msvc: fix building with `HAVE_INET_NTOP` and MSVC <=1900

msvc: fix building with `HAVE_INET_NTOP` and MSVC <=1900

MSVC 1900 and older is missing a `const` specifier in the `inet_ntop()`
declaration for the second argument. A workaround was in place for it
in cmake, but it didn't cover all necessary versions.

Replace the workaround with a different one, move it to `lib/inet_ntop.c`
and extend to all necessary MSVC versions.

Also add CI jobs for the older MSVC versions: 2013, 2015, 2017.

Closes #15923