From a0c0a00fc419b7bc08202a79134fcd5bc0427071 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Chet Ramey Date: Thu, 15 Sep 2016 16:59:08 -0400 Subject: [PATCH] Bash-4.4 distribution sources and documentation --- CHANGES | 1035 +- COMPAT | 42 +- CWRU/changelog | 5831 +++++ INSTALL | 446 +- MANIFEST | 85 + Makefile.in | 107 +- NEWS | 224 + NOTES | 4 +- POSIX | 230 +- RBASH | 46 +- README | 6 +- aclocal.m4 | 8 +- alias.c | 8 +- array.c | 12 +- arrayfunc.c | 127 +- arrayfunc.h | 13 +- assoc.c | 19 +- bashhist.c | 83 +- bashjmp.h | 4 +- bashline.c | 160 +- braces.c | 58 +- builtins.h | 1 + builtins/Makefile.in | 90 +- builtins/alias.def | 10 +- builtins/bashgetopt.c | 6 + builtins/bashgetopt.h | 3 + builtins/bind.def | 16 +- builtins/break.def | 4 + builtins/caller.def | 2 + builtins/cd.def | 40 +- builtins/command.def | 80 +- builtins/common.c | 38 +- builtins/common.h | 32 +- builtins/complete.def | 20 +- builtins/declare.def | 311 +- builtins/echo.def | 10 +- builtins/enable.def | 84 +- builtins/eval.def | 2 +- builtins/evalfile.c | 78 +- builtins/evalstring.c | 87 +- builtins/exec.def | 18 +- builtins/exit.def | 4 + builtins/fc.def | 21 +- builtins/fg_bg.def | 4 + builtins/getopt.c | 46 + builtins/getopt.h | 17 + builtins/getopts.def | 28 +- builtins/hash.def | 23 +- builtins/help.def | 73 +- builtins/history.def | 27 +- builtins/jobs.def | 10 +- builtins/kill.def | 8 +- builtins/let.def | 2 + builtins/mapfile.def | 54 +- builtins/mkbuiltins.c | 57 +- builtins/printf.def | 31 +- builtins/pushd.def | 43 +- builtins/read.def | 51 +- builtins/reserved.def | 2 +- builtins/return.def | 10 +- builtins/set.def | 126 +- builtins/setattr.def | 103 +- builtins/shift.def | 5 + builtins/shopt.def | 99 +- builtins/source.def | 12 +- builtins/suspend.def | 3 +- builtins/test.def | 7 +- builtins/trap.def | 5 +- builtins/type.def | 48 +- builtins/ulimit.def | 21 +- builtins/umask.def | 7 +- builtins/wait.def | 14 +- command.h | 13 +- config-bot.h | 4 + config-top.h | 28 + config.h.in | 43 +- configure | 334 +- configure.ac | 92 +- doc/FAQ | 16 +- doc/Makefile.in | 47 +- doc/aosa-bash-full.pdf | Bin 0 -> 393895 bytes doc/aosa-bash.pdf | Bin 153472 -> 228239 bytes doc/bash.0 | 2829 +-- doc/bash.1 | 804 +- doc/bash.html | 839 +- doc/bash.info | 11484 ++++++++++ doc/bash.pdf | Bin 312770 -> 363392 bytes doc/bash.ps | 13755 +++++------ doc/bashbug.0 | 9 +- doc/bashbug.1 | 9 +- doc/bashbug.ps | 68 +- doc/bashref.dvi | Bin 721984 -> 744904 bytes doc/bashref.html | 26585 ++++++++++------------ doc/bashref.info | 9522 ++++---- doc/bashref.pdf | Bin 463824 -> 734389 bytes doc/bashref.ps | 18967 +++++++-------- doc/bashref.texi | 533 +- doc/builtins.0 | 946 +- doc/builtins.ps | 4366 ++-- doc/rbash.0 | 18 +- doc/rbash.ps | 76 +- doc/texinfo.tex | 2068 +- doc/version.texi | 13 +- error.c | 23 + error.h | 3 + eval.c | 27 +- examples/functions/dirstack | 160 + examples/loadables/Makefile.in | 66 +- examples/loadables/Makefile.inc.in | 108 + examples/loadables/README | 5 +- examples/loadables/basename.c | 1 + examples/loadables/dirname.c | 1 + examples/loadables/finfo.c | 11 +- examples/loadables/head.c | 2 + examples/loadables/hello.c | 22 +- examples/loadables/ln.c | 15 +- examples/loadables/loadables.h | 34 + examples/loadables/logname.c | 1 + examples/loadables/mkdir.c | 4 +- examples/loadables/mypid.c | 19 +- examples/loadables/necho.c | 1 + examples/loadables/pathchk.c | 7 +- examples/loadables/perl/Makefile.in | 2 +- examples/loadables/realpath.c | 1 + examples/loadables/rmdir.c | 1 + examples/loadables/setpgid.c | 121 + examples/loadables/sync.c | 1 + examples/loadables/tee.c | 1 + examples/loadables/template.c | 21 +- examples/loadables/truefalse.c | 2 + examples/loadables/tty.c | 1 + examples/loadables/uname.c | 1 + examples/loadables/unlink.c | 1 + examples/loadables/whoami.c | 1 + execute_cmd.c | 470 +- execute_cmd.h | 18 +- expr.c | 9 +- externs.h | 18 +- findcmd.c | 113 +- findcmd.h | 9 +- flags.c | 49 +- flags.h | 7 +- general.c | 178 +- general.h | 32 +- hashlib.c | 10 + hashlib.h | 2 +- include/chartypes.h | 28 +- include/posixjmp.h | 22 +- include/shmbchar.h | 247 +- include/shmbutil.h | 29 + input.c | 4 +- jobs.c | 516 +- jobs.h | 37 +- lib/glob/Makefile.in | 4 +- lib/glob/glob.c | 20 +- lib/glob/gmisc.c | 45 +- lib/glob/sm_loop.c | 63 +- lib/glob/smatch.c | 4 + lib/intl/l10nflist.c | 5 +- lib/intl/loadmsgcat.c | 16 +- lib/intl/localealias.c | 5 +- lib/malloc/Makefile.in | 2 +- lib/malloc/malloc.c | 4 +- lib/malloc/stats.c | 2 +- lib/malloc/table.c | 184 +- lib/malloc/table.h | 11 + lib/malloc/trace.c | 4 +- lib/readline/Makefile.in | 10 +- lib/readline/bind.c | 218 +- lib/readline/callback.c | 79 +- lib/readline/chardefs.h | 18 +- lib/readline/colors.c | 56 +- lib/readline/colors.h | 10 +- lib/readline/complete.c | 180 +- lib/readline/display.c | 430 +- lib/readline/doc/history.texi | 2 +- lib/readline/doc/hstech.texi | 15 +- lib/readline/doc/hsuser.texi | 19 +- lib/readline/doc/rlman.texi | 2 +- lib/readline/doc/rltech.texi | 103 +- lib/readline/doc/rluser.texi | 123 +- lib/readline/doc/rluserman.texi | 2 +- lib/readline/doc/version.texi | 12 +- lib/readline/examples/fileman.c | 18 + lib/readline/examples/rl-callbacktest.c | 15 +- lib/readline/examples/rl.c | 1 + lib/readline/funmap.c | 9 +- lib/readline/histexpand.c | 48 +- lib/readline/histfile.c | 295 +- lib/readline/histlib.h | 3 - lib/readline/history.c | 54 +- lib/readline/history.h | 18 +- lib/readline/input.c | 67 +- lib/readline/isearch.c | 25 +- lib/readline/kill.c | 106 +- lib/readline/macro.c | 4 +- lib/readline/mbutil.c | 4 +- lib/readline/misc.c | 8 +- lib/readline/parens.c | 28 +- lib/readline/posixjmp.h | 22 +- lib/readline/readline.c | 127 +- lib/readline/readline.h | 50 +- lib/readline/rlconf.h | 14 +- lib/readline/rlmbutil.h | 46 +- lib/readline/rlprivate.h | 35 +- lib/readline/rltty.c | 57 +- lib/readline/rltypedefs.h | 19 + lib/readline/search.c | 11 +- lib/readline/signals.c | 39 +- lib/readline/tcap.h | 4 +- lib/readline/terminal.c | 9 +- lib/readline/text.c | 85 +- lib/readline/tilde.c | 10 +- lib/readline/undo.c | 11 +- lib/readline/util.c | 67 +- lib/readline/vi_keymap.c | 6 +- lib/readline/vi_mode.c | 172 +- lib/sh/Makefile.in | 60 +- lib/sh/casemod.c | 87 +- lib/sh/eaccess.c | 10 +- lib/sh/mbscasecmp.c | 9 +- lib/sh/mbscmp.c | 9 +- lib/sh/mktime.c | 29 +- lib/sh/netconn.c | 4 +- lib/sh/netopen.c | 3 +- lib/sh/shmatch.c | 9 +- lib/sh/shmbchar.c | 11 +- lib/sh/shquote.c | 74 +- lib/sh/strtrans.c | 12 +- lib/sh/tmpfile.c | 29 +- lib/sh/ufuncs.c | 4 + lib/sh/unicode.c | 4 +- lib/sh/winsize.c | 4 +- lib/sh/zgetline.c | 14 +- lib/termcap/Makefile.in | 2 +- lib/termcap/termcap.c | 6 +- lib/termcap/termcap.h | 2 +- lib/tilde/Makefile.in | 2 +- lib/tilde/tilde.c | 10 +- locale.c | 4 +- make_cmd.c | 21 +- nojobs.c | 87 +- parse.y | 337 +- parser-built | 156 +- patchlevel.h | 4 +- pathexp.c | 26 +- pathexp.h | 9 +- pcomplete.c | 39 +- pcomplete.h | 1 + pcomplib.c | 4 +- po/LINGUAS | 2 +- po/af.gmo | Bin 1244 -> 1224 bytes po/af.po | 1346 +- po/bash.pot | 1330 +- po/bg.gmo | Bin 235979 -> 219559 bytes po/bg.po | 2691 ++- po/ca.gmo | Bin 9739 -> 99978 bytes po/ca.po | 6677 +++--- po/cs.gmo | Bin 173589 -> 163599 bytes po/cs.po | 1827 +- po/da.gmo | Bin 100735 -> 79327 bytes po/da.po | 1377 +- po/de.gmo | Bin 89921 -> 94101 bytes po/de.po | 1538 +- po/el.gmo | Bin 37185 -> 38710 bytes po/el.po | 1391 +- po/en@boldquot.gmo | Bin 165724 -> 168863 bytes po/en@boldquot.po | 1608 +- po/en@quot.gmo | Bin 164132 -> 167255 bytes po/en@quot.po | 1582 +- po/eo.gmo | Bin 161232 -> 151825 bytes po/eo.po | 1398 +- po/es.gmo | Bin 122470 -> 95671 bytes po/es.po | 1399 +- po/et.gmo | Bin 12133 -> 12133 bytes po/et.po | 1344 +- po/fi.gmo | Bin 102765 -> 81468 bytes po/fi.po | 1374 +- po/fr.gmo | Bin 126213 -> 167383 bytes po/fr.po | 2788 +-- po/ga.gmo | Bin 58471 -> 55927 bytes po/ga.po | 1523 +- po/gl.gmo | Bin 63233 -> 59107 bytes po/gl.po | 1432 +- po/hr.gmo | Bin 34075 -> 33869 bytes po/hr.po | 1376 +- po/hu.gmo | Bin 110947 -> 160744 bytes po/hu.po | 2993 +-- po/id.gmo | Bin 108579 -> 99123 bytes po/id.po | 1507 +- po/it.gmo | Bin 122520 -> 95487 bytes po/it.po | 1377 +- po/ja.gmo | Bin 133748 -> 110336 bytes po/ja.po | 1685 +- po/lt.gmo | Bin 29354 -> 29236 bytes po/lt.po | 1363 +- po/nb.gmo | Bin 0 -> 152775 bytes po/nb.po | 5738 +++++ po/nl.gmo | Bin 170658 -> 159651 bytes po/nl.po | 1418 +- po/pl.gmo | Bin 173751 -> 163030 bytes po/pl.po | 1532 +- po/pt_BR.gmo | Bin 9580 -> 162582 bytes po/pt_BR.po | 5522 +++-- po/ro.gmo | Bin 9358 -> 9312 bytes po/ro.po | 1356 +- po/ru.gmo | Bin 9155 -> 134863 bytes po/ru.po | 6253 ++++- po/sk.gmo | Bin 121115 -> 94657 bytes po/sk.po | 1380 +- po/sl.gmo | Bin 117289 -> 91641 bytes po/sl.po | 1381 +- po/sr.gmo | Bin 219040 -> 205678 bytes po/sr.po | 1459 +- po/sv.gmo | Bin 165974 -> 156578 bytes po/sv.po | 1958 +- po/tr.gmo | Bin 88390 -> 80056 bytes po/tr.po | 1732 +- po/uk.gmo | Bin 222687 -> 209474 bytes po/uk.po | 1456 +- po/vi.gmo | Bin 179349 -> 168996 bytes po/vi.po | 2018 +- po/zh_CN.gmo | Bin 102094 -> 147592 bytes po/zh_CN.po | 1916 +- po/zh_TW.gmo | Bin 5876 -> 93961 bytes po/zh_TW.po | 3654 ++- print_cmd.c | 32 +- quit.h | 8 +- redir.c | 42 +- shell.c | 179 +- shell.h | 8 +- sig.c | 34 +- sig.h | 4 +- stringlib.c | 2 +- subst.c | 1632 +- subst.h | 54 +- support/Makefile.in | 3 +- support/bash.pc.in | 28 + support/bashbug.sh | 5 +- support/man2html.c | 44 +- support/texi2dvi | 2336 +- support/xcase.c | 2 + syntax.h | 2 + test.c | 12 +- tests/alias.right | 8 + tests/alias.tests | 1 + tests/alias2.sub | 22 + tests/appendop.right | 10 +- tests/arith.right | 16 +- tests/arith.tests | 8 + tests/arith7.sub | 11 + tests/array.right | 244 +- tests/array.tests | 13 +- tests/array17.sub | 78 + tests/array18.sub | 34 + tests/array19.sub | 167 + tests/array20.sub | 34 + tests/array21.sub | 37 + tests/assoc.right | 135 +- tests/assoc.tests | 21 + tests/assoc8.sub | 7 + tests/attr.right | 37 + tests/attr.tests | 41 + tests/attr1.sub | 55 + tests/attr2.sub | 24 + tests/builtins.right | 85 +- tests/builtins.tests | 6 + tests/builtins5.sub | 61 + tests/builtins6.sub | 68 + tests/case.right | 7 + tests/case.tests | 20 + tests/casemod.right | 4 + tests/casemod.tests | 14 + tests/comsub-posix.right | 1 + tests/comsub-posix.tests | 13 + tests/comsub.right | 21 + tests/comsub.tests | 5 + tests/comsub1.sub | 6 + tests/comsub2.sub | 8 + tests/comsub3.sub | 31 + tests/cond.right | 5 + tests/cond.tests | 11 + tests/coproc.right | 5 +- tests/coproc.tests | 30 +- tests/dollar-at-star | 14 + tests/dollar-at-star2.sub | 207 + tests/dollar-at-star3.sub | 44 + tests/dollar-at-star4.sub | 97 + tests/dollar-at-star5.sub | 53 + tests/dollar-at-star6.sub | 29 + tests/dollar-at-star7.sub | 25 + tests/dollar-at-star8.sub | 14 + tests/dollar.right | 202 +- tests/errors.right | 27 +- tests/errors.tests | 7 + tests/errors4.sub | 18 + tests/errors5.sub | 11 + tests/errors6.sub | 20 + tests/exec.right | 46 +- 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tests/run-globstar | 4 +- tests/run-heredoc | 4 +- tests/run-herestr | 4 +- tests/run-histexpand | 4 +- tests/run-history | 4 +- tests/run-ifs | 4 +- tests/run-ifs-posix | 4 +- tests/run-input-test | 4 +- tests/run-intl | 6 +- tests/run-invert | 4 +- tests/run-iquote | 4 +- tests/run-jobs | 4 +- tests/run-lastpipe | 4 +- tests/run-mapfile | 4 +- tests/run-minimal | 15 +- tests/run-more-exp | 4 +- tests/run-nameref | 4 +- tests/run-new-exp | 4 +- tests/run-nquote | 4 +- tests/run-nquote1 | 4 +- tests/run-nquote2 | 4 +- tests/run-nquote3 | 4 +- tests/run-nquote4 | 4 +- tests/run-nquote5 | 4 +- tests/run-parser | 2 + tests/run-posix2 | 4 +- tests/run-posixexp | 4 +- tests/run-posixexp2 | 4 +- tests/run-posixpat | 4 +- tests/run-posixpipe | 4 +- tests/run-precedence | 4 +- tests/run-printf | 6 +- tests/run-quote | 4 +- tests/run-read | 4 +- tests/run-redir | 4 +- tests/run-rhs-exp | 4 +- tests/run-rsh | 4 +- tests/run-set-e | 4 +- tests/run-set-x | 0 tests/run-shopt | 4 +- tests/run-strip | 4 +- tests/run-test | 4 +- tests/run-tilde | 4 +- tests/run-tilde2 | 4 +- tests/run-trap | 4 +- tests/run-type | 4 +- tests/run-varenv | 4 +- tests/run-vredir | 4 +- tests/shopt.right | 12 +- tests/source6.sub | 5 + tests/test-glue-functions | 9 + tests/trap.right | 7 +- tests/trap.tests | 1 + tests/unicode2.sub | 30 +- tests/unicode3.sub | 2 + tests/varenv.right | 33 +- tests/varenv.sh | 8 +- tests/varenv4.sub | 14 + tests/varenv7.sub | 62 + tests/varenv8.sub | 14 + tests/vredir.right | 13 +- tests/vredir.tests | 2 + tests/vredir7.sub | 23 + trap.c | 145 +- trap.h | 6 +- unwind_prot.c | 37 +- unwind_prot.h | 3 + variables.c | 573 +- variables.h | 28 +- version.c | 8 +- xmalloc.c | 6 +- y.tab.c | 3279 +-- y.tab.h | 156 +- 588 files changed, 128531 insertions(+), 77949 deletions(-) create mode 100644 doc/aosa-bash-full.pdf create mode 100644 doc/bash.info create mode 100644 examples/functions/dirstack create mode 100644 examples/loadables/Makefile.inc.in create mode 100644 examples/loadables/loadables.h create mode 100644 examples/loadables/setpgid.c create mode 100644 po/nb.gmo create mode 100644 po/nb.po create mode 100644 support/bash.pc.in create mode 100644 tests/alias2.sub create mode 100644 tests/arith7.sub create mode 100644 tests/array17.sub create mode 100644 tests/array18.sub create mode 100644 tests/array19.sub create mode 100644 tests/array20.sub create mode 100644 tests/array21.sub create mode 100644 tests/assoc8.sub create mode 100644 tests/attr.right create mode 100644 tests/attr.tests create mode 100644 tests/attr1.sub create mode 100644 tests/attr2.sub create mode 100644 tests/builtins5.sub create mode 100644 tests/builtins6.sub create mode 100644 tests/comsub2.sub create mode 100644 tests/comsub3.sub create mode 100644 tests/dollar-at-star2.sub create mode 100644 tests/dollar-at-star3.sub create mode 100644 tests/dollar-at-star4.sub create mode 100644 tests/dollar-at-star5.sub create mode 100644 tests/dollar-at-star6.sub create mode 100644 tests/dollar-at-star7.sub create mode 100644 tests/dollar-at-star8.sub create mode 100644 tests/errors4.sub create mode 100644 tests/errors5.sub create mode 100644 tests/errors6.sub create mode 100644 tests/exec10.sub create mode 100644 tests/exec11.sub create mode 100644 tests/exec12.sub create mode 100644 tests/exec13.sub create mode 100644 tests/exp7.sub create mode 100644 tests/exp8.sub create mode 100644 tests/exp9.sub create mode 100644 tests/exportfunc.right create mode 100644 tests/exportfunc.tests create mode 100644 tests/exportfunc1.sub create mode 100644 tests/exportfunc2.sub create mode 100644 tests/exportfunc3.sub create mode 100644 tests/extglob2.sub create mode 100644 tests/extglob3.sub create mode 100644 tests/extglob4.sub create mode 100644 tests/getopts10.sub create mode 100644 tests/getopts8.sub create mode 100644 tests/getopts9.sub create mode 100644 tests/herestr1.sub create mode 100644 tests/histexp1.sub create mode 100644 tests/histexp2.sub create mode 100644 tests/histexp3.sub create mode 100644 tests/histexp4.sub create mode 100644 tests/intl3.sub create mode 100644 tests/lastpipe2.sub create mode 100644 tests/mapfile2.sub create mode 100644 tests/nameref10.sub create mode 100644 tests/nameref11.sub create mode 100644 tests/nameref12.sub create mode 100644 tests/nameref13.sub create mode 100644 tests/nameref14.sub create mode 100644 tests/nameref15.sub create mode 100644 tests/nameref16.sub create mode 100644 tests/nameref17.sub create mode 100644 tests/nameref18.sub create mode 100644 tests/nameref9.sub create mode 100644 tests/new-exp10.sub create mode 100644 tests/nquote3.sub create mode 100644 tests/parser.right create mode 100644 tests/parser.tests create mode 100644 tests/parser1.sub create mode 100644 tests/redir11.sub create mode 100644 tests/redir12.sub create mode 100644 tests/run-attr mode change 100755 => 100644 tests/run-dbg-support mode change 100755 => 100644 tests/run-dbg-support2 create mode 100644 tests/run-exportfunc create mode 100644 tests/run-parser mode change 100755 => 100644 tests/run-set-x create mode 100644 tests/test-glue-functions create mode 100644 tests/varenv7.sub create mode 100644 tests/varenv8.sub create mode 100644 tests/vredir7.sub diff --git a/CHANGES b/CHANGES index 5985e42c5..43cb1341a 100644 --- a/CHANGES +++ b/CHANGES @@ -1,3 +1,1036 @@ +This document details the changes between this version, bash-4.4-release, and +the previous version, bash-4.4-rc2. + +1. Changes to Bash + +a. Fixed a bug that could potentially result in a crash due to an integer + overflow. + +b. Fixed a bug in where commands printed due to `set -x' could be incorrectly + quoted if being printed in contexts where they haven't yet been expanded. + +c. Fixed several memory leaks. + +d. Fixed a bug that could potentially cause the terminal attributes to be + set incorrectly by a command run from a programmable completion. + +e. Fixed several potential buffer overflow issues in the word expansion code. + +2. Changes to Readline + +3. New Features in Bash + +4. New Features in Readline + +------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +This document details the changes between this version, bash-4.4-rc2, and +the previous version, bash-4.4-beta2. + +1. Changes to Bash + +a. Fixed an out-of-bounds read in the redirection operator completion code. + +b. Fixed execution context so `until continue' doesn't disable execution for + subsequent commands. + +c. Fixed trap handling code so traps don't inherit a command's temporary + environment. + +d. Fixed a bug that resulted in incorrect line numbers when a function is + defined as part of another function's execution. + +e. Fixed a bug in the expansion of ${a[@]} in contexts where word splitting + is not performed and $IFS is not the default. + +f. Fixed a bug that caused ''"$@" to not expand to an empty argument when + there are no positional parameters. + +g. Fixed a bug that caused a shell compiled without job control to use the + incorrect exit status for builtin commands preceded by a command executed + from the file system that causes the shell to call waitpid(). + +h. Improved word completion for quoted strings containing unterminated command + substitutions with embedded double quotes. + +2. Changes to Readline + +a. Fixed a bug that caused mode strings to be displayed incorrectly if the + prompt was shorter than the mode string. + +3. New Features in Bash + +a. Using ${a[@]} or ${a[*]} with an array without any assigned elements when + the nounset option is enabled no longer throws an unbound variable error. + +4. New Features in Readline + +a. New application-callable function: rl_pending_signal(): returns the signal + number of any signal readline has caught but not yet handled. + +b. New application-settable variable: rl_persistent_signal_handlers: if set + to a non-zero value, readline will enable the readline-6.2 signal handler + behavior in callback mode: handlers are installed when + rl_callback_handler_install is called and removed removed when a complete + line has been read. + +------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +This document details the changes between this version, bash-4.4-beta2, and +the previous version, bash-4.4-rc1. + +1. Changes to Bash + +a. Fixed a memory leak when processing ${!var[@]}. + +b. Fixed a bug that caused subshells to free trap strings associated with + inherited signals. + +c. Inheriting BASHOPTS from the environment now works to force actions + associated with enabling an option, instead of just marking the option + as enabled. + +d. Fixed a bug that allowed assignments to BASH_CMDS when the shell was in + restricted mode. + +e. Fixed a bug caused by an accidental omission of part of the original patch + for EXECIGNORE. + +e. Prompt expansion now quotes the results of the \s, \h, and \H expansions. + +f. Fixed a bug that caused parsing errors in command substitutions with + consecutive case statements separated by newlines. + +g. Updated logic used to decide whether bash is running inside an emacs + terminal emulator to work with future emacs versions. + +h. Fixed two extended pattern matching bugs caused by premature short- + circuiting. + +i. Fixed a memory leak in the code that removes duplicate history entries. + +j. There are a number of bug fixes to coproc, mapfile, declare, unset, + and assignment statements that prevent nameref variables from creating + and unsetting variables with invalid names. + +k. Fixed a bug that caused variables to be inadvertently marked as both an + associative and an indexed array. + +l. Fixed a bug that caused `bash -c' to not run a trap specified in the + command string. + +j. There are a number of bug fixes to coproc, mapfile, declare, and assignment + statements that prevent nameref variables from overwriting or modifying + attributes of readonly variables. + +k. Fixed a bug that caused command substitution to attempt to set the + terminal's process group incorrectly. + +l. Fixed a bug that could cause prompt string expansion to display error + messages when the `nounset' shell option is set. + +m. Fixed a bug that caused "$@" to not expand to an empty string under the + circumstances when Posix says it should ("${@-${@-$@}}"). + +n. Fixed several bugs caused by referencing nameref variables whose values + are names of unset variables (or names that are valid for referencing + but not assignment), including creating variables in the temporary + environment. + +o. Function tracing and error tracing are disabled if --debugger is supplied + at startup but the shell can't find the debugger start file. + +p. Fixed a bug when IFS is used as the control variable in a for statement. + +q. Fixed a bug with SIGINT received by a command substitution in an interactive + shell. + +r. The checks for nameref variable self-references are more thorough. + +s. Fixed several bugs with multi-line aliases. + +t. Fixed `test' to handle the four-argument case where $1 == '(' and + $4 == ')'. + +u. Fixed a bug in the expansion of $* in the cases where word splitting is + not performed. + +v. Fixed a bug in execution of case statements where IFS includes the + pattern matching characters. + +2. Changes to Readline + +a. When refreshing the line as the result of a key sequence, Readline attempts + to redraw only the last line of a multiline prompt. + +b. Fixed an issue that caused completion of git commands to display + incorrectly when using colored-completion-prefix. + +c. Fixed several redisplay bugs having to do with multibyte characters and + invisible characters in prompt strings. + +3. New Features in Bash + +a. Value conversions (arithmetic expansions, case modification, etc.) now + happen when assigning elements of an array using compound assignment. + +b. There is a new option settable in config-top.h that makes multiple + directory arguments to `cd' a fatal error. + +c. Bash now uses mktemp() when creating internal temporary files; it produces + a warning at build time on many Linux systems. + +4. New Features in Readline + +a. The default binding for ^W in vi mode now uses word boundaries specified + by Posix (vi-unix-word-rubout is bindable command name). + +b. rl_clear_visible_line: new application-callable function; clears all + screen lines occupied by the current visible readline line. + +c. rl_tty_set_echoing: application-callable function that controls whether + or not readline thinks it is echoing terminal output. + +d. Handle >| and strings of digits preceding and following redirection + specifications as single tokens when tokenizing the line for history + expansion. + +e. Fixed a bug with displaying completions when the prefix display length + is greater than the length of the completions to be displayed. + +f. The :p history modifier now applies to the entire line, so any expansion + specifying :p causes the line to be printed instead of expanded. + +------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +This document details the changes between this version, bash-4.4-rc1, and +the previous version, bash-4.4-beta. + +1. Changes to Bash + +a. Fixed several problems with bash completion not special-casing bash syntax + constructs. + +b. Fixed a bug that caused the mapfile builtin to not create array variables + when a variable of the same name appears in the temporary environment. + +c. Fixed a bug that caused prompt expansion to loop when PS1 contained a + syntax error. + +d. Fixed a bug that caused the ${array[@]@A} expansion to split the results + even when double-quoted. + +e. There is a new implementation of the code that saves the last CHILD_MAX + exited background pids so their status can be queried later. + +f. Bash-4.4 can now be configured and built on very old versions of Solaris 2. + +g. Fixed problems with --help support for several builtins. + +h. Fixed values added to BASH_SOURCE and BASH_LINENO for functions inherited + from the environment. + +i. Fixed a bug that caused background processes run from non-interactive shells + with job control enabled to place the terminal in the wrong process group + under certain circumstances. + +j. Fixed a bug that caused `fc' to return an incorrect exit status when + executing commands from the history list. + +k. Fixed a bug that caused the shell to exit when a process substitution + received a SIGINT when run in certain terminal emulators. + +l. EXECIGNORE now honors the setting of `extglob' when attempting to match + executable names. + +m. Fixed a bug where `return' used the wrong exit status when executed in a + DEBUG trap. + +n. Fixed a bug that caused a command containing a here-document and an escaped + newline to be stored in the history list incorrectly. + +o. Fixed a bug that caused set -e to be honored in cases of builtins invoking + other builtins when it should be ignored. + +p. Fixed a bug that caused `readonly' and `export' to create local array + variables when used within shell functions. + +q. Fixed a bug that allowed subshells begun to execute process substitutions + to have access to the command's temporary environment. + +r. Fixed a bug that could cause the shell to dump core when receiving a + SIGCHLD for which a trap has been set while running in posix mode. + +s. Fixed a bug that caused bash to not restore BASH_ARGC, BASH_ARGV, + BASH_SOURCE, BASH_LINENO, and FUNCNAME if the shell received a SIGINT + while reading commands from a file while executing `.'