65 E F2(end\255of\255history \(M\255>\))108 520.8 Q F1(Mo)144 532.8 Q
+.3 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he end of the input history)-2.5 E 2.5
+(,i)-.65 G(.e., the line currently being entered.)-2.5 E F2
+(operate\255and\255get\255next \(C\255o\))108 544.8 Q F1 .24
+(Accept the current line for e)144 556.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .24
(cution as if a ne).15 F .24(wline had been entered, and fetch the ne)
--.25 F .24(xt line rela-)-.15 F(ti)144 228 Q .61 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 2.81
+-.25 F .24(xt line rela-)-.15 F(ti)144 568.8 Q .61 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 2.81
(ot).15 G .31(he current line from the history for editing.)-2.81 F 2.81
(An)5.31 G .31(umeric ar)-2.81 F .31
(gument, if supplied, speci\214es the)-.18 F
-(history entry to use instead of the current line.)144 240 Q F2
-(fetch\255history)108 252 Q F1 -.4(Wi)144 264 S .257(th a numeric ar).4
-F .257(gument, fetch that entry from the history list and mak)-.18 F
-2.756(ei)-.1 G 2.756(tt)-2.756 G .256(he current line.)-2.756 F -.4(Wi)
-5.256 G(th-).4 E(out an ar)144 276 Q(gument, mo)-.18 E .3 -.15(ve b)-.15
-H(ack to the \214rst entry in the history list.).15 E F2 -2.29 -.18
-(re v)108 288 T(erse\255sear).08 E(ch\255history \(C\255r\))-.18 E F1
-1.312(Search backw)144 300 R 1.312
-(ard starting at the current line and mo)-.1 F 1.312
-(ving \231up\232 through the history as necessary)-.15 F(.)-.65 E .29
-(This is an incremental search.)144 312 R .29(This command sets the re)
-5.29 F .29(gion to the matched te)-.15 F .29(xt and acti)-.15 F -.25(va)
--.25 G .29(tes the).25 F(re)144 324 Q(gion.)-.15 E F2 -.25(fo)108 336 S
-(rward\255sear).25 E(ch\255history \(C\255s\))-.18 E F1 .972
-(Search forw)144 348 R .973(ard starting at the current line and mo)-.1
-F .973(ving \231do)-.15 F .973(wn\232 through the history as necessary)
--.25 F(.)-.65 E .29(This is an incremental search.)144 360 R .29
+(history entry to use instead of the current line.)144 580.8 Q F2
+(fetch\255history)108 592.8 Q F1 -.4(Wi)144 604.8 S .257
+(th a numeric ar).4 F .257
+(gument, fetch that entry from the history list and mak)-.18 F 2.756(ei)
+-.1 G 2.756(tt)-2.756 G .256(he current line.)-2.756 F -.4(Wi)5.256 G
+(th-).4 E(out an ar)144 616.8 Q(gument, mo)-.18 E .3 -.15(ve b)-.15 H
+(ack to the \214rst entry in the history list.).15 E F2 -2.29 -.18(re v)
+108 628.8 T(erse\255sear).08 E(ch\255history \(C\255r\))-.18 E F1 1.312
+(Search backw)144 640.8 R 1.312(ard starting at the current line and mo)
+-.1 F 1.312(ving \231up\232 through the history as necessary)-.15 F(.)
+-.65 E .29(This is an incremental search.)144 652.8 R .29
(This command sets the re)5.29 F .29(gion to the matched te)-.15 F .29
-(xt and acti)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .29(tes the).25 F(re)144 372 Q(gion.)
--.15 E F2(non\255incr)108 384 Q(emental\255r)-.18 E -2.3 -.15(ev e)-.18
-H(rse\255sear).15 E(ch\255history \(M\255p\))-.18 E F1 .164
-(Search backw)144 396 R .164(ard through the history starting at the cu\
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-(tring supplied by the user)-2.5 E 5(.T)-.55 G
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(ginning of a history line.)-.15 F .34(This is a non-)5.34 F
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-(This is a non-incre-)5.035 F(mental search.)144 540 Q
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- current line)-.1 F .319(and the point.)144 624 R .319
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(cute the result as shell commands.).15 F F2(Bash)5.146 E F1(at-)2.646 E
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-(there are no characters on the line, and point is at the be)144 484.8 R
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-(Delete the character at point.)144 520.8 R .442
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+(Delete the character at point.)144 220.8 R .442
(If this function is bound to the same character as the tty)5.441 F F2
-(EOF)2.942 E F1(char)2.942 E(-)-.2 E(acter)144 532.8 Q 2.539(,a)-.4 G(s)
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(hen gi)-5.553 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.053(nan).15 G .553(umeric ar)-3.053 F
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(rward\255backward\255delete\255char).25 E F1 .474
-(Delete the character under the cursor)144 604.8 R 2.974(,u)-.4 G .474
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(nless the cursor is at the end of the line, in which case the)-2.974 F
-(character behind the cursor is deleted.)144 616.8 Q F2
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(eted\255paste\255begin)-.1 E F1 .573
-(This function is intended to be bound to the \231brack)144 96 R .572
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(eted paste\232 escape sequence sent by some ter)-.1 F(-)-.2 E .45
-(minals, and such a binding is assigned by def)144 108 R 2.95(ault. It)
--.1 F(allo)2.95 E(ws)-.25 E F2 -.18(re)2.95 G(adline).18 E F1 .45
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--.15(ey)-.1 G 3.451(board. The).15 F(pasted)3.451 E 1.118
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-144 144 Q(Brack)144 156 Q(eted paste sets the re)-.1 E
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-Q F1 .322(Drag the character before point forw)144 180 R .321(ard o)-.1
-F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.821(rt).15 G .321(he character at point, mo)-2.821 F
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-R 2.872(oc)-.1 G .373(haracters before point.)-2.872 F(Ne)5.373 E -.05
-(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .673 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.2(r-).15 G(guments ha)144
-204 Q .3 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.5(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.5 G(ect.).25 E F2
-(transpose\255w)108 216 Q(ords \(M\255t\))-.1 E F1 .024(Drag the w)144
-228 R .024(ord before point past the w)-.1 F .023(ord after point, mo)
--.1 F .023(ving point o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.523(rt).15 G .023(hat w)
--2.523 F .023(ord as well.)-.1 F .023(If point)5.023 F
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-(ow)-.1 G(ords on the line.)-2.6 E F2(shell\255transpose\255w)108 252 Q
-(ords \(M-C-t\))-.1 E F1 .562(Drag the w)144 264 R .562
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+(he character at point, mo)-2.821 F .321(ving point forw)-.15 F .321
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+144 532.8 Q .3 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.5(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.5 G(ect.).25 E F2
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+(If point)5.098 F
+(is at the end of the line, this transposes the last tw)144 568.8 Q 2.5
+(ow)-.1 G(ords on the line.)-2.6 E F2(shell\255transpose\255w)108 580.8
+Q(ords \(M-C-t\))-.1 E F1 .562(Drag the w)144 592.8 R .562
(ord before point past the w)-.1 F .562(ord after point, mo)-.1 F .562
(ving point past that w)-.15 F .563(ord as well.)-.1 F .563(If the)5.563
F .019
(insertion point is at the end of the line, this transposes the last tw)
-144 276 R 2.519(ow)-.1 G .019(ords on the line.)-2.619 F -.8(Wo)5.019 G
-.018(rd bound-).8 F(aries are the same as)144 288 Q F2(shell\255f)2.5 E
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-E(ord)-.1 E F1(.)A F2(upcase\255w)108 300 Q(ord \(M\255u\))-.1 E F1
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--.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.699(ument, uppercase the pre).18 F
-(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 324 S(rd, b).1 E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15
-(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F2(do)108 336 Q(wncase\255w)-.1 E
-(ord \(M\255l\))-.1 E F1(Lo)144 348 Q 1.648
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+(ument, uppercase the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 652.8 S(rd, b).1
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(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.647(ument, lo).18 F 1.647(wercase the pre)
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--.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F2(capitalize\255w)108 372 Q
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-R 1.974(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.474(ord. W)-.1 F 1.974(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)
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+(ument, capitalize the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 724.8 S(rd, b)
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-(Wi)144 432 S .78(th an e).4 F .781(xplicit non-positi)-.15 F 1.081 -.15
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(ve n)-.25 H .781(umeric ar).15 F .781(gument, switches to insert mode.)
--.18 F .781(This command af)5.781 F(fects)-.25 E(only)144 444 Q F2
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(emacs)4.395 E F1(mode;)4.395 E F2(vi)4.395 E F1 1.894(mode does o)4.395
F -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.894(rwrite dif).15 F(ferently)-.25 E 6.894(.E)-.65 G
1.894(ach call to)-6.894 F F0 -.37(re)4.394 G(adline\(\)).37 E F1 1.894
-(starts in insert)4.394 F(mode.)144 456 Q .092(In o)144 468 R -.15(ve)
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-.15 G .092(rwrite mode, characters bound to).15 F F2(self\255insert)
2.593 E F1 .093(replace the te)2.593 F .093
-(xt at point rather than pushing the)-.15 F(te)144 480 Q .774
+(xt at point rather than pushing the)-.15 F(te)144 156 Q .774
(xt to the right.)-.15 F .773(Characters bound to)5.774 F F2
(backward\255delete\255char)3.273 E F1 .773
-(replace the character before point)3.273 F .52(with a space.)144 492 R
+(replace the character before point)3.273 F .52(with a space.)144 168 R
.52(By def)5.52 F .52(ault, this command is unbound, b)-.1 F .52
(ut may be bound to the Insert k)-.2 F .82 -.15(ey o)-.1 H 3.02(ns).15 G
-(ome)-3.02 E -.1(ke)144 504 S(yboards.)-.05 E F2(Killing and Y)87 520.8
-Q(anking)-.85 E(kill\255line \(C\255k\))108 532.8 Q F1 1.415
-(Kill the te)144 544.8 R 1.414
+(ome)-3.02 E -.1(ke)144 180 S(yboards.)-.05 E F2(Killing and Y)87 196.8
+Q(anking)-.85 E(kill\255line \(C\255k\))108 208.8 Q F1 1.415
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(xt from point to the end of the current line.)-.15 F -.4(Wi)6.414 G
1.414(th a ne).4 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.714 -.15(ve n)-.25 H 1.414
-(umeric ar).15 F 1.414(gument, kill)-.18 F(backw)144 556.8 Q
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(ard from the cursor to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E F2
-(backward\255kill\255line \(C\255x Rubout\))108 568.8 Q F1 .025
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+(backward\255kill\255line \(C\255x Rubout\))108 244.8 Q F1 .025
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(ginning of the current line.)-.15 F -.4(Wi)5.025 G .025(th a ne).4 F
-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .326 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .026(umeric ar).15 F .026
(gument, kill forw)-.18 F(ard)-.1 E
-(from the cursor to the end of the line.)144 592.8 Q F2
-(unix\255line\255discard \(C\255u\))108 604.8 Q F1(Kill backw)144 616.8
+(from the cursor to the end of the line.)144 268.8 Q F2
+(unix\255line\255discard \(C\255u\))108 280.8 Q F1(Kill backw)144 292.8
Q(ard from point to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line, sa)-.15 E
(ving the killed te)-.2 E(xt on the kill-ring.)-.15 E F2
-(kill\255whole\255line)108 628.8 Q F1
+(kill\255whole\255line)108 304.8 Q F1
(Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is.)144
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(ord, or if between w)-.1 F .728(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F .728
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(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F2 -.25(fo)2.5 G
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-(ord \(M\255Rubout\))-.1 E F1(Kill the w)144 700.8 Q(ord behind point.)
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-.1 E -.8(Wo)5 G(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F2
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(ord \(M\255C\255d\))-.1 E F1 .728
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(ord, or if between w)-.1 F .729(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F .729
-(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 108 S
+(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 412.8 S
(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F2(shell\255f)2.5 E
(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F1(.)A F2(shell\255backward\255kill\255w)
-108 120 Q(ord)-.1 E F1 3.025(Kill the w)144 132 R 3.025
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(ord behind point.)-.1 F -.8(Wo)8.025 G 3.025
(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 F F2(shell\255back-)
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-(ord\255rubout \(C\255w\))-.1 E F1 1.062(Kill the w)144 168 R 1.063
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(ord behind point, using white space as a w)-.1 F 1.063(ord boundary)-.1
F 3.563(,s)-.65 G -.2(av)-3.563 G 1.063(ing the killed te).2 F 1.063
-(xt on the)-.15 F(kill-ring.)144 180 Q F2(unix\255\214lename\255rubout)
-108 192 Q F1 .266(Kill the w)144 204 R .266
+(xt on the)-.15 F(kill-ring.)144 484.8 Q F2
+(unix\255\214lename\255rubout)108 496.8 Q F1 .266(Kill the w)144 508.8 R
+.266
(ord behind point, using white space and the slash character as the w)
--.1 F .265(ord boundaries, sa)-.1 F(v-)-.2 E(ing the killed te)144 216 Q
-(xt on the kill-ring.)-.15 E F2
-(delete\255horizontal\255space \(M\255\\\))108 228 Q F1
-(Delete all spaces and tabs around point.)144 240 Q F2(kill\255r)108 252
-Q(egion)-.18 E F1(Kill the te)144 264 Q(xt in the current re)-.15 E
-(gion.)-.15 E F2(copy\255r)108 276 Q(egion\255as\255kill)-.18 E F1(Cop)
-144 288 Q 2.5(yt)-.1 G(he te)-2.5 E(xt in the re)-.15 E
+-.1 F .265(ord boundaries, sa)-.1 F(v-)-.2 E(ing the killed te)144 520.8
+Q(xt on the kill-ring.)-.15 E F2
+(delete\255horizontal\255space \(M\255\\\))108 532.8 Q F1
+(Delete all spaces and tabs around point.)144 544.8 Q F2(kill\255r)108
+556.8 Q(egion)-.18 E F1(Kill the te)144 568.8 Q(xt in the current re)
+-.15 E(gion.)-.15 E F2(copy\255r)108 580.8 Q(egion\255as\255kill)-.18 E
+F1(Cop)144 592.8 Q 2.5(yt)-.1 G(he te)-2.5 E(xt in the re)-.15 E
(gion to the kill b)-.15 E(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 2.5(,s)-.4 G 2.5(oi)-2.5
G 2.5(tc)-2.5 G(an be yank)-2.5 E(ed immediately)-.1 E(.)-.65 E F2
-(copy\255backward\255w)108 300 Q(ord)-.1 E F1(Cop)144 312 Q 4.8(yt)-.1 G
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--.25 E 7.301(.T)-.55 G 2.301(he w)-7.301 F 2.301
-(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F2(back-)4.801 E(ward\255w)144 324
-Q(ord)-.1 E F1(.)A F2(copy\255f)108 336 Q(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E
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--.55 G 2.007(he w)-7.007 F 2.007(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F2
--.25(fo)4.507 G -.37(r-).25 G(ward\255w)144 360 Q(ord)-.1 E F1(.)A F2
-(yank \(C\255y\))108 372 Q F1 -1(Ya)144 384 S
-(nk the top of the kill ring into the b)1 E(uf)-.2 E(fer at point.)-.25
-E F2(yank\255pop \(M\255y\))108 396 Q F1
-(Rotate the kill ring, and yank the ne)144 408 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G 2.5
+(copy\255backward\255w)108 604.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F1(Cop)144 616.8 Q 4.8(yt)
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+(fer)-.25 E 7.301(.T)-.55 G 2.301(he w)-7.301 F 2.301
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+E 7.007(.T)-.55 G 2.007(he w)-7.007 F 2.007
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+(fer at point.)-.25 E F2(yank\255pop \(M\255y\))108 700.8 Q F1
+(Rotate the kill ring, and yank the ne)144 712.8 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G 2.5
(op. Only)-2.5 F -.1(wo)2.5 G(rks follo).1 E(wing)-.25 E F2(yank)2.5 E
-F1(or)2.5 E F2(yank\255pop)2.5 E F1(.)A F2(Numeric Ar)87 424.8 Q
-(guments)-.1 E(digit\255ar)108 436.8 Q(gument \(M\2550, M\2551,)-.1 E F1
-1.666(...)2.5 G F2 2.5(,M)-1.666 G<adad29>-2.5 E F1 .367
-(Add this digit to the ar)144 448.8 R .367
-(gument already accumulating, or start a ne)-.18 F 2.867(wa)-.25 G -.18
-(rg)-2.867 G 2.867(ument. M\255\255).18 F .367(starts a ne)2.867 F -.05
-(ga)-.15 G(-).05 E(ti)144 460.8 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G
-(ument.).18 E F2(uni)108 472.8 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1
-E F1 .779(This is another w)144 484.8 R .779(ay to specify an ar)-.1 F
-3.279(gument. If)-.18 F .779(this command is follo)3.279 F .778
-(wed by one or more digits,)-.25 F 1.376
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+144 108 R .367(gument already accumulating, or start a ne)-.18 F 2.867
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+(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F1 .779(This is another w)144 144 R .779
+(ay to specify an ar)-.1 F 3.279(gument. If)-.18 F .779
+(this command is follo)3.279 F .778(wed by one or more digits,)-.25 F
+1.376
(optionally with a leading minus sign, those digits de\214ne the ar)144
-496.8 R 3.876(gument. If)-.18 F 1.376(the command is fol-)3.876 F(lo)144
-508.8 Q 1.17(wed by digits, e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F2(uni)
+156 R 3.876(gument. If)-.18 F 1.376(the command is fol-)3.876 F(lo)144
+168 Q 1.17(wed by digits, e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F2(uni)
3.67 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F1(ag)3.67 E 1.17
(ain ends the numeric ar)-.05 F 1.17(gument, b)-.18 F 1.17(ut is other)
--.2 F(-)-.2 E .898(wise ignored.)144 520.8 R .898
+-.2 F(-)-.2 E .898(wise ignored.)144 180 R .898
(As a special case, if this command is immediately follo)5.898 F .898
(wed by a character that is)-.25 F 1.23
-(neither a digit nor minus sign, the ar)144 532.8 R 1.23
+(neither a digit nor minus sign, the ar)144 192 R 1.23
(gument count for the ne)-.18 F 1.23(xt command is multiplied by four)
--.15 F(.)-.55 E .822(The ar)144 544.8 R .822
+-.15 F(.)-.55 E .822(The ar)144 204 R .822
(gument count is initially one, so e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .823
(cuting this function the \214rst time mak).15 F .823(es the ar)-.1 F
-(gument)-.18 E(count four)144 556.8 Q 2.5(,as)-.4 G(econd time mak)-2.5
-E(es the ar)-.1 E(gument count sixteen, and so on.)-.18 E F2(Completing)
-87 573.6 Q(complete \(T)108 585.6 Q(AB\))-.9 E F1 .203
-(Attempt to perform completion on the te)144 597.6 R .203
+(gument)-.18 E(count four)144 216 Q 2.5(,as)-.4 G(econd time mak)-2.5 E
+(es the ar)-.1 E(gument count sixteen, and so on.)-.18 E F2(Completing)
+87 232.8 Q(complete \(T)108 244.8 Q(AB\))-.9 E F1 .203
+(Attempt to perform completion on the te)144 256.8 R .203
(xt before point.)-.15 F F2(Bash)5.203 E F1 .203
-(attempts completion by \214rst check-)2.703 F .767(ing for an)144 609.6
+(attempts completion by \214rst check-)2.703 F .767(ing for an)144 268.8
R 3.267(yp)-.15 G .767(rogrammable completions for the command w)-3.267
F .768(ord \(see)-.1 F F2(Pr)3.268 E .768(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F
-F1(belo)144 621.6 Q .06(w\), otherwise treating the te)-.25 F .06
+F1(belo)144 280.8 Q .06(w\), otherwise treating the te)-.25 F .06
(xt as a v)-.15 F .059(ariable \(if the te)-.25 F .059(xt be)-.15 F .059
(gins with)-.15 F F2($)2.559 E F1 .059(\), username \(if the te)B .059
-(xt be-)-.15 F .474(gins with)144 633.6 R F2<01>2.974 E F1 .474
+(xt be-)-.15 F .474(gins with)144 292.8 R F2<01>2.974 E F1 .474
(\), hostname \(if the te)B .474(xt be)-.15 F .474(gins with)-.15 F F2
(@)2.974 E F1 .474(\), or command \(including aliases, functions, and)B
--.2(bu)144 645.6 S(iltins\) in turn.).2 E
+-.2(bu)144 304.8 S(iltins\) in turn.).2 E
(If none of these produces a match, it f)5 E
(alls back to \214lename completion.)-.1 E F2
-(possible\255completions \(M\255?\))108 657.6 Q F1 .061
-(List the possible completions of the te)144 669.6 R .061
+(possible\255completions \(M\255?\))108 316.8 Q F1 .061
+(List the possible completions of the te)144 328.8 R .061
(xt before point.)-.15 F .061(When displaying completions,)5.061 F F2
-.18(re)2.56 G(adline).18 E F1(sets)2.56 E 1.002
-(the number of columns used for display to the v)144 681.6 R 1.002
+(the number of columns used for display to the v)144 340.8 R 1.002
(alue of)-.25 F F2(completion-display-width)3.502 E F1 3.502(,t)C 1.003
-(he v)-3.502 F 1.003(alue of)-.25 F(the shell v)144 693.6 Q(ariable)-.25
+(he v)-3.502 F 1.003(alue of)-.25 F(the shell v)144 352.8 Q(ariable)-.25
E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(COLUMNS)2.5 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F1
(or the screen width, in that order)2.25 E(.)-.55 E F2
-(insert\255completions \(M\255*\))108 705.6 Q F1 .783
-(Insert all completions of the te)144 717.6 R .783
+(insert\255completions \(M\255*\))108 364.8 Q F1 .783
+(Insert all completions of the te)144 376.8 R .783
(xt before point that w)-.15 F .783(ould ha)-.1 F 1.083 -.15(ve b)-.2 H
.783(een generated by).15 F F2(possible\255com-)3.282 E(pletions)144
-729.6 Q F1 2.5(,s)C(eparated by a space.)-2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q
-(2024 December 12)136.795 E(57)185.955 E 0 Cg EP
-%%Page: 58 58
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-/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF
-138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH)
-.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(menu\255complete)108 84 Q F1
-.928(Similar to)144 96 R F2(complete)3.428 E F1 3.428(,b)C .929
-(ut replaces the w)-3.628 F .929
+388.8 Q F1 2.5(,s)C(eparated by a space.)-2.5 E F2(menu\255complete)108
+400.8 Q F1 .928(Similar to)144 412.8 R F2(complete)3.428 E F1 3.428(,b)C
+.929(ut replaces the w)-3.628 F .929
(ord to be completed with a single match from the list of)-.1 F 1.618
-(possible completions.)144 108 R 1.618(Repeatedly e)6.618 F -.15(xe)-.15
-G(cuting).15 E F2(menu\255complete)4.118 E F1 1.618
+(possible completions.)144 424.8 R 1.618(Repeatedly e)6.618 F -.15(xe)
+-.15 G(cuting).15 E F2(menu\255complete)4.118 E F1 1.618
(steps through the list of possible)4.118 F .42
-(completions, inserting each match in turn.)144 120 R .421
+(completions, inserting each match in turn.)144 436.8 R .421
(At the end of the list of completions,)5.421 F F2(menu\255complete)
-2.921 E F1 .22(rings the bell \(subject to the setting of)144 132 R F2
+2.921 E F1 .22(rings the bell \(subject to the setting of)144 448.8 R F2
(bell\255style)2.719 E F1 2.719(\)a)C .219(nd restores the original te)
-2.719 F 2.719(xt. An)-.15 F(ar)2.719 E .219(gument of)-.18 F F0(n)2.719
-E F1(mo)144 144 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(s).15 E F0(n)2.546 E F1 .046
+E F1(mo)144 460.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(s).15 E F0(n)2.546 E F1 .046
(positions forw)2.546 F .046(ard in the list of matches; a ne)-.1 F -.05
(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .346 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G .046(ument mo)
.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.546(sb).15 G(ackw)-2.546 E .046(ard through the)
--.1 F 2.5(list. This)144 156 R(command is intended to be bound to)2.5 E
-F2 -.9(TA)2.5 G(B).9 E F1 2.5(,b)C(ut is unbound by def)-2.7 E(ault.)-.1
-E F2(menu\255complete\255backward)108 168 Q F1 .82(Identical to)144 180
-R F2(menu\255complete)3.32 E F1 3.32(,b)C .82(ut mo)-3.52 F -.15(ve)-.15
-G 3.32(sb).15 G(ackw)-3.32 E .82
+-.1 F 2.5(list. This)144 472.8 R(command is intended to be bound to)2.5
+E F2 -.9(TA)2.5 G(B).9 E F1 2.5(,b)C(ut is unbound by def)-2.7 E(ault.)
+-.1 E F2(menu\255complete\255backward)108 484.8 Q F1 .82(Identical to)
+144 496.8 R F2(menu\255complete)3.32 E F1 3.32(,b)C .82(ut mo)-3.52 F
+-.15(ve)-.15 G 3.32(sb).15 G(ackw)-3.32 E .82
(ard through the list of possible completions, as if)-.1 F F2
-(menu\255complete)144 192 Q F1(had been gi)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(nan)
-.15 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-2.5 H(ti).15 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G
-2.5(ument. This).18 F(command is unbound by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F2
-(export\255completions)108 204 Q F1 1.412(Perform completion on the w)
-144 216 R 1.412(ord before point as described abo)-.1 F 1.712 -.15(ve a)
--.15 H 1.412(nd write the list of possible).15 F .56(completions to)144
-228 R F2 -.18(re)3.06 G(adline).18 E F1 1.66 -.55('s o)D .56
+(menu\255complete)144 508.8 Q F1(had been gi)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
+(nan).15 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-2.5 H(ti).15 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg)
+.15 G 2.5(ument. This).18 F(command is unbound by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E
+F2(export\255completions)108 520.8 Q F1 1.412
+(Perform completion on the w)144 532.8 R 1.412
+(ord before point as described abo)-.1 F 1.712 -.15(ve a)-.15 H 1.412
+(nd write the list of possible).15 F .56(completions to)144 544.8 R F2
+-.18(re)3.06 G(adline).18 E F1 1.66 -.55('s o)D .56
(utput stream using the follo).55 F .56
-(wing format, writing information on sepa-)-.25 F(rate lines:)144 240 Q
-<83>144 256.8 Q(the number of matches)180 256.8 Q F0(N)2.5 E F1(;)A<83>
-144 268.8 Q(the w)180 268.8 Q(ord being completed;)-.1 E<83>144 280.8 Q
-F0(S)180 280.8 Q F1(:)A F0(E)A F1 3.252(,w)C .753
-(here S and E are the start and end of)-3.252 F .753(fsets of the w)-.25
-F .753(ord in the)-.1 F F2 -.18(re)3.253 G(adline).18 E F1 .753(line b)
-3.253 F(uf)-.2 E(fer;)-.25 E(then)180 292.8 Q<83>144 304.8 Q
-(each match, one per line)180 304.8 Q .195(If there are no matches, the\
- \214rst line will be \2310\232, and this command does not print an)144
-321.6 R 2.695(yo)-.15 G .195(utput after)-2.695 F(the)144 333.6 Q F0(S)
-2.704 E F1(:)A F0(E)A F1 5.204(.I)C 2.704(ft)-5.204 G .204
+(wing format, writing information on sepa-)-.25 F(rate lines:)144 556.8
+Q<83>144 573.6 Q(the number of matches)180 573.6 Q F0(N)2.5 E F1(;)A<83>
+144 585.6 Q(the w)180 585.6 Q(ord being completed;)-.1 E<83>144 597.6 Q
+F0(S)180 597.6 Q F1(:)A F0(E)A F1 3.283(,w)C(here)-3.283 E F0(S)3.283 E
+F1(and)3.284 E F0(E)3.284 E F1 .784(are the start and end of)3.284 F
+.784(fsets of the w)-.25 F .784(ord in the)-.1 F F2 -.18(re)3.284 G
+(adline).18 E F1 .784(line b)3.284 F(uf)-.2 E(fer;)-.25 E(then)180 609.6
+Q<83>144 621.6 Q(each match, one per line)180 621.6 Q .195(If there are\
+ no matches, the \214rst line will be \2310\232, and this command does \
+not print an)144 638.4 R 2.695(yo)-.15 G .195(utput after)-2.695 F(the)
+144 650.4 Q F0(S)2.704 E F1(:)A F0(E)A F1 5.204(.I)C 2.704(ft)-5.204 G
+.204
(here is only a single match, this prints a single line containing it.)
-2.704 F .205(If there is more than)5.205 F .233(one match, this prints\
- the common pre\214x of the matches, which may be empty)144 345.6 R
+ the common pre\214x of the matches, which may be empty)144 662.4 R
2.733(,o)-.65 G 2.732(nt)-2.733 G .232(he \214rst line af-)-2.732 F .097
-(ter the)144 357.6 R F0(S)2.597 E F1(:)A F0(E)A F1 2.598(,t)C .098
+(ter the)144 674.4 R F0(S)2.597 E F1(:)A F0(E)A F1 2.598(,t)C .098
(hen the matches on subsequent lines.)-2.598 F .098(In this case,)5.098
F F0(N)2.598 E F1 .098(will include the \214rst line with the)2.598 F
-(common pre\214x.)144 369.6 Q .482(The user or application should be ab\
-le to accommodate the possibility of a blank line.)144 386.4 R .481
-(The intent)5.481 F .844(is that the user or application reads)144 398.4
+(common pre\214x.)144 686.4 Q .482(The user or application should be ab\
+le to accommodate the possibility of a blank line.)144 703.2 R .481
+(The intent)5.481 F .844(is that the user or application reads)144 715.2
R F0(N)3.344 E F1 .844(lines after the line containing)3.344 F F0(S)
3.345 E F1(:)A F0(E)A F1 .845(to obtain the match list.)3.345 F
-(This command is unbound by def)144 410.4 Q(ault.)-.1 E F2
-(delete\255char\255or\255list)108 427.2 Q F1 .234
-(Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the be)144 439.2 R
-.234(ginning or end of the line \(lik)-.15 F(e)-.1 E F2(delete\255char)
-2.734 E F1(\).)A .305(At the end of the line, it beha)144 451.2 R -.15
-(ve)-.2 G 2.805(si).15 G .305(dentically to)-2.805 F F2
-(possible\255completions)2.805 E F1 5.305(.T)C .305
-(his command is unbound)-5.305 F(by def)144 463.2 Q(ault.)-.1 E F2
-(complete\255\214lename \(M\255/\))108 480 Q F1
-(Attempt \214lename completion on the te)144 492 Q(xt before point.)-.15
-E F2(possible\255\214lename\255completions \(C\255x /\))108 508.8 Q F1
-(List the possible completions of the te)144 520.8 Q
-(xt before point, treating it as a \214lename.)-.15 E F2
-(complete\255user)108 537.6 Q(name \(M\255\001\))-.15 E F1
-(Attempt completion on the te)144 549.6 Q
-(xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F2(possible\255user)
-108 566.4 Q(name\255completions \(C\255x \001\))-.15 E F1
-(List the possible completions of the te)144 578.4 Q
-(xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F2(complete\255v)108
-595.2 Q(ariable \(M\255$\))-.1 E F1(Attempt completion on the te)144
-607.2 Q(xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E
-F2(possible\255v)108 624 Q(ariable\255completions \(C\255x $\))-.1 E F1
-(List the possible completions of the te)144 636 Q
-(xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F2
-(complete\255hostname \(M\255@\))108 652.8 Q F1
-(Attempt completion on the te)144 664.8 Q
-(xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E F2
-(possible\255hostname\255completions \(C\255x @\))108 681.6 Q F1
-(List the possible completions of the te)144 693.6 Q
-(xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768
-Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E(58)185.955 E 0 Cg EP
+(This command is unbound by def)144 727.2 Q(ault.)-.1 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72
+768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 E(58)188.45 E 0 Cg EP
%%Page: 59 59
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/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF
138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH)
-.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF
-(complete\255command \(M\255!\))108 84 Q F1 .581
-(Attempt completion on the te)144 96 R .581
+.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(delete\255char\255or\255list)
+108 84 Q F1 .234
+(Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the be)144 96 R .234
+(ginning or end of the line \(lik)-.15 F(e)-.1 E F2(delete\255char)2.734
+E F1(\).)A .305(At the end of the line, it beha)144 108 R -.15(ve)-.2 G
+2.805(si).15 G .305(dentically to)-2.805 F F2(possible\255completions)
+2.805 E F1 5.305(.T)C .305(his command is unbound)-5.305 F(by def)144
+120 Q(ault.)-.1 E F2(complete\255\214lename \(M\255/\))108 136.8 Q F1
+(Attempt \214lename completion on the te)144 148.8 Q(xt before point.)
+-.15 E F2(possible\255\214lename\255completions \(C\255x /\))108 165.6 Q
+F1(List the possible completions of the te)144 177.6 Q
+(xt before point, treating it as a \214lename.)-.15 E F2
+(complete\255user)108 194.4 Q(name \(M\255\001\))-.15 E F1
+(Attempt completion on the te)144 206.4 Q
+(xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F2(possible\255user)
+108 223.2 Q(name\255completions \(C\255x \001\))-.15 E F1
+(List the possible completions of the te)144 235.2 Q
+(xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F2(complete\255v)108
+252 Q(ariable \(M\255$\))-.1 E F1(Attempt completion on the te)144 264 Q
+(xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F2
+(possible\255v)108 280.8 Q(ariable\255completions \(C\255x $\))-.1 E F1
+(List the possible completions of the te)144 292.8 Q
+(xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F2
+(complete\255hostname \(M\255@\))108 309.6 Q F1
+(Attempt completion on the te)144 321.6 Q
+(xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E F2
+(possible\255hostname\255completions \(C\255x @\))108 338.4 Q F1
+(List the possible completions of the te)144 350.4 Q
+(xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E F2
+(complete\255command \(M\255!\))108 367.2 Q F1 .581
+(Attempt completion on the te)144 379.2 R .581
(xt before point, treating it as a command name.)-.15 F .58
-(Command comple-)5.58 F .715(tion attempts to match the te)144 108 R
+(Command comple-)5.58 F .715(tion attempts to match the te)144 391.2 R
.715(xt ag)-.15 F .715(ainst aliases, reserv)-.05 F .715(ed w)-.15 F
.715(ords, shell functions, shell b)-.1 F .715(uiltins, and)-.2 F
-(\214nally e)144 120 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
+(\214nally e)144 403.2 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cutable \214lenames, in that order).15 E(.)-.55 E F2
-(possible\255command\255completions \(C\255x !\))108 136.8 Q F1
-(List the possible completions of the te)144 148.8 Q
+(possible\255command\255completions \(C\255x !\))108 420 Q F1
+(List the possible completions of the te)144 432 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a command name.)-.15 E F2
-(dynamic\255complete\255history \(M\255T)108 165.6 Q(AB\))-.9 E F1 .092
-(Attempt completion on the te)144 177.6 R .092
+(dynamic\255complete\255history \(M\255T)108 448.8 Q(AB\))-.9 E F1 .092
+(Attempt completion on the te)144 460.8 R .092
(xt before point, comparing the te)-.15 F .092(xt ag)-.15 F .092
(ainst history list entries for pos-)-.05 F(sible completion matches.)
-144 189.6 Q F2(dab)108 206.4 Q(br)-.1 E -.15(ev)-.18 G(\255expand).15 E
-F1 .61(Attempt menu completion on the te)144 218.4 R .611
+144 472.8 Q F2(dab)108 489.6 Q(br)-.1 E -.15(ev)-.18 G(\255expand).15 E
+F1 .61(Attempt menu completion on the te)144 501.6 R .611
(xt before point, comparing the te)-.15 F .611(xt ag)-.15 F .611
(ainst lines from the his-)-.05 F
-(tory list for possible completion matches.)144 230.4 Q F2
-(complete\255into\255braces \(M\255{\))108 247.2 Q F1 .4(Perform \214le\
+(tory list for possible completion matches.)144 513.6 Q F2
+(complete\255into\255braces \(M\255{\))108 530.4 Q F1 .4(Perform \214le\
name completion and insert the list of possible completions enclosed wi\
-thin braces so)144 259.2 R(the list is a)144 271.2 Q -.25(va)-.2 G
+thin braces so)144 542.4 R(the list is a)144 554.4 Q -.25(va)-.2 G
(ilable to the shell \(see).25 E F2(Brace Expansion)2.5 E F1(abo)2.5 E
--.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F2 -.25(Ke)87 288 S(yboard Macr).25 E(os)-.18 E
-(start\255kbd\255macr)108 300 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x \()-2.5 E(\)).833
-E F1(Be)144 312 Q(gin sa)-.15 E
+-.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F2 -.25(Ke)87 571.2 S(yboard Macr).25 E(os)-.18
+E(start\255kbd\255macr)108 583.2 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x \()-2.5 E(\))
+.833 E F1(Be)144 595.2 Q(gin sa)-.15 E
(ving the characters typed into the current k)-.2 E -.15(ey)-.1 G
-(board macro.).15 E F2(end\255kbd\255macr)108 324 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G
-(C\255x \))-2.5 E(\)).833 E F1(Stop sa)144 336 Q
+(board macro.).15 E F2(end\255kbd\255macr)108 607.2 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G
+(C\255x \))-2.5 E(\)).833 E F1(Stop sa)144 619.2 Q
(ving the characters typed into the current k)-.2 E -.15(ey)-.1 G
(board macro and store the de\214nition.).15 E F2
-(call\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 348 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x e\))-2.5 E
-F1(Re-e)144 360 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G .999(cute the last k).15 F -.15(ey)-.1
-G .999(board macro de\214ned, by making the characters in the macro app\
-ear as if).15 F(typed at the k)144 372 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G(board.).15 E F2
-(print\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 384 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(\))-2.5 E F1
-(Print the last k)144 396 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G
+(call\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 631.2 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x e\))-2.5
+E F1(Re-e)144 643.2 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G .999(cute the last k).15 F -.15(ey)
+-.1 G .999(board macro de\214ned, by making the characters in the macro\
+ appear as if).15 F(typed at the k)144 655.2 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G(board.).15
+E F2(print\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 667.2 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(\))-2.5 E
+F1(Print the last k)144 679.2 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G
(board macro de\214ned in a format suitable for the).15 E F0(inputr)2.5
-E(c)-.37 E F1(\214le.)2.5 E F2(Miscellaneous)87 412.8 Q -.18(re)108
-424.8 S<ad72>.18 E(ead\255init\255\214le \(C\255x C\255r\))-.18 E F1
-1.777(Read in the contents of the)144 436.8 R F0(inputr)4.277 E(c)-.37 E
-F1 1.776(\214le, and incorporate an)4.276 F 4.276(yb)-.15 G 1.776
+E(c)-.37 E F1(\214le.)2.5 E F2(Miscellaneous)87 696 Q F1(GNU Bash 5.3)72
+768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 E(59)188.45 E 0 Cg EP
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+/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF
+138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH)
+.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.18(re)108 84 S<ad72>.18 E
+(ead\255init\255\214le \(C\255x C\255r\))-.18 E F1 1.777
+(Read in the contents of the)144 96 R F0(inputr)4.277 E(c)-.37 E F1
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(indings or v)-4.276 F 1.776(ariable assignments)-.25 F(found there.)144
-448.8 Q F2(abort \(C\255g\))108 460.8 Q F1 3.248
-(Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal')144 472.8 R
+108 Q F2(abort \(C\255g\))108 120 Q F1 3.248
+(Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal')144 132 R
5.749(sb)-.55 G 3.249(ell \(subject to the setting of)-5.749 F F2
-(bell\255style)144 484.8 Q F1(\).)A F2(do\255lo)108 496.8 Q(wer)-.1 E
+(bell\255style)144 144 Q F1(\).)A F2(do\255lo)108 156 Q(wer)-.1 E
(case\255v)-.18 E(ersion \(M\255A, M\255B, M\255)-.1 E F0(x)A F2(,)A F1
1.666(...)2.5 G F2(\))-1.666 E F1 1.739(If the meta\214ed character)144
-508.8 R F0(x)4.239 E F1 1.739
+168 R F0(x)4.239 E F1 1.739
(is uppercase, run the command that is bound to the corresponding)4.239
-F(meta\214ed lo)144 520.8 Q(wercase character)-.25 E 5(.T)-.55 G
-(he beha)-5 E(vior is unde\214ned if)-.2 E F0(x)2.5 E F1(is already lo)
-2.5 E(wercase.)-.25 E F2(pr)108 532.8 Q(e\214x\255meta \(ESC\))-.18 E F1
-(Metafy the ne)144 544.8 Q(xt character typed.)-.15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0
-SF(ESC)5 E F2(f)2.25 E F1(is equi)2.5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F2
-(Meta\255f)2.5 E F1(.)A F2(undo \(C\255_, C\255x C\255u\))108 556.8 Q F1
-(Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.)144 568.8 Q F2
--2.29 -.18(re v)108 580.8 T(ert\255line \(M\255r\)).08 E F1 .23
-(Undo all changes made to this line.)144 592.8 R .231(This is lik)5.23 F
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+(Metafy the ne)144 204 Q(xt character typed.)-.15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF
+(ESC)5 E F2(f)2.25 E F1(is equi)2.5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F2
+(Meta\255f)2.5 E F1(.)A F2(undo \(C\255_, C\255x C\255u\))108 216 Q F1
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+(Undo all changes made to this line.)144 252 R .231(This is lik)5.23 F
2.731(ee)-.1 G -.15(xe)-2.881 G .231(cuting the).15 F F2(undo)2.731 E F1
.231(command enough times to re-)2.731 F
-(turn the line to its initial state.)144 604.8 Q F2
-(tilde\255expand \(M\255&\))108 616.8 Q F1(Perform tilde e)144 628.8 Q
+(turn the line to its initial state.)144 264 Q F2
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(xpansion on the current w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E F2
-(set\255mark \(C\255@, M\255<space>\))108 640.8 Q F1
-(Set the mark to the point.)144 652.8 Q(If a numeric ar)5 E
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(gument is supplied, set the mark to that position.)-.18 E F2
-(exchange\255point\255and\255mark \(C\255x C\255x\))108 664.8 Q F1(Sw)
-144 676.8 Q .872(ap the point with the mark.)-.1 F .871
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+336 Q .872(ap the point with the mark.)-.1 F .871
(Set the current cursor position to the sa)5.871 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.371
(dp).15 G .871(osition, then set the)-3.371 F
-(mark to the old cursor position.)144 688.8 Q F2(character\255sear)108
-700.8 Q(ch \(C\255]\))-.18 E F1 1.1(Read a character and mo)144 712.8 R
-1.4 -.15(ve p)-.15 H 1.101(oint to the ne).15 F 1.101
+(mark to the old cursor position.)144 348 Q F2(character\255sear)108 360
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(xt occurrence of that character)-.15 F 6.101(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E -.05
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-138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH)
-.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(character\255sear)108 84 Q
-(ch\255backward \(M\255C\255]\))-.18 E F1 1.071(Read a character and mo)
-144 96 R 1.371 -.15(ve p)-.15 H 1.071(oint to the pre).15 F 1.071
-(vious occurrence of that character)-.25 F 6.07(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E -.05
-(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.37 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G(u-).18 E
-(ment searches for subsequent occurrences.)144 108 Q F2
-(skip\255csi\255sequence)108 120 Q F1 1.826
-(Read enough characters to consume a multi-k)144 132 R 2.126 -.15(ey s)
+(searches for pre)144 384 Q(vious occurrences.)-.25 E F2
+(character\255sear)108 396 Q(ch\255backward \(M\255C\255]\))-.18 E F1
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+(oint to the pre).15 F 1.071(vious occurrence of that character)-.25 F
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+-.18(rg).15 G(u-).18 E(ment searches for subsequent occurrences.)144 420
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+(Read enough characters to consume a multi-k)144 444 R 2.126 -.15(ey s)
-.1 H 1.827(equence such as those de\214ned for k).15 F -.15(ey)-.1 G
-4.327(sl).15 G(ik)-4.327 E(e)-.1 E .345(Home and End.)144 144 R .345
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(CSI sequences be)5.345 F .345
(gin with a Control Sequence Indicator \(CSI\), usually)-.15 F F0 .344
(ESC [)3.354 F F1 5.344(.I).52 G(f)-5.344 E 1.437
-(this sequence is bound to \231\\e[\232, k)144 156 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 3.937
+(this sequence is bound to \231\\e[\232, k)144 468 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 3.937
(sp).15 G 1.437(roducing CSI sequences ha)-3.937 F 1.737 -.15(ve n)-.2 H
3.937(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-3.937 G 1.438(ect unless e).25 F(xplicitly)-.15
-E .297(bound to a)144 168 R F2 -.18(re)2.797 G(adline).18 E F1 .297
+E .297(bound to a)144 480 R F2 -.18(re)2.797 G(adline).18 E F1 .297
(command, instead of inserting stray characters into the editing b)2.797
F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 5.296(.T)-.55 G .296(his is)-5.296 F
-(unbound by def)144 180 Q(ault, b)-.1 E(ut usually bound to)-.2 E F0
-(ESC [)3.01 E F1(.).52 E F2(insert\255comment \(M\255#\))108 192 Q F1
--.4(Wi)144 204 S .532(thout a numeric ar).4 F .533(gument, insert the v)
+(unbound by def)144 492 Q(ault, b)-.1 E(ut usually bound to)-.2 E F0
+(ESC [)3.01 E F1(.).52 E F2(insert\255comment \(M\255#\))108 504 Q F1
+-.4(Wi)144 516 S .532(thout a numeric ar).4 F .533(gument, insert the v)
-.18 F .533(alue of the)-.25 F F2 -.18(re)3.033 G .533
(adline comment\255begin).18 F F1 -.25(va)3.033 G .533
-(riable at the be-).25 F .792(ginning of the current line.)144 216 R
+(riable at the be-).25 F .792(ginning of the current line.)144 528 R
.791(If a numeric ar)5.791 F .791
(gument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if)-.18 F .863
-(the characters at the be)144 228 R .864
+(the characters at the be)144 540 R .864
(ginning of the line do not match the v)-.15 F .864(alue of)-.25 F F2
(comment\255begin)3.364 E F1 3.364(,i)C .864(nsert the)-3.364 F -.25(va)
-144 240 S .305(lue; otherwise delete the characters in).25 F F2
+144 552 S .305(lue; otherwise delete the characters in).25 F F2
(comment-begin)2.804 E F1 .304(from the be)2.804 F .304
(ginning of the line.)-.15 F .304(In either)5.304 F .947
-(case, the line is accepted as if a ne)144 252 R .948
+(case, the line is accepted as if a ne)144 564 R .948
(wline had been typed.)-.25 F .948(The def)5.948 F .948(ault v)-.1 F
.948(alue of)-.25 F F2(comment\255begin)3.448 E F1 .363
-(causes this command to mak)144 264 R 2.863(et)-.1 G .363
+(causes this command to mak)144 576 R 2.863(et)-.1 G .363
(he current line a shell comment.)-2.863 F .362(If a numeric ar)5.362 F
-.362(gument causes the)-.18 F(comment character to be remo)144 276 Q
+.362(gument causes the)-.18 F(comment character to be remo)144 588 Q
-.15(ve)-.15 G(d, the line will be e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
-(cuted by the shell.).15 E F2(spell\255corr)108 288 Q(ect\255w)-.18 E
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(ord \(C\255x s\))-.1 E F1 .42
-(Perform spelling correction on the current w)144 300 R .421
+(Perform spelling correction on the current w)144 612 R .421
(ord, treating it as a directory or \214lename, in the same)-.1 F -.1
-(wa)144 312 S 4.718(ya).1 G 4.718(st)-4.718 G(he)-4.718 E F2(cdspell)
+(wa)144 624 S 4.718(ya).1 G 4.718(st)-4.718 G(he)-4.718 E F2(cdspell)
4.718 E F1 2.218(shell option.)4.718 F -.8(Wo)7.217 G 2.217
(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 F F2(shell\255f)4.717 E
-(or)-.25 E(-)-.37 E(ward\255w)144 324 Q(ord)-.1 E F1(.)A F2
-(glob\255complete\255w)108 336 Q(ord \(M\255g\))-.1 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 348
+(or)-.25 E(-)-.37 E(ward\255w)144 636 Q(ord)-.1 E F1(.)A F2
+(glob\255complete\255w)108 648 Q(ord \(M\255g\))-.1 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 660
S 1.037(eat the w).35 F 1.037
(ord before point as a pattern for pathname e)-.1 F 1.038
(xpansion, with an asterisk implicitly ap-)-.15 F(pended, then use the \
pattern to generate a list of matching \214le names for possible comple\
-tions.)144 360 Q F2(glob\255expand\255w)108 372 Q(ord \(C\255x *\))-.1 E
-F1 -.35(Tr)144 384 S .033(eat the w).35 F .033
+tions.)144 672 Q F2(glob\255expand\255w)108 684 Q(ord \(C\255x *\))-.1 E
+F1 -.35(Tr)144 696 S .033(eat the w).35 F .033
(ord before point as a pattern for pathname e)-.1 F .033
(xpansion, and insert the list of matching \214le)-.15 F .083
-(names, replacing the w)144 396 R 2.583(ord. If)-.1 F 2.583(an)2.583 G
+(names, replacing the w)144 708 R 2.583(ord. If)-.1 F 2.583(an)2.583 G
.083(umeric ar)-2.583 F .083(gument is supplied, append a)-.18 F F2(*)
-2.584 E F1 .084(before pathname e)2.584 F(xpan-)-.15 E(sion.)144 408 Q
-F2(glob\255list\255expansions \(C\255x g\))108 420 Q F1 .689
-(Display the list of e)144 432 R .689(xpansions that w)-.15 F .688
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+(glob\255list\255expansions \(C\255x g\))108 84 Q F1 .689
+(Display the list of e)144 96 R .689(xpansions that w)-.15 F .688
(ould ha)-.1 F .988 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .688(een generated by).15 F F2
(glob\255expand\255w)3.188 E(ord)-.1 E F1 .688(and redis-)3.188 F
-(play the line.)144 444 Q(If a numeric ar)5 E
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-E(xpansion.)-.15 E F2(dump\255functions)108 456 Q F1 .473
-(Print all of the functions and their k)144 468 R .773 -.15(ey b)-.1 H
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+(Print all of the functions and their k)144 132 R .773 -.15(ey b)-.1 H
.473(indings to the).15 F F2 -.18(re)2.973 G(adline).18 E F1 .473
(output stream.)2.973 F .473(If a numeric ar)5.473 F(gu-)-.18 E
-(ment is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)144 480 Q
+(ment is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)144 144 Q
(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 E F0(inputr)2.5 E(c)-.37 E F1
-(\214le.)2.5 E F2(dump\255v)108 492 Q(ariables)-.1 E F1 .456
-(Print all of the settable)144 504 R F2 -.18(re)2.956 G(adline).18 E F1
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+(Print all of the settable)144 168 R F2 -.18(re)2.956 G(adline).18 E F1
-.25(va)2.955 G .455(riables and their v).25 F .455(alues to the)-.25 F
F2 -.18(re)2.955 G(adline).18 E F1 .455(output stream.)2.955 F .455
-(If a nu-)5.455 F .108(meric ar)144 516 R .108
+(If a nu-)5.455 F .108(meric ar)144 180 R .108
(gument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)-.18 F .109
-(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F0(in-)2.609 E(putr)144 528 Q
-(c)-.37 E F1(\214le.)2.5 E F2(dump\255macr)108 540 Q(os)-.18 E F1 .089
-(Print all of the)144 552 R F2 -.18(re)2.589 G(adline).18 E F1 -.1(ke)
+(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F0(in-)2.609 E(putr)144 192 Q
+(c)-.37 E F1(\214le.)2.5 E F2(dump\255macr)108 204 Q(os)-.18 E F1 .089
+(Print all of the)144 216 R F2 -.18(re)2.589 G(adline).18 E F1 -.1(ke)
2.589 G 2.589(ys)-.05 G .089
(equences bound to macros and the strings the)-2.589 F 2.589(yo)-.15 G
.088(utput to the)-2.589 F F2 -.18(re)2.588 G(adline).18 E F1 .243
-(output stream.)144 564 R .243(If a numeric ar)5.243 F .243
+(output stream.)144 228 R .243(If a numeric ar)5.243 F .243
(gument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)-.18 F .244
-(ay that it can)-.1 F(be made part of an)144 576 Q F0(inputr)2.5 E(c)
--.37 E F1(\214le.)2.5 E F2(execute\255named\255command \(M-x\))108 588 Q
-F1 1.084(Read a bindable)144 600 R F2 -.18(re)3.584 G(adline).18 E F1
+(ay that it can)-.1 F(be made part of an)144 240 Q F0(inputr)2.5 E(c)
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1.083(command name from the input and e)3.584 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.083
(cute the function to which it').15 F(s)-.55 E .278(bound, as if the k)
-144 612 R .578 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .278(equence to which it w).15 F .279
+144 276 R .578 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .278(equence to which it w).15 F .279
(as bound appeared in the input.)-.1 F .279(If this function is sup-)
-5.279 F(plied with a numeric ar)144 624 Q(gument, it passes that ar)-.18
+5.279 F(plied with a numeric ar)144 288 Q(gument, it passes that ar)-.18
E(gument to the function it e)-.18 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes.).15 E F2
-(display\255shell\255v)108 636 Q(ersion \(C\255x C\255v\))-.1 E F1
-(Display v)144 648 Q(ersion information about the current instance of)
--.15 E F2(bash)2.5 E F1(.)A F2(Pr)87 664.8 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18
-E F1 .379(When a user attempts w)108 676.8 R .378
+(display\255shell\255v)108 300 Q(ersion \(C\255x C\255v\))-.1 E F1
+(Display v)144 312 Q(ersion information about the current instance of)
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(ord completion for a command or an ar)-.1 F .378
(gument to a command for which a comple-)-.18 F .92
-(tion speci\214cation \(a)108 688.8 R F0(compspec)3.42 E F1 3.42(\)h)C
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.92(as been de\214ned using the)-3.42 F F2(complete)3.42 E F1 -.2(bu)
3.42 G .92(iltin \(see).2 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .921(SHELL B)3.421 F
-(UIL)-.09 E .921(TIN COM-)-.828 F(MANDS)108 700.8 Q F1(belo)2.25 E(w\),)
+(UIL)-.09 E .921(TIN COM-)-.828 F(MANDS)108 364.8 Q F1(belo)2.25 E(w\),)
-.25 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F1(in)2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2
G 2.5(st).1 G(he programmable completion f)-2.5 E(acilities.)-.1 E
-(First,)108 717.6 Q F2(bash)2.664 E F1 .163
+(First,)108 381.6 Q F2(bash)2.664 E F1 .163
(identi\214es the command name.)2.664 F .163
(If a compspec has been de\214ned for that command, the compspec)5.163 F
.454(is used to generate the list of possible completions for the w)108
-729.6 R 2.954(ord. If)-.1 F .454(the command w)2.954 F .455
-(ord is the empty string)-.1 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 December 12)
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-(ginning of an empty line\),)-.15 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)2.629 E
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-(option to)3.006 F F2(complete)3.006 E F1 .506
-(indicates that the command w)3.006 F .507
-(ord is the \214rst non-assignment)-.1 F -.1(wo)108 108 S .437
+393.6 R 2.954(ord. If)-.1 F .454(the command w)2.954 F .455
+(ord is the empty string)-.1 F .129(\(completion attempted at the be)108
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+.507(ord is the \214rst non-assignment)-.1 F -.1(wo)108 429.6 S .437
(rd on the line, or after a command delimiter such as).1 F F2(;)2.937 E
F1(or)2.937 E F2(|)2.937 E F1 5.437(.T)C .436
-(his usually indicates command name com-)-5.437 F(pletion.)108 120 Q .29
-(If the command w)108 136.8 R .29(ord is a full pathname,)-.1 F F2(bash)
-2.79 E F1 .291(searches for a compspec for the full pathname \214rst.)
