Bootstrap provides an easy-to-use framework of ready-made styles, layout tools, and interactive components, allowing developers to create websites and applications that are visually appealing, functionally rich, and accessible out of the box.
-## Overview and Limitations
+## Overview and limitations
-The overall accessibility of any project built with Bootstrap depends in large part on the author's markup, additional styling, and scripting they've included. However, provided that these have been implemented correctly, it should be perfectly possible to create websites and applications with Bootstrap that fulfill [<abbr title="Web Content Accessibility Guidelines">WCAG</abbr> 2.0](https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20/) (A/AA/AAA), [Section 508](https://www.section508.gov/) and similar accessibility standards and requirements.
+The overall accessibility of any project built with Bootstrap depends in large part on the author's markup, additional styling, and scripting they've included. However, provided that these have been implemented correctly, it should be perfectly possible to create websites and applications with Bootstrap that fulfill [<abbr title="Web Content Accessibility Guidelines">WCAG</abbr> 2.1](https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG21/) (A/AA/AAA), [Section 508](https://www.section508.gov/) and similar accessibility standards and requirements.
### Structural markup
### Color contrast
-Most colors that currently make up Bootstrap's default palette—used throughout the framework for things such as button variations, alert variations, form validation indicators—lead to *insufficient* color contrast (below the recommended [WCAG 2.0 color contrast ratio of 4.5:1](https://www.w3.org/TR/UNDERSTANDING-WCAG20/visual-audio-contrast-contrast.html)) when used against a light background. Authors will need to manually modify/extend these default colors to ensure adequate color contrast ratios.
+Some combinations of colors that currently make up Bootstrap's default palette—used throughout the framework for things such as button variations, alert variations, form validation indicators—may lead to *insufficient* color contrast (below the recommended [WCAG 2.1 text color contrast ratio of 4.5:1](https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG21/#contrast-minimum) and the [WCAG 2.1 non-text color contrast ratio of 3:1](https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG21/#non-text-contrast)), particularly when used against a light background. Authors are encouraged to test their specific uses of color and, where necessary, manually modify/extend these default colors to ensure adequate color contrast ratios.
### Visually hidden content
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-For visually hidden interactive controls, such as traditional "skip" links, use the `.sr-only-focusable` class. This will ensure that the control becomes visible once focused (for sighted keyboard users). **Watch out, since Bootstrap 5 the `.sr-only-focusable` class may not be used in combination with the `.sr-only` class.**
+For visually hidden interactive controls, such as traditional "skip" links, use the `.sr-only-focusable` class. This will ensure that the control becomes visible once focused (for sighted keyboard users). **Watch out, since Bootstrap 5 `.sr-only-focusable` is a standalone class, and must not be used in combination with the `.sr-only` class.**
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<a class="sr-only-focusable" href="#content">Skip to main content</a>
## Additional resources
-- [Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0](https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20/)
+- [Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.1](https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG21/)
- [The A11Y Project](https://a11yproject.com/)
- [MDN accessibility documentation](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Accessibility)
- [Tenon.io Accessibility Checker](https://tenon.io/)
- [Color Contrast Analyser (CCA)](https://developer.paciellogroup.com/resources/contrastanalyser/)
- ["HTML Codesniffer" bookmarklet for identifying accessibility issues](https://github.com/squizlabs/HTML_CodeSniffer)
+- [Microsoft Accessibility Insights](https://accessibilityinsights.io/)
+- [Deque Axe testing tools](https://www.deque.com/axe/)