. + +t. Fixed a bug that caused the `-o history' option to have no effect when + supplied on the command line when starting a new shell. + +u. Fixed a bug that caused history expansions occurring in command + substitutions to not be performed. + +v. Fixed a bug that caused `eval' run in a non-interactive shell to disable + history expansion for the remainder of the shell script, even if the script + had previously enabled it. + +w. Fixed a bug that caused "$@" to not expand to multiple words when IFS is set + to the empty string. + +x. Fixed a bug that caused process and command substitution to inherit output + buffered in the stdio library but not written. + +y. Fixed a bug that caused a terminating signal received during `echo' to run + an exit trap in a signal handler context. + +z. Fixed a bug that caused a builtin command containing a process substitution + to return the wrong exit status. + +aa. Fixed a bug that caused `()' subshells with piped input to incorrectly + redirect the standard input of some of the commands in the subshell from + /dev/null. + +bb. The history builtin now uses more descriptive error messages for missing or + invalid timestamps. + +2. Changes to Readline + +a. The history file writing functions only attempt to create and use a backup + history file if the history file exists and is a regular file. + +b. Fixed an out-of-bounds read in readline's internal tilde expansion + interface. + +c. Fixed several redisplay bugs with prompt strings containing multibyte + and non-visible characters whose physical length is longer than the screen + width. + +d. Fixed a redisplay bug with prompt strings containing invisible characters + whose physical length exceeds the screen width and using incremental search. + +e. Readline prints more descriptive error messages when it encounters errors + while reading an inputrc file. + +f. Fixed a bug in the character insertion code that attempts to optimize + typeahead when it reads a character that is not bound to self-insert and + resets the key sequence state. + +3. New Features in Bash + +a. BASH_COMPAT and FUNCNEST can be inherited and set from the shell's initial + environment. + +b. inherit_errexit: a new `shopt' option that, when set, causes command + substitutions to inherit the -e option. By default, those subshells disable + -e. It's enabled as part of turning on posix mode. + +c. New prompt string: PS0. Expanded and displayed by interactive shells after + reading a complete command but before executing it. + +d. Interactive shells now behave as if SIGTSTP/SIGTTIN/SIGTTOU are set to + SIG_DFL when the shell is started, so they are set to SIG_DFL in child + processes. + +e. Posix-mode shells now allow double quotes to quote the history expansion + character. + +f. OLDPWD can be inherited from the environment if it names a directory. + +g. Shells running as root no longer inherit PS4 from the environment, closing + a security hole involving PS4 expansion performing command substitution. + +h. If executing an implicit `cd' when the `autocd' option is set, bash will + now invoke a function named `cd' if one exists before executing the `cd' + builtin. + +4. New Features in Readline + +a. If an incremental search string has its last character removed with DEL, + the resulting empty search string no longer matches the previous line. + +b. If readline reads a history file that begins with `#' (or the value of + the history comment character) and has enabled history timestamps, the + history entries are assumed to be delimited by timestamps. This allows + multi-line history entries. + +c. Readline now throws an error if it parses a key binding without a + terminating `:' or whitespace. + +------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +This document details the changes between this version, bash-4.4-beta, and +the previous version, bash-4.4-alpha. + +1. Changes to Bash + +a. Fixed two bugs that caused out-of-bounds reads when skipping over assignment + statements while finding the word on which to perform programmable + completion. + +b. Fixed a memory leak in programmable completion. + +c. Fixed a bug that could cause the shell to crash when interrupting the + wait builtin. + +d. Fixed a bug that caused ${!vvv@} to be interpreted as introducing the new + `@' operator. + +e. Fixed a bug that caused the && and || operators to be incorrectly optimized. + +f. The shell now undoes redirections before exiting the shell when the `-e' + option is enabled, and a shell function fails. + +g. History expansion now skips over the history expansion character in command + and process substitution. + +h. Fixed a bug that caused stray '\001' characters to be added to the output + of `declare -p'. + +i. Fixed a memory leak when processing declare commands that perform compound + array assignments. + +j. Fixed a bug that could cause the shell to crash when reading input from a + file and the limit on open file descriptors is high. + +k. Fixed a bug that caused the ERR and RETURN traps to be unset if they were + set in a shell function but unset previously. + +l. Fixed a bug that caused several signals to be ignored if `exec' failed in + an interactive shell. + +m. A posix-mode non-interactive shell now considers a parameter expansion error + to be a fatal error. + +n. The `time' command now prints timing statistics for failed commands when + the -e option is enabled. + +o. Fixed a bug that caused the shell to crash when attempting to indirectly + expand a shell variable with an invalid name. + +p. Fixed a bug that caused the shell to crash when running a trap containing + a process substitution. + +q. Bash now prints the keyword `function' before a function with the same name + as a reserved word when using `declare -f' to avoid parse errors when + reusing the output as input. + +r. Fixed a bug that caused the shell to crash when using declare -g to attempt + to redefine an existing global indexed array variable as an associative + array. + +s. Fixed a memory leak that occurred when interrupting brace expansions + generating a sequence. + +t. Fixed a bug that resulted in alias expansion in redirections. + +u. The `declare -a' and `declare -A' commands now print fewer warnings when + attempting to create and initialize an array at the same time, but + relying on word expansions to construct the compound assignment. + +v. The `help' builtin now behaves better in locales where each wide + character occupies more than one display column. + +w. The `read' builtin no longer has a possible race condition when a timeout + occurs. + +x. Fixed several expansion problems encountered when IFS="'". + +y. Fixed a problem with the expansion of $'\c?'. + +z. Bash no longer splits the expansion of here-strings, as the documentation + has always said. + +aa. Bash now puts `s' in the value of $- if the shell is reading from standard + input, as Posix requires. + +bb. Fixed a bug that caused the shell to crash if invoked with a NULL + environment. + +cc. The shell now only trusts an inherited value for $PWD if it begins with a + `/'. + +dd. Fixed a memory leak when creating local array variables and assigning to + them using compound assignment with the `declare' builtin. + +ee. Fixed a bug that could cause the shell to crash when processing nested here + documents inside a command substitution. + +ff. Array keys and values are now displayed using $'...' quoting where + appropriate. + +gg. Fixed a bug that could cause the shell to crash if the replacement string + in pattern substitution was NULL. + +hh. Fixed a bug that could cause the shell to crash if a command substitution + contained a non-fatal syntax error. + +ii. Fixed a bug that could cause the shell to crash if variable indirection + resulted in a NULL variable. + +jj. Fixed a bug that could cause the shell to crash if a long string contained + multiple unterminated parameter expansion constructs. + +kk. Improved the code that acts on SIGINT received while waiting for a child + process only if the child exits due to SIGINT. + +ll. $BASH_SUBSHELL now has more consistent values in asynchronous simple + commands. + +2. Changes to Readline + +a. Colored completion prefixes are now displayed using a different color, less + likely to collide with files. + +b. Fixed a bug that caused vi-mode character search to misbehave when + running in callback mode. + +c. Fixed a bug that caused output to be delayed when input is coming from a + macro in vi-mode. + +d. Fixed a bug that caused the vi-mode `.' command to misbehave when redoing + a multi-key key sequence via a macro. + +e. Fixed a bug that caused problems with applications that supply their own + input function when performing completion. + +f. When read returns -1/EIO when attempting to read a key, return an error + instead of line termination back to the caller. + +g. Updated tty auditing feature based on patch from Red Hat. + +h. Fixed a bug that could cause the history library to crash on overflows + introduced by malicious editing of timestamps in the history file. + +3. New Features in Bash + +a. `make install' now installs the example loadable builtins and a set of + bash headers to use when developing new loadable builtins. + +b. `enable -f' now attempts to call functions named BUILTIN_builtin_load when + loading BUILTIN, and BUILTIN_builtin_unload when deleting it. This allows + loadable builtins to run initialization and cleanup code. + +c. There is a new BASH_LOADABLES_PATH variable containing a list of directories + where the `enable -f' command looks for shared objects containing loadable + builtins. + +d. The `complete_fullquote' option to `shopt' changes filename completion to + quote all shell metacharacters in filenames and directory names. + +e. The `kill' builtin now has a `-L' option, equivalent to `-l', for + compatibility with Linux standalone versions of kill. + +4. New Features in Readline +------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +This document details the changes between this version, bash-4.4-alpha, and +the previous version, bash-4.3-release. + +1. Changes to Bash + +a. A bug that caused pipelines to be corrupted while running the DEBUG trap + was fixed. + +b. A bug that accidentally omitted the `-R' unary operator from `test' was + fixed. + +c. A bug that could cause the shell to not restore the terminal's process + group on shell exit was fixed. + +d. Several changes were made to programmable completion to accommodate + assumptions made by the bash-completion package. + +e. Bash no longer inhibits C-style escape processing ($'...') while performing + pattern substitution word expansions. + +f. Fixed a bug that caused `return' executed from a trap handler to use the + wrong return status when one was not supplied as an argument. + +g. In Posix mode, defining a function with the same name as a special + builtin is now an error, fatal only when the shell is not interactive. + +h. Fixed a bug that caused compound array assignments to discard unset or null + variables used as subscripts, thereby making it appear as if the index was + not present. + +i. Fixed a bug that caused extended glob patterns to incorrectly match + filenames with a leading `.'. + +j. Fixed a bug involving sign extension when reallocating the input line + after a history expansion, causing segmentation faults. + +k. Bash now does a better job at identifying syntax errors during word + completion and tailoring completion appropriately. + +l. Bash now uses the current locale's decimal point in comamnd timing output. + +m. Fixed a bug that caused segmentation faults while reading here documents if + PS2 contains a command substitution. + +n. There are several changes to how $@ is expanded when unquoted but in a + context where word splitting is not performed (e.g., on the rhs of an + assignment or in a conditional command). + +o. Bash now quotes command hash table entries that contain shell metacharacters + when displaying hash table contents. + +p. Fixed a potential file descriptor leak when dup2() fails while performing a + redirection. + +q. Fixed a bug that caused directory names evaluated during word completion to + be dequoted twice. + +r. Fixed several bugs which could result in indirect variable expansion and + namerefs creating variables with invalid names or referencing variables + set to the empty string. + +s. Fixed a bug that caused bash to not expand $0 in word expansions where it + should. + +t. Fixed a bug that caused bash to perform process substitution if <( + appeared inside an arithmetic context. + +u. Fixed a bug in extglob pattern parsing that caused slashes in the pattern + to be confused as directory names. + +v. Fixed several bugs with treatment of invisible variables (variables with + attributes that are unset because they have never been assigned values). + +w. Fixed a bug that caused the `read' builtin to not clean up readline's + state when using the -e and -t options together and the read timed out. + +x. Fixed a bug that caused the shell to exit with the wrong (but non-zero) + value if a command was not found or was not executable. + +y. Fixed a bug that caused the `time' reserved word to not be recognized as + such in all contexts where it should have been. + +z. Fixed a bug that caused the shell to close process subsitution file + descriptors when executing a script without the `#!' leading line. + +aa. Fixed a typo that caused the `compat42' shell option to set the wrong + compatibility level. + +bb. The shell now handles process substitution commands with embedded + parentheses the same way as it does when parsing command substitution. + +cc. Fixed a bug that caused nested pipelines and the `lastpipe' shell option + to produce core dumps. + +dd. Fixed a bug that caused patterns containing `*' to match pathnames in cases + where slashes must be matched explicitly. + +ee. Fixed a problem with patterns containing `:' in colon-separated variables + like GLOBIGNORE. + +ff. Fixed a bug that caused indirect variable expansion using indexed arrays to + always use index 0. + +gg. Fixed a parsing problem that caused quoted newlines immediately following a + command substitution to be mishandled in certain cases. + +hh. Fixed a potential buffer overflow on systems without locale_charset or the + bash replacement. + +ii. Fixed a bug that caused background processes to modify the terminal's + process group under certain circumstances. + +jj. Asynchronous commands now always set $? to 0 and are not affected by + whether or not the command's exit status is being inverted. + +kk. Fixed a problem that caused a line ending with an escaped newline and + containingh a prior `eval' to be incorrectly parsed. + +ll. Fixed an issue with programmable completion and `!' in extglob patterns + used as arguments to `compgen -X'. + +mm. Word completion now treats the two-character token `>|' as requiring + filename expansion. + +nn. Bash no longer expands tildes in $PATH elements while in Posix mode. + +oo. Fixed a bug that caused bash to not clean up readline's state, including + the terminal settings, if it received a fatal signal while in a readline() + call (including `read -e' and `read -s'). + +pp. Fixed bug that caused importing shell functions from the environment to + execute additional commands following the function. + +qq. Fixed a bug that caused the parser to return a lookahead character pushed + back by a previous call, even when on another line. + +rr. Fixed a bug that caused many here-documents or many nested case statements + to overflow an internal stack. + +ss. Changed the way bash encodes exported functions for inclusion in the + environment to avoid name collisions with valid variable names and to + indicate that they are exported functions. + +tt. Fixed a bug that could result in an invalid memory access when processing + a here document delimited by end of file or end of string. + +uu. Fixed a bug that could cause an invalid memory access if a command was run + before initializing the job control framework. + +vv. When in Posix mode, bash prints shell function definitions as Posix + specifies them, without the leading `function' keyword. + +ww. The variable attribute display builtins no longer display variables with + invalid names that were imported from the environment. + +xx. Fixed a bug that could allow `break' or `continue' executed from shell + functions to affect loops running outside of the function. + +yy. Fixed a bug that could cause a restricted shell to attempt to import shell + functions from the environment. + +zz. The shell now allows double-quoted identifiers in arithmetic expressions. + +aaa. Fixed a bug that could allow scalar variables subscripted using [@] in + word expansions to be incorrectly quoted. + +bbb. The shell now makes sure to ignore SIGTSTP/SIGTTIN/SIGTTOU in child + processes if they were ignored at shell startup, even if job control is + in effect. + +ccc. Fixed a bug that could cause $* to be split on spaces when IFS is set to + the empty string. + +ddd. Posix says that expanding $* in a pattern context where the expansion is + double-quoted should not treat $* as if it were double quoted. + +eee. Bash now restores getopts' internal state between calls to getopts even if + a shell function declares a local copy of OPTIND. + +fff. Fixed a bug that could cause `history -r' or `history -n' to read identical + lines from the history file more than once. + +ggg. The commands executed by `bind -x' now redisplay at most the final line + of a multi-line prompt, and those commands may return 124 to indicate that + the entire prompt should be redrawn. + +hhh. Fixed a bug that could cause `mapfile' to create variables with invalid + names. + +iii. The shell only goes into debugging mode when --debugger is supplied if + the debugger initialization file is present. + +jjj. Fixed a bug that disallowed an assignment to (implicit) subscript 0 of an + existing array in a declare command that set the readonly attribute. + +kkk. Fixed a bug that inadvertently allowed assignments to FUNCNAME to disable + its special status. + +lll. Appending to an existing array variable using the compound assignment + syntax (var+=(aaa)) should not affect assignments to existing subscripts + appearing in the compound assignment. + +mmm. Fixed a bug that could cause the shell to crash when a variable with a + null value was passed in the temporary environment and the variable's + attributes are modified using `declare' while performing a redirection. + +nnn. Fixed a bug in printf so that a missing precision specifier after a `.' + is treated as 0. + +ooo. Fixed a bug that attempted to use the internal command timing to time + pipeline components if the pipeline elements are separated by newlines. + +ppp. Fixed a bug that caused `declare -al foo=(ONE TWO THREE)' to not lowercase + the values on assignment. + +qqq. Bash does a better job of determining whether or not files are executable + when running on Windows, since the X_OK flag to access(2) is not supported. + +rrr. Fixed a bug that caused some of the shell's internal traps (e.g., ERR) to + be interrupted (and leave incorrect state) by pending SIGINTs. + +sss. Fixed a bug in the bash interface to history expansion to avoid attempting + expansion if the history expansion character occurs in a command + substitution. + +ttt. Fixed a bug that caused the select command to crash if the REPLY variable + ends up empty (e.g., if it's made readonly) + +uuu. Bash handles backslash-quoting of multibyte characters better when quoting + output that is intended to be reused. + +vvv. System-specific changes for: Windows, Cygwin. + +www. Fixes for upper and lower-casing multibyte characters, some locales have + characters whose upper and lowercase versions have different numbers of + bytes. + +xxx. Fixed a bug that caused the ERR trap in a shell function to have the + wrong value for $LINENO. + +yyy. Fixed a bug that resulted in incorrect quoting of regexps for the =~ + operator when an open brace appears without a close brace. + +zzz. Fixed a bug in the array unset operation that caused it to attempt to + parse embedded single and double quotes. + +aaaa. Fixed a bug that caused $* to not expand with the first character of + $IFS as a separator in a context where word splitting will not take + place. + +bbbb. Fixed two bugs that could cause the shell to dereference a null pointer + while attempting to print an error message from arithmetic expansion. + +cccc. Fixed a bug that resulted in short-circuited evaluation when reading + commands from a string ending in an unquoted backslash, or when sourcing + a file that ends with an unquoted backslash. + +dddd. Fixed a bug that resulted in the no-fork optimization not cleaning up + any FIFOs created by process substitution. + +eeee. If the -T option is not set, allow the source builtin and shell functions + to set a DEBUG trap that persists after the sourced file or function + returns, instead of restoring the old (unset) value unconditionally. + +ffff. Fixed a bug that caused redirections to not be undone on some syntax + errors, e.g., when parsing a command substitution. + +gggg. Bash only adds asynchronous commands to the table of background pids + whose status it remembers, to avoid it growing too large during scripts + that create and reap large numbers of child processes. This means that + `wait' no longer works on synchronous jobs, but $? can be used to get + the exit status in those cases. + +hhhh. Bash now checks whether or not a shell script argument is a directory + before trying to open it; Posix says implementations may allow open(2) + on a directory. + +iiii. Fixed a bug that could cause the shell to set the terminal's process + group to a background process group when running as part of a pipeline. + +jjjj. Made a few changes to strings to avoid possible potential negative effects + caused by malicious translations. + +kkkk. Fixed a bug that caused the `unset' builtin to continue to treat its + arguments as functions after unsetting a function when invoked with no + options. + +llll. Fixed a bug that would not replace empty strings using pattern + substitution even if the pattern matched the empty string. + +mmmm. Fixed a bug with word completion that prevented some characters from + being backslash-quoted (backquote, dollar sign). + +nnnn. Fixed a bug that prevented a command from the history re-executed by the + `fc' builtin from setting verbose mode. + +oooo. Fixed a bug that caused the shell to not enable and disable function + tracing with changes to the `extdebug' shell option. + +pppp. Fixed a bug that caused assignments to nameref variables pointing to + unset variables with attributes but no values to create variables with + incorrect names. + +qqqq. Fixed a bug that caused `unset' on nameref variables (without -n) to + unset the wrong variable under certain circumstances. + +rrrr. Fixed a bug that caused close braces occurring in brace expansions within + command substitutions to incorrectly terminate parameter expansions. + +ssss. Fixed a bug that caused `command -p' to temporarily alter $PATH. + +tttt. Fixed a bug that caused interactive shells compiled without job control + to return incorrect status values for child processes when running a + single command that creates enough children to use the entire PID space. + +uuuu. `esac' should not be recognized as a reserved word when it appears as the + second or later pattern in a case statement pattern list. + +vvvv. Fixed a bug that caused the completion code to read past the end of the + readline line buffer while skipping assignment statements to find the + command name. + +wwww. Fixed a bug that caused case statements within loops contained in a + command substitution to be parsed incorrectly. + +xxxx. Fixed a bug that could cause SIGCHLD handling to be delayed after + running `wait' with no arguments and interrupting it with ^C without + a trap handler installed. + +2. Changes to Readline + +a. A bug that caused vi-mode `.' to be unable to redo `c', `d', and `y' + commands with modifiers was fixed. + +b. Fixed a bug that caused callback mode to dump core when reading a + multiple-key sequence (e.g., arrow keys). + +c. Fixed a bug that caused the redisplay code to erase some of the line when + using horizontal scrolling with incremental search. + +d. Readline's input handler now performs signal processing if read(2) is + interrupted by SIGALRM or SIGVTALRM. + +e. Fixed a problem with revert-all-at-newline freeing freed memory. + +f. Clarified the documentation for the history_quotes_inhibit_expansion + variable to note that it inhibits scanning for the history comment + character and that it only affects double-quoted strings. + +g. Fixed an off-by-one error in the prompt printed when performing searches. + +h. Use pselect(2), if available, to wait for input before calling read(2), so + a SIGWINCH can interrupt it, since it doesn't interrupt read(2). + +i. Some memory leaks caused by signals interrupting filename completion have + been fixed. + +j. Reading EOF twice on a non-empty line causes EOF to be returned, rather + than the partial line. This can cause partial lines to be executed on + SIGHUP, for example. + +k. Fixed a bug concerning deleting multibyte characters from the search + string while performing an incremental search. + +l. Fixed a bug with tilde expanding directory names in filename completion. + +m. Fixed a bug that did not allow binding sequences beginning with a `\'. + +n. Fixed a redisplay bug involving incorrect line wrapping when the prompt + contains a multibyte character in the last screen column. + +o. Fixed a bug that caused history expansion to disregard characters that are + documented to delimit a history event specifier without requiring `:'. + +p. Fixed a bug that could cause reading past the end of a string when reading + the value when binding the set of isearch terminators. + +q. Fixed a bug that caused readline commands that depend on knowing which + key invoked them to misbehave when dispatching key sequences that are + prefixes of other key bindings. + +r. Paren matching now works in vi insert mode. + +3. New Features in Bash + +a. There is now a settable configuration #define that will cause the shell + to exit if the shell is running setuid without the -p option and setuid + to the real uid fails. + +b. Command and process substitutions now turn off the `-v' option when + executing, as other shells seem to do. + +c. The default value for the `checkhash' shell option may now be set at + compile time with a #define. + +d. The `mapfile' builtin now has a -d option to use an arbitrary character + as the record delimiter, and a -t option to strip the delimiter as + supplied with -d. + +e. The maximum number of nested recursive calls to `eval' is now settable in + config-top.h; the default is no limit. + +f. The `-p' option to declare and similar builtins will display attributes for + named variables even when those variables have not been assigned values + (which are technically unset). + +g. The maximum number of nested recursive calls to `source' is now settable + in config-top.h; the default is no limit. + +h. All builtin commands recognize the `--help' option and print a usage + summary. + +i. Bash does not allow function names containing `/' and `=' to be exported. + +j. The `ulimit' builtin has new -k (kqueues) and -P (pseudoterminals) options. + +k. The shell now allows `time ; othercommand' to time null commands. + +l. There is a new `--enable-function-import' configuration option to allow + importing shell functions from the environment; import is enabled by + default. + +m. `printf -v var ""' will now set `var' to the empty string, as if `var=""' + had been executed. + +n. GLOBIGNORE, the pattern substitution word expansion, and programmable + completion match filtering now honor the value of the `nocasematch' option. + +o. There is a new ${parameter@spec} family of operators to transform the + value of `parameter'. + +p. Bash no longer attempts to perform compound assignment if a variable on the + rhs of an assignment statement argument to `declare' has the form of a + compound assignment (e.g., w='(word)' ; declare foo=$w); compound + assignments are accepted if the variable was already declared as an array, + but with a warning. + +q. The declare builtin no longer displays array variables using the compound + assignment syntax with quotes; that will generate warnings when re-used as + input, and isn't necessary. + +r. Executing the rhs of && and || will no longer