-2.79 F .291(If there)5.291 F .451(is no compspec for the full pathname,)
-108 148.8 R F2(bash)2.951 E F1 .45
+(his usually indicates command name com-)-5.437 F(pletion.)108 441.6 Q
+.29(If the command w)108 458.4 R .29(ord is a full pathname,)-.1 F F2
+(bash)2.79 E F1 .291
+(searches for a compspec for the full pathname \214rst.)2.79 F .291
+(If there)5.291 F .451(is no compspec for the full pathname,)108 470.4 R
+F2(bash)2.951 E F1 .45
(attempts to \214nd a compspec for the portion follo)2.951 F .45
-(wing the \214nal)-.25 F 3.594(slash. If)108 160.8 R 1.094(those search\
+(wing the \214nal)-.25 F 3.594(slash. If)108 482.4 R 1.094(those search\
es do not result in a compspec, or if there is no compspec for the comm\
-and w)3.594 F(ord,)-.1 E F2(bash)108 172.8 Q F1 1.515(uses an)4.015 F
+and w)3.594 F(ord,)-.1 E F2(bash)108 494.4 Q F1 1.515(uses an)4.015 F
4.015(yc)-.15 G 1.515(ompspec de\214ned with the)-4.015 F F2<ad44>4.015
E F1 1.514(option to)4.015 F F2(complete)4.014 E F1 1.514(as the def)
4.014 F 4.014(ault. If)-.1 F 1.514(there is no def)4.014 F(ault)-.1 E
-(compspec,)108 184.8 Q F2(bash)3.566 E F1 1.066(performs alias e)3.566 F
+(compspec,)108 506.4 Q F2(bash)3.566 E F1 1.066(performs alias e)3.566 F
1.066(xpansion on the command w)-.15 F 1.067
(ord as a \214nal resort, and attempts to \214nd a)-.1 F
-(compspec for the command w)108 196.8 Q(ord resulting from an)-.1 E 2.5
+(compspec for the command w)108 518.4 Q(ord resulting from an)-.1 E 2.5
(ys)-.15 G(uccessful e)-2.5 E(xpansion.)-.15 E .96
-(If a compspec is not found,)108 213.6 R F2(bash)3.46 E F1 .96
+(If a compspec is not found,)108 535.2 R F2(bash)3.46 E F1 .96
(performs its def)3.46 F .96(ault completion as described abo)-.1 F 1.26
-.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(Completing)3.46 E F1(.)A
-(Otherwise, once a compspec has been found,)108 225.6 Q F2(bash)2.5 E F1
+(Otherwise, once a compspec has been found,)108 547.2 Q F2(bash)2.5 E F1
(uses it to generate the list of matching w)2.5 E(ords.)-.1 E(First,)108
-242.4 Q F2(bash)3.128 E F1 .628(performs the)3.128 F F0(actions)3.128 E
-F1 .628(speci\214ed by the compspec.)3.128 F .628
+564 Q F2(bash)3.128 E F1 .628(performs the)3.128 F F0(actions)3.128 E F1
+.628(speci\214ed by the compspec.)3.128 F .628
(This only returns matches which are pre\214x)5.628 F(es)-.15 E .12
-(of the w)108 254.4 R .12(ord being completed.)-.1 F .12(When the)5.12 F
+(of the w)108 576 R .12(ord being completed.)-.1 F .12(When the)5.12 F
F2<ad66>2.62 E F1(or)2.62 E F2<ad64>2.619 E F1 .119
(option is used for \214lename or directory name completion,)2.619 F F2
-(bash)108 266.4 Q F1(uses the shell v)2.5 E(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9
-/Times-Bold@0 SF(FIGNORE)2.5 E F1(to \214lter the matches.)2.25 E(Ne)108
-283.2 Q .592(xt, programmable completion generates matches speci\214ed \
-by a pathname e)-.15 F .592(xpansion pattern supplied as)-.15 F .869
-(an ar)108 295.2 R .869(gument to the)-.18 F F2<ad47>3.369 E F1 3.369
-(option. The)3.369 F -.1(wo)3.369 G .869
-(rds generated by the pattern need not match the w).1 F .868
-(ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted.)108 307.2 Q F2(Bash)5.858 E F1 .858
+(bash)108 588 Q F1(uses the shell v)2.5 E(ariable)-.25 E F3(FIGNORE)2.5
+E F1(to \214lter the matches.)2.25 E(Ne)108 604.8 Q .592(xt, programmab\
+le completion generates matches speci\214ed by a pathname e)-.15 F .592
+(xpansion pattern supplied as)-.15 F .869(an ar)108 616.8 R .869
+(gument to the)-.18 F F2<ad47>3.369 E F1 3.369(option. The)3.369 F -.1
+(wo)3.369 G .869(rds generated by the pattern need not match the w).1 F
+.868(ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted.)108 628.8 Q F2(Bash)5.858 E F1 .858
(uses the)3.358 F F3(FIGNORE)3.358 E F1 -.25(va)3.108 G .858
(riable to \214lter the matches, b).25 F .859(ut does not use the)-.2 F
-F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.359 E F1(shell)3.109 E -.25(va)108 319.2 S(riable.).25 E
-(Ne)108 336 Q .718
+F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.359 E F1(shell)3.109 E -.25(va)108 640.8 S(riable.).25 E
+(Ne)108 657.6 Q .718
(xt, completion considers the string speci\214ed as the ar)-.15 F .718
(gument to the)-.18 F F2<ad57>3.218 E F1 3.217(option. The)3.217 F .717
(string is \214rst split)3.217 F .175(using the characters in the)108
-348 R F3(IFS)2.675 E F1 .175(special v)2.425 F .175
+669.6 R F3(IFS)2.675 E F1 .175(special v)2.425 F .175
(ariable as delimiters.)-.25 F .175
(This honors shell quoting within the string, in)5.175 F 1.02
-(order to pro)108 360 R 1.02(vide a mechanism for the w)-.15 F 1.019
+(order to pro)108 681.6 R 1.02(vide a mechanism for the w)-.15 F 1.019
(ords to contain shell metacharacters or characters in the v)-.1 F 1.019
-(alue of)-.25 F F3(IFS)108 372 Q/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1 .004
+(alue of)-.25 F F3(IFS)108 693.6 Q/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1 .004
(Each w)4.504 F .004(ord is then e)-.1 F .005(xpanded using brace e)-.15
F .005(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .005(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F
.005(ariable e)-.25 F(xpansion,)-.15 E 1.003
-(command substitution, and arithmetic e)108 384 R 1.003
+(command substitution, and arithmetic e)108 705.6 R 1.003
(xpansion, as described abo)-.15 F 1.303 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3
(EXP)3.503 E(ANSION)-.666 E F4(.)A F1 1.003(The results are)5.503 F
-2.124(split using the rules described abo)108 396 R 2.424 -.15(ve u)-.15
-H(nder).15 E F2 -.75(Wo)4.624 G 2.124(rd Splitting).75 F F1 7.124(.T)C
-2.124(he results of the e)-7.124 F 2.124(xpansion are pre\214x-)-.15 F
-(matched ag)108 408 Q(ainst the w)-.05 E
+2.124(split using the rules described abo)108 717.6 R 2.424 -.15(ve u)
+-.15 H(nder).15 E F2 -.75(Wo)4.624 G 2.124(rd Splitting).75 F F1 7.124
+(.T)C 2.124(he results of the e)-7.124 F 2.124(xpansion are pre\214x-)
+-.15 F(matched ag)108 729.6 Q(ainst the w)-.05 E
(ord being completed, and the matching w)-.1 E
-(ords become possible completions.)-.1 E .489(After these matches ha)108
-424.8 R .789 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .489(een generated,).15 F F2(bash)2.989 E
+(ords become possible completions.)-.1 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q
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+.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E .489(After these matches ha)108 84 R .789 -.15
+(ve b)-.2 H .489(een generated,).15 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)2.989 E
F1 -.15(exe)2.989 G .489(cutes an).15 F 2.989(ys)-.15 G .488
-(hell function or command speci\214ed with the)-2.989 F F2<ad46>108
-436.8 Q F1(and)3.127 E F2<ad43>3.127 E F1 3.127(options. When)3.127 F
-.627(the command or function is in)3.127 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d,)
-.1 E F2(bash)3.128 E F1 .628(assigns v)3.128 F .628(alues to the)-.25 F
-F3(COMP_LINE)3.128 E F4(,)A F3(COMP_POINT)108 448.8 Q F4(,)A F3
-(COMP_KEY)3.047 E F4(,)A F1(and)3.047 E F3(COMP_TYPE)3.297 E F1 -.25(va)
-3.047 G .796(riables as described abo).25 F 1.096 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder)
-.15 E F2 .796(Shell V)3.296 F(ariables)-.92 E F1 5.796(.I)C 3.296(fa)
--5.796 G .696(shell function is being in)108 460.8 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1
-(ke).2 G(d,).1 E F2(bash)3.196 E F1 .696(also sets the)3.196 F F3
-(COMP_W)3.196 E(ORDS)-.09 E F1(and)2.947 E F3(COMP_CW)3.197 E(ORD)-.09 E
-F1 -.25(va)2.947 G 3.197(riables. When).25 F .347
-(the function or command is in)108 472.8 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .347
-(d, the \214rst ar).1 F .346(gument \()-.18 F F2($1)A F1 2.846(\)i)C
-2.846(st)-2.846 G .346(he name of the command whose ar)-2.846 F(guments)
--.18 E .263(are being completed, the second ar)108 484.8 R .263
-(gument \()-.18 F F2($2)A F1 2.763(\)i)C 2.763(st)-2.763 G .264(he w)
--2.763 F .264(ord being completed, and the third ar)-.1 F .264
-(gument \()-.18 F F2($3)A F1 2.764(\)i)C(s)-2.764 E 1.098(the w)108
-496.8 R 1.098(ord preceding the w)-.1 F 1.098
+(hell function or command speci\214ed with the)-2.989 F F2<ad46>108 96 Q
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+(the command or function is in)3.127 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d,).1 E
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+(COMP_POINT)108 108 Q F4(,)A F3(COMP_KEY)3.047 E F4(,)A F1(and)3.047 E
+F3(COMP_TYPE)3.297 E F1 -.25(va)3.047 G .796(riables as described abo)
+.25 F 1.096 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2 .796(Shell V)3.296 F
+(ariables)-.92 E F1 5.796(.I)C 3.296(fa)-5.796 G .696
+(shell function is being in)108 120 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d,).1 E
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+3.197(riables. When).25 F .347(the function or command is in)108 132 R
+-.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .347(d, the \214rst ar).1 F .346(gument \()-.18
+F F2($1)A F1 2.846(\)i)C 2.846(st)-2.846 G .346
+(he name of the command whose ar)-2.846 F(guments)-.18 E .263
+(are being completed, the second ar)108 144 R .263(gument \()-.18 F F2
+($2)A F1 2.763(\)i)C 2.763(st)-2.763 G .264(he w)-2.763 F .264
+(ord being completed, and the third ar)-.1 F .264(gument \()-.18 F F2
+($3)A F1 2.764(\)i)C(s)-2.764 E 1.098(the w)108 156 R 1.098
+(ord preceding the w)-.1 F 1.098
(ord being completed on the current command line.)-.1 F 1.097
(There is no \214ltering of the)6.097 F .576(generated completions ag)
-108 508.8 R .577(ainst the w)-.05 F .577
+108 168 R .577(ainst the w)-.05 F .577
(ord being completed; the function or command has complete freedom)-.1 F
-(in generating the matches and the)108 520.8 Q 2.5(yd)-.15 G 2.5(on)-2.5
-G(ot need to match a pre\214x of the w)-2.5 E(ord.)-.1 E(An)108 537.6 Q
+(in generating the matches and the)108 180 Q 2.5(yd)-.15 G 2.5(on)-2.5 G
+(ot need to match a pre\214x of the w)-2.5 E(ord.)-.1 E(An)108 196.8 Q
2.938(yf)-.15 G .437(unction speci\214ed with)-2.938 F F2<ad46>2.937 E
F1 .437(is in)2.937 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.937<648c>.1 G 2.937
(rst. The)-2.937 F .437(function may use an)2.937 F 2.937(yo)-.15 G
2.937(ft)-2.937 G .437(he shell f)-2.937 F .437(acilities, including)-.1
-F(the)108 549.6 Q F2(compgen)2.505 E F1(and)2.505 E F2(compopt)2.505 E
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F1 -.2(bu)2.505 G .005(iltins described belo).2 F 1.306 -.65(w, t)-.25 H
2.506(og).65 G .006(enerate the matches.)-2.506 F .006
-(It must put the possible com-)5.006 F(pletions in the)108 561.6 Q F3
+(It must put the possible com-)5.006 F(pletions in the)108 220.8 Q F3
(COMPREPL)2.5 E(Y)-.828 E F1(array v)2.25 E
-(ariable, one per array element.)-.25 E(Ne)108 578.4 Q .081(xt, an)-.15
+(ariable, one per array element.)-.25 E(Ne)108 237.6 Q .081(xt, an)-.15
F 2.581(yc)-.15 G .081(ommand speci\214ed with the)-2.581 F F2<ad43>
2.581 E F1 .081(option is in)2.581 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.581(di)
.1 G 2.58(na)-2.581 G 2.58(ne)-2.58 G -.4(nv)-2.58 G .08(ironment equi)
.4 F -.25(va)-.25 G .08(lent to command sub-).25 F 2.766(stitution. It)
-108 590.4 R .267(should print a list of completions, one per line, to t\
+108 249.6 R .267(should print a list of completions, one per line, to t\
he standard output.)2.766 F .267(Backslash will escape a)5.267 F(ne)108
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+261.6 Q(wline, if necessary)-.25 E 5(.T)-.65 G
(hese are added to the set of possible completions.)-5 E .349
-(After generating all of the possible completions,)108 619.2 R F2(bash)
+(After generating all of the possible completions,)108 278.4 R F2(bash)
2.848 E F1 .348(applies an)2.848 F 2.848<798c>-.15 G .348
(lter speci\214ed with the)-2.848 F F2<ad58>2.848 E F1 .348
-(option to the)2.848 F .055(completions in the list.)108 631.2 R .055
+(option to the)2.848 F .055(completions in the list.)108 290.4 R .055
(The \214lter is a pattern as used for pathname e)5.055 F .055
(xpansion; a)-.15 F F2(&)2.555 E F1 .055(in the pattern is replaced)
-2.555 F .576(with the te)108 643.2 R .576(xt of the w)-.15 F .575
+2.555 F .576(with the te)108 302.4 R .576(xt of the w)-.15 F .575
(ord being completed.)-.1 F 3.075(Al)5.575 G(iteral)-3.075 E F2(&)3.075
E F1 .575(may be escaped with a backslash; the backslash is)3.075 F
-(remo)108 655.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.988(db).15 G .488
+(remo)108 314.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.988(db).15 G .488
(efore attempting a match.)-2.988 F(An)5.488 E 2.988(yc)-.15 G .488
(ompletion that matches the pattern is remo)-2.988 F -.15(ve)-.15 G
-2.988(df).15 G .488(rom the list.)-2.988 F(A)5.489 E(leading)108 667.2 Q
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F2(!)2.898 E F1(ne)2.898 E -.05(ga)-.15 G .397
(tes the pattern; in this case).05 F F2(bash)2.897 E F1(remo)2.897 E
-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.897(sa).15 G .697 -.15(ny c)-2.897 H .397
(ompletion that does not match the pattern.).15 F(If)5.397 E(the)108
-679.2 Q F2(nocasematch)2.797 E F1 .297(shell option is enabled,)2.797 F
+338.4 Q F2(nocasematch)2.797 E F1 .297(shell option is enabled,)2.797 F
F2(bash)2.797 E F1 .298(performs the match without re)2.797 F -.05(ga)
--.15 G .298(rd to the case of alphabetic).05 F(characters.)108 691.2 Q
-(Finally)108 708 Q 2.78(,p)-.65 G .28(rogrammable completion adds an)
+-.15 G .298(rd to the case of alphabetic).05 F(characters.)108 350.4 Q
+(Finally)108 367.2 Q 2.78(,p)-.65 G .28(rogrammable completion adds an)
-2.78 F 2.78(yp)-.15 G .279(re\214x and suf)-2.78 F .279
(\214x speci\214ed with the)-.25 F F2<ad50>2.779 E F1(and)2.779 E F2
-<ad53>2.779 E F1 .279(options, respec-)2.779 F(ti)108 720 Q -.15(ve)-.25
-G(ly).15 E 2.5(,t)-.65 G 2.5(oe)-2.5 G
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(ach completion, and returns the result to)-2.5 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G
-(adline).18 E F1(as the list of possible completions.)2.5 E
-(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E(61)185.955 E 0 Cg EP
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-.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E .246(If the pre)108 84 R .247
-(viously-applied actions do not generate an)-.25 F 2.747(ym)-.15 G .247
-(atches, and the)-2.747 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF .247(\255o dir)2.747 F
-(names)-.15 E F1 .247(option w)2.747 F .247(as supplied to)-.1 F F2
-(complete)108 96 Q F1(when the compspec w)2.5 E(as de\214ned,)-.1 E F2
-(bash)2.5 E F1(attempts directory name completion.)2.5 E .53(If the)108
-112.8 R F2 .53(\255o plusdirs)3.03 F F1 .53(option w)3.03 F .53
+(adline).18 E F1(as the list of possible completions.)2.5 E .246
+(If the pre)108 396 R .247(viously-applied actions do not generate an)
+-.25 F 2.747(ym)-.15 G .247(atches, and the)-2.747 F F2 .247(\255o dir)
+2.747 F(names)-.15 E F1 .247(option w)2.747 F .247(as supplied to)-.1 F
+F2(complete)108 408 Q F1(when the compspec w)2.5 E(as de\214ned,)-.1 E
+F2(bash)2.5 E F1(attempts directory name completion.)2.5 E .53(If the)
+108 424.8 R F2 .53(\255o plusdirs)3.03 F F1 .53(option w)3.03 F .53
(as supplied to)-.1 F F2(complete)3.03 E F1 .53(when the compspec w)3.03
F .53(as de\214ned,)-.1 F F2(bash)3.03 E F1 .53(attempts direc-)3.03 F
-(tory name completion and adds an)108 124.8 Q 2.5(ym)-.15 G
-(atches to the set of possible completions.)-2.5 E .559(By def)108 141.6
+(tory name completion and adds an)108 436.8 Q 2.5(ym)-.15 G
+(atches to the set of possible completions.)-2.5 E .559(By def)108 453.6
R .559(ault, if a compspec is found, whate)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.059
(ri).15 G 3.059(tg)-3.059 G .56
(enerates is returned to the completion code as the full set)-3.059 F
-.054(of possible completions.)108 153.6 R .054(The def)5.054 F(ault)-.1
+.054(of possible completions.)108 465.6 R .054(The def)5.054 F(ault)-.1
E F2(bash)2.554 E F1 .054(completions and the)2.554 F F2 -.18(re)2.553 G
(adline).18 E F1(def)2.553 E .053(ault of \214lename completion are)-.1
-F 2.822(disabled. If)108 165.6 R(the)2.822 E F2 .322(\255o bashdefault)
+F 2.822(disabled. If)108 477.6 R(the)2.822 E F2 .322(\255o bashdefault)
2.822 F F1 .322(option w)2.822 F .322(as supplied to)-.1 F F2(complete)
2.823 E F1 .323(when the compspec w)2.823 F .323(as de\214ned, and the)
--.1 F .373(compspec generates no matches,)108 177.6 R F2(bash)2.872 E F1
+-.1 F .373(compspec generates no matches,)108 489.6 R F2(bash)2.872 E F1
.372(attempts its def)2.872 F .372(ault completions.)-.1 F .372
-(If the compspec and, if attempted,)5.372 F 1.214(the def)108 189.6 R
+(If the compspec and, if attempted,)5.372 F 1.214(the def)108 501.6 R
(ault)-.1 E F2(bash)3.714 E F1 1.214
(completions generate no matches, and the)3.714 F F2 1.214
(\255o default)3.714 F F1 1.214(option w)3.714 F 1.214(as supplied to)
--.1 F F2(complete)3.714 E F1(when the compspec w)108 201.6 Q
+-.1 F F2(complete)3.714 E F1(when the compspec w)108 513.6 Q
(as de\214ned, programmable completion performs)-.1 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G
(adline).18 E F1 1.1 -.55('s d)D(ef).55 E(ault completion.)-.1 E .749
-(The options supplied to)108 218.4 R F2(complete)3.249 E F1(and)3.249 E
+(The options supplied to)108 530.4 R F2(complete)3.249 E F1(and)3.249 E
F2(compopt)3.249 E F1 .749(can control ho)3.249 F(w)-.25 E F2 -.18(re)
3.249 G(adline).18 E F1 .748(treats the completions.)3.248 F -.15(Fo)
-5.748 G 3.248(ri).15 G(n-)-3.248 E .791(stance, the)108 230.4 R F0 .791
+5.748 G 3.248(ri).15 G(n-)-3.248 E .791(stance, the)108 542.4 R F0 .791
(\255o fullquote)3.291 F F1 .791(option tells)3.291 F F2 -.18(re)3.291 G
(adline).18 E F1 .791(to quote the matches as if the)3.291 F 3.291(yw)
-.15 G .791(ere \214lenames.)-3.291 F .792(See the de-)5.791 F
-(scription of)108 242.4 Q F2(complete)2.5 E F1(belo)2.5 E 2.5(wf)-.25 G
-(or details.)-2.5 E .766(When a compspec indicates that it w)108 259.2 R
+(scription of)108 554.4 Q F2(complete)2.5 E F1(belo)2.5 E 2.5(wf)-.25 G
+(or details.)-2.5 E .766(When a compspec indicates that it w)108 571.2 R
.765(ants directory name completion, the programmable completion func-)
--.1 F .469(tions force)108 271.2 R F2 -.18(re)2.969 G(adline).18 E F1
+-.1 F .469(tions force)108 583.2 R F2 -.18(re)2.969 G(adline).18 E F1
.469(to append a slash to completed names which are symbolic links to d\
-irectories, subject)2.969 F 2.575(to the v)108 283.2 R 2.575
+irectories, subject)2.969 F 2.575(to the v)108 595.2 R 2.575
(alue of the)-.25 F F2(mark\255dir)5.075 E 2.575(ectories r)-.18 F
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(-separated w)B 1.427(ords surrounded by quotes are)-.1 F .921
-(considered one w)108 535.2 R 3.421(ord. The)-.1 F F0 -.15(ev)3.421 G
+(considered one w)108 189.6 R 3.421(ord. The)-.1 F F0 -.15(ev)3.421 G
.921(ent designator).15 F F1 .921(selects the e)3.421 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
.922(nt, the optional).15 F F0(wor)3.422 E 3.422(dd)-.37 G(esignator)
--3.422 E F1 .922(selects w)3.422 F(ords)-.1 E(from the e)108 547.2 Q
+-3.422 E F1 .922(selects w)3.422 F(ords)-.1 E(from the e)108 201.6 Q
-.15(ve)-.25 G(nt, and v).15 E(arious optional)-.25 E F0(modi\214er)2.5
E(s)-.1 E F1(are a)2.5 E -.25(va)-.2 G
(ilable to manipulate the selected w).25 E(ords.)-.1 E .575(History e)
-108 564 R .575
+108 218.4 R .575
(xpansions are introduced by the appearance of the history e)-.15 F .574
-(xpansion character)-.15 F 3.074(,w)-.4 G .574(hich is)-3.074 F F3(!)
-3.907 E F1 .574(by de-)3.907 F -.1(fa)108 576 S 2.5(ult. History).1 F
--.15(ex)2.5 G(pansions may appear an).15 E(ywhere in the input, b)-.15 E
-(ut do not nest.)-.2 E .79(Only backslash \()108 592.8 R F3(\\).833 E F1
-3.29(\)a).833 G .79(nd single quotes can quote the history e)-3.29 F .79
+(xpansion character)-.15 F 3.074(,w)-.4 G .574(hich is)-3.074 F/F2 10
+/Times-Bold@0 SF(!)3.907 E F1 .574(by de-)3.907 F -.1(fa)108 230.4 S 2.5
+(ult. History).1 F -.15(ex)2.5 G(pansions may appear an).15 E
+(ywhere in the input, b)-.15 E(ut do not nest.)-.2 E .79
+(Only backslash \()108 247.2 R F2(\\).833 E F1 3.29(\)a).833 G .79
+(nd single quotes can quote the history e)-3.29 F .79
(xpansion character)-.15 F 3.291(,b)-.4 G .791(ut the history e)-3.491 F
(xpansion)-.15 E .789(character is also treated as quoted if it immedia\
-tely precedes the closing double quote in a double-quoted)108 604.8 R
-(string.)108 616.8 Q(Se)108 633.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .03
+tely precedes the closing double quote in a double-quoted)108 259.2 R
+(string.)108 271.2 Q(Se)108 288 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .03
(ral characters inhibit history e).15 F .03
(xpansion if found immediately follo)-.15 F .03(wing the history e)-.25
-F .03(xpansion character)-.15 F(,)-.4 E -2.15 -.25(ev e)108 645.6 T
-3.722(ni).25 G 3.722(fi)-3.722 G 3.722(ti)-3.722 G 3.722(su)-3.722 G
-1.222(nquoted: space, tab, ne)-3.722 F 1.222(wline, carriage return,)
--.25 F F3(=)3.722 E F1 3.722(,a)C 1.222
-(nd the other shell metacharacters de\214ned)-3.722 F(abo)108 657.6 Q
--.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E 1.763(There is a special abbre)108 674.4 R 1.764
+F .03(xpansion character)-.15 F(,)-.4 E -2.15 -.25(ev e)108 300 T 3.722
+(ni).25 G 3.722(fi)-3.722 G 3.722(ti)-3.722 G 3.722(su)-3.722 G 1.222
+(nquoted: space, tab, ne)-3.722 F 1.222(wline, carriage return,)-.25 F
+F2(=)3.722 E F1 3.722(,a)C 1.222
+(nd the other shell metacharacters de\214ned)-3.722 F(abo)108 312 Q -.15
+(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E 1.763(There is a special abbre)108 328.8 R 1.764
(viation for substitution, acti)-.25 F 2.064 -.15(ve w)-.25 H 1.764
(hen the).15 F F0(quic)4.264 E 4.264(ks)-.2 G(ubstitution)-4.264 E F1
-1.764(character \(described)4.264 F(abo)108 686.4 Q .99 -.15(ve u)-.15 H
-(nder).15 E F3(histchars)3.19 E F1 3.19(\)i)C 3.19(st)-3.19 G .69
+1.764(character \(described)4.264 F(abo)108 340.8 Q .99 -.15(ve u)-.15 H
+(nder).15 E F2(histchars)3.19 E F1 3.19(\)i)C 3.19(st)-3.19 G .69
(he \214rst character on the line.)-3.19 F .69(It selects the pre)5.69 F
.69(vious history list entry)-.25 F 3.19(,u)-.65 G .69(sing an)-3.19 F
--2.15 -.25(ev e)108 698.4 T .586(nt designator equi).25 F -.25(va)-.25 G
-.586(lent to).25 F F3(!!)3.086 E F1 3.086(,a)C .586
+-2.15 -.25(ev e)108 352.8 T .586(nt designator equi).25 F -.25(va)-.25 G
+.586(lent to).25 F F2(!!)3.086 E F1 3.086(,a)C .586
(nd substitutes one string for another in that entry)-3.086 F 5.587(.I)
-.65 G 3.087(ti)-5.587 G 3.087(sd)-3.087 G .587(escribed belo)-3.087 F
-(w)-.25 E(under)108 710.4 Q F3(Ev)3.321 E .821(ent Designators)-.1 F F1
+(w)-.25 E(under)108 364.8 Q F2(Ev)3.321 E .821(ent Designators)-.1 F F1
5.821(.T)C .821(his is the only history e)-5.821 F .821
(xpansion that does not be)-.15 F .82(gin with the history e)-.15 F
-(xpan-)-.15 E(sion character)108 722.4 Q(.)-.55 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q
-(2024 December 12)136.795 E(63)185.955 E 0 Cg EP
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-/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF
-138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH)
-.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(Se)108 84 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.216
-(ral shell options settable with the).15 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(shopt)
+(xpan-)-.15 E(sion character)108 376.8 Q(.)-.55 E(Se)108 393.6 Q -.15
+(ve)-.25 G 1.216(ral shell options settable with the).15 F F2(shopt)
3.717 E F1 -.2(bu)3.717 G 1.217(iltin will modify history e).2 F 1.217
(xpansion beha)-.15 F 1.217(vior \(see the de-)-.2 F 1.284
-(scription of the)108 96 R F2(shopt)3.783 E F1 -.2(bu)3.783 G 1.283
+(scription of the)108 405.6 R F2(shopt)3.783 E F1 -.2(bu)3.783 G 1.283
(iltin belo).2 F 1.283(w\).and If the)-.25 F F2(histv)3.783 E(erify)-.1
E F1 1.283(shell option is enabled, and)3.783 F F2 -.18(re)3.783 G
(adline).18 E F1 1.283(is being)3.783 F .554(used, history substitution\
-s are not immediately passed to the shell parser)108 108 R 5.554(.I)-.55
-G .554(nstead, the e)-5.554 F .554(xpanded line is re-)-.15 F 2.746
-(loaded into the)108 120 R F2 -.18(re)5.246 G(adline).18 E F1 2.746
+s are not immediately passed to the shell parser)108 417.6 R 5.554(.I)
+-.55 G .554(nstead, the e)-5.554 F .554(xpanded line is re-)-.15 F 2.746
+(loaded into the)108 429.6 R F2 -.18(re)5.246 G(adline).18 E F1 2.746
(editing b)5.246 F(uf)-.2 E 2.746(fer for further modi\214cation.)-.25 F
(If)7.746 E F2 -.18(re)5.246 G(adline).18 E F1 2.746
-(is being used, and the)5.246 F F2(histr)108 132 Q(eedit)-.18 E F1 .825
-(shell option is enabled, a f)3.325 F .825
+(is being used, and the)5.246 F F2(histr)108 441.6 Q(eedit)-.18 E F1
+.825(shell option is enabled, a f)3.325 F .825
(ailed history substitution is reloaded into the)-.1 F F2 -.18(re)3.326
G(adline).18 E F1 .826(editing b)3.326 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E
-(for correction.)108
144 Q(The)108 160.8 Q F2<ad70>2.699 E F1 .199
+(for correction.)108
453.6 Q(The)108 470.4 Q F2<ad70>2.699 E F1 .199
(option to the)2.699 F F2(history)2.699 E F1 -.2(bu)2.699 G .199
(iltin command sho).2 F .199(ws what a history e)-.25 F .199
-(xpansion will do before using it.)-.15 F(The)5.198 E F2<ad73>108 172.8
+(xpansion will do before using it.)-.15 F(The)5.198 E F2<ad73>108 482.4
Q F1 .377(option to the)2.877 F F2(history)2.877 E F1 -.2(bu)2.878 G
.378(iltin will add commands to the end of the history list without act\
-ually e).2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E(them, so that the)108 184.8 Q
+ually e).2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E(them, so that the)108 494.4 Q
2.5(ya)-.15 G(re a)-2.5 E -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable for subsequent recall.)
-.25 E 1.109(The shell allo)108 201.6 R 1.108(ws control of the v)-.25 F
+.25 E 1.109(The shell allo)108 511.2 R 1.108(ws control of the v)-.25 F
1.108(arious characters used by the history e)-.25 F 1.108
-(xpansion mechanism \(see the de-)-.15 F .162(scription of)108 213.6 R
+(xpansion mechanism \(see the de-)-.15 F .162(scription of)108 523.2 R
F2(histchars)2.662 E F1(abo)2.662 E .462 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2
.163(Shell V)2.662 F(ariables)-.92 E F1 2.663(\). The)B .163
(shell uses the history comment character to mark)2.663 F
-(history timestamps when writing the history \214le.)108 225.6 Q F2(Ev)
-87 242.4 Q(ent Designators)-.1 E F1 .586(An e)108 254.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G
+(history timestamps when writing the history \214le.)108 535.2 Q F2(Ev)
+87 552 Q(ent Designators)-.1 E F1 .586(An e)108 564 R -.15(ve)-.25 G
.586(nt designator is a reference to an entry in the history list.).15 F
.586(The e)5.586 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .585
(nt designator consists of the por).15 F(-)-.2 E 1.305(tion of the w)108
-266.4 R 1.305(ord be)-.1 F 1.305(ginning with the history e)-.15 F 1.306
+576 R 1.305(ord be)-.1 F 1.305(ginning with the history e)-.15 F 1.306
(xpansion character and ending with the w)-.15 F 1.306
-(ord designator if)-.1 F .445(present, or the end of the w)108 278.4 R
+(ord designator if)-.1 F .445(present, or the end of the w)108 588 R
2.945(ord. Unless)-.1 F .444(the reference is absolute, e)2.945 F -.15
(ve)-.25 G .444(nts are relati).15 F .744 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 2.944(ot).15
-G .444(he current position)-2.944 F(in the history list.)108 290.4 Q F2
-(!)108 307.2 Q F1 .078(Start a history substitution, e)144 307.2 R .078
+G .444(he current position)-2.944 F(in the history list.)108 600 Q F2(!)
+108 616.8 Q F1 .078(Start a history substitution, e)144 616.8 R .078
(xcept when follo)-.15 F .079(wed by a)-.25 F F2(blank)2.579 E F1 2.579
(,n)C -.25(ew)-2.579 G .079(line, carriage return, =, or).25 F 2.579(,w)
--.4 G(hen)-2.579 E(the)144 319.2 Q F2(extglob)2.5 E F1
+-.4 G(hen)-2.579 E(the)144 628.8 Q F2(extglob)2.5 E F1
(shell option is enabled using the)2.5 E F2(shopt)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G
-(iltin, \(.).2 E F2(!)108 331.2 Q F0(n)A F1(Refer to history list entry)
-144 331.2 Q F0(n)2.86 E F1(.).24 E F2<21ad>108 343.2 Q F0(n)A F1
-(Refer to the current entry minus)144 343.2 Q F0(n)2.86 E F1(.).24 E F2
-(!!)108 355.2 Q F1(Refer to the pre)144 355.2 Q(vious entry)-.25 E 5(.T)
--.65 G(his is a synon)-5 E(ym for \231!\2551\232.)-.15 E F2(!)108 367.2
+(iltin, \(.).2 E F2(!)108 640.8 Q F0(n)A F1(Refer to history list entry)
+144 640.8 Q F0(n)2.86 E F1(.).24 E F2<21ad>108 652.8 Q F0(n)A F1
+(Refer to the current entry minus)144 652.8 Q F0(n)2.86 E F1(.).24 E F2
+(!!)108 664.8 Q F1(Refer to the pre)144 664.8 Q(vious entry)-.25 E 5(.T)
+-.65 G(his is a synon)-5 E(ym for \231!\2551\232.)-.15 E F2(!)108 676.8
Q F0(string)A F1 .865(Refer to the most recent command preceding the cu\
-rrent position in the history list starting with)144 367.2 R F0(string)
-144.34 379.2 Q F1(.).22 E F2(!?)108 391.2 Q F0(string)A F2([?])A F1
+rrent position in the history list starting with)144 676.8 R F0(string)
+144.34 688.8 Q F1(.).22 E F2(!?)108 700.8 Q F0(string)A F2([?])A F1
1.503(Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position i\
-n the history list containing)144 403.2 R F0(string)144.34 415.2 Q F1
+n the history list containing)144 712.8 R F0(string)144.34 724.8 Q F1
5.497(.T).22 G .497(he trailing)-5.497 F F2(?)2.997 E F1 .497
(may be omitted if)2.997 F F0(string)3.337 E F1 .496(is follo)3.216 F
.496(wed immediately by a ne)-.25 F 2.996(wline. If)-.25 F F0(string)
-2.996 E F1(is)2.996 E .039(missing, this uses the string from the most \
-recent search; it is an error if there is no pre)144 427.2 R .04
-(vious search)-.25 F(string.)144 439.2 Q/F3 12/Times-Bold@0 SF<00>108
-456.2 Q F0(string1)-5 I F3<00>5 I F0(string2)-5 I F3<00>5 I F1 .753
-(Quick substitution.)144 463.2 R .753(Repeat the pre)5.753 F .753
+2.996 E F1(is)2.996 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 E
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+/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF
+138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH)
+.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E .039(missing, this uses the string from the most r\
+ecent search; it is an error if there is no pre)144 84 R .04
+(vious search)-.25 F(string.)144 96 Q/F2 12/Times-Bold@0 SF<00>108 113 Q
+F0(string1)-5 I F2<00>5 I F0(string2)-5 I F2<00>5 I F1 .753
+(Quick substitution.)144 120 R .753(Repeat the pre)5.753 F .753
(vious command, replacing)-.25 F F0(string1)3.593 E F1(with)3.253 E F0
(string2)3.592 E F1 5.752(.E).02 G(qui)-5.752 E -.25(va)-.25 G .752
-(lent to).25 F(\231!!:s)144 475.2 Q/F4 12/Times-Roman@0 SF<00>5 I F0
-(string1)-5 I F4<00>5 I F0(string2)-5 I F4<00>5 I F1 2.5<9a28>-5 K(see)
--2.5 E F2(Modi\214ers)2.5 E F1(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(!#)108 487.2 Q
-F1(The entire command line typed so f)144 487.2 Q(ar)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F2
--.75(Wo)87 504 S(rd Designators).75 E F1 -.8(Wo)108 516 S .067
-(rd designators are used to select desired w).8 F .067(ords from the e)
--.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.567(nt. The).15 F 2.567(ya)-.15 G .067
-(re optional; if the w)-2.567 F .068(ord designator)-.1 F(isn')108 528 Q
-3.516(ts)-.18 G 1.016(upplied, the history e)-3.516 F 1.016
-(xpansion uses the entire e)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.516(nt. A).15 F F2
+(lent to).25 F(\231!!:s)144 132 Q/F3 12/Times-Roman@0 SF<00>5 I F0
+(string1)-5 I F3<00>5 I F0(string2)-5 I F3<00>5 I F1 2.5<9a28>-5 K(see)
+-2.5 E/F4 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Modi\214ers)2.5 E F1(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E
+F4(!#)108 144 Q F1(The entire command line typed so f)144 144 Q(ar)-.1 E
+(.)-.55 E F4 -.75(Wo)87 160.8 S(rd Designators).75 E F1 -.8(Wo)108 172.8
+S .067(rd designators are used to select desired w).8 F .067
+(ords from the e)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.567(nt. The).15 F 2.567(ya)-.15
+G .067(re optional; if the w)-2.567 F .068(ord designator)-.1 F(isn')108
+184.8 Q 3.516(ts)-.18 G 1.016(upplied, the history e)-3.516 F 1.016
+(xpansion uses the entire e)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.516(nt. A).15 F F4
(:)3.516 E F1 1.015(separates the e)3.515 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.015
-(nt speci\214cation from the).15 F -.1(wo)108 540 S .331(rd designator)
-.1 F 5.331(.I)-.55 G 2.832(tm)-5.331 G .332(ay be omitted if the w)
--2.832 F .332(ord designator be)-.1 F .332(gins with a)-.15 F F2<00>
-2.832 E F1(,)A F2($)2.832 E F1(,)A F2(*)2.832 E F1(,)A F2<ad>2.832 E F1
-2.832(,o)C(r)-2.832 E F2(%)2.832 E F1 5.332(.W)C .332(ords are num-)
--6.132 F .194(bered from the be)108 552 R .194
-(ginning of the line, with the \214rst w)-.15 F .194
+(nt speci\214cation from the).15 F -.1(wo)108 196.8 S .331
+(rd designator).1 F 5.331(.I)-.55 G 2.832(tm)-5.331 G .332
+(ay be omitted if the w)-2.832 F .332(ord designator be)-.1 F .332
+(gins with a)-.15 F F4<00>2.832 E F1(,)A F4($)2.832 E F1(,)A F4(*)2.832
+E F1(,)A F4<ad>2.832 E F1 2.832(,o)C(r)-2.832 E F4(%)2.832 E F1 5.332
+(.W)C .332(ords are num-)-6.132 F .194(bered from the be)108 208.8 R
+.194(ginning of the line, with the \214rst w)-.15 F .194
(ord being denoted by 0 \(zero\).)-.1 F -.8(Wo)5.193 G .193
(rds are inserted into).8 F
-(the current line separated by single spaces.)108 564 Q F2 2.5(0\()108
-580.8 S(zer)-2.5 E(o\))-.18 E F1(The zeroth w)144 592.8 Q 2.5(ord. F)-.1
+(the current line separated by single spaces.)108 220.8 Q F4 2.5(0\()108
+237.6 S(zer)-2.5 E(o\))-.18 E F1(The zeroth w)144 249.6 Q 2.5(ord. F)-.1
F(or the shell, this is the command w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E F0(n)108.36
-604.8 Q F1(The)144 604.8 Q F0(n)2.5 E F1(th w)A(ord.)-.1 E F2<00>108
-616.8 Q F1(The \214rst ar)144 616.8 Q(gument: w)-.18 E(ord 1.)-.1 E F2
-($)108 628.8 Q F1 .063(The last w)144 628.8 R 2.563(ord. This)-.1 F .063
+261.6 Q F1(The)144 261.6 Q F0(n)2.5 E F1(th w)A(ord.)-.1 E F4<00>108
+273.6 Q F1(The \214rst ar)144 273.6 Q(gument: w)-.18 E(ord 1.)-.1 E F4
+($)108 285.6 Q F1 .063(The last w)144 285.6 R 2.563(ord. This)-.1 F .063
(is usually the last ar)2.563 F .064(gument, b)-.18 F .064(ut will e)-.2
F .064(xpand to the zeroth w)-.15 F .064(ord if there is only)-.1 F
-(one w)144 640.8 Q(ord in the line.)-.1 E F2(%)108 652.8 Q F1 1.125
-(The \214rst w)144 652.8 R 1.125(ord matched by the most recent \231?)
+(one w)144 297.6 Q(ord in the line.)-.1 E F4(%)108 309.6 Q F1 1.125
+(The \214rst w)144 309.6 R 1.125(ord matched by the most recent \231?)
-.1 F F0(string)A F1 3.624(?\232 search,)B 1.124
(if the search string be)3.624 F 1.124(gins with a)-.15 F .486
-(character that is part of a w)144 664.8 R 2.986(ord. By)-.1 F(def)2.986
+(character that is part of a w)144 321.6 R 2.986(ord. By)-.1 F(def)2.986
E .486(ault, searches be)-.1 F .487
-(gin at the end of each line and proceed to)-.15 F(the be)144 676.8 Q
+(gin at the end of each line and proceed to)-.15 F(the be)144 333.6 Q
(ginning, so the \214rst w)-.15 E
(ord matched is the one closest to the end of the line.)-.1 E F0(x)
-108.77 688.8 Q F2<ad>A F0(y)A F1 2.5(Ar)144 688.8 S(ange of w)-2.5 E
+108.77 345.6 Q F4<ad>A F0(y)A F1 2.5(Ar)144 345.6 S(ange of w)-2.5 E
(ords; \231\255)-.1 E F0(y)A F1 2.5<9a61>C(bbre)-2.5 E(viates \2310\255)
--.25 E F0(y)A F1<9a2e>A F2(*)108 700.8 Q F1 .219(All of the w)144 700.8
+-.25 E F0(y)A F1<9a2e>A F4(*)108 357.6 Q F1 .219(All of the w)144 357.6
R .219(ords b)-.1 F .219(ut the zeroth.)-.2 F .219(This is a synon)5.219
F .219(ym for \231)-.15 F F0(1\255$)A F1 2.719(\232. It)B .218
-(is not an error to use)2.719 F F2(*)2.718 E F1 .218(if there is)2.718 F
-(just one w)144 712.8 Q(ord in the e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt; it e).15 E
-(xpands to the empty string in that case.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q
-(2024 December 12)136.795 E(64)185.955 E 0 Cg EP
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-/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF
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-.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(x*)108 84 Q F1(Abbre)144 84 Q
-(viates)-.25 E F0(x\255$)2.5 E F1(.)A F2<78ad>108 96 Q F1(Abbre)144 96 Q
-(viates)-.25 E F0(x\255$)2.5 E F1(lik)2.5 E(e)-.1 E F2(x*)2.5 E F1 2.5
-(,b)C(ut omits the last w)-2.7 E 2.5(ord. If)-.1 F F2(x)2.5 E F1
-(is missing, it def)2.5 E(aults to 0.)-.1 E .368(If a w)108 112.8 R .368
-(ord designator is supplied without an e)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .368
-(nt speci\214cation, the pre).15 F .369(vious command is used as the e)
--.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt,).15 E(equi)108 124.8 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to)
-.25 E F2(!!)2.5 E F1(.)A F2(Modi\214ers)87 141.6 Q F1 .47
-(After the optional w)108 153.6 R .47(ord designator)-.1 F 2.97(,t)-.4 G
-.47(he e)-2.97 F .469
+(is not an error to use)2.719 F F4(*)2.718 E F1 .218(if there is)2.718 F
+(just one w)144 369.6 Q(ord in the e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt; it e).15 E
+(xpands to the empty string in that case.)-.15 E F4(x*)108 381.6 Q F1
+(Abbre)144 381.6 Q(viates)-.25 E F0(x\255$)2.5 E F1(.)A F4<78ad>108
+393.6 Q F1(Abbre)144 393.6 Q(viates)-.25 E F0(x\255$)2.5 E F1(lik)2.5 E
+(e)-.1 E F4(x*)2.5 E F1 2.5(,b)C(ut omits the last w)-2.7 E 2.5(ord. If)
+-.1 F F4(x)2.5 E F1(is missing, it def)2.5 E(aults to 0.)-.1 E .368
+(If a w)108 410.4 R .368(ord designator is supplied without an e)-.1 F
+-.15(ve)-.25 G .368(nt speci\214cation, the pre).15 F .369
+(vious command is used as the e)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt,).15 E(equi)108
+422.4 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F4(!!)2.5 E F1(.)A F4(Modi\214ers)
+87 439.2 Q F1 .47(After the optional w)108 451.2 R .47(ord designator)
+-.1 F 2.97(,t)-.4 G .47(he e)-2.97 F .469
(xpansion may include a sequence of one or more of the follo)-.15 F
-(wing)-.25 E(modi\214ers, each preceded by a \231:\232.)108 165.6 Q
+(wing)-.25 E(modi\214ers, each preceded by a \231:\232.)108 463.2 Q
(These modify)5 E 2.5(,o)-.65 G 2.5(re)-2.5 G(dit, the w)-2.5 E
(ord or w)-.1 E(ords selected from the history e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
-(nt.).15 E F2(h)108 182.4 Q F1(Remo)144 182.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H
-(railing pathname component, lea).15 E(ving only the head.)-.2 E F2(t)
-108 194.4 Q F1(Remo)144 194.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H
-(ll leading pathname components, lea).15 E(ving the tail.)-.2 E F2(r)108
-206.4 Q F1(Remo)144 206.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing suf).15 E
+(nt.).15 E F4(h)108 480 Q F1(Remo)144 480 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H
+(railing pathname component, lea).15 E(ving only the head.)-.2 E F4(t)
+108 492 Q F1(Remo)144 492 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H
+(ll leading pathname components, lea).15 E(ving the tail.)-.2 E F4(r)108
+504 Q F1(Remo)144 504 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing suf).15 E
(\214x of the form)-.25 E F0(.xxx)2.5 E F1 2.5(,l)C(ea)-2.5 E
-(ving the basename.)-.2 E F2(e)108 218.4 Q F1(Remo)144 218.4 Q .3 -.15
-(ve a)-.15 H(ll b).15 E(ut the trailing suf)-.2 E(\214x.)-.25 E F2(p)108
-230.4 Q F1(Print the ne)144 230.4 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(ommand b)-2.5 E
-(ut do not e)-.2 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute it.).15 E F2(q)108 242.4 Q F1
-(Quote the substituted w)144 242.4 Q
-(ords, escaping further substitutions.)-.1 E F2(x)108 254.4 Q F1 .385
-(Quote the substituted w)144 254.4 R .385(ords as with)-.1 F F2(q)2.885
-E F1 2.885(,b)C .386(ut break into w)-3.085 F .386(ords at)-.1 F F2
-(blanks)2.886 E F1 .386(and ne)2.886 F 2.886(wlines. The)-.25 F F2(q)
-2.886 E F1(and)2.886 E F2(x)2.886 E F1(modi\214ers are mutually e)144
-266.4 Q(xclusi)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(;e).15 G
-(xpansion uses the last one supplied.)-2.65 E F2(s/)108 278.4 Q F0(old)A
-F2(/)A F0(ne)A(w)-.15 E F2(/)A F1(Substitute)144 290.4 Q F0(ne)3.329 E
-(w)-.15 E F1 .469(for the \214rst occurrence of)3.279 F F0(old)3.199 E
-F1 .469(in the e)3.739 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .469(nt line.).15 F(An)5.469 E
+(ving the basename.)-.2 E F4(e)108 516 Q F1(Remo)144 516 Q .3 -.15(ve a)
+-.15 H(ll b).15 E(ut the trailing suf)-.2 E(\214x.)-.25 E F4(p)108 528 Q
+F1(Print the ne)144 528 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(ommand b)-2.5 E(ut do not e)-.2
+E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute it.).15 E F4(q)108 540 Q F1
+(Quote the substituted w)144 540 Q
+(ords, escaping further substitutions.)-.1 E F4(x)108 552 Q F1 .385
+(Quote the substituted w)144 552 R .385(ords as with)-.1 F F4(q)2.885 E
+F1 2.885(,b)C .386(ut break into w)-3.085 F .386(ords at)-.1 F F4
+(blanks)2.886 E F1 .386(and ne)2.886 F 2.886(wlines. The)-.25 F F4(q)
+2.886 E F1(and)2.886 E F4(x)2.886 E F1(modi\214ers are mutually e)144
+564 Q(xclusi)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(;e).15 G
+(xpansion uses the last one supplied.)-2.65 E F4(s/)108 576 Q F0(old)A
+F4(/)A F0(ne)A(w)-.15 E F4(/)A F1(Substitute)144 588 Q F0(ne)3.329 E(w)
+-.15 E F1 .469(for the \214rst occurrence of)3.279 F F0(old)3.199 E F1
+.469(in the e)3.739 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .469(nt line.).15 F(An)5.469 E
2.969(yc)-.15 G .469(haracter may be used as the)-2.969 F .294
-(delimiter in place of /.)144 302.4 R .295
+(delimiter in place of /.)144 600 R .295
(The \214nal delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the e)
5.294 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .295(nt line.).15 F(A)5.295 E .229
-(single backslash quotes the delimiter in)144 314.4 R F0(old)2.959 E F1
+(single backslash quotes the delimiter in)144 612 R F0(old)2.959 E F1
(and)3.498 E F0(ne)3.088 E(w)-.15 E F1 5.228(.I).31 G 2.728(f&a)-5.228 G
.228(ppears in)-2.728 F F0(ne)3.088 E(w)-.15 E F1 2.728(,i).31 G 2.728
(ti)-2.728 G 2.728(sr)-2.728 G .228(eplaced with)-2.728 F F0(old)2.958 E
-F1(.).77 E 2.986(As)144 326.4 S .486(ingle backslash quotes the &.)
