gh-101293: Fix support of custom callables and types in inspect.Signature.from_callab...

gh-101293: Fix support of custom callables and types in inspect.Signature.from_callable() (GH-115530)

Support callables with the __call__() method and types with
__new__() and __init__() methods set to class methods, static
methods, bound methods, partial functions, and other types of
methods and descriptors.

Add tests for numerous types of callables and descriptors.