cause the shell to fork if + it's not necessary. + +s. The `local' builtin takes a new argument: `-', which will cause it to save + the single-letter shell options and restore their previous values at + function return. + +t. `complete' and `compgen' have a new `-o nosort' option, which forces + readline to not sort the completion matches. + +u. Bash now allows waiting for the most recent process substitution, since it + appears as $!. + +v. The `unset' builtin now unsets a scalar variable if it is subscripted with + a `0', analogous to the ${var[0]} expansion. + +w. `set -i' is no longer valid, as in other shells. + +x. BASH_SUBSHELL is now updated for process substitution and group commands + in pipelines, and is available with the same value when running any exit + trap. + +y. Bash now checks $INSIDE_EMACS as well as $EMACS when deciding whether or + not bash is being run in a GNU Emacs shell window. + +z. Bash now treats SIGINT received when running a non-builtin command in a + loop the way it has traditionally treated running a builtin command: + running any trap handler and breaking out of the loop. + +aa. New variable: EXECIGNORE; a colon-separate list of patterns that will + cause matching filenames to be ignored when searching for commands. + +bb. Aliases whose value ends in a shell metacharacter now expand in a way to + allow them to be `pasted' to the next token, which can potentially change + the meaning of a command (e.g., turning `&' into `&&'). + +4. New Features in Readline + +a. The history truncation code now uses the same error recovery mechansim as + the history writing code, and restores the old version of the history file + on error. The error recovery mechanism handles symlinked history files. + +b. There is a new bindable variable, `enable-bracketed-paste', which enables + support for a terminal's bracketed paste mode. + +c. The editing mode indicators can now be strings and are user-settable + (new `emacs-mode-string', `vi-cmd-mode-string' and `vi-ins-mode-string' + variables). Mode strings can contain invisible character sequences. + Setting mode strings to null strings restores the defaults. + +d. Prompt expansion adds the mode string to the last line of a multi-line + prompt (one with embedded newlines). + +e. There is a new bindable variable, `colored-completion-prefix', which, if + set, causes the common prefix of a set of possible completions to be + displayed in color. + +f. There is a new bindable command `vi-yank-pop', a vi-mode version of emacs- + mode yank-pop. + +g. The redisplay code underwent several efficiency improvements for multibyte + locales. + +h. The insert-char function attempts to batch-insert all pending typeahead + that maps to self-insert, as long as it is coming from the terminal. + +i. rl_callback_sigcleanup: a new application function that can clean up and + unset any state set by readline's callback mode. Intended to be used + after a signal. + +------------------------------------------------------------------------------ This document details the changes between this version, bash-4.3-release, and the previous version, bash-4.3-rc2. @@ -769,7 +1802,7 @@ y. The {x} operators to the [[ command do not consider the current locale when comparing strings; they use ASCII ordering @@ -408,7 +430,7 @@ compat40 set compat41 set - interrupting a command list such as "a ; b ; c" causes the execution - of the entire list to be aborted (in versions before bash-4.1, + of the entire list to be aborted (in versions before bash-4.0, interrupting one command in a list caused the next to be executed) - when in posix mode, single quotes in the `word' portion of a double-quoted parameter expansion define a new quoting context and @@ -417,6 +439,18 @@ compat41 set compat42 set - the replacement string in double-quoted pattern substitution is not run through quote removal, as in previous versions + +compat43 set + - the shell does not print a warning message if an attempt is made to + use a quoted compound assignment as an argument to declare + (declare -a foo='(1 2)') + - word expansion errors are considered non-fatal errors that cause the + current command to fail, even in Posix mode + - when executing a shell function, the loop state (while/until/etc.) is + not reset, so `break' or `continue' in a shell function will break or + continue loops in the calling context. Bash-4.4 and later reset the + loop state to prevent this. + ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Copying and distribution of this file, with or without modification, diff --git a/CWRU/changelog b/CWRU/changelog index 354720a73..f37159d8b 100644 --- a/CWRU/changelog +++ b/CWRU/changelog @@ -5848,3 +5848,5834 @@ variables.c simple variable assignment would set a variable in the global context instead of a local context. Bug report from Geir Hauge + + 2/26 + ---- +[bash-4.3 released] + + 2/27 + ---- +aclocal.m4 + - broken wcwidth check: fix typo reported by David Michael + + + 2/28 + ---- +support/bashbug.sh + - add ${BUGADDR} to error message printed if sending mail fails + +trap.c + - _run_trap_internal: don't call {save,restore}_pipeline if running + DEBUG trap; run_debug_trap calls them itself. Fixes bug reported + by Moe Tunes + +test.c + - unary_test: fix 'R' case by using find_variable_noref instead of + find_variable + - test_unop: add back missing 'R' case. Fixes bug reported by + NBaH + + 3/2 + --- +jobs.c + - end_job_control: if job control is active, we changed the terminal's + process group, so make sure we restore it. Fixes bug reported by + Eduardo A. Bustamante López + + 3/7 + --- +pcomplete.c + - pcomp_curtxt: new variable, holds the original text to be completed + as passed to the programmable completion code + - pcomp_filename_completion_function: if we are running compgen + (presumably in a shell function completion) and performing readline + completion, check the word being completed. If it's not empty, but + the original word passed to the programmable completion code is an + empty string (""), call a dequoting function if one is available. + This compensates for an assumption in bash-completion. Reported by + Albert Shih + +lib/readline/readline.c + - _rl_dispatch_subseq: when deciding whether or not to set vi mode's + idea of the last command, use whether or not the dispatching keymap + is vi_movement_keymap instead of the key sequence length. The `c', + `d', and `y' commands all take motion commands as `arguments' and + will produce key sequences longer than 1 character. The arrow keys + will end up dispatching out of a different keymap, so the test will + prevent arrow keys from setting the last command (the problem in + bash-4.2). Bug report from Daan van Rossum + +lib/readline/vi_mode.c + - _rl_vi_motion_command: convenience function to test whether a key is + a vi-mode motion command + +lib/readline/rlprivate.h + - _rl_vi_motion_command: extern declaration + +parse.y + - parse_matched_pair: we should not skip processing single quotes in + posix mode if dolbrace_state == DOLBRACE_QUOTE2 (pattern + substitution). Fixes bug reported by David Sines + + + 3/10 + ---- +lib/readline/readline.c + - _rl_dispatch_callback: treat a return value of -1 as the end of + a command dispatch sequence if the current context doesn't + indicate that we're reading a multi-key sequence + ((cxt->flags & KSEQ_SUBSEQ) == 0). Turn off the multikey flag + and free the context chain in this case. Fixes one bug reported + by Felix Yan to bug-readline list + - _rl_dispatch_callback: treat a return value of > 0 the same as 0 + and return from the function, since only values < 0 cause us to + simulate recursion. Rest of fix for bug tracked down by + Anatol Pomozov + + 3/11 + ---- + +execute_cmd.c + - execute_in_subshell: if a longjmp occurs, set result to + EXECUTION_FAILURE only if last_command_exit_value == EXECUTION_SUCCESS; + use value of last_command_exit_value otherwise. Fixes cosmetic + issue reported by Dennis Lambe Jr. + +doc/bash.1 + - shell-kill-word and shell-backward-kill-word should be documented + as unbound by default. Report from Oliver Hartley + + +trap.c + - run_pending_traps: save value of $? before running trap commands in + trap_saved_exit_value, like run_exit_trap + - _run_trap_internal: save value of $? before running trap commands in + trap_saved_exit_value, like run_exit_trap + +builtins/common.c + - get_exitstat: when running `return' in a trap action, and it is not + supplied an argument, use the saved exit status in + trap_saved_exit_value. Fixes Posix problem reported by + Eduardo A. Bustamante López + + 3/13 + ---- +lib/sh/shquote.c + - sh_contains_quotes: new function, returns true if a given string + contains any of the shell quote characters (single quote, double + quote, or backslash) + +externs.h + - sh_contains_quotes: new extern declaration + +pcomplete.c + - pcomp_filename_completion_function: more changes for the benefit of + bash-completion: if the argument is not the same as the original + argument passed to the programmable completion code (pcomp_curtxt), + and we are being run by compgen as part of a completion, dequote the + argument as bash-completion expects. Fix for the complete-word- + with-quoted-special-chars problem with bash-completion + + 3/17 + ---- +execute_cmd.c + - execute_intern_function: when in posix mode, make defining a function + with the same name as a special builtin a fatal error only when the + shell is not interactive. Interactive shells display an error + message and go on. From a discussion with Doug McIlroy + + + 3/18 + ---- +arrayfunc.c + - assign_compound_array_list: when using expand_assignment_string_to_string + to expand the value in a ( [x]=y ) compound assignment, make sure + that we convert 0x0 to "" when expanding [x]= so it doesn't appear as + if the index is unset. Fixes bug reported by Geir Hauge + + +builtins/common.c + - get_exitstat: update fix of 3/11 to allow the DEBUG trap to use the + current value of $? instead of the value it had before the trap + action was run. This is one reason the DEBUG trap exists, and + extended debug mode uses it. Might want to do this only in Posix + mode + +doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi} + - return: add language cribbed from Posix saying what happens when + return is run without an argument from a trap, including the DEBUG + trap exception + + 3/19 + ---- +lib/glob/gmisc.c + - extglob_pattern_p: make sure ?(patlist) is flagged as an extglob + pattern + +lib/glob/glob.c + - extglob_skipname: rewrite to handle patterns that begin but do not + end with an extglob pattern; change test for easy case and loop + through patterns accordingly. Fixes problem with matching filenames + with a leading dot reported by Stephane Chazelas + + - wextglob_skipname: make analogous changes + + 3/20 + ---- +Makefile.in + - pass -DDEBUG down to builds in readline and history directories + +lib/readline/util.c + - _rl_trace and related functions are now only compiled in if DEBUG + is defined + +lib/readline/Makefile.in + - substitute @DEBUG@ and pass -DDEBUG, if necessary, to compilation + in LOCAL_CFLAGS + + 3/21 + ---- +parse.y + - shell_getc: when checking whether or not to reallocate + shell_input_line to add trailing newline, don't try to subtract from + shell_input_line_size. size_t is unsigned, so if its value is less + than 3 (like, say, 2), size-3 is a very large number and the string + will not be reallocated. Use len+3 > size instead of len > size-3. + Fixes bug reported in + https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/bash/+bug/1295467 + + 3/27 + ---- +lib/readline/display.c + - _rl_clean_up_for_exit: don't bother to call _rl_move_vert to whatever + readline thinks the last displayed line is if it's 0. Two reasons: a + minor optimization, and it protects against unwanted moving if this + function is called twice, as it is when ^C is pressed. Fixes bug + reported by Egmont Koblinger + + 3/28 + ---- +bashline.c + - invalid_completion: new function, used to identify attempts to + complete words that are syntax errors + - attempt_shell_completion: if invalid_completion returns true for a + word in a command position, punt on all completions. Fixes cosmetic + issue reported by Uwe Storbeck + - attempt_shell_completion: add clause so that in_command_position + remains set to 1 for an empty word following a command separator like + (, &, or | + +lib/readline/kill.c + - rl_yank, rl_yank_nth_arg_internal: don't return -1 from bindable + functions, return 1 instead + +lib/readline/text.c + - rl_rubout, _rl_rubout_char, rl_delete, rl_change_case, + rl_transpose_chars, rl_transpose_words, _rl_set_mark_at_pos, + rl_exchange_point_and_mark, _rl_insert_next, _rl_char_search, + _rl_char_search_internal: + don't return -1 from bindable functions, return 1 instead + +lib/readline/vi_mode.c + - rl_vi_end_word, rl_vi_rubout, rl_vi_delete, rl_vi_char_search, + rl_vi_match, _rl_vi_set_mark, _rl_vi_goto_mark: + don't return -1 from bindable functions, return 1 instead + +lib/readline/macro.c + - rl_start_kbd_macro, rl_end_kbd_macro: + don't return -1 from bindable functions, return 1 instead + +builtins/setattr.def + - set_var_attribute: honor setting of no_invisible_vars when setting + att_invisible on a variable + - include "../flags.h" for no_invisible_vars + +builtins/declare.def + - declare_internal: honor setting of no_invisible_vars when setting + att_invisible on a variable + - include "../flags.h" for no_invisible_vars + +Makefile.in,builtins/Makefile.in + - make sure declare.o and setattr.o depend on flags.h + +execute_cmd.c + - decpoint: new function, returns locale's decimal point or `.' default + - mkfmt: use decpoint() to get decimal point instead of unconditionally + using `.'. Fixes bug reported by Andrey Tataranovich + in debian bug 741669 + + 4/10 + ---- +lib/readline/rltypedefs.h + - add back old Function/VFunction/etc typedefs, since other packages + (python, samba) use them. Mark as deprecated using gcc and clang + attributes. Report and fix from Max Horn + + 4/14 + ---- +jobs.c + - run_sigchld_trap: unwind-protect value of this_shell_builtin, since + it matters in some cases whether or not we are running `wait' or + `eval'. Fixes bug reported by Eduardo A. Bustamante López + + + 4/18 + ---- +shell.h + - sh_parser_state_t: add `need_here_doc' flags member, since + xparse_dolparen (via parse_command) sets it to 0 + +parse.y + - gather_here_documents: make sure need_here_doc is > 0, since we + don't want to just decrement it forever if it ends up < 0. Partial + fix for bug reported by Jared Yanovich + - {save,restore}_parser_state: save and restore need_here_doc flag. + Rest of fix for bug reported by Jared Yanovich + + 4/19 + ---- +subst.c + - cond_expand_word: since we are not supposed to be performing word + splitting here, set expand_no_split_dollar_star to 1 in addition to + setting W_NOSPLIT2 + - expand_word_internal: if we have a case where we have an unquoted + $@ but we are in a case where we don't want to split (W_NOSPLIT2), + make sure we return a list consisting of a single word with the + arguments separated by spaces and don't do word splitting. Fixes + bug reported by Greg Wooledge from an IRC + discussion + +builtins/hash.def + - print_portable_hash_info: single-quote pathnames and hashed filenames + that contain shell metacharacters. Fixes bug reported by + in debian bash bug #739853 + + 4/20 + ---- +lib/readline/display.c + - When using horizontal scrolling, the redisplay code erases too much + of the line containing successful results, so make sure we only + erase to the end of the line after making sure we move the cursor + to the end. Fixes bug reported by + + 4/23 + ---- +{bashhist,bashline}.c +builtins{bind,help,type}.def +lib/glob/glob.c, lib/intl/{loadmsgcat,localealias}.c,lib/sh/mktime.c + - fixes to memory leaks uncovered by coverity scan + + 4/24 + ---- +{bashhist,subst,redir,assoc,jobs,array,trap}.c +lib/intl/l10flist.c +builtins/complete.def + - fixes to memory leaks and other resource usage problems uncovered by + coverity scan + +redir.c + - do_redirection_internal: if dup2 fails (presumably because of a + resource limit), close the file descriptor we opened before returning + error + + 4/25 + ---- +config-top.h + - DEFAULT_BASHRC: new define with the name of the default shell + startup file + +bashline.c + - bash_directory_completion_matches: don't dequote the directory name. + If rl_completion_found_quote is non-zero, readline will dequote the + filename itself. Fixes bug reported by Clark Wang + + + 4/27 + ---- +subst.c + - parameter_brace_expand_rhs: if parameter_brace_find_indir returns + NULL or "", or if it returns something that is not a valid identifier, + report an error and return &expand_wdesc_error so the error can + propagate up. Fixes bug reported by Andre Holzhey + + + 4/29 + ---- +subst.c + - parameter_brace_substring: don't short-circuit right away if the + value is NULL but we are looking at the positional parameters. Part + of fix for bug reported by Pierre Gaston + - pos_params: if there are no positional parameters, only short-circuit + if we are looking for $1 and above. Rest of fix for bug reported + by Pierre Gaston + +subst.h + - SD_NOPROCSUB: new flag for skip_to_delim, means to not allow any + process subsitutions (should not have overloaded SD_NOSKIPCMD) + +subst.c + - skip_to_delim: honor SD_NOPROCSUB flag + +make_cmd.c + - make_arith_for_expr: set W_NOPROCSUB flag in the created word + - make_arith_for_command: set SD_NOPROCSUB in the flags argument to + skip_to_delim so we don't treat <( or >( as a process substitution + (we won't evaluate them in eval_arith_for_expr anyway). Fixes + bug reported by Pierre Gaston + + 5/1 + --- +lib/glob/gmisc.c + - glob_dirscan: new function, takes a pattern and a directory separator + argument and advances the pattern to the last occurrence of the + separator. Like strrchr, but understands extended glob patterns and + uses glob_patscan to skip over them + +lib/glob/glob.c + - extglob_skipname: if the extended globbing pattern is invalid, don't + skip the name + - glob_filename: if there is a slash in the pattern to be matched, and + extglob is enabled, use glob_dirscan to find the real last occurrence + of `/' to avoid being confused by slashes in extglob patterns. Fix + for bug reported by Pierre Gaston + + 5/6 + --- +variables.c + - make_local_variable: only set the att_invisible attribute if + no_invisible_vars isn't set + - find_variable_for_assignment: new function, intended to be called by + code that eventually wants to assign a value to the variable; will not + skip invisible variables; currently identical to find_variable + - find_variable_no_invisible: new function, finds the first visible + instance of variable with a given name in the variable context chain; + eventually will be used to replace find_variable; separate right now + for testing + +variables.h + - find_variable_for_assignment: extern declaration + - find_variable_no_invisible: extern declaration + + 5/7 + --- +variables.c + - make_local_variable: don't clear `invisible' attribute if we are + returning an existing local variable at the right context. Let the + upper layers do that. Fixes bug reported by Dan Douglas + + + 5/8 + --- +lib/readline/input.c + - rl_getc: call RL_CHECK_SIGNALS if a read(2) is interrupted (-1/EINTR) + by SIGALRM or SIGVTALRM (placeholder for non-keyboard-generated + signals of interest) + +builtins/read.def + - edit_line: call bashline_set_event_hook and + bashline_reset_event_hook around call to readline(), so the right + signal handling happens + - read_builtin: make sure we add an unwind_protect call to + bashline_reset_event_hook. These changes fix bug reported in + https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/bash/+bug/1317476 + +bashline.c + - bash_event_hook: make sure we clean up the readline state by calling + rl_cleanup_after_signal if sigalrm_seen is non-zero. The read builtin + sets this when it times out + + 5/12 + ---- +doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi} + - clarify language to make it clear that changing attributes of a + nameref variable (e.g., export), actually changes the attributes of + the referenced variable. Fixes omission noted by Jeff Haemer + + +arrayfunc.c + - bind_array_var_internal: make sure ENTRY no longer has invisible + attribute before returning. Fixes bug reported by Geir Hauge + + + 5/22 + ---- +execute_cmd.c + - shell_execve: if execve fails and we return 127 or 126, make sure to + set last_command_exit_value if a call to file_error or report_error + causes the shell to exit. This ensures that the shell exits with + the right value. + + 6/6 + --- +shell.c + - drop_priv_mode: print an error message on setuid() failure, optionally + exit if errno == EAGAIN, as it can be on Linux when RLIMIT_NPROC for + the target user is exceeded. + +config-top.h + - EXIT_ON_SETUID_FAILURE: new settable define, will cause the shell to + exit if setuid fails with errno == EAGAIN + + 6/10 + ---- +parse.y + - time_command_acceptable: fix so time is accepted everywhere the + grammar is looking for a `compound_list'. Fixes bug reported by + Dale Worley + + 6/12 + ---- +subst.c + - clear_fifo_list: new function, clears FDs associated with open pipes + in current FIFO list without closing the file descriptors. Can + possibly be used when shell_execve fails and the shell jumps back + to top_level and we don't want the shell to close the open FIFOs + each time through the read-execute loop. Bug reported by Harald + Koenig + + + 6/16 + ---- +builtins/shopt.def + - compat42: make sure the `compat42' option sets the correct variable + for compatibility level. Fixes bug reported by Ondrej Oprala + + +support/bashbug.sh + - fix typo when echoing $USAGE. Report from Shantanu Kulkarni + + +execute_cmd.c + - shell_execve: before longjmp back to subshell_top_level, clear out the + FIFO fd list by calling clear_fifo_list so the FDs (which we inherited + from our parent) aren't closed every time through the read-eval loop. + Fix for bug reported by Harald Koenig + + 6/18 + ---- +subst.c + - extract_process_subst: add additional argument: xflags, allow callers to + pass flags like extract_command_subst + - extract_process_subst: call xparse_dolparen like command substitution + to avoid problems when parsing commands constructs with embedded open + parens. Fixes bug reported by Tim Friske + +subst.h + - extract_process_subst: modified prototype for extern declaration + + 6/19 + ---- +execute_cmd.c + - execute_pipeline: if running with lastpipe enabled, make sure that we + check whether or not the job id is valid using INVALID_JOB before + calling job_exit_status. the jobs list can get frozen and unfrozen in + the presence of nested pipelines and loops and wait_for can clear a + job table entry. Fixes bug reported by + +jobs.c + - freeze_jobs_list: now returns old value of jobs_list_frozen; unused at + current time + +jobs.h + - freeze_jobs_list: change return value + + 6/20 + ---- +lib/glob/smatch.c + - MEMCHR: single-byte and wide character defines (memchr/wmemchr) + +lib/glob/sm_loop.c + - GMATCH: when the wildcards are the last element of the pattern, make + sure they do not match a string containing a `/' if FNM_PATHNAME is + set in FLAGS + - GMATCH: when recursively calling GMATCH after we see a `*', don't + try to consume the rest of the pattern with `*' if FNM_PATHNAME is + set in FLAGS, just consume up to the next slash and then see whether + or not the rest of the pattern matches. Fixes bug reported by Ian + Kelling + - GMATCH: when processing `*' in the pattern, after skipping consecutive + wildcards, if we hit a literal `/' in the pattern and we're looking + for a pathname, skip characters in the string until we find a `/' + (no slash means the match fails), and try to match the rest of the + pattern against the portion of the string after the next `/'. Picked + up from gnulib/glibc + +pathexp.c + - split_ignorespec: since split_ignorespec gets globbing patterns, + make sure we call skip_to_delim with the SD_GLOB flag so delimiters + that occur within bracket expressions don't delimit the pattern. + Fixes problem with [[:digit:]] in GLOBIGNORE reported by Ian Kelling + + +unwind_prot.c + - unwind_protect_tag_on_stack: new function, returns 1 if unwind-protect + frame corresponding to `tag' argument is on unwind-protect stack + +unwind_prot.h + - unwind_protect_tag_on_stack: extern declaration + + 6/30 + ---- +lib/readline/misc.c + - _rl_revert_all_lines: set entry->data to 0 after assigning it to + rl_undo_list to avoid pointer aliasing problems that would result + in entry->line being freed by an undo. The subsequent free would + be a double free. Report and fix from Jared Yanovich + + +subst.c + - command_substitute: other shells do not appear to inherit the -v + option when reading and executing command substitutions. Reported + by Ondrej Oprala + + 7/1 + --- +config-top.h + - CHECKHASH_DEFAULT: new define that supplies the default value for + check_hashed_filenames (`checkhash' shopt option); still 0 by default + +findcmd.c + - check_hashed_filenames: initialize using CHECKHASH_DEFAULT + +lib/readline/histexpand.c + - history_expand: double quotes can inhibit recognition of the history + comment character if history_quotes_inhibit_expansion is non-zero + +lib/readline/doc/{history.3,hstech.texi} + - history_quotes_inhibit_expansion: expand definition to note that it + inhibits scanning for the history comment character as well; correct + typo to make it clear that it only works on double-quoted strings + +lib/sh/zgetline.c + - add new fourth argument: DELIM, allows delimiter to be something + other than newline (if DELIM != '\n', UNBUFFERED_READ should be + non-zero) + - UNBUFFERED_READ is now fifth argument + - check character against DELIM rather than strictly newline + +externs.h + - zgetline: change function prototype for extern declaration + +builtins/mapfile.def + - mapfile: change calling sequence for zgetline calls + - mapfile_builtin: new -d option: DELIM, like in read builtin + - mapfile_builtin: pass `delim' to mapfile() as new argument; default + to '\n' unless -d option supplied + - mapfile: take new DELIM argument, pass to zgetline + - mapfile: if DELIM != '\n', set unbuffered_read to 1 + +doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi} + - mapfile: document new `-d DELIM' option + + 7/5 + --- +lib/readline/histfile.c + - history_truncate_file: if there is an error writing the truncated + history list back to the history file, use the same strategy as + history_do_write: create a backup file, rename the history file to + the backup file, and restore the original history file from the + backup file name if the write or the close fails. Suggestion from + Chen Gang to bug-readline + +execute_cmd.c + - evalnest, evalnest_max: new variables establishing maximum number of + recursive `eval' calls; current max is 4096 + - execute_builtin: unwind-protect value of evalnest around calls to + eval builtin. Suggested by Oliver Morais + - {initialize_subshell,execute_subshell_builtin_or_function}: reset + evalnest to 0 in a subshell + +builtins/setattr.def + - show_name_attributes: show a variable's attributes even if it's + invisible (don't show any value since it has none). This means that + declare -p var will display VAR's attributes even when var marked + as invisible. Feature request from Peggy Russell + + - show_var_attributes: don't print assignment if array or assoc + attribute is set but variable marked as invisible + +tests/array.right + - special note: changed all declare -a output tests because the shell + will no longer print out values for invisible array variables. This + is a change, but one for correctness: + + declare -a foo='()' + and + declare -a foo + are not equivalent + + 7/22 + ---- +subst.c + - parameter_brace_expand: after calling parameter_brace_expand_indir, + turn off the W_ARRAYIND flag in the word it returns, because there + is no way for it to return the index that should be used, and the + rest of the function assumes that IND is valid if W_ARRAYIND is set. + Fixes bug reported by Corentin Peuvrel + + 8/2 + --- +parse.y + - read_token_word: if we read a character that will end a command + substitution, don't skip over quoted newlines when we read an + additional character to figure out whether it's a two-character + token. This lets the higher layers deal with quoted newlines after + the command substitution. Fixes bug reported by EmanueL Czirai + + + 8/11 + ---- +execute_cmd.c + - execute_pipeline: check whether lastpipe_jid corresponds to a valid + job before calling append_process, for the same reason as fix from + 6/19. Fixes bug reported by + + 8/12 + ---- +lib/sh/unicode.c + - stub_charset: use strncpy instead of strcpy because we are copying + into a local fixed-length buffer. Fixes vulnerability reported by + + +execute_cmd.c + - execute_pipeline: if we don't call append_process, call + wait_for_single_pid to get the status of `lastpid', since that will + check the status of already-reaped processes. Fixes spurious error + message about non-existent process from fix of 8/11 + + 8/15 + ---- +jobs.c + - running_in_background: new variable, keeps track of whether or not we + are running in the background (not perfect yet) + - initialize_job_control: even if we are not turning on job control, + get the terminal pgrp so we can use it later + - {set_job_control,initialize_job_control}: set running_in_background + to 1 if terminal pgrp != shell pgrp + - {stop_pipeline,make_child,wait_for}: if we are running in the + background, don't mess with the terminal's process group; assume that + the parent shell will do that. Fixes bug reported by Greg Wooledge + + +shell.c + - shell_reinitialize: reset running_in_background back to 0 + + 8/24 + ---- +execute_cmd.c + - {execute_connection,execute_command_internal}: make sure that + asynchronous commands always set $? to 0 and are not affected by the + command's exit status being inverted using `!'