--2.986 F(If)5.486 E F0(old)3.216 E F1 .486
-(is null, it is set to the last)3.756 F F0(old)3.216 E F1 .487
-(substituted, or)3.756 F 2.987(,i)-.4 G 2.987(fn)-2.987 G 2.987(op)
--2.987 G(re)-2.987 E(vi-)-.25 E 1.09
-(ous history substitutions took place, the last)144 338.4 R F0(string)
-3.93 E F1 1.09(in a)3.81 F F2(!?)3.59 E F0(string)A F2([?])A F1 3.59
+F1(.).77 E 2.986(As)144 624 S .486(ingle backslash quotes the &.)-2.986
+F(If)5.486 E F0(old)3.216 E F1 .486(is null, it is set to the last)3.756
+F F0(old)3.216 E F1 .487(substituted, or)3.756 F 2.987(,i)-.4 G 2.987
+(fn)-2.987 G 2.987(op)-2.987 G(re)-2.987 E(vi-)-.25 E 1.09
+(ous history substitutions took place, the last)144 636 R F0(string)3.93
+E F1 1.09(in a)3.81 F F4(!?)3.59 E F0(string)A F4([?])A F1 3.59
(search. If)6.09 F F0(ne)3.95 E(w)-.15 E F1 1.09(is null, each)3.9 F
-(matching)144 350.4 Q F0(old)2.73 E F1(is deleted.)3.27 E F2(&)108 362.4
-Q F1(Repeat the pre)144 362.4 Q(vious substitution.)-.25 E F2(g)108
-374.4 Q F1 .267(Cause changes to be applied o)144 374.4 R -.15(ve)-.15 G
-2.767(rt).15 G .267(he entire e)-2.767 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .267(nt line.)
-.15 F .267(This is used in conjunction with \231)5.267 F F2(:s)A F1
-2.768<9a28>C(e.g.,)-2.768 E<99>144 386.4 Q F2(:gs/)A F0(old)A F2(/)A F0
-(ne)A(w)-.15 E F2(/)A F1(\232\) or \231)A F2(:&)A F1 2.5(\232. If)B
-(used with \231)2.5 E F2(:s)A F1(\232, an)A 2.5(yd)-.15 G
+(matching)144 648 Q F0(old)2.73 E F1(is deleted.)3.27 E F4(&)108 660 Q
+F1(Repeat the pre)144 660 Q(vious substitution.)-.25 E F4(g)108 672 Q F1
+.267(Cause changes to be applied o)144 672 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.767(rt).15
+G .267(he entire e)-2.767 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .267(nt line.).15 F .267
+(This is used in conjunction with \231)5.267 F F4(:s)A F1 2.768<9a28>C
+(e.g.,)-2.768 E<99>144 684 Q F4(:gs/)A F0(old)A F4(/)A F0(ne)A(w)-.15 E
+F4(/)A F1(\232\) or \231)A F4(:&)A F1 2.5(\232. If)B(used with \231)2.5
+E F4(:s)A F1(\232, an)A 2.5(yd)-.15 G
(elimiter can be used in place of /, and the \214nal de-)-2.5 E
-(limiter is optional if it is the last character of the e)144 398.4 Q
--.15(ve)-.25 G(nt line.).15 E(An)5 E F2(a)2.5 E F1
-(may be used as a synon)2.5 E(ym for)-.15 E F2(g)2.5 E F1(.)A F2(G)108
-410.4 Q F1(Apply the follo)144 410.4 Q(wing \231)-.25 E F2(s)A F1 2.5
-<9a6f>C 2.5<7299>-2.5 G F2(&)-2.5 E F1 2.5<9a6d>C
-(odi\214er once to each w)-2.5 E(ord in the e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
-(nt line.).15 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)72 427.2 Q(UIL)-.11 E
-(TIN COMMANDS)-1.007 E F1 .063(Unless otherwise noted, each b)108 439.2
-R .062(uiltin command documented in this section as accepting options p\
-receded by)-.2 F F2<ad>108 451.2 Q F1(accepts)3.077 E F2<adad>3.077 E F1
-.577(to signify the end of the options.)3.077 F(The)5.577 E F2(:)3.077 E
-F1(,)A F2(true)3.077 E F1(,)A F2(false)3.077 E F1 3.077(,a)C(nd)-3.077 E
+(limiter is optional if it is the last character of the e)144 696 Q -.15
+(ve)-.25 G(nt line.).15 E(An)5 E F4(a)2.5 E F1(may be used as a synon)
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+/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF
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+.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(G)108 84 Q F1
+(Apply the follo)144 84 Q(wing \231)-.25 E F2(s)A F1 2.5<9a6f>C 2.5
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+(ord in the e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt line.).15 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0
+SF(SHELL B)72 100.8 Q(UIL)-.11 E(TIN COMMANDS)-1.007 E F1 .063
+(Unless otherwise noted, each b)108 112.8 R .062(uiltin command documen\
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+124.8 Q F1(accepts)3.077 E F2<adad>3.077 E F1 .577
+(to signify the end of the options.)3.077 F(The)5.577 E F2(:)3.077 E F1
+(,)A F2(true)3.077 E F1(,)A F2(false)3.077 E F1 3.077(,a)C(nd)-3.077 E
F2(test)3.077 E F1(/)A F2([)A F1 -.2(bu)3.077 G .577
-(iltins do not accept options).2 F .462(and do not treat)108 463.2 R F2
+(iltins do not accept options).2 F .462(and do not treat)108 136.8 R F2
<adad>2.961 E F1(specially)2.961 E 5.461(.T)-.65 G(he)-5.461 E F2(exit)
2.961 E F1(,)A F2(logout)2.961 E F1(,)A F2 -.18(re)2.961 G(tur).18 E(n)
-.15 E F1(,)A F2(br)2.961 E(eak)-.18 E F1(,)A F2(continue)2.961 E F1(,)A
F2(let)2.961 E F1 2.961(,a)C(nd)-2.961 E F2(shift)2.961 E F1 -.2(bu)
-2.961 G .461(iltins accept and).2 F .26(process ar)108 475.2 R .26
+2.961 G .461(iltins accept and).2 F .26(process ar)108 148.8 R .26
(guments be)-.18 F .26(ginning with)-.15 F F2<ad>2.76 E F1 .261
(without requiring)2.76 F F2<adad>2.761 E F1 5.261(.O)C .261(ther b)
-5.261 F .261(uiltins that accept ar)-.2 F .261(guments b)-.18 F .261
(ut are not)-.2 F 1.154(speci\214ed as accepting options interpret ar)
-108
487.2 R 1.154(guments be)-.18 F 1.154(ginning with)-.15 F F2<ad>
+108
160.8 R 1.154(guments be)-.18 F 1.154(ginning with)-.15 F F2<ad>
3.654 E F1 1.154(as in)3.654 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.154
(lid options and require).25 F F2<adad>3.654 E F1(to)3.654 E(pre)108
-499.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt this interpretation.).15 E F2(:)108 516 Q F1
-([)2.5 E F0(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F1(])A .451(No ef)144 528 R .451
+172.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt this interpretation.).15 E F2(:)108 189.6 Q F1
+([)2.5 E F0(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F1(])A .451(No ef)144 201.6 R .451
(fect; the command does nothing be)-.25 F .452(yond e)-.15 F(xpanding)
-.15 E F0(ar)3.282 E(guments)-.37 E F1 .452(and performing an)3.222 F
-2.952(ys)-.15 G(peci\214ed)-2.952 E 2.5(redirections. The)144 540 R
-(return status is zero.)2.5 E F2(.)108
556.8 Q F1([)2.5 E F2<ad70>A F0
+2.952(ys)-.15 G(peci\214ed)-2.952 E 2.5(redirections. The)144 213.6 R
+(return status is zero.)2.5 E F2(.)108
230.4 Q F1([)2.5 E F2<ad70>A F0
(path)2.5 E F1(])A F0(\214lename)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0(ar)A(guments)-.37 E
-F1(])A F2(sour)108
568.8 Q(ce)-.18 E F1([)2.5 E F2<ad70>A F0(path)2.5 E
+F1(])A F2(sour)108
242.4 Q(ce)-.18 E F1([)2.5 E F2<ad70>A F0(path)2.5 E
F1(])A F0(\214lename)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F1(])A(The)
-144 580.8 Q F2(.)2.79 E F1 .29(command \()2.79 F F2(sour)A(ce)-.18 E F1
+144 254.4 Q F2(.)2.79 E F1 .29(command \()2.79 F F2(sour)A(ce)-.18 E F1
2.79(\)r)C .289(eads and e)-2.79 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .289
(cute commands from).15 F F0(\214lename)4.699 E F1 .289
(in the current shell en)2.969 F(viron-)-.4 E(ment and returns the e)144
-592.8 Q(xit status of the last command e)-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
-(cuted from).15 E F0(\214lename)4.41 E F1(.).18 E(If)144 609.6 Q F0
+266.4 Q(xit status of the last command e)-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
+(cuted from).15 E F0(\214lename)4.41 E F1(.).18 E(If)144 283.2 Q F0
(\214lename)2.662 E F1 .162(does not contain a slash,)2.662 F F2(.)2.662
E F1 .162(searches for it.)2.662 F .162(If the)5.162 F F2<ad70>2.662 E
F1 .163(option is supplied,)2.663 F F2(.)2.663 E F1(treats)2.663 E F0
(path)2.663 E F1 .163(as a)2.663 F .598
-(colon-separated list of directories in which to \214nd)144 621.6 R F0
+(colon-separated list of directories in which to \214nd)144 295.2 R F0
(\214lename)3.097 E F1 3.097(;o)C(therwise,)-3.097 E F2(.)3.097 E F1
.597(uses the entries in)3.097 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.097 G
-(TH)-.189 E F1 .302(to \214nd the directory containing)144 633.6 R F0
+(TH)-.189 E F1 .302(to \214nd the directory containing)144 307.2 R F0
(\214lename)4.712 E F1(.).18 E F0(\214lename)5.303 E F1 .303
(does not need to be e)2.803 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.803(cutable. When).15 F
F2(bash)2.803 E F1(is)2.803 E .459
-(not in posix mode, it searches the current directory if)144 645.6 R F0
+(not in posix mode, it searches the current directory if)144 319.2 R F0
(\214lename)2.959 E F1 .459(is not found in)2.959 F F4 -.666(PA)2.959 G
(TH)-.189 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F1 -.2(bu)2.708 G 2.958(td).2 G
-.458(oes not)-2.958 F .6(search the current directory if)144 657.6 R F2
+.458(oes not)-2.958 F .6(search the current directory if)144 331.2 R F2
<ad70>3.1 E F1 .6(is supplied.)3.1 F .6(If the)5.6 F F2(sour)3.1 E
(cepath)-.18 E F1 .6(option to the)3.1 F F2(shopt)3.1 E F1 -.2(bu)3.1 G
-.6(iltin com-).2 F(mand is turned of)144 669.6 Q(f,)-.25 E F2(.)2.5 E F1
+.6(iltin com-).2 F(mand is turned of)144 343.2 Q(f,)-.25 E F2(.)2.5 E F1
(does not search)2.5 E F4 -.666(PA)2.5 G(TH)-.189 E F5(.)A F1 .65(If an)
-144 686.4 R(y)-.15 E F0(ar)3.15 E(guments)-.37 E F1 .649
+144 360 R(y)-.15 E F0(ar)3.15 E(guments)-.37 E F1 .649
(are supplied, the)3.15 F 3.149(yb)-.15 G .649
(ecome the positional parameters when)-3.149 F F0(\214lename)3.149 E F1
.649(is e)3.149 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E
-(Otherwise the positional parameters are unchanged.)144 698.4 Q .498
-(If the)144
715.2 R F2<ad54>2.998 E F1 .498(option is enabled,)2.998 F
+(Otherwise the positional parameters are unchanged.)144 372 Q .498
+(If the)144
388.8 R F2<ad54>2.998 E F1 .498(option is enabled,)2.998 F
F2(.)2.998 E F1 .498(inherits an)2.998 F 2.998(yt)-.15 G .498(rap on)
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-2.999 E(UG)-.1 E F1 .499(trap string is)2.999 F(sa)144 727.2 Q -.15(ve)
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-.2 G 3.26(da).15 G .76(nd restored around the call to)-3.26 F F2(.)3.26
E F1 3.26(,a)C(nd)-3.26 E F2(.)3.26 E F1 .76(unsets the)3.26 F F2(DEB)
3.26 E(UG)-.1 E F1 .76(trap while it e)3.26 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.26
-(cutes. If).15 F F2<ad54>3.26 E F1(is)3.26 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q
-(2024 December 12)136.795 E(65)185.955 E 0 Cg EP
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-/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF
-138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH)
-.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E 1.076(not set, and the sourced \214le changes the)
-144 84 R/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(DEB)3.576 E(UG)-.1 E F1 1.076
-(trap, the ne)3.576 F 3.576(wv)-.25 G 1.077(alue persists after)-3.826 F
-F2(.)3.577 E F1(completes.)3.577 E .424
-(The return status is the status of the last command e)144 96 R -.15(xe)
--.15 G .423(cuted from).15 F F0(\214lename)2.923 E F1 .423
-(\(0 if no commands are)2.923 F -.15(exe)144 108 S
+(cutes. If).15 F F2<ad54>3.26 E F1(is)3.26 E 1.076
+(not set, and the sourced \214le changes the)144 412.8 R F2(DEB)3.576 E
+(UG)-.1 E F1 1.076(trap, the ne)3.576 F 3.576(wv)-.25 G 1.077
+(alue persists after)-3.826 F F2(.)3.577 E F1(completes.)3.577 E .424
+(The return status is the status of the last command e)144 424.8 R -.15
+(xe)-.15 G .423(cuted from).15 F F0(\214lename)2.923 E F1 .423
+(\(0 if no commands are)2.923 F -.15(exe)144 436.8 S
(cuted\), and non-zero if).15 E F0(\214lename)4.41 E F1
-(is not found or cannot be read.)2.68 E F2(alias)108 124.8 Q F1([)2.5 E
+(is not found or cannot be read.)2.68 E F2(alias)108 453.6 Q F1([)2.5 E
F2<ad70>A F1 2.5(][)C F0(name)-2.5 E F1([=)A F0(value)A F1 2.5(].)C
-1.666(..)-.834 G(])-1.666 E -.4(Wi)144 136.8 S 2.6(th no ar).4 F 2.6
+1.666(..)-.834 G(])-1.666 E -.4(Wi)144 465.6 S 2.6(th no ar).4 F 2.6
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5.101 E F1 2.601(prints the list of aliases in the form)5.101 F F2
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-
177.6 R F2<ad65>2.745 E F1 .245(option is supplied with)2.745 F F2<ad50>
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477.6 R F2<ad65>2.745 E F1 .245(option is supplied with)2.745 F F2<ad50>
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F(rectory after a successful directory change, it returns a non-zero st\
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235.2 Q(gument of)-.18 E F2<ad>2.5 E
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535.2 Q(gument of)-.18 E F2<ad>2.5 E
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(iltin runs).2 F F0(command)3.278 E F1(with)3.848 E F0(ar)3.408 E(gs)
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-(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E 2.714(cuted. If)144
386.4 R(the)2.714 E F2<ad70>2.714
+(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E 2.714(cuted. If)144
686.4 R(the)2.714 E F2<ad70>2.714
E F1 .214(option is supplied, the search for)2.714 F F0(command)2.914 E
F1 .214(is performed using a def)3.484 F .215(ault v)-.1 F .215
-(alue for)-.25 F F3 -.666(PA)144 398.4 S(TH)-.189 E F1
+(alue for)-.25 F F3 -.666(PA)144 698.4 S(TH)-.189 E F1
(that is guaranteed to \214nd all of the standard utilities.)2.25 E .273
-(If either the)144
415.2 R F2<ad56>2.773 E F1(or)2.773 E F2<ad76>2.773 E
+(If either the)144
715.2 R F2<ad56>2.773 E F1(or)2.773 E F2<ad76>2.773 E
F1 .273(option is supplied,)2.773 F F2(command)2.773 E F1 .273
(prints a description of)2.773 F F0(command)2.973 E F1 5.273(.T).77 G
(he)-5.273 E F2<ad76>2.773 E F1(op-)2.772 E .436
-(tion displays a single w)144 427.2 R .437
+(tion displays a single w)144 727.2 R .437
(ord indicating the command or \214lename used to in)-.1 F -.2(vo)-.4 G
-.1(ke).2 G F0(command)3.237 E F1 2.937(;t).77 G(he)-2.937 E F2<ad56>
-2.937 E F1(option produces a more v)144 439.2 Q(erbose description.)-.15
-E .632(If the)144 456 R F2<ad56>3.131 E F1(or)3.131 E F2<ad76>3.131 E F1
-.631(option is supplied, the e)3.131 F .631(xit status is zero if)-.15 F
-F0(command)3.331 E F1 -.1(wa)3.901 G 3.131(sf).1 G .631
-(ound, and non-zero if)-3.131 F 2.809(not. If)144 468 R .309
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+.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(option produces a more v)144 84 Q
+(erbose description.)-.15 E .632(If the)144 100.8 R/F2 10/Times-Bold@0
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+(ound, and non-zero if)-3.131 F 2.809(not. If)144 112.8 R .309
(neither option is supplied and an error occurred or)2.809 F F0(command)
3.01 E F1 .31(cannot be found, the e)3.58 F .31(xit sta-)-.15 F
-(tus is 127.)144 480 Q(Otherwise, the e)5 E(xit status of the)-.15 E F2
-(command)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin is the e).2 E(xit status of)-.15 E
-F0(command)2.7 E F1(.).77 E F2(compgen)108 496.8 Q F1([)2.5 E F2<ad56>A
-F0(varname)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(option)-2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(wor)-2.5 E
-(d)-.37 E F1(])A .013(Generate possible completion matches for)144 508.8
-R F0(wor)2.513 E(d)-.37 E F1 .013(according to the)2.513 F F0(option)
-2.513 E F1 .013(s, which may be an)B 2.512(yo)-.15 G(ption)-2.512 E
-1.216(accepted by the)144 520.8 R F2(complete)3.716 E F1 -.2(bu)3.716 G
-1.216(iltin with the e).2 F 1.216(xceptions of)-.15 F F2<ad70>3.716 E F1
-(,)A F2<ad72>3.717 E F1(,)A F2<ad44>3.717 E F1(,)A F2<ad45>3.717 E F1
-3.717(,a)C(nd)-3.717 E F2<ad49>3.717 E F1 3.717(,a)C 1.217(nd write the)
--3.717 F(matches to the standard output.)144 532.8 Q 1.376(If the)144
-549.6 R F2<ad56>3.876 E F1 1.376(option is supplied,)3.876 F F2(compgen)
-3.876 E F1 1.376(stores the generated completions into the inde)3.876 F
--.15(xe)-.15 G 3.875(da).15 G(rray)-3.875 E -.25(va)144 561.6 S(riable)
-.25 E F0(varname)2.5 E F1
-(instead of writing them to the standard output.)2.5 E .194
-(When using the)144 578.4 R F2<ad46>2.694 E F1(or)2.694 E F2<ad43>2.694
-E F1 .195(options, the v)2.695 F .195(arious shell v)-.25 F .195
-(ariables set by the programmable completion)-.25 F -.1(fa)144 590.4 S
+(tus is 127.)144 124.8 Q(Otherwise, the e)5 E(xit status of the)-.15 E
+F2(command)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin is the e).2 E(xit status of)-.15
+E F0(command)2.7 E F1(.).77 E F2(compgen)108 141.6 Q F1([)2.5 E F2<ad56>
+A F0(varname)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(option)-2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(wor)-2.5
+E(d)-.37 E F1(])A .013(Generate possible completion matches for)144
+153.6 R F0(wor)2.513 E(d)-.37 E F1 .013(according to the)2.513 F F0
+(option)2.513 E F1 .013(s, which may be an)B 2.512(yo)-.15 G(ption)
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+1.217(nd write the)-3.717 F(matches to the standard output.)144 177.6 Q
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+(stores the generated completions into the inde)3.876 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
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+(varname)2.5 E F1(instead of writing them to the standard output.)2.5 E
+.194(When using the)144 223.2 R F2<ad46>2.694 E F1(or)2.694 E F2<ad43>
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+(ariables set by the programmable completion)-.25 F -.1(fa)144 235.2 S
(cilities, while a).1 E -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable, will not ha).25 E .3 -.15
(ve u)-.2 H(seful v).15 E(alues.)-.25 E .352
-(The matches will be generated in the same w)144 607.2 R .352
+(The matches will be generated in the same w)144 252 R .352
(ay as if the programmable completion code had gen-)-.1 F .02(erated th\
em directly from a completion speci\214cation with the same \215ags.)144
-619.2 R(If)5.02 E F0(wor)2.52 E(d)-.37 E F1 .02(is speci\214ed, only)
-2.52 F(those completions matching)144 631.2 Q F0(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F1
-(will be displayed or stored.)2.5 E(The return v)144 648 Q
+264 R(If)5.02 E F0(wor)2.52 E(d)-.37 E F1 .02(is speci\214ed, only)2.52
+F(those completions matching)144 276 Q F0(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F1
+(will be displayed or stored.)2.5 E(The return v)144 292.8 Q
(alue is true unless an in)-.25 E -.25(va)-.4 G
(lid option is supplied, or no matches were generated.).25 E F2
-(complete)108 664.8 Q F1([)2.5 E F2(\255abcdefgjksuv)A F1 2.5(][)C F2
+(complete)108 309.6 Q F1([)2.5 E F2(\255abcdefgjksuv)A F1 2.5(][)C F2
<ad6f>-2.5 E F0(comp-option)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2(\255DEI)-2.5 E F1 2.5
-(][)C F2<ad41>-2.5 E F0(action)2.5 E F1(])A([)144
676.8 Q F2<ad47>A F0
+(][)C F2<ad41>-2.5 E F0(action)2.5 E F1(])A([)144
321.6 Q F2<ad47>A F0
(globpat)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2<ad57>-2.5 E F0(wor)2.5 E(dlist)-.37 E F1
2.5(][)C F2<ad46>-2.5 E F0(function)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2<ad43>-2.5 E F0
-(command)2.5 E F1(])A([)144
688.8 Q F2<ad58>A F0(\214lterpat)2.5 E F1
+(command)2.5 E F1(])A([)144
333.6 Q F2<ad58>A F0(\214lterpat)2.5 E F1
2.5(][)C F2<ad50>-2.5 E F0(pr)2.5 E(e\214x)-.37 E F1 2.5(][)C F2<ad53>
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-A F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E F2(complete \255pr)108 700.8 Q F1([)2.5
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E F2(\255DEI)A F1 2.5(][)C F0(name)-2.5 E F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E
-(Specify ho)144 712.8 Q 2.5(wa)-.25 G -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments to each).18
-E F0(name)2.5 E F1(should be completed.)2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q
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-(ay that allo)-.1 F .924(ws them to be reused as input.)-.25 F(The)5.924
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-124.8 Q F2<ad44>2.585 E F1 .085(option indicates that other supplied op\
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+(Specify ho)144 357.6 Q 2.5(wa)-.25 G -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments to each).18
+E F0(name)2.5 E F1(should be completed.)2.5 E .11(If the)144 374.4 R F2
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+(xisting completion spec-)-.15 F .924(i\214cations in a w)144 386.4 R
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+(The)144 415.2 Q F2<ad44>2.585 E F1 .085(option indicates that other su\
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(ault\232 com-)-.1 F .032(mand completion; that is, completion attempte\
-d on a command for which no completion has pre)144 136.8 R(vi-)-.25 E
-.46(ously been de\214ned.)144
148.8 R(The)5.46 E F2<ad45>2.96 E F1 .459
+d on a command for which no completion has pre)144 427.2 R(vi-)-.25 E
+.46(ously been de\214ned.)144
439.2 R(The)5.46 E F2<ad45>2.96 E F1 .459
(option indicates that other supplied options and actions should apply)
2.959 F .169(to \231empty\232 command completion; that is, completion a\
-ttempted on a blank line.)144
160.8 R(The)5.17 E F2<ad49>2.67 E F1 .17
+ttempted on a blank line.)144
451.2 R(The)5.17 E F2<ad49>2.67 E F1 .17
(option in-)2.67 F 1.025(dicates that other supplied options and action\
-s should apply to completion on the initial non-as-)144 172.8 R .281
-(signment w)144 184.8 R .281
+s should apply to completion on the initial non-as-)144 463.2 R .281
+(signment w)144 475.2 R .281
(ord on the line, or after a command delimiter such as)-.1 F F2(;)2.781
E F1(or)2.781 E F2(|)2.781 E F1 2.781(,w)C .282(hich is usually command)
--2.781 F .6(name completion.)144 196.8 R .599
+-2.781 F .6(name completion.)144 487.2 R .599
(If multiple options are supplied, the)5.6 F F2<ad44>3.099 E F1 .599
(option tak)3.099 F .599(es precedence o)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(r).15 E F2
-<ad45>3.099 E F1 3.099(,a)C(nd)-3.099 E .186(both tak)144 208.8 R 2.686
+<ad45>3.099 E F1 3.099(,a)C(nd)-3.099 E .186(both tak)144 499.2 R 2.686
(ep)-.1 G .186(recedence o)-2.686 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(r).15 E F2<ad49>2.686
E F1 5.186(.I)C 2.686(fa)-5.186 G .486 -.15(ny o)-2.686 H(f).15 E F2
<ad44>2.686 E F1(,)A F2<ad45>2.686 E F1 2.686(,o)C(r)-2.686 E F2<ad49>
2.686 E F1 .186(are supplied, an)2.686 F 2.686(yo)-.15 G(ther)-2.686 E
F0(name)2.686 E F1(ar)2.687 E .187(guments are)-.18 F(ignored; these co\
-mpletions only apply to the case speci\214ed by the option.)144 220.8 Q
+mpletions only apply to the case speci\214ed by the option.)144 511.2 Q
.443(The process of applying these completion speci\214cations when att\
-empting w)144 237.6 R .442(ord completion)-.1 F .442(is de-)5.442 F
-(scribed abo)144 249.6 Q .3 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(Pr)2.5 E
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+(scribed abo)144 540 Q .3 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(Pr)2.5 E
(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F1(.)A .555
-(Other options, if speci\214ed, ha)144 266.4 R .855 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .555
+(Other options, if speci\214ed, ha)144 556.8 R .855 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .555
(he follo).15 F .555(wing meanings.)-.25 F .555(The ar)5.555 F .555
(guments to the)-.18 F F2<ad47>3.056 E F1(,)A F2<ad57>3.056 E F1 3.056
(,a)C(nd)-3.056 E F2<ad58>3.056 E F1 .723(options \(and, if necessary)
-144
278.4 R 3.223(,t)-.65 G(he)-3.223 E F2<ad50>3.223 E F1(and)3.223 E
+144
568.8 R 3.223(,t)-.65 G(he)-3.223 E F2<ad50>3.223 E F1(and)3.223 E
F2<ad53>3.223 E F1 .722
(options\) should be quoted to protect them from e)3.223 F(xpan-)-.15 E
-(sion before the)144 290.4 Q F2(complete)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G
-(iltin is in).2 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E F2<ad6f>144 307.2 Q
-F0(comp-option)2.5 E F1(The)184 319.2 Q F0(comp-option)2.79 E F1 .291
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(controls se)2.791 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .291(ral aspects of the compspec')
.15 F 2.791(sb)-.55 G(eha)-2.791 E .291(vior be)-.2 F .291
-(yond the simple)-.15 F(generation of completions.)184 331.2 Q F0
-(comp-option)5 E F1(may be one of:)2.5 E F2(bashdefault)184 343.2 Q F1
-.281(Perform the rest of the def)224 355.2 R(ault)-.1 E F2(bash)2.781 E
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F1 .281(completions if the compspec generates no)2.781 F(matches.)224
-367.2 Q F2(default)184 379.2 Q F1(Use)224 379.2 Q F2 -.18(re)5.085 G
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(adline).18 E F1 3.685 -.55('s d)D(ef).55 E 2.586
(ault \214lename completion if the compspec generates no)-.1 F(matches.)
-224 391.2 Q F2(dir)184 403.2 Q(names)-.15 E F1(Perform directory name c\
-ompletion if the compspec generates no matches.)224 415.2 Q F2
-(\214lenames)184 427.2 Q F1 -.7(Te)224 439.2 S(ll).7 E F2 -.18(re)4.104
-G(adline).18 E F1 1.604
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+ompletion if the compspec generates no matches.)224 705.6 Q
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(that the compspec generates \214lenames, so it can perform an)4.104 F
(y)-.15 E .291(\214lename\255speci\214c processing \(such as adding a s\
-lash to directory names, quot-)224 451.2 R .904
-(ing special characters, or suppressing trailing spaces\).)224 463.2 R
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-Q F2(fullquote)184 487.2 Q F1 -.7(Te)224 499.2 S(ll).7 E F2 -.18(re)2.5
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+(ing special characters, or suppressing trailing spaces\).)224 120 R
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(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he)-2.5 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G
-(re not \214lenames.)-2.5 E F2(noquote)184 511.2 Q F1 -.7(Te)224 511.2 S
-(ll).7 E F2 -.18(re)3.096 G(adline).18 E F1 .597
+(re not \214lenames.)-2.5 E F2(noquote)184 168 Q F1 -.7(Te)224 168 S(ll)
+.7 E F2 -.18(re)3.096 G(adline).18 E F1 .597
(not to quote the completed w)3.096 F .597(ords if the)-.1 F 3.097(ya)
-.15 G .597(re \214lenames \(quoting)-3.097 F(\214lenames is the def)224
-523.2 Q(ault\).)-.1 E F2(nosort)184 535.2 Q F1 -.7(Te)224 535.2 S(ll).7
-E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F1
+180 Q(ault\).)-.1 E F2(nosort)184 192 Q F1 -.7(Te)224 192 S(ll).7 E F2
+-.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F1
(not to sort the list of possible completions alphabetically)2.5 E(.)
--.65 E F2(nospace)184 547.2 Q F1 -.7(Te)224 547.2 S(ll).7 E F2 -.18(re)
-2.534 G(adline).18 E F1 .034(not to append a space \(the def)2.534 F
-.033(ault\) to w)-.1 F .033(ords completed at the end)-.1 F
-(of the line.)224 559.2 Q F2(plusdirs)184 571.2 Q F1 2.542
-(After generating an)224 571.2 R 5.042(ym)-.15 G 2.542
-(atches de\214ned by the compspec, attempt directory)-5.042 F
-(name completion and add an)224 583.2 Q 2.5(ym)-.15 G
-(atches to the results of the other actions.)-2.5 E F2<ad41>144 595.2 Q
-F0(action)2.5 E F1(The)184 607.2 Q F0(action)2.5 E F1
+-.65 E F2(nospace)184 204 Q F1 -.7(Te)224 204 S(ll).7 E F2 -.18(re)2.534
+G(adline).18 E F1 .034(not to append a space \(the def)2.534 F .033
+(ault\) to w)-.1 F .033(ords completed at the end)-.1 F(of the line.)224
+216 Q F2(plusdirs)184 228 Q F1 2.542(After generating an)224 228 R 5.042
+(ym)-.15 G 2.542(atches de\214ned by the compspec, attempt directory)
+-5.042 F(name completion and add an)224 240 Q 2.5(ym)-.15 G
+(atches to the results of the other actions.)-2.5 E F2<ad41>144 252 Q F0
+(action)2.5 E F1(The)184 264 Q F0(action)2.5 E F1
(may be one of the follo)2.5 E
(wing to generate a list of possible completions:)-.25 E F2(alias)184
-619.2 Q F1(Alias names.)224 619.2 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F2
-<ad61>2.5 E F1(.)A F2(arrayv)184 631.2 Q(ar)-.1 E F1(Array v)224 643.2 Q
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--.1(ke)2.5 G 2.5(yb)-.05 G(inding names.)-2.5 E F2 -.2(bu)184 667.2 S
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600 S(lid ar)1.11 E(guments for the)-.18 E F2<ad6f>2.5
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R(When)7.135 E F0(function)4.635 E F1 2.134
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(ginning of each possible completion after all other options ha)-.15 F
-.398 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een).15 E(applied.)184 540 Q F2<ad53>144 552 Q F0
-(suf)2.5 E<8c78>-.18 E F1(Append)184 552 Q F0(suf)2.5 E<8c78>-.18 E F1
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-(ve b)-.2 H(een applied.).15 E F2<ad57>144 564 Q F0(wor)2.5 E(dlist)-.37
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3.083 F .833(ariable as delimiters, and e)-.25 F(x-)-.15 E .017
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624 Q(ord being completed.)-.1 E F2<ad58>
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300 Q(ord being completed.)-.1 E F2<ad58>
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712.8 Q F2<ad49>2.986 E F1 .486(is supplied without a)2.986 F
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388.8 Q F2<ad49>2.986 E F1 .486(is supplied without a)2.986 F
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-(for each)144 136.8 R F0(name)3.814 E F1 1.314
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(alues of)-.25 F F0(option)3.814 E F1 1.313(are those v)3.814 F 1.313
-(alid for the)-.25 F F2(complete)144 148.8 Q F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G
-(iltin described abo).2 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E(The)144 165.6 Q F2
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<ad44>3.007 E F1 .507(option indicates that other supplied options shou\
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177.6 R F2<ad45>3.913 E F1 1.412(option indicates tha\
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506.4 R F2<ad45>3.913 E F1 1.412(option indicates tha\
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-.378(completion; and the)144
189.6 R F2<ad49>2.878 E F1 .379(option ind\
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518.4 R F2<ad49>2.878 E F1 .379(option ind\
icates that other supplied options should apply to completion on)2.878 F
-(the initial w)144 201.6 Q(ord on the line.)-.1 E
+(the initial w)144 530.4 Q(ord on the line.)-.1 E
(These are determined in the same w)5 E(ay as the)-.1 E F2(complete)2.5
E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E 1.216
-(If multiple options are supplied, the)144
218.4 R F2<ad44>3.715 E F1
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547.2 R F2<ad44>3.715 E F1
1.215(option tak)3.715 F 1.215(es precedence o)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(r)
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--.1 G(rece-)-3.715 E(dence o)144
230.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(r).15 E F2<ad49>
-2.5 E F1(.)A .431(The return v)144 247.2 R .431
-(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .431
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559.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(r).15 E F2<ad49>
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(lid option is supplied, an attempt is made to modify the op-).25 F
-(tions for a)144 259.2 Q F0(name)2.5 E F1
+(tions for a)144 588 Q F0(name)2.5 E F1
(for which no completion speci\214cation e)2.5 E
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-.148(xt iteration of the enclosing)-.15 F F2 -.25(fo)2.648 G(r).25 E F1
-(,)A F2(while)2.648 E F1(,)A F2(until)2.648 E F1 2.648(,o)C(r)-2.648 E
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-(is speci-)2.887 F(\214ed,)144 300 Q F2(bash)3.092 E F1 .592
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(resumes the)3.092 F F0(n)3.092 E F1 .592(th enclosing loop.)B F0(n)
-5.952 E F1 .592(must be)3.332 F/F3 10/Symbol SF<b3>3.092 E F1 3.093
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(1. If)3.093 F F0(n)3.453 E F1 .593(is greater than the number of en-)
3.333 F .41(closing loops, the shell resumes the last enclosing loop \(\
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-(The return v)5.409 F .409(alue is)-.25 F 2.5(0u)144 324 S(nless)-2.5 E
-F0(n)2.5 E F1(is not greater than or equal to 1.)2.5 E F2(declar)108
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132 Q F2<ad76>
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(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B 1.565(wn by)-.25 F F2
(dirs)4.065 E F1 1.565(when in)4.065 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E
-(without options, starting with zero.)180 492 Q F2<ad>144 504 Q F0(n)A
-F1 1.194(Displays the)180 504 R F0(n)3.694 E F1 1.194
+(without options, starting with zero.)180 180 Q F2<ad>144 192 Q F0(n)A
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(th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.194(wn by)-.25 F
F2(dirs)3.694 E F1 1.194(when in)3.694 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E
-(without options, starting with zero.)180 516 Q .257(The return v)144
-532.8 R .258(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .258
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(lid option is supplied or).25 F F0(n)2.758 E F1(inde)2.758 E -.15(xe)
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(\255ar)A F1 2.5(][)C F2<ad68>-2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(id)-2.5 E F1 1.666
-(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E -.4(Wi)144 573.6 S .343(thout options, remo).4 F
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(from the table of acti)3.613 F .642 -.15(ve j)-.25 H 2.842(obs. Each)
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-(jobspec)144 585.6 Q F1(or a process ID)2.5 E F0(pid)2.5 E F1 2.5(;i)C
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602.4 R F2<ad68>3.183 E F1 .683
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290.4 R F2<ad68>3.183 E F1 .683
(option is supplied,)3.183 F F2(diso)3.183 E(wn)-.1 E F1 .683
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(he jobs corresponding to each).15 F F0(id)3.193 E F1 .683(from the)
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3.071(rm).15 G .571(ark all jobs; the)-3.071 F F2<ad72>3.071 E F1 .571
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(diso)2.5 E(wn)-.1 E F1(remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(so).15 G 2.5(rm)
--2.5 G(arks the current job)-2.5 E(.)-.4 E(The return v)144 684 Q
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(alue is 0 unless an)-.25 E F0(id)2.51 E F1(does not specify a v)3.27 E
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-Q F1(an escape character)180 196.8 Q F2(\\f)144 208.8 Q F1(form feed)180
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504 R 2.96(uiltins. If)-.2 F F2<ad61>2.96 E
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189.6 R 2.96(uiltins. If)-.2 F F2<ad61>2.96 E
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-(include \231.\232 to force a search of the current directory)144 592.8
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R 5.054(.T)-.65 G(he)-5.054 E F2<ad64>2.554 E F1 .054
(option will delete a b)2.554 F .054(uiltin pre)-.2 F(viously)-.25 E
-(loaded with)144
604.8 Q F2<ad66>2.5 E F1 5(.I)C(f)-5 E F0<ad73>2.5 E F1
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290.4 Q F2<ad66>2.5 E F1 5(.I)C(f)-5 E F0<ad73>2.5 E F1
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144 Q F2<ad61>2.5 E F1
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477.6 Q F2<ad61>2.5 E F1
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2.68 E(gument to the e)-.18 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted command.).15 E(If)144
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295.2 R(the)2.5 E F2<ad66>2.5 E F1(option is gi)2.5 E
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628.8 R(the)2.5 E F2<ad66>2.5 E F1(option is gi)2.5 E
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312 Q F2<ad6e>2.681 E F1 .181(option une)2.681 F .181
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645.6 Q F2<ad6e>2.681 E F1 .181(option une)2.681 F .181
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-144 470.4 Q .31(ginning with that string\) or as a number \(an inde)-.15
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564 R F2<ad6c>3.197 E F1 .697
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242.4 R F2<ad6c>3.197 E F1 .697
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3.197 F(The)5.696 E F2<ad6e>3.196 E F1 .696(option sup-)3.196 F
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(in the fore)3.209 F .399(ground, and mak)-.15 F 2.899(ei)-.1 G 2.899
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(jobspec)4.639 E F1 .399(is not present,)3.209 F F2(fg)2.898 E F1(uses)
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(he return v)-5.247 F .247
(alue is that of the command placed into the fore-)-.25 F .098
-(ground, or f)144 148.8 R .098
+(ground, or f)144 482.4 R .098
(ailure if run when job control is disabled or)-.1 F 2.598(,w)-.4 G .098
(hen run with job control enabled, if)-2.598 F F0(job-)4.337 E(spec)144
-160.8 Q F1(does not specify a v)2.81 E(alid job or)-.25 E F0(jobspec)
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4.24 E F1(speci\214es a job that w)2.81 E
-(as started without job control.)-.1 E F2(getopts)108 177.6 Q F0
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(optstring name)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0(ar)A(g)-.37 E F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])
--1.666 E F2(getopts)144 189.6 Q F1 .051(is used by shell scripts and fu\
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nctions to parse positional parameters and obtain options and)2.55 F
-1.13(their ar)144 201.6 R(guments.)-.18 E F0(optstring)6.36 E F1 1.129(\
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contains the option characters to be recognized; if a character is fol-)
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(T)-.855 E F1 .464
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285.6 Q F0(start)2.5 E F1<ad>A F0(end)A F1 1.25
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-(Print the absolute pathname of the current w)144 648 R .845
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+(When rotating the directory stack,)144 396 R F2(pushd)3.977 E F1 1.477
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+(pecial meaning for the ne).15 F 1.183
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-(Read one line from the standard input, or from the \214le descriptor)
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-(gument to the)-.18 F F2<ad75>144 120 Q F1 .618(option, split it into w)
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-(nd so on.)-3.344 F .843(If there are more w)5.843 F .843(ords than)-.1
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-(riable are used to split the line into w).25 F .701(ords using)-.1 F
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-(xpansion \(described abo)-.15 F 1.256 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2
--.75(Wo)3.455 G .955(rd Splitting).75 F F1 3.455(\). The)B(back-)3.455 E
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--.15(ve)-.15 G 3.683(sa).15 G 1.484 -.15(ny s)-3.683 H 1.184
-(pecial meaning for the ne).15 F 1.184
-(xt character read and is used for line)-.15 F(continuation.)144 204 Q
-(Options, if supplied, ha)144 220.8 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E
-(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2<ad61>144 232.8 Q F0(aname)2.5 E F1 1.026
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-(ords are assigned to sequential indices of the array v)-.1 F(ariable)
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-(ar)2.5 E(guments are ignored.)-.18 E F2<ad64>144 268.8 Q F0(delim)2.5 E
-F1 .502(The \214rst character of)180 280.8 R F0(delim)3.002 E F1 .503
-(terminates the input line, rather than ne)3.002 F 3.003(wline. If)-.25
-F F0(delim)3.003 E F1 .503(is the)3.003 F(empty string,)180 292.8 Q F2
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(will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character)2.5 E(.)-.55 E F2
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-(If the standard input is coming from a terminal,)180 304.8 R F2 -.18
-(re)4.261 G(ad).18 E F1(uses)4.261 E F2 -.18(re)4.261 G(adline).18 E F1
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-3.573(\)t).15 G 3.573(oo)-3.573 G 1.073(btain the line.)-3.573 F F2
-(Readline)6.073 E F1 1.073(uses the current \(or def)3.573 F 1.074
-(ault, if line editing w)-.1 F 1.074(as not)-.1 F(pre)180 328.8 Q
+<ad65>144 120 Q F1 1.761
+(If the standard input is coming from a terminal,)180 120 R F2 -.18(re)
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+-.15(ve)-.15 G 3.574(\)t).15 G 3.574(oo)-3.574 G 1.074(btain the line.)
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(viously acti)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(\)e).15 G(diting settings, b)
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-(If the standard input is coming from a terminal,)180 340.8 R F2 -.18
-(re)4.261 G(ad).18 E F1(uses)4.261 E F2 -.18(re)4.261 G(adline).18 E F1
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-(mable completion.)180 376.8 Q F2<ad69>144 388.8 Q F0(te)2.5 E(xt)-.2 E
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-(s)-.1 E F1 .323(characters rather than w)2.823 F .323
-(aiting for a complete line of in-)-.1 F .736
-(put, unless it encounters EOF or)180 436.8 R F2 -.18(re)3.236 G(ad).18
-E F1 .736(times out, b)3.236 F .737
-(ut honors a delimiter if it reads fe)-.2 F(wer)-.25 E(than)180 448.8 Q
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-(.)-.55 E F2<ad4e>144 460.8 Q F0(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F2 -.18(re)
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-E F0(nc)3.769 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 1.269(characters rather than w)
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-(line of input, unless it encounters EOF or)180 484.8 R F2 -.18(re)2.673
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-(input are not treated specially and do not cause)180 496.8 R F2 -.18
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-(result is not split on the characters in)2.566 F F2(IFS)2.567 E F1
-2.567(;t)C .067(he intent is that the v)-2.567 F .067(ariable is)-.25 F
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-(xactly the characters read \(with the e)-.15 F .894
-(xception of backslash; see the)-.15 F F2<ad72>3.394 E F1(option)3.394 E
-(belo)180 532.8 Q(w\).)-.25 E F2<ad70>144 544.8 Q F0(pr)2.5 E(ompt)-.45
-E F1(Display)180 556.8 Q F0(pr)3.66 E(ompt)-.45 E F1 1.161
-(on standard error)3.66 F 3.661(,w)-.4 G 1.161(ithout a trailing ne)
--3.661 F 1.161(wline, before attempting to read)-.25 F(an)180 568.8 Q
-2.5(yi)-.15 G(nput, b)-2.5 E
-(ut only if input is coming from a terminal.)-.2 E F2<ad72>144 580.8 Q
-F1 .544(Backslash does not act as an escape character)180 580.8 R 5.543
-(.T)-.55 G .543(he backslash is considered to be part of)-5.543 F .492
-(the line.)180 592.8 R .492(In particular)5.492 F 2.992(,ab)-.4 G
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-(wline pair may not then be used as a line continua-)-.25 F(tion.)180
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+(mable completion.)180 192 Q F2<ad69>144 204 Q F0(te)2.5 E(xt)-.2 E F1
+(If)180 204 Q F2 -.18(re)3.314 G(adline).18 E F1 .814
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+(aiting for a complete)-.1 F .173
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+(yi)-.15 G(nput, b)-2.5 E(ut only if input is coming from a terminal.)
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+(Backslash does not act as an escape character)180 396 R 5.543(.T)-.55 G
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+180 420 Q F2<ad73>144 432 Q F1(Silent mode.)180 432 Q
(If input is coming from a terminal, characters are not echoed.)5 E F2
-<ad74>144 628.8 Q F0(timeout)2.5 E F1(Cause)180 640.8 Q F2 -.18(re)2.767
-G(ad).18 E F1 .267(to time out and return f)2.767 F .266
-(ailure if it does not read a complete line of input \(or a)-.1 F .468
-(speci\214ed number of characters\) within)180 652.8 R F0(timeout)2.968
-E F1(seconds.)2.968 E F0(timeout)5.468 E F1 .469(may be a decimal num-)
-2.968 F .464(ber with a fractional portion follo)180 664.8 R .464
-(wing the decimal point.)-.25 F .463(This option is only ef)5.463 F
-(fecti)-.25 E .763 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(f).15 E F2 -.18(re)180 676.8 S(ad)
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-(reading from re)180 688.8 R .108(gular \214les.)-.15 F(If)5.108 E F2
--.18(re)2.608 G(ad).18 E F1 .108(times out, it sa)2.608 F -.15(ve)-.2 G
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-(artial input read into the speci-).15 F .942(\214ed v)180 700.8 R
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211.2 R .446(If the)5.446 F F2<ad66>
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679.2 R .446(If the)5.446 F F2<ad66>
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2(plied, or if the)144 247.2 R F2<ad70>
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1(plied, or if the)144 715.2 R F2<ad70>
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([)2.5 E F2(+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F1 2.5(][)C F2(+o)-2.5 E F0
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-(ve u)-.25 H .021(ser \(group\) id not equal to).15 F .043
-(the real user \(group\) id, and the)184 444 R F2<ad70>2.543 E F1 .043
+.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(pri)184 84 Q(vileged)-.1 E F1
+(Same as)224 96 Q F2<ad70>2.5 E F1(.)A F2 -.1(ve)184 108 S(rbose).1 E F1
+(Same as)224 108 Q F2<ad76>2.5 E F1(.)A F2(vi)184 120 Q F1 .209
+(Use a vi-style command line editing interf)224 120 R 2.709(ace. This)
+-.1 F .209(also af)2.709 F .209(fects the editing in-)-.25 F(terf)224
+132 Q(ace used for)-.1 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad \255e).18 E F1(.)A F2
+(xtrace)184 144 Q F1(Same as)224 144 Q F2<ad78>2.5 E F1(.)A(If)184 156 Q
+F2<ad6f>2.765 E F1 .265(is supplied with no)2.765 F F0(option\255name)
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+(prints the current shell option settings.)2.765 F(If)5.266 E F2(+o)
+2.766 E F1 .079(is supplied with no)184 168 R F0(option\255name)2.579 E
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+(rent option settings on the standard output.)184 180 Q F2<ad70>144 192
+Q F1 -.45(Tu)184 192 S 3.277(rn on).45 F F0(privile)7.027 E -.1(ge)-.4 G
+(d).1 E F1 5.777(mode. In)6.547 F 3.277
+(this mode, the shell does not read the)5.777 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF
+($ENV)5.778 E F1(and)5.528 E F3($B)184 204 Q(ASH_ENV)-.27 E F1 .018
+(\214les, shell functions are not inherited from the en)2.268 F .018
+(vironment, and the)-.4 F F3(SHEL-)2.517 E(LOPTS)184 216 Q/F4 9
+/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3 -.27(BA)2.589 G(SHOPTS).27 E F4(,)A F3(CDP)
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+(ppear in the en)-2.84 F(vi-)-.4 E .021(ronment, are ignored.)184 228 R
+.021(If the shell is started with the ef)5.021 F(fecti)-.25 E .32 -.15
+(ve u)-.25 H .02(ser \(group\) id not equal to).15 F .043
+(the real user \(group\) id, and the)184 240 R F2<ad70>2.543 E F1 .043
(option is not supplied, these actions are tak)2.543 F .043(en and the)
--.1 F(ef)184 456 Q(fecti)-.25 E .878 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .579
+-.1 F(ef)184 252 Q(fecti)-.25 E .879 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .579
(ser id is set to the real user id.).15 F .579(If the)5.579 F F2<ad70>
3.079 E F1 .579(option is supplied at startup, the ef-)3.079 F(fecti)184
-468 Q 1.21 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .91(ser id is not reset.).15 F -.45(Tu)5.91
+264 Q 1.21 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .91(ser id is not reset.).15 F -.45(Tu)5.91
G .91(rning this option of).45 F 3.41(fc)-.25 G .91(auses the ef)-3.41 F
(fecti)-.25 E 1.21 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .91(ser and group).15 F
-(ids to be set to the real user and group ids.)184 480 Q F2<ad72>144 492
-Q F1(Enable restricted shell mode.)184 492 Q
-(This option cannot be unset once it has been set.)5 E F2<ad74>144 504 Q
-F1(Exit after reading and e)184 504 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
-(cuting one command.).15 E F2<ad75>144 516 Q F1 -.35(Tr)184 516 S .662
+(ids to be set to the real user and group ids.)184 276 Q F2<ad72>144 288
+Q F1(Enable restricted shell mode.)184 288 Q
+(This option cannot be unset once it has been set.)5 E F2<ad74>144 300 Q
+F1(Exit after reading and e)184 300 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
+(cuting one command.).15 E F2<ad75>144 312 Q F1 -.35(Tr)184 312 S .663
(eat unset v).35 F .662(ariables and parameters other than the special \
-parameters \231@\232 and \231*\232, or)-.25 F .349(array v)184 528 R
+parameters \231@\232 and \231*\232, or)-.25 F .348(array v)184 324 R
.348(ariables subscripted with \231@\232 or \231*\232, as an error when\
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-(ex)2.89 G .391(pansion is attempted on an unset v).15 F .391
-(ariable or parameter)-.25 F 2.891(,t)-.4 G .391(he shell prints an)
--2.891 F(error message, and, if not interacti)184 552 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G
-2.5(,e).15 G(xits with a non-zero status.)-2.65 E F2<ad76>144 564 Q F1
-(Print shell input lines as the)184 564 Q 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re read.)-2.5 E
-F2<ad78>144 576 Q F1 .315(After e)184 576 R .315(xpanding each)-.15 F F0
+ performing parameter e)-.25 F(x-)-.15 E 2.891(pansion. If)184 336 R
+-.15(ex)2.891 G .391(pansion is attempted on an unset v).15 F .391
+(ariable or parameter)-.25 F 2.89(,t)-.4 G .39(he shell prints an)-2.89
+F(error message, and, if not interacti)184 348 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(,e)
+.15 G(xits with a non-zero status.)-2.65 E F2<ad76>144 360 Q F1
+(Print shell input lines as the)184 360 Q 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re read.)-2.5 E
+F2<ad78>144 372 Q F1 .315(After e)184 372 R .315(xpanding each)-.15 F F0
.315(simple command)2.815 F F1(,)A F2 -.25(fo)2.815 G(r).25 E F1
(command,)2.815 E F2(case)2.815 E F1(command,)2.815 E F2(select)2.815 E
-F1(command,)2.815 E 1.235(or arithmetic)184 588 R F2 -.25(fo)3.736 G(r)
+F1(command,)2.815 E 1.236(or arithmetic)184 384 R F2 -.25(fo)3.736 G(r)
.25 E F1 1.236(command, display the e)3.736 F 1.236(xpanded v)-.15 F
1.236(alue of)-.25 F F3(PS4)3.736 E F4(,)A F1(follo)3.486 E 1.236
-(wed by the com-)-.25 F(mand and its e)184 600 Q(xpanded ar)-.15 E
+(wed by the com-)-.25 F(mand and its e)184 396 Q(xpanded ar)-.15 E
(guments or associated w)-.18 E(ord list, to the standard error)-.1 E(.)
