fs: add ioctl to query metadata and protection info capabilities

fs: add ioctl to query metadata and protection info capabilities

Add a new ioctl, FS_IOC_GETLBMD_CAP, to query metadata and protection
info (PI) capabilities. This ioctl returns information about the files
integrity profile. This is useful for userspace applications to
understand a files end-to-end data protection support and configure the
I/O accordingly.

For now this interface is only supported by block devices. However the
design and placement of this ioctl in generic FS ioctl space allows us
to extend it to work over files as well. This maybe useful when
filesystems start supporting  PI-aware layouts.

A new structure struct logical_block_metadata_cap is introduced, which
contains the following fields:

1. lbmd_flags: bitmask of logical block metadata capability flags
2. lbmd_interval: the amount of data described by each unit of logical
block metadata
3. lbmd_size: size in bytes of the logical block metadata associated
with each interval
4. lbmd_opaque_size: size in bytes of the opaque block tag associated
with each interval
5. lbmd_opaque_offset: offset in bytes of the opaque block tag within
the logical block metadata
6. lbmd_pi_size: size in bytes of the T10 PI tuple associated with each
interval
7. lbmd_pi_offset: offset in bytes of T10 PI tuple within the logical
block metadata
8. lbmd_pi_guard_tag_type: T10 PI guard tag type
9. lbmd_pi_app_tag_size: size in bytes of the T10 PI application tag
10. lbmd_pi_ref_tag_size: size in bytes of the T10 PI reference tag
11. lbmd_pi_storage_tag_size: size in bytes of the T10 PI storage tag

The internal logic to fetch the capability is encapsulated in a helper
function blk_get_meta_cap(), which uses the blk_integrity profile
associated with the device. The ioctl returns -EOPNOTSUPP, if
CONFIG_BLK_DEV_INTEGRITY is not enabled.

Suggested-by: Martin K. Petersen <martin.petersen@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Anuj Gupta <anuj20.g@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Kanchan Joshi <joshi.k@samsung.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/20250630090548.3317-5-anuj20.g@samsung.com
Reviewed-by: Martin K. Petersen <martin.petersen@oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Christian Brauner <brauner@kernel.org>