. Fixes bug reported + by Vincent Lefevre + +lib/readline/display.c + - rl_message: call vsnprintf with full msg_bufsiz, since it counts + one fewer than the buffer length passed as an argument. Bug report + and fix from Dylan Cali + + 8/26 + ---- +builtins/evalstring.c + - evalstring: if CURRENT_TOKEN == yacc_EOF, reset it to newline. This + is instead of calling reset_parser(); that might still be needed. + Fixes bug with eval and a subsequent statement ending with EOF + reported by + +pcomplete.c + - filter_stringlist: when extglob is on, a leading ! in the filter + pattern should be left alone when it introduces a !(pat) pattern; + otherwise it messes up the pattern. Fixes bug reported by David + Korn + + 8/27 + ---- +doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi} + - clarify the behavior of bash when given the -c option, since $0 is + technically not a positional parameter. Bug reported by Stephane + Chazelas + + 8/28 + ---- +lib/readline/history.c + - add_history: use history_max_entries (if history is stifled) or + DEFAULT_HISTORY_INITIAL_SIZE if not (new define, defaults to 502) + to size the initial allocation of the history array. Assumption + is that this will reduce the number of allocations + + 8/29 + ---- +execute_command.c: + - sourcenest, sourcenest_max: new variables used to track level of + sourced files and (maybe) one day catch infinite source recursion + - execute_builtin: if current source level exceeds sourcenest_max, + trigger an error and jump back to the top level + - {initialize_subshell,execute_subshell_builtin_or_function}: reset + sourcenest to 0 in a subshell + + 9/2 + --- +variables.c + - bind_variable: if a nameref expands to an array reference, make + sure that assign_array_element gets called (maybe even + recursively) instead of bind_variable_internal, so invalid variable + names (like arr[0]) don't get created. Fixes bug reported by + + + 9/3 + --- +execute_cmd.c + - evalnest_max,sourcenest_max: initialize from EVALNEST_MAX and + SOURCENEST_MAX, respectively. Feature suggested by + + +config-top.h + - define EVALNEST_MAX and SOURCENEST_MAX to 0 + + 9/6 + --- +bashline.c + - find_cmd_start: fix to (crudely) deal with >| token; even though + skip_to_delim finds `|' as a delimiter, we call it again and use + what the second call finds. Fixes bug reported by Dan Jacobson + + +findcmd.c + - find_in_path_element: if in posix mode, do not expand a literal + tilde in a $PATH element + +doc/bashref.texi + - add change to tilde expansion in $PATH elements to posix mode + description + +builtins/common.h + - ISHELP: new define for builtins that do their own option parsing + and don't use internal_getopt(); checks whether argument is --help + - CHECK_HELPOPT: convenience define to help builtins that do their + own option parsing to check for --help with one line of code + - CASE_HELPOPT: convenience define to help builtins that use + internal_getopt() check for --help with one line of code + +builtins/help.def + - builtin_help: new function, prints out --help output for current + builtin + +builtins/{kill,let,pushd}.def + - add CHECK_HELPOPT to builtins that use ISOPTION; call builtin_help + and return EX_USAGE (kill/let/pushd/popd/dirs) + +builtins/{caller,fg_bg}.def + - use CHECK_HELPOPT to recognize --help, since these builtins perform + checks that can cause them to return before calling no_options + (caller/fg/bg) + +builtins/{exit,return}.def + - use CHECK_HELPOPT to recognize --help before calling get_exitstat() + (return/exit/logout) + +builtins/{break,shift}.def + - use CHECK_HELPOPT to recognize --help before any other checks + (break/continue/shift) + +builtins/bashgetopt.h + - GETOPT_EOF: convenience define + - GETOPT_HELP: new define, to indicate internal_getopt saw --help + +builtins/bashgetopt.c + - internal_getopt: return GETOPT_HELP for --help + +builtins/common.c + - no_options: recognize --help, call builtin_help and return 2 + (builtin/eval/source/./times) + +builtins/command.def + - use CASE_HELPOPT() to handle --help after calling internal_getopt() + (command) + +builtins/{colon,echo,test}.def + - do not recognize --help (:/true/false/echo/test) + + 9/8 + --- +sig.c + - termsig_sighandler: if readline is active now, set the bashline event + hook. Old code just set it for interactive shells. Part of fix for + bug reported by + +bashline.c + - bash_event_hook: call rl_cleanup_after_signal if terminating_signal + is non-zero, since check_signals_and_traps() will cause the shell to + exit if it is and we want to clean up the readline state first. Rest + of fix for bug reported by + + 9/9 + --- +jobs.c + - waitchld: when running the wait builtin in posix mode, with a trap set + on SIGCHLD, use queue_sigchld_trap instead of trap_handler (SIGCHLD), + otherwise you will lose SIGCHLDs when children_exited > 1. Fixes bug + reported by + +builtins/read.def + - read_builtin: if we are changing the tty settings, call + initialize_terminating_signals so we have a chance to catch all + terminating signals and potentially clean up the terminal before + exiting + - read_builtin: tty_modified: new variable, set to 1 if we change the + terminal attributes and have to call ttyrestore() to restore them + - if one of the `reads' returns -1/EINTR due to a terminating signal, + and we have modified the terminal, call ttyrestore before calling + CHECK_TERMSIG + - ttyrestore: set tty_modified to 0 when called + + 9/10 + ---- +builtins/read.def + - termsave: now global to file so other functions can use it + - read_tty_cleanup: if tty_modified is non-zero, call ttycleanup to + restore old terminal settings and turn off tty_modified + +sig.c + - termsig_handler: call read_tty_cleanup if currently executing read + builtin; it does the right thing. Final piece of fix for bug reported + by Jan Rome + + 9/11 + ---- +general.c + - printable_filename: general function to return a printable + representation of a string (presumed to be a filename) + +general.h + - extern declaration for printable_filename + +execute_cmd.c + - execute_disk_command: use printable_filename + +builtins/{bind,cd,enable,hash,source}.def + - use printable_filename as appropriate when printing error messages. + From a suggestion by Vincent Lefevre + +builtins/bind.def + - use CASE_HELPOPT() to handle --help after calling internal_getopt() + (bind) + + 9/12 + ---- +builtins/common.h + - SEVAL_FUNCDEF: new flag for parse_and_execute; it means that we only + accept a single function definition command, as when we are importing + functions from the environment + - SEVAL_ONECMD: new flag for parse_and_execute; for future use + +builtins/evalstring.c + - parse_and_execute: if the SEVAL_FUNCDEF flag is set, disallow anything + but a function definition command + +variables.c + - initialize_shell_variables: don't allow functions with invalid names + to be imported from the environment, even though we still allow them + to be defined + - initialize_shell_variables: when importing function definitions from + the environment, call parse_and_execute with the SEVAL_FUNCDEF flag + to force the command to be just a function definition + +subst.c + - param_expand: when expanding a $name variable expansion, make sure that + the variable is visible and set before following the nameref chain + - param_expand: when expanding a $name variable expansion and following the + nameref chain, make sure the resulting variable is visible and set + before using it + + 9/13 + ---- +variables.c + - initialize_shell_variables: when importing function definitions from + environment, use SEVAL_ONECMD flag for parse_and_execute. Part of + CVE-2014-6271 + +builtins/evalstring.c + - parse_and_execute: if SEVAL_ONECMD flag set, return immediately after + calling execute_command_internal. Final piece for fix for bug + reported by Stephane Chazelas . Part of + CVE-2014-6271 + + 9/24 + ---- +parse.y + - reset_parser: reset eol_ungetc_lookahead to 0 here, since we don't want + shell_getc returning it on the next call. Fixes problem reported by + Tavis Ormandy and Michal Zalewski + . Potentially part of CVE-2014-6271; fix for + CVE-2014-7169 + + 9/25 + ---- +parse.y + - push_heredoc: new function, pushes a here-doc redirection onto + redir_stack handling overflow of redir_stack. Exits on overflow. + Original fix from Florian Weimer . Fix for + CVE-2014-7186 + - change straight assignments to redir_stack to call push_redir + - add one to size of word_lineno stack to avoid off-by-one error + below in read_token_word. Overflow just results in line numbers + being wrong. Fix for CVE-2014-7187 + + 9/27 + ---- +{execute_cmd,trap}.c + - changes to make minimal-config builds work again, mostly missing + #ifdefs for optional features + +builtins/common.c + - builtin_help: dummy version to be included if HELP_BUILTIN not + defined, for minimal-config builds + +variables.c + - initialize_shell_variables: incorporated patches from Florian + Weimer to change the strings bash looks + for when importing shell functions from the environment. It + adds a prefix (BASH_FUNC_) and a suffix (%%) to the name to + mark it as having been created by bash as an exported function. + Fix for remote attacks part of CVE-2014-6271 and CVE-2014-7169 + - mk_env_string: takes new argument, indicating whether we are + constructing a function + - mk_env_string: encodes function names as described above, so + initialize_shell_variables can find them + + 9/28 + ---- +copy_cmd.c + - copy_redirects: before calling savestring on here_doc_eof, make + sure it's not NULL (it could have been the result of a here + document delimited by EOF or EOS). Fixes bug reported by + Michal Zalewski . Fix for CVE-2014-6277 + +make_cmd.c + - make_redirection: initialize here_doc_eof member to NULL. Rest of + fix for CVE-2014-6277 + + 9/29 + ---- +parse.y + - current_input_line_state: return a sh_input_line_state_t containing + the current shell_input_line and its index and size variables + +shell.h + - current_input_line_state: extern declaration + +builtins/evalstring.c + - parse_and_execute: call reset_parser() before returning if + SEVAL_ONECMD set. Fixes bug reported by Michal Zalewski + and designated CVE-2014-6278 + - parse_and_execute: if we parse a function definition when + SEVAL_FUNCDEF is set, but don't consume the entire passed string, + throw an error, reset the parser, and return. Part of fix for + CVE-2014-6278 + - parse_and_execute: if parsing the shell function definition when + SEVAL_FUNCDEF is set transforms the function name (e.g., if it + begins with a newline or begins or ends with whitespace), throw + an error, reset the parser, and return. Fixes bug reported by + Eric Kobrin + + 10/2 + ---- +jobs.c + - bgp_prune: don't do anything if bgpids.npid == 0 or + bgpids.list == NULL. This can happen if something gets run before + the job control framework is initialized. Bug report from + + + 10/3 + ---- +parse.y + - xparse_dolparen: don't set token_to_read to newline after calling + parse_string() and cleaning up when the shell is not interactive. This + makes the parser think it's ok to read new commands even if it's not in + a state where that should be possible. Underlying fix for bug reported + by Michal Zalewski and designated CVE-6278 + - parser_remaining_input: new function, returns the portion of + shell_input_line that hasn't yet been read + - current_input_line_state: removed + +shell.h + - parser_remaining_input: extern declaration + - current_input_line_state: removed + +builtins/evalstring.c + - parse_and_execute: change code that checks whether parse_command has + consumed the entire passed string when SEVAL_FUNCDEF is used to use + parser_remaining_input instead of messing around with (new) + current_input_line_state. Part of fix for CVE-2014-6278 + +variables.c + - initialize_shell_variables: if we don't call parse_and_execute, free + the temporary string, since parse_and_execute won't. Report and fix + from Eric Kobrin + + 10/4 + ---- +print_cmd.c + - print_function_def: when in posix mode, print shell function + definitions as posix specifies them, without the leading + `function' keyword + +general.c + - exportable_function_name: return 1 if the passed string can be + added to the environment as an exported function name. Currently + prohibits function names containing `/' and `=' from being + exported + +general.h + - exportable_function_name: extern declaration + +builtins/setattr.def + - set_or_show_attributes: if exporting a function with export -f, + call exportable_function_name to determine whether the function + should be exported; don't export function if it returns 0 + + 10/7 + ---- +builtins/setattr.def + - set_or_show_attributes: don't show identifiers that are invisible + and imported from the environment, since that combination of + attributes means that the imported variable is not a valid shell + identifier. Report from Stephane Chazelas + + + 10/8 + ---- +shell.c + - shell_initialize: set new variable should_be_restricted, which + says whether or not the shell will be a restricted one based on the + shell name; use in calls to initialize_shell_variables (to inhibit + importing shell functions) and initialize_shell_options (to inhibit + parsing $SHELLOPTS) and initialize_bashopts (to inhibit parsing + $BASHOPTS). Report from + + 10/12 + ----- +execute_cmd.c + - execute_function: unwind-protect loop_level, set loop_level to 0 + when entering a function so break and continue in functions don't + break loops running outside of the function. Fix picked up from + dash via Herbert Xu + + 10/13 + ----- +doc/Makefile.in + - bashref.pdf: create using texi2dvi --pdf rather than postprocessing + the dvi file, so we have PDF bookmarks and links. Fix from + Siep Kroonenberg + + 10/14 + ----- +subst.h + - Q_ARITH: new quoting flag. Semantics are per Posix's spec for + arithmetic expansion: act as if string is quoted, but don't treat + double quotes specially (in this case, they will be removed by quote + removal) + - Q_ARRAYSUB: new quoting flag, indicates we are expanding an indexed + array subscript + +subst.c + - expand_arith_string: if we are not expanding the string, but we saw + a quote with Q_ARITH specified as one of quoting flags, perform + quote removal even if Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES is specified + - param_expand: change calls to expand_arith_string for $[ and $(( + cases to specify Q_ARITH. Now $(( "$x" )) and $(( "x" )) work if x + has a value that evaluates to a valid number, as Posix specifies + - expand_word_internal: add test for quoted&Q_ARITH to the tilde case, + so we continue to perform tilde expansion in arithmetic contexts + - expand_word_internal: if quoted&Q_ARITH, continue processing when we + see a `"', acting as if the double quote isn't present (already + Q_DOUBLE_QUOTED) + +arrayfunc.c + - array_expand_index: pass Q_DOUBLE_QUOTED|Q_ARITH|Q_ARRAYSUB as quoted + argument in call to expand_arith_string. This inhibits word + splitting (Q_DOUBLE_QUOTED) while discarding double quotes (Q_ARITH), + identical to the quote flags passed while expanding $(( )) and $[ ]. + Q_ARRAYSUB reserved for future use. Fixes problem reported by + Stephane Chazelas + + 10/16 + ----- +subst.c + - parameter_brace_expand_word: if the PF_ASSIGNRHS flag is set and we + are expanding what looks like an array subscripted with @ or *, + make sure the variable we're expanding is actually an array before + we add Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES to the flags. If we don't, things like + scalar[@] will remain quoted. Fixes ubuntu bug 1381567 + https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/bash/+bug/1381567 + + 10/17 + ----- +{jobs,nojobs}.c + - get_original_tty_job_signals: get original signal dispostions for + SIGTSTP, SIGTTIN, SIGTTOU before we start manipulating them in + make_child + - default_tty_job_signals: make sure we set SIGTSTP, SIGTTIN, or + SIGTTOU to SIG_IGN if they were ignored at shell startup instead of + unconditionally setting them to SIG_DFL. Fixes bug reported by + idallen@idallen.ca + +jobs.h + - get_original_tty_job_signals: extern declaration + +trap.c + - initialize_traps: add call to get_original_tty_job_signals + + 10/22 + ----- +subst.c + - expand_string_for_rhs: when expanding in this context (rhs of a word + expansion or pattern removal), we don't perform word splitting, so + we don't want to split $* if IFS is empty. Fixes bug reported by + Stephane Chazelas + + 10/23 + ----- +subst.c + - param_expand: when expanding $* in a pattern context where the + expansion is quoted (Q_PATQUOTE), don't quote the expansion -- + the outer quotes don't make the characters in the expansion of + $* special. Posix interp 221. Reported by Stephane Chazelas + + + 10/28 + ----- +lib/readline/bind.c + - enable-bracketed-paste: new bindable variable, enables support for + a terminal's `bracketed paste mode'. Code contributed by + Daniel Colascione + +doc/bash.1,lib/readline/doc/{readline.3,rluser.texi} + - enable-bracketed-paste: add description + +lib/readline/{readline.c,rlprivate.h} + - _rl_enable_bracketed_paste: declarations + - #defines for use by bracketed paste implementation + +lib/readline/rltty.c + - rl_prep_terminal: send BRACK_PASTE_INIT string to terminal if we + are supposed to enable bracketed-paste mode; change terminal_prepped + to indicate we sent that string and need to clean up + - rl_deprep_terminal: if terminal_prepped indicates we sent the + bracketed-paste mode init string to the terminal, send the cleanup + string before restoring the terminal modes + +lib/readline/kill.c + - rl_bracketed_paste_begin: function to read bracketed paste until + BRACK_PASTE_SUFF; discard the suffix, and insert the rest of the + paste as a single (undoable) object. Bound to BRACK_PASTE_PREF + +lib/readline/funmap.c + - bracketed-paste-begin: new bindable command, executes + rl_bracketed_paste_begin + +lib/readline/readline.c + - bind_bracketed_paste_prefix: new function, sets up to recognize + the bracketed paste prefix sequence (BRACK_PASTE_PREF) in emacs + keymap and vi insertion keymap + - readline_initialize_everything: call bind_bracketed_paste_prefix + + 11/1 + ---- +builtins/ulimit.def + - RLIMIT_POSIXLOCKS: now synonym for RLIMIT_LOCKS + - -k: new option: RLIMIT_KQUEUES, max kqueues allocated for this + process + - -P: new option: RLIMIT_NPTS, max number of pseudoterminals available + to this process + +doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi} + - document `ulimit -k' option + - document `ulimit -P' option + +parse.y + - `timespec list_terminator' production: if the list terminator is `;' + set last_read_token to `;' to allow things like `time ; command' to + time null commands and not throw a syntax error. Patch from + Piotr Grzybowski + - `BANG list_terminator' production: do the same thing + +variables.c + - sv_optind: use find_shell_variable and get_variable_value so we can + have the variable's context in the case we need to do something + when we are restoring a previous variable context's value + +builtins/getopt.h + - sh_getopt_state_t: struct to save sh_getopt's internal state so we + can restore it around function calls in the event that we have a + local copy of OPTIND + +builtins/getopt.[ch] + - sh_getopt_{save,restore}_istate: new functions to save and restore + getopt's internal state + - sh_getopt_{alloc,dispose}_istate: new functions to allocate and + deallocate sh_getopt_istate_t objects + +execute_cmd.c + - maybe_restore_getopt_state: restore sh_getopt state after executing + function body iff the funtion declared a local copy of OPTIND + - execute_function: save sh_getopt state before executing function body + - execute_function: note in getopt_state->flags whether or not the + function declared a local copy of OPTIND; used by + maybe_restore_getopt_state + - execute_function: maybe restore sh_getopt state before returning via + call to maybe_restore_getopt_state. Fixes bugs with getopts and + state between calls reported in 2011 by Bernd Eggink + and in 2014 by Oyvind Hvidsten + + +configure.ac + - enable-function-import: new option, controls whether function imports + are included. Enabled by default. Patch from David Galos + + +config.h.in + - FUNCTION_IMPORT: define controlled by enable-function-import above + +variables.c + - initialize_shell_variables: include code to import function + definitions from the environment if FUNCTION_IMPORT is defined + +doc/bashref.texi + - --enable_function-import: document new configuration option + + 11/5 + ---- +lib/readline/history.c + - history_lines_read_from_file: new variable, set by read_history and + read_history_range to the actual number of lines read from the + history file. The value is valid immediately after a call to one + of those functions + - history_lines_written_to_file: new variable, set by write_history, + history_do_write, and history_truncate_file to the actual number of + lines written to the history file. The value is valid immediately + after a call to one of those functions + +variables.c + - sv_histsize: set history_lines_in_file after history_truncate_file() + only if hmax < history_lines_in_file (lines we've already read); a + cosmetic change only + +bashhist.c + - load_history: set history_lines_in_file after read_history() from + history_lines_read_from_file, since read_history reads all of the + lines from the history file even if it's more than $HISTSIZE + - maybe_save_shell_history: after calling write_history(), set + history_lines_in_file to history_lines_written_to_file, since we + can assume that we read everyhing we just wrote + +builtins/history.def + - history_builtin: after calling read_history (history -r), set the + new value of history_lines_in_file, for the same reason as above + - history_builtin: after calling read_history_range (history -n), set + history_lines_in_file from history_lines_read_from_file + + 11/6 + ---- +lib/readline/histfile.c + - history_truncate_file: since we move the old file to a backup copy + before truncating, make sure the new file is owned by the same uid + as the old + - history_do_write: use chown in the same way as history_truncate_file + + 11/12 + ----- +lib/readline/display.c + - expand_prompt: takes a new `flags' argument; only one flag defined + so far: PMT_MULTILINE + - expand_prompt: changed all callers to add new flags argument + - rl_expand_prompt, redraw_prompt: make sure to set PMT_MULTILINE in + FLAGS argument to expand_prompt if expanding parts of a prompt + containing embedded newlines + - expand_prompt: only add mode char to last line of a prompt with + embedded newlines, so mode indicator doesn't get lost and gets + updated properly. Fixes problem reported by Renlin Li + + + 11/13 + ----- + +lib/readline/display.c + - prompt_modestr: changed prompt_modechar to return a string denoting + the editing mode; default strings for emacs and both vi modes are + #defines in this file. prompt_modestr takes an argument in which + it returns the length of the mode string + - expand_prompt: if expanding mode strings in the prompt, get the + mode string to use and add it at the beginning of the prompt string, + before expanding it. This will allow future work allowing the mode + string to contain invisible characters + + 11/15 + ----- +lib/readline/rlprivate.h + - _rl_{emacs,vi_cmd,vi_ins}_mode_str: extern declarations for + variables to hold current values of user-settable mode strings; + variables to hold lengths + +lib/readline/rlconf.h + - defines for default values of the mode strings for each editing mode + and keymap + +lib/readline/display.c + - _rl_{emacs,vi_cmd,vi_ins}_mode_str: new variables to hold values of + user-settable mode strings + - _rl_{emacs,vi_cmd,vi_ins}_modestr_len: new variables to hold lengths + of corresponding mode string variables + - prompt_modestr: return appropriate user-settable mode string + variables + +lib/readline/bind.c + - {emacs,vi-ins,vi-cmd}-mode-string: new user-settable mode string + variables + - sv_{emacs,viins,vicmd}_modestr: variable handling functions for user- + settable mode string variables. Non-null values are run through + rl_translate_keyseq so users can include invisible character + sequences in the mode strings; null values restore the default + - _rl_get_string_variable_value: handle values for new user-settable + mode string variables. Original code contributed by Dylan Cali + + +lib/readline/doc/rluser.texi + - {emacs,vi-ins,vi-cmd}-mode-string: document, including the fact that + you can use \1 and \2 to bracket sequences of non-printing + characters + + 11/16 + ----- +lib/readline/history.c + - add_history: replace loop that copies history list down one item + with call to memmove to take advantage of whatever efficiencies + libc can offer. Won't be any slower than current loop + +lib/readline/display.c + - rl_redraw_prompt_last_line: new function, calls redraw_prompt if + the prompt contains multiple