--.55 E F2<ad42>144 612 Q F1 1.206(The shell performs brace e)184 612 R
-1.206(xpansion \(see)-.15 F F2 1.205(Brace Expansion)3.705 F F1(abo)
-3.705 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.705(\). This).15 F 1.205(is on by de-)3.705 F
--.1(fa)184 624 S(ult.).1 E F2<ad43>144 636 Q F1 .213(If set,)184 636 R
-F2(bash)2.713 E F1 .213(does not o)2.713 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .214
+-.55 E F2<ad42>144 408 Q F1 1.205(The shell performs brace e)184 408 R
+1.205(xpansion \(see)-.15 F F2 1.205(Brace Expansion)3.705 F F1(abo)
+3.705 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.706(\). This).15 F 1.206(is on by de-)3.706 F
+-.1(fa)184 420 S(ult.).1 E F2<ad43>144 432 Q F1 .214(If set,)184 432 R
+F2(bash)2.714 E F1 .214(does not o)2.714 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .214
(rwrite an e).15 F .214(xisting \214le with the)-.15 F F2(>)2.714 E F1
-(,)A F2(>&)2.714 E F1 2.714(,a)C(nd)-2.714 E F2(<>)2.714 E F1 .214
-(redirection opera-)2.714 F 3.148(tors. Using)184 648 R .648
+(,)A F2(>&)2.714 E F1 2.713(,a)C(nd)-2.713 E F2(<>)2.713 E F1 .213
+(redirection opera-)2.713 F 3.148(tors. Using)184 444 R .648
(the redirection operator)3.148 F F2(>|)3.148 E F1 .648(instead of)3.148
F F2(>)3.148 E F1 .648(will o)3.148 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .648
-(rride this and force the cre-).15 F(ation of an output \214le.)184 660
-Q F2<ad45>144 672 Q F1 .103(If set, an)184 672 R 2.603(yt)-.15 G .103
-(rap on)-2.603 F F2(ERR)2.603 E F1 .104
-(is inherited by shell functions, command substitutions, and com-)2.603
-F .839(mands e)184 684 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .839(cuted in a subshell en).15
-F 3.339(vironment. The)-.4 F F2(ERR)3.338 E F1 .838
-(trap is normally not inherited in)3.338 F(such cases.)184 696 Q
-(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E(83)185.955 E 0 Cg EP
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-/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF
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-.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad48>144 84 Q F1(Enable)184
-84 Q F2(!)3.031 E F1 .531(style history substitution.)5.531 F .531
-(This option is on by def)5.531 F .532(ault when the shell is inter)-.1
-F(-)-.2 E(acti)184 96 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F2<ad50>144 108 Q F1 .96
-(If set, the shell does not resolv)184 108 R 3.459(es)-.15 G .959
-(ymbolic links when e)-3.459 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .959
-(cuting commands such as).15 F F2(cd)3.459 E F1 1.452
-(that change the current w)184 120 R 1.452(orking directory)-.1 F 6.452
-(.I)-.65 G 3.953(tu)-6.452 G 1.453(ses the ph)-3.953 F 1.453
-(ysical directory structure in-)-.05 F 3.335(stead. By)184 132 R(def)
-3.335 E(ault,)-.1 E F2(bash)3.334 E F1(follo)3.334 E .834
+(rride this and force the cre-).15 F(ation of an output \214le.)184 456
+Q F2<ad45>144 468 Q F1 .104(If set, an)184 468 R 2.604(yt)-.15 G .104
+(rap on)-2.604 F F2(ERR)2.604 E F1 .103
+(is inherited by shell functions, command substitutions, and com-)2.604
+F .838(mands e)184 480 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .838(cuted in a subshell en).15
+F 3.338(vironment. The)-.4 F F2(ERR)3.338 E F1 .839
+(trap is normally not inherited in)3.339 F(such cases.)184 492 Q F2
+<ad48>144 504 Q F1(Enable)184 504 Q F2(!)3.032 E F1 .532
+(style history substitution.)5.532 F .531(This option is on by def)5.532
+F .531(ault when the shell is inter)-.1 F(-)-.2 E(acti)184 516 Q -.15
+(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F2<ad50>144 528 Q F1 .959
+(If set, the shell does not resolv)184 528 R 3.459(es)-.15 G .959
+(ymbolic links when e)-3.459 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .96
+(cuting commands such as).15 F F2(cd)3.46 E F1 1.453
+(that change the current w)184 540 R 1.453(orking directory)-.1 F 6.453
+(.I)-.65 G 3.952(tu)-6.453 G 1.452(ses the ph)-3.952 F 1.452
+(ysical directory structure in-)-.05 F 3.334(stead. By)184 552 R(def)
+3.334 E(ault,)-.1 E F2(bash)3.334 E F1(follo)3.334 E .834
(ws the logical chain of directories when performing com-)-.25 F
-(mands which change the current directory)184
144 Q(.)-.65 E F2<ad54>144
-156 Q F1 .89(If set, an)184 156 R 3.39(yt)-.15 G .89(raps on)-3.39 F F2
+(mands which change the current directory)184
564 Q(.)-.65 E F2<ad54>144
+576 Q F1 .89(If set, an)184 576 R 3.39(yt)-.15 G .89(raps on)-3.39 F F2
(DEB)3.39 E(UG)-.1 E F1(and)3.39 E F2(RETURN)3.39 E F1 .89
(are inherited by shell functions, command)3.39 F 1.932
-(substitutions, and commands e)184 168 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.932
+(substitutions, and commands e)184 588 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.932
(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 4.432(vironment. The)-.4 F F2(DEB)4.432 E
-(UG)-.1 E F1(and)4.432 E F2(RETURN)184 180 Q F1
-(traps are normally not inherited in such cases.)2.5 E F2<adad>144 192 Q
-F1 .909(If no ar)184 192 R .909(guments follo)-.18 F 3.409(wt)-.25 G
-.909(his option, unset the positional parameters.)-3.409 F .91
-(Otherwise, set the)5.909 F(positional parameters to the)184 204 Q F0
+(UG)-.1 E F1(and)4.432 E F2(RETURN)184 600 Q F1
+(traps are normally not inherited in such cases.)2.5 E F2<adad>144 612 Q
+F1 .91(If no ar)184 612 R .909(guments follo)-.18 F 3.409(wt)-.25 G .909
+(his option, unset the positional parameters.)-3.409 F .909
+(Otherwise, set the)5.909 F(positional parameters to the)184 624 Q F0
(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F1(s, e)A -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fs)-2.5 G
(ome of them be)-2.5 E(gin with a)-.15 E F2<ad>2.5 E F1(.)A F2<ad>144
-216 Q F1 1.368(Signal the end of options, and assign all remaining)184
-216 R F0(ar)3.868 E(g)-.37 E F1 3.867(st)C 3.867(ot)-3.867 G 1.367
-(he positional parameters.)-3.867 F(The)184 228 Q F2<ad78>2.848 E F1
-(and)2.848 E F2<ad76>2.848 E F1 .349(options are turned of)2.848 F 2.849
-(f. If)-.25 F .349(there are no)2.849 F F0(ar)2.849 E(g)-.37 E F1 .349
-(s, the positional parameters re-)B(main unchanged.)184 240 Q .425
-(The options are of)144 256.8 R 2.925(fb)-.25 G 2.925(yd)-2.925 G(ef)
+636 Q F1 1.367(Signal the end of options, and assign all remaining)184
+636 R F0(ar)3.868 E(g)-.37 E F1 3.868(st)C 3.868(ot)-3.868 G 1.368
+(he positional parameters.)-3.868 F(The)184 648 Q F2<ad78>2.849 E F1
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+(f. If)-.25 F .349(there are no)2.849 F F0(ar)2.849 E(g)-.37 E F1 .348
+(s, the positional parameters re-)B(main unchanged.)184 660 Q .425
+(The options are of)144 676.8 R 2.925(fb)-.25 G 2.925(yd)-2.925 G(ef)
-2.925 E .425(ault unless otherwise noted.)-.1 F .425
-(Using + rather than \255 causes these options)5.425 F .177
-(to be turned of)144 268.8 R 2.677(f. The)-.25 F .178
+(Using + rather than \255 causes these options)5.425 F .178
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(options can also be speci\214ed as ar)2.678 F .178(guments to an in)
--.18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .178(cation of the shell.).2 F(The)5.178 E .654
-(current set of options may be found in)144 280.8 R F2<24ad>3.153 E F1
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-(ys zero unless an in).1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .653(lid op-).25 F
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-F1(])A .596(Rename positional parameters from)144 321.6 R F0(n)3.097 E
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+(ys zero unless an in).1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .654(lid op-).25 F
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+/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF
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+(n)A F1(])A .597(Rename positional parameters from)144 96 R F0(n)3.097 E
F1 .597(+1 .)B -2.735 1.666(.. t)1.666 H(o)-1.666 E F2 .597($1 .)3.097 F
1.666(..)1.666 G(.)-1.666 E F1 -.15(Pa)5.597 G .597
-(rameters represented by the numbers).15 F F2($#)3.097 E F1(do)144 333.6
-
Q .079(wn to)-.25 F F2($#)2.579 E F1<ad>A F0(n)A F1 .078(+1 are unset.)B
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.078(wn to)-.25 F F2($#)2.578 E F1<ad>A F0(n)A F1 .078(+1 are unset.)B
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.378 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .078(umber less than or equal to).15 F F2($#)2.578
-E F1 5.078(.I)C(f)-5.078 E F0(n)2.938 E F1 .078(is 0, no)2.818 F .502
-(parameters are changed.)144 345.6 R(If)5.502 E F0(n)3.362 E F1 .502
-(is not gi)3.242 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .502(n, it is assumed to be 1.).15 F
-(If)5.503 E F0(n)3.363 E F1 .503(is greater than)3.243 F F2($#)3.003 E
-F1 3.003(,t)C .503(he posi-)-3.003 F .46
-(tional parameters are not changed.)144 357.6 R .46
+E F1 5.078(.I)C(f)-5.078 E F0(n)2.938 E F1 .079(is 0, no)2.818 F .503
+(parameters are changed.)144 120 R(If)5.503 E F0(n)3.363 E F1 .503
+(is not gi)3.243 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .502(n, it is assumed to be 1.).15 F
+(If)5.502 E F0(n)3.362 E F1 .502(is greater than)3.242 F F2($#)3.002 E
+F1 3.002(,t)C .502(he posi-)-3.002 F .46
+(tional parameters are not changed.)144 132 R .46
(The return status is greater than zero if)5.46 F F0(n)3.32 E F1 .46
(is greater than)3.2 F F2($#)2.96 E F1(or)2.96 E
-(less than zero; otherwise 0.)144 369.6 Q F2(shopt)108 386.4 Q F1([)2.5
-
E F2(\255pqsu)A F1 2.5(][)C F2<ad6f>-2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(optname)-2.5 E
-F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E -.8(To)144 398.4 S .639(ggle the v).8 F
+(less than zero; otherwise 0.)144 144 Q F2(shopt)108 160.8 Q F1([)2.5 E
+F2(\255pqsu)A F1 2.5(][)C F2<ad6f>-2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(optname)-2.5 E
+F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E -.8(To)144 172.8 S .64(ggle the v).8 F
.639(alues of settings controlling optional shell beha)-.25 F(vior)-.2 E
-5.639(.T)-.55 G .64(he settings can be either those)-5.639 F .375
-(listed belo)144 410.4 R 1.675 -.65(w, o)-.25 H 1.175 -.4(r, i).65 H
-2.875(ft).4 G(he)-2.875 E F2<ad6f>2.875 E F1 .375
+5.639(.T)-.55 G .639(he settings can be either those)-5.639 F .374
+(listed belo)144 184.8 R 1.674 -.65(w, o)-.25 H 1.174 -.4(r, i).65 H
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(option is used, those a)2.875 F -.25(va)-.2 G .375(ilable with the).25
-F F2<ad6f>2.875 E F1 .374(option to the)2.875 F F2(set)2.874 E F1 -.2
-(bu)2.874 G .374(iltin com-).2 F(mand.)144 422.4 Q -.4(Wi)144 439.2 S
-.54
7(th no options, or with the).4 F F2<ad70>3.048 E F1 .548
+F F2<ad6f>2.875 E F1 .375(option to the)2.875 F F2(set)2.875 E F1 -.2
+(bu)2.875 G .375(iltin com-).2 F(mand.)144 196.8 Q -.4(Wi)144 213.6 S
+.54
8(th no options, or with the).4 F F2<ad70>3.048 E F1 .548
(option, display a list of all settable options, with an indication of)
-3.048 F .675(whether or not each is set; if an)144 451.2 R(y)-.15 E F0
-(optnames)3.175 E F1 .674
+3.048 F .674(whether or not each is set; if an)144 225.6 R(y)-.15 E F0
+(optnames)3.175 E F1 .675
(are supplied, the output is restricted to those options.)3.175 F(The)
-144
463.2 Q F2<ad70>2.5 E F1
+144
237.6 Q F2<ad70>2.5 E F1
(option displays output in a form that may be reused as input.)2.5 E
-(Other options ha)144 480 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E
-(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2<ad73>144 492 Q F1(Enable \(set\) each)180 492
-Q F0(optname)2.5 E F1(.)A F2<ad75>144 504 Q F1(Disable \(unset\) each)
-180 504 Q F0(optname)2.5 E F1(.)A F2<ad71>144 516 Q F1 .003(Suppresses \
-normal output \(quiet mode\); the return status indicates whether the)
-180 516 R F0(optname)2.504 E F1(is)2.504 E .042(set or unset.)180 528 R
-.042(If multiple)5.042 F F0(optname)2.542 E F1(ar)2.542 E .042
-(guments are supplied with)-.18 F F2<ad71>2.542 E F1 2.542(,t)C .042
-(he return status is zero)-2.542 F(if all)180 540 Q F0(optnames)2.5 E F1
-(are enabled; non-zero otherwise.)2.5 E F2<ad6f>144 552 Q F1
-(Restricts the v)180 552 Q(alues of)-.25 E F0(optname)2.5 E F1
-(to be those de\214ned for the)2.5 E F2<ad6f>2.5 E F1(option to the)2.5
-E F2(set)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .624(If either)144 568.8 R F2
-
<ad73>3.124 E F1(or)3.124 E F2<ad75>3.124 E F1 .624(is used with no)
+(Other options ha)144 254.4 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E
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-(when completion is attempted on an empty line.)184 600 Q F2(nocaseglob)
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--.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F2(nocasematch)144 648 Q F1 1.193(If set,)184
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(conditional commands, when performing pattern substitution)3.051 F -.1
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(If the string is not translated, this has no ef)5 E(fect.)-.25 E F2
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-(the te)184 180 R .527(xt matched by the pattern, as described under)
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-(If set, and programmable completion is enabled,)184 252 R F2(bash)4.624
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(attempts programmable completion using the command w)3.973 F 1.473
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(The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode \(see)
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-(mand completes.)184 516 Q F2(xpg_echo)144 528 Q F1 .073(If set, the)184
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(cution of this shell until it recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.41(sa).15 G
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(ach operator and operand must be a separate ar)-5.53 F 3.03
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482.4 S(pr1).2 E F1<ad>2.5 E
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(If the second ar)5.236 F .236(gument is one of)-.18 F .855
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-(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3(CONDITION)3.355 E .855(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F
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(uiltins, b)-.2 F .736(ut the path search options \()-.2 F F2<ad70>A F1
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631.2 Q F2<ad61>2.5 E F1(with)2.5 E F2<ad70>2.5 E F1 2.5(,a)C
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352.8 Q F2<ad61>2.5 E F1(with)2.5 E F2<ad70>2.5 E F1 2.5(,a)C
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369.6 Q F2<ad66>2.758 E F1 .257
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+(The maximum number of threads.)180 204 Q(If)144 220.8 Q F0(limit)3.062
+E F1 .471(is supplied, and the)3.651 F F2<ad61>2.971 E F1 .471
(option is not used,)2.971 F F0(limit)2.971 E F1 .471(is the ne)2.971 F
2.971(wv)-.25 G .471(alue of the speci\214ed resource.)-3.221 F
-(If no option is supplied, then)144
489.6 Q F2<ad66>2.5 E F1
-(is assumed.)2.5 E -1.11(Va)144 506.4 S .388
+(If no option is supplied, then)144
232.8 Q F2<ad66>2.5 E F1
+(is assumed.)2.5 E -1.11(Va)144 249.6 S .388
(lues are in 1024-byte increments, e)1.11 F .388(xcept for)-.15 F F2
<ad74>2.888 E F1 2.888(,w)C .388(hich is in seconds;)-2.888 F F2<ad52>
-2.888 E F1 2.888(,w)C .389(hich is in microsec-)-2.888 F(onds;)144 518.4
+2.888 E F1 2.888(,w)C .389(hich is in microsec-)-2.888 F(onds;)144 261.6
Q F2<ad70>3.287 E F1 3.287(,w)C .787
(hich is in units of 512-byte blocks;)-3.287 F F2<ad50>3.287 E F1(,)A F2
<ad54>3.287 E F1(,)A F2<ad62>3.287 E F1(,)A F2<ad6b>3.287 E F1(,)A F2
<ad6e>3.286 E F1 3.286(,a)C(nd)-3.286 E F2<ad75>3.286 E F1 3.286(,w)C
-.786(hich are unscaled)-3.286 F -.25(va)144 530.4 S .498
+.786(hich are unscaled)-3.286 F -.25(va)144 273.6 S .498
(lues; and, when in posix mode,).25 F F2<ad63>2.998 E F1(and)2.998 E F2
<ad66>2.998 E F1 2.998(,w)C .498(hich are in 512-byte increments.)-2.998
-F .499(The return status)5.498 F(is 0 unless an in)144 542.4 Q -.25(va)
+F .499(The return status)5.498 F(is 0 unless an in)144 285.6 Q -.25(va)
-.4 G(lid option or ar).25 E
(gument is supplied, or an error occurs while setting a ne)-.18 E 2.5
-(wl)-.25 G(imit.)-2.5 E F2(umask)108
559.2 Q F1([)2.5 E F2<ad70>A F1 2.5
+(wl)-.25 G(imit.)-2.5 E F2(umask)108
302.4 Q F1([)2.5 E F2<ad70>A F1 2.5
(][)C F2<ad53>-2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(mode)-2.5 E F1(])A .792
-(Set the user \214le-creation mask to)144 571.2 R F0(mode)3.672 E F1
+(Set the user \214le-creation mask to)144 314.4 R F0(mode)3.672 E F1
5.792(.I).18 G(f)-5.792 E F0(mode)3.672 E F1(be)3.472 E .791
(gins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal)-.15 F .066(number; o\
therwise it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that acce\
-pted by)144 583.2 R F0 -.15(ch)2.566 G(mod).15 E F1(\(1\).).77 E(If)144
-595.2 Q F0(mode)3.032 E F1 .152(is omitted,)2.832 F F2(umask)2.652 E F1
+pted by)144 326.4 R F0 -.15(ch)2.566 G(mod).15 E F1(\(1\).).77 E(If)144
+338.4 Q F0(mode)3.032 E F1 .152(is omitted,)2.832 F F2(umask)2.652 E F1
.152(prints the current v)2.652 F .152(alue of the mask.)-.25 F(The)
5.152 E F2<ad53>2.651 E F1 .151(option without a)2.651 F F0(mode)2.651 E
F1(ar)2.651 E(-)-.2 E .394
-(gument prints the mask in a symbolic format; the def)144 607.2 R .394
+(gument prints the mask in a symbolic format; the def)144 350.4 R .394
(ault output is an octal number)-.1 F 5.394(.I)-.55 G 2.894(ft)-5.394 G
(he)-2.894 E F2<ad70>2.894 E F1(op-)2.894 E .329(tion is supplied, and)
-144 619.2 R F0(mode)3.209 E F1 .329
+144 362.4 R F0(mode)3.209 E F1 .329
(is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.)3.009
-F .329(The re-)5.329 F .15(turn status is zero if the mode w)144 631.2 R
+F .329(The re-)5.329 F .15(turn status is zero if the mode w)144 374.4 R
.151(as successfully changed or if no)-.1 F F0(mode)2.651 E F1(ar)2.651
E .151(gument w)-.18 F .151(as supplied, and)-.1 F(non-zero otherwise.)
-144 643.2 Q F2(unalias)108 660 Q F1<5bad>2.5 E F2(a)A F1 2.5(][)C F0
-(name)-2.5 E F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E(Remo)144 672 Q .707 -.15
+144 386.4 Q F2(unalias)108 403.2 Q F1<5bad>2.5 E F2(a)A F1 2.5(][)C F0
+(name)-2.5 E F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E(Remo)144 415.2 Q .707 -.15
(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F0(name)2.907 E F1 .406
(from the list of de\214ned aliases.)2.907 F(If)5.406 E F2<ad61>2.906 E
F1 .406(is supplied, remo)2.906 F .706 -.15(ve a)-.15 H .406
-(ll alias de\214nitions.).15 F(The return v)144 684 Q
+(ll alias de\214nitions.).15 F(The return v)144 427.2 Q
(alue is true unless a supplied)-.25 E F0(name)2.86 E F1
-(is not a de\214ned alias.)2.68 E F2(unset)108 700.8 Q F1<5bad>2.5 E F2
+(is not a de\214ned alias.)2.68 E F2(unset)108 444 Q F1<5bad>2.5 E F2
(fv)A F1 2.5(][)C<ad>-2.5 E F2(n)A F1 2.5(][)C F0(name)-2.5 E F1 1.666
-(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E -.15(Fo)144 712.8 S 3.803(re).15 G(ach)-3.803 E F0
+(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E -.15(Fo)144 456 S 3.803(re).15 G(ach)-3.803 E F0
(name)4.163 E F1 3.803(,r).18 G(emo)-3.803 E 1.603 -.15(ve t)-.15 H
1.303(he corresponding v).15 F 1.303(ariable or function.)-.25 F 1.303
(If the)6.303 F F2<ad76>3.804 E F1 1.304(option is gi)3.804 F -.15(ve)
--.25 G 1.304(n, each).15 F F0(name)144.36 724.8 Q F1 .069
+-.25 G 1.304(n, each).15 F F0(name)144.36 468 Q F1 .069
(refers to a shell v)2.749 F .069(ariable, and that v)-.25 F .069
(ariable is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.569(d. If).15 F F2<ad66>2.569 E
F1 .069(is speci\214ed, each)2.569 F F0(name)2.929 E F1 .068(refers to)
-2.748 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E(91)185.955 E 0
-Cg EP
-%%Page: 92 92
-%%BeginPageSetup
-BP
-%%EndPageSetup
-/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF
-138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH)
-.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E 2.565(as)144 84 S .065
+2.748 F 2.565(as)144 480 S .065
(hell function, and the function de\214nition is remo)-2.565 F -.15(ve)
--.15 G 2.566(d. If).15 F(the)2.566 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad6e>2.566 E
-F1 .066(option is supplied, and)2.566 F F0(name)2.566 E F1 .066(is a)
-2.566 F -.25(va)144 96 S .875(riable with the).25 F F0(namer)3.375 E(ef)
--.37 E F1(attrib)3.375 E(ute,)-.2 E F0(name)3.375 E F1 .875
+-.15 G 2.566(d. If).15 F(the)2.566 E F2<ad6e>2.566 E F1 .066
+(option is supplied, and)2.566 F F0(name)2.566 E F1 .066(is a)2.566 F
+-.25(va)144 492 S .875(riable with the).25 F F0(namer)3.375 E(ef)-.37 E
+F1(attrib)3.375 E(ute,)-.2 E F0(name)3.375 E F1 .875
(will be unset rather than the v)3.375 F .874(ariable it references.)
--.25 F F2<ad6e>5.874 E F1 1.216(has no ef)144 108 R 1.216(fect if the)
+-.25 F F2<ad6e>5.874 E F1 1.216(has no ef)144 504 R 1.216(fect if the)
-.25 F F2<ad66>3.716 E F1 1.216(option is supplied.)3.716 F 1.216
(Read-only v)6.216 F 1.217(ariables and functions may not be unset.)-.25
-F .714(When v)144 120 R .714(ariables or functions are remo)-.25 F -.15
+F .714(When v)144 516 R .714(ariables or functions are remo)-.25 F -.15
(ve)-.15 G .714(d, the).15 F 3.214(ya)-.15 G .714(re also remo)-3.214 F
-.15(ve)-.15 G 3.213(df).15 G .713(rom the en)-3.213 F .713
-(vironment passed to)-.4 F 1.003(subsequent commands.)144 132 R 1.003
+(vironment passed to)-.4 F 1.003(subsequent commands.)144 528 R 1.003
(If no options are supplied, each)6.003 F F0(name)3.503 E F1 1.003
(refers to a v)3.503 F 1.003(ariable; if there is no)-.25 F -.25(va)144
-144 S .177(riable by that name, a function with that name, if an).25 F
+540 S .177(riable by that name, a function with that name, if an).25 F
1.477 -.65(y, i)-.15 H 2.677(su).65 G 2.676(nset. Some)-2.677 F .176
-(shell v)2.676 F .176(ariables may not be)-.25 F 2.804(unset. If)144 156
-R(an)2.804 E 2.804(yo)-.15 G(f)-2.804 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.27(BA)
-2.804 G(SH_ALIASES).27 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3 -.27(BA)2.554 G
-(SH_ARGV0).27 E F4(,)A F3 -.27(BA)2.554 G(SH_CMDS).27 E F4(,)A F3 -.27
-(BA)2.555 G(SH_COMMAND).27 E F4(,)A F3 -.27(BA)2.555 G(SH_SUB-).27 E
-(SHELL)144 168 Q F4(,)A F3 -.27(BA)2.79 G(SHPID).27 E F4(,)A F3(COMP_W)
-2.79 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E F4(,)A F3(DIRST)2.79 E -.495(AC)-.81 G(K).495 E
-F4(,)A F3(EPOCHREAL)2.79 E(TIME)-.828 E F4(,)A F3(EPOCHSECONDS)2.79 E F4
-(,)A F3(FUNCN)144 180 Q(AME)-.18 E F4(,)A F3(GR)4.367 E(OUPS)-.27 E F4
-(,)A F3(HISTCMD)4.368 E F4(,)A F3(LINENO)4.368 E F4(,)A F3(RANDOM)4.368
-E F4(,)A F3(SECONDS)4.368 E F4(,)A F1(or)4.368 E F3(SRANDOM)4.618 E F1
-2.118(are unset,)4.368 F(the)144 192 Q 2.742(yl)-.15 G .242
+(shell v)2.676 F .176(ariables may not be)-.25 F 2.804(unset. If)144 552
+R(an)2.804 E 2.804(yo)-.15 G(f)-2.804 E/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.27(BA)
+2.804 G(SH_ALIASES).27 E F3(,)A F4 -.27(BA)2.554 G(SH_ARGV0).27 E F3(,)A
+F4 -.27(BA)2.554 G(SH_CMDS).27 E F3(,)A F4 -.27(BA)2.555 G(SH_COMMAND)
+.27 E F3(,)A F4 -.27(BA)2.555 G(SH_SUB-).27 E(SHELL)144 564 Q F3(,)A F4
+-.27(BA)2.79 G(SHPID).27 E F3(,)A F4(COMP_W)2.79 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E F3
+(,)A F4(DIRST)2.79 E -.495(AC)-.81 G(K).495 E F3(,)A F4(EPOCHREAL)2.79 E
+(TIME)-.828 E F3(,)A F4(EPOCHSECONDS)2.79 E F3(,)A F4(FUNCN)144 576 Q
+(AME)-.18 E F3(,)A F4(GR)4.367 E(OUPS)-.27 E F3(,)A F4(HISTCMD)4.368 E
+F3(,)A F4(LINENO)4.368 E F3(,)A F4(RANDOM)4.368 E F3(,)A F4(SECONDS)
+4.368 E F3(,)A F1(or)4.368 E F4(SRANDOM)4.618 E F1 2.118(are unset,)
+4.368 F(the)144 588 Q 2.742(yl)-.15 G .242
(ose their special properties, e)-2.742 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.741(ni).15 G
2.741(ft)-2.741 G(he)-2.741 E 2.741(ya)-.15 G .241
(re subsequently reset.)-2.741 F .241(The e)5.241 F .241
-(xit status is true unless)-.15 F(a)144 204 Q F0(name)2.86 E F1
-(is readonly or may not be unset.)2.68 E F2(wait)108 220.8 Q F1([)2.5 E
+(xit status is true unless)-.15 F(a)144 600 Q F0(name)2.86 E F1
+(is readonly or may not be unset.)2.68 E F2(wait)108 616.8 Q F1([)2.5 E
F2(\255fn)A F1 2.5(][)C F2<ad70>-2.5 E F0(varname)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0
-(id)-2.5 E F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E -.8(Wa)144 232.8 S 1.008
+(id)-2.5 E F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E -.8(Wa)144 628.8 S 1.008
(it for each speci\214ed child process).8 F F0(id)3.508 E F1 1.008
(and return the termination status of the last)3.508 F F0(id)3.509 E F1
6.009(.E)C(ach)-6.009 E F0(id)3.509 E F1 .5(may be a process ID)144
-244.8 R F0(pid)3 E F1 .5(or a job speci\214cation)3 F F0(jobspec)2.999 E
+640.8 R F0(pid)3 E F1 .5(or a job speci\214cation)3 F F0(jobspec)2.999 E
F1 2.999(;i)C 2.999(faj)-2.999 G .499(obspec is supplied,)-2.999 F F2
(wait)2.999 E F1 -.1(wa)2.999 G .499(its for all).1 F
-(processes in the job)144 256.8 Q(.)-.4 E .386(If no options or)144
-273.6 R F0(id)2.886 E F1 2.886(sa)C .386(re supplied,)-2.886 F F2(wait)
+(processes in the job)144 652.8 Q(.)-.4 E .386(If no options or)144
+669.6 R F0(id)2.886 E F1 2.886(sa)C .386(re supplied,)-2.886 F F2(wait)
2.886 E F1 -.1(wa)2.886 G .386
(its for all running background jobs and the last-e).1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cuted).15 E(process substitution, if its process id is the same as)144
-285.6 Q F2($!)2.5 E F1 2.5(,a)C(nd the return status is zero.)-2.5 E .47
-(If the)144
302.4 R F2<ad6e>2.97 E F1 .47(option is supplied,)2.97 F F2
+681.6 Q F2($!)2.5 E F1 2.5(,a)C(nd the return status is zero.)-2.5 E .47
+(If the)144
698.4 R F2<ad6e>2.97 E F1 .47(option is supplied,)2.97 F F2
(wait)2.97 E F1 -.1(wa)2.97 G .47(its for an).1 F 2.97(yo)-.15 G .47
(ne of the gi)-2.97 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(n).15 E F0(id)2.97 E F1 2.97(so)C
1.27 -.4(r, i)-2.97 H 2.97(fn).4 G(o)-2.97 E F0(id)2.97 E F1 2.97(sa)C
.47(re supplied, an)-2.97 F(y)-.15 E .481
-(job or process substitution, to complete and returns its e)144 314.4 R
+(job or process substitution, to complete and returns its e)144 710.4 R
.482(xit status.)-.15 F .482(If none of the supplied)5.482 F F0(id)2.982
-E F1 2.982(si)C 2.982(sa)-2.982 G .376(child of the shell, or if no)144
-326.4 R F0(id)2.876 E F1 2.876(sa)C .376
-(re supplied and the shell has no unw)-2.876 F .375
-(aited-for children, the e)-.1 F .375(xit sta-)-.15 F(tus is 127.)144
-338.4 Q .346(If the)144 355.2 R F2<ad70>2.846 E F1 .347
-(option is supplied,)2.846 F F2(wait)2.847 E F1 .347
+E F1 2.982(si)C 2.982(sa)-2.982 G 1.338(child of the shell, or if no)144
+722.4 R F0(id)3.838 E F1 3.838(sa)C 1.338
+(re supplied and the shell has no unw)-3.838 F 1.337
+(aited-for children, the e)-.1 F(xit)-.15 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q
+(2025 February 24)139.29 E(92)188.45 E 0 Cg EP
+%%Page: 93 93
+%%BeginPageSetup
+BP
+%%EndPageSetup
+/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF
+138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH)
+.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(status is 127.)144 84 Q .346(If the)144 100.8 R/F2
+10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad70>2.846 E F1 .347(option is supplied,)2.846 F F2
+(wait)2.847 E F1 .347
(assigns the process or job identi\214er of the job for which the e)
-2.847 F(xit)-.15 E .006(status is returned to the v)144 367.2 R(ariable)
+2.847 F(xit)-.15 E .006(status is returned to the v)144 112.8 R(ariable)
-.25 E F0(varname)2.506 E F1 .006(named by the option ar)2.506 F 2.506
(gument. The)-.18 F -.25(va)2.506 G .006(riable, which can-).25 F .224
-(not be readonly)144 379.2 R 2.724(,w)-.65 G .224
+(not be readonly)144 124.8 R 2.724(,w)-.65 G .224
(ill be unset initially)-2.724 F 2.724(,b)-.65 G .224(efore an)-2.724 F
2.724(ya)-.15 G 2.724(ssignment. This)-2.724 F .225
-(is useful only when used with)2.725 F(the)144
391.2 Q F2<ad6e>2.5 E F1
-(option.)2.5 E .533(Supplying the)144
408 R F2<ad66>3.033 E F1 .533
+(is useful only when used with)2.725 F(the)144
136.8 Q F2<ad6e>2.5 E F1
+(option.)2.5 E .533(Supplying the)144
153.6 R F2<ad66>3.033 E F1 .533
(option, when job control is enabled, forces)3.033 F F2(wait)3.033 E F1
.533(to w)3.033 F .533(ait for each)-.1 F F0(id)3.033 E F1 .532
(to terminate)3.033 F(before returning its status, instead of returning\
- when it changes status.)144 420 Q .311(If none of the)144 436.8 R F0
+ when it changes status.)144 165.6 Q .311(If none of the)144 182.4 R F0
(id)2.811 E F1 2.811(ss)C .311(pecify one of the shell')-2.811 F 2.811
(sa)-.55 G(cti)-2.811 E .611 -.15(ve c)-.25 H .311
(hild processes, the return status is 127.).15 F(If)5.311 E F2(wait)
-2.812 E F1 .153(is interrupted by a signal, an)144 448.8 R(y)-.15 E F0
+2.812 E F1 .153(is interrupted by a signal, an)144 194.4 R(y)-.15 E F0
(varname)2.653 E F1 .153
(will remain unset, and the return status will be greater than)2.653 F
-.21(128, as described under)144 460.8 R F2(SIGN)2.71 E(ALS)-.2 E F1(abo)
+.21(128, as described under)144 206.4 R F2(SIGN)2.71 E(ALS)-.2 E F1(abo)
2.71 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.21(.O).15 G .21
(therwise, the return status is the e)-5.21 F .21
-(xit status of the last)-.15 F F0(id)144 472.8 Q F1(.)A/F5 10.95
-/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL COMP)72 489.6 Q -1.04(AT)-.81 G(IBILITY MODE)1.04
-E F1 1.355(Bash-4.0 introduced the concept of a)108 501.6 R F0 1.355
+(xit status of the last)-.15 F F0(id)144 218.4 Q F1(.)A/F3 10.95
+/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL COMP)72 235.2 Q -1.04(AT)-.81 G(IBILITY MODE)1.04
+E F1 1.355(Bash-4.0 introduced the concept of a)108 247.2 R F0 1.355
(shell compatibility le)3.855 F(vel)-.15 E F1 3.855(,s)C 1.354
-(peci\214ed as a set of options to the shopt)-3.855 F -.2(bu)108 513.6 S
+(peci\214ed as a set of options to the shopt)-3.855 F -.2(bu)108 259.2 S
.621(iltin \().2 F F2(compat31)A F1(,)A F2(compat32)3.121 E F1(,)A F2
(compat40)3.121 E F1(,)A F2(compat41)3.121 E F1 3.121(,a)C .621
(nd so on\).)-3.121 F .622(There is only one current compatibility)5.622
-F(le)108 525.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.058<6c8a>.15 G .557
+F(le)108 271.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.058<6c8a>.15 G .557
(each option is mutually e)-.001 F(xclusi)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.557
(.T).15 G .557(he compatibility le)-5.557 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.057(li).15
G 3.057(si)-3.057 G .557(ntended to allo)-3.057 F 3.057(wu)-.25 G .557
-(sers to select be-)-3.057 F(ha)108 537.6 Q 1.083(vior from pre)-.2 F
+(sers to select be-)-3.057 F(ha)108 283.2 Q 1.083(vior from pre)-.2 F
1.083(vious v)-.25 F 1.083(ersions that is incompatible with ne)-.15 F
1.083(wer v)-.25 F 1.083(ersions while the)-.15 F 3.584(ym)-.15 G 1.084
-(igrate scripts to use)-3.584 F(current features and beha)108 549.6 Q
+(igrate scripts to use)-3.584 F(current features and beha)108 295.2 Q
(vior)-.2 E 5(.I)-.55 G(t')-5 E 2.5(si)-.55 G
(ntended to be a temporary solution.)-2.5 E 1.457
-(This section does not mention beha)108 566.4 R 1.457
+(This section does not mention beha)108 312 R 1.457
(vior that is standard for a particular v)-.2 F 1.456
(ersion \(e.g., setting)-.15 F F2(compat32)3.956 E F1 .445
-(means that quoting the right hand side of the re)108 578.4 R(ge)-.15 E
+(means that quoting the right hand side of the re)108 324 R(ge)-.15 E
.446(xp matching operator quotes special re)-.15 F(ge)-.15 E .446
-(xp characters in)-.15 F(the w)108 590.4 Q(ord, which is def)-.1 E
+(xp characters in)-.15 F(the w)108 336 Q(ord, which is def)-.1 E
(ault beha)-.1 E(vior in bash-3.2 and subsequent v)-.2 E(ersions\).)-.15
-E .523(If a user enables, say)108 607.2 R(,)-.65 E F2(compat32)3.023 E
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+.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E F0 -.37(re)108 84 S(adline).37 E F1(\(3\))A/F2
+10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(FILES)72 100.8 Q F0(/bin/bash)109.666 112.8 Q F1
+(The)144 124.8 Q/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)2.5 E F1 -.15(exe)2.5 G
+(cutable).15 E F0(/etc/pr)109.666 136.8 Q(o\214le)-.45 E F1
+(The systemwide initialization \214le, e)144 148.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
+(cuted for login shells).15 E F0(\001/.bash_pr)109.666 160.8 Q(o\214le)
+-.45 E F1(The personal initialization \214le, e)144 172.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15
+G(cuted for login shells).15 E F0(\001/.bashr)109.666 184.8 Q(c)-.37 E
+F1(The indi)144 196.8 Q(vidual per)-.25 E(-interacti)-.2 E -.15(ve)-.25
+G(-shell startup \214le).15 E F0(\001/.bash_lo)109.666 208.8 Q(gout)-.1
+E F1(The indi)144 220.8 Q(vidual login shell cleanup \214le, e)-.25 E
+-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted when a login shell e).15 E(xits)-.15 E F0
+(\001/.bash_history)109.666 232.8 Q F1(The def)144 244.8 Q(ault v)-.1 E
(alue of)-.25 E F3(HISTFILE)2.5 E F1 2.5(,t)C
(he \214le in which bash sa)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(st).15 G
-(he command history)-2.5 E F0(\001/.inputr)109.666 528 Q(c)-.37 E F1
-(Indi)144 540 Q(vidual)-.25 E F0 -.37(re)2.5 G(adline).37 E F1
-(initialization \214le)2.5 E F4 -.548(AU)72 556.8 S(THORS).548 E F1
-(Brian F)108 568.8 Q(ox, Free Softw)-.15 E(are F)-.1 E(oundation)-.15 E
-(bfox@gnu.or)108 580.8 Q(g)-.18 E(Chet Rame)108 597.6 Q 1.3 -.65(y, C)
+(he command history)-2.5 E F0(\001/.inputr)109.666 256.8 Q(c)-.37 E F1
+(Indi)144 268.8 Q(vidual)-.25 E F0 -.37(re)2.5 G(adline).37 E F1
+(initialization \214le)2.5 E F2 -.548(AU)72 285.6 S(THORS).548 E F1
+(Brian F)108 297.6 Q(ox, Free Softw)-.15 E(are F)-.1 E(oundation)-.15 E
+(bfox@gnu.or)108 309.6 Q(g)-.18 E(Chet Rame)108 326.4 Q 1.3 -.65(y, C)
-.15 H(ase W).65 E(estern Reserv)-.8 E 2.5(eU)-.15 G(ni)-2.5 E -.15(ve)
--.25 G(rsity).15 E(chet.rame)108 609.6 Q(y@case.edu)-.15 E F4 -.11(BU)72
-626.4 S 2.738(GR).11 G(EPOR)-2.738 E(TS)-.438 E F1 .567
-(If you \214nd a b)108 638.4 R .568(ug in)-.2 F F3(bash)3.068 E F1 3.068
+-.25 G(rsity).15 E(chet.rame)108 338.4 Q(y@case.edu)-.15 E F2 -.11(BU)72
+355.2 S 2.738(GR).11 G(EPOR)-2.738 E(TS)-.438 E F1 .567
+(If you \214nd a b)108 367.2 R .568(ug in)-.2 F F3(bash)3.068 E F1 3.068
(,y)C .568(ou should report it.)-3.068 F .568
(But \214rst, you should mak)5.568 F 3.068(es)-.1 G .568
(ure that it really is a b)-3.068 F .568(ug, and)-.2 F 5.626
-(that it appears in the latest v)108 650.4 R 5.625(ersion of)-.15 F F3
+(that it appears in the latest v)108 379.2 R 5.625(ersion of)-.15 F F3
(bash)8.125 E F1 10.625(.T)C 5.625(he latest v)-10.625 F 5.625
(ersion is al)-.15 F -.1(wa)-.1 G 5.625(ys a).1 F -.25(va)-.2 G 5.625
-(ilable from).25 F F0(ftp://ftp.gnu.or)108 662.4 Q(g/pub/gnu/bash/)-.37
+(ilable from).25 F F0(ftp://ftp.gnu.or)108 391.2 Q(g/pub/gnu/bash/)-.37
E F1(and)2.5 E F0(http://git.savannah.gnu.or)2.5 E
(g/cgit/bash.git/snapshot/bash-master)-.37 E(.tar)-1.11 E(.gz)-1.11 E F1
-(.)A .41(Once you ha)108 679.2 R .71 -.15(ve d)-.2 H .41
+(.)A .41(Once you ha)108 408 R .71 -.15(ve d)-.2 H .41
(etermined that a b).15 F .41(ug actually e)-.2 F .411(xists, use the)
-.15 F F0(bashb)3.181 E(ug)-.2 E F1 .411(command to submit a b)3.131 F
-.411(ug report.)-.2 F(If)5.411 E .022(you ha)108 691.2 R .322 -.15
+.411(ug report.)-.2 F(If)5.411 E .022(you ha)108 420 R .322 -.15
(ve a \214)-.2 H .021(x, you are encouraged to mail that as well!).15 F
-1.1(Yo)5.021 G 2.521(um)1.1 G .021
(ay send suggestions and \231philosophical\232 b)-2.521 F(ug)-.2 E
-(reports to)108 703.2 Q F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(g-bash@gnu.or).2 E(g)-.37 E F1
+(reports to)108 432 Q F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(g-bash@gnu.or).2 E(g)-.37 E F1
(or post them to the Usenet ne)2.5 E(wsgroup)-.25 E F3(gnu.bash.b)2.5 E
-(ug)-.2 E F1(.)A(ALL b)108 720 Q(ug reports should include:)-.2 E
-(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E(95)185.955 E 0 Cg EP
-%%Page: 96 96
-%%BeginPageSetup
-BP
-%%EndPageSetup
-/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF
-138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH)
-.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(The v)108 84 Q(ersion number of)-.15 E/F2 10
-/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)2.5 E F1(The hardw)108 96 Q
-(are and operating system)-.1 E(The compiler used to compile)108 108 Q
-2.5(Ad)108 120 S(escription of the b)-2.5 E(ug beha)-.2 E(viour)-.2 E
-2.5(As)108 132 S(hort script or \231recipe\232 which e)-2.5 E -.15(xe)
--.15 G(rcises the b).15 E(ug)-.2 E F0(bashb)108.27 148.8 Q(ug)-.2 E F1
+(ug)-.2 E F1(.)A(ALL b)108 448.8 Q(ug reports should include:)-.2 E
+(The v)108 465.6 Q(ersion number of)-.15 E F3(bash)2.5 E F1(The hardw)
+108 477.6 Q(are and operating system)-.1 E(The compiler used to compile)
+108 489.6 Q 2.5(Ad)108 501.6 S(escription of the b)-2.5 E(ug beha)-.2 E
+(vior)-.2 E 2.5(As)108 513.6 S(hort script or \231recipe\232 which e)
+-2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(rcises the b).15 E(ug)-.2 E F0(bashb)108.27 530.4
+Q(ug)-.2 E F1
(inserts the \214rst three items automatically into the template it pro)
2.72 E(vides for \214ling a b)-.15 E(ug report.)-.2 E(Comments and b)108
-165.6 Q(ug reports concerning this manual page should be directed to)-.2
+547.2 Q(ug reports concerning this manual page should be directed to)-.2
E F0 -.15(ch)2.5 G(et.r).15 E(ame)-.15 E(y@case)-.3 E(.edu)-.15 E F1(.)
-.25 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF -.11(BU)72 182.4 S(GS).11 E F1(It')108
-194.4 Q 2.5(st)-.55 G(oo big and too slo)-2.5 E -.65(w.)-.25 G 1.868
-(There are some subtle dif)108 211.2 R 1.868(ferences between)-.25 F F2
+.25 E F2 -.11(BU)72 564 S(GS).11 E F1(It')108 576 Q 2.5(st)-.55 G
+(oo big and too slo)-2.5 E -.65(w.)-.25 G 1.868
+(There are some subtle dif)108 592.8 R 1.868(ferences between)-.25 F F3
(bash)4.369 E F1 1.869(and traditional v)4.369 F 1.869(ersions of)-.15 F
-F2(sh)4.369 E F1 4.369(,m)C 1.869(ostly because of the)-4.369 F/F4 9
-/Times-Bold@0 SF(POSIX)108 223.2 Q F1(speci\214cation.)2.25 E
-(Aliases are confusing in some uses.)108 240 Q(Shell b)108 256.8 Q
+F3(sh)4.369 E F1 4.369(,m)C 1.869(ostly because of the)-4.369 F/F4 9
+/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSIX)108 604.8 Q F1(speci\214cation.)2.25 E
+(Aliases are confusing in some uses.)108 621.6 Q(Shell b)108 638.4 Q
(uiltin commands and functions are not stoppable/restartable.)-.2 E .146
(Compound commands and command lists of the form \231a ; b ; c\232 are \
-not handled gracefully when combined)108 273.6 R .5
-(with process suspension.)108 285.6 R .5
+not handled gracefully when combined)108 655.2 R .5
+(with process suspension.)108 667.2 R .5
(When a process is stopped, the shell immediately e)5.5 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
.5(cutes the ne).15 F .5(xt command in)-.15 F .941
-(the list or breaks out of an)108 297.6 R 3.441(ye)-.15 G .941
+(the list or breaks out of an)108 679.2 R 3.441(ye)-.15 G .941
(xisting loops.)-3.591 F .941(It suf)5.941 F .941
(\214ces to enclose the command in parentheses to force it)-.25 F .824(\
into a subshell, which may be stopped as a unit, or to start the comman\
-d in the background and immedi-)108 309.6 R
-(ately bring it into the fore)108 321.6 Q(ground.)-.15 E(Array v)108
-338.4 Q(ariables may not \(yet\) be e)-.25 E(xported.)-.15 E
-(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E(96)185.955 E 0 Cg EP
+d in the background and immedi-)108 691.2 R
+(ately bring it into the fore)108 703.2 Q(ground.)-.15 E(Array v)108 720
+Q(ariables may not \(yet\) be e)-.25 E(xported.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72
+768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 E(96)188.45 E 0 Cg EP
%%Trailer
end
%%EOF
@xrdef{Conditional Constructs-pg}{12}
@xrdef{Command Grouping-title}{Grouping Commands}
@xrdef{Command Grouping-snt}{Section@tie 3.2.5.3}
-@xrdef{Command Grouping-pg}{17}
@xrdef{Coprocesses-title}{Coprocesses}
@xrdef{Coprocesses-snt}{Section@tie 3.2.6}
+@xrdef{Command Grouping-pg}{18}
@xrdef{Coprocesses-pg}{18}
@xrdef{GNU Parallel-title}{GNU Parallel}
@xrdef{GNU Parallel-snt}{Section@tie 3.2.7}
@xrdef{Shell Parameter Expansion-pg}{27}
@xrdef{Command Substitution-title}{Command Substitution}
@xrdef{Command Substitution-snt}{Section@tie 3.5.4}
-@xrdef{Command Substitution-pg}{35}
+@xrdef{Command Substitution-pg}{36}
@xrdef{Arithmetic Expansion-title}{Arithmetic Expansion}
@xrdef{Arithmetic Expansion-snt}{Section@tie 3.5.5}
@xrdef{Process Substitution-title}{Process Substitution}
@xrdef{Process Substitution-snt}{Section@tie 3.5.6}
-@xrdef{Arithmetic Expansion-pg}{36}
+@xrdef{Arithmetic Expansion-pg}{37}
+@xrdef{Process Substitution-pg}{37}
@xrdef{Word Splitting-title}{Word Splitting}
@xrdef{Word Splitting-snt}{Section@tie 3.5.7}
-@xrdef{Process Substitution-pg}{37}
-@xrdef{Word Splitting-pg}{37}
@xrdef{Filename Expansion-title}{Filename Expansion}
@xrdef{Filename Expansion-snt}{Section@tie 3.5.8}
+@xrdef{Word Splitting-pg}{38}
@xrdef{Pattern Matching-title}{Pattern Matching}
@xrdef{Pattern Matching-snt}{Section@tie 3.5.8.1}
-@xrdef{Filename Expansion-pg}{38}
-@xrdef{Pattern Matching-pg}{38}
+@xrdef{Filename Expansion-pg}{39}
+@xrdef{Pattern Matching-pg}{39}
@xrdef{Quote Removal-title}{Quote Removal}
@xrdef{Quote Removal-snt}{Section@tie 3.5.9}
@xrdef{Redirections-title}{Redirections}
@xrdef{Redirections-snt}{Section@tie 3.6}
-@xrdef{Quote Removal-pg}{40}
-@xrdef{Redirections-pg}{40}
+@xrdef{Quote Removal-pg}{41}
+@xrdef{Redirections-pg}{41}
@xrdef{Executing Commands-title}{Executing Commands}
@xrdef{Executing Commands-snt}{Section@tie 3.7}
@xrdef{Simple Command Expansion-title}{Simple Command Expansion}
@xrdef{Simple Command Expansion-snt}{Section@tie 3.7.1}
-@xrdef{Executing Commands-pg}{44}
-@xrdef{Simple Command Expansion-pg}{44}
+@xrdef{Executing Commands-pg}{45}
+@xrdef{Simple Command Expansion-pg}{45}
@xrdef{Command Search and Execution-title}{Command Search and Execution}
@xrdef{Command Search and Execution-snt}{Section@tie 3.7.2}
@xrdef{Command Execution Environment-title}{Command Execution Environment}
@xrdef{Command Execution Environment-snt}{Section@tie 3.7.3}
-@xrdef{Command Search and Execution-pg}{45}
-@xrdef{Command Execution Environment-pg}{45}
+@xrdef{Command Search and Execution-pg}{46}
+@xrdef{Command Execution Environment-pg}{46}
@xrdef{Environment-title}{Environment}
@xrdef{Environment-snt}{Section@tie 3.7.4}
+@xrdef{Environment-pg}{47}
@xrdef{Exit Status-title}{Exit Status}
@xrdef{Exit Status-snt}{Section@tie 3.7.5}
-@xrdef{Environment-pg}{47}
-@xrdef{Exit Status-pg}{47}
+@xrdef{Exit Status-pg}{48}
@xrdef{Signals-title}{Signals}
@xrdef{Signals-snt}{Section@tie 3.7.6}
-@xrdef{Signals-pg}{48}
+@xrdef{Signals-pg}{49}
@xrdef{Shell Scripts-title}{Shell Scripts}
@xrdef{Shell Scripts-snt}{Section@tie 3.8}
-@xrdef{Shell Scripts-pg}{49}
+@xrdef{Shell Scripts-pg}{50}
@xrdef{Shell Builtin Commands-title}{Shell Builtin Commands}
@xrdef{Shell Builtin Commands-snt}{Chapter@tie 4}
@xrdef{Bourne Shell Builtins-title}{Bourne Shell Builtins}
@xrdef{Bourne Shell Builtins-snt}{Section@tie 4.1}
-@xrdef{Shell Builtin Commands-pg}{51}
-@xrdef{Bourne Shell Builtins-pg}{51}
+@xrdef{Shell Builtin Commands-pg}{52}
+@xrdef{Bourne Shell Builtins-pg}{52}
@xrdef{Bash Builtins-title}{Bash Builtin Commands}
@xrdef{Bash Builtins-snt}{Section@tie 4.2}
-@xrdef{Bash Builtins-pg}{60}
+@xrdef{Bash Builtins-pg}{61}
@xrdef{Modifying Shell Behavior-title}{Modifying Shell Behavior}
@xrdef{Modifying Shell Behavior-snt}{Section@tie 4.3}
@xrdef{The Set Builtin-title}{The Set Builtin}
@xrdef{The Set Builtin-snt}{Section@tie 4.3.1}
-@xrdef{Modifying Shell Behavior-pg}{72}
-@xrdef{The Set Builtin-pg}{73}
+@xrdef{Modifying Shell Behavior-pg}{73}
+@xrdef{The Set Builtin-pg}{74}
@xrdef{The Shopt Builtin-title}{The Shopt Builtin}
@xrdef{The Shopt Builtin-snt}{Section@tie 4.3.2}
-@xrdef{The Shopt Builtin-pg}{77}
+@xrdef{The Shopt Builtin-pg}{78}
@xrdef{Special Builtins-title}{Special Builtins}
@xrdef{Special Builtins-snt}{Section@tie 4.4}
-@xrdef{Special Builtins-pg}{84}
+@xrdef{Special Builtins-pg}{85}
@xrdef{Shell Variables-title}{Shell Variables}
@xrdef{Shell Variables-snt}{Chapter@tie 5}
@xrdef{Bourne Shell Variables-title}{Bourne Shell Variables}
@xrdef{Bourne Shell Variables-snt}{Section@tie 5.1}
@xrdef{Bash Variables-title}{Bash Variables}
@xrdef{Bash Variables-snt}{Section@tie 5.2}
-@xrdef{Shell Variables-pg}{85}
-@xrdef{Bourne Shell Variables-pg}{85}
-@xrdef{Bash Variables-pg}{86}
+@xrdef{Shell Variables-pg}{86}
+@xrdef{Bourne Shell Variables-pg}{86}
+@xrdef{Bash Variables-pg}{87}
@xrdef{Bash Features-title}{Bash Features}
@xrdef{Bash Features-snt}{Chapter@tie 6}
@xrdef{Invoking Bash-title}{Invoking Bash}
@xrdef{Invoking Bash-snt}{Section@tie 6.1}
-@xrdef{Bash Features-pg}{99}
-@xrdef{Invoking Bash-pg}{99}
+@xrdef{Bash Features-pg}{100}
+@xrdef{Invoking Bash-pg}{100}
@xrdef{Bash Startup Files-title}{Bash Startup Files}
@xrdef{Bash Startup Files-snt}{Section@tie 6.2}
-@xrdef{Bash Startup Files-pg}{101}
+@xrdef{Bash Startup Files-pg}{102}
@xrdef{Interactive Shells-title}{Interactive Shells}
@xrdef{Interactive Shells-snt}{Section@tie 6.3}
@xrdef{What is an Interactive Shell?-title}{What is an Interactive Shell?}
@xrdef{Is this Shell Interactive?-snt}{Section@tie 6.3.2}
@xrdef{Interactive Shell Behavior-title}{Interactive Shell Behavior}
@xrdef{Interactive Shell Behavior-snt}{Section@tie 6.3.3}
-@xrdef{Interactive Shells-pg}{103}
-@xrdef{What is an Interactive Shell?-pg}{103}
-@xrdef{Is this Shell Interactive?-pg}{103}
-@xrdef{Interactive Shell Behavior-pg}{103}
+@xrdef{Interactive Shells-pg}{104}
+@xrdef{What is an Interactive Shell?-pg}{104}
+@xrdef{Is this Shell Interactive?-pg}{104}
+@xrdef{Interactive Shell Behavior-pg}{104}
@xrdef{Bash Conditional Expressions-title}{Bash Conditional Expressions}
@xrdef{Bash Conditional Expressions-snt}{Section@tie 6.4}
-@xrdef{Bash Conditional Expressions-pg}{104}
+@xrdef{Bash Conditional Expressions-pg}{105}
@xrdef{Shell Arithmetic-title}{Shell Arithmetic}
@xrdef{Shell Arithmetic-snt}{Section@tie 6.5}
-@xrdef{Shell Arithmetic-pg}{106}
+@xrdef{Shell Arithmetic-pg}{107}
@xrdef{Aliases-title}{Aliases}
@xrdef{Aliases-snt}{Section@tie 6.6}
+@xrdef{Aliases-pg}{109}
@xrdef{Arrays-title}{Arrays}
@xrdef{Arrays-snt}{Section@tie 6.7}
-@xrdef{Aliases-pg}{108}
-@xrdef{Arrays-pg}{109}
+@xrdef{Arrays-pg}{110}
@xrdef{The Directory Stack-title}{The Directory Stack}
@xrdef{The Directory Stack-snt}{Section@tie 6.8}
@xrdef{Directory Stack Builtins-title}{Directory Stack Builtins}
@xrdef{Directory Stack Builtins-snt}{Section@tie 6.8.1}
-@xrdef{The Directory Stack-pg}{111}
-@xrdef{Directory Stack Builtins-pg}{111}
+@xrdef{The Directory Stack-pg}{112}
+@xrdef{Directory Stack Builtins-pg}{112}
@xrdef{Controlling the Prompt-title}{Controlling the Prompt}
@xrdef{Controlling the Prompt-snt}{Section@tie 6.9}
-@xrdef{Controlling the Prompt-pg}{112}
+@xrdef{Controlling the Prompt-pg}{114}
@xrdef{The Restricted Shell-title}{The Restricted Shell}
@xrdef{The Restricted Shell-snt}{Section@tie 6.10}
+@xrdef{The Restricted Shell-pg}{115}
@xrdef{Bash POSIX Mode-title}{Bash and POSIX}
@xrdef{Bash POSIX Mode-snt}{Section@tie 6.11}
-@xrdef{The Restricted Shell-pg}{114}
-@xrdef{Bash POSIX Mode-pg}{115}
+@xrdef{Bash POSIX Mode-pg}{116}
@xrdef{Shell Compatibility Mode-title}{Shell Compatibility Mode}
@xrdef{Shell Compatibility Mode-snt}{Section@tie 6.12}
-@xrdef{Shell Compatibility Mode-pg}{120}
+@xrdef{Shell Compatibility Mode-pg}{121}
@xrdef{Job Control-title}{Job Control}
@xrdef{Job Control-snt}{Chapter@tie 7}
@xrdef{Job Control Basics-title}{Job Control Basics}
@xrdef{Job Control Basics-snt}{Section@tie 7.1}
-@xrdef{Job Control-pg}{123}
-@xrdef{Job Control Basics-pg}{123}
+@xrdef{Job Control-pg}{125}
+@xrdef{Job Control Basics-pg}{125}
@xrdef{Job Control Builtins-title}{Job Control Builtins}
@xrdef{Job Control Builtins-snt}{Section@tie 7.2}
-@xrdef{Job Control Builtins-pg}{124}
+@xrdef{Job Control Builtins-pg}{126}
@xrdef{Job Control Variables-title}{Job Control Variables}
@xrdef{Job Control Variables-snt}{Section@tie 7.3}
-@xrdef{Job Control Variables-pg}{127}
+@xrdef{Job Control Variables-pg}{129}
@xrdef{Command Line Editing-title}{Command Line Editing}
@xrdef{Command Line Editing-snt}{Chapter@tie 8}
@xrdef{Introduction and Notation-title}{Introduction to Line Editing}
@xrdef{Introduction and Notation-snt}{Section@tie 8.1}
@xrdef{Readline Interaction-title}{Readline Interaction}
@xrdef{Readline Interaction-snt}{Section@tie 8.2}
-@xrdef{Command Line Editing-pg}{128}
-@xrdef{Introduction and Notation-pg}{128}
-@xrdef{Readline Interaction-pg}{128}
+@xrdef{Command Line Editing-pg}{130}
+@xrdef{Introduction and Notation-pg}{130}
+@xrdef{Readline Interaction-pg}{130}
@xrdef{Readline Bare Essentials-title}{Readline Bare Essentials}
@xrdef{Readline Bare Essentials-snt}{Section@tie 8.2.1}
@xrdef{Readline Movement Commands-title}{Readline Movement Commands}
@xrdef{Readline Movement Commands-snt}{Section@tie 8.2.2}
-@xrdef{Readline Bare Essentials-pg}{129}
-@xrdef{Readline Movement Commands-pg}{129}
+@xrdef{Readline Bare Essentials-pg}{131}
+@xrdef{Readline Movement Commands-pg}{131}
@xrdef{Readline Killing Commands-title}{Readline Killing Commands}
@xrdef{Readline Killing Commands-snt}{Section@tie 8.2.3}
@xrdef{Readline Arguments-title}{Readline Arguments}
@xrdef{Readline Arguments-snt}{Section@tie 8.2.4}
@xrdef{Searching-title}{Searching for Commands in the History}
@xrdef{Searching-snt}{Section@tie 8.2.5}
-@xrdef{Readline Killing Commands-pg}{130}
-@xrdef{Readline Arguments-pg}{130}
+@xrdef{Readline Killing Commands-pg}{132}
+@xrdef{Readline Arguments-pg}{132}
@xrdef{Readline Init File-title}{Readline Init File}
@xrdef{Readline Init File-snt}{Section@tie 8.3}
@xrdef{Readline Init File Syntax-title}{Readline Init File Syntax}
@xrdef{Readline Init File Syntax-snt}{Section@tie 8.3.1}
-@xrdef{Searching-pg}{131}
-@xrdef{Readline Init File-pg}{131}
-@xrdef{Readline Init File Syntax-pg}{131}
+@xrdef{Searching-pg}{133}
+@xrdef{Readline Init File-pg}{133}
+@xrdef{Readline Init File Syntax-pg}{133}
@xrdef{Conditional Init Constructs-title}{Conditional Init Constructs}
@xrdef{Conditional Init Constructs-snt}{Section@tie 8.3.2}
-@xrdef{Conditional Init Constructs-pg}{141}
+@xrdef{Conditional Init Constructs-pg}{143}
@xrdef{Sample Init File-title}{Sample Init File}
@xrdef{Sample Init File-snt}{Section@tie 8.3.3}
-@xrdef{Sample Init File-pg}{142}
+@xrdef{Sample Init File-pg}{144}
@xrdef{Bindable Readline Commands-title}{Bindable Readline Commands}
@xrdef{Bindable Readline Commands-snt}{Section@tie 8.4}
@xrdef{Commands For Moving-title}{Commands For Moving}
@xrdef{Commands For Moving-snt}{Section@tie 8.4.1}
-@xrdef{Bindable Readline Commands-pg}{145}
-@xrdef{Commands For Moving-pg}{145}
+@xrdef{Bindable Readline Commands-pg}{147}
+@xrdef{Commands For Moving-pg}{147}
@xrdef{Commands For History-title}{Commands For Manipulating The History}
@xrdef{Commands For History-snt}{Section@tie 8.4.2}
-@xrdef{Commands For History-pg}{146}
+@xrdef{Commands For History-pg}{148}
@xrdef{Commands For Text-title}{Commands For Changing Text}
@xrdef{Commands For Text-snt}{Section@tie 8.4.3}
-@xrdef{Commands For Text-pg}{148}
+@xrdef{Commands For Text-pg}{150}
@xrdef{Commands For Killing-title}{Killing And Yanking}
@xrdef{Commands For Killing-snt}{Section@tie 8.4.4}
-@xrdef{Commands For Killing-pg}{149}
+@xrdef{Commands For Killing-pg}{151}
@xrdef{Numeric Arguments-title}{Specifying Numeric Arguments}
@xrdef{Numeric Arguments-snt}{Section@tie 8.4.5}
@xrdef{Commands For Completion-title}{Letting Readline Type For You}
@xrdef{Commands For Completion-snt}{Section@tie 8.4.6}
-@xrdef{Numeric Arguments-pg}{151}
-@xrdef{Commands For Completion-pg}{151}
+@xrdef{Numeric Arguments-pg}{153}
+@xrdef{Commands For Completion-pg}{153}
@xrdef{Keyboard Macros-title}{Keyboard Macros}
@xrdef{Keyboard Macros-snt}{Section@tie 8.4.7}
@xrdef{Miscellaneous Commands-title}{Some Miscellaneous Commands}
@xrdef{Miscellaneous Commands-snt}{Section@tie 8.4.8}
-@xrdef{Keyboard Macros-pg}{153}
-@xrdef{Miscellaneous Commands-pg}{153}
+@xrdef{Keyboard Macros-pg}{155}
+@xrdef{Miscellaneous Commands-pg}{155}
@xrdef{Readline vi Mode-title}{Readline vi Mode}
@xrdef{Readline vi Mode-snt}{Section@tie 8.5}
@xrdef{Programmable Completion-title}{Programmable Completion}
@xrdef{Programmable Completion-snt}{Section@tie 8.6}
-@xrdef{Readline vi Mode-pg}{156}
-@xrdef{Programmable Completion-pg}{156}
+@xrdef{Readline vi Mode-pg}{158}
+@xrdef{Programmable Completion-pg}{158}
@xrdef{Programmable Completion Builtins-title}{Programmable Completion Builtins}
@xrdef{Programmable Completion Builtins-snt}{Section@tie 8.7}
-@xrdef{Programmable Completion Builtins-pg}{159}
+@xrdef{Programmable Completion Builtins-pg}{161}
@xrdef{A Programmable Completion Example-title}{A Programmable Completion Example}
@xrdef{A Programmable Completion Example-snt}{Section@tie 8.8}
-@xrdef{A Programmable Completion Example-pg}{163}
+@xrdef{A Programmable Completion Example-pg}{165}
@xrdef{Using History Interactively-title}{Using History Interactively}
@xrdef{Using History Interactively-snt}{Chapter@tie 9}
@xrdef{Bash History Facilities-title}{Bash History Facilities}
@xrdef{Bash History Facilities-snt}{Section@tie 9.1}
-@xrdef{Using History Interactively-pg}{166}
-@xrdef{Bash History Facilities-pg}{166}
+@xrdef{Using History Interactively-pg}{168}
+@xrdef{Bash History Facilities-pg}{168}
@xrdef{Bash History Builtins-title}{Bash History Builtins}
@xrdef{Bash History Builtins-snt}{Section@tie 9.2}
-@xrdef{Bash History Builtins-pg}{167}
+@xrdef{Bash History Builtins-pg}{169}
@xrdef{History Interaction-title}{History Expansion}
@xrdef{History Interaction-snt}{Section@tie 9.3}
-@xrdef{History Interaction-pg}{169}
+@xrdef{History Interaction-pg}{171}
@xrdef{Event Designators-title}{Event Designators}
@xrdef{Event Designators-snt}{Section@tie 9.3.1}
-@xrdef{Event Designators-pg}{170}
+@xrdef{Event Designators-pg}{172}
@xrdef{Word Designators-title}{Word Designators}
@xrdef{Word Designators-snt}{Section@tie 9.3.2}
@xrdef{Modifiers-title}{Modifiers}
@xrdef{Modifiers-snt}{Section@tie 9.3.3}
-@xrdef{Word Designators-pg}{171}
-@xrdef{Modifiers-pg}{172}
+@xrdef{Word Designators-pg}{173}
+@xrdef{Modifiers-pg}{174}
@xrdef{Installing Bash-title}{Installing Bash}
@xrdef{Installing Bash-snt}{Chapter@tie 10}
@xrdef{Basic Installation-title}{Basic Installation}
@xrdef{Basic Installation-snt}{Section@tie 10.1}
-@xrdef{Installing Bash-pg}{173}
-@xrdef{Basic Installation-pg}{173}
+@xrdef{Installing Bash-pg}{175}
+@xrdef{Basic Installation-pg}{175}
@xrdef{Compilers and Options-title}{Compilers and Options}
@xrdef{Compilers and Options-snt}{Section@tie 10.2}
@xrdef{Compiling For Multiple Architectures-title}{Compiling For Multiple Architectures}
@xrdef{Compiling For Multiple Architectures-snt}{Section@tie 10.3}
@xrdef{Installation Names-title}{Installation Names}
@xrdef{Installation Names-snt}{Section@tie 10.4}
-@xrdef{Compilers and Options-pg}{174}
-@xrdef{Compiling For Multiple Architectures-pg}{174}
+@xrdef{Compilers and Options-pg}{176}
+@xrdef{Compiling For Multiple Architectures-pg}{176}
@xrdef{Specifying the System Type-title}{Specifying the System Type}
@xrdef{Specifying the System Type-snt}{Section@tie 10.5}
@xrdef{Sharing Defaults-title}{Sharing Defaults}
@xrdef{Sharing Defaults-snt}{Section@tie 10.6}
@xrdef{Operation Controls-title}{Operation Controls}
@xrdef{Operation Controls-snt}{Section@tie 10.7}
-@xrdef{Installation Names-pg}{175}
-@xrdef{Specifying the System Type-pg}{175}
-@xrdef{Sharing Defaults-pg}{175}
+@xrdef{Installation Names-pg}{177}
+@xrdef{Specifying the System Type-pg}{177}
+@xrdef{Sharing Defaults-pg}{177}
@xrdef{Optional Features-title}{Optional Features}
@xrdef{Optional Features-snt}{Section@tie 10.8}
-@xrdef{Operation Controls-pg}{176}
-@xrdef{Optional Features-pg}{176}
+@xrdef{Operation Controls-pg}{178}
+@xrdef{Optional Features-pg}{178}
@xrdef{Reporting Bugs-title}{Reporting Bugs}
@xrdef{Reporting Bugs-snt}{Appendix@tie @char65{}}
-@xrdef{Reporting Bugs-pg}{182}
+@xrdef{Reporting Bugs-pg}{184}
@xrdef{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell-title}{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell}
@xrdef{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell-snt}{Appendix@tie @char66{}}
-@xrdef{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell-pg}{183}
+@xrdef{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell-pg}{185}
@xrdef{GNU Free Documentation License-title}{GNU Free Documentation License}
@xrdef{GNU Free Documentation License-snt}{Appendix@tie @char67{}}
-@xrdef{GNU Free Documentation License-pg}{190}
+@xrdef{GNU Free Documentation License-pg}{192}
@xrdef{Indexes-title}{Indexes}
@xrdef{Indexes-snt}{Appendix@tie @char68{}}
@xrdef{Builtin Index-title}{Index of Shell Builtin Commands}
@xrdef{Builtin Index-snt}{Section@tie @char68.1}
-@xrdef{Indexes-pg}{198}
-@xrdef{Builtin Index-pg}{198}
+@xrdef{Indexes-pg}{200}
+@xrdef{Builtin Index-pg}{200}
@xrdef{Reserved Word Index-title}{Index of Shell Reserved Words}
@xrdef{Reserved Word Index-snt}{Section@tie @char68.2}
@xrdef{Variable Index-title}{Parameter and Variable Index}
@xrdef{Variable Index-snt}{Section@tie @char68.3}
-@xrdef{Reserved Word Index-pg}{199}
-@xrdef{Variable Index-pg}{200}
+@xrdef{Reserved Word Index-pg}{201}
+@xrdef{Variable Index-pg}{202}
@xrdef{Function Index-title}{Function Index}
@xrdef{Function Index-snt}{Section@tie @char68.4}
-@xrdef{Function Index-pg}{202}
+@xrdef{Function Index-pg}{204}
@xrdef{Concept Index-title}{Concept Index}
@xrdef{Concept Index-snt}{Section@tie @char68.5}
-@xrdef{Concept Index-pg}{204}
+@xrdef{Concept Index-pg}{206}
-\entry{:}{51}{\code {:}}
-\entry{.}{51}{\code {.}}
-\entry{break}{52}{\code {break}}
-\entry{cd}{52}{\code {cd}}
-\entry{continue}{53}{\code {continue}}
-\entry{eval}{53}{\code {eval}}
-\entry{exec}{53}{\code {exec}}
-\entry{exit}{53}{\code {exit}}
-\entry{export}{53}{\code {export}}
-\entry{false}{54}{\code {false}}
-\entry{getopts}{54}{\code {getopts}}
-\entry{hash}{55}{\code {hash}}
-\entry{pwd}{55}{\code {pwd}}
-\entry{readonly}{55}{\code {readonly}}
-\entry{return}{56}{\code {return}}
-\entry{shift}{56}{\code {shift}}
-\entry{test}{56}{\code {test}}
-\entry{[}{56}{\code {[}}
-\entry{times}{58}{\code {times}}
-\entry{trap}{58}{\code {trap}}
-\entry{true}{59}{\code {true}}
-\entry{umask}{59}{\code {umask}}
-\entry{unset}{59}{\code {unset}}
-\entry{alias}{60}{\code {alias}}
-\entry{bind}{60}{\code {bind}}
-\entry{builtin}{62}{\code {builtin}}
-\entry{caller}{62}{\code {caller}}
-\entry{command}{62}{\code {command}}
-\entry{declare}{63}{\code {declare}}
-\entry{echo}{64}{\code {echo}}
-\entry{enable}{65}{\code {enable}}
-\entry{help}{66}{\code {help}}
-\entry{let}{66}{\code {let}}
-\entry{local}{66}{\code {local}}
-\entry{logout}{67}{\code {logout}}
-\entry{mapfile}{67}{\code {mapfile}}
-\entry{printf}{67}{\code {printf}}
-\entry{read}{68}{\code {read}}
-\entry{readarray}{70}{\code {readarray}}
-\entry{source}{70}{\code {source}}
-\entry{type}{70}{\code {type}}
-\entry{typeset}{71}{\code {typeset}}
-\entry{ulimit}{71}{\code {ulimit}}
-\entry{unalias}{72}{\code {unalias}}
-\entry{set}{73}{\code {set}}
-\entry{shopt}{77}{\code {shopt}}
-\entry{dirs}{111}{\code {dirs}}
-\entry{popd}{111}{\code {popd}}
-\entry{pushd}{112}{\code {pushd}}
-\entry{bg}{124}{\code {bg}}
-\entry{fg}{125}{\code {fg}}
-\entry{jobs}{125}{\code {jobs}}
-\entry{kill}{125}{\code {kill}}
-\entry{wait}{126}{\code {wait}}
-\entry{disown}{126}{\code {disown}}
-\entry{suspend}{126}{\code {suspend}}
-\entry{compgen}{159}{\code {compgen}}
-\entry{complete}{159}{\code {complete}}
-\entry{compopt}{162}{\code {compopt}}
-\entry{fc}{167}{\code {fc}}
-\entry{history}{167}{\code {history}}
+\entry{:}{52}{\code {:}}
+\entry{.}{52}{\code {.}}
+\entry{break}{53}{\code {break}}
+\entry{cd}{53}{\code {cd}}
+\entry{continue}{54}{\code {continue}}
+\entry{eval}{54}{\code {eval}}
+\entry{exec}{54}{\code {exec}}
+\entry{exit}{54}{\code {exit}}
+\entry{export}{54}{\code {export}}
+\entry{false}{55}{\code {false}}
+\entry{getopts}{55}{\code {getopts}}
+\entry{hash}{56}{\code {hash}}
+\entry{pwd}{56}{\code {pwd}}
+\entry{readonly}{56}{\code {readonly}}
+\entry{return}{57}{\code {return}}
+\entry{shift}{57}{\code {shift}}
+\entry{test}{57}{\code {test}}
+\entry{[}{57}{\code {[}}
+\entry{times}{59}{\code {times}}
+\entry{trap}{59}{\code {trap}}
+\entry{true}{60}{\code {true}}
+\entry{umask}{60}{\code {umask}}
+\entry{unset}{61}{\code {unset}}
+\entry{alias}{61}{\code {alias}}
+\entry{bind}{61}{\code {bind}}
+\entry{builtin}{63}{\code {builtin}}
+\entry{caller}{63}{\code {caller}}
+\entry{command}{63}{\code {command}}
+\entry{declare}{64}{\code {declare}}
+\entry{echo}{65}{\code {echo}}
+\entry{enable}{66}{\code {enable}}
+\entry{help}{67}{\code {help}}
+\entry{let}{67}{\code {let}}
+\entry{local}{67}{\code {local}}
+\entry{logout}{68}{\code {logout}}
+\entry{mapfile}{68}{\code {mapfile}}
+\entry{printf}{68}{\code {printf}}
+\entry{read}{69}{\code {read}}
+\entry{readarray}{71}{\code {readarray}}
+\entry{source}{71}{\code {source}}
+\entry{type}{71}{\code {type}}
+\entry{typeset}{72}{\code {typeset}}
+\entry{ulimit}{72}{\code {ulimit}}
+\entry{unalias}{73}{\code {unalias}}
+\entry{set}{74}{\code {set}}
+\entry{shopt}{78}{\code {shopt}}
+\entry{dirs}{112}{\code {dirs}}
+\entry{popd}{113}{\code {popd}}
+\entry{pushd}{113}{\code {pushd}}
+\entry{bg}{126}{\code {bg}}
+\entry{fg}{127}{\code {fg}}
+\entry{jobs}{127}{\code {jobs}}
+\entry{kill}{127}{\code {kill}}
+\entry{wait}{128}{\code {wait}}
+\entry{disown}{128}{\code {disown}}
+\entry{suspend}{128}{\code {suspend}}
+\entry{compgen}{161}{\code {compgen}}
+\entry{complete}{161}{\code {complete}}
+\entry{compopt}{164}{\code {compopt}}
+\entry{fc}{169}{\code {fc}}
+\entry{history}{169}{\code {history}}
\initial {.}
-\entry{\code {.}}{51}
+\entry{\code {.}}{52}
\initial {:}
-\entry{\code {:}}{51}
+\entry{\code {:}}{52}
\initial {[}
-\entry{\code {[}}{56}
+\entry{\code {[}}{57}
\initial {A}
-\entry{\code {alias}}{60}
+\entry{\code {alias}}{61}
\initial {B}
-\entry{\code {bg}}{124}
-\entry{\code {bind}}{60}
-\entry{\code {break}}{52}
-\entry{\code {builtin}}{62}
+\entry{\code {bg}}{126}
+\entry{\code {bind}}{61}
+\entry{\code {break}}{53}
+\entry{\code {builtin}}{63}
\initial {C}
-\entry{\code {caller}}{62}
-\entry{\code {cd}}{52}
-\entry{\code {command}}{62}
-\entry{\code {compgen}}{159}
-\entry{\code {complete}}{159}
-\entry{\code {compopt}}{162}
-\entry{\code {continue}}{53}
+\entry{\code {caller}}{63}
+\entry{\code {cd}}{53}
+\entry{\code {command}}{63}
+\entry{\code {compgen}}{161}
+\entry{\code {complete}}{161}
+\entry{\code {compopt}}{164}
+\entry{\code {continue}}{54}
\initial {D}
-\entry{\code {declare}}{63}
-\entry{\code {dirs}}{111}
-\entry{\code {disown}}{126}
+\entry{\code {declare}}{64}
+\entry{\code {dirs}}{112}
+\entry{\code {disown}}{128}
\initial {E}
-\entry{\code {echo}}{64}
-\entry{\code {enable}}{65}
-\entry{\code {eval}}{53}
-\entry{\code {exec}}{53}
-\entry{\code {exit}}{53}
-\entry{\code {export}}{53}
+\entry{\code {echo}}{65}
+\entry{\code {enable}}{66}
+\entry{\code {eval}}{54}
+\entry{\code {exec}}{54}
+\entry{\code {exit}}{54}
+\entry{\code {export}}{54}
\initial {F}
-\entry{\code {false}}{54}
-\entry{\code {fc}}{167}
-\entry{\code {fg}}{125}
+\entry{\code {false}}{55}
+\entry{\code {fc}}{169}
+\entry{\code {fg}}{127}
\initial {G}
-\entry{\code {getopts}}{54}
+\entry{\code {getopts}}{55}
\initial {H}
-\entry{\code {hash}}{55}
-\entry{\code {help}}{66}
-\entry{\code {history}}{167}
+\entry{\code {hash}}{56}
+\entry{\code {help}}{67}
+\entry{\code {history}}{169}
\initial {J}
-\entry{\code {jobs}}{125}
+\entry{\code {jobs}}{127}
\initial {K}
-\entry{\code {kill}}{125}
+\entry{\code {kill}}{127}
\initial {L}
-\entry{\code {let}}{66}
-\entry{\code {local}}{66}
-\entry{\code {logout}}{67}
+\entry{\code {let}}{67}
+\entry{\code {local}}{67}
+\entry{\code {logout}}{68}
\initial {M}
-\entry{\code {mapfile}}{67}
+\entry{\code {mapfile}}{68}
\initial {P}
-\entry{\code {popd}}{111}
-\entry{\code {printf}}{67}
-\entry{\code {pushd}}{112}
-\entry{\code {pwd}}{55}
+\entry{\code {popd}}{113}
+\entry{\code {printf}}{68}
+\entry{\code {pushd}}{113}
+\entry{\code {pwd}}{56}
\initial {R}
-\entry{\code {read}}{68}
-\entry{\code {readarray}}{70}
-\entry{\code {readonly}}{55}
-\entry{\code {return}}{56}
+\entry{\code {read}}{69}
+\entry{\code {readarray}}{71}
+\entry{\code {readonly}}{56}
+\entry{\code {return}}{57}
\initial {S}
-\entry{\code {set}}{73}
-\entry{\code {shift}}{56}
-\entry{\code {shopt}}{77}
-\entry{\code {source}}{70}
-\entry{\code {suspend}}{126}
+\entry{\code {set}}{74}
+\entry{\code {shift}}{57}
+\entry{\code {shopt}}{78}
+\entry{\code {source}}{71}
+\entry{\code {suspend}}{128}
\initial {T}
-\entry{\code {test}}{56}
-\entry{\code {times}}{58}
-\entry{\code {trap}}{58}
-\entry{\code {true}}{59}
-\entry{\code {type}}{70}
-\entry{\code {typeset}}{71}
+\entry{\code {test}}{57}
+\entry{\code {times}}{59}
+\entry{\code {trap}}{59}
+\entry{\code {true}}{60}
+\entry{\code {type}}{71}
+\entry{\code {typeset}}{72}
\initial {U}
-\entry{\code {ulimit}}{71}
-\entry{\code {umask}}{59}
-\entry{\code {unalias}}{72}
-\entry{\code {unset}}{59}
+\entry{\code {ulimit}}{72}
+\entry{\code {umask}}{60}
+\entry{\code {unalias}}{73}
+\entry{\code {unset}}{61}
\initial {W}
-\entry{\code {wait}}{126}
+\entry{\code {wait}}{128}
\entry{commands, compound}{11}{commands, compound}
\entry{commands, looping}{12}{commands, looping}
\entry{commands, conditional}{12}{commands, conditional}
-\entry{commands, grouping}{17}{commands, grouping}
+\entry{commands, grouping}{18}{commands, grouping}
\entry{coprocess}{18}{coprocess}
\entry{shell function}{19}{shell function}
\entry{functions, shell}{19}{functions, shell}
\entry{expansion, tilde}{26}{expansion, tilde}
\entry{parameter expansion}{27}{parameter expansion}
\entry{expansion, parameter}{27}{expansion, parameter}
-\entry{command substitution}{35}{command substitution}
-\entry{expansion, arithmetic}{36}{expansion, arithmetic}
-\entry{arithmetic expansion}{36}{arithmetic expansion}
+\entry{command substitution}{36}{command substitution}
+\entry{expansion, arithmetic}{37}{expansion, arithmetic}
+\entry{arithmetic expansion}{37}{arithmetic expansion}
\entry{process substitution}{37}{process substitution}
-\entry{word splitting}{37}{word splitting}
-\entry{expansion, filename}{38}{expansion, filename}
-\entry{expansion, pathname}{38}{expansion, pathname}
-\entry{filename expansion}{38}{filename expansion}
-\entry{pathname expansion}{38}{pathname expansion}
-\entry{pattern matching}{38}{pattern matching}
-\entry{matching, pattern}{38}{matching, pattern}
-\entry{redirection}{40}{redirection}
-\entry{command expansion}{44}{command expansion}
-\entry{command execution}{45}{command execution}
-\entry{command search}{45}{command search}
-\entry{execution environment}{45}{execution environment}
+\entry{word splitting}{38}{word splitting}
+\entry{expansion, filename}{39}{expansion, filename}
+\entry{expansion, pathname}{39}{expansion, pathname}
+\entry{filename expansion}{39}{filename expansion}
+\entry{pathname expansion}{39}{pathname expansion}
+\entry{pattern matching}{39}{pattern matching}
+\entry{matching, pattern}{39}{matching, pattern}
+\entry{redirection}{41}{redirection}
+\entry{command expansion}{45}{command expansion}
+\entry{command execution}{46}{command execution}
+\entry{command search}{46}{command search}
+\entry{execution environment}{46}{execution environment}
\entry{environment}{47}{environment}
-\entry{exit status}{47}{exit status}
-\entry{signal handling}{48}{signal handling}
-\entry{shell script}{49}{shell script}
-\entry{special builtin}{84}{special builtin}
-\entry{login shell}{101}{login shell}
-\entry{interactive shell}{101}{interactive shell}
-\entry{startup files}{101}{startup files}
-\entry{interactive shell}{103}{interactive shell}
-\entry{shell, interactive}{103}{shell, interactive}
-\entry{expressions, conditional}{104}{expressions, conditional}
-\entry{arithmetic, shell}{106}{arithmetic, shell}
-\entry{shell arithmetic}{106}{shell arithmetic}
-\entry{expressions, arithmetic}{106}{expressions, arithmetic}
-\entry{evaluation, arithmetic}{106}{evaluation, arithmetic}
-\entry{arithmetic evaluation}{106}{arithmetic evaluation}
-\entry{arithmetic operators}{107}{arithmetic operators}
-\entry{unary arithmetic operators}{107}{unary arithmetic operators}
-\entry{binary arithmetic operators}{107}{binary arithmetic operators}
-\entry{conditional arithmetic operator}{107}{conditional arithmetic operator}
-\entry{bitwise arithmetic operators}{107}{bitwise arithmetic operators}
-\entry{alias expansion}{108}{alias expansion}
-\entry{arrays}{109}{arrays}
-\entry{directory stack}{111}{directory stack}
-\entry{prompting}{112}{prompting}
-\entry{restricted shell}{114}{restricted shell}
-\entry{POSIX description}{115}{POSIX description}
-\entry{POSIX Mode}{115}{POSIX Mode}
-\entry{Compatibility Level}{120}{Compatibility Level}
-\entry{Compatibility Mode}{120}{Compatibility Mode}
-\entry{job control}{123}{job control}
-\entry{foreground}{123}{foreground}
-\entry{background}{123}{background}
-\entry{suspending jobs}{123}{suspending jobs}
-\entry{Readline, how to use}{127}{Readline, how to use}
-\entry{interaction, readline}{128}{interaction, readline}
-\entry{notation, readline}{129}{notation, readline}
-\entry{command editing}{129}{command editing}
-\entry{editing command lines}{129}{editing command lines}
-\entry{killing text}{130}{killing text}
-\entry{yanking text}{130}{yanking text}
-\entry{kill ring}{130}{kill ring}
-\entry{initialization file, readline}{131}{initialization file, readline}
-\entry{variables, readline}{132}{variables, readline}
-\entry{programmable completion}{156}{programmable completion}
-\entry{completion builtins}{159}{completion builtins}
-\entry{History, how to use}{165}{History, how to use}
-\entry{command history}{166}{command history}
-\entry{history list}{166}{history list}
-\entry{history builtins}{167}{history builtins}
-\entry{history expansion}{169}{history expansion}
-\entry{event designators}{170}{event designators}
-\entry{history events}{170}{history events}
-\entry{installation}{173}{installation}
-\entry{configuration}{173}{configuration}
-\entry{Bash installation}{173}{Bash installation}
-\entry{Bash configuration}{173}{Bash configuration}
+\entry{exit status}{48}{exit status}
+\entry{signal handling}{49}{signal handling}
+\entry{shell script}{50}{shell script}
+\entry{special builtin}{85}{special builtin}
+\entry{login shell}{102}{login shell}
+\entry{interactive shell}{102}{interactive shell}
+\entry{startup files}{102}{startup files}
+\entry{interactive shell}{104}{interactive shell}
+\entry{shell, interactive}{104}{shell, interactive}
+\entry{expressions, conditional}{105}{expressions, conditional}
+\entry{arithmetic, shell}{107}{arithmetic, shell}
+\entry{shell arithmetic}{107}{shell arithmetic}
+\entry{expressions, arithmetic}{107}{expressions, arithmetic}
+\entry{evaluation, arithmetic}{107}{evaluation, arithmetic}
+\entry{arithmetic evaluation}{107}{arithmetic evaluation}
+\entry{arithmetic operators}{108}{arithmetic operators}
+\entry{unary arithmetic operators}{108}{unary arithmetic operators}
+\entry{binary arithmetic operators}{108}{binary arithmetic operators}
+\entry{conditional arithmetic operator}{108}{conditional arithmetic operator}
+\entry{bitwise arithmetic operators}{108}{bitwise arithmetic operators}
+\entry{alias expansion}{109}{alias expansion}
+\entry{arrays}{110}{arrays}
+\entry{directory stack}{112}{directory stack}
+\entry{prompting}{114}{prompting}
+\entry{restricted shell}{115}{restricted shell}
+\entry{POSIX description}{116}{POSIX description}
+\entry{POSIX Mode}{116}{POSIX Mode}
+\entry{Compatibility Level}{121}{Compatibility Level}
+\entry{Compatibility Mode}{121}{Compatibility Mode}
+\entry{job control}{125}{job control}
+\entry{foreground}{125}{foreground}
+\entry{background}{125}{background}
+\entry{suspending jobs}{125}{suspending jobs}
+\entry{Readline, how to use}{129}{Readline, how to use}
+\entry{interaction, readline}{130}{interaction, readline}
+\entry{notation, readline}{131}{notation, readline}
+\entry{command editing}{131}{command editing}
+\entry{editing command lines}{131}{editing command lines}
+\entry{killing text}{132}{killing text}
+\entry{yanking text}{132}{yanking text}
+\entry{kill ring}{132}{kill ring}
+\entry{initialization file, readline}{133}{initialization file, readline}
+\entry{variables, readline}{134}{variables, readline}
+\entry{programmable completion}{158}{programmable completion}
+\entry{completion builtins}{161}{completion builtins}
+\entry{History, how to use}{167}{History, how to use}
+\entry{command history}{168}{command history}
+\entry{history list}{168}{history list}
+\entry{history builtins}{169}{history builtins}
+\entry{history expansion}{171}{history expansion}
+\entry{event designators}{172}{event designators}
+\entry{history events}{172}{history events}
+\entry{installation}{175}{installation}
+\entry{configuration}{175}{configuration}
+\entry{Bash installation}{175}{Bash installation}
+\entry{Bash configuration}{175}{Bash configuration}
\initial {A}
-\entry{alias expansion}{108}
-\entry{arithmetic evaluation}{106}
-\entry{arithmetic expansion}{36}
-\entry{arithmetic operators}{107}
-\entry{arithmetic, shell}{106}
-\entry{arrays}{109}
+\entry{alias expansion}{109}
+\entry{arithmetic evaluation}{107}
+\entry{arithmetic expansion}{37}
+\entry{arithmetic operators}{108}
+\entry{arithmetic, shell}{107}
+\entry{arrays}{110}
\initial {B}
-\entry{background}{123}
-\entry{Bash configuration}{173}
-\entry{Bash installation}{173}
-\entry{binary arithmetic operators}{107}
-\entry{bitwise arithmetic operators}{107}
+\entry{background}{125}
+\entry{Bash configuration}{175}
+\entry{Bash installation}{175}
+\entry{binary arithmetic operators}{108}
+\entry{bitwise arithmetic operators}{108}
\entry{Bourne shell}{5}
\entry{brace expansion}{25}
\entry{builtin}{3}
\initial {C}
-\entry{command editing}{129}
-\entry{command execution}{45}
-\entry{command expansion}{44}
-\entry{command history}{166}
-\entry{command search}{45}
-\entry{command substitution}{35}
+\entry{command editing}{131}
+\entry{command execution}{46}
+\entry{command expansion}{45}
+\entry{command history}{168}
+\entry{command search}{46}
+\entry{command substitution}{36}
\entry{command timing}{10}
\entry{commands, compound}{11}
\entry{commands, conditional}{12}
-\entry{commands, grouping}{17}
+\entry{commands, grouping}{18}
\entry{commands, lists}{11}
\entry{commands, looping}{12}
\entry{commands, pipelines}{10}
\entry{commands, shell}{9}
\entry{commands, simple}{9}
\entry{comments, shell}{9}
-\entry{Compatibility Level}{120}
-\entry{Compatibility Mode}{120}
-\entry{completion builtins}{159}
-\entry{conditional arithmetic operator}{107}
-\entry{configuration}{173}
+\entry{Compatibility Level}{121}
+\entry{Compatibility Mode}{121}
+\entry{completion builtins}{161}
+\entry{conditional arithmetic operator}{108}
+\entry{configuration}{175}
\entry{control operator}{3}
\entry{coprocess}{18}
\initial {D}
-\entry{directory stack}{111}
+\entry{directory stack}{112}
\entry{dollar-single quote quoting}{6}
\initial {E}
-\entry{editing command lines}{129}
+\entry{editing command lines}{131}
\entry{environment}{47}
-\entry{evaluation, arithmetic}{106}
-\entry{event designators}{170}
-\entry{execution environment}{45}
-\entry{exit status}{3, 47}
+\entry{evaluation, arithmetic}{107}
+\entry{event designators}{172}
+\entry{execution environment}{46}
+\entry{exit status}{3, 48}
\entry{expansion}{24}
-\entry{expansion, arithmetic}{36}
+\entry{expansion, arithmetic}{37}
\entry{expansion, brace}{25}
-\entry{expansion, filename}{38}
+\entry{expansion, filename}{39}
\entry{expansion, parameter}{27}
-\entry{expansion, pathname}{38}
+\entry{expansion, pathname}{39}
\entry{expansion, tilde}{26}
-\entry{expressions, arithmetic}{106}
-\entry{expressions, conditional}{104}
+\entry{expressions, arithmetic}{107}
+\entry{expressions, conditional}{105}
\initial {F}
\entry{field}{3}
\entry{filename}{3}
-\entry{filename expansion}{38}
-\entry{foreground}{123}
+\entry{filename expansion}{39}
+\entry{foreground}{125}
\entry{functions, shell}{19}
\initial {H}
-\entry{history builtins}{167}
-\entry{history events}{170}
-\entry{history expansion}{169}
-\entry{history list}{166}
-\entry{History, how to use}{165}
+\entry{history builtins}{169}
+\entry{history events}{172}
+\entry{history expansion}{171}
+\entry{history list}{168}
+\entry{History, how to use}{167}
\initial {I}
\entry{identifier}{3}
-\entry{initialization file, readline}{131}
-\entry{installation}{173}
-\entry{interaction, readline}{128}
-\entry{interactive shell}{101, 103}
+\entry{initialization file, readline}{133}
+\entry{installation}{175}
+\entry{interaction, readline}{130}
+\entry{interactive shell}{102, 104}
\entry{internationalization}{7}
\entry{internationalized scripts}{8}
\initial {J}
\entry{job}{3}
-\entry{job control}{3, 123}
+\entry{job control}{3, 125}
\initial {K}
-\entry{kill ring}{130}
-\entry{killing text}{130}
+\entry{kill ring}{132}
+\entry{killing text}{132}
\initial {L}
\entry{localization}{7}
-\entry{login shell}{101}
+\entry{login shell}{102}
\initial {M}
-\entry{matching, pattern}{38}
+\entry{matching, pattern}{39}
\entry{metacharacter}{3}
\initial {N}
\entry{name}{3}
\entry{native languages}{7}
-\entry{notation, readline}{129}
+\entry{notation, readline}{131}
\initial {O}
\entry{operator, shell}{3}
\initial {P}
\entry{parameters}{22}
\entry{parameters, positional}{23}
\entry{parameters, special}{23}
-\entry{pathname expansion}{38}
-\entry{pattern matching}{38}
+\entry{pathname expansion}{39}
+\entry{pattern matching}{39}
\entry{pipeline}{10}
\entry{POSIX}{3}
-\entry{POSIX description}{115}
-\entry{POSIX Mode}{115}
+\entry{POSIX description}{116}
+\entry{POSIX Mode}{116}
\entry{process group}{3}
\entry{process group ID}{3}
\entry{process substitution}{37}
-\entry{programmable completion}{156}
-\entry{prompting}{112}
+\entry{programmable completion}{158}
+\entry{prompting}{114}
\initial {Q}
\entry{quoting}{6}
\entry{quoting, ANSI}{6}
\initial {R}
-\entry{Readline, how to use}{127}
-\entry{redirection}{40}
+\entry{Readline, how to use}{129}
+\entry{redirection}{41}
\entry{reserved word}{4}
\entry{reserved words}{9}
-\entry{restricted shell}{114}
+\entry{restricted shell}{115}
\entry{return status}{4}
\initial {S}
-\entry{shell arithmetic}{106}
+\entry{shell arithmetic}{107}
\entry{shell function}{19}
-\entry{shell script}{49}
+\entry{shell script}{50}
\entry{shell variable}{22}
-\entry{shell, interactive}{103}
+\entry{shell, interactive}{104}
\entry{signal}{4}
-\entry{signal handling}{48}
-\entry{special builtin}{4, 84}
-\entry{startup files}{101}
+\entry{signal handling}{49}
+\entry{special builtin}{4, 85}
+\entry{startup files}{102}
\entry{string translations}{8}
-\entry{suspending jobs}{123}
+\entry{suspending jobs}{125}
\initial {T}
\entry{tilde expansion}{26}
\entry{token}{4}
\entry{translation, native languages}{7}
\initial {U}
-\entry{unary arithmetic operators}{107}
+\entry{unary arithmetic operators}{108}
\initial {V}
\entry{variable, shell}{22}
-\entry{variables, readline}{132}
+\entry{variables, readline}{134}
\initial {W}
\entry{word}{4}
-\entry{word splitting}{37}
+\entry{word splitting}{38}
\initial {Y}
-\entry{yanking text}{130}
+\entry{yanking text}{132}
-\entry{beginning-of-line (C-a)}{145}{\code {beginning-of-line (C-a)}}
-\entry{end-of-line (C-e)}{145}{\code {end-of-line (C-e)}}
-\entry{forward-char (C-f)}{145}{\code {forward-char (C-f)}}
-\entry{backward-char (C-b)}{145}{\code {backward-char (C-b)}}
-\entry{forward-word (M-f)}{145}{\code {forward-word (M-f)}}
-\entry{backward-word (M-b)}{145}{\code {backward-word (M-b)}}
-\entry{shell-forward-word (M-C-f)}{145}{\code {shell-forward-word (M-C-f)}}
-\entry{shell-backward-word (M-C-b)}{145}{\code {shell-backward-word (M-C-b)}}
-\entry{previous-screen-line ()}{146}{\code {previous-screen-line ()}}
-\entry{next-screen-line ()}{146}{\code {next-screen-line ()}}
-\entry{clear-display (M-C-l)}{146}{\code {clear-display (M-C-l)}}
-\entry{clear-screen (C-l)}{146}{\code {clear-screen (C-l)}}
-\entry{redraw-current-line ()}{146}{\code {redraw-current-line ()}}
-\entry{accept-line (Newline or Return)}{146}{\code {accept-line (Newline or Return)}}
-\entry{previous-history (C-p)}{146}{\code {previous-history (C-p)}}
-\entry{next-history (C-n)}{146}{\code {next-history (C-n)}}
-\entry{beginning-of-history (M-<)}{146}{\code {beginning-of-history (M-<)}}
-\entry{end-of-history (M->)}{146}{\code {end-of-history (M->)}}
-\entry{reverse-search-history (C-r)}{146}{\code {reverse-search-history (C-r)}}
-\entry{forward-search-history (C-s)}{146}{\code {forward-search-history (C-s)}}
-\entry{non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)}{147}{\code {non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)}}
-\entry{non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)}{147}{\code {non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)}}
-\entry{history-search-backward ()}{147}{\code {history-search-backward ()}}
-\entry{history-search-forward ()}{147}{\code {history-search-forward ()}}
-\entry{history-substring-search-backward ()}{147}{\code {history-substring-search-backward ()}}
-\entry{history-substring-search-forward ()}{147}{\code {history-substring-search-forward ()}}
-\entry{yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)}{147}{\code {yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)}}
-\entry{yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)}{147}{\code {yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)}}
-\entry{operate-and-get-next (C-o)}{148}{\code {operate-and-get-next (C-o)}}
-\entry{fetch-history ()}{148}{\code {fetch-history ()}}
-\entry{end-of-file (usually C-d)}{148}{\code {\i {end-of-file} (usually C-d)}}
-\entry{delete-char (C-d)}{148}{\code {delete-char (C-d)}}
-\entry{backward-delete-char (Rubout)}{148}{\code {backward-delete-char (Rubout)}}
-\entry{forward-backward-delete-char ()}{148}{\code {forward-backward-delete-char ()}}
-\entry{quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)}{148}{\code {quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)}}
-\entry{self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...{})}{148}{\code {self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, \dots {})}}
-\entry{bracketed-paste-begin ()}{148}{\code {bracketed-paste-begin ()}}
-\entry{transpose-chars (C-t)}{149}{\code {transpose-chars (C-t)}}
-\entry{transpose-words (M-t)}{149}{\code {transpose-words (M-t)}}
-\entry{shell-transpose-words (M-C-t)}{149}{\code {shell-transpose-words (M-C-t)}}
-\entry{upcase-word (M-u)}{149}{\code {upcase-word (M-u)}}
-\entry{downcase-word (M-l)}{149}{\code {downcase-word (M-l)}}
-\entry{capitalize-word (M-c)}{149}{\code {capitalize-word (M-c)}}
-\entry{overwrite-mode ()}{149}{\code {overwrite-mode ()}}
-\entry{kill-line (C-k)}{149}{\code {kill-line (C-k)}}
-\entry{backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)}{149}{\code {backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)}}
-\entry{unix-line-discard (C-u)}{149}{\code {unix-line-discard (C-u)}}
-\entry{kill-whole-line ()}{150}{\code {kill-whole-line ()}}
-\entry{kill-word (M-d)}{150}{\code {kill-word (M-d)}}
-\entry{backward-kill-word (M-DEL)}{150}{\code {backward-kill-word (M-\key {DEL})}}
-\entry{shell-kill-word (M-C-d)}{150}{\code {shell-kill-word (M-C-d)}}
-\entry{shell-backward-kill-word ()}{150}{\code {shell-backward-kill-word ()}}
-\entry{unix-word-rubout (C-w)}{150}{\code {unix-word-rubout (C-w)}}
-\entry{unix-filename-rubout ()}{150}{\code {unix-filename-rubout ()}}
-\entry{delete-horizontal-space ()}{150}{\code {delete-horizontal-space ()}}
-\entry{kill-region ()}{150}{\code {kill-region ()}}
-\entry{copy-region-as-kill ()}{150}{\code {copy-region-as-kill ()}}
-\entry{copy-backward-word ()}{150}{\code {copy-backward-word ()}}
-\entry{copy-forward-word ()}{150}{\code {copy-forward-word ()}}
-\entry{yank (C-y)}{150}{\code {yank (C-y)}}
-\entry{yank-pop (M-y)}{150}{\code {yank-pop (M-y)}}
-\entry{digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ...{} M--)}{151}{\code {digit-argument (\kbd {M-0}, \kbd {M-1}, \dots {} \kbd {M--})}}
-\entry{universal-argument ()}{151}{\code {universal-argument ()}}
-\entry{complete (TAB)}{151}{\code {complete (\key {TAB})}}
-\entry{possible-completions (M-?)}{151}{\code {possible-completions (M-?)}}
-\entry{insert-completions (M-*)}{151}{\code {insert-completions (M-*)}}
-\entry{menu-complete ()}{151}{\code {menu-complete ()}}
-\entry{menu-complete-backward ()}{152}{\code {menu-complete-backward ()}}
-\entry{export-completions ()}{152}{\code {export-completions ()}}
-\entry{delete-char-or-list ()}{152}{\code {delete-char-or-list ()}}
-\entry{complete-filename (M-/)}{152}{\code {complete-filename (M-/)}}
-\entry{possible-filename-completions (C-x /)}{152}{\code {possible-filename-completions (C-x /)}}
-\entry{complete-username (M-~)}{152}{\code {complete-username (M-~)}}
-\entry{possible-username-completions (C-x ~)}{152}{\code {possible-username-completions (C-x ~)}}
-\entry{complete-variable (M-$)}{152}{\code {complete-variable (M-$)}}
-\entry{possible-variable-completions (C-x $)}{152}{\code {possible-variable-completions (C-x $)}}
-\entry{complete-hostname (M-@)}{152}{\code {complete-hostname (M-@)}}
-\entry{possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)}{153}{\code {possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)}}
-\entry{complete-command (M-!)}{153}{\code {complete-command (M-!)}}
-\entry{possible-command-completions (C-x !)}{153}{\code {possible-command-completions (C-x !)}}
-\entry{dynamic-complete-history (M-TAB)}{153}{\code {dynamic-complete-history (M-\key {TAB})}}
-\entry{dabbrev-expand ()}{153}{\code {dabbrev-expand ()}}
-\entry{complete-into-braces (M-{\indexlbrace })}{153}{\code {complete-into-braces (M-{\tt \char 123})}}
-\entry{start-kbd-macro (C-x ()}{153}{\code {start-kbd-macro (C-x ()}}
-\entry{end-kbd-macro (C-x ))}{153}{\code {end-kbd-macro (C-x ))}}
-\entry{call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)}{153}{\code {call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)}}
-\entry{print-last-kbd-macro ()}{153}{\code {print-last-kbd-macro ()}}
-\entry{re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)}{153}{\code {re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)}}
-\entry{abort (C-g)}{153}{\code {abort (C-g)}}
-\entry{do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-x, ...{})}{154}{\code {do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-\var {x}, \dots {})}}
-\entry{prefix-meta (ESC)}{154}{\code {prefix-meta (\key {ESC})}}
-\entry{undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)}{154}{\code {undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)}}
-\entry{revert-line (M-r)}{154}{\code {revert-line (M-r)}}
-\entry{tilde-expand (M-&)}{154}{\code {tilde-expand (M-&)}}
-\entry{set-mark (C-@)}{154}{\code {set-mark (C-@)}}
-\entry{exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)}{154}{\code {exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)}}
-\entry{character-search (C-])}{154}{\code {character-search (C-])}}
-\entry{character-search-backward (M-C-])}{154}{\code {character-search-backward (M-C-])}}
-\entry{skip-csi-sequence ()}{154}{\code {skip-csi-sequence ()}}
-\entry{insert-comment (M-#)}{154}{\code {insert-comment (M-#)}}
-\entry{dump-functions ()}{155}{\code {dump-functions ()}}
-\entry{dump-variables ()}{155}{\code {dump-variables ()}}
-\entry{dump-macros ()}{155}{\code {dump-macros ()}}
-\entry{execute-named-command (M-x)}{155}{\code {execute-named-command (M-x)}}
-\entry{spell-correct-word (C-x s)}{155}{\code {spell-correct-word (C-x s)}}
-\entry{glob-complete-word (M-g)}{155}{\code {glob-complete-word (M-g)}}
-\entry{glob-expand-word (C-x *)}{155}{\code {glob-expand-word (C-x *)}}
-\entry{glob-list-expansions (C-x g)}{155}{\code {glob-list-expansions (C-x g)}}
-\entry{shell-expand-line (M-C-e)}{155}{\code {shell-expand-line (M-C-e)}}
-\entry{history-expand-line (M-^)}{155}{\code {history-expand-line (M-^)}}
-\entry{magic-space ()}{156}{\code {magic-space ()}}
-\entry{alias-expand-line ()}{156}{\code {alias-expand-line ()}}
-\entry{history-and-alias-expand-line ()}{156}{\code {history-and-alias-expand-line ()}}