lines; calls rl_forced_update_display + if not + +lib/readline/readline.h + - rl_redraw_prompt_last_line: extern declaration, undocumented in + texinfo manual until I get it a little more work + +bashline.c + - bash_execute_unix_command: instead of unconditionally calling + rl_forced_update_display, call rl_redraw_prompt_last_line if we + cleared the last line before executing the command. This keeps + commands that don't display any other output but just manipulate + the contents of the line buffer from redisplaying the prompt lines + before the last newline multiple times. Fixes bug reported by + Jesper Nygards and Rob Foehl + . This means that commands that display output + will *only* display the final line of the prompt + - bash_execute_unix_command: if the command returns 124, we redraw + the line unconditionally, including all lines of the prompt + + 11/18 + ----- +builtins/mapfile.def + - mapfile_builtin: don't allow a valid array reference through to + mapfile(), since it will just create a shell variable with that name. + Bug and fix from Eduardo A. Bustamante López + + 11/19 + ----- +lib/readline/complete.c + - _rl_colored_completion_prefix: new variable, if non-zero, and color + support is compiled in, and the $LS_COLORS variable exists and + contains color definitions, display any common prefix of a set of + completions in blue when displaying all the possible completions. + Doesn't work with menu-complete, which inserts possible completions + inline + - colored_prefix_start(), colored_prefix_end(): new functions, used to + bracket colored completion prefixes + - fnprint: if prefix_bytes is non-zero, and _rl_colored_completion_prefix + is > 0, display the first PREFIX_BYTES bytes of the word bracketed + by calls to colored_prefix_start and colored_prefix_end + - print_filename: if _rl_colored_completion_prefix is > 0, compute the + length in bytes of the common prefix and pass that to fnprint + +lib/readline/readline.c + - readline_initialize_everything: initialize the colors from $LS_COLORS + if _rl_colored_completion_prefix is non-zero + +lib/readline/colors.c + - _rl_print_prefix_color: new function, changes text color to that + defined for the common prefix of a set of possible completions + (currently cyan, same as directories); currently uses C_PREFIX, + defined in colors.h as C_DIR + +lib/readline/colors.h + - _rl_print_prefix_color: new extern declaration + +lib/readline/bind.c + - colored-completion-prefix: new bindable variable, if set, common + prefix of a set of possible completions is displayed in color. + Feature requested by several, most recently by Richard Neill + (in a slightly different form) and + Duy Nguyen + + 11/20 + ----- +builtins/printf.def + - printf_builtin: allow null (empty) format strings supplied with + -v var to set `var' to the empty string. That is, printf -v var "" + is now the same as var="". Change suggested by Mike Frysinger + + +pathexp.h + - FNMATCH_NOCASEGLOB: macro to decide whether or not to pass + FNM_CASEFOLD flag to strmatch depending on whether glob_ignore_case + is set; analogout to FNMATCH_IGNCASE + +pathexp.c + - glob_name_is_acceptable: use FNMATCH_NOCASEMATCH to determine flags + passed to strmatch; if nocaseglob is used to generate glob matches, + it should be used to generate ignored matches + + 11/21 + ----- +pcomplete.c + - filter_stringlist: the call to strmatch now honors the setting of + nocasematch. Feature request from Ville Skytta + back in 2010 + +doc/bash.1,lib/readline/doc/rluser.texi + - complete -X: document that filtering the list of possible completions + honors the nocasematch option when performing matching + +lib/glob/gmisc.c + - include chartypes.h and strmatch.h for new defines + - match_pattern_{wchar,char}: now take new third FLAGS argument, flags + have same meanings as strmatch(); intent is to handle case + insensitive comparisons under same conditions as strmatch + - FOLD: imported case-folding define from sm_loop.c; wide and single- + byte character versions + - match_pattern_{wchar,char}: use FOLD when comparing characters to + honor FNM_CASEFOLD if set in FLAGS argument + +externs.h + - match_pattern_{wchar,char}: updated extern declarations + +subst.c + - match_{upattern,wpattern}: update strmatch/wcsmatch calls to include + FNMATCH_IGNCASE in flags argument + - match_{upattern,wpattern}: update match_pattern_{char,wchar} calls + to include FNMATCH_IGNCASE in flags argument (consistent with calls + to strmatch). This makes pattern substitution word expansion honor + nocasematch shell option. Feature requested by Davide Baldini + + - match_wpattern: make sure to fold case if necessary when doing simple + matching + +doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi} + - pattern substitution: updated description to include honoring setting + of nocasematch when performing matching + +subst.c + - expand_word_internal: optimize handling of "$@" idiom by calling + list_rest_of_args() and quote_list() directly at the top of the + function instead of going through normal code path + - cached_quoted_dollar_at: WORD_LIST of quoted positional parameters, + used by same code above that optimizes "$@"; if non-null we just + return a copy of the list; if null, we save a copy of the list we + create + - invalidate_cached_quoted_dollar_at: convenience function to allow + other parts of the shell (e.g., remember_args()) to destroy the + cached list of quoted positional parameter when the positional + parameters change + +builtins/common.c + - remember_args: call invalidate_cached_quoted_dollar_at() + +builtins/shift.def + - shift_builtin: call invalidate_cached_quoted_dollar_at after modifying + dollar_vars[] + +builtins/source.def + - maybe_pop_dollar_vars: call invalidate_cached_quoted_dollar_at just + to be safe + + 11/23 + ----- +builtins/evalfile.c + - _evalfile: return -1 if errno == ENOENT and the flags don't include + FEVAL_ENOENTOK. If we print an error message we should return an + error + - force_execute_file: new function, reads and executes commands from + a file but returns an error if file doesn't exist + +builtins/common.h + - force_execute_file: new extern declaration + +shell.c + - main: call start_debugger even if dollar_vars[1] == 0 if the shell + isn't interactive (interactive_shell == 0) + - start_debugger: call force_execute_file instead of maybe_execute_file; + turn off debugging mode if it returns value < 0 + + 11/24 + ----- +hashlib.h + - DEFAULT_HASH_BUCKETS: doubled to 128, cost in memory use is small but + changes traversal order when not sorting results + + 11/25 + ----- +doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi} + - make it clearer, by breaking it out into a separate paragraph, that + referencing an array without a subscript is equivalent to referencing + it with subscript 0 + - add text saying that referencing any variable using a valid subscript + is OK + + 11/28 + ----- + +arrayfunc.c + - bind_array_variable, bind_assoc_variable: allow binding value to a + readonly variable if the ASS_FORCE flag is set in the FLAGS + argument + +subst.h + - ASS_FORCE: new assignment flag; means to allow assignment even if + variable is marked readonly + +builtins/declare.def + - when assigning a value to an array or assoc variable using + something like `declare -r foo=bar' where foo is an existing array + variable, pass the ASS_FORCE to assign_array_var_from_string so + the assignment is allowed. Fixes debian bug 765759 + http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=765759 + +builtins/setattr.def + - var_attribute_string: new function to return (as argument) a char + array with attribute flag values for a given variable; returns the + length of the array + +lib/sh/shquote.c + - sh_quote_reusable: function returning a version of its string + argument that is quoted for reuse + +externs.h + - sh_quote_reusable: extern declaration + +builtins/common.h + - MAX_ATTRIBUTES: define used to size arrays for attribute flag + characters + - var_attribute_string: new extern function declaration + +subst.c + - array_remove_pattern: fixed a bug where `var' instead of `v' was + tested for invisible attribute + - get_var_and_type: fill in a valid *VARP if returning VT_VARIABLE + because callers may need to use it + - parameter_brace_transform: family of functions to implement the new + mksh-inspired ${param@spec} transformation word expansions. Some + of the operators transform the (expanded) value of the parameter, + the rest expand to information about the parameter itself + (array_transform, parameter_list_transform, list_transform, + string_transform, pos_params_assignment, array_var_assignment, + string_var_assignment) + - parameter_brace_expand: changes to parse the new `@' word expansion + operator and call parameter_brace_transform appropriately + - parameter_brace_expand: make sure we handle ${#@} as we have before + even in the presence of the new `@' operator + +variables.c + - push_temp_var: make sure to call bind_variable_internal with the + ASS_FORCE flag so we override readonly variables created with + something like `tempvar=foo declare -r foo'. + - bind_variable_internal: honor ASS_FORCE flag to allow binding even + if a variable is readonly + +execute_cmd.c + - struct func_array_state: new state to save state of BASH_LINENO, + BASH_SOURCE, and FUNCNAME during function execution so it can be + restored on a jump to top level + - restore_funcarray_state: new function to restore func_array_state + - execute_function: fill in func_array_state variable, add unwind- + protect to restore it on jump to top level, call explicitly at + end of function if subshell != 0 (may not be necessary, but safe + for now). Fixes bug with local assignments to FUNCNAME reported + by Arfrever Frehtes Taifersar Arahesis + + 11/29 + ----- +arrayfunc.c + - assign_compound_array_list: turn off ASS_APPEND flag when processing + each individual assignment inside the parens in var+=(...). The + outer += should not affect assignments to existing subscripts; + those should be treated like usual assignments unless += supplied + inside the parens. Bug report from Maarten Billemont + , fix from Eduardo A. Bustamante López + + +config.h.in + - HAVE_PSELECT: define if pselect(2) available + +configure.ac + - check for pselect(2), define HAVE_PSELECT if found + +lib/readline/input.c + - rl_getc: use pselect(2) to wait for input ready on readline's + input fd or for a signal to arrive, will handle SIGWINCH (which + does not interrupt read(2)) and thus allow resize to happen without + having to wait to read more input. Only works if pselect available + and returns -1/EINTR on a signal even if the signal was installed + with SA_RESTART. From a suggestion from Egmont Koblinger + + + 12/3 + ---- +variables.c + - flush_temporary_env: new function, disposes all temp variables in + temporary_env hash table + - bind_variable: only try to update a temporary variable's value in the + temporary env if the value argument is not null. Fixes bug reported + by + +variables.h + - flush_temporary_env: new extern declaration + +subst.c + - command_substitute: if running command substitution as part of + expanding a redirection (expanding_redir == 1), flush any temporary + environment we've inherited as part of this command, since we are not + supposed to have access to the temporary environment. Since + expanding_redir only controls access to the temporary environment for + variable lookup and binding, we can turn it off in the subshell + + 12/4 + ---- +builtins/printf.def + - printstr: make sure a missing precision specifier after a `.' is + treated as 0, as printf(3) specifies. Fixes ubuntu bash bug + 1399087 (https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/bash/+bug/1399087) + + 12/5 + ---- +subst.c + - skip_to_delim: if scanning past process substitution (skipcmd == 1, + noprocsub == 0), use extract_delimited_string instead of + extract_process_subst, which was changed a while back (bash-4.3.23) + to use xparse_dolparen. xparse_dolparen complains if the command + or process substitution is unterminated, since it runs the parser, + which is not what we want here. Command substitution does the same + thing. Fixes bug reported by Daniel Kahn Gillmor + as Debian bash bug 771968 + (https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=771968) + + 12/6 + ---- +subst.c + - command_substitute: short-circuit without forking on a command string + that consists entirely of s and newlines + +jobs.c + - make_child: changes to allow interrupts through if fork fails and + we are sleeping for `forksleep' seconds + - waitchld: make things a little more resilient if CHILD ends up NULL + + 12/12 + ----- +lib/readline/complete.c + - rl_display_match_list: when calculating common prefix to display in + color, make sure we correctly handle a common prefix with a trailing + `/' as we do when checking whether or not to add an ellipis. + printable_part() doesn't return the whole pathname if it ends in a + slash, to avoid printing null strings, so we have to make sure we + have the entire prefix + +lib/readline/complete.c + - _rl_complete_display_matches_interrupt: new variable, set to 1 by + _rl_complete_sigcleanup to let rl_display_match_list know it has + freed the match list + - display_matches: check for signals during the printing loops with + RL_SIG_RECEIVED(), return immediately if there is a pending signal + (might not want to do this if it's SIGWINCH -- CHECK) + - rl_complete_internal: if _rl_complete_display_matches_interrupt + set after calling display_matches, just null out `matches' since + it's already been freed and call any application-set signal hook + + 12/14 + ----- +parse.y + - time_command_acceptable: if the token before a newline is `|', + return 0, since it's not really valid to time inside a pipeline. + Only handles a single newline but allows things like + echo a | + time cat + to invoke /usr/bin/time, which is probably enough to catch the + stray carriage return. Fixes bug reported by Andre Majorel + + +builtins/declare.def + - declare_internal: don't try to perform compound assignments unless + the WORD_DESC has flags including W_COMPASSIGN (maybe should check + W_ASSIGNMENT as well), avoiding unexpected evaluation if a word + is of the form (word) and is assigned to an array variable like so: + declare -x var=$value. Bug reported by Stephane Chazelas + . Will eventually be contingent on + compatibility level > 43, but not there yet. TENTATIVE + + 12/15 + ----- +lib/sh/Makefile.in + - add missing dependencies for shmatch.o. Pointed out by Sergey + Mikhailov + + 12/16 + ----- +{execute_cmd,subst}.c + - W_ASSIGNINT: remove, not used any more + +execute_cmd.c + - fix_assignment_words: don't look for `-i' option and set W_ASSIGNINT + flag any more; doing things a different way + - shell_expand_word_list: instead of using W_ASSIGNINT flag, since it + doesn't take into account all options that can transform values on + assignment (-l/-u/-c can also), go through option arguments looking + for options that need special handling and add them to the `opts' + array for make_internal_declare to use. Fixes bug with constructs + like `declare -al foo=(UPONE UPTWO UPTHREE)' not being lowercased on + assignment reported by Linda Walsh + + + + 12/18 + ----- +lib/readline/readline.c + - rl_internal_char: when we read EOF on a non-empty line, check for + signals and invoke any readline signal handling and any application- + installed signal hook + + 12/20 + ----- +lib/readline/readline.c + - rl_internal_char: if we read EOF on a non-empty line, set c to + _rl_eof_char the first time through. If we read EOF the next time, + return EOF from readline(). If callbacks are defined, this returns + EOF immediately, since lastc isn't available. Fix for problem + most recently identified by Jiri Kukacka , + it has come up in the past + + 12/21 + ----- +builtins/declare.def + - declare_internal: keep track of whether or not an assignment statement + argument to declare is an array subscript assignment; need to + differentiate assignments from straight declarations (declare a[4]) + which are accepted for backwards compatibility + - assignment statements like declare a[2]=foo are now treated as + straight subscript assignment statements if a already exists as an + array variable + - declare foo='(1 2 3)' is treated as an assignment to foo[0] if foo + exists and is an array, just as it would be if it were an assignment + statement and `declare' was not present. All this from a proposal + by Stephane Chazelas + + 12/22 + ----- +builtins/read.def + - read_tty_modified: function to tell the rest of the shell if the + read builtin has modified the tty + - read_builtin: make sure to initialize terminating signals before + installing a SIGALRM signal handler in case we modify the tty as + well as ask for a timeout; the subsequent call to + initialize_terminating_signals would overwrite the read-builtin- + local SIGALRM handler + +builtins/common.h + - read_tty_modified: new extern declaration + +shell.c + - exit_shell: if read_tty_modified() returns true, call read_tty_cleanup + to undo the terminal modifications. Extension of previous fixes; + fixes bug with read -s reported by Richard W. Marsden + + + + 12/23 + ----- +builtins/setattr.def + - show_var_attributes: call print_array_assignment and print_assoc_assignment + with a `not quoted' flag so the assignment statements are not + surrounded by single quotes. Caused changes to a lot of test output + + 12/29 + ----- +lib/readline/complete.c + - stat_char: Windows doesn't handle X_OK flag to access(2); use file + extensions to determine whether or not a file is executable. Bug + report and fix from Eli Zaretskii + +configure.ac + - changed version to bash-4.4-devel + +lib/readline/readline.h + - changed version to readline-6.4 + + 12/30 + ----- +readline.h + - struct readline_state: fix types of `ignorefunc' and `attemptfunc' + members + +lib/sh/shquote.c,externs.h + - sh_contains_shell_metas, sh_contains_quotes: now take `const char *' + as parameter + +stringlib.c,externs.h + - strcreplace: `text' argument now `const char *' + +pathexp.[ch] + - quote_globbing_chars: `string' argument now `const char *', accompanying + changes to function local variables + +pcomplete.c + - preproc_filterpat: `text' argument now `const char *' + - filter_stringlist: `text' argument now `const char *' + + 12/31 + ----- +builtins/evalstring.c + - should_suppress_fork: new function, broke code that decides whether + to turn on CMD_NO_FORK flag out of parse_and_execute into a separate + function + +execute_cmd.c + - execute_command_internal: AND_AND, OR_OR: call should_suppress_fork + for the RHS of && and ||, make `make' invocations marginally more + efficient + +flags.c + - get_current_flags: returns a bitmap of all single-letter shell + options with a non-zero value meaning option is enabled + - set_current_flags: set current single-letter options from a passed + bitmap, which has presumably been initialized with get_current_flags + +flags.h + - {get,set}_current_flags: new extern declarations + +builtins/declare.def + - declare_internal: if invoked as `local', interpret name argument of + `-' to mean to save (and restore at shell return) single-letter + shell options + +variables.c + - push_func_var: if we encounter `-' as the name of a local variable, + take the value and call set_current_flags on it to restore old + flag settings + +builtins/set.def + - get_current_options: returns a bitmap of all shell options settable + with `set', with a non-zero value meaning option is enabled + - set_current_options: set current shell options from a passed + bitmap, which has presumably been initialized with get_current_options + + + 1/1/2015 + -------- +lib/readline/parens.c + - _rl_blink_matching_paren: initialize to 0 whether or not select(2) is + available. Inconsistency reported by Mark Karpov + + +builtins/declare.def + - declare_internal: use get_current_options instead of + get_current_flags, so `local -' can be generalized + +variables.c + - push_func_var: use set_current_options instead of set_current_flags + so `local -' can be generalized + +doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi} + - document new `local -' feature; originally inspired by Robert Elz + describing feature in NetBSD sh + + 1/3 + --- +lib/readline/{complete,funmap,kill,histfile,util} +lib/readline/readline.h +lib/tilde/tilde.c + - fixes for filename- and evironment-related issues on Windows. Fixes + from Eli Zaretskii + - Windows can paste to the console from the clipboard like Cygwin + - Windows uses $APPDATA as a pseudo-$HOME + +lib/readline/input.c + - rl_getc: use _getch on Windows to avoid being overridden by a getch + ncurses function + - win32_isatty: replace Windows isatty(3) with a function that does + additional checks, sinces Windows isatty returns non-zero for + every character device. From Eli Zaretskii + +lib/readline/display.c + - delete_chars: if compiled with ncurses on Windows, this code can + work, so build it in if NCURSES_VERSION defined + - open_some_spaces: ditto + + 1/6 + --- +doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi} + - minor grammar and typo corrections from TonyMc + + 1/8 + --- +sig.c + - throw_to_top_level: only attempt to run the interrupt trap if SIGINT + is trapped -- minor optimization + - throw_to_top_level: if we are running a trap, call run_trap_cleanup + to turn off the sigmodes flags + +trap.c + - _run_trap_internal: temporarily suppress pending SIGINTs while running + one of the traps the shell handles internally (e.g., ERR). Fixes bug + reported by Keith Thompson + + 1/10 + ---- +bashhist.c + - bash_history_inhibit_expansion: use skip_to_delim with the history + expansion character to see whether or not the instance of the + history expansion character should be skipped because, for instance, + it is in a command substitution. Fixes issue reported by + Zigmund.Ozean@zig-home.localdomain + + 1/14 + ---- +lib/readline/isearch.c + - _rl_isearch_dispatch: if we are in a multibyte locale, make sure to + use _rl_find_prev_mbchar when trying to delete characters from the + search string, instead of just chopping off the previous byte. + Fixes bug reported by Kyrylo Shpytsya + +lib/readline/complete.c + - rl_filename_completion_function: if we tilde-expand `dirname', make + sure we use the expanded result instead of throwing it away for the + quote-removed `users_dirname', which still has any leading tilde. + Fixes bug reported by Dave Rutherford + +execute_cmd.c + - select_query: if the read builtin doesn't return anything in REPLY, + return NULL (failure). Fixes bug reported by Etherial Raine + + +builtins/read.def + - read_builtin: if REPLY has the readonly or noassign attribute, return + failure + + 1/16 + ---- +redir.c + - redir_open: if open() returns -1/EINTR, check traps as well as + using QUIT to handle signals + + 1/18 + ---- +jobs.c + - wait_for: make sure queue_sigchld is set to 1 before unblocking + SIGCHLD if MUST_UNBLOCK_CHLD is defined + + 1/19 + ---- +pcomplete.h + - new progcomp option: COPT_NOSORT, means to not sort list of possible + completions + +pcomplete.c + - pcomp_set_readline_variables: if COPT_NOSORT set in compspec flags, + set rl_sort_completion_duplicates to 0 + +builtins/complete.def + - _compopt: new option value: -o nosort, sets COPT_NOSORT in compspec + option flags. Provides new -o nosort option for complete and compgen + +bashline.c + - attempt_shell_completion: make sure rl_sort_completion_matches is + set to 1 before completion is attempted; allow a compspec to turn + it off + +lib/readline/kill.c + - rl_vi_yank_pop: new function, vi-mode version of yank-pop. Original + code from Ian Kelling + +lib/readline/funmap.c + - `vi-yank-pop': bindable name mapped to rl_vi_yank_pop + +lib/readline/readline.h + - rl_vi_yank_pop: extern declaration + + 1/21 + ---- +lib/sh/shquote.c + - sh_backslash_quote: change to understand and handle multibyte + characters, using is_basic, COPY_CHAR_P. See + https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1184320 for original + report + + 1/23 + ---- +include/posixjmp.h + - use setjmp_sigs instead of redefined setjmp, it fails on Cygwin. + Report from Eric Blake + +builtins/wait.def,shell.c + - use setjmp_sigs instead of setjmp call, since setjmp no longer + redefined to something known + +include/chartypes.h, lib/readline/chardefs.h + - make sure all ctype.h macros are called with unsigned char args, + casting to make sure + +lib/sh/casemod.c + - sh_modcase: don't assume that the upper and lower case versions of a + character are the same width, so don't try to do the conversion in + place: convert and copy the converted characters one or more at a + time to the returned string + - sh_modcase: since upper and lower case versions of same character + may have different widths in some locales, don't shortcut and assume + that we can do single-byte case modification (toupper) with a + single-byte input character (e.g., `i'). Fix for problem reported + by Stephane Chazelas + + 1/31 + ---- +lib/readline/histfile.c + - history_truncate_file, history_do_write: if the first rename(2) + of the history file to the backup file fails, set the backup file + name to NULL to prevent any later attempts to restore the + original. Report from Jonathan Hankins + - history_do_write: don't attempt to back up non-regular files. + Report from Jonathan Hankins + + 2/2 + --- +trap.c + - run_interrupt_trap: now takes an argument indicating whether or not + it was called just before a longjmp to top_level; change callers + - run_interrupt_trap: if running a trap and we are being called before + a longjmp to top_level, call run_trap_cleanup on running trap so + a QUIT call while running a DEBUG trap, for instance, doesn't leave + sigmodes[DEBUG_TRAP] including SIG_INPROGRESS. Fixes bug reported + by Chih-Chieh Chou + +sig.c + - throw_to_top_level: change call to run_interrupt_trap to pass arg 1 + - termsig_handler: change call to run_interrupt_trap + +trap.h + - run_interrupt_trap: update extern prototype declaration + + 2/4 + --- +lib/readline/histfile.c + - histfile_backup, histfile_restore: new functions to back up and restore + history file to `filename-', following (one level of) symlinks through + so we don't rename the symlink itself. From a suggestion by + Jonathan Hankins + +assoc.c + - assoc_to_assign: if an index happens to be `@' or `*', make sure it's + double-quoted. Bug report from Greg Wooledge + + 2/5 + --- +lib/readline/bind.c + - rl_bind_key: if we are rebinding a key that is not bound to a + function or a macro, construct a key sequence and pass it to + rl_bind_keyseq. Make sure that '\' when it is used as a key is + changed to "\\" so it can survive rl_translate_keyseq. Fixes + https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=776743 + + 2/8 + --- +include/posixjmp.h + - _rl_longjmp, sh_longjmp: new defines, expand to siglongjmp or longjmp + depending on autoconf results, used to avoid redefining longjmp, + remove _OPENNT conditional code. Report from Eric Blake + + +{bashjmp,quit}.h,{execute_cmd,expr,jobs,sig,trap}.c,builtins/{evalstring.c,return.def} + - change calls to longjmp to use sh_longjmp + +lib/readline/util.c + - change calls to longjmp to use _rl_longjmp + + 2/18 + ---- +variables.c + - bind_int_variable: make sure `v' is non-null before making it visible + + 2/19 + ---- +arrayfunc.c + - assign_array_var_from_word_list: after assignment, mark variable as no + longer invisible + - assign_array_var_from_string: after assignment, mark variable as no + longer invisible + +builtins/declare.def + - declare_internal: add warning if an attempt is made to use a quoted + compound assignment as an argument to declare (declare -a foo='( 1 2 )'); + backwards compatible with bash-4.3. Still a tentative change + + 2/20 + ---- +lib/glob/smatch.c + - is_wcclass: check malloc() return value, return -1 if it fails + Report from Tobias Stoeckmann + +lib/sh/shmatch.c + - sh_regmatch: check malloc() return value, handle NULL value if it + fails. Report from Tobias Stoeckmann + + 2/22 + ---- +lib/readline/doc/rltech.texi + - rl_callback_handler_install: note that the handler function should + free the line it receives, as with readline. Suggested by + Ulf Magnusson + - Readline Signal Handling: note that application needs to clean up + readline's terminal state if it wants to handle a signal before + the line handler restores it. Suggested by Ulf Magnusson + + + 2/24 + ---- +lib/readline/histfile.c + - history_do_write,history_truncate_file: if the write fails, make sure + to set history_lines_written_to_file to 0 so we don't lose those + history entries + + 2/27 + ---- +execute_cmd.c + - execute_function: unwind-protect the value of line_number_for_err_trap, + so a function that returns a non-zero value and triggers an ERR trap + has the right value for LINENO. Any simple command in the function + body can change it. Bug report from Paul Donohue + + 3/5 + --- +lib/sh/shquote.c + - sh_backslash_quote: cast `c' to `unsigned char' before using as + index into backslash_table. Report and fix from + alexeyv.90@gmail.com + +arrayfunc.