-\entry{insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)}{156}{\code {insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)}}
-\entry{edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e)}{156}{\code {edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e)}}
-\entry{display-shell-version (C-x C-v)}{156}{\code {display-shell-version (C-x C-v)}}
+\entry{beginning-of-line (C-a)}{147}{\code {beginning-of-line (C-a)}}
+\entry{end-of-line (C-e)}{147}{\code {end-of-line (C-e)}}
+\entry{forward-char (C-f)}{147}{\code {forward-char (C-f)}}
+\entry{backward-char (C-b)}{147}{\code {backward-char (C-b)}}
+\entry{forward-word (M-f)}{147}{\code {forward-word (M-f)}}
+\entry{backward-word (M-b)}{147}{\code {backward-word (M-b)}}
+\entry{shell-forward-word (M-C-f)}{147}{\code {shell-forward-word (M-C-f)}}
+\entry{shell-backward-word (M-C-b)}{147}{\code {shell-backward-word (M-C-b)}}
+\entry{previous-screen-line ()}{148}{\code {previous-screen-line ()}}
+\entry{next-screen-line ()}{148}{\code {next-screen-line ()}}
+\entry{clear-display (M-C-l)}{148}{\code {clear-display (M-C-l)}}
+\entry{clear-screen (C-l)}{148}{\code {clear-screen (C-l)}}
+\entry{redraw-current-line ()}{148}{\code {redraw-current-line ()}}
+\entry{accept-line (Newline or Return)}{148}{\code {accept-line (Newline or Return)}}
+\entry{previous-history (C-p)}{148}{\code {previous-history (C-p)}}
+\entry{next-history (C-n)}{148}{\code {next-history (C-n)}}
+\entry{beginning-of-history (M-<)}{148}{\code {beginning-of-history (M-<)}}
+\entry{end-of-history (M->)}{148}{\code {end-of-history (M->)}}
+\entry{reverse-search-history (C-r)}{148}{\code {reverse-search-history (C-r)}}
+\entry{forward-search-history (C-s)}{149}{\code {forward-search-history (C-s)}}
+\entry{non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)}{149}{\code {non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)}}
+\entry{non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)}{149}{\code {non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)}}
+\entry{history-search-backward ()}{149}{\code {history-search-backward ()}}
+\entry{history-search-forward ()}{149}{\code {history-search-forward ()}}
+\entry{history-substring-search-backward ()}{149}{\code {history-substring-search-backward ()}}
+\entry{history-substring-search-forward ()}{149}{\code {history-substring-search-forward ()}}
+\entry{yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)}{149}{\code {yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)}}
+\entry{yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)}{149}{\code {yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)}}
+\entry{operate-and-get-next (C-o)}{150}{\code {operate-and-get-next (C-o)}}
+\entry{fetch-history ()}{150}{\code {fetch-history ()}}
+\entry{end-of-file (usually C-d)}{150}{\code {\i {end-of-file} (usually C-d)}}
+\entry{delete-char (C-d)}{150}{\code {delete-char (C-d)}}
+\entry{backward-delete-char (Rubout)}{150}{\code {backward-delete-char (Rubout)}}
+\entry{forward-backward-delete-char ()}{150}{\code {forward-backward-delete-char ()}}
+\entry{quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)}{150}{\code {quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)}}
+\entry{self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...{})}{150}{\code {self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, \dots {})}}
+\entry{bracketed-paste-begin ()}{150}{\code {bracketed-paste-begin ()}}
+\entry{transpose-chars (C-t)}{151}{\code {transpose-chars (C-t)}}
+\entry{transpose-words (M-t)}{151}{\code {transpose-words (M-t)}}
+\entry{shell-transpose-words (M-C-t)}{151}{\code {shell-transpose-words (M-C-t)}}
+\entry{upcase-word (M-u)}{151}{\code {upcase-word (M-u)}}
+\entry{downcase-word (M-l)}{151}{\code {downcase-word (M-l)}}
+\entry{capitalize-word (M-c)}{151}{\code {capitalize-word (M-c)}}
+\entry{overwrite-mode ()}{151}{\code {overwrite-mode ()}}
+\entry{kill-line (C-k)}{151}{\code {kill-line (C-k)}}
+\entry{backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)}{152}{\code {backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)}}
+\entry{unix-line-discard (C-u)}{152}{\code {unix-line-discard (C-u)}}
+\entry{kill-whole-line ()}{152}{\code {kill-whole-line ()}}
+\entry{kill-word (M-d)}{152}{\code {kill-word (M-d)}}
+\entry{backward-kill-word (M-DEL)}{152}{\code {backward-kill-word (M-\key {DEL})}}
+\entry{shell-kill-word (M-C-d)}{152}{\code {shell-kill-word (M-C-d)}}
+\entry{shell-backward-kill-word ()}{152}{\code {shell-backward-kill-word ()}}
+\entry{unix-word-rubout (C-w)}{152}{\code {unix-word-rubout (C-w)}}
+\entry{unix-filename-rubout ()}{152}{\code {unix-filename-rubout ()}}
+\entry{delete-horizontal-space ()}{152}{\code {delete-horizontal-space ()}}
+\entry{kill-region ()}{152}{\code {kill-region ()}}
+\entry{copy-region-as-kill ()}{152}{\code {copy-region-as-kill ()}}
+\entry{copy-backward-word ()}{152}{\code {copy-backward-word ()}}
+\entry{copy-forward-word ()}{152}{\code {copy-forward-word ()}}
+\entry{yank (C-y)}{152}{\code {yank (C-y)}}
+\entry{yank-pop (M-y)}{153}{\code {yank-pop (M-y)}}
+\entry{digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ...{} M--)}{153}{\code {digit-argument (\kbd {M-0}, \kbd {M-1}, \dots {} \kbd {M--})}}
+\entry{universal-argument ()}{153}{\code {universal-argument ()}}
+\entry{complete (TAB)}{153}{\code {complete (\key {TAB})}}
+\entry{possible-completions (M-?)}{153}{\code {possible-completions (M-?)}}
+\entry{insert-completions (M-*)}{153}{\code {insert-completions (M-*)}}
+\entry{menu-complete ()}{153}{\code {menu-complete ()}}
+\entry{menu-complete-backward ()}{154}{\code {menu-complete-backward ()}}
+\entry{export-completions ()}{154}{\code {export-completions ()}}
+\entry{delete-char-or-list ()}{154}{\code {delete-char-or-list ()}}
+\entry{complete-filename (M-/)}{154}{\code {complete-filename (M-/)}}
+\entry{possible-filename-completions (C-x /)}{154}{\code {possible-filename-completions (C-x /)}}
+\entry{complete-username (M-~)}{154}{\code {complete-username (M-~)}}
+\entry{possible-username-completions (C-x ~)}{154}{\code {possible-username-completions (C-x ~)}}
+\entry{complete-variable (M-$)}{154}{\code {complete-variable (M-$)}}
+\entry{possible-variable-completions (C-x $)}{154}{\code {possible-variable-completions (C-x $)}}
+\entry{complete-hostname (M-@)}{154}{\code {complete-hostname (M-@)}}
+\entry{possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)}{155}{\code {possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)}}
+\entry{complete-command (M-!)}{155}{\code {complete-command (M-!)}}
+\entry{possible-command-completions (C-x !)}{155}{\code {possible-command-completions (C-x !)}}
+\entry{dynamic-complete-history (M-TAB)}{155}{\code {dynamic-complete-history (M-\key {TAB})}}
+\entry{dabbrev-expand ()}{155}{\code {dabbrev-expand ()}}
+\entry{complete-into-braces (M-{\indexlbrace })}{155}{\code {complete-into-braces (M-{\tt \char 123})}}
+\entry{start-kbd-macro (C-x ()}{155}{\code {start-kbd-macro (C-x ()}}
+\entry{end-kbd-macro (C-x ))}{155}{\code {end-kbd-macro (C-x ))}}
+\entry{call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)}{155}{\code {call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)}}
+\entry{print-last-kbd-macro ()}{155}{\code {print-last-kbd-macro ()}}
+\entry{re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)}{155}{\code {re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)}}
+\entry{abort (C-g)}{155}{\code {abort (C-g)}}
+\entry{do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-x, ...{})}{156}{\code {do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-\var {x}, \dots {})}}
+\entry{prefix-meta (ESC)}{156}{\code {prefix-meta (\key {ESC})}}
+\entry{undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)}{156}{\code {undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)}}
+\entry{revert-line (M-r)}{156}{\code {revert-line (M-r)}}
+\entry{tilde-expand (M-&)}{156}{\code {tilde-expand (M-&)}}
+\entry{set-mark (C-@)}{156}{\code {set-mark (C-@)}}
+\entry{exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)}{156}{\code {exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)}}
+\entry{character-search (C-])}{156}{\code {character-search (C-])}}
+\entry{character-search-backward (M-C-])}{156}{\code {character-search-backward (M-C-])}}
+\entry{skip-csi-sequence ()}{156}{\code {skip-csi-sequence ()}}
+\entry{insert-comment (M-#)}{156}{\code {insert-comment (M-#)}}
+\entry{dump-functions ()}{157}{\code {dump-functions ()}}
+\entry{dump-variables ()}{157}{\code {dump-variables ()}}
+\entry{dump-macros ()}{157}{\code {dump-macros ()}}
+\entry{execute-named-command (M-x)}{157}{\code {execute-named-command (M-x)}}
+\entry{spell-correct-word (C-x s)}{157}{\code {spell-correct-word (C-x s)}}
+\entry{glob-complete-word (M-g)}{157}{\code {glob-complete-word (M-g)}}
+\entry{glob-expand-word (C-x *)}{157}{\code {glob-expand-word (C-x *)}}
+\entry{glob-list-expansions (C-x g)}{157}{\code {glob-list-expansions (C-x g)}}
+\entry{shell-expand-line (M-C-e)}{157}{\code {shell-expand-line (M-C-e)}}
+\entry{history-expand-line (M-^)}{157}{\code {history-expand-line (M-^)}}
+\entry{magic-space ()}{158}{\code {magic-space ()}}
+\entry{alias-expand-line ()}{158}{\code {alias-expand-line ()}}
+\entry{history-and-alias-expand-line ()}{158}{\code {history-and-alias-expand-line ()}}
+\entry{insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)}{158}{\code {insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)}}
+\entry{edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e)}{158}{\code {edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e)}}
+\entry{display-shell-version (C-x C-v)}{158}{\code {display-shell-version (C-x C-v)}}
\initial {A}
-\entry{\code {abort (C-g)}}{153}
-\entry{\code {accept-line (Newline or Return)}}{146}
-\entry{\code {alias-expand-line ()}}{156}
+\entry{\code {abort (C-g)}}{155}
+\entry{\code {accept-line (Newline or Return)}}{148}
+\entry{\code {alias-expand-line ()}}{158}
\initial {B}
-\entry{\code {backward-char (C-b)}}{145}
-\entry{\code {backward-delete-char (Rubout)}}{148}
-\entry{\code {backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)}}{149}
-\entry{\code {backward-kill-word (M-\key {DEL})}}{150}
-\entry{\code {backward-word (M-b)}}{145}
-\entry{\code {beginning-of-history (M-<)}}{146}
-\entry{\code {beginning-of-line (C-a)}}{145}
-\entry{\code {bracketed-paste-begin ()}}{148}
+\entry{\code {backward-char (C-b)}}{147}
+\entry{\code {backward-delete-char (Rubout)}}{150}
+\entry{\code {backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)}}{152}
+\entry{\code {backward-kill-word (M-\key {DEL})}}{152}
+\entry{\code {backward-word (M-b)}}{147}
+\entry{\code {beginning-of-history (M-<)}}{148}
+\entry{\code {beginning-of-line (C-a)}}{147}
+\entry{\code {bracketed-paste-begin ()}}{150}
\initial {C}
-\entry{\code {call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)}}{153}
-\entry{\code {capitalize-word (M-c)}}{149}
-\entry{\code {character-search (C-])}}{154}
-\entry{\code {character-search-backward (M-C-])}}{154}
-\entry{\code {clear-display (M-C-l)}}{146}
-\entry{\code {clear-screen (C-l)}}{146}
-\entry{\code {complete (\key {TAB})}}{151}
-\entry{\code {complete-command (M-!)}}{153}
-\entry{\code {complete-filename (M-/)}}{152}
-\entry{\code {complete-hostname (M-@)}}{152}
-\entry{\code {complete-into-braces (M-{\tt \char 123})}}{153}
-\entry{\code {complete-username (M-~)}}{152}
-\entry{\code {complete-variable (M-$)}}{152}
-\entry{\code {copy-backward-word ()}}{150}
-\entry{\code {copy-forward-word ()}}{150}
-\entry{\code {copy-region-as-kill ()}}{150}
+\entry{\code {call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)}}{155}
+\entry{\code {capitalize-word (M-c)}}{151}
+\entry{\code {character-search (C-])}}{156}
+\entry{\code {character-search-backward (M-C-])}}{156}
+\entry{\code {clear-display (M-C-l)}}{148}
+\entry{\code {clear-screen (C-l)}}{148}
+\entry{\code {complete (\key {TAB})}}{153}
+\entry{\code {complete-command (M-!)}}{155}
+\entry{\code {complete-filename (M-/)}}{154}
+\entry{\code {complete-hostname (M-@)}}{154}
+\entry{\code {complete-into-braces (M-{\tt \char 123})}}{155}
+\entry{\code {complete-username (M-~)}}{154}
+\entry{\code {complete-variable (M-$)}}{154}
+\entry{\code {copy-backward-word ()}}{152}
+\entry{\code {copy-forward-word ()}}{152}
+\entry{\code {copy-region-as-kill ()}}{152}
\initial {D}
-\entry{\code {dabbrev-expand ()}}{153}
-\entry{\code {delete-char (C-d)}}{148}
-\entry{\code {delete-char-or-list ()}}{152}
-\entry{\code {delete-horizontal-space ()}}{150}
-\entry{\code {digit-argument (\kbd {M-0}, \kbd {M-1}, \dots {} \kbd {M--})}}{151}
-\entry{\code {display-shell-version (C-x C-v)}}{156}
-\entry{\code {do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-\var {x}, \dots {})}}{154}
-\entry{\code {downcase-word (M-l)}}{149}
-\entry{\code {dump-functions ()}}{155}
-\entry{\code {dump-macros ()}}{155}
-\entry{\code {dump-variables ()}}{155}
-\entry{\code {dynamic-complete-history (M-\key {TAB})}}{153}
+\entry{\code {dabbrev-expand ()}}{155}
+\entry{\code {delete-char (C-d)}}{150}
+\entry{\code {delete-char-or-list ()}}{154}
+\entry{\code {delete-horizontal-space ()}}{152}
+\entry{\code {digit-argument (\kbd {M-0}, \kbd {M-1}, \dots {} \kbd {M--})}}{153}
+\entry{\code {display-shell-version (C-x C-v)}}{158}
+\entry{\code {do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-\var {x}, \dots {})}}{156}
+\entry{\code {downcase-word (M-l)}}{151}
+\entry{\code {dump-functions ()}}{157}
+\entry{\code {dump-macros ()}}{157}
+\entry{\code {dump-variables ()}}{157}
+\entry{\code {dynamic-complete-history (M-\key {TAB})}}{155}
\initial {E}
-\entry{\code {edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e)}}{156}
-\entry{\code {end-kbd-macro (C-x ))}}{153}
-\entry{\code {\i {end-of-file} (usually C-d)}}{148}
-\entry{\code {end-of-history (M->)}}{146}
-\entry{\code {end-of-line (C-e)}}{145}
-\entry{\code {exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)}}{154}
-\entry{\code {execute-named-command (M-x)}}{155}
-\entry{\code {export-completions ()}}{152}
+\entry{\code {edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e)}}{158}
+\entry{\code {end-kbd-macro (C-x ))}}{155}
+\entry{\code {\i {end-of-file} (usually C-d)}}{150}
+\entry{\code {end-of-history (M->)}}{148}
+\entry{\code {end-of-line (C-e)}}{147}
+\entry{\code {exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)}}{156}
+\entry{\code {execute-named-command (M-x)}}{157}
+\entry{\code {export-completions ()}}{154}
\initial {F}
-\entry{\code {fetch-history ()}}{148}
-\entry{\code {forward-backward-delete-char ()}}{148}
-\entry{\code {forward-char (C-f)}}{145}
-\entry{\code {forward-search-history (C-s)}}{146}
-\entry{\code {forward-word (M-f)}}{145}
+\entry{\code {fetch-history ()}}{150}
+\entry{\code {forward-backward-delete-char ()}}{150}
+\entry{\code {forward-char (C-f)}}{147}
+\entry{\code {forward-search-history (C-s)}}{149}
+\entry{\code {forward-word (M-f)}}{147}
\initial {G}
-\entry{\code {glob-complete-word (M-g)}}{155}
-\entry{\code {glob-expand-word (C-x *)}}{155}
-\entry{\code {glob-list-expansions (C-x g)}}{155}
+\entry{\code {glob-complete-word (M-g)}}{157}
+\entry{\code {glob-expand-word (C-x *)}}{157}
+\entry{\code {glob-list-expansions (C-x g)}}{157}
\initial {H}
-\entry{\code {history-and-alias-expand-line ()}}{156}
-\entry{\code {history-expand-line (M-^)}}{155}
-\entry{\code {history-search-backward ()}}{147}
-\entry{\code {history-search-forward ()}}{147}
-\entry{\code {history-substring-search-backward ()}}{147}
-\entry{\code {history-substring-search-forward ()}}{147}
+\entry{\code {history-and-alias-expand-line ()}}{158}
+\entry{\code {history-expand-line (M-^)}}{157}
+\entry{\code {history-search-backward ()}}{149}
+\entry{\code {history-search-forward ()}}{149}
+\entry{\code {history-substring-search-backward ()}}{149}
+\entry{\code {history-substring-search-forward ()}}{149}
\initial {I}
-\entry{\code {insert-comment (M-#)}}{154}
-\entry{\code {insert-completions (M-*)}}{151}
-\entry{\code {insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)}}{156}
+\entry{\code {insert-comment (M-#)}}{156}
+\entry{\code {insert-completions (M-*)}}{153}
+\entry{\code {insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)}}{158}
\initial {K}
-\entry{\code {kill-line (C-k)}}{149}
-\entry{\code {kill-region ()}}{150}
-\entry{\code {kill-whole-line ()}}{150}
-\entry{\code {kill-word (M-d)}}{150}
+\entry{\code {kill-line (C-k)}}{151}
+\entry{\code {kill-region ()}}{152}
+\entry{\code {kill-whole-line ()}}{152}
+\entry{\code {kill-word (M-d)}}{152}
\initial {M}
-\entry{\code {magic-space ()}}{156}
-\entry{\code {menu-complete ()}}{151}
-\entry{\code {menu-complete-backward ()}}{152}
+\entry{\code {magic-space ()}}{158}
+\entry{\code {menu-complete ()}}{153}
+\entry{\code {menu-complete-backward ()}}{154}
\initial {N}
-\entry{\code {next-history (C-n)}}{146}
-\entry{\code {next-screen-line ()}}{146}
-\entry{\code {non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)}}{147}
-\entry{\code {non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)}}{147}
+\entry{\code {next-history (C-n)}}{148}
+\entry{\code {next-screen-line ()}}{148}
+\entry{\code {non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)}}{149}
+\entry{\code {non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)}}{149}
\initial {O}
-\entry{\code {operate-and-get-next (C-o)}}{148}
-\entry{\code {overwrite-mode ()}}{149}
+\entry{\code {operate-and-get-next (C-o)}}{150}
+\entry{\code {overwrite-mode ()}}{151}
\initial {P}
-\entry{\code {possible-command-completions (C-x !)}}{153}
-\entry{\code {possible-completions (M-?)}}{151}
-\entry{\code {possible-filename-completions (C-x /)}}{152}
-\entry{\code {possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)}}{153}
-\entry{\code {possible-username-completions (C-x ~)}}{152}
-\entry{\code {possible-variable-completions (C-x $)}}{152}
-\entry{\code {prefix-meta (\key {ESC})}}{154}
-\entry{\code {previous-history (C-p)}}{146}
-\entry{\code {previous-screen-line ()}}{146}
-\entry{\code {print-last-kbd-macro ()}}{153}
+\entry{\code {possible-command-completions (C-x !)}}{155}
+\entry{\code {possible-completions (M-?)}}{153}
+\entry{\code {possible-filename-completions (C-x /)}}{154}
+\entry{\code {possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)}}{155}
+\entry{\code {possible-username-completions (C-x ~)}}{154}
+\entry{\code {possible-variable-completions (C-x $)}}{154}
+\entry{\code {prefix-meta (\key {ESC})}}{156}
+\entry{\code {previous-history (C-p)}}{148}
+\entry{\code {previous-screen-line ()}}{148}
+\entry{\code {print-last-kbd-macro ()}}{155}
\initial {Q}
-\entry{\code {quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)}}{148}
+\entry{\code {quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)}}{150}
\initial {R}
-\entry{\code {re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)}}{153}
-\entry{\code {redraw-current-line ()}}{146}
-\entry{\code {reverse-search-history (C-r)}}{146}
-\entry{\code {revert-line (M-r)}}{154}
+\entry{\code {re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)}}{155}
+\entry{\code {redraw-current-line ()}}{148}
+\entry{\code {reverse-search-history (C-r)}}{148}
+\entry{\code {revert-line (M-r)}}{156}
\initial {S}
-\entry{\code {self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, \dots {})}}{148}
-\entry{\code {set-mark (C-@)}}{154}
-\entry{\code {shell-backward-kill-word ()}}{150}
-\entry{\code {shell-backward-word (M-C-b)}}{145}
-\entry{\code {shell-expand-line (M-C-e)}}{155}
-\entry{\code {shell-forward-word (M-C-f)}}{145}
-\entry{\code {shell-kill-word (M-C-d)}}{150}
-\entry{\code {shell-transpose-words (M-C-t)}}{149}
-\entry{\code {skip-csi-sequence ()}}{154}
-\entry{\code {spell-correct-word (C-x s)}}{155}
-\entry{\code {start-kbd-macro (C-x ()}}{153}
+\entry{\code {self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, \dots {})}}{150}
+\entry{\code {set-mark (C-@)}}{156}
+\entry{\code {shell-backward-kill-word ()}}{152}
+\entry{\code {shell-backward-word (M-C-b)}}{147}
+\entry{\code {shell-expand-line (M-C-e)}}{157}
+\entry{\code {shell-forward-word (M-C-f)}}{147}
+\entry{\code {shell-kill-word (M-C-d)}}{152}
+\entry{\code {shell-transpose-words (M-C-t)}}{151}
+\entry{\code {skip-csi-sequence ()}}{156}
+\entry{\code {spell-correct-word (C-x s)}}{157}
+\entry{\code {start-kbd-macro (C-x ()}}{155}
\initial {T}
-\entry{\code {tilde-expand (M-&)}}{154}
-\entry{\code {transpose-chars (C-t)}}{149}
-\entry{\code {transpose-words (M-t)}}{149}
+\entry{\code {tilde-expand (M-&)}}{156}
+\entry{\code {transpose-chars (C-t)}}{151}
+\entry{\code {transpose-words (M-t)}}{151}
\initial {U}
-\entry{\code {undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)}}{154}
-\entry{\code {universal-argument ()}}{151}
-\entry{\code {unix-filename-rubout ()}}{150}
-\entry{\code {unix-line-discard (C-u)}}{149}
-\entry{\code {unix-word-rubout (C-w)}}{150}
-\entry{\code {upcase-word (M-u)}}{149}
+\entry{\code {undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)}}{156}
+\entry{\code {universal-argument ()}}{153}
+\entry{\code {unix-filename-rubout ()}}{152}
+\entry{\code {unix-line-discard (C-u)}}{152}
+\entry{\code {unix-word-rubout (C-w)}}{152}
+\entry{\code {upcase-word (M-u)}}{151}
\initial {Y}
-\entry{\code {yank (C-y)}}{150}
-\entry{\code {yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)}}{147}
-\entry{\code {yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)}}{147}
-\entry{\code {yank-pop (M-y)}}{150}
+\entry{\code {yank (C-y)}}{152}
+\entry{\code {yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)}}{149}
+\entry{\code {yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)}}{149}
+\entry{\code {yank-pop (M-y)}}{153}
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
<!-- This text is a brief description of the features that are present in
-the Bash shell (version 5.3, 8 January 2025).
+the Bash shell (version 5.3, 24 February 2025).
-This is Edition 5.3, last updated 8 January 2025,
+This is Edition 5.3, last updated 24 February 2025,
of The GNU Bash Reference Manual,
for Bash, Version 5.3.
<h1 class="top" id="Bash-Features-1"><span>Bash Features<a class="copiable-link" href="#Bash-Features-1"> ¶</a></span></h1>
<p>This text is a brief description of the features that are present in
-the Bash shell (version 5.3, 8 January 2025).
+the Bash shell (version 5.3, 24 February 2025).
The Bash home page is <a class="url" href="http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/">http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/</a>.
</p>
-<p>This is Edition 5.3, last updated 8 January 2025,
+<p>This is Edition 5.3, last updated 24 February 2025,
of <cite class="cite">The GNU Bash Reference Manual</cite>,
for <code class="code">Bash</code>, Version 5.3.
</p>
described below (see <a class="pxref" href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a>).
The <var class="var">expression</var> undergoes the same expansions
as if it were within double quotes,
-but double quote characters in <var class="var">expression</var> are not treated specially
-and are removed.
+but unescaped double quote characters
+in <var class="var">expression</var> are not treated
+specially and are removed.
+Since this can potentially result in empty strings,
+this command treats those as expressions that evaluate to 0.
If the value of the expression is non-zero, the return status is 0;
otherwise the return status is 1.
</p>
Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using
the <code class="code">unset</code> builtin command.
</p>
-<p>A variable may be assigned to by a statement of the form
+<p>A variable is assigned to using a statement of the form
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted"><var class="var">name</var>=[<var class="var">value</var>]
</pre></div>
zero-padding where necessary.
When letters are supplied, the expression expands to each character
lexicographically between <var class="var">x</var> and <var class="var">y</var>, inclusive,
-using the default C locale.
+using the C locale.
Note that both <var class="var">x</var> and <var class="var">y</var> must be of the same type
(integer or letter).
When the increment is supplied, it is used as the difference between
$ echo $var
DEFAULT
$ var=
+$ : ${var=DEFAULT}
+$ echo $var
+
+$ var=
+$ : ${var:=DEFAULT}
+$ echo $var
+DEFAULT
+$ unset var
$ : ${var:=DEFAULT}
$ echo $var
DEFAULT
<pre class="example-preformatted">$ var=
$ : ${var:?var is unset or null}
bash: var: var is unset or null
+$ echo ${var?var is unset}
+
+$ unset var
+$ : ${var?var is unset}
+bash: var: var is unset
+$ : ${var:?var is unset or null}
+bash: var: var is unset or null
+$ var=123
+$ echo ${var:?var is unset or null}
+123
</pre></div>
</dd>
<pre class="example-preformatted">$ var=123
$ echo ${var:+var is set and not null}
var is set and not null
+$ echo ${var+var is set}
+var is set
$ var=
$ echo ${var:+var is set and not null}
+$ echo ${var+var is set}
+var is set
+$ unset var
+$ echo ${var+var is set}
+
+$ echo ${var:+var is set and not null}
+
$
</pre></div>
If <var class="var">parameter</var> is ‘<samp class="samp">@</samp>’ or ‘<samp class="samp">*</samp>’, an indexed array subscripted by
‘<samp class="samp">@</samp>’ or ‘<samp class="samp">*</samp>’, or an associative array name, the results differ as
described below.
-If <var class="var">length</var> is omitted, it expands to the substring of the value of
+If :<var class="var">length</var> is omitted (the first form above), this
+expands to the substring of the value of
<var class="var">parameter</var> starting at the character specified by <var class="var">offset</var>
and extending to the end of the value.
+If <var class="var">offset</var> is omitted,
+it is treated as 0.
+If <var class="var">length</var> is omitted,
+but the colon after <var class="var">offset</var> is present,
+it is treated as 0.
<var class="var">length</var> and <var class="var">offset</var> are arithmetic expressions
(see <a class="pxref" href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a>).
</p>
<p>The <var class="var">expression</var> undergoes the same expansions
as if it were within double quotes,
-but double quote characters in <var class="var">expression</var> are not treated specially
-and are removed.
+but unescaped double quote characters
+in <var class="var">expression</var> are not treated
+specially and are removed.
All tokens in the expression undergo parameter and variable expansion,
command substitution, and quote removal.
The result is treated as the arithmetic expression to be evaluated.
+Since the way Bash handles double quotes
+can potentially result in empty strings,
+arithmetic expansion treats
+those as expressions that evaluate to 0.
Arithmetic expansions may be nested.
</p>
<p>The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below
non-zero exit status,
subject to the following conditions.
The <code class="code">ERR</code> trap is not executed if the failed command is part of the
-command list immediately following an <code class="code">until</code> or <code class="code">while</code> keyword,
+command list immediately following an
+<code class="code">until</code> or <code class="code">while</code> reserved word,
part of the test following the <code class="code">if</code> or <code class="code">elif</code> reserved words,
part of a command executed in a <code class="code">&&</code> or <code class="code">||</code> list
except the command following the final <code class="code">&&</code> or <code class="code">||</code>,
or a compound command (see <a class="pxref" href="#Compound-Commands">Compound Commands</a>)
returns a non-zero status.
The shell does not exit if the command that fails is part of the
-command list immediately following a <code class="code">while</code> or <code class="code">until</code> keyword,
+command list immediately following a
+<code class="code">while</code> or <code class="code">until</code> reserved word,
part of the test in an <code class="code">if</code> statement,
part of any command executed in a <code class="code">&&</code> or <code class="code">||</code> list except
the command following the final <code class="code">&&</code> or <code class="code">||</code>,
may be positive or negative integers.
When used with the <code class="code">[[</code> command, <var class="var">arg1</var> and <var class="var">arg2</var>
are evaluated as arithmetic expressions (see <a class="pxref" href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a>).
+Since the expansions the <code class="code">[[</code> command performs on
+<var class="var">arg1</var> and <var class="var">arg2</var>
+can potentially result in empty strings,
+arithmetic expression evaluation treats
+those as expressions that evaluate to 0.
</p></dd>
</dl>
associative arrays use arbitrary strings.
Unless otherwise noted, indexed array indices must be non-negative integers.
</p>
-<p>An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned to
-using the syntax
+<p>The shell performs
+parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion,
+command substitution, and quote removal
+on indexed array subscripts.
+Since this
+can potentially result in empty strings,
+subscript indexing treats
+those as expressions that evaluate to 0.
+</p>
+<p>The shell performs
+tilde expansion,
+parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion,
+command substitution, and quote removal
+on associative array subscripts.
+Empty strings cannot be used as associative array keys.
+</p>
+<p>Bash automatically creates an indexed array
+if any variable is assigned to using the syntax
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted"><var class="var">name</var>[<var class="var">subscript</var>]=<var class="var">value</var>
</pre></div>
double-quoted string, even if the <code class="code">histexpand</code> option is enabled.
</li><li> When printing shell function definitions (e.g., by <code class="code">type</code>), Bash does
-not print the <code class="code">function</code> keyword unless necessary.
+not print the <code class="code">function</code> reserved word unless necessary.
</li><li> Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic expansion
results in an invalid expression.
</li><li> The <code class="code">kill</code> builtin does not accept signal names with a ‘<samp class="samp">SIG</samp>’
prefix.
+</li><li> The <code class="code">kill</code> builtin returns a failure status if any of the pid or job
+arguments are invalid or if sending the specified signal to any of them
+fails.
+In default mode, <code class="code">kill</code> returns success if the signal was
+successfully sent to any of the specified processes.
+
</li><li> The <code class="code">printf</code> builtin uses <code class="code">double</code> (via <code class="code">strtod</code>) to convert
arguments corresponding to floating point conversion specifiers, instead of
<code class="code">long double</code> if it’s available.
each process has a <em class="dfn">process group <small class="sc">ID</small></em>, and
the operating system maintains the notion of a current terminal
process group <small class="sc">ID</small>.
-Processes that have the same process group ID are said to be part of
+This terminal process group <small class="sc">ID</small> is associated with the
+<em class="dfn">controlling terminal</em>.
+</p>
+<p>Processes that have the same process group ID are said to be part of
the same <em class="dfn">process group</em>.
Members of the foreground process group (processes whose
process group <small class="sc">ID</small> is equal to the current terminal process group
Processes in the foreground process group are said to be
foreground processes.
Background processes
-are those whose process group <small class="sc">ID</small> differs from the terminal’s;
+are those whose process group <small class="sc">ID</small> differs from the
+controlling terminal’s;
such processes are immune to keyboard-generated signals.
-Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or, if
-the user so specifies with <code class="code">stty tostop</code>, write to the terminal.
-Background processes which attempt to
-read from (write to when <code class="code">tostop</code> is in effect) the
-terminal are sent a <code class="code">SIGTTIN</code> (<code class="code">SIGTTOU</code>)
-signal by the kernel’s terminal driver,
+Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or,
+if the user so specifies with
+<code class="code">stty tostop</code>,
+write to the controlling terminal.
+The system sends a
+<code class="code">SIGTTIN</code> (<code class="code">SIGTTOU</code>)
+signal to background processes which attempt to
+read from (write to when <code class="code">tostop</code> is in effect)
+the terminal,
which, unless caught, suspends the process.
</p>
<p>If the operating system on which Bash is running supports
<dd><p>Clear the screen,
then redraw the current line,
leaving the current line at the top of the screen.
+If given a numeric argument, this refreshes the current line
+without clearing the screen.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><a id="index-redraw_002dcurrent_002dline-_0028_0029"></a><span><code class="code">redraw-current-line ()</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-redraw_002dcurrent_002dline-_0028_0029"> ¶</a></span></dt>
</li><li>Bash implements command aliases and the <code class="code">alias</code> and <code class="code">unalias</code>
builtins (see <a class="pxref" href="#Aliases">Aliases</a>).
-</li><li>Bash implements the <code class="code">!</code> keyword to negate the return value of
+</li><li>Bash implements the <code class="code">!</code> reserved word to negate the return value of
a pipeline (see <a class="pxref" href="#Pipelines">Pipelines</a>).
This is very useful when an <code class="code">if</code> statement needs to act only if a
test fails.
bashref.texi.
This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the
-Bash shell (version 5.3, 8 January 2025).
+Bash shell (version 5.3, 24 February 2025).
- This is Edition 5.3, last updated 8 January 2025, of ‘The GNU Bash
+ This is Edition 5.3, last updated 24 February 2025, of ‘The GNU Bash
Reference Manual’, for ‘Bash’, Version 5.3.
Copyright © 1988-2025 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
*************
This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the
-Bash shell (version 5.3, 8 January 2025). The Bash home page is
+Bash shell (version 5.3, 24 February 2025). The Bash home page is
<http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/>.
- This is Edition 5.3, last updated 8 January 2025, of ‘The GNU Bash
+ This is Edition 5.3, last updated 24 February 2025, of ‘The GNU Bash
Reference Manual’, for ‘Bash’, Version 5.3.
Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some
The arithmetic EXPRESSION is evaluated according to the rules
described below (*note Shell Arithmetic::). The EXPRESSION
undergoes the same expansions as if it were within double quotes,
- but double quote characters in EXPRESSION are not treated specially
- and are removed. If the value of the expression is non-zero, the
+ but unescaped double quote characters in EXPRESSION are not treated
+ specially and are removed. Since this can potentially result in
+ empty strings, this command treats those as expressions that
+ evaluate to 0. If the value of the expression is non-zero, the
return status is 0; otherwise the return status is 1.
‘[[...]]’
is a valid value. Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using
the ‘unset’ builtin command.
- A variable may be assigned to by a statement of the form
+ A variable is assigned to using a statement of the form
NAME=[VALUE]
If VALUE is not given, the variable is assigned the null string. All
VALUEs undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
number between X and Y, inclusive. If either X or Y begins with a zero,
each generated term will contain the same number of digits, zero-padding
where necessary. When letters are supplied, the expression expands to
-each character lexicographically between X and Y, inclusive, using the
-default C locale. Note that both X and Y must be of the same type
-(integer or letter). When the increment is supplied, it is used as the
-difference between each term. The default increment is 1 or -1 as
-appropriate.
+each character lexicographically between X and Y, inclusive, using the C
+locale. Note that both X and Y must be of the same type (integer or
+letter). When the increment is supplied, it is used as the difference
+between each term. The default increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate.
Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions, and any
characters special to other expansions are preserved in the result. It
$ : ${var=DEFAULT}
$ echo $var
DEFAULT
+ $ var=
+ $ : ${var=DEFAULT}
+ $ echo $var
+
$ var=
$ : ${var:=DEFAULT}
$ echo $var
DEFAULT
+ $ unset var
+ $ : ${var:=DEFAULT}
+ $ echo $var
+ DEFAULT
‘${PARAMETER:?WORD}’
If PARAMETER is null or unset, the shell writes the expansion of
$ var=
$ : ${var:?var is unset or null}
bash: var: var is unset or null
+ $ echo ${var?var is unset}
+
+ $ unset var
+ $ : ${var?var is unset}
+ bash: var: var is unset
+ $ : ${var:?var is unset or null}
+ bash: var: var is unset or null
+ $ var=123
+ $ echo ${var:?var is unset or null}
+ 123
‘${PARAMETER:+WORD}’
If PARAMETER is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise
$ var=123
$ echo ${var:+var is set and not null}
var is set and not null
+ $ echo ${var+var is set}
+ var is set
$ var=
$ echo ${var:+var is set and not null}
+ $ echo ${var+var is set}
+ var is set
+ $ unset var
+ $ echo ${var+var is set}
+
+ $ echo ${var:+var is set and not null}
+
$
‘${PARAMETER:OFFSET}’
LENGTH characters of the value of PARAMETER starting at the
character specified by OFFSET. If PARAMETER is ‘@’ or ‘*’, an
indexed array subscripted by ‘@’ or ‘*’, or an associative array
- name, the results differ as described below. If LENGTH is omitted,
- it expands to the substring of the value of PARAMETER starting at
- the character specified by OFFSET and extending to the end of the
- value. LENGTH and OFFSET are arithmetic expressions (*note Shell
- Arithmetic::).
+ name, the results differ as described below. If :LENGTH is omitted
+ (the first form above), this expands to the substring of the value
+ of PARAMETER starting at the character specified by OFFSET and
+ extending to the end of the value. If OFFSET is omitted, it is
+ treated as 0. If LENGTH is omitted, but the colon after OFFSET is
+ present, it is treated as 0. LENGTH and OFFSET are arithmetic
+ expressions (*note Shell Arithmetic::).
If OFFSET evaluates to a number less than zero, the value is used
as an offset in characters from the end of the value of PARAMETER.
$(( EXPRESSION ))
The EXPRESSION undergoes the same expansions as if it were within
-double quotes, but double quote characters in EXPRESSION are not treated
-specially and are removed. All tokens in the expression undergo
-parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and quote
-removal. The result is treated as the arithmetic expression to be
-evaluated. Arithmetic expansions may be nested.
+double quotes, but unescaped double quote characters in EXPRESSION are
+not treated specially and are removed. All tokens in the expression
+undergo parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and
+quote removal. The result is treated as the arithmetic expression to be
+evaluated. Since the way Bash handles double quotes can potentially
+result in empty strings, arithmetic expansion treats those as
+expressions that evaluate to 0. Arithmetic expansions may be nested.
The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below
(*note Shell Arithmetic::). If the expression is invalid, Bash prints a
compound command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to the
following conditions. The ‘ERR’ trap is not executed if the failed
command is part of the command list immediately following an
- ‘until’ or ‘while’ keyword, part of the test following the ‘if’ or
- ‘elif’ reserved words, part of a command executed in a ‘&&’ or ‘||’
- list except the command following the final ‘&&’ or ‘||’, any
- command in a pipeline but the last, (subject to the state of the
- ‘pipefail’ shell option), or if the command's return status is
+ ‘until’ or ‘while’ reserved word, part of the test following the
+ ‘if’ or ‘elif’ reserved words, part of a command executed in a ‘&&’
+ or ‘||’ list except the command following the final ‘&&’ or ‘||’,
+ any command in a pipeline but the last, (subject to the state of
+ the ‘pipefail’ shell option), or if the command's return status is
being inverted using ‘!’. These are the same conditions obeyed by
the ‘errexit’ (‘-e’) option.
a list (*note Lists::), or a compound command (*note Compound
Commands::) returns a non-zero status. The shell does not
exit if the command that fails is part of the command list
- immediately following a ‘while’ or ‘until’ keyword, part of
- the test in an ‘if’ statement, part of any command executed in
- a ‘&&’ or ‘||’ list except the command following the final
+ immediately following a ‘while’ or ‘until’ reserved word, part
+ of the test in an ‘if’ statement, part of any command executed
+ in a ‘&&’ or ‘||’ list except the command following the final
‘&&’ or ‘||’, any command in a pipeline but the last (subject
to the state of the ‘pipefail’ shell option), or if the
command's return status is being inverted with ‘!’. If a
greater than or equal to ARG2, respectively. ARG1 and ARG2 may be
positive or negative integers. When used with the ‘[[’ command,
ARG1 and ARG2 are evaluated as arithmetic expressions (*note Shell
- Arithmetic::).
+ Arithmetic::). Since the expansions the ‘[[’ command performs on
+ ARG1 and ARG2 can potentially result in empty strings, arithmetic
+ expression evaluation treats those as expressions that evaluate to
+ 0.
\1f
File: bashref.info, Node: Shell Arithmetic, Next: Aliases, Prev: Bash Conditional Expressions, Up: Bash Features
and are zero-based; associative arrays use arbitrary strings. Unless
otherwise noted, indexed array indices must be non-negative integers.
- An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned
-to using the syntax
+ The shell performs parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic
+expansion, command substitution, and quote removal on indexed array
+subscripts. Since this can potentially result in empty strings,
+subscript indexing treats those as expressions that evaluate to 0.
+
+ The shell performs tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
+arithmetic expansion, command substitution, and quote removal on
+associative array subscripts. Empty strings cannot be used as
+associative array keys.
+
+ Bash automatically creates an indexed array if any variable is
+assigned to using the syntax
NAME[SUBSCRIPT]=VALUE
The SUBSCRIPT is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate
double-quoted string, even if the ‘histexpand’ option is enabled.
31. When printing shell function definitions (e.g., by ‘type’), Bash
- does not print the ‘function’ keyword unless necessary.
+ does not print the ‘function’ reserved word unless necessary.
32. Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic
expansion results in an invalid expression.
58. The ‘kill’ builtin does not accept signal names with a ‘SIG’
prefix.
- 59. The ‘printf’ builtin uses ‘double’ (via ‘strtod’) to convert
+ 59. The ‘kill’ builtin returns a failure status if any of the pid or
+ job arguments are invalid or if sending the specified signal to any
+ of them fails. In default mode, ‘kill’ returns success if the
+ signal was successfully sent to any of the specified processes.
+
+ 60. The ‘printf’ builtin uses ‘double’ (via ‘strtod’) to convert
arguments corresponding to floating point conversion specifiers,
instead of ‘long double’ if it's available. The ‘L’ length
modifier forces ‘printf’ to use ‘long double’ if it's available.
- 60. The ‘pwd’ builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as
+ 61. The ‘pwd’ builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as
the current directory, even if it is not asked to check the file
system with the ‘-P’ option.
- 61. The ‘read’ builtin may be interrupted by a signal for which a trap
+ 62. The ‘read’ builtin may be interrupted by a signal for which a trap
has been set. If Bash receives a trapped signal while executing
‘read’, the trap handler executes and ‘read’ returns an exit status
greater than 128.
- 62. When the ‘set’ builtin is invoked without options, it does not
+ 63. When the ‘set’ builtin is invoked without options, it does not
display shell function names and definitions.
- 63. When the ‘set’ builtin is invoked without options, it displays
+ 64. When the ‘set’ builtin is invoked without options, it displays
variable values without quotes, unless they contain shell
metacharacters, even if the result contains nonprinting characters.
- 64. The ‘test’ builtin compares strings using the current locale when
+ 65. The ‘test’ builtin compares strings using the current locale when
evaluating the ‘<’ and ‘>’ binary operators.
- 65. The ‘test’ builtin's ‘-t’ unary primary requires an argument.
+ 66. The ‘test’ builtin's ‘-t’ unary primary requires an argument.
Historical versions of ‘test’ made the argument optional in certain
cases, and Bash attempts to accommodate those for backwards
compatibility.
- 66. The ‘trap’ builtin displays signal names without the leading
+ 67. The ‘trap’ builtin displays signal names without the leading
‘SIG’.
- 67. The ‘trap’ builtin doesn't check the first argument for a possible
+ 68. The ‘trap’ builtin doesn't check the first argument for a possible
signal specification and revert the signal handling to the original
disposition if it is, unless that argument consists solely of
digits and is a valid signal number. If users want to reset the
handler for a given signal to the original disposition, they should
use ‘-’ as the first argument.
- 68. ‘trap -p’ without arguments displays signals whose dispositions
+ 69. ‘trap -p’ without arguments displays signals whose dispositions
are set to SIG_DFL and those that were ignored when the shell
started, not just trapped signals.
- 69. The ‘type’ and ‘command’ builtins will not report a non-executable
+ 70. The ‘type’ and ‘command’ builtins will not report a non-executable
file as having been found, though the shell will attempt to execute
such a file if it is the only so-named file found in ‘$PATH’.
- 70. The ‘ulimit’ builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the ‘-c’
+ 71. The ‘ulimit’ builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the ‘-c’
and ‘-f’ options.
- 71. The ‘unset’ builtin with the ‘-v’ option specified returns a fatal
+ 72. The ‘unset’ builtin with the ‘-v’ option specified returns a fatal
error if it attempts to unset a ‘readonly’ or ‘non-unsettable’
variable, which causes a non-interactive shell to exit.
- 72. When asked to unset a variable that appears in an assignment
+ 73. When asked to unset a variable that appears in an assignment
statement preceding the command, the ‘unset’ builtin attempts to
unset a variable of the same name in the current or previous scope
as well. This implements the required "if an assigned variable is
further modified by the utility, the modifications made by the
utility shall persist" behavior.
- 73. The arrival of ‘SIGCHLD’ when a trap is set on ‘SIGCHLD’ does not
+ 74. The arrival of ‘SIGCHLD’ when a trap is set on ‘SIGCHLD’ does not
interrupt the ‘wait’ builtin and cause it to return immediately.
The trap command is run once for each child that exits.
- 74. Bash removes an exited background process's status from the list
+ 75. Bash removes an exited background process's status from the list
of such statuses after the ‘wait’ builtin returns it.
There is other POSIX behavior that Bash does not implement by default
To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job
control, each process has a “process group ID”, and the operating system
-maintains the notion of a current terminal process group ID. Processes
-that have the same process group ID are said to be part of the same
-“process group”. Members of the foreground process group (processes
-whose process group ID is equal to the current terminal process group
-ID) receive keyboard-generated signals such as ‘SIGINT’. Processes in
-the foreground process group are said to be foreground processes.
-Background processes are those whose process group ID differs from the
-terminal's; such processes are immune to keyboard-generated signals.
-Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or, if the user so
-specifies with ‘stty tostop’, write to the terminal. Background
-processes which attempt to read from (write to when ‘tostop’ is in
-effect) the terminal are sent a ‘SIGTTIN’ (‘SIGTTOU’) signal by the
-kernel's terminal driver, which, unless caught, suspends the process.
+maintains the notion of a current terminal process group ID. This
+terminal process group ID is associated with the “controlling terminal”.
+
+ Processes that have the same process group ID are said to be part of
+the same “process group”. Members of the foreground process group
+(processes whose process group ID is equal to the current terminal
+process group ID) receive keyboard-generated signals such as ‘SIGINT’.
+Processes in the foreground process group are said to be foreground
+processes. Background processes are those whose process group ID
+differs from the controlling terminal's; such processes are immune to
+keyboard-generated signals. Only foreground processes are allowed to
+read from or, if the user so specifies with ‘stty tostop’, write to the
+controlling terminal. The system sends a ‘SIGTTIN’ (‘SIGTTOU’) signal
+to background processes which attempt to read from (write to when
+‘tostop’ is in effect) the terminal, which, unless caught, suspends the
+process.
If the operating system on which Bash is running supports job
control, Bash contains facilities to use it. Typing the “suspend”
‘clear-screen (C-l)’
Clear the screen, then redraw the current line, leaving the current
- line at the top of the screen.
+ line at the top of the screen. If given a numeric argument, this
+ refreshes the current line without clearing the screen.
‘redraw-current-line ()’
Refresh the current line. By default, this is unbound.
• Bash implements command aliases and the ‘alias’ and ‘unalias’
builtins (*note Aliases::).
- • Bash implements the ‘!’ keyword to negate the return value of a
- pipeline (*note Pipelines::). This is very useful when an ‘if’
+ • Bash implements the ‘!’ reserved word to negate the return value of
+ a pipeline (*note Pipelines::). This is very useful when an ‘if’
statement needs to act only if a test fails. The Bash ‘-o
pipefail’ option to ‘set’ will cause a pipeline to return a failure
status if any command fails (*note The Set Builtin::).