[ch] + - valid_array_reference: added second `flags' argument for future use; + currently unused + +parse.y,{redir,subst,variables,test}.c +builtins/{declare,printf,read,set}.def + - valid_array_reference: changed callers + + 3/7 + --- +lib/readline/signals.c + - _rl_handle_signal: if readline gets a SIGTSTP or SIGTTIN, block + SIGTTOU so a backgrounded readline can reset the terminal settings + appropriately, otherwise the terminal state and readline's idea + of it can get messed up. Original report from Dave Wysochanski + and Dave Anderson + +trap.c + - run_pending_traps: don't allow recursive SIGWINCH trap invocations; + they're wasteful and trying to handle a stream of signals while a + user resizes the terminal can lead to malloc errors trying to save + and restore the_pipeline multiple times. Problem reported most + recently by Martin M. S. Pederson (Fedora bash bug 1197768 + https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1197768) + - reset_or_restore_signal_handlers: set pending_traps to 0 for all + signals when forking a child. TENTATIVE fix + +jobs.c + - {save,restore}_pipeline: block SIGCHLD while manipulating the_pipeline + like cleanup_the_pipeline does. XXX - may not be necessary + +lib/readline/display.c + - rl_redisplay: fixed case where multibyte character in the prompt + (e.g., \u03bb) in the last screen column causes problems with line + wrapping because the newline marker is put in the middle of the + multibyte char. Most recently reported on Ubuntu by + + +pathexp.c + - quote_string_for_globbing: if a bracket expression doesn't have a + closing right bracket, rescan it from just after the opening + bracket without treating it as a bracket expression. Bug report + from Stephane Chazelas + + 3/9 + --- +subst.c + - process_substitute: keep the last pipeline created to run a process + substitution in LAST_PROCSUB_CHILD; discard it when another one is + created + +jobs.[ch] + - discard_pipeline: now global, so process_substitute can call it + +jobs.c + - last_procsub_child: new variable, set and modified only by the process + substitution code + - find_pipeline: if the requested pid is in LAST_PROCSUB_CHILD, return + it; analogous to the way this code handles the_pipeline + - waitchld: if we find a child via find_pipeline that is a part of the + last process substitution child, mark that child appropriately. If + the child is dead, add it to the bgp list. This and the previous + change allow waiting for the most recent process substitution (the + one corresponding to $!). Original report from Stephane Chazelas + + + 3/10 + ---- +arrayfunc.c + - unbind_array_element: make sure skipsubscript() doesn't try to parse + embedded quotes in the subscript, since this has already been through + one round of word expansion before calling the unset builtin. (This + function is only called by the unset builtin). Fixes bug reported by + + + 3/17 + ---- +jobs.c + - waitchld: move code that adds the last process substitution pid to + the bgpids array from waitchld (where it can call malloc in a signal + handler context) to cleanup_dead_jobs + + 3/19 + ---- +subst.c + - parameter_brace_expand: if expanding an array in a context where word + splitting will not take place (W_ASSIGNRHS only for now), make sure + to pass the double-quoted flag to chk_atstar so we don't get the + unquoted $* behavior, which will cause unwanted word splitting. + Fixes bug reported by isabella parakiss + +arrayfunc.c + - unbind_array_element: don't assume that caller will check and pass + only array variables; don't allow non-array variables to be unset + using the `@' or `*' subscripts and don't allow any subscripts other + than 0; return -2 in those cases + - unbind_array_element: unset a non-array variable if passed a subscript + of `0' (e.g., `unbind "scalar[0]"'). This is new functionality that + parallels the ${scalar[0]} expansion + +builtins/set.def + - unset_builtin: don't check whether a variable is an array if it's + referenced using array syntax (scalar[0]); pass it to + unbind_array_element anyway and check the result. This means that + `unset scalar' and `unset scalar[0]' are equivalent + + 3/20 + ---- +builtins/set.def + - set_builtin: make `-i' an invalid option, unconditionally for now. + From a bug-bash discussion started by Peng Yu + + 3/21 + ---- +lib/readline/colors.c + - _rl_print_color_indicator: handle dangling symlinks (C_ORPHAN) and + the `target' specifier for links (dereference S_ISLNK if the target + exists). Bug report and fix from andreas@stapelspeicher.org + +{arrayfunc,subst}.c + - add code to save and restore this_command_name in places that set + this_command_name to NULL to prevent error messages from arithmetic + evaluation. Fixes bug reported by brian.carpenter@gmail.com + +builtins/mapfile.def + - do_chop: remove a new DELIM argument from the line, instead of + unconditionally removing newline + - mapfile: if -d delim is supplied and we are breaking fields at DELIM, + remove DELIM if the -t option is supplied by passing DELIM to do_chop(). + Suggested by Geir Hauge + +doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi} + - mapfile: document new -t option behavior, defaults are the same + +builtins/alias.def + - print_alias: if the first character of an alias name is `-', add a + `-- ' after `alias' to avoid option errors when trying to reuse the + output. Bug report and fix on savannah from Pasha Bolokhov + + + 3/22 + ---- +builtins/declare.def + - declare_internal: if creating a variable does not return a valid + variable in VAR, check for null variable before dereferencing it. + This happens with nameref variables referencing variables set to + the empty string. + Fixes bug reported by Arthur200000 + + 3/23 + ---- +doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi} + - INVOCATION: add language to make it clear that non-interactive login + shells execute ~/.bash_logout if they run the `exit' builtin. From a + question from Christoph Anton Mitterer + + 4/6 + --- +subst.c + - process_substitute: increment and decrement subshell_level around + calls to parse_and_execute, as in command substitution, so + $BASH_SUBSHELL gets new values in the subshell. Fixes inconsistency + pointed out by Peng Yu + +doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi} + - read: add clarifying text to note that the -N option does not split + on $IFS, but does retain backslash as an escape character subject + to -r. Report from isabella parakiss + +builtins/declare.def + - declare_internal: unless it's the last statement in a {...} block, + NEXT_VARIABLE must be protected by braces. Bug introduced in patch + from 3/22, reported by Eduardo A. Bustamante López + + + 4/7 + --- +parse.y + - shell_getc: if bash is reading input from a string that ends with an + unquoted backslash, add another backslash instead of a newline, since + the backslash and newline will disappear in normal processing. Fixes + bug with `bash -c 'eval \\; echo y' ' skipping the eval command and + setting incorrect exit status, and `bash -ic 'eval \\; echo y' ' + seeing EOF on empty line and exiting before the echo. Keep track of + backslash state with last_was_backslash; set in char reading loop. + Fixes bug reported by Eduardo A. Bustamante López + + 4/8 + --- +shell.c + - main: check for $INSIDE_EMACS as well as $EMACS when deciding whether + or not bash is being run in a GNU emacs shell window. Don't bother + checking whether $TERM is unset because variable initialization sets + it to `dumb' if unset. Fixes from Paul Eggert + +parse.y + - push_token: new function, rotates current_token through last_read_token, + saving old values like yylex() does, sets current_token to argument + +evalfile.c + - _evalfile: if current_token is yacc_EOF, push a newline as the value + of current_token instead, using push_token(). yacc_EOF can result if + sourced file doesn't end with a newline but does end with an unescaped + backslash. Fixes bug reported by Pedro Gimeno + + +lib/readline/histfile.c + - use PARAMS(x) instead of __P(x). Bug reported by Evan Gates + + + 4/9 + --- +execute_cmd.c + - execute_simple_command: if we haven't already forked, and we have + created FIFOs, turn off the no-fork optimization in the simple + command's flags. Originally reported to savannah by Kuang-che Wu as + https://savannah.gnu.org/support/index.php?108732 + + 4/10 + ---- +trap.c + - trap_if_untrapped: new function, sets a trap on a signal if that + signal is not already trapped + - maybe_set_debug_trap: new function, sets DEBUG trap to command string + argument only if it's not already trapped + +trap.h + - maybe_set_debug_trap: new extern declaration + + +builtins/source.def + - source_builtin: if the -T option isn't set, use maybe_set_debug_trap + in the unwind-protect instead of unconditionally restoring the old + trap string. That means if the sourced file changes the DEBUG trap, + that new trap will persist instead of being undone when the old + value is restored. Fixes bug reported by Scott Bronson + + +builtins/evalstring.c + - parse_string: before we jump to top_level, if we are at the `bottom' + of the parse_and_execute stack (parse_and_execute_level == 0), call + top_level_cleanup() before jumping so the right cleanup happens (e.g., + cleaning up redirections and other state). Fixes bug reported by + Sam Liddicott + + 4/15 + ---- +jobs.c + - delete_job: only add J_ASYNC (and not J_FOREGROUND) jobs to the + bgpids array, since Posix says shells only need to save the status + of async jobs. Report and fix from John Fremlin + + 4/17 + ---- +pcomplib.c + - COMPLETE_HASH_BUCKETS: increase to 256 since bash-completion is + over 300 completions by now + +variables.c + - VARIABLES_HASH_BUCKETS: constant used to size shell variables hash + table instead of relying on hash library default. Used in calls + to hash_create in create_variable_tables(), push_temp_var(), and + push_func_var(). Currently set to 1024 because why not? From a + discussion starting at + https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-bash/2015-04/msg00089.html + - initialize_shell_variables: if FUNCTION_IMPORT is not defined, the + nested conditional compilation causes syntax errors. Bug and fix + from Eric Blake + +configure.ac + - function-import: fix typo, assign to correct variable. Found as the + result of a report by Eric Blake + +shell.c + - open_shell_script: check whether or not file argument is a + directory before opening; Posix says that implementations may open + a directory with O_RDONLY. Bug report from + Eduardo A. Bustamante López + + 4/19 + ---- +ulimit.def + - fix typo in limits[] declaration of `k' + + 4/20 + ---- +configure.ac + - add template definitions set by AC_USE_SYSTEM_EXTENSIONS from a report + from Andreas Schwab + +variables.c + - FUNCTIONS_HASH_BUCKETS: constant used to size the hash tables used for + shell functions and the text of shell function definitions. Initially + set to 512, even though it's a really rare case that someone has more + than around 150 functions, even with bash-completion + + 4/21 + ---- +shell.c + - main: malloc_set_register: change arg to 0 to disable keeping track of + allocations and frees in table; change to 1 for malloc debugging on + demand. Table is too small to keep effective track of allocations on + a modern system, need to use something like valgrind + + 4/22 + ---- +shell.c + - main: move cmd_init() (initialize word desc and word list object + caches) after startup files are read so the cache doesn't get filled + up with semi-permanent storage for shell functions and variables + +execute_cmd.c + - execute_function: use maybe_set_debug_trap in the same way as source + builtin change from 4/10 to allow functions to reset a DEBUG trap + when set -T not in effect. From a report by Peng Yu + + + 4/23 + ---- +execute_cmd.c + - execute_disk_command: don't overwrite value of subshell_environment + by assigning SUBSHELL_FORK; just OR in SUBSHELL_FORK so something + like SUBSHELL_ASYNC or SUBSHELL_PIPE is preserved + +jobs.c + - wait_for: don't call give_terminal_to if running in a subshell + environment, not just if running_in_background is set; don't want + shell functions waiting for a process to complete in a pipeline to + give the terminal to the wrong process group. Part of fix for bug + reported by Valentin Bajrami + - make_child: child process should not try to give the terminal to the + pipeline_pgrp if running as part of a pipeline (SUBSHELL_PIPE in + subshell_environment); functions in execute_cmd.c don't set that + flag until after make_child returns and the child process is running. + Rest of fix for bug reported by Valentin Bajrami + + + 4/24 + ---- +redir.c + - redirection_error: if the redirection involves {varname}, only use + `varname' in the error message if the error code is < 0 (one of the + internal redirection errors, like ambiguous or bad variable name); + otherwise the issue is probably with the filename and should be treated + as usual. Fixes problem reported by Dr. David Alan Gilbert + + +configure.ac,config.h.in + - sys/ioctl.h: add check in AC_CHECK_HEADERS macro, define HAVE_SYS_IOCTL_H + +lib/readline/{rltty,terminal}.c + - sys/ioctl.h: include unconditionally for ioctl declaration, avoid + issues with `implicit declaration' warnings. Issue originally + raised on gdb list by Chen Gang + + 4/27 + ---- +lib/malloc/table.c + - mem_table: now a circular buffer showing the state of the last + REG_TABLE_SIZE allocations rather than a hash table that quickly + fills up + +builtins/declare.def + - typeset_builtin: add -n to list of supported options. Omission + reported by Valentin Bajrami + +unwind_prot.c + - use object caches instead of malloc/free to allocate and deallocate + unwind-protect elements + - uwp_init: initialize unwind-protect element object cache + +unwind_prot.h + - uwp_init: extern declaration + +shell.c + - main: call uwp_init right after calling cmd_init -- initialize all the + object caches at the same place + +lib/malloc/table.[ch] + - mlocation_table: new table to keep track of allocation locations by + file and line, functions to initialize table, record an allocation, + and dump the table to stderr + - mregister_alloc: call mlocation_register_alloc to record the location + (source file/line) for each allocation to pinpoint malloc hot spots + by number of calls. More detail than gprof + +parse.y + - set_line_mbstate: replace free/xmalloc pair with xrealloc call + - read_token_word: call alloc_word_desc instead of xmalloc so we can take + advantage of the WORD_DESC cache + + 4/28 + ---- +execute_cmd.c + - execute_simple_command: if command execution fails because the command + is a directory, and the `autocd' option is set, add a `--' argument + to the constructed `cd' command to protect against command names with + the same name as options to `cd'. Report and fix from + isabella parakiss + + 4/30 + ---- +jobs.c + - printable_job_status, j_strsignal: change calls to strcpy and sprintf + that write to retcode_name_buffer to use strncpy and snprintf to + avoid buffer overflows caused by malicious translations. Bug and fix + from Trammell Hudson + + 5/1 + --- +strtrans.c + - ansicstr: make sure the buffer is at least 12 bytes to ensure enough + space for any eventual call to u32cesc for one multibyte char + + 5/4 + --- +jobs.c + - wait_for: if an interactive shell is running a loop and waiting for + a non-builtin command to exit, and the command exits due to SIGINT, + act as if the shell received the SIGINT as well and break the loop. + This matches the behavior when the shell is running a builtin command + in a loop, and when running a non-builtin command outside a loop, and + seems more broadly useful than running the trap handler over and over + again. Report originally from Kaz Kylheku + +builtins/set.def + - unset_builtin: use different variables for keeping the state of the + -f and -v options than the loop uses to decide whether or not to + treat a name as a function or a variable. Fixes problem with + unset_function setting `sticking' after you unset a function when + invoked with no options. Bug report from Dreamcat4 + + +shell.c + - open_shell_script: set running_shell_script to 1, set to 0 in every + other case (new variable) + - main: when checking whether or not to call start_debugger, test + running_shell_script instead of dollar_vars[1]. The goal is to not + invoke the debugger for interactive shells but allow it to run for + things like `bash --debugger -i /tmp/script'. Problem reported by + Rocky Bernstein + +lib/readline/histexpand.c + - history_event_delimiter_chars: new (as yet undocumented) variable + containing by default characters that can delimit a history event + specifier without requiring a `:': "^$*%-" as the documentation has + always said. Fixes bug reported by Anders Granlund + + + 5/10 + ---- +lib/glob/gmisc.c + - match_pattern_char, match_pattern_wchar: if passed an empty string, + return a match if the first character of the pattern is `*' + +subst.c + - pat_subst: change to allow empty strings to be replaced as long as + pattern matches empty string. Report and fix from isabella parakiss + + + 5/12 + ---- +lib/sh/strtrans.c + - ansic_wshouldquote: make behavior consistent in the event of an + invalid multibyte sequence: return 1 to the caller so the string + will be $'...' quoted + +builtins/cd.def + - cd_builtin: print the right error message even if printable_filename + changes errno (e.g., EILSEQ) + +lib/sh/shquote.c + - sh_backslash_quote: in multibyte locales, even if is_basic does not + return true, backslash-quote an ASCII character that backslash_table + says should be quoted. Part of fix for bug reported by Igor + Bogomazov + +bashline.c + - directory_exists: new function, dequotes the string argument, removes + any trailing slash, and returns true if the result is a valid + existing filename + - bash_filename_stat_hook,bash_directory_completion_hook: use + directory_exists instead of calling lstat/stat on the quoted + directory name. Rest of fix for bug reported by Igor Bogomazov + + + 5/15 + ---- +aclocal.m4 + - BASH_CHECK_MULTIBYTE: when checking for locale_charset, add $LIBINTL + to $LIBS. If we're using the included lib/intl/libintl.a, it will + include a version of locale_charset + + 5/17 + ---- +lib/readline/bind.c + - sv_isrchterm: make sure we check for v[end] == 0 while in the loop + looking for whitespace. Bug report and fix from Sergio Durigan + Junior + +lib/sh/shmbchar.c + - mbstrlen,mbsmbchar: move calculation of MB_CUR_MAX out of loop; + calculate it once at beginning + +lib/sh/mbscmp.c + - mbscmp: move calculation of MB_CUR_MAX out of loop; calculate it once + at beginning + +lib/sh/mbscasecmp.c + - mbscasecmp: move calculation of MB_CUR_MAX out of loop; calculate it + once at beginning + +lib/sh/shquote.c + - sh_backslash_quote: move calculation of MB_CUR_MAX out of loop; + calculate it once at beginning + +lib/sh/casemod.c + - sh_modcase: move calculation of MB_CUR_MAX out of loop; calculate it + once at beginning + +subst.c + - expand_word_internal: move calculation of MB_CUR_MAX out of loops; + calculate it once at beginning of function (XXX should use + locale_mb_cur_max) + + 5/22 + ---- +lib/readline/rlmbutil.h + - _rl_wcwidth: new function, short-circuits wcwidth calls for ASCII + printable characters, returns 1 for those + - WCWIDTH: call _rl_wcwidth instead of wcwidth + +lib/readline/display.c + - rl_redisplay: move calculation of MB_CUR_MAX out of loop; calculate + it once at beginning. Report and patch from Ole Laursen + + + 5/24 + ---- +lib/readline/text.c + - rl_insert: change to attempt to batch-insert pending typeahead (not + pushed input or input from a macro) that maps to rl_insert. An + attempt to suppress redisplay until readline reads all typeahead -- + pasted input, for instance. Inspired by report from Ole Laursen + . XXX - need to make this a bindable + variable; already controlled by _rl_optimize_typeahead + +lib/readline/rlprivate.h + - _rl_optimize_typeahead: extern declaration + +lib/readline/doc/{hstech.texi,history.3} + - next_history: clarify under what circumstances the history offset is + incremented; suggestion from Glenn Golden + +print_cmd.c + - print_arith_command: should be compiled in if either DPAREN_ARITHMETIC + or ARITH_FOR_COMMAND is defined. Report from Flavio Medeiros + + +flags.c + - change_flag: new variable verbose_flag, set when `v' flag modified; + sets value of echo_input_at_read correspondingly + +flags.h + - verbose_flag: new extern declaration + +shell.c + - long_options: --verbose now sets verbose_flag + - main: set echo_input_at_read from verbose_flag after parsing any + long options + +builtins/fc.def + - fc_builtin: don't unwind-protect echo_input_at_read directly; set it + to 1 before calling fc_execute_file as before, and reset it to value + of global verbose_flag using set_verbose_flag called from an + unwind_protect. Report from isabella parakiss + +builtins/shopt.def + - shopt_set_debug_mode: new function, called when the extdebug shell + option changes. Right now, it sets function_trace_mode when extdebug + is enabled, and turns off when extdebug is disabled. The + documentation has always said that shopt does this. Report from + Peng Yu + + 5/27 + ---- +findcmd.[ch] + - add support for EXECIGNORE shell variable, list of extglob patterns + that prevent matching filenames from being identified as executable + files + +variables.c + - EXECIGNORE: arrange for findcmd.c:setup_exec_ignore to be called when + $EXECIGNORE changes + +variables.h + - sv_execignore: extern declaration + +doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi} + - document EXECIGNORE variable + + 5/28 + ---- +lib/readline/callback.c + - rl_callback_sigcleanup: new function, cleans up and unsets any state + rl_callback_read_char uses. Intended to be used after a signal + +lib/readline/signals.c + - _rl_handle_signal: call rl_callback_sigcleanup on SIGINT. Fixes bug + reported to python group by Martin Panter + +lib/readline/isearch.c + - _rl_isearch_cleanup: now a public function so rl_callback_cleanup can + call it + +lib/readline/search.c + - _rl_nsearch_cleanup: now a public function so rl_callback_cleanup can + call it + +lib/readline/rlprivate.h + - _rl_[in]search_cleanup: extern declarations + +lib/readline/readline.h + - rl_callback_sigcleanup: new extern declaration + +lib/readline/doc/rltech.texi + - rl_callback_sigcleanup: documented + +lib/readline/readline.h + - bump readline version to 7.0 due to addition of rl_callback_sigcleanup + + 5/29 + ---- +builtins/declare.def + - declare_internal: if we are trying to change attributes or value for + a nameref variable whose value points to an unset variable, make + sure we create a new variable whose name is the value of the nameref + variable. That is, + + declare -n foo=bar + unset foo # unsets bar + declare -i foo + + should create a (invisible) variable named `bar' with the integer + attribute. Fixes problem reported by Greg Wooledge + + +builtins/set.def + - unset_builtin: if we find a nameref variable when we look it up with + find_variable (the returned variable has a name different from what + we looked up), make sure we use that new name for the rest of the + function rather than rely on unbind_variable to do the same thing as + find_variable. Fixes problem reported by Greg Wooledge + + - unset_builtin: if we try to unset a nameref variable whose value is + not a set variable, make sure we don't try to unset the nameref + itself, but rather the variable it points to. This ensures that the + following always works as it should + + declare -n foo=bar + unset foo # unsets bar and leaves foo unchanged + +lib/readline/funmap.c + - vi-insertion-mode: make sure it maps to rl_vi_insert_mode, which is + actually what the `i' keybinding in vi_movement_keymap maps to. + Cosmetic fix from isabella parakiss + + 6/2 + --- +general.c + - conf_standard_path: moved get_standard_path here from command.def; made + public function + +general.h + - conf_standard_path: extern declaration + + + 6/3 + --- +parse.y + - parse_matched_pair: make sure that command substitution constructs + within ${...} expansions are parsed as such using parse_comsub, so + the P_FIRSTCLOSE flag doesn't stop parsing if a right brace appears + within the comsub. Report from Christos Zoulas + +findcmd.c + - search_for_command: take two new flags for FLAGS arg: CMDSRCH_STDPATH, + which means use the command -p path, and CMDSRCH_TEMPENV, currently + unused. Existing flag value of 1 now CMDSRCH_HASH + - search_for_command: don't set `path' to NULL if it wasn't found in + the temporary environment; we can use it later + - search_for_command: look for the hashed file if temp_path == 0, not + if we set path back to 0 (or path lookup failed) + - search_for_command: just call find_user_command_in_path with a + pathlist argument that's set depending on the flags passed + - find_in_path: new function, just calls find_user_command_in_path at + this point + - search_for_command: don't put non-existent files into the hash table + +findcmd.h + - CMDSRCH_*: new flags for search_for_command + - find_in_path: extern declaration + +execute_cmd.c + - execute_disk_command: check for CMD_STDPATH and call search_for_command + with CMDSRCH_STDPATH if it's set + +builtins/command.def + - command_builtin: if -p given without -v or -V, set the CMD_STDPATH + flag in the simple command we construct from the rest of the + argument list. This fixes the command -p cmd issue with changing + $PATH for the duration of `cmd's execution reported by + + +builtins/common.h + - CDESC_STDPATH: new flag for describe_command; means to use standard + path for command -pv or -pV + +builtins/command.def + - command_builtin: if -p given with -v or -V, pass the CDESC_STDPATH + flag to describe_command + +builtins/type.def + - describe_command: if given the CDESC_STDPATH flag, use find_in_path + with the conf_standard_path() result. Since `all' will never be on + with this flag, at least not yet, we can allocate and free the path + list. Fixes the bug of a temporary environment value for PATH + preceding a `command -pv' or `command -pV' persisting when the + command finishes and means we use fewer unwind-protects + + 6/4 + --- +Makefile.in (plus other Makefile.ins) + - VPATH: remove `.' from VPATH value. It's not needed any more and it + trips a GNU make 4.1 bug on Cygwin. Report and fix from Eric Blake + + +lib/readline/histfile.c + - history_tempfile: new function, takes history file name as template + and creates a temp file name including the PID + - history_truncate_file, history_do_write: instead of creating backup + and restoring it on failure, use history_tempfile to create a temp + file name, write to it, then rename to original history filename + (handling symlinks using history_restore()). Original report and + patch from Russell Stuart + +doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi} + - ulimit: clarify that -c and -f are in increments of 512 bytes when + in posix mode. Fix from Robin Johnson via + + + 6/9 + --- +execute_cmd.c + - execute_in_subshell: don't call restore_default_signal for the exit + trap, reset_signal_handlers already does the right thing and keeps + the trap string around; no need to kill trap string. Bug report + from Miroslav Koskar + + 6/11 + ---- +nojobs.c + - find_proc_slot: now takes pid as an argument to avoid finding old + procs when pids wrap around + - add_pid: pass pid to find_proc_slot to avoid multiple instances of + the same pid in the list when pids wrap around. Fixes bug reported + by Roy Keene + +execute_cmd.c + - REAP: test for job_control == 0 also to determine whether or not + to call reap_dead_jobs, since shells without job control enabled + don't report on background process status + +doc/bash.1,lib/readline/doc/hsuser.texi + - history: clarify documentation of -a option to note that it will not + append the same line to the history file more than once. Fixes + problem reported by Reuben Thomas + + 6/12 + ---- +execute_cmd.c + - execute_in_subshell: don't bother decrementing subshell_level before + this returns; the caller will just exit. This means that + $BASH_SUBSHELL will have consistent values in the subshell and any + subsequent exit trap. Fixes bug reported by Miroslav Koskar + + - shell_execve: before longjmp to subshell_top_level, call reset_parser + to free up any input line and stack of pushed strings + +parse.y + - mk_alexpansion: if the last character of the alias is a shell + metacharacter, don't add a space to the string following the alias + value, since that will change the meaning of the command. THIS IS + NOT BACKWARDS COMPATIBLE AND MAY REQUIRE REVERTING. Inspired by an + email message from Jilles Tjoelker to austin + group + + 6/13 + ---- +subst.c + - dequote_string: don't turn strings consisting of a single CTLESC + into empty strings; return them unmodified. The idea is that there + is nothing to quote. This means that something like + c=$'\001' + x=$c + results in x containing '\001' when IFS=$'\001'. See if this will + cause problems by adding a debugging statement in the code + + 6/15 + ---- +parse.y + - CHECK_FOR_RESERVED_WORD: don't return ESAC when you read `esac' + after a `|' while in a case pattern list (parser_state & PST_CASEPAT). + This is Posix grammar rule 4 + (http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/V3_chap02.html#tag_18_10_02) + + 6/16 + ---- +jobs.c + - wait_for: make sure we queue SIGCHLD signals if a SIGCHLD trap + handler is running (signal_in_progress or IMPOSSIBLE_TRAP_HANDLER), + since we allow recursive trap invocations now + - wait_for: make sure we treat SIGCHLD as trapped if the trap handler + is set to IMPOSSIBLE_TRAP_HANDLER so we don't miss signals during + calls to run_sigchld_trap() + +trap.c + - run_pending_traps: since we allow recursive trap handler invocations, + make sure we set pending_traps[SIGCHLD] to 0 while we mark the + signal handler in progress (SIG_INPROGRESS) and don't reset it to 0 + after run_sigchld_trap returns in case more SIGCHLDs have been + queued while it's running + + 6/22 + ---- +lib/readline/readline.c + - _rl_dispatch_subseq: if we shadowed any function, not just self- + insert, bind that function to the key we shadowed and dispatch on it. + This preserves and dispatches off the original key, not ANYOTHERKEY, + and makes sure we are dispatching from a keymap with the right key + binding. Fixes bug reported by Carlos Pita + + + 6/23 + ---- +bashline.c + - attempt_shell_completion: don't read past the end of rl_line_buffer + while skipping assignment statements before command names. Fix for + bug reported by Hanno Böck + +lib/readline/parens.c + - _rl_enable_paren_matching: make paren matching work in vi insert + mode. Really, this time. Bug report from Carlos Pita + + + 6/29 + ---- +parse.y + - parse_comsub: when starting to parse a word, make sure that we set + lex_rwlen to 0 along with lex_wlen if we are in a position where we + can read a reserved word. Fixes bug reported by Nathan Neulinger + + + 6/30 + ---- +sig.h + - include unconditionally and rely on guards in sig.h to + keep from including it more than once. Irix 6.5 defines SIG_DFL + in other files and defeats the test of SIG_DFL. Fixes bug + reported by Klaus Ziegler + +alias.c + - ALIAS_HASH_BUCKETS: table size increased to 64 + + 7/7 + --- + +{jobs,nojobs}.c + - wait_sigint_cleanup: new function, to be called by longjmp targets + for wait_intr_buf. Performs any necessary cleanup of internal waitchld + state before going back to top level + +jobs.h + - wait_sigint_cleanup: new extern declaration + +builtins/wait.def + - wait_builtin: call wait_sigint_cleanup after longjmp back to + wait_intr_buf on interrupt + +[bash-4.4-alpha frozen] + + 7/7 + --- +bashline.c + - attempt_shell_completion: when skipping assignment statements, don't + skip past rl_point to find the word on which to perform programmable + completion. Fixes bug reported by Hanno Böck + + 7/10 + ---- + +pcomplib.c + - compspec_copy: set the refcount on the copy to 1, since it's a freshly + allocated copy and there are no other pointers to it. Fixes memory + leak from gen_progcomp_completions + +lib/readline/complete.c + - printable_part: if the pathname passed is just `/', just return it + instead of potentially reading before the `/'. Fixes bug reported + by Hanno Böck + + 7/11 + ---- +support/man2html.c + - change calls to malloc to use xmalloc; provide standard xmalloc + definition. Report from Bill Parker + +builtins/wait.def + - wait_intr_flag: set to denote validity of wait_intr_buf as target + for longjmp; reset by WAIT_RETURN macro; should always be 0 when + wait_builtin returns + +quit.h + - CHECK_WAIT_INTR: now also checks wait_intr_flag to ensure valid state + of wait_intr_buf before sh_longjmp + +{jobs,nojobs}.c + - wait_intr_flag: extern declaration for use by CHECK_WAIT_INTR + +sig.c + - wait_intr_flag: set back to 0 every place the shell resets state after + a jump to top_level + - sigint_sighandler: only set wait_signal_received if wait_intr_flag + indicates that the wait builtin has correctly set wait_intr_buf. + Final fix for bug reported by Ondrej Oprala + +subst.c + - parameter_brace_expand: fix so that ${!vvv@} is not interpreted as + introducing a `@' operator, but instead retains its meaning as all + variables whose name begins with vvv. Fixes bug reported by + konsolebox + + 7/14 + ---- +execute_cmd.c + - execute_connection: remove the fork optimization from and AND_AND + and OR_OR cases; it has trouble with `a && b && c', since the `&&' + is left-associative. Putting that code here can result in unwanted + fork optimizations since the `b' will end up as `second' on a + recursive call to execute_command. Bug reported by Mike Frysinger + + +builtins/evalstring.c + - optimize_fork: moved code from execute_connection to here; checks + whether the RHS of a && or || passes the suppress_fork() tests and + turns on the NO_FORK bit if so + - parse_and_execute: if suppress_fork() tests fail, check whether the + command to be executed is a connection and attempt to optimize the + fork for the right side using optimize_fork(). The key is dealing + with the entire command passed to `bash -c' or `eval' + +builtins/common.h + - optimize_fork: new extern declaration + +execute_cmd.c + - execute_command_internal: enable code put in to undo redirections + before exiting the shell due to `set -e' in the case of a shell + function that gets command-not-found or a syntax error. Reported + back in May, 2014 by Mark Ferrell + +bashhist.c + - bash_history_inhibit_expansion: enable change from 1/10 that skips + over history expansion character in command and process + substitution + + 7/15 + ---- +lib/readline/{history,undo}.c + - replace_history_data now _hs_replace_history_data + + 7/16 + ---- +lib/readline/readline.c + - make sure _rl_to_lower doesn't ever get characters that are outside + of its valid range by casting arg to unsigned char + +lib/readline/colors.h + - change completion prefix color (C_PREFIX) to be the same as C_SOCK, + which is less likely to collide with file type colorings (magenta) + +lib/readline/complete.c + - fnprint: now takes an additional argument: the full, expanded pathname + corresponding to the `toprint' argument + - fnprint: don't zero out prefix_bytes if we're not printing the + ellipisis but we still want to use prefix_bytes for displaying + the common prefix in a color + - print_filename: move colored-stats display responsibility into fnprint + - fnprint: change so colored-prefix and colored-stats can cooperate + and display filenames with multiple colors: one for the prefix and + one for the file type. The prefix is displayed in the prefix color + and the remainder of the pathname, if any, is displayed in the color + corresponding to the file type. Report and suggestion from Mike + Frysinger + + 7/17 + ---- +lib/readline/readline.[ch] + - rl_readline_state: now unsigned long, prepare for more than 32 states + + + 7/18 + ---- +lib/readline/history.h + - history_offset: now declared here, was always a global variable + - copy_history_entry: now declared here, part of the public interface + - alloc_history_entry: now declared here, part of the public interface + + 7/20 + ---- +lib/readline/readline.h + - RL_STATE_CHARSEARCH: new state, for vi mode character search. Was + previously handled by simply setting _rl_callback_func + +lib/readline/vi_mode.c + - rl_domove_motion_callback: split into two functions, remaining code + after _rl_dispatch call goes into new function + _rl_vi_domove_motion_cleanup + - rl_vi_char_search: set RL_STATE_CHARSEARCH + - rl_vi_char_search: sets `i2' member of callback data to the key used + to invoke the char search + - _rl_vi_callback_char_search: unset RL_STATE_CHARSEARCH after reading + the character to find + - _rl_vi_domove_motion_cleanup: make sure RL_STATE_VIMOTION is unset in + all cases where this function returns + - _rl_vi_domove_motion_cleanup: use `end' member of vi motion context + as value of rl_end to restore after adding blank at end of line in + rl_domove_motion_callback; avoids need to keep `old_end' and somehow + pass it between the two functions + +lib/readline/rlprivate.h + - _rl_vi_domove_motion_cleanup: new extern declaration + +lib/readline/callback.c + - rl_callback_read_char: handle RL_STATE_CHARSEARCH, including case + where char search is vi motion command for d/c/y/m and RL_STATE_VIMOTION + is set when this is called. Last of set of fixes for bug reported + by Carlos Pita with vi-mode `dty' command + in callback mode + + 7/21 + ---- +subst.c + - command_substitute, process_substitute: add QUIT call in the child + after restoring original signal handlers to catch post-fork SIGINT + or terminating signal + +jobs.c,nojobs.c + - make_child: after forking, clear interrupt_state in child + before restoring signal mask so children get their own set of + interrupts + + 7/22 + ---- +lib/sh/shquote.c + - sh_double_quote: since all uses of the return value from this function + are for display and not subject to subsequent expansion, we don't + need to protect CTLESC and CTLNUL with CTLESC. Bug report and fix + from isabella parakiss + +parse.y + - decode_prompt_string: need to protect literal instances of CTLESC + and CTLNUL with CTLESC, even if they are not coming out of one of + the backslash-expansions + +subst.c + - make_internal_declare: fixed memory leak; make_internal_declare should + free the memory it allocates to construct the word list. From Red + Hat bug 1245233; https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1245233 + +lib/readline/readline.c + - _rl_dispatch_subseq: when checking whether an ESC in vi insert mode + should be treated as part of a key sequence or as a single char, + make sure we are getting input from the keyboard before we check + _rl_input_queued(). If we are getting input from a macro, this + causes a needless delay. Report from Carlos Pita + + + 7/23 + ---- +input.c + - save_bash_input: before checking to see whether or not a new fd has a + stale associated buffer, make sure that the new fd is within bounds. + Bug report and fix from Alexey Makhalov + + + 7/24 + ---- +doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi} + - note that the `return' builtin accepts arguments beginning with `-' + without requiring `--' + + 7/27 + ---- +examples/loadables/Makefile.in + - add variables and targets to support `make install'; installs + supported builtins in $(libdir)/bash + + 7/28 + ---- +lib/readline/{readline,rlprivate}.h, lib/readline/display.c + - rearrange some structure members for better alignment and to reduce + padding. Fix from + +tests/run-* + - use BASH_TSTOUT instead of hardcoded /tmp/xx as output file + +trap.[ch] + - maybe_set_error_trap: set a trap for the ERR trap if it is not already + trapped; similar to maybe_set_debug_trap back from 4/10 + +lib/malloc/malloc.c + - internal_free: make sure `ubytes' is initialized if MALLOC_WATCH is + defined and we'll be passing it to _malloc_ckwatch. Report from + Flavio Medeiros + +execute_cmd.c + - execute_function: use maybe_set_error_trap in the same way as + maybe_set_debug_trap. Fixes bug reported by David Waddell + + + 7/29 + ---- +jobs.c + - wait_for: no longer need to call job_signal_status when checking + whether a comsub shell reaped a child that died due to SIGINT; code + now uses child_caught_sigint + + 7/30 + ---- +builtins/exec.def + - exec_builtin: after call to restore_original_signals, need to call + default_tty_job_signals to undo changes done by initialize_job_signals. + Fix for problem reported by Andreas Schwab + +doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi} + - clarify definition of metacharacter to explicitly include newline; + prompted by report from George Gallo + + 8/3 + --- +lib/readline/search.c + - _rl_free_history_entry: should be void, not int. Report from + Dilyan Palauzov + +general.h + - sh_load_func_t, sh_unload_func_t: new function pointer types, used by + enable for load and unload hook functions + +builtins/enable.def + - dyn_load_builtin: attempt to execute a function named + BUILTIN_builtin_load, where BUILTIN is the name of the command being + loaded. If that function returns 0, the load fails + - dyn_unload_builtin: attempt to execute a function named + BUILTIN_builtin_unload, where BUILTIN is the name of the command + being unloaded. It offers a dynamic builtin a way to clean up after + itself. Inspired by suggestion from Piotr Grzybowski + in response to a bug report from isabella + parakiss + + 8/6 + --- +lib/readline/colors.[ch] + - _rl_print_color_indicator: now takes `const char *' argument + +lib/readline/complete.c + - colored_stat_start: now takes `const char *' argument + +lib/malloc/table.h + - ma_table_t: `file' member is now `const char *' + +lib/malloc/table.c + - mlocation_register_alloc: make sure variable assigned to `file' in + ma_table_t is of type `const char *'. Fixes from Dilyan Palauzov + + +lib/termcap/termcap.[ch] + - tputs: should return int instead of void + +lib/readline/readline.h + - RL_STATE_DONE: correct value, avoid collision + +lib/readline/vi_mode.c + - _rl_vi_redoing: now global, added _rl_ prefix to `vi_redoing' + +lib/readline/readline.c + - _rl_subseq_result: call _rl_dispatch_subseq instead of rl_dispatch to + avoid changing _rl_dispatching_keymap + - _rl_subseq_result: in the -2 case, set _rl_dispatching_keymap to the + map passed as an argument. Without this, vi mode doesn't call + rl_vi_set_last when it should + - _rl_dispatch_subseq: if redoing a vi mode command with `.' + (_rl_vi_redoing != 0) in callback mode and we're indirecting into + another keymap that has shadowed the key corresponding to the command + we are redoing, just call _rl_subseq_result immediately: vi redo + doesn't need to read any additional input, and rl_vi_redo assumes + that a single call to rl_dispatch is sufficient. Fixes bug reported + by Carlos Pita + + 8/7 + --- +subst.c + - parameter_brace_expand: if a substitution (parameter expansion) error + occurs, and shell_compatibility_level is <= 43, return expansion error + as in all previous versions. If shell_compatibility_level is > 43, + a posix-mode non-interactive shell will consider this a fatal error. + Problem reported by Christian Neukirchen + +doc/bashref.texi + - documented that word expansion errors cause fatal errors in posix mode + non-interactive shells + + 8/8 + --- +subst.h + - SD_COMPLETE: skip_to_delim being called as part of word completion + - SX_COMPLETE: one of the string_extract functions being called as + part of word completion + +bashline.c + - find_cmd_start,find_cmd_end,find_cmd_name: call skip_to_delim with + SD_COMPLETE flag + +subst.c + - skip_double_quoted: takes new flags argument; changed callers + - skip_double_quoted: if flags argument includes SX_COMPLETE, pass it + to extract_command_subst + - extract_command_subst: if flags&SX_COMPLETE, call + extract_delimited_string instead of xparse_dolparen, since completion + may call this for unterminated command substitutions. Fixes + (imperfectly) bug reported by Ingo Ruhnke + - skip_to_delim: if passed the SD_COMPLETE flag, pass the SX_COMPLETE + flag to skip_double_quoted + - char_is_quoted: pass SX_COMPLETE flag to skip_double_quoted + - unclosed_pair: pass SX_COMPLETE flag to skip_double_quoted + + 8/9 + --- +execute_cmd.c + - time_command: catch longjmps to top_level and print command timing + statistics even after a jump to top_level. Fixes issue reported by + Sam Watkins + + 8/10 + ---- +config-top.h + - OPENLOG_OPTS: if SYSLOG_HISTORY is defined, define to LOG_PID, so + each message is tagged with the pid + +bashhist.h + - bash_syslog_history: the first time it's called, call openlog with + OPENLOG_OPTS and SYSLOG_FACILITY + + 8/11 + ---- +doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi} + - GROUPS,FUNCNAME: change description to note that assignments are + silently ignored, but do not return an error (which would constitute + an assignment error and cause posix mode shells to abort). Problem + pointed out by Grzegorz Bajson + + 8/12 + ---- +subst.c + - parameter_brace_expand_indir: if the value of the indirectly expanded + variable isn't something that the shell would expand if it were inside + ${}, error out right away before calling parameter_brace_expand_word. + Fixes problem reported by isabella parakiss + - parameter_brace_expand: handle returning &expand_wdesc_error or + &expand_wdesc_fatal from parameter_brace_expand_indir in case it does + that someday + + 8/13 + ---- +jobs.c + - {save,restore}_pipeline: saved_pipeline now a linked list of pipelines, + new ones allocated in save_pipeline and freed in restore_pipeline. + This allow multiple nested calls to save_pipeline (e.g., in traps + and then in process substitution). Fix for bug reported by isabella + parakiss + +print_cmd.c + - named_function_string: if printing a function with the same name as a + reserved word, add the `function ' keyword before the name to avoid + parsing problems when trying to reuse it as input. Fix for bug + reported by isabella parakiss + + 8/14 + ---- +lib/readline/text.c + - rl_insert: when optimizing typeahead, make sure we set rl_last_func + ourselves if we set pending input, since the mainline code path + won't set rl_last_func if input is pending. Fixes bug reported by + Hiroo Hayashi + + 8/15 + ---- +builtins/type.def + - describe_command: if using the short description (CDESC_SHORTDESC) in + posix mode, describe posix special builtins as such. Requested by + Stephane Chazelas + +builtins/enable.def + - BASH_LOADABLES_PATH: a colon-separated list of directories where bash + looks for loadable builtins specified as arguments to `enable -f' + +doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi} + - BASH_LOADABLES_PATH: document new shell variable + +configure.ac,Makefile.in,builtins/Makefile.in + - loadablesdir: set in configure, substitute into Makefiles. Reserved + for future use + + 8/18 + ---- +subst.c + - shell_expand_word_list: if make_internal_declare fails, make sure to + propagate that error return back and make the assignment statement + fail. Fixes seg fault reported by Sergey Tselikh + + 8/20 + ---- +builtins/declare.def + - declare_internal: made a slight tweak to the warning message about + quoted compound assignments by printing it only if the array (indexed + or assoc) does not already exist + + 8/21 + ---- +braces.c + - mkseq: call strvec_dispose before throw_to_top_level if we saw SIGINT + to avoid a memory leak + +trap.c + - maybe_set_return_trap: set the RETURN trap to string if it's not + already trapped, in the same way as the debug and error traps + +execute_cmd.c + - execute_function: use maybe_set_return_trap to allow functions to set + return traps that persist across calls even if function tracing is + enabled + +lib/readline/input.c + - rl_gather_tyi: make sure errno reset to 0 after select call, for + ioctl and read + - rl_gather_tyi: if read returns -1/EIO, return -1 + - rl_read_key: if rl_gather_tyi returns -1/EIO, return READERR if in + RL_STATE_READCMD (reading command in readline_internal_char), EOF + if not (like rl_getc). Continue to return '\n' on other errors; + rl_done = 1 in any case. Fix for issue reported by + Lubomir Rintel + +lib/readline/{misc,text,vi_mode}.c + - fix return values from rl_read_key to handle < 0 + + 8/22 + ---- + +parse.y + - parsing_redirection: macro that expands to true if the last read + token (always passed as an argument) is a redirection token that + will leave us reading a word that's the target of the redirection + - command_token_position: make sure that even if the parser state + indicates we are reading a simple command (PST_REDIRLIST), we do + not perform alias expansion on a WORD that is part of a redirection, + using parsing_redirection() to do so. Fixes but reported to Red Hat + by Robert Alm Nilsson + https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=795795 + +builtins/declare.def + - declare_internal: only print the warning now if the variable is not + already an array or if we are not creating an array with -a or -A, + cuts down the spurious warnings + - declare_internal: even if the rhs of the assignment looks like a + compound array, if we're not assigning to an existing array or we're + not creating an array, make it an array subscript assignment. This + means things like declare a[1]='(foo)' and a[1]='(foo)' behave + identically + +builtins/help.def + - wdispcolumn: change use of displen and add new dispchars variable to + deal with locales where each wide character does not take up one + column position. Fix for bug reported by Mingye (Arthur) Wang + + + 8/23 + ---- +sig.c + - sigint_sighandler: if we get a SIGINT while this_shell_builtin == + wait_builtin, perform the special handling only if wait_intr_flag + is non-zero, don't just use it to set wait_sigint_received. This + makes sure we run bashline_set_event_hook. Fixes bug reported by + isabella parakiss + + 8/25 + ---- +subst.h + - SD_HISTEXP: new flag for skip_to_delim, indicates we are looking for + the history expansion character (special double quote handling) + - skip_to_delim: handle SD_HISTEXP flag, changes double quote handling + to be similar to history library: don't call skip_double_quote, make + sure single quotes aren't special in double quotes, but continue to + skip over $(), ${}, and other similar constructs + + 8/27 + ---- +support/bash.pc.in + - new file, pkgconfig template for bash, installed to support nascent + loadable builtins dev environment + +examples/loadables/Makefile.inc + - new file, example Makefile with correct definitions for loadable + builtin development + +configure.ac + - headersdir: directory where headers get installed to support loadable + builtin development + - examples/loadables/Makefile.inc, support/bash.pc: create + +Makefile.in + - INSTALLED_HEADERS, INSTALLED_BUILTINS_HEADERS, INSTALLED_INCFILES, + CREATED_HEADERS: new variables holding names of include files to + install into $(headersdir) for loadable builtin development + - install-headers,install-headers-dirs: new targets to support + installing headers into $(headersdir) and subdirectories for loadable + builtin development + - uninstall-headers: target to uninistall headers in $(headersdir) + - uninstall: call uninstall-headers whether or not install-headers + was done; add uninstall in examples/loadables + - install: add install in examples/loadables + - clean: add clean in examples/loadables + +examples/loadables/Makefile.in + - install-supported, install-unsupported: new targets, make install + chooses one based on $(SHOBJ_STATUS) + - install-supported: now cds to the top level build directory and + installs the header files + - install-supported: now installs Makefile.inc to $(loadablesdir) as + an example + - uninstall-supported,uninistall-unsupported: uninstall targets, + make uninstall chooses one based on $(SHOBJ_STATUS) + + 8/31 + ---- +lib/glob/Makefile.in + - CPPFLAGS: move after ${INCLUDES} so library-specific include paths + take precedence. This is what the other parts of the shell do. + Report from Poor Yorick + +builtins/read.def + - reset_alarm: cancel alarm before restoring signal handler to avoid + possible race condition. Report and fix from Oleg Popov + + +subst.c + - string_extract_verbatim: if SEPARATORS is "'", don't short-circuit + to string_extract_single_quoted unless the SX_NOCTLESC flag is set. + Callers expect this function to honor CTLESC, even to quote a single + quote. Fixes bug reported by isabella parakiss + and several others + + 9/2 + --- +include/chartypes.h + - TOCTRL: handle '?' by special-casing it to 0x7f. Fixes a problem + with $'\c?' reported by Helmut Karlowski + +redir.c + - write_here_string: don't word-split the here string document. The + bash documentation has always said this doesn't happen, even though + bash has done so for years, and other shells that implement here- + strings don't perform any word splitting. The practical effect is + that sequences of IFS characters are collapsed to spaces. Fixes + bug reported by Clint Hepner + + 9/3 + --- +doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi} + - add \? to the list of backslash escapes expanded