* !: Pipelines. (line 9)
* [[: Conditional Constructs.
- (line 126)
+ (line 128)
* ]]: Conditional Constructs.
- (line 126)
+ (line 128)
* {: Command Grouping. (line 21)
* }: Command Grouping. (line 21)
* case: Conditional Constructs.
* quoted-insert (C-q or C-v): Commands For Text. (line 28)
* re-read-init-file (C-x C-r): Miscellaneous Commands.
(line 6)
-* redraw-current-line (): Commands For Moving. (line 61)
+* redraw-current-line (): Commands For Moving. (line 62)
* reverse-search-history (C-r): Commands For History.
(line 29)
* revert-line (M-r): Miscellaneous Commands.
\1f
Tag Table:
-Node: Top\7f900
-Node: Introduction\7f2840
-Node: What is Bash?\7f3056
-Node: What is a shell?\7f4192
-Node: Definitions\7f6805
-Node: Basic Shell Features\7f10135
-Node: Shell Syntax\7f11362
-Node: Shell Operation\7f12392
-Node: Quoting\7f13686
-Node: Escape Character\7f15027
-Node: Single Quotes\7f15565
-Node: Double Quotes\7f15917
-Node: ANSI-C Quoting\7f17265
-Node: Locale Translation\7f18662
-Node: Creating Internationalized Scripts\7f20068
-Node: Comments\7f24269
-Node: Shell Commands\7f25039
-Node: Reserved Words\7f25981
-Node: Simple Commands\7f26849
-Node: Pipelines\7f27514
-Node: Lists\7f30773
-Node: Compound Commands\7f32648
-Node: Looping Constructs\7f33660
-Node: Conditional Constructs\7f36182
-Node: Command Grouping\7f51121
-Node: Coprocesses\7f52616
-Node: GNU Parallel\7f55305
-Node: Shell Functions\7f56226
-Node: Shell Parameters\7f64677
-Node: Positional Parameters\7f69582
-Node: Special Parameters\7f70675
-Node: Shell Expansions\7f74139
-Node: Brace Expansion\7f76331
-Node: Tilde Expansion\7f79680
-Node: Shell Parameter Expansion\7f82638
-Node: Command Substitution\7f102449
-Node: Arithmetic Expansion\7f105981
-Node: Process Substitution\7f106998
-Node: Word Splitting\7f108109
-Node: Filename Expansion\7f110556
-Node: Pattern Matching\7f113783
-Node: Quote Removal\7f119509
-Node: Redirections\7f119816
-Node: Executing Commands\7f130082
-Node: Simple Command Expansion\7f130752
-Node: Command Search and Execution\7f132863
-Node: Command Execution Environment\7f135310
-Node: Environment\7f138761
-Node: Exit Status\7f140667
-Node: Signals\7f142728
-Node: Shell Scripts\7f147660
-Node: Shell Builtin Commands\7f150961
-Node: Bourne Shell Builtins\7f153075
-Node: Bash Builtins\7f179642
-Node: Modifying Shell Behavior\7f216569
-Node: The Set Builtin\7f216914
-Node: The Shopt Builtin\7f228905
-Node: Special Builtins\7f245960
-Node: Shell Variables\7f246952
-Node: Bourne Shell Variables\7f247389
-Node: Bash Variables\7f249900
-Node: Bash Features\7f288808
-Node: Invoking Bash\7f289825
-Node: Bash Startup Files\7f296412
-Node: Interactive Shells\7f301657
-Node: What is an Interactive Shell?\7f302068
-Node: Is this Shell Interactive?\7f302733
-Node: Interactive Shell Behavior\7f303560
-Node: Bash Conditional Expressions\7f307324
-Node: Shell Arithmetic\7f312538
-Node: Aliases\7f315870
-Node: Arrays\7f319007
-Node: The Directory Stack\7f326102
-Node: Directory Stack Builtins\7f326902
-Node: Controlling the Prompt\7f331350
-Node: The Restricted Shell\7f334238
-Node: Bash POSIX Mode\7f337123
-Node: Shell Compatibility Mode\7f355187
-Node: Job Control\7f364197
-Node: Job Control Basics\7f364657
-Node: Job Control Builtins\7f370938
-Node: Job Control Variables\7f377623
-Node: Command Line Editing\7f378857
-Node: Introduction and Notation\7f380563
-Node: Readline Interaction\7f382918
-Node: Readline Bare Essentials\7f384109
-Node: Readline Movement Commands\7f385920
-Node: Readline Killing Commands\7f386919
-Node: Readline Arguments\7f388945
-Node: Searching\7f390005
-Node: Readline Init File\7f392251
-Node: Readline Init File Syntax\7f393557
-Node: Conditional Init Constructs\7f420385
-Node: Sample Init File\7f424773
-Node: Bindable Readline Commands\7f427896
-Node: Commands For Moving\7f429437
-Node: Commands For History\7f431808
-Node: Commands For Text\7f437201
-Node: Commands For Killing\7f441329
-Node: Numeric Arguments\7f444120
-Node: Commands For Completion\7f445275
-Node: Keyboard Macros\7f450974
-Node: Miscellaneous Commands\7f451678
-Node: Readline vi Mode\7f458248
-Node: Programmable Completion\7f459228
-Node: Programmable Completion Builtins\7f467968
-Node: A Programmable Completion Example\7f479708
-Node: Using History Interactively\7f485056
-Node: Bash History Facilities\7f485740
-Node: Bash History Builtins\7f489478
-Node: History Interaction\7f495952
-Node: Event Designators\7f500905
-Node: Word Designators\7f502486
-Node: Modifiers\7f504881
-Node: Installing Bash\7f506821
-Node: Basic Installation\7f507940
-Node: Compilers and Options\7f511819
-Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures\7f512572
-Node: Installation Names\7f514328
-Node: Specifying the System Type\7f516565
-Node: Sharing Defaults\7f517314
-Node: Operation Controls\7f518031
-Node: Optional Features\7f519053
-Node: Reporting Bugs\7f531436
-Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell\7f532796
-Node: GNU Free Documentation License\7f554219
-Node: Indexes\7f579399
-Node: Builtin Index\7f579853
-Node: Reserved Word Index\7f586954
-Node: Variable Index\7f589402
-Node: Function Index\7f606818
-Node: Concept Index\7f620816
+Node: Top\7f904
+Node: Introduction\7f2848
+Node: What is Bash?\7f3064
+Node: What is a shell?\7f4200
+Node: Definitions\7f6813
+Node: Basic Shell Features\7f10143
+Node: Shell Syntax\7f11370
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eop end
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%%Page: 17 23
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(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
-g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)30 b Fb(112)146
+g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)30 b Fb(114)146
2765 y Fs(Q)150 2881 y Fb(quoting)16 b Fc(:)d(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f
(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)
g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)31
f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)34 b Fb(6)146
3211 y Fs(R)150 3327 y Fb(Readline,)26 b(ho)n(w)g(to)g(use)11
b Fc(:)i(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
-g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)26 b Fb(127)150 3414
+g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)26 b Fb(129)150 3414
y(redirection)13 b Fc(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g
(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
-g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)27 b Fb(40)150 3501 y(reserv)n(ed)f(w)n
+g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)27 b Fb(41)150 3501 y(reserv)n(ed)f(w)n
(ord)13 b Fc(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
(:)h(:)f(:)28 b Fb(4)150 3589 y(reserv)n(ed)e(w)n(ords)15
f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)30
b Fb(9)150 3676 y(restricted)c(shell)12 b Fc(:)i(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
-(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)27 b Fb(114)150 3763 y(return)e(status)
+(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)27 b Fb(115)150 3763 y(return)e(status)
10 b Fc(:)k(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h
(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
g(:)g(:)25 b Fb(4)2021 294 y Fs(S)2025 418 y Fb(shell)h(arithmetic)15
b Fc(:)f(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)
f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)30
-b Fb(106)2025 508 y(shell)c(function)18 b Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g
+b Fb(107)2025 508 y(shell)c(function)18 b Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g
(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)32 b Fb(19)2025
597 y(shell)26 b(script)10 b Fc(:)k(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g
(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
-g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)25 b Fb(49)2025 687
+g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)25 b Fb(50)2025 687
y(shell)h(v)l(ariable)7 b Fc(:)14 b(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)22 b Fb(22)2025 777 y(shell,)k(in)n
(teractiv)n(e)18 b Fc(:)c(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g
(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
-33 b Fb(103)2025 867 y(signal)13 b Fc(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g
+33 b Fb(104)2025 867 y(signal)13 b Fc(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g
(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)28
b Fb(4)2025 956 y(signal)f(handling)6 b Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g
(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
-g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)21 b Fb(48)2025 1046
+g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)21 b Fb(49)2025 1046
y(sp)r(ecial)27 b(builtin)16 b Fc(:)d(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h
(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
-g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)31 b Fb(4,)26 b(83)2025 1136 y(startup)f(\014les)8
+g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)31 b Fb(4,)26 b(85)2025 1136 y(startup)f(\014les)8
b Fc(:)14 b(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f
(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)
-g(:)23 b Fb(101)2025 1226 y(string)j(translations)8 b
+g(:)23 b Fb(102)2025 1226 y(string)j(translations)8 b
Fc(:)14 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)23
b Fb(8)2025 1313 y(susp)r(ending)i(jobs)10 b Fc(:)k(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g
(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
-g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)25 b Fb(123)2021 1610 y Fs(T)2025
+g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)25 b Fb(125)2021 1610 y Fs(T)2025
1734 y Fb(tilde)h(expansion)7 b Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g
(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)22 b Fb(26)2025 1823 y(tok)n(en)17
(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)34
b Fb(7)2021 2207 y Fs(U)2025 2329 y Fb(unary)25 b(arithmetic)h(op)r
(erators)10 b Fc(:)15 b(:)e(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
-(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)25 b Fb(107)2021 2626 y Fs(V)2025
+(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)25 b Fb(108)2021 2626 y Fs(V)2025
2750 y Fb(v)l(ariable,)h(shell)14 b Fc(:)g(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f
(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)28 b Fb(22)2025 2837
y(v)l(ariables,)f(readline)7 b Fc(:)13 b(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f
-(:)g(:)g(:)22 b Fb(132)2021 3134 y Fs(W)2025 3258 y Fb(w)n(ord)10
+(:)g(:)g(:)22 b Fb(134)2021 3134 y Fs(W)2025 3258 y Fb(w)n(ord)10
b Fc(:)j(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g
(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)25 b Fb(4)2025
3345 y(w)n(ord)h(splitting)9 b Fc(:)14 b(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
-(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)24 b Fb(37)2021 3642 y
+(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)24 b Fb(38)2021 3642 y
Fs(Y)2025 3763 y Fb(y)n(anking)h(text)13 b Fc(:)f(:)h(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f
(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)
-g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)28 b Fb(130)p
+g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)28 b Fb(132)p
eop end
%%Trailer
but unescaped double quote characters
in @var{expression} are not treated
specially and are removed.
+Since this can potentially result in empty strings,
+this command treats those as expressions that evaluate to 0.
If the value of the expression is non-zero, the return status is 0;
otherwise the return status is 1.
All tokens in the expression undergo parameter and variable expansion,
command substitution, and quote removal.
The result is treated as the arithmetic expression to be evaluated.
+Since the way Bash handles double quotes
+can potentially result in empty strings,
+arithmetic expansion treats
+those as expressions that evaluate to 0.
Arithmetic expansions may be nested.
The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below
may be positive or negative integers.
When used with the @code{[[} command, @var{arg1} and @var{arg2}
are evaluated as arithmetic expressions (@pxref{Shell Arithmetic}).
+Since the expansions the @code{[[} command performs on
+@var{arg1} and @var{arg2}
+can potentially result in empty strings,
+arithmetic expression evaluation treats
+those as expressions that evaluate to 0.
@end table
@node Shell Arithmetic
associative arrays use arbitrary strings.
Unless otherwise noted, indexed array indices must be non-negative integers.
-An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned to
-using the syntax
+The shell performs
+parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion,
+command substitution, and quote removal
+on indexed array subscripts.
+Since this
+can potentially result in empty strings,
+subscript indexing treats
+those as expressions that evaluate to 0.
+
+The shell performs
+tilde expansion,
+parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion,
+command substitution, and quote removal
+on associative array subscripts.
+Empty strings cannot be used as associative array keys.
+
+Bash automatically creates an indexed array
+if any variable is assigned to using the syntax
@example
@var{name}[@var{subscript}]=@var{value}
@end example
each process has a @dfn{process group @sc{id}}, and
the operating system maintains the notion of a current terminal
process group @sc{id}.
+This terminal process group @sc{id} is associated with the
+@dfn{controlling terminal}.
+
Processes that have the same process group ID are said to be part of
the same @dfn{process group}.
Members of the foreground process group (processes whose
Processes in the foreground process group are said to be
foreground processes.
Background processes
-are those whose process group @sc{id} differs from the terminal's;
+are those whose process group @sc{id} differs from the
+controlling terminal's;
such processes are immune to keyboard-generated signals.
-Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or, if
-the user so specifies with @code{stty tostop}, write to the terminal.
-Background processes which attempt to
-read from (write to when @code{tostop} is in effect) the
-terminal are sent a @code{SIGTTIN} (@code{SIGTTOU})
-signal by the kernel's terminal driver,
+Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or,
+if the user so specifies with
+@code{stty tostop},
+write to the controlling terminal.
+The system sends a
+@code{SIGTTIN} (@code{SIGTTOU})
+signal to background processes which attempt to
+read from (write to when @code{tostop} is in effect)
+the terminal,
which, unless caught, suspends the process.
If the operating system on which Bash is running supports
@numsubsecentry{Compound Commands}{3.2.5}{Compound Commands}{11}
@numsubsubsecentry{Looping Constructs}{3.2.5.1}{Looping Constructs}{12}
@numsubsubsecentry{Conditional Constructs}{3.2.5.2}{Conditional Constructs}{12}
-@numsubsubsecentry{Grouping Commands}{3.2.5.3}{Command Grouping}{17}
+@numsubsubsecentry{Grouping Commands}{3.2.5.3}{Command Grouping}{18}
@numsubsecentry{Coprocesses}{3.2.6}{Coprocesses}{18}
@numsubsecentry{GNU Parallel}{3.2.7}{GNU Parallel}{19}
@numsecentry{Shell Functions}{3.3}{Shell Functions}{19}
@numsubsecentry{Brace Expansion}{3.5.1}{Brace Expansion}{25}
@numsubsecentry{Tilde Expansion}{3.5.2}{Tilde Expansion}{26}
@numsubsecentry{Shell Parameter Expansion}{3.5.3}{Shell Parameter Expansion}{27}
-@numsubsecentry{Command Substitution}{3.5.4}{Command Substitution}{35}
-@numsubsecentry{Arithmetic Expansion}{3.5.5}{Arithmetic Expansion}{36}
+@numsubsecentry{Command Substitution}{3.5.4}{Command Substitution}{36}
+@numsubsecentry{Arithmetic Expansion}{3.5.5}{Arithmetic Expansion}{37}
@numsubsecentry{Process Substitution}{3.5.6}{Process Substitution}{37}
-@numsubsecentry{Word Splitting}{3.5.7}{Word Splitting}{37}
-@numsubsecentry{Filename Expansion}{3.5.8}{Filename Expansion}{38}
-@numsubsubsecentry{Pattern Matching}{3.5.8.1}{Pattern Matching}{38}
-@numsubsecentry{Quote Removal}{3.5.9}{Quote Removal}{40}
-@numsecentry{Redirections}{3.6}{Redirections}{40}
+@numsubsecentry{Word Splitting}{3.5.7}{Word Splitting}{38}
+@numsubsecentry{Filename Expansion}{3.5.8}{Filename Expansion}{39}
+@numsubsubsecentry{Pattern Matching}{3.5.8.1}{Pattern Matching}{39}
+@numsubsecentry{Quote Removal}{3.5.9}{Quote Removal}{41}
+@numsecentry{Redirections}{3.6}{Redirections}{41}
@numsubsecentry{Redirecting Input}{3.6.1}{}{42}
-@numsubsecentry{Redirecting Output}{3.6.2}{}{42}
-@numsubsecentry{Appending Redirected Output}{3.6.3}{}{42}
-@numsubsecentry{Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error}{3.6.4}{}{42}
-@numsubsecentry{Appending Standard Output and Standard Error}{3.6.5}{}{42}
-@numsubsecentry{Here Documents}{3.6.6}{}{43}
-@numsubsecentry{Here Strings}{3.6.7}{}{43}
-@numsubsecentry{Duplicating File Descriptors}{3.6.8}{}{43}
-@numsubsecentry{Moving File Descriptors}{3.6.9}{}{44}
-@numsubsecentry{Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing}{3.6.10}{}{44}
-@numsecentry{Executing Commands}{3.7}{Executing Commands}{44}
-@numsubsecentry{Simple Command Expansion}{3.7.1}{Simple Command Expansion}{44}
-@numsubsecentry{Command Search and Execution}{3.7.2}{Command Search and Execution}{45}
-@numsubsecentry{Command Execution Environment}{3.7.3}{Command Execution Environment}{45}
+@numsubsecentry{Redirecting Output}{3.6.2}{}{43}
+@numsubsecentry{Appending Redirected Output}{3.6.3}{}{43}
+@numsubsecentry{Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error}{3.6.4}{}{43}
+@numsubsecentry{Appending Standard Output and Standard Error}{3.6.5}{}{43}
+@numsubsecentry{Here Documents}{3.6.6}{}{44}
+@numsubsecentry{Here Strings}{3.6.7}{}{44}
+@numsubsecentry{Duplicating File Descriptors}{3.6.8}{}{44}
+@numsubsecentry{Moving File Descriptors}{3.6.9}{}{45}
+@numsubsecentry{Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing}{3.6.10}{}{45}
+@numsecentry{Executing Commands}{3.7}{Executing Commands}{45}
+@numsubsecentry{Simple Command Expansion}{3.7.1}{Simple Command Expansion}{45}
+@numsubsecentry{Command Search and Execution}{3.7.2}{Command Search and Execution}{46}
+@numsubsecentry{Command Execution Environment}{3.7.3}{Command Execution Environment}{46}
@numsubsecentry{Environment}{3.7.4}{Environment}{47}
-@numsubsecentry{Exit Status}{3.7.5}{Exit Status}{47}
-@numsubsecentry{Signals}{3.7.6}{Signals}{48}
-@numsecentry{Shell Scripts}{3.8}{Shell Scripts}{49}
-@numchapentry{Shell Builtin Commands}{4}{Shell Builtin Commands}{51}
-@numsecentry{Bourne Shell Builtins}{4.1}{Bourne Shell Builtins}{51}
-@numsecentry{Bash Builtin Commands}{4.2}{Bash Builtins}{60}
-@numsecentry{Modifying Shell Behavior}{4.3}{Modifying Shell Behavior}{72}
-@numsubsecentry{The Set Builtin}{4.3.1}{The Set Builtin}{73}
-@numsubsecentry{The Shopt Builtin}{4.3.2}{The Shopt Builtin}{77}
-@numsecentry{Special Builtins}{4.4}{Special Builtins}{84}
-@numchapentry{Shell Variables}{5}{Shell Variables}{85}
-@numsecentry{Bourne Shell Variables}{5.1}{Bourne Shell Variables}{85}
-@numsecentry{Bash Variables}{5.2}{Bash Variables}{86}
-@numchapentry{Bash Features}{6}{Bash Features}{99}
-@numsecentry{Invoking Bash}{6.1}{Invoking Bash}{99}
-@numsecentry{Bash Startup Files}{6.2}{Bash Startup Files}{101}
-@numsecentry{Interactive Shells}{6.3}{Interactive Shells}{103}
-@numsubsecentry{What is an Interactive Shell?}{6.3.1}{What is an Interactive Shell?}{103}
-@numsubsecentry{Is this Shell Interactive?}{6.3.2}{Is this Shell Interactive?}{103}
-@numsubsecentry{Interactive Shell Behavior}{6.3.3}{Interactive Shell Behavior}{103}
-@numsecentry{Bash Conditional Expressions}{6.4}{Bash Conditional Expressions}{104}
-@numsecentry{Shell Arithmetic}{6.5}{Shell Arithmetic}{106}
-@numsecentry{Aliases}{6.6}{Aliases}{108}
-@numsecentry{Arrays}{6.7}{Arrays}{109}
-@numsecentry{The Directory Stack}{6.8}{The Directory Stack}{111}
-@numsubsecentry{Directory Stack Builtins}{6.8.1}{Directory Stack Builtins}{111}
-@numsecentry{Controlling the Prompt}{6.9}{Controlling the Prompt}{112}
-@numsecentry{The Restricted Shell}{6.10}{The Restricted Shell}{114}
-@numsecentry{Bash and POSIX}{6.11}{Bash POSIX Mode}{115}
-@numsubsecentry{What is POSIX?}{6.11.1}{}{115}
-@numsubsecentry{Bash POSIX Mode}{6.11.2}{}{115}
-@numsecentry{Shell Compatibility Mode}{6.12}{Shell Compatibility Mode}{120}
-@numchapentry{Job Control}{7}{Job Control}{123}
-@numsecentry{Job Control Basics}{7.1}{Job Control Basics}{123}
-@numsecentry{Job Control Builtins}{7.2}{Job Control Builtins}{124}
-@numsecentry{Job Control Variables}{7.3}{Job Control Variables}{127}
-@numchapentry{Command Line Editing}{8}{Command Line Editing}{128}
-@numsecentry{Introduction to Line Editing}{8.1}{Introduction and Notation}{128}
-@numsecentry{Readline Interaction}{8.2}{Readline Interaction}{128}
-@numsubsecentry{Readline Bare Essentials}{8.2.1}{Readline Bare Essentials}{129}
-@numsubsecentry{Readline Movement Commands}{8.2.2}{Readline Movement Commands}{129}
-@numsubsecentry{Readline Killing Commands}{8.2.3}{Readline Killing Commands}{130}
-@numsubsecentry{Readline Arguments}{8.2.4}{Readline Arguments}{130}
-@numsubsecentry{Searching for Commands in the History}{8.2.5}{Searching}{131}
-@numsecentry{Readline Init File}{8.3}{Readline Init File}{131}
-@numsubsecentry{Readline Init File Syntax}{8.3.1}{Readline Init File Syntax}{131}
-@numsubsecentry{Conditional Init Constructs}{8.3.2}{Conditional Init Constructs}{141}
-@numsubsecentry{Sample Init File}{8.3.3}{Sample Init File}{142}
-@numsecentry{Bindable Readline Commands}{8.4}{Bindable Readline Commands}{145}
-@numsubsecentry{Commands For Moving}{8.4.1}{Commands For Moving}{145}
-@numsubsecentry{Commands For Manipulating The History}{8.4.2}{Commands For History}{146}
-@numsubsecentry{Commands For Changing Text}{8.4.3}{Commands For Text}{148}
-@numsubsecentry{Killing And Yanking}{8.4.4}{Commands For Killing}{149}
-@numsubsecentry{Specifying Numeric Arguments}{8.4.5}{Numeric Arguments}{151}
-@numsubsecentry{Letting Readline Type For You}{8.4.6}{Commands For Completion}{151}
-@numsubsecentry{Keyboard Macros}{8.4.7}{Keyboard Macros}{153}
-@numsubsecentry{Some Miscellaneous Commands}{8.4.8}{Miscellaneous Commands}{153}
-@numsecentry{Readline vi Mode}{8.5}{Readline vi Mode}{156}
-@numsecentry{Programmable Completion}{8.6}{Programmable Completion}{156}
-@numsecentry{Programmable Completion Builtins}{8.7}{Programmable Completion Builtins}{159}
-@numsecentry{A Programmable Completion Example}{8.8}{A Programmable Completion Example}{163}
-@numchapentry{Using History Interactively}{9}{Using History Interactively}{166}
-@numsecentry{Bash History Facilities}{9.1}{Bash History Facilities}{166}
-@numsecentry{Bash History Builtins}{9.2}{Bash History Builtins}{167}
-@numsecentry{History Expansion}{9.3}{History Interaction}{169}
-@numsubsecentry{Event Designators}{9.3.1}{Event Designators}{170}
-@numsubsecentry{Word Designators}{9.3.2}{Word Designators}{171}
-@numsubsecentry{Modifiers}{9.3.3}{Modifiers}{172}
-@numchapentry{Installing Bash}{10}{Installing Bash}{173}
-@numsecentry{Basic Installation}{10.1}{Basic Installation}{173}
-@numsecentry{Compilers and Options}{10.2}{Compilers and Options}{174}
-@numsecentry{Compiling For Multiple Architectures}{10.3}{Compiling For Multiple Architectures}{174}
-@numsecentry{Installation Names}{10.4}{Installation Names}{175}
-@numsecentry{Specifying the System Type}{10.5}{Specifying the System Type}{175}
-@numsecentry{Sharing Defaults}{10.6}{Sharing Defaults}{175}
-@numsecentry{Operation Controls}{10.7}{Operation Controls}{176}
-@numsecentry{Optional Features}{10.8}{Optional Features}{176}
-@appentry{Reporting Bugs}{A}{Reporting Bugs}{182}
-@appentry{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell}{B}{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell}{183}
-@appsecentry{Implementation Differences From The SVR4.2 Shell}{B.1}{}{188}
-@appentry{GNU Free Documentation License}{C}{GNU Free Documentation License}{190}
-@appentry{Indexes}{D}{Indexes}{198}
-@appsecentry{Index of Shell Builtin Commands}{D.1}{Builtin Index}{198}
-@appsecentry{Index of Shell Reserved Words}{D.2}{Reserved Word Index}{199}
-@appsecentry{Parameter and Variable Index}{D.3}{Variable Index}{200}
-@appsecentry{Function Index}{D.4}{Function Index}{202}
-@appsecentry{Concept Index}{D.5}{Concept Index}{204}
+@numsubsecentry{Exit Status}{3.7.5}{Exit Status}{48}
+@numsubsecentry{Signals}{3.7.6}{Signals}{49}
+@numsecentry{Shell Scripts}{3.8}{Shell Scripts}{50}
+@numchapentry{Shell Builtin Commands}{4}{Shell Builtin Commands}{52}
+@numsecentry{Bourne Shell Builtins}{4.1}{Bourne Shell Builtins}{52}
+@numsecentry{Bash Builtin Commands}{4.2}{Bash Builtins}{61}
+@numsecentry{Modifying Shell Behavior}{4.3}{Modifying Shell Behavior}{73}
+@numsubsecentry{The Set Builtin}{4.3.1}{The Set Builtin}{74}
+@numsubsecentry{The Shopt Builtin}{4.3.2}{The Shopt Builtin}{78}
+@numsecentry{Special Builtins}{4.4}{Special Builtins}{85}
+@numchapentry{Shell Variables}{5}{Shell Variables}{86}
+@numsecentry{Bourne Shell Variables}{5.1}{Bourne Shell Variables}{86}
+@numsecentry{Bash Variables}{5.2}{Bash Variables}{87}
+@numchapentry{Bash Features}{6}{Bash Features}{100}
+@numsecentry{Invoking Bash}{6.1}{Invoking Bash}{100}
+@numsecentry{Bash Startup Files}{6.2}{Bash Startup Files}{102}
+@numsecentry{Interactive Shells}{6.3}{Interactive Shells}{104}
+@numsubsecentry{What is an Interactive Shell?}{6.3.1}{What is an Interactive Shell?}{104}
+@numsubsecentry{Is this Shell Interactive?}{6.3.2}{Is this Shell Interactive?}{104}
+@numsubsecentry{Interactive Shell Behavior}{6.3.3}{Interactive Shell Behavior}{104}
+@numsecentry{Bash Conditional Expressions}{6.4}{Bash Conditional Expressions}{105}
+@numsecentry{Shell Arithmetic}{6.5}{Shell Arithmetic}{107}
+@numsecentry{Aliases}{6.6}{Aliases}{109}
+@numsecentry{Arrays}{6.7}{Arrays}{110}
+@numsecentry{The Directory Stack}{6.8}{The Directory Stack}{112}
+@numsubsecentry{Directory Stack Builtins}{6.8.1}{Directory Stack Builtins}{112}
+@numsecentry{Controlling the Prompt}{6.9}{Controlling the Prompt}{114}
+@numsecentry{The Restricted Shell}{6.10}{The Restricted Shell}{115}
+@numsecentry{Bash and POSIX}{6.11}{Bash POSIX Mode}{116}
+@numsubsecentry{What is POSIX?}{6.11.1}{}{116}
+@numsubsecentry{Bash POSIX Mode}{6.11.2}{}{116}
+@numsecentry{Shell Compatibility Mode}{6.12}{Shell Compatibility Mode}{121}
+@numchapentry{Job Control}{7}{Job Control}{125}
+@numsecentry{Job Control Basics}{7.1}{Job Control Basics}{125}
+@numsecentry{Job Control Builtins}{7.2}{Job Control Builtins}{126}
+@numsecentry{Job Control Variables}{7.3}{Job Control Variables}{129}
+@numchapentry{Command Line Editing}{8}{Command Line Editing}{130}
+@numsecentry{Introduction to Line Editing}{8.1}{Introduction and Notation}{130}
+@numsecentry{Readline Interaction}{8.2}{Readline Interaction}{130}
+@numsubsecentry{Readline Bare Essentials}{8.2.1}{Readline Bare Essentials}{131}
+@numsubsecentry{Readline Movement Commands}{8.2.2}{Readline Movement Commands}{131}
+@numsubsecentry{Readline Killing Commands}{8.2.3}{Readline Killing Commands}{132}
+@numsubsecentry{Readline Arguments}{8.2.4}{Readline Arguments}{132}
+@numsubsecentry{Searching for Commands in the History}{8.2.5}{Searching}{133}
+@numsecentry{Readline Init File}{8.3}{Readline Init File}{133}
+@numsubsecentry{Readline Init File Syntax}{8.3.1}{Readline Init File Syntax}{133}
+@numsubsecentry{Conditional Init Constructs}{8.3.2}{Conditional Init Constructs}{143}
+@numsubsecentry{Sample Init File}{8.3.3}{Sample Init File}{144}
+@numsecentry{Bindable Readline Commands}{8.4}{Bindable Readline Commands}{147}
+@numsubsecentry{Commands For Moving}{8.4.1}{Commands For Moving}{147}
+@numsubsecentry{Commands For Manipulating The History}{8.4.2}{Commands For History}{148}
+@numsubsecentry{Commands For Changing Text}{8.4.3}{Commands For Text}{150}
+@numsubsecentry{Killing And Yanking}{8.4.4}{Commands For Killing}{151}
+@numsubsecentry{Specifying Numeric Arguments}{8.4.5}{Numeric Arguments}{153}
+@numsubsecentry{Letting Readline Type For You}{8.4.6}{Commands For Completion}{153}
+@numsubsecentry{Keyboard Macros}{8.4.7}{Keyboard Macros}{155}
+@numsubsecentry{Some Miscellaneous Commands}{8.4.8}{Miscellaneous Commands}{155}
+@numsecentry{Readline vi Mode}{8.5}{Readline vi Mode}{158}
+@numsecentry{Programmable Completion}{8.6}{Programmable Completion}{158}
+@numsecentry{Programmable Completion Builtins}{8.7}{Programmable Completion Builtins}{161}
+@numsecentry{A Programmable Completion Example}{8.8}{A Programmable Completion Example}{165}
+@numchapentry{Using History Interactively}{9}{Using History Interactively}{168}
+@numsecentry{Bash History Facilities}{9.1}{Bash History Facilities}{168}
+@numsecentry{Bash History Builtins}{9.2}{Bash History Builtins}{169}
+@numsecentry{History Expansion}{9.3}{History Interaction}{171}
+@numsubsecentry{Event Designators}{9.3.1}{Event Designators}{172}
+@numsubsecentry{Word Designators}{9.3.2}{Word Designators}{173}
+@numsubsecentry{Modifiers}{9.3.3}{Modifiers}{174}
+@numchapentry{Installing Bash}{10}{Installing Bash}{175}
+@numsecentry{Basic Installation}{10.1}{Basic Installation}{175}
+@numsecentry{Compilers and Options}{10.2}{Compilers and Options}{176}
+@numsecentry{Compiling For Multiple Architectures}{10.3}{Compiling For Multiple Architectures}{176}
+@numsecentry{Installation Names}{10.4}{Installation Names}{177}
+@numsecentry{Specifying the System Type}{10.5}{Specifying the System Type}{177}
+@numsecentry{Sharing Defaults}{10.6}{Sharing Defaults}{177}
+@numsecentry{Operation Controls}{10.7}{Operation Controls}{178}
+@numsecentry{Optional Features}{10.8}{Optional Features}{178}
+@appentry{Reporting Bugs}{A}{Reporting Bugs}{184}
+@appentry{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell}{B}{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell}{185}
+@appsecentry{Implementation Differences From The SVR4.2 Shell}{B.1}{}{190}
+@appentry{GNU Free Documentation License}{C}{GNU Free Documentation License}{192}
+@appentry{Indexes}{D}{Indexes}{200}
+@appsecentry{Index of Shell Builtin Commands}{D.1}{Builtin Index}{200}
+@appsecentry{Index of Shell Reserved Words}{D.2}{Reserved Word Index}{201}
+@appsecentry{Parameter and Variable Index}{D.3}{Variable Index}{202}
+@appsecentry{Function Index}{D.4}{Function Index}{204}
+@appsecentry{Concept Index}{D.5}{Concept Index}{206}
\entry{LC_MESSAGES}{8}{\code {LC_MESSAGES}}
\entry{TEXTDOMAIN}{8}{\code {TEXTDOMAIN}}
\entry{TEXTDOMAINDIR}{8}{\code {TEXTDOMAINDIR}}
-\entry{*}{23}{\code {*}}
-\entry{$*}{23}{\code {$*}}
+\entry{*}{24}{\code {*}}
+\entry{$*}{24}{\code {$*}}
\entry{@}{24}{\code {@}}
\entry{$@}{24}{\code {$@}}
\entry{#}{24}{\code {#}}
\entry{$!}{24}{\code {$!}}
\entry{0}{24}{\code {0}}
\entry{$0}{24}{\code {$0}}
-\entry{CDPATH}{85}{\code {CDPATH}}
-\entry{HOME}{85}{\code {HOME}}
-\entry{IFS}{85}{\code {IFS}}
-\entry{MAIL}{85}{\code {MAIL}}
-\entry{MAILPATH}{85}{\code {MAILPATH}}
-\entry{OPTARG}{85}{\code {OPTARG}}
-\entry{OPTIND}{85}{\code {OPTIND}}
-\entry{PATH}{85}{\code {PATH}}
-\entry{PS1}{85}{\code {PS1}}
-\entry{PS2}{85}{\code {PS2}}
-\entry{_}{86}{\code {_}}
-\entry{$_}{86}{\code {$_}}
-\entry{BASH}{86}{\code {BASH}}
-\entry{BASHOPTS}{86}{\code {BASHOPTS}}
-\entry{BASHPID}{86}{\code {BASHPID}}
-\entry{BASH_ALIASES}{86}{\code {BASH_ALIASES}}
-\entry{BASH_ARGC}{86}{\code {BASH_ARGC}}
-\entry{BASH_ARGV}{86}{\code {BASH_ARGV}}
-\entry{BASH_ARGV0}{87}{\code {BASH_ARGV0}}
-\entry{BASH_CMDS}{87}{\code {BASH_CMDS}}
-\entry{BASH_COMMAND}{87}{\code {BASH_COMMAND}}
-\entry{BASH_COMPAT}{87}{\code {BASH_COMPAT}}
-\entry{BASH_ENV}{87}{\code {BASH_ENV}}
-\entry{BASH_EXECUTION_STRING}{87}{\code {BASH_EXECUTION_STRING}}
-\entry{BASH_LINENO}{88}{\code {BASH_LINENO}}
-\entry{BASH_LOADABLES_PATH}{88}{\code {BASH_LOADABLES_PATH}}
-\entry{BASH_MONOSECONDS}{88}{\code {BASH_MONOSECONDS}}
-\entry{BASH_REMATCH}{88}{\code {BASH_REMATCH}}
-\entry{BASH_SOURCE}{88}{\code {BASH_SOURCE}}
-\entry{BASH_SUBSHELL}{88}{\code {BASH_SUBSHELL}}
-\entry{BASH_TRAPSIG}{88}{\code {BASH_TRAPSIG}}
-\entry{BASH_VERSINFO}{88}{\code {BASH_VERSINFO}}
-\entry{BASH_VERSION}{89}{\code {BASH_VERSION}}
-\entry{BASH_XTRACEFD}{89}{\code {BASH_XTRACEFD}}
-\entry{CHILD_MAX}{89}{\code {CHILD_MAX}}
-\entry{COLUMNS}{89}{\code {COLUMNS}}
-\entry{COMP_CWORD}{89}{\code {COMP_CWORD}}
-\entry{COMP_KEY}{89}{\code {COMP_KEY}}
-\entry{COMP_LINE}{89}{\code {COMP_LINE}}
-\entry{COMP_POINT}{90}{\code {COMP_POINT}}
-\entry{COMP_TYPE}{90}{\code {COMP_TYPE}}
-\entry{COMP_WORDBREAKS}{90}{\code {COMP_WORDBREAKS}}
-\entry{COMP_WORDS}{90}{\code {COMP_WORDS}}
-\entry{COMPREPLY}{90}{\code {COMPREPLY}}
-\entry{COPROC}{90}{\code {COPROC}}
-\entry{DIRSTACK}{90}{\code {DIRSTACK}}
-\entry{EMACS}{90}{\code {EMACS}}
-\entry{ENV}{90}{\code {ENV}}
-\entry{EPOCHREALTIME}{91}{\code {EPOCHREALTIME}}
-\entry{EPOCHSECONDS}{91}{\code {EPOCHSECONDS}}
-\entry{EUID}{91}{\code {EUID}}
-\entry{EXECIGNORE}{91}{\code {EXECIGNORE}}
-\entry{FCEDIT}{91}{\code {FCEDIT}}
-\entry{FIGNORE}{91}{\code {FIGNORE}}
-\entry{FUNCNAME}{91}{\code {FUNCNAME}}
-\entry{FUNCNEST}{91}{\code {FUNCNEST}}
-\entry{GLOBIGNORE}{91}{\code {GLOBIGNORE}}
-\entry{GLOBSORT}{92}{\code {GLOBSORT}}
-\entry{GROUPS}{92}{\code {GROUPS}}
-\entry{histchars}{92}{\code {histchars}}
-\entry{HISTCMD}{92}{\code {HISTCMD}}
-\entry{HISTCONTROL}{93}{\code {HISTCONTROL}}
-\entry{HISTFILE}{93}{\code {HISTFILE}}
-\entry{HISTFILESIZE}{93}{\code {HISTFILESIZE}}
-\entry{HISTIGNORE}{93}{\code {HISTIGNORE}}
-\entry{HISTSIZE}{93}{\code {HISTSIZE}}
-\entry{HISTTIMEFORMAT}{94}{\code {HISTTIMEFORMAT}}
-\entry{HOSTFILE}{94}{\code {HOSTFILE}}
-\entry{HOSTNAME}{94}{\code {HOSTNAME}}
-\entry{HOSTTYPE}{94}{\code {HOSTTYPE}}
-\entry{IGNOREEOF}{94}{\code {IGNOREEOF}}
-\entry{INPUTRC}{94}{\code {INPUTRC}}
-\entry{INSIDE_EMACS}{94}{\code {INSIDE_EMACS}}
-\entry{LANG}{94}{\code {LANG}}
-\entry{LC_ALL}{94}{\code {LC_ALL}}
-\entry{LC_COLLATE}{94}{\code {LC_COLLATE}}
-\entry{LC_CTYPE}{95}{\code {LC_CTYPE}}
-\entry{LC_MESSAGES}{95}{\code {LC_MESSAGES}}
-\entry{LC_NUMERIC}{95}{\code {LC_NUMERIC}}
-\entry{LC_TIME}{95}{\code {LC_TIME}}
-\entry{LINENO}{95}{\code {LINENO}}
-\entry{LINES}{95}{\code {LINES}}
-\entry{MACHTYPE}{95}{\code {MACHTYPE}}
-\entry{MAILCHECK}{95}{\code {MAILCHECK}}
-\entry{MAPFILE}{95}{\code {MAPFILE}}
-\entry{OLDPWD}{95}{\code {OLDPWD}}
-\entry{OPTERR}{95}{\code {OPTERR}}
-\entry{OSTYPE}{95}{\code {OSTYPE}}
-\entry{PIPESTATUS}{95}{\code {PIPESTATUS}}
-\entry{POSIXLY_CORRECT}{95}{\code {POSIXLY_CORRECT}}
-\entry{PPID}{96}{\code {PPID}}
-\entry{PROMPT_COMMAND}{96}{\code {PROMPT_COMMAND}}
-\entry{PROMPT_DIRTRIM}{96}{\code {PROMPT_DIRTRIM}}
-\entry{PS0}{96}{\code {PS0}}
-\entry{PS3}{96}{\code {PS3}}
-\entry{PS4}{96}{\code {PS4}}
-\entry{PWD}{96}{\code {PWD}}
-\entry{RANDOM}{96}{\code {RANDOM}}
-\entry{READLINE_ARGUMENT}{96}{\code {READLINE_ARGUMENT}}
-\entry{READLINE_LINE}{96}{\code {READLINE_LINE}}
-\entry{READLINE_MARK}{96}{\code {READLINE_MARK}}
-\entry{READLINE_POINT}{97}{\code {READLINE_POINT}}
-\entry{REPLY}{97}{\code {REPLY}}
-\entry{SECONDS}{97}{\code {SECONDS}}
-\entry{SHELL}{97}{\code {SHELL}}
-\entry{SHELLOPTS}{97}{\code {SHELLOPTS}}
-\entry{SHLVL}{97}{\code {SHLVL}}
-\entry{SRANDOM}{97}{\code {SRANDOM}}
-\entry{TIMEFORMAT}{97}{\code {TIMEFORMAT}}
-\entry{TMOUT}{98}{\code {TMOUT}}
-\entry{TMPDIR}{98}{\code {TMPDIR}}
-\entry{UID}{98}{\code {UID}}
-\entry{auto_resume}{127}{\code {auto_resume}}
-\entry{active-region-start-color}{132}{\code {active-region-start-color}}
-\entry{active-region-end-color}{132}{\code {active-region-end-color}}
-\entry{bell-style}{132}{\code {bell-style}}
-\entry{bind-tty-special-chars}{133}{\code {bind-tty-special-chars}}
-\entry{blink-matching-paren}{133}{\code {blink-matching-paren}}
-\entry{colored-completion-prefix}{133}{\code {colored-completion-prefix}}
-\entry{colored-stats}{133}{\code {colored-stats}}
-\entry{comment-begin}{133}{\code {comment-begin}}
-\entry{completion-display-width}{133}{\code {completion-display-width}}
-\entry{completion-ignore-case}{133}{\code {completion-ignore-case}}
-\entry{completion-map-case}{133}{\code {completion-map-case}}
-\entry{completion-prefix-display-length}{133}{\code {completion-prefix-display-length}}
-\entry{completion-query-items}{134}{\code {completion-query-items}}
-\entry{convert-meta}{134}{\code {convert-meta}}
-\entry{disable-completion}{134}{\code {disable-completion}}
-\entry{echo-control-characters}{134}{\code {echo-control-characters}}
-\entry{editing-mode}{134}{\code {editing-mode}}
-\entry{emacs-mode-string}{134}{\code {emacs-mode-string}}
-\entry{enable-active-region The}{135}{\code {enable-active-region The}}
-\entry{enable-bracketed-paste}{135}{\code {enable-bracketed-paste}}
-\entry{enable-keypad}{135}{\code {enable-keypad}}
-\entry{enable-meta-key}{135}{\code {enable-meta-key}}
-\entry{expand-tilde}{135}{\code {expand-tilde}}
-\entry{force-meta-prefix}{135}{\code {force-meta-prefix}}
-\entry{history-preserve-point}{136}{\code {history-preserve-point}}
-\entry{history-size}{136}{\code {history-size}}
-\entry{horizontal-scroll-mode}{136}{\code {horizontal-scroll-mode}}
-\entry{input-meta}{136}{\code {input-meta}}
-\entry{meta-flag}{136}{\code {meta-flag}}
-\entry{isearch-terminators}{136}{\code {isearch-terminators}}
-\entry{keymap}{136}{\code {keymap}}
-\entry{mark-modified-lines}{137}{\code {mark-modified-lines}}
-\entry{mark-symlinked-directories}{137}{\code {mark-symlinked-directories}}
-\entry{match-hidden-files}{137}{\code {match-hidden-files}}
-\entry{menu-complete-display-prefix}{137}{\code {menu-complete-display-prefix}}
-\entry{output-meta}{137}{\code {output-meta}}
-\entry{page-completions}{137}{\code {page-completions}}
-\entry{revert-all-at-newline}{138}{\code {revert-all-at-newline}}
-\entry{search-ignore-case}{138}{\code {search-ignore-case}}
-\entry{show-all-if-ambiguous}{138}{\code {show-all-if-ambiguous}}
-\entry{show-all-if-unmodified}{138}{\code {show-all-if-unmodified}}
-\entry{show-mode-in-prompt}{138}{\code {show-mode-in-prompt}}
-\entry{skip-completed-text}{138}{\code {skip-completed-text}}
-\entry{vi-cmd-mode-string}{138}{\code {vi-cmd-mode-string}}
-\entry{vi-ins-mode-string}{139}{\code {vi-ins-mode-string}}
-\entry{visible-stats}{139}{\code {visible-stats}}
+\entry{CDPATH}{86}{\code {CDPATH}}
+\entry{HOME}{86}{\code {HOME}}
+\entry{IFS}{86}{\code {IFS}}
+\entry{MAIL}{86}{\code {MAIL}}
+\entry{MAILPATH}{86}{\code {MAILPATH}}
+\entry{OPTARG}{86}{\code {OPTARG}}
+\entry{OPTIND}{86}{\code {OPTIND}}
+\entry{PATH}{86}{\code {PATH}}
+\entry{PS1}{86}{\code {PS1}}
+\entry{PS2}{86}{\code {PS2}}
+\entry{_}{87}{\code {_}}
+\entry{$_}{87}{\code {$_}}
+\entry{BASH}{87}{\code {BASH}}
+\entry{BASHOPTS}{87}{\code {BASHOPTS}}
+\entry{BASHPID}{87}{\code {BASHPID}}
+\entry{BASH_ALIASES}{87}{\code {BASH_ALIASES}}
+\entry{BASH_ARGC}{87}{\code {BASH_ARGC}}
+\entry{BASH_ARGV}{88}{\code {BASH_ARGV}}
+\entry{BASH_ARGV0}{88}{\code {BASH_ARGV0}}
+\entry{BASH_CMDS}{88}{\code {BASH_CMDS}}
+\entry{BASH_COMMAND}{88}{\code {BASH_COMMAND}}
+\entry{BASH_COMPAT}{88}{\code {BASH_COMPAT}}
+\entry{BASH_ENV}{88}{\code {BASH_ENV}}
+\entry{BASH_EXECUTION_STRING}{89}{\code {BASH_EXECUTION_STRING}}
+\entry{BASH_LINENO}{89}{\code {BASH_LINENO}}
+\entry{BASH_LOADABLES_PATH}{89}{\code {BASH_LOADABLES_PATH}}
+\entry{BASH_MONOSECONDS}{89}{\code {BASH_MONOSECONDS}}
+\entry{BASH_REMATCH}{89}{\code {BASH_REMATCH}}
+\entry{BASH_SOURCE}{89}{\code {BASH_SOURCE}}
+\entry{BASH_SUBSHELL}{89}{\code {BASH_SUBSHELL}}
+\entry{BASH_TRAPSIG}{89}{\code {BASH_TRAPSIG}}
+\entry{BASH_VERSINFO}{89}{\code {BASH_VERSINFO}}
+\entry{BASH_VERSION}{90}{\code {BASH_VERSION}}
+\entry{BASH_XTRACEFD}{90}{\code {BASH_XTRACEFD}}
+\entry{CHILD_MAX}{90}{\code {CHILD_MAX}}
+\entry{COLUMNS}{90}{\code {COLUMNS}}
+\entry{COMP_CWORD}{90}{\code {COMP_CWORD}}
+\entry{COMP_KEY}{90}{\code {COMP_KEY}}
+\entry{COMP_LINE}{91}{\code {COMP_LINE}}
+\entry{COMP_POINT}{91}{\code {COMP_POINT}}
+\entry{COMP_TYPE}{91}{\code {COMP_TYPE}}
+\entry{COMP_WORDBREAKS}{91}{\code {COMP_WORDBREAKS}}
+\entry{COMP_WORDS}{91}{\code {COMP_WORDS}}
+\entry{COMPREPLY}{91}{\code {COMPREPLY}}
+\entry{COPROC}{91}{\code {COPROC}}
+\entry{DIRSTACK}{91}{\code {DIRSTACK}}
+\entry{EMACS}{92}{\code {EMACS}}
+\entry{ENV}{92}{\code {ENV}}
+\entry{EPOCHREALTIME}{92}{\code {EPOCHREALTIME}}
+\entry{EPOCHSECONDS}{92}{\code {EPOCHSECONDS}}
+\entry{EUID}{92}{\code {EUID}}
+\entry{EXECIGNORE}{92}{\code {EXECIGNORE}}
+\entry{FCEDIT}{92}{\code {FCEDIT}}
+\entry{FIGNORE}{92}{\code {FIGNORE}}
+\entry{FUNCNAME}{92}{\code {FUNCNAME}}
+\entry{FUNCNEST}{93}{\code {FUNCNEST}}
+\entry{GLOBIGNORE}{93}{\code {GLOBIGNORE}}
+\entry{GLOBSORT}{93}{\code {GLOBSORT}}
+\entry{GROUPS}{93}{\code {GROUPS}}
+\entry{histchars}{93}{\code {histchars}}
+\entry{HISTCMD}{94}{\code {HISTCMD}}
+\entry{HISTCONTROL}{94}{\code {HISTCONTROL}}
+\entry{HISTFILE}{94}{\code {HISTFILE}}
+\entry{HISTFILESIZE}{94}{\code {HISTFILESIZE}}
+\entry{HISTIGNORE}{94}{\code {HISTIGNORE}}
+\entry{HISTSIZE}{95}{\code {HISTSIZE}}
+\entry{HISTTIMEFORMAT}{95}{\code {HISTTIMEFORMAT}}
+\entry{HOSTFILE}{95}{\code {HOSTFILE}}
+\entry{HOSTNAME}{95}{\code {HOSTNAME}}
+\entry{HOSTTYPE}{95}{\code {HOSTTYPE}}
+\entry{IGNOREEOF}{95}{\code {IGNOREEOF}}
+\entry{INPUTRC}{95}{\code {INPUTRC}}
+\entry{INSIDE_EMACS}{95}{\code {INSIDE_EMACS}}
+\entry{LANG}{95}{\code {LANG}}
+\entry{LC_ALL}{95}{\code {LC_ALL}}
+\entry{LC_COLLATE}{96}{\code {LC_COLLATE}}
+\entry{LC_CTYPE}{96}{\code {LC_CTYPE}}
+\entry{LC_MESSAGES}{96}{\code {LC_MESSAGES}}
+\entry{LC_NUMERIC}{96}{\code {LC_NUMERIC}}
+\entry{LC_TIME}{96}{\code {LC_TIME}}
+\entry{LINENO}{96}{\code {LINENO}}
+\entry{LINES}{96}{\code {LINES}}
+\entry{MACHTYPE}{96}{\code {MACHTYPE}}
+\entry{MAILCHECK}{96}{\code {MAILCHECK}}
+\entry{MAPFILE}{96}{\code {MAPFILE}}
+\entry{OLDPWD}{96}{\code {OLDPWD}}
+\entry{OPTERR}{96}{\code {OPTERR}}
+\entry{OSTYPE}{96}{\code {OSTYPE}}
+\entry{PIPESTATUS}{96}{\code {PIPESTATUS}}
+\entry{POSIXLY_CORRECT}{97}{\code {POSIXLY_CORRECT}}
+\entry{PPID}{97}{\code {PPID}}
+\entry{PROMPT_COMMAND}{97}{\code {PROMPT_COMMAND}}
+\entry{PROMPT_DIRTRIM}{97}{\code {PROMPT_DIRTRIM}}
+\entry{PS0}{97}{\code {PS0}}
+\entry{PS3}{97}{\code {PS3}}
+\entry{PS4}{97}{\code {PS4}}
+\entry{PWD}{97}{\code {PWD}}
+\entry{RANDOM}{97}{\code {RANDOM}}
+\entry{READLINE_ARGUMENT}{97}{\code {READLINE_ARGUMENT}}
+\entry{READLINE_LINE}{97}{\code {READLINE_LINE}}
+\entry{READLINE_MARK}{98}{\code {READLINE_MARK}}
+\entry{READLINE_POINT}{98}{\code {READLINE_POINT}}
+\entry{REPLY}{98}{\code {REPLY}}
+\entry{SECONDS}{98}{\code {SECONDS}}
+\entry{SHELL}{98}{\code {SHELL}}
+\entry{SHELLOPTS}{98}{\code {SHELLOPTS}}
+\entry{SHLVL}{98}{\code {SHLVL}}
+\entry{SRANDOM}{98}{\code {SRANDOM}}
+\entry{TIMEFORMAT}{98}{\code {TIMEFORMAT}}
+\entry{TMOUT}{99}{\code {TMOUT}}
+\entry{TMPDIR}{99}{\code {TMPDIR}}
+\entry{UID}{99}{\code {UID}}
+\entry{auto_resume}{129}{\code {auto_resume}}
+\entry{active-region-start-color}{134}{\code {active-region-start-color}}
+\entry{active-region-end-color}{134}{\code {active-region-end-color}}
+\entry{bell-style}{134}{\code {bell-style}}
+\entry{bind-tty-special-chars}{135}{\code {bind-tty-special-chars}}
+\entry{blink-matching-paren}{135}{\code {blink-matching-paren}}
+\entry{colored-completion-prefix}{135}{\code {colored-completion-prefix}}
+\entry{colored-stats}{135}{\code {colored-stats}}
+\entry{comment-begin}{135}{\code {comment-begin}}
+\entry{completion-display-width}{135}{\code {completion-display-width}}
+\entry{completion-ignore-case}{135}{\code {completion-ignore-case}}
+\entry{completion-map-case}{135}{\code {completion-map-case}}
+\entry{completion-prefix-display-length}{135}{\code {completion-prefix-display-length}}
+\entry{completion-query-items}{136}{\code {completion-query-items}}
+\entry{convert-meta}{136}{\code {convert-meta}}
+\entry{disable-completion}{136}{\code {disable-completion}}
+\entry{echo-control-characters}{136}{\code {echo-control-characters}}
+\entry{editing-mode}{136}{\code {editing-mode}}
+\entry{emacs-mode-string}{136}{\code {emacs-mode-string}}
+\entry{enable-active-region The}{137}{\code {enable-active-region The}}
+\entry{enable-bracketed-paste}{137}{\code {enable-bracketed-paste}}
+\entry{enable-keypad}{137}{\code {enable-keypad}}
+\entry{enable-meta-key}{137}{\code {enable-meta-key}}
+\entry{expand-tilde}{137}{\code {expand-tilde}}
+\entry{force-meta-prefix}{137}{\code {force-meta-prefix}}
+\entry{history-preserve-point}{138}{\code {history-preserve-point}}
+\entry{history-size}{138}{\code {history-size}}
+\entry{horizontal-scroll-mode}{138}{\code {horizontal-scroll-mode}}
+\entry{input-meta}{138}{\code {input-meta}}
+\entry{meta-flag}{138}{\code {meta-flag}}
+\entry{isearch-terminators}{138}{\code {isearch-terminators}}
+\entry{keymap}{138}{\code {keymap}}
+\entry{mark-modified-lines}{139}{\code {mark-modified-lines}}
+\entry{mark-symlinked-directories}{139}{\code {mark-symlinked-directories}}
+\entry{match-hidden-files}{139}{\code {match-hidden-files}}
+\entry{menu-complete-display-prefix}{139}{\code {menu-complete-display-prefix}}
+\entry{output-meta}{139}{\code {output-meta}}
+\entry{page-completions}{139}{\code {page-completions}}
+\entry{revert-all-at-newline}{140}{\code {revert-all-at-newline}}
+\entry{search-ignore-case}{140}{\code {search-ignore-case}}
+\entry{show-all-if-ambiguous}{140}{\code {show-all-if-ambiguous}}
+\entry{show-all-if-unmodified}{140}{\code {show-all-if-unmodified}}
+\entry{show-mode-in-prompt}{140}{\code {show-mode-in-prompt}}
+\entry{skip-completed-text}{140}{\code {skip-completed-text}}
+\entry{vi-cmd-mode-string}{140}{\code {vi-cmd-mode-string}}
+\entry{vi-ins-mode-string}{141}{\code {vi-ins-mode-string}}
+\entry{visible-stats}{141}{\code {visible-stats}}
\entry{\code {$!}}{24}
\entry{\code {$#}}{24}
\entry{\code {$$}}{24}
-\entry{\code {$*}}{23}
+\entry{\code {$*}}{24}
\entry{\code {$-}}{24}
\entry{\code {$?}}{24}
\entry{\code {$@}}{24}
-\entry{\code {$_}}{86}
+\entry{\code {$_}}{87}
\entry{\code {$0}}{24}
\initial {*}
-\entry{\code {*}}{23}
+\entry{\code {*}}{24}
\initial {-}
\entry{\code {-}}{24}
\initial {?}
\initial {@}
\entry{\code {@}}{24}
\initial {_}
-\entry{\code {_}}{86}
+\entry{\code {_}}{87}
\initial {0}
\entry{\code {0}}{24}
\initial {A}
-\entry{\code {active-region-end-color}}{132}
-\entry{\code {active-region-start-color}}{132}
-\entry{\code {auto_resume}}{127}
+\entry{\code {active-region-end-color}}{134}
+\entry{\code {active-region-start-color}}{134}
+\entry{\code {auto_resume}}{129}
\initial {B}
-\entry{\code {BASH}}{86}
-\entry{\code {BASH_ALIASES}}{86}
-\entry{\code {BASH_ARGC}}{86}
-\entry{\code {BASH_ARGV}}{86}
-\entry{\code {BASH_ARGV0}}{87}
-\entry{\code {BASH_CMDS}}{87}
-\entry{\code {BASH_COMMAND}}{87}
-\entry{\code {BASH_COMPAT}}{87}
-\entry{\code {BASH_ENV}}{87}
-\entry{\code {BASH_EXECUTION_STRING}}{87}
-\entry{\code {BASH_LINENO}}{88}
-\entry{\code {BASH_LOADABLES_PATH}}{88}
-\entry{\code {BASH_MONOSECONDS}}{88}
-\entry{\code {BASH_REMATCH}}{88}
-\entry{\code {BASH_SOURCE}}{88}
-\entry{\code {BASH_SUBSHELL}}{88}
-\entry{\code {BASH_TRAPSIG}}{88}
-\entry{\code {BASH_VERSINFO}}{88}
-\entry{\code {BASH_VERSION}}{89}
-\entry{\code {BASH_XTRACEFD}}{89}
-\entry{\code {BASHOPTS}}{86}
-\entry{\code {BASHPID}}{86}
-\entry{\code {bell-style}}{132}
-\entry{\code {bind-tty-special-chars}}{133}
-\entry{\code {blink-matching-paren}}{133}
+\entry{\code {BASH}}{87}
+\entry{\code {BASH_ALIASES}}{87}
+\entry{\code {BASH_ARGC}}{87}
+\entry{\code {BASH_ARGV}}{88}
+\entry{\code {BASH_ARGV0}}{88}
+\entry{\code {BASH_CMDS}}{88}
+\entry{\code {BASH_COMMAND}}{88}
+\entry{\code {BASH_COMPAT}}{88}
+\entry{\code {BASH_ENV}}{88}
+\entry{\code {BASH_EXECUTION_STRING}}{89}
+\entry{\code {BASH_LINENO}}{89}
+\entry{\code {BASH_LOADABLES_PATH}}{89}
+\entry{\code {BASH_MONOSECONDS}}{89}
+\entry{\code {BASH_REMATCH}}{89}
+\entry{\code {BASH_SOURCE}}{89}
+\entry{\code {BASH_SUBSHELL}}{89}
+\entry{\code {BASH_TRAPSIG}}{89}
+\entry{\code {BASH_VERSINFO}}{89}
+\entry{\code {BASH_VERSION}}{90}
+\entry{\code {BASH_XTRACEFD}}{90}
+\entry{\code {BASHOPTS}}{87}
+\entry{\code {BASHPID}}{87}
+\entry{\code {bell-style}}{134}
+\entry{\code {bind-tty-special-chars}}{135}
+\entry{\code {blink-matching-paren}}{135}
\initial {C}
-\entry{\code {CDPATH}}{85}
-\entry{\code {CHILD_MAX}}{89}
-\entry{\code {colored-completion-prefix}}{133}
-\entry{\code {colored-stats}}{133}
-\entry{\code {COLUMNS}}{89}
-\entry{\code {comment-begin}}{133}
-\entry{\code {COMP_CWORD}}{89}
-\entry{\code {COMP_KEY}}{89}
-\entry{\code {COMP_LINE}}{89}
-\entry{\code {COMP_POINT}}{90}
-\entry{\code {COMP_TYPE}}{90}
-\entry{\code {COMP_WORDBREAKS}}{90}
-\entry{\code {COMP_WORDS}}{90}
-\entry{\code {completion-display-width}}{133}
-\entry{\code {completion-ignore-case}}{133}
-\entry{\code {completion-map-case}}{133}
-\entry{\code {completion-prefix-display-length}}{133}
-\entry{\code {completion-query-items}}{134}
-\entry{\code {COMPREPLY}}{90}
-\entry{\code {convert-meta}}{134}
-\entry{\code {COPROC}}{90}
+\entry{\code {CDPATH}}{86}
+\entry{\code {CHILD_MAX}}{90}
+\entry{\code {colored-completion-prefix}}{135}
+\entry{\code {colored-stats}}{135}
+\entry{\code {COLUMNS}}{90}
+\entry{\code {comment-begin}}{135}
+\entry{\code {COMP_CWORD}}{90}
+\entry{\code {COMP_KEY}}{90}
+\entry{\code {COMP_LINE}}{91}
+\entry{\code {COMP_POINT}}{91}
+\entry{\code {COMP_TYPE}}{91}
+\entry{\code {COMP_WORDBREAKS}}{91}
+\entry{\code {COMP_WORDS}}{91}
+\entry{\code {completion-display-width}}{135}
+\entry{\code {completion-ignore-case}}{135}
+\entry{\code {completion-map-case}}{135}
+\entry{\code {completion-prefix-display-length}}{135}
+\entry{\code {completion-query-items}}{136}
+\entry{\code {COMPREPLY}}{91}
+\entry{\code {convert-meta}}{136}
+\entry{\code {COPROC}}{91}
\initial {D}
-\entry{\code {DIRSTACK}}{90}
-\entry{\code {disable-completion}}{134}
+\entry{\code {DIRSTACK}}{91}
+\entry{\code {disable-completion}}{136}
\initial {E}
-\entry{\code {echo-control-characters}}{134}
-\entry{\code {editing-mode}}{134}
-\entry{\code {emacs-mode-string}}{134}
-\entry{\code {EMACS}}{90}
-\entry{\code {enable-active-region The}}{135}
-\entry{\code {enable-bracketed-paste}}{135}
-\entry{\code {enable-keypad}}{135}
-\entry{\code {enable-meta-key}}{135}
-\entry{\code {ENV}}{90}
-\entry{\code {EPOCHREALTIME}}{91}
-\entry{\code {EPOCHSECONDS}}{91}
-\entry{\code {EUID}}{91}
-\entry{\code {EXECIGNORE}}{91}
-\entry{\code {expand-tilde}}{135}
+\entry{\code {echo-control-characters}}{136}
+\entry{\code {editing-mode}}{136}
+\entry{\code {emacs-mode-string}}{136}
+\entry{\code {EMACS}}{92}
+\entry{\code {enable-active-region The}}{137}
+\entry{\code {enable-bracketed-paste}}{137}
+\entry{\code {enable-keypad}}{137}
+\entry{\code {enable-meta-key}}{137}
+\entry{\code {ENV}}{92}
+\entry{\code {EPOCHREALTIME}}{92}
+\entry{\code {EPOCHSECONDS}}{92}
+\entry{\code {EUID}}{92}
+\entry{\code {EXECIGNORE}}{92}
+\entry{\code {expand-tilde}}{137}
\initial {F}
-\entry{\code {FCEDIT}}{91}
-\entry{\code {FIGNORE}}{91}
-\entry{\code {force-meta-prefix}}{135}
-\entry{\code {FUNCNAME}}{91}
-\entry{\code {FUNCNEST}}{91}
+\entry{\code {FCEDIT}}{92}
+\entry{\code {FIGNORE}}{92}
+\entry{\code {force-meta-prefix}}{137}
+\entry{\code {FUNCNAME}}{92}
+\entry{\code {FUNCNEST}}{93}
\initial {G}
-\entry{\code {GLOBIGNORE}}{91}
-\entry{\code {GLOBSORT}}{92}
-\entry{\code {GROUPS}}{92}
+\entry{\code {GLOBIGNORE}}{93}
+\entry{\code {GLOBSORT}}{93}
+\entry{\code {GROUPS}}{93}
\initial {H}
-\entry{\code {histchars}}{92}
-\entry{\code {HISTCMD}}{92}
-\entry{\code {HISTCONTROL}}{93}
-\entry{\code {HISTFILE}}{93}
-\entry{\code {HISTFILESIZE}}{93}
-\entry{\code {HISTIGNORE}}{93}
-\entry{\code {history-preserve-point}}{136}
-\entry{\code {history-size}}{136}
-\entry{\code {HISTSIZE}}{93}
-\entry{\code {HISTTIMEFORMAT}}{94}
-\entry{\code {HOME}}{85}
-\entry{\code {horizontal-scroll-mode}}{136}
-\entry{\code {HOSTFILE}}{94}
-\entry{\code {HOSTNAME}}{94}
-\entry{\code {HOSTTYPE}}{94}
+\entry{\code {histchars}}{93}
+\entry{\code {HISTCMD}}{94}
+\entry{\code {HISTCONTROL}}{94}
+\entry{\code {HISTFILE}}{94}
+\entry{\code {HISTFILESIZE}}{94}
+\entry{\code {HISTIGNORE}}{94}
+\entry{\code {history-preserve-point}}{138}
+\entry{\code {history-size}}{138}
+\entry{\code {HISTSIZE}}{95}
+\entry{\code {HISTTIMEFORMAT}}{95}
+\entry{\code {HOME}}{86}
+\entry{\code {horizontal-scroll-mode}}{138}
+\entry{\code {HOSTFILE}}{95}
+\entry{\code {HOSTNAME}}{95}
+\entry{\code {HOSTTYPE}}{95}
\initial {I}
-\entry{\code {IFS}}{85}
-\entry{\code {IGNOREEOF}}{94}
-\entry{\code {input-meta}}{136}
-\entry{\code {INPUTRC}}{94}
-\entry{\code {INSIDE_EMACS}}{94}
-\entry{\code {isearch-terminators}}{136}
+\entry{\code {IFS}}{86}
+\entry{\code {IGNOREEOF}}{95}
+\entry{\code {input-meta}}{138}
+\entry{\code {INPUTRC}}{95}
+\entry{\code {INSIDE_EMACS}}{95}
+\entry{\code {isearch-terminators}}{138}
\initial {K}
-\entry{\code {keymap}}{136}
+\entry{\code {keymap}}{138}
\initial {L}
-\entry{\code {LANG}}{8, 94}
-\entry{\code {LC_ALL}}{94}
-\entry{\code {LC_COLLATE}}{94}
-\entry{\code {LC_CTYPE}}{95}
-\entry{\code {LC_MESSAGES}}{8, 95}
-\entry{\code {LC_NUMERIC}}{95}
-\entry{\code {LC_TIME}}{95}
-\entry{\code {LINENO}}{95}
-\entry{\code {LINES}}{95}
+\entry{\code {LANG}}{8, 95}
+\entry{\code {LC_ALL}}{95}
+\entry{\code {LC_COLLATE}}{96}
+\entry{\code {LC_CTYPE}}{96}
+\entry{\code {LC_MESSAGES}}{8, 96}
+\entry{\code {LC_NUMERIC}}{96}
+\entry{\code {LC_TIME}}{96}
+\entry{\code {LINENO}}{96}
+\entry{\code {LINES}}{96}
\initial {M}
-\entry{\code {MACHTYPE}}{95}
-\entry{\code {MAIL}}{85}
-\entry{\code {MAILCHECK}}{95}
-\entry{\code {MAILPATH}}{85}
-\entry{\code {MAPFILE}}{95}
-\entry{\code {mark-modified-lines}}{137}
-\entry{\code {mark-symlinked-directories}}{137}
-\entry{\code {match-hidden-files}}{137}
-\entry{\code {menu-complete-display-prefix}}{137}
-\entry{\code {meta-flag}}{136}
+\entry{\code {MACHTYPE}}{96}
+\entry{\code {MAIL}}{86}
+\entry{\code {MAILCHECK}}{96}
+\entry{\code {MAILPATH}}{86}
+\entry{\code {MAPFILE}}{96}
+\entry{\code {mark-modified-lines}}{139}
+\entry{\code {mark-symlinked-directories}}{139}
+\entry{\code {match-hidden-files}}{139}
+\entry{\code {menu-complete-display-prefix}}{139}
+\entry{\code {meta-flag}}{138}
\initial {O}
-\entry{\code {OLDPWD}}{95}
-\entry{\code {OPTARG}}{85}
-\entry{\code {OPTERR}}{95}
-\entry{\code {OPTIND}}{85}
-\entry{\code {OSTYPE}}{95}
-\entry{\code {output-meta}}{137}
+\entry{\code {OLDPWD}}{96}
+\entry{\code {OPTARG}}{86}
+\entry{\code {OPTERR}}{96}
+\entry{\code {OPTIND}}{86}
+\entry{\code {OSTYPE}}{96}
+\entry{\code {output-meta}}{139}
\initial {P}
-\entry{\code {page-completions}}{137}
-\entry{\code {PATH}}{85}
-\entry{\code {PIPESTATUS}}{95}
-\entry{\code {POSIXLY_CORRECT}}{95}
-\entry{\code {PPID}}{96}
-\entry{\code {PROMPT_COMMAND}}{96}
-\entry{\code {PROMPT_DIRTRIM}}{96}
-\entry{\code {PS0}}{96}
-\entry{\code {PS1}}{85}
-\entry{\code {PS2}}{85}
-\entry{\code {PS3}}{96}
-\entry{\code {PS4}}{96}
-\entry{\code {PWD}}{96}
+\entry{\code {page-completions}}{139}
+\entry{\code {PATH}}{86}
+\entry{\code {PIPESTATUS}}{96}
+\entry{\code {POSIXLY_CORRECT}}{97}
+\entry{\code {PPID}}{97}
+\entry{\code {PROMPT_COMMAND}}{97}
+\entry{\code {PROMPT_DIRTRIM}}{97}
+\entry{\code {PS0}}{97}
+\entry{\code {PS1}}{86}
+\entry{\code {PS2}}{86}
+\entry{\code {PS3}}{97}
+\entry{\code {PS4}}{97}
+\entry{\code {PWD}}{97}
\initial {R}
-\entry{\code {RANDOM}}{96}
-\entry{\code {READLINE_ARGUMENT}}{96}
-\entry{\code {READLINE_LINE}}{96}
-\entry{\code {READLINE_MARK}}{96}
-\entry{\code {READLINE_POINT}}{97}
-\entry{\code {REPLY}}{97}
-\entry{\code {revert-all-at-newline}}{138}
+\entry{\code {RANDOM}}{97}
+\entry{\code {READLINE_ARGUMENT}}{97}
+\entry{\code {READLINE_LINE}}{97}
+\entry{\code {READLINE_MARK}}{98}
+\entry{\code {READLINE_POINT}}{98}
+\entry{\code {REPLY}}{98}
+\entry{\code {revert-all-at-newline}}{140}
\initial {S}
-\entry{\code {search-ignore-case}}{138}
-\entry{\code {SECONDS}}{97}
-\entry{\code {SHELL}}{97}
-\entry{\code {SHELLOPTS}}{97}
-\entry{\code {SHLVL}}{97}
-\entry{\code {show-all-if-ambiguous}}{138}
-\entry{\code {show-all-if-unmodified}}{138}
-\entry{\code {show-mode-in-prompt}}{138}
-\entry{\code {skip-completed-text}}{138}
-\entry{\code {SRANDOM}}{97}
+\entry{\code {search-ignore-case}}{140}
+\entry{\code {SECONDS}}{98}
+\entry{\code {SHELL}}{98}
+\entry{\code {SHELLOPTS}}{98}
+\entry{\code {SHLVL}}{98}
+\entry{\code {show-all-if-ambiguous}}{140}
+\entry{\code {show-all-if-unmodified}}{140}
+\entry{\code {show-mode-in-prompt}}{140}
+\entry{\code {skip-completed-text}}{140}
+\entry{\code {SRANDOM}}{98}
\initial {T}
\entry{\code {TEXTDOMAIN}}{8}
\entry{\code {TEXTDOMAINDIR}}{8}
-\entry{\code {TIMEFORMAT}}{97}
-\entry{\code {TMOUT}}{98}
-\entry{\code {TMPDIR}}{98}
+\entry{\code {TIMEFORMAT}}{98}
+\entry{\code {TMOUT}}{99}
+\entry{\code {TMPDIR}}{99}
\initial {U}
-\entry{\code {UID}}{98}
+\entry{\code {UID}}{99}
\initial {V}
-\entry{\code {vi-cmd-mode-string}}{138}
-\entry{\code {vi-ins-mode-string}}{139}
-\entry{\code {visible-stats}}{139}
+\entry{\code {vi-cmd-mode-string}}{140}
+\entry{\code {vi-ins-mode-string}}{141}
+\entry{\code {visible-stats}}{141}
(see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)), exits with a non-zero
status. The shell does not exit if the command that
fails is part of the command list immediately following
- a w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl keyword, part of the test following the
- i\bif\bf or e\bel\bli\bif\bf reserved words, part of any command executed
- in a &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b| list except the command following the fi-
- nal &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b|, any command in a pipeline but the last
- (subject to the state of the p\bpi\bip\bpe\bef\bfa\bai\bil\bl shell option), or
- if the command's return value is being inverted with !\b!.
- If a compound command other than a subshell returns a
- non-zero status because a command failed while -\b-e\be was
- being ignored, the shell does not exit. A trap on E\bER\bRR\bR,
- if set, is executed before the shell exits. This option
- applies to the shell environment and each subshell envi-
- ronment separately (see C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN E\bEN\bNV\bVI\bIR\bRO\bON\bNM\bME\bEN\bNT\bT in
- _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)), and may cause subshells to exit before execut-
- ing all the commands in the subshell.
+ a w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl reserved word, part of the test follow-
+ ing the i\bif\bf or e\bel\bli\bif\bf reserved words, part of any command
+ executed in a &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b| list except the command following
+ the final &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b|, any command in a pipeline but the
+ last (subject to the state of the p\bpi\bip\bpe\bef\bfa\bai\bil\bl shell op-
+ tion), or if the command's return value is being in-
+ verted with !\b!. If a compound command other than a sub-
+ shell returns a non-zero status because a command failed
+ while -\b-e\be was being ignored, the shell does not exit. A
+ trap on E\bER\bRR\bR, if set, is executed before the shell exits.
+ This option applies to the shell environment and each
+ subshell environment separately (see C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
+ E\bEN\bNV\bVI\bIR\bRO\bON\bNM\bME\bEN\bNT\bT in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1)), and may cause subshells to exit
+ before executing all the commands in the subshell.
If a compound command or shell function executes in a
context where -\b-e\be is being ignored, none of the commands
compound command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to the
following conditions. The E\bER\bRR\bR trap is not executed if the
failed command is part of the command list immediately following
- a w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl keyword, part of the test in an _\bi_\bf statement,
- part of a command executed in a &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b| list except the command
- following the final &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b|, any command in a pipeline but the
- last (subject to the state of the p\bpi\bip\bpe\bef\bfa\bai\bil\bl shell option), or if
- the command's return value is being inverted using !\b!. These are
- the same conditions obeyed by the e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt (-\b-e\be) option.
+ a w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl reserved word, part of the test in an _\bi_\bf state-
+ ment, part of a command executed in a &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b| list except the
+ command following the final &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b|, any command in a pipeline
+ but the last (subject to the state of the p\bpi\bip\bpe\bef\bfa\bai\bil\bl shell op-
+ tion), or if the command's return value is being inverted using
+ !\b!. These are the same conditions obeyed by the e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt (-\b-e\be) op-
+ tion.
When the shell is not interactive, signals ignored upon entry to
the shell cannot be trapped or reset. Interactive shells permit
trapping signals ignored on entry. Trapped signals that are not
- being ignored are reset to their original values in a subshell
- or subshell environment when one is created. The return status
+ being ignored are reset to their original values in a subshell
+ or subshell environment when one is created. The return status
is false if any _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is invalid; otherwise t\btr\bra\bap\bp returns true.
t\btr\bru\bue\be Does nothing, returns a 0 status.
Indicate how each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be would be interpreted if used as a command
name.
- If the -\b-t\bt option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints a string which is one of
- _\ba_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs, _\bk_\be_\by_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn, or _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be if _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an alias,
- shell reserved word, function, builtin, or executable file, re-
- spectively. If the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints nothing and
+ If the -\b-t\bt option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints a string which is one of
+ _\ba_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs, _\bk_\be_\by_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn, or _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be if _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an alias,
+ shell reserved word, function, builtin, or executable file, re-
+ spectively. If the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints nothing and
returns a non-zero exit status.
- If the -\b-p\bp option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be either returns the pathname of
- the executable file that would be found by searching $\b$P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH for
- _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be or nothing if would not return _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be. The -\b-P\bP option forces
- a P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH search for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, even if would not return _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be. If
+ If the -\b-p\bp option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be either returns the pathname of
+ the executable file that would be found by searching $\b$P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH for
+ _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be or nothing if would not return _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be. The -\b-P\bP option forces
+ a P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH search for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, even if would not return _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be. If
_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is present in the table of hashed commands, -\b-p\bp and -\b-P\bP print
the hashed value, which is not necessarily the file that appears
first in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH.
- If the -\b-a\ba option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints all of the places that
- contain a command named _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. This includes aliases, reserved
- words, functions, and builtins, but the path search options (-\b-p\bp
- and -\b-P\bP) can be supplied to restrict the output to executable
- files. t\bty\byp\bpe\be does not consult the table of hashed commands when
+ If the -\b-a\ba option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints all of the places that
+ contain a command named _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. This includes aliases, reserved
+ words, functions, and builtins, but the path search options (-\b-p\bp
+ and -\b-P\bP) can be supplied to restrict the output to executable
+ files. t\bty\byp\bpe\be does not consult the table of hashed commands when
using -\b-a\ba with -\b-p\bp, and only performs a P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH search for _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
The -\b-f\bf option suppresses shell function lookup, as with the c\bco\bom\bm-\b-
- m\bma\ban\bnd\bd builtin. t\bty\byp\bpe\be returns true if all of the arguments are
+ m\bma\ban\bnd\bd builtin. t\bty\byp\bpe\be returns true if all of the arguments are
found, false if any are not found.
u\bul\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt [-\b-H\bHS\bS] -\b-a\ba
u\bul\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt [-\b-H\bHS\bS] [-\b-b\bbc\bcd\bde\bef\bfi\bik\bkl\blm\bmn\bnp\bpq\bqr\brs\bst\btu\buv\bvx\bxP\bPR\bRT\bT [_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt]]
- Provides control over the resources available to the shell and
+ Provides control over the resources available to the shell and
to processes it starts, on systems that allow such control.
- The -\b-H\bH and -\b-S\bS options specify whether the hard or soft limit is
+ The -\b-H\bH and -\b-S\bS options specify whether the hard or soft limit is
set for the given resource. A hard limit cannot be increased by
a non-root user once it is set; a soft limit may be increased up
- to the value of the hard limit. If neither -\b-H\bH nor -\b-S\bS is speci-
+ to the value of the hard limit. If neither -\b-H\bH nor -\b-S\bS is speci-
fied, u\bul\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt sets both the soft and hard limits.
The value of _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt can be a number in the unit specified for the
- resource or one of the special values h\bha\bar\brd\bd, s\bso\bof\bft\bt, or u\bun\bnl\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bte\bed\bd,
- which stand for the current hard limit, the current soft limit,
- and no limit, respectively. If _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is omitted, u\bul\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt prints
- the current value of the soft limit of the resource, unless the
- -\b-H\bH option is given. When more than one resource is specified,
- the limit name and unit, if appropriate, are printed before the
+ resource or one of the special values h\bha\bar\brd\bd, s\bso\bof\bft\bt, or u\bun\bnl\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bte\bed\bd,
+ which stand for the current hard limit, the current soft limit,
+ and no limit, respectively. If _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is omitted, u\bul\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt prints
+ the current value of the soft limit of the resource, unless the
+ -\b-H\bH option is given. When more than one resource is specified,
+ the limit name and unit, if appropriate, are printed before the
value. Other options are interpreted as follows:
-\b-a\ba Report all current limits; no limits are set.
-\b-b\bb The maximum socket buffer size.
-\b-c\bc The maximum size of core files created.
-\b-d\bd The maximum size of a process's data segment.
-\b-e\be The maximum scheduling priority (
- -\b-f\bf The maximum size of files written by the shell and its
+ -\b-f\bf The maximum size of files written by the shell and its
children.
-\b-i\bi The maximum number of pending signals.
-\b-k\bk The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated.
-\b-l\bl The maximum size that may be locked into memory.
- -\b-m\bm The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor
+ -\b-m\bm The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor
this limit).
-\b-n\bn The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems
do not allow this value to be set).
-\b-r\br The maximum real-time scheduling priority.
-\b-s\bs The maximum stack size.
-\b-t\bt The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds.
- -\b-u\bu The maximum number of processes available to a single
+ -\b-u\bu The maximum number of processes available to a single
user.
- -\b-v\bv The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the
+ -\b-v\bv The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the
shell and, on some systems, to its children.
-\b-x\bx The maximum number of file locks.
-\b-P\bP The maximum number of pseudoterminals.
- -\b-R\bR The maximum time a real-time process can run before
+ -\b-R\bR The maximum time a real-time process can run before
blocking, in microseconds.
-\b-T\bT The maximum number of threads.
- If _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is supplied, and the -\b-a\ba option is not used, _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is
- the new value of the specified resource. If no option is sup-
+ If _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is supplied, and the -\b-a\ba option is not used, _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is
+ the new value of the specified resource. If no option is sup-
plied, then -\b-f\bf is assumed.
- Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for -\b-t\bt, which is in
- seconds; -\b-R\bR, which is in microseconds; -\b-p\bp, which is in units of
- 512-byte blocks; -\b-P\bP, -\b-T\bT, -\b-b\bb, -\b-k\bk, -\b-n\bn, and -\b-u\bu, which are unscaled
- values; and, when in posix mode, -\b-c\bc and -\b-f\bf, which are in
- 512-byte increments. The return status is 0 unless an invalid
+ Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for -\b-t\bt, which is in
+ seconds; -\b-R\bR, which is in microseconds; -\b-p\bp, which is in units of
+ 512-byte blocks; -\b-P\bP, -\b-T\bT, -\b-b\bb, -\b-k\bk, -\b-n\bn, and -\b-u\bu, which are unscaled
+ values; and, when in posix mode, -\b-c\bc and -\b-f\bf, which are in
+ 512-byte increments. The return status is 0 unless an invalid
option or argument is supplied, or an error occurs while setting
a new limit.
u\bum\bma\bas\bsk\bk [-\b-p\bp] [-\b-S\bS] [_\bm_\bo_\bd_\be]
- Set the user file-creation mask to _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be. If _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be begins with a
+ Set the user file-creation mask to _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be. If _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be begins with a
digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is in-
- terpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by
+ terpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by
_\bc_\bh_\bm_\bo_\bd(1). If _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be is omitted, u\bum\bma\bas\bsk\bk prints the current value of
the mask. The -\b-S\bS option without a _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be argument prints the mask
in a symbolic format; the default output is an octal number. If
the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, and _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be is omitted, the output is in
- a form that may be reused as input. The return status is zero
- if the mode was successfully changed or if no _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be argument was
+ a form that may be reused as input. The return status is zero
+ if the mode was successfully changed or if no _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be argument was
supplied, and non-zero otherwise.
u\bun\bna\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs [-a\ba] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- Remove each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from the list of defined aliases. If -\b-a\ba is
- supplied, remove all alias definitions. The return value is
+ Remove each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from the list of defined aliases. If -\b-a\ba is
+ supplied, remove all alias definitions. The return value is
true unless a supplied _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a defined alias.
u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt [-f\bfv\bv] [-n\bn] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- For each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, remove the corresponding variable or function.
+ For each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, remove the corresponding variable or function.
If the -\b-v\bv option is given, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be refers to a shell variable,
- and that variable is removed. If -\b-f\bf is specified, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
- refers to a shell function, and the function definition is re-
- moved. If the -\b-n\bn option is supplied, and _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is a variable
- with the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf attribute, _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be will be unset rather than the
- variable it references. -\b-n\bn has no effect if the -\b-f\bf option is
- supplied. Read-only variables and functions may not be unset.
- When variables or functions are removed, they are also removed
- from the environment passed to subsequent commands. If no op-
- tions are supplied, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be refers to a variable; if there is
- no variable by that name, a function with that name, if any, is
- unset. Some shell variables may not be unset. If any of
+ and that variable is removed. If -\b-f\bf is specified, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
+ refers to a shell function, and the function definition is re-
+ moved. If the -\b-n\bn option is supplied, and _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is a variable
+ with the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf attribute, _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be will be unset rather than the
+ variable it references. -\b-n\bn has no effect if the -\b-f\bf option is
+ supplied. Read-only variables and functions may not be unset.
+ When variables or functions are removed, they are also removed
+ from the environment passed to subsequent commands. If no op-
+ tions are supplied, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be refers to a variable; if there is
+ no variable by that name, a function with that name, if any, is
+ unset. Some shell variables may not be unset. If any of
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAL\bLI\bIA\bAS\bSE\bES\bS, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV0\b0, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCM\bMD\bDS\bS, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSU\bUB\bB-\b-
- S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bHP\bPI\bID\bD, C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDB\bBR\bRE\bEA\bAK\bKS\bS, D\bDI\bIR\bRS\bST\bTA\bAC\bCK\bK, E\bEP\bPO\bOC\bCH\bHR\bRE\bEA\bAL\bLT\bTI\bIM\bME\bE,
- E\bEP\bPO\bOC\bCH\bHS\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS, F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE, G\bGR\bRO\bOU\bUP\bPS\bS, H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCM\bMD\bD, L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO, R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM, S\bSE\bEC\bC-\b-
- O\bON\bND\bDS\bS, or S\bSR\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM are unset, they lose their special properties,
- even if they are subsequently reset. The exit status is true
+ S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL, B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bHP\bPI\bID\bD, C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDB\bBR\bRE\bEA\bAK\bKS\bS, D\bDI\bIR\bRS\bST\bTA\bAC\bCK\bK, E\bEP\bPO\bOC\bCH\bHR\bRE\bEA\bAL\bLT\bTI\bIM\bME\bE,
+ E\bEP\bPO\bOC\bCH\bHS\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS, F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE, G\bGR\bRO\bOU\bUP\bPS\bS, H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCM\bMD\bD, L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO, R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM, S\bSE\bEC\bC-\b-
+ O\bON\bND\bDS\bS, or S\bSR\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM are unset, they lose their special properties,
+ even if they are subsequently reset. The exit status is true
unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is readonly or may not be unset.
w\bwa\bai\bit\bt [-\b-f\bfn\bn] [-\b-p\bp _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [_\bi_\bd ...]
Wait for each specified child process _\bi_\bd and return the termina-
- tion status of the last _\bi_\bd. Each _\bi_\bd may be a process ID _\bp_\bi_\bd or
- a job specification _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc; if a jobspec is supplied, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt
+ tion status of the last _\bi_\bd. Each _\bi_\bd may be a process ID _\bp_\bi_\bd or
+ a job specification _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc; if a jobspec is supplied, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt
waits for all processes in the job.
- If no options or _\bi_\bds are supplied, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt waits for all running
- background jobs and the last-executed process substitution, if
+ If no options or _\bi_\bds are supplied, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt waits for all running
+ background jobs and the last-executed process substitution, if
its process id is the same as $\b$!\b!, and the return status is zero.
- If the -\b-n\bn option is supplied, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt waits for any one of the
+ If the -\b-n\bn option is supplied, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt waits for any one of the
given _\bi_\bds or, if no _\bi_\bds are supplied, any job or process substi-
tution, to complete and returns its exit status. If none of the
- supplied _\bi_\bds is a child of the shell, or if no _\bi_\bds are supplied
- and the shell has no unwaited-for children, the exit status is
+ supplied _\bi_\bds is a child of the shell, or if no _\bi_\bds are supplied
+ and the shell has no unwaited-for children, the exit status is
127.
- If the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt assigns the process or job
- identifier of the job for which the exit status is returned to
- the variable _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be named by the option argument. The vari-
- able, which cannot be readonly, will be unset initially, before
- any assignment. This is useful only when used with the -\b-n\bn op-
+ If the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt assigns the process or job
+ identifier of the job for which the exit status is returned to
+ the variable _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be named by the option argument. The vari-
+ able, which cannot be readonly, will be unset initially, before
+ any assignment. This is useful only when used with the -\b-n\bn op-
tion.
- Supplying the -\b-f\bf option, when job control is enabled, forces
- w\bwa\bai\bit\bt to wait for each _\bi_\bd to terminate before returning its sta-
+ Supplying the -\b-f\bf option, when job control is enabled, forces
+ w\bwa\bai\bit\bt to wait for each _\bi_\bd to terminate before returning its sta-
tus, instead of returning when it changes status.
- If none of the _\bi_\bds specify one of the shell's active child
- processes, the return status is 127. If w\bwa\bai\bit\bt is interrupted by
- a signal, any _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be will remain unset, and the return status
+ If none of the _\bi_\bds specify one of the shell's active child
+ processes, the return status is 127. If w\bwa\bai\bit\bt is interrupted by
+ a signal, any _\bv_\ba_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be will remain unset, and the return status
will be greater than 128, as described under S\bSI\bIG\bGN\bNA\bAL\bLS\bS in _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh(1).
Otherwise, the return status is the exit status of the last _\bi_\bd.
S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bTI\bIB\bBI\bIL\bLI\bIT\bTY\bY M\bMO\bOD\bDE\bE
- Bash-4.0 introduced the concept of a _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bb_\bi_\bl_\bi_\bt_\by _\bl_\be_\bv_\be_\bl, speci-
+ Bash-4.0 introduced the concept of a _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bb_\bi_\bl_\bi_\bt_\by _\bl_\be_\bv_\be_\bl, speci-
fied as a set of options to the shopt builtin (c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b31\b1, c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2, c\bco\bom\bm-\b-
- p\bpa\bat\bt4\b40\b0, c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b41\b1, and so on). There is only one current compatibility
+ p\bpa\bat\bt4\b40\b0, c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b41\b1, and so on). There is only one current compatibility
level -- each option is mutually exclusive. The compatibility level is
- intended to allow users to select behavior from previous versions that
- is incompatible with newer versions while they migrate scripts to use
- current features and behavior. It's intended to be a temporary solu-
+ intended to allow users to select behavior from previous versions that
+ is incompatible with newer versions while they migrate scripts to use
+ current features and behavior. It's intended to be a temporary solu-
tion.
- This section does not mention behavior that is standard for a particu-
- lar version (e.g., setting c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2 means that quoting the right hand
- side of the regexp matching operator quotes special regexp characters
- in the word, which is default behavior in bash-3.2 and subsequent ver-
+ This section does not mention behavior that is standard for a particu-
+ lar version (e.g., setting c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2 means that quoting the right hand
+ side of the regexp matching operator quotes special regexp characters
+ in the word, which is default behavior in bash-3.2 and subsequent ver-
sions).
- If a user enables, say, c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2, it may affect the behavior of other
- compatibility levels up to and including the current compatibility
- level. The idea is that each compatibility level controls behavior
- that changed in that version of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh, but that behavior may have been
- present in earlier versions. For instance, the change to use locale-
- based comparisons with the [\b[[\b[ command came in bash-4.1, and earlier
+ If a user enables, say, c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2, it may affect the behavior of other
+ compatibility levels up to and including the current compatibility
+ level. The idea is that each compatibility level controls behavior
+ that changed in that version of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh, but that behavior may have been
+ present in earlier versions. For instance, the change to use locale-
+ based comparisons with the [\b[[\b[ command came in bash-4.1, and earlier
versions used ASCII-based comparisons, so enabling c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2 will enable
- ASCII-based comparisons as well. That granularity may not be suffi-
- cient for all uses, and as a result users should employ compatibility
- levels carefully. Read the documentation for a particular feature to
+ ASCII-based comparisons as well. That granularity may not be suffi-
+ cient for all uses, and as a result users should employ compatibility
+ levels carefully. Read the documentation for a particular feature to
find out the current behavior.
- Bash-4.3 introduced a new shell variable: B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT. The value as-
+ Bash-4.3 introduced a new shell variable: B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT. The value as-
signed to this variable (a decimal version number like 4.2, or an inte-
- ger corresponding to the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt_\bN_\bN option, like 42) determines the com-
+ ger corresponding to the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt_\bN_\bN option, like 42) determines the com-
patibility level.
Starting with bash-4.4, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh began deprecating older compatibility lev-
els. Eventually, the options will be removed in favor of B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT.
- Bash-5.0 was the final version for which there was an individual shopt
- option for the previous version. B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT is the only mechanism to
+ Bash-5.0 was the final version for which there was an individual shopt
+ option for the previous version. B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT is the only mechanism to
control the compatibility level in versions newer than bash-5.0.
- The following table describes the behavior changes controlled by each
+ The following table describes the behavior changes controlled by each
compatibility level setting. The c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt_\bN_\bN tag is used as shorthand for
setting the compatibility level to _\bN_\bN using one of the following mecha-
- nisms. For versions prior to bash-5.0, the compatibility level may be
- set using the corresponding c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt_\bN_\bN shopt option. For bash-4.3 and
- later versions, the B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT variable is preferred, and it is re-
+ nisms. For versions prior to bash-5.0, the compatibility level may be
+ set using the corresponding c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt_\bN_\bN shopt option. For bash-4.3 and
+ later versions, the B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bT variable is preferred, and it is re-
quired for bash-5.1 and later versions.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b31\b1
ator (=) has no special effect.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2
- +\bo The <\b< and >\b> operators to the [\b[[\b[ command do not consider
+ +\bo The <\b< and >\b> operators to the [\b[[\b[ command do not consider
the current locale when comparing strings; they use ASCII
ordering.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b40\b0
- +\bo The <\b< and >\b> operators to the [\b[[\b[ command do not consider
+ +\bo The <\b< and >\b> operators to the [\b[[\b[ command do not consider
the current locale when comparing strings; they use ASCII
ordering. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII col-
- lation and _\bs_\bt_\br_\bc_\bm_\bp(3); bash-4.1 and later use the current
+ lation and _\bs_\bt_\br_\bc_\bm_\bp(3); bash-4.1 and later use the current
locale's collation sequence and _\bs_\bt_\br_\bc_\bo_\bl_\bl(3).
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b41\b1
- +\bo In posix mode, t\bti\bim\bme\be may be followed by options and still
+ +\bo In posix mode, t\bti\bim\bme\be may be followed by options and still
be recognized as a reserved word (this is POSIX interpre-
tation 267).
+\bo In _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx mode, the parser requires that an even number of
- single quotes occur in the _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd portion of a double-
- quoted parameter expansion and treats them specially, so
- that characters within the single quotes are considered
+ single quotes occur in the _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd portion of a double-
+ quoted parameter expansion and treats them specially, so
+ that characters within the single quotes are considered
quoted (this is POSIX interpretation 221).
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b42\b2
+\bo The replacement string in double-quoted pattern substitu-
- tion does not undergo quote removal, as it does in ver-
+ tion does not undergo quote removal, as it does in ver-
sions after bash-4.2.
- +\bo In posix mode, single quotes are considered special when
- expanding the _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd portion of a double-quoted parameter
- expansion and can be used to quote a closing brace or
- other special character (this is part of POSIX interpre-
- tation 221); in later versions, single quotes are not
+ +\bo In posix mode, single quotes are considered special when
+ expanding the _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd portion of a double-quoted parameter
+ expansion and can be used to quote a closing brace or
+ other special character (this is part of POSIX interpre-
+ tation 221); in later versions, single quotes are not
special within double-quoted word expansions.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b43\b3
- +\bo Word expansion errors are considered non-fatal errors
- that cause the current command to fail, even in posix
- mode (the default behavior is to make them fatal errors
+ +\bo Word expansion errors are considered non-fatal errors
+ that cause the current command to fail, even in posix
+ mode (the default behavior is to make them fatal errors
that cause the shell to exit).
- +\bo When executing a shell function, the loop state
+ +\bo When executing a shell function, the loop state
(while/until/etc.) is not reset, so b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk or c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be in
that function will break or continue loops in the calling
context. Bash-4.4 and later reset the loop state to pre-
vent this.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b44\b4
- +\bo The shell sets up the values used by B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV and
- B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGC\bC so they can expand to the shell's positional
- parameters even if extended debugging mode is not en-
+ +\bo The shell sets up the values used by B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV and
+ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGC\bC so they can expand to the shell's positional
+ parameters even if extended debugging mode is not en-
abled.
- +\bo A subshell inherits loops from its parent context, so
- b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk or c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be will cause the subshell to exit.
- Bash-5.0 and later reset the loop state to prevent the
+ +\bo A subshell inherits loops from its parent context, so
+ b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk or c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be will cause the subshell to exit.
+ Bash-5.0 and later reset the loop state to prevent the
exit
- +\bo Variable assignments preceding builtins like e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt and
+ +\bo Variable assignments preceding builtins like e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt and
r\bre\bea\bad\bdo\bon\bnl\bly\by that set attributes continue to affect variables
with the same name in the calling environment even if the
shell is not in posix mode.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt5\b50\b0
- +\bo Bash-5.1 changed the way $\b$R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM is generated to intro-
- duce slightly more randomness. If the shell compatibil-
+ +\bo Bash-5.1 changed the way $\b$R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM is generated to intro-
+ duce slightly more randomness. If the shell compatibil-
ity level is set to 50 or lower, it reverts to the method
- from bash-5.0 and previous versions, so seeding the ran-
- dom number generator by assigning a value to R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM will
+ from bash-5.0 and previous versions, so seeding the ran-
+ dom number generator by assigning a value to R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM will
produce the same sequence as in bash-5.0.
- +\bo If the command hash table is empty, bash versions prior
- to bash-5.1 printed an informational message to that ef-
- fect, even when producing output that can be reused as
- input. Bash-5.1 suppresses that message when the -\b-l\bl op-
+ +\bo If the command hash table is empty, bash versions prior
+ to bash-5.1 printed an informational message to that ef-
+ fect, even when producing output that can be reused as
+ input. Bash-5.1 suppresses that message when the -\b-l\bl op-
tion is supplied.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt5\b51\b1
- +\bo The u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt builtin treats attempts to unset array sub-
- scripts @\b@ and *\b* differently depending on whether the ar-
- ray is indexed or associative, and differently than in
+ +\bo The u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt builtin treats attempts to unset array sub-
+ scripts @\b@ and *\b* differently depending on whether the ar-
+ ray is indexed or associative, and differently than in
previous versions.
+\bo Arithmetic commands ( (\b((\b(...)\b))\b) ) and the expressions in an
arithmetic for statement can be expanded more than once.
- +\bo Expressions used as arguments to arithmetic operators in
- the [\b[[\b[ conditional command can be expanded more than
+ +\bo Expressions used as arguments to arithmetic operators in
+ the [\b[[\b[ conditional command can be expanded more than
once.
- +\bo The expressions in substring parameter brace expansion
+ +\bo The expressions in substring parameter brace expansion
can be expanded more than once.
+\bo The expressions in the $\b$(\b((\b(...)\b))\b) word expansion can be ex-
panded more than once.
- +\bo Arithmetic expressions used as indexed array subscripts
+ +\bo Arithmetic expressions used as indexed array subscripts
can be expanded more than once.
- +\bo t\bte\bes\bst\bt -\b-v\bv, when given an argument of A\bA[\b[@\b@]\b], where A\bA is an
+ +\bo t\bte\bes\bst\bt -\b-v\bv, when given an argument of A\bA[\b[@\b@]\b], where A\bA is an
existing associative array, will return true if the array
- has any set elements. Bash-5.2 will look for and report
+ has any set elements. Bash-5.2 will look for and report
on a key named @\b@.
+\bo The ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br[\b[:\b:]\b]=\b=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be} word expansion will return
- _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be, before any variable-specific transformations have
+ _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be, before any variable-specific transformations have
been performed (e.g., converting to lowercase). Bash-5.2
will return the final value assigned to the variable.
- +\bo Parsing command substitutions will behave as if extended
+ +\bo Parsing command substitutions will behave as if extended
globbing (see the description of the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin above)
- is enabled, so that parsing a command substitution con-
+ is enabled, so that parsing a command substitution con-
taining an extglob pattern (say, as part of a shell func-
- tion) will not fail. This assumes the intent is to en-
- able extglob before the command is executed and word ex-
- pansions are performed. It will fail at word expansion
- time if extglob hasn't been enabled by the time the com-
+ tion) will not fail. This assumes the intent is to en-
+ able extglob before the command is executed and word ex-
+ pansions are performed. It will fail at word expansion
+ time if extglob hasn't been enabled by the time the com-
mand is executed.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt5\b52\b2
- +\bo The t\bte\bes\bst\bt builtin uses its historical algorithm to parse
- parenthesized subexpressions when given five or more ar-
+ +\bo The t\bte\bes\bst\bt builtin uses its historical algorithm to parse
+ parenthesized subexpressions when given five or more ar-
guments.
- +\bo If the -\b-p\bp or -\b-P\bP option is supplied to the b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd builtin,
+ +\bo If the -\b-p\bp or -\b-P\bP option is supplied to the b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd builtin,
b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd treats any arguments remaining after option process-
- ing as bindable command names, and displays any key se-
- quences bound to those commands, instead of treating the
+ ing as bindable command names, and displays any key se-
+ quences bound to those commands, instead of treating the
arguments as key sequences to bind.
S\bSE\bEE\bE A\bAL\bLS\bSO\bO
+\bo Importing function definitions from the shell environment at
startup.
- +\bo Parsing the value of S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS from the shell environment at
- startup.
+ +\bo Parsing the values of B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bHO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS and S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS from the shell en-
+ vironment at startup.
+\bo Redirecting output using the >, >|, <>, >&, &>, and >> redirec-
tion operators.
Copyright (C) 1988-2025 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@end ignore
-@set LASTCHANGE Tue Feb 11 11:04:12 EST 2025
+@set LASTCHANGE Mon Feb 24 16:09:32 EST 2025
@set EDITION 5.3
@set VERSION 5.3
-@set UPDATED 11 February 2025
+@set UPDATED 24 February 2025
@set UPDATED-MONTH February 2025
if (user_subshell && ignore_return == 0 && invert == 0 && exit_immediately_on_error && exec_result != EXECUTION_SUCCESS)
{
+ /* Update BASH_COMMAND before running any traps,
+ including the exit trap, since we are going to exit
+ the shell. */
+ if (signal_in_progress (DEBUG_TRAP) == 0 && running_trap == 0)
+ {
+ FREE (the_printed_command_except_trap);
+ the_printed_command_except_trap = savestring (the_printed_command);
+ }
run_pending_traps ();
jump_to_top_level (ERREXIT);
}
/* malloc.c - dynamic memory allocation for bash. */
-/* Copyright (C) 1985-2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+/* Copyright (C) 1985-2025 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne-Again SHell.
* gcc -g -o x x.o xmalloc.o lib/malloc/libmalloc.a
*/
-/* Copyright (C) 2002-2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+/* Copyright (C) 2002-2025 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell.
/* table.h - definitions for tables for keeping track of allocated memory */
-/* Copyright (C) 2001-2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+/* Copyright (C) 2001-2025 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne-Again SHell.
if (maxgroups > 0)
return maxgroups;
+ /* can also use getgroups (0, NULL) */
+
#if defined (HAVE_SYSCONF) && defined (_SC_NGROUPS_MAX)
maxgroups = sysconf (_SC_NGROUPS_MAX);
#else
#if defined (F_GETPIPE_SZ)
if (fcntl (herepipe[1], F_GETPIPE_SZ, 0) < document_len)
- goto use_tempfile;
+ {
+ close (herepipe[0]);
+ close (herepipe[1]);
+ goto use_tempfile;
+ }
#endif
r = heredoc_write (herepipe[1], document, document_len);
use_tempfile:
+ /* TAG: use anonfiles here in a future version. */
fd = sh_mktmpfd ("sh-thd", MT_USERANDOM|MT_USETMPDIR, &filename);
/* If we failed for some reason other than the file existing, abort */
(void) getresuid (¤t_user.uid, ¤t_user.euid, ¤t_user.saveuid);
#else
current_user.uid = getuid ();
- current_user.euid = geteuid ();
+ current_user.euid = current_user.saveuid = geteuid ();
#endif
#if HAVE_SETRESGID
(void) getresgid (¤t_user.gid, ¤t_user.egid, ¤t_user.savegid);
#else
current_user.gid = getgid ();
- current_user.egid = getegid ();
+ current_user.egid = current_user.savegid = getegid ();
#endif
if (current_user.uid != u)
projects / thirdparty / bash.git / commitdiff