by $'...' ANSI-C + quoting. It was expanded but not documented + +lib/readline/util.c + - _rl_audit_tty: updated from Red Hat patch + +lib/readline/readline.c + - HAVE_DECL_AUDIT_USER_TTY: correct #define check + + 9/13 + ---- +shell.c + - read_from_stdin: make sure value set to 1 appropriately if the shell + is reading from standard input, as Posix seems to specify (?) + +lib/readline/kill.c + - _rl_copy_to_kill_ring: don't assume that rl_kill_ring has been + allocated if _rl_last_command_was_kill is non-zero; make sure it's + non-null before indexing into it + + 9/15 + ---- +variables.c + - initialize_shell_variables: cope with a NULL env pointer. Fixes bug + reported by ziyunfei <446240525@qq.com> + + 9/16 + ---- +builtins/exec.def + - exec_builtin: if -c is supplied, pass an empty array instead of a NULL + pointer to shell_execve + +variables.c + - set_pwd: only believe $PWD if it begins with a slash; try to + canonicalize it and set it to physical path if canonicalization fails. + Reported by ziyunfei <446240525@qq.com> + + 9/17 + ---- +subst.c + - do_compound_assignment: make sure to dispose of word list generated + by expand_compound_array_assignment; fixes memory leak reported in + https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1264101 + +variables.c + - adjust_shell_level: clamp the value of shell_level at 1000 and reset + there, instead of > 1000, since the itos replacement code doesn't + handle the value 1000. Fixes bug reported by ziyunfei + <446240525@qq.com> + +shell.h,parse.y + - save_parser_state,restore_parser_state: now save and restore + redir_stack, short-circuiting if need_here_doc == 0. If we save a + non-zero value for need_here_doc, we have to make sure there is + something valid for gather_here_documents to work on. Fixes bug + reported by Brian Carpenter + + 9/18 + ---- +array.c + - array_to_assign: use ansic_shouldquote to check whether each element + value contains non-printable characters and use ansic_quote to + generate the value instead of using sh_double_quote unconditionally + +assoc.c + - assoc_to_assign: if either the key or the value of an associative + array element contains non-printable characters (ansic_shouldquote + returns true), use ansic_quote to quote them instead of using double + quotes unconditionally + + 9/19 + ---- +subst.c + - pat_subst: handle REP being NULL. Fixes bug reported by Brian + Carpenter + +builtins/evalstring.c + - parse_string: if we get a longjmp to top_level with DISCARD as the + code (in which case we are going to go on), return -DISCARD to our + caller (always xparse_dolparen) after doing our own cleanup instead + of calling jump_to_top_level + +parse.y + - xparse_dolparen: if parse_string returns < 0, do the appropriate + cleanup and then jump_to_top_level with the negative of the return + value. This allows us to do the appropriate parser cleanup in + case we're not going to exit the shell. Fixes bug reported by Brian + Carpenter + +subst.c + - extract_delimited_string: if a recursive call to one of the extract_ + functions or a call to ADVANCE_CHAR leaves i past the end of the + string, cut the loop off at the end of the string. Fixes bug + reported by Brian Carpenter + + 9/20 + ---- +subst.c + - get_var_and_type: return appropriate values if variable indirection + results in a NULL variable. Fixes bug reported by Brian Carpenter + + +lib/readline/history.c + - history_get_time: handle strtol overflows caused by malicious + modifications to timestamps in the history file. Fixes issue + reported by rens@endoria.net + + 9/21 + ---- +lib/readline/rlconf.h + - ENABLE_AUDIT_TTY_SUPPORT: now undefined (off) by default + + 9/24 + ---- +jobs.c + - waitchld: if we get a SIGINT while waiting for a child to exit, but + the kernel doesn't interrupt the waitpid(2) call, assume the child + caught SIGINT if it exited for some reason other than SIGINT. Fix + suggested by Stephane Chazelas + +input.c + - make_buffered_stream: use B_TEXT in buffered stream flags instead + of (typo) O_TEXT. Report and fix from Eric Blake + + 9/27 + ---- +execute_cmd.c + - shell_execve: call reset_parser before calling initialize_subshell, + which calls delete_all_aliases. reset_parser wants to free the + pushed string list, which has pointers back into the alias table + (use after free) + - execute_simple_command: if we fork for an async command, make sure + the child process increments shell_level before performing any + word expansions, so $BASH_SUBSHELL is incremented. Fixes issue + reported by ziyunfei <446240525@qq.com> + + 10/1 + ---- +builtins/kill.def + - kill_builtin: make -L equivalent to -l for compatibility with other + (Linux) versions of kill + +doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi} + - kill: document new `-L' option + + 10/2 + ---- +[bash-4.4-beta frozen] + + 10/5 + ---- +doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi} + - LC_TIME: document that the shell recognizes it and calls setlocale + when it changes; and that the shell uses it for time formatting + + 10/6 + ---- +subst.c + - skip_single_quoted: now takes an additional `flags' argument, like + skip_double_quoted; changed callers + - skip_single_quoted: now pays attention to SX_COMPLETE flag, allows + backslash to escape single quote, like $'...' allows + - skip_to_delim: added case where we are completing and we are + skipping over a $'...' string to call skip_single_quoted with + SX_COMPLETE flag to allow backslash to quote single quote. Fixes + bug reported by Daniel Colascione + - char_is_quoted: make analogous changes to handle $'...' so we can + accommodate $'ab \' cd' + + 10/11 + ----- +subst.c,bashjmp.h + - no_longjmp_on_fatal_error: now global so other parts of the shell can + use it + +arrayfunc.c + - expand_array_index: if no_longjmp_on_fatal_error is non-zero, don't + longjmp to top_level, just return 0. Fixes bug reported by + isabella parakiss + +subst.c + - CQ_RETURN: restore old value of no_longjmp_on_fatal_error (oldjmp); + make sure all callers (skip_matched_pair, skip_to_delim, + char_is_quoted) save no_longjmp_on_fatal_error to oldjmp before + setting it to 1 + +expr.c + - expr_streval: if longjmping after an unbound variable error, jump + back to expr toplevel (evalbuf) if no_longjmp_on_fatal_error is set + in an interactive shell + +variables.c + - push_func_var: if pushing an array variable, such as when a variable + in the temporary environment is promoted to an array by mapfile when + the shell is in posix mode (so variable assignments preceding special + builtins or shell functions persist in the shell environment after + the builtin returns), make sure to copy the array or hash table so + the variable is duplicated correctly. Fixes seg fault reported by + Linda Walsh + + 10/13 + ----- +variables.c + - initialize_shell_variables: add call to sv_shcompat, so BASH_COMPAT + can be set in the initial environment + +execute_cmd.c + - execute_function: set loop_level to 0 only if shell_compatibility_level + is greater than bash-4.3; this was kind of an incompatible change. + Report from Carlos Pita + +COMPAT,doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi} + - compat43: added loop_level changes to description + + 10/15 + ----- +lib/sh/casemod.c,lib/readline/display.c + - make sure mb_cur_max variable is defined outside of HANDLE_MULTIBYTE + if it's used outside HANDLE_MULTIBYTE. Fixes from Greg Wooledge + + +support/Makefile.in + - bash.pc: remove as part of distclean, not clean. Report from Andreas + Schwab + + 10/17 + ----- +subst.c + - array_var_assignment: make sure to call quote_string or quote_escapes + on the assignment string, so spaces in the assignment survive word + splitting. Fixes bug reported by isabella parakiss + + + 10/20 + ----- +doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi} + - word splitting: make sure that newline is listed as one of the IFS + whitespace characters. Fixes omission reported by ziyunfei + <446240525@qq.com> + +lib/readline/histfile.c + - history_do_write: make sure that we only create and use the tempfile + if the history file exists and is a regular file. Reported several + times, most recent check the result of a report from + + + 10/22 + ----- +jobs.c + - delete_all_jobs: if running_only == 0, we are eventually going to + clear the bgpids list, so don't bother to add pids to it in + delete_job (call with DEL_NOBGPID flag if running_only == 0) + + 10/24 + ----- +jobs.[ch] + - bgpids: new implementation from a patch from John Fremlin + , uses an array for the list of the last CHILD_MAX + terminated background pids, and a separate hash table to search it. + The storage can be freed as a unit, and the size of the hash table + (currently 4096) is independent of the size of the bgpids table + +subst.c + - inherit_errexit: new variable to control whether or not command + substitution inherits the -e (errexit) option. Disabled by default + +general.c + - posix_initialize: set inherit_errexit = 1 when Posix mode is enabled + +builtins/shopt.def + - inherit_errexit: new shell option, tracks value of inherit_errexit, + allows command substitution to inherit the setting of errexit without + posix mode. From a request and patch submitted by Christoph Gysin + + +{version,version2}.c + - use #if HAVE_SNPRINTF instead of #if defined in case configure + decides to #define it to 0. Fixes problem reported by Klaus Ziegler + + +configure.ac + - when checking for sys/resource.h, make sure to include + for the benefit of both old systems that require it and new versions + of autoconf that require a header file to compile to report its + presence. Reported by Klaus Ziegler + + 10/26 + ----- +subst.h + - SD_ARITHEXP: new flag value for skip_to_delim, supports parsing + arithmetic expressions in parameter expansions + +subst.c + - skip_to_delim: handle SD_ARITHEXP flag by skipping parentheses for + subexpressions and allowing ?: expression to not terminate an + arithmetic expression delimited by `:' + - skiparith: just call skip_to_delim with the SD_ARITHEXP option and + the right delimiter string and return the right result. Fixes bug + reported by + +include/shmbchar.h + - strip out everything except what is needed to support is_basic and + similar functions, since the mbchar_t typedef apparently conflicts + with some AIX-specific type definition. Problem reported by + Michael Felt + + 10/27 + ----- +builtins/{set,ulimit}.def + - {set,ulimit}_builtin: make sure that --help is treated the same as + -? and prints a message and returns. Fixes bug reported by ziyunfei + <446240525@qq.com> + +builtins/*.def + - make sure to consistently use builtin_help() instead of mix of that + function and builtin_usage() + + 10/29 + ----- +doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi} + - BASH_CMDS, BASH_ALIASES: note that removing elements from these + array variables is not currently reflected in the command hash + table and alias list, respectively. Reported by isabella parakiss + + + 10/30 + ----- +eval.c + - reader_loop: if PS0 is set in an interactive shell, expand and + display it after reading a (complete) command but before executing + it. This differs from the DEBUG trap because the DEBUG trap is + executed once for each simple command (and some others, like each + time through a for loop). From a patch submitted by Dan Stromberg + + +parse.y + - prompt_again: set ps0_prompt from $PS0 in an interactive shell + +doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi} + - PS0: document new prompt string + + 11/3 + ---- +subst.c + - cond_expand_node: if special > 0, remove quoted nulls from the word + list, since no word splitting takes place. Fixes bug reported by + Corentin Peuvrel + + 11/4 + ---- +doc/{bash.1,builtins.texi} + - inherit_errexit: add to shopt description; modify Posix mode + description + + 11/9 + ---- +lib/readline/util.c + - rl_tilde_expand: fix out-of-bounds read caused when this function + is invoked with rl_point == 0. Bug reported by Hanno Böck + + + 11/11 + ----- +{nojobs,jobs}.c + - get_original_tty_job_signals: force the original signal disposition + for SIGTSTP/SIGTTIN/SIGTTOU to SIG_DFL in interactive shells. This + will force child processes to get SIG_DFL even if the shell is + started with those signals ignored. From a bug report from + Keith Thompson + + 11/13 + ----- +make_cmd.c + - make_function_def: if a function is being defined without a source + file, and the shell has not been initialized, assume that the + function is being imported from the environment and set the + source_file struct member to "environment". Set to "main" if the + shell has been initialized. Fixes bug reported on savannah by + Arno-Can Uestuensoez + https://savannah.gnu.org/support/index.php?108903 + +subst.c + - skip_to_delim: if the shell is in posix mode (posixly_correct != 0) + and performing history expansion ((flags & SD_HISTEXP) != 0), allow + double quotes to quote the history expansion character. TENTATIVE + CHANGE, inspired by + https://savannah.gnu.org/support/index.php?108491 + + 11/14 + ----- +jobs.c + - wait_for: modify change from 4/23 to only give the terminal to + shell_pgrp if not running in the background and subshell_environment + indicates we're not in a pipeline and not an async command. Fixes + bug reported by konsolebox + + 11/16 + ----- +doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi} + - document new posix-mode behavior of not giving ! special meaning + within double quotes, even if histexpand is enabled + + 11/17 + ----- +builtins/evalfile.c + - fc_execute_file: pass FEVAL_BUILTIN flag to _evalfile so it returns + the value of parse_and_execute after executing the commands in the + file. Fixes bug reported by Chris Marusich + + 11/20 + ----- +subst.c + - process_substitute: don't unconditionally set pipeline_pgrp to + shell_pgrp; do that only if pipeline_pgrp == 0 (we haven't forked + yet) or if we know we haven't forked for a command, a pipeline, + or an async command. Fixes bug reported by + + as https://savannah.gnu.org/support/index.php?108593 + + 11/24 + ----- +variables.c + - set_pwd: inherit the value of OLDPWD from the initial environment + if it names a directory. From a report from John Wiersba + + +builtins/set.def + - -T: fix help text to note that the DEBUG and RETURN traps are both + inherited if this is set. Report from Grisha Levin + + +doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi} + - HISTIGNORE,GLOBIGNORE: note that the pattern matching is subject to + the setting of the `extglob' variable. Clarification raised by + Aharon Robbins + +builtins/jobs.def,doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi} + - disown: add text to synopsis making it clear that disown takes a + pid argument. From a report from Matthew Stanfield + + +findcmd.c,doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi} + - EXECIGNORE: change pattern matching to use FNMATCH_EXTFLAG like other + IGNORE variables. From a report from Aharon Robbins + +trap.c + - _run_trap_internal: make sure to catch and use return values supplied + as arguments to `return'; instead of just catching return, make sure + we use return_catch_value as well. Fixes bug reported by + Grisha Levit , affects RETURN, DEBUG, ERROR + traps + + 11/30 + ----- +lib/readline/display.c + - rl_redisplay: fix code that deals with prompts that contain + multibyte characters whose physical length is longer than the screen + width (so the prompt line wraps) to deal with invisible characters + in the prompt and set the inv_lbreaks offsets correctly and set + lpos appropriately + - _rl_move_cursor_relative: always called with either visible line or + invisible line. Decide whether we are being called with the invisible + line (or a portion thereof) as the DATA argument; make sure to account + for invisible characters in the last line of the prompt by offsetting + the desired buffer offset (NEW) by where DATA starts in invisible line + and checking whether that is past the last invisible character in + the prompt + - _rl_move_cursor_relative: do the same for the visible line by using + the visible line lbreaks array instead of _rl_screenwidth, since + that fails in the presence of multibyte characters (buffer offset + vs. physical screen position). These fix bug with prompts with + multibyte characters and invisible characters that are longer than + the screen width reported by Ryo Furue + + 12/1 + ---- +parse.y,make_cmd.c + - here_doc_first_line: new variable, set to non-zero to indicate the + first line of possibly multiple here documents associated with the + current command. Set in parse.y:gather_here_documents() before + reading any here documents, set to 0 after reading the first line + of any here document in make_cmd.c:make_here_document(). + +parse.y + - history_delimiting_chars: if parser_state indicates we are reading + a here document, don't use current_command_line_count to see whether + or not we're on the first line of a here document -- it can be fooled + by multi-line commands (or even backslash-escaped newlines). Use + here_doc_first_line to check that directly. Fixes bug reported by + Geoffrey Allott + +shell.h,parse.y + - save and restore here_doc_first_line as part of the shell's parser + state + +lib/sh/tmpfile.c + - use ANSI-C rand() interface if random() not available. Fixes problem + with linking on (ancient) Solaris 2.4 reported by Klaus Ziegler + + + 12/2 + ---- +aclocal.m4 + - RL_LIB_READLINE_VERSION: if cross-compiling, assume current version + of readline if cross-compiling bash while using an external readline + library. Fix from Barry Davis + +execute_cmd.c + - execute_builtin: save and restore value of builtin_ignoring_errexit + instead of assuming we can set it back to 0 -- the ignore-errexit + cases might be nested + - execute_builtin: after a builtin executes and eval_unwind is set, + set exit_immediately_on_error to 0 if builtin_ignoring_errexit is + set, and back to the value of errexit otherwise, just like the + code that sets -e does. Fixes short-circuiting bug reported by + Marcin Swigon + + 12/5 + ---- +builtins/setattr.def + - set_or_show_attributes: instead of using a fixed string for the + options argument to `declare', which results in export adding the + readonly attribute, build the option string dynamically like in + subst.c:shell_expand_word_list() + - set_or_show_attributes: don't add the -r option to declare if the + attribute passed as an argument doesn't include att_readonly; add + -x if the attribute includes att_exported + - set_or_show_attributes: add the -g option to declare so readonly + and export in functions that go through this code path don't create + local variables. Part of fix for bug reported by ziyunfei + <446240525@qq.com> + +execute_cmd.c + - make_internal_declare: if we have an assignment builtin that isn't + supposed to create local variables (export/readonly), make sure to + add the W_ASSNGLOBAL flag to each assignment statement word. + Part of fix for bug reported by ziyunfei <446240525@qq.com> where + readonly can create local variables when invoked with a compound + array assignment as an argument within a shell function + +subst.c + - make_internal_declare: added third argument: command name. Not used + in any useful way yet + - do_compound_assignment: handle attempted assignments to readonly + variables and print error messages, like bind_variable does and the + callers expect. This means that assignments to readonly array + variables can't go through a code path that allows them to fail + silently + +doc/Makefile.in + - uninstall: run install-info --delete after removing the installed + info file to update the directory file + +execute_cmd.c + - execute_disk_command: since we still (and have always) perform + redirections in child processes, we need to mark that state so + we know that we're in a child process. subshell_performing_redirections + is the new variable; non-zero when executing do_redirections() + +subst.c + - process_substitute: if we are executing process substitution in a + redirection expansion context (expanding_redir == 1), the child + process should not have access to any temporary environment the + parent has. Call flush_tempenv() in the child process to get rid + of it. Fix for bug reported by Clint Hepner + + 12/9 + ---- +jobs.c + - waitchld: if in posix mode and attempting to let SIGCHLD interrupt the + wait builtin, make sure wait_intr_flag is non-zero before trying to + longjmp to wait_intr_buf. Fixes bug reported by Aharon Robbins + + + 12/10 + ----- +lib/readline/display.c + - update_line: if a prompt containing invisible characters changes, + and the change is within the prompt string, we need to redraw the + entire prompt. After that redraw, if the cursor position is after + the first index where the old and new lines differ, we can short- + circuit the update if the line length stays the same + - update_line: if we redraw the entire prompt string because the prompt + contains invisible characters and the first difference is in the + middle of the prompt, we possibly need to adjust our idea of the + first differing character in the old and new lines. We punt and do + a dumb update in this case. Fixes bug with dynamic vi-mode mode + strings containing invisible characters reported by Dylan Cali + + + 12/11 + ----- +lib/readline/display.c + - update_line: if we move up to a new screen line, we need to recompute + the number of invisible characters on the new current line + (visible_wrap_offset). Fixes bug reported to bug-readline by + Per Bothner + - update_line: update code that attempts to compute where we are in + the new line buffer. Fixes `vt100' bug reported to bug-readline by + Per Bothner + + 12/18 + ----- +execute_cmd.c + - execute_function: unwind-protect and restore BASH_ARGC and BASH_ARGV + - restore_funcarray_state: now global + +execute_cmd.h + - make func_array_state type global, add extern function declaration + for restore_funcarray_state + +builtins/evalfile.c + - _evalfile: use restore_funcarray_state and pop_args as unwind-protects + to restore BASH_{SOURCE,LINENO,ARGC,ARGV} and FUNCNAME on interrupts. + Fixes bug reported back on 11/10 by Grisha Levit + + + 12/20 + ----- +lib/readline/isearch.c + - _rl_isearch_dispatch: after removing the only character from the + search string with DEL, leaving the search string empty, don't match + the previous line if we didn't have a match before + + 12/22 + ----- +bashhist.c + - enable_history_list,remember_on_history: initialize to 0 instead of 1 + +shell.c + - init_interactive,init_interactive_script: set enable_history_list and + remember_on_history to 1 (defaults) + + 12/23 + ----- +variables.c + - initialize_shell_variables: don't inherit PS4 from the environment + if the shell is running with euid == 0; just reset it to `+ '. This + is a known potential vulnerability, since PS4 expansion performs + command substitution in the root shell's context before displaying + it. Discussion started by up201407890@alunos.dcc.fc.up.pt + +bashhist.c + - bash_history_reinit: initialize remember_on_history to the value of + enable_history_list (set -o history). Fixes bug reported by + Stephane Chazelas with command-line + option `-o history' not having any effect + + 12/28 + ----- +lib/readline/{history.h,histfile.c} + - history_file_version: new int variable, reserved for future use + - history_multiline_entries: new int variable, can be set by the + calling application to enable reading multi-line history entries + from the history file (currently undocumented) + +lib/readline/history.c + - _hs_append_history_line: new function, append a line passed as an + argument to a specified history entry, used to create multi-line + history entries + +lib/readline/histfile.c + - read_history_range: implement a heuristic that temporarily sets the + history comment character if the first line read from the history + file looks like it has is a timestamp (#[:digit:]) so we can read + timestamps from the history file properly. Originally reported + back in March 2015 by Christoph Anton Mitterer + - read_history_range: make sure history_multiline_entries is non-zero + if the history file looks like it has timestamps + - read_history_range: if we think we have a history file with timestamps + and we read more than one non-timestamp consecutive history lines, + assume they are part of a single multi-line history entry and paste + them together using _hs_append_history_line. Feature most recently + requested by james harvey , also suggested + by Christoph Anton Mitterer + +examples/loadables/setpgid.c + - setpgid: new loadable builtin, originally contributed by Jason + Vas Dias + + 12/29 + ----- +bashhist.c + - bash_history_inhibit_expansion: fix cases where a history expansion + should be skipped because it's in a command or process substitution + but there is another history expansion preceding the substitution + on the command line. Don't let the previous history expansion fool + the function into saying the command substitution history expansion + should be performed + +builtins/evalstring.c + - parse_prologue: always unwind-protect history_expansion_inhibited, + since history expansion can be enabled in non-interactive shells, + and calling eval once in a non-interactive shell inhibits history + expansion forever even if `set -o histexpand' was run before the + eval + +builtins/common.h + - SEVAL_NOHISTEXP: new flag for parse_and_execute/parse_string; means + to not perform history expansion (decouple from SEVAL_NOHIST, which + now means to not remember commands on history); changed all callers + that had SEVAL_NOHIST to have SEVAL_NOHIST|SEVAL_NOHISTEXP + +builtins/evalstring.c + - parse_prologue: instead of calling bash_history_disable, set + remember_on_history to 0 if SEVAL_NOHIST and history_expansion_inhibited + to 1 if SEVAL_NOHISTEXP + + 12/30 + ----- +subst.c + - skip_to_histexp: new function, a stripped-down version of skip_to_delim. + Used to skip to the next unquoted instance of the history expansion + character, handles peculiar quoting and command/process substitution + requirements. Better fix for bug reported by + Zigmund.Ozean@zig-home.localdomain back in January, prompted by report + from Keith Thompson + +bashhist.c + - bash_history_inhibit_expansion: use skip_to_histexp instead of + skip_to_delim + +subst.c + - parameter_brace_expand_rhs: if the rhs of an expansion is "$@" and + IFS is null, we need to separate the (quoted) positional parameters + in the returned word with a space, and mark the word as needing to + be split on spaces (W_SPLITSPACE). Fix for issues reported back in + October 2014 as the result of an austin-group discussion, and just + re-reported by Martijn Dekker + + 1/4/2016 + -------- +execute_cmd.c + - execute_simple_command: if autocd is set, invoke a function named + `cd' if one exists, instead of the shell builtin. Feature requested + by transl8czech@gmail.com + +builtins/mkbuiltins.c + - if a command's short description is the same as its name (e.g., `true'), + don't mark the short doc to be translated. Report and fix from + Benno Schulenberg + + 1/6 + --- +subst.c + - command_substitute,process_substitute: before replacing the file + descriptor underlying stdout (fd 1), make sure to purge any pending + stdio output that hasn't been written successfully, even after a + call to fflush(). Fixes bug reported by cks@cs.toronto.edu + + 1/7 + --- +builtins/{echo,printf}.def + - echo_builtin,printf_builtin: don't use terminate_immediately; use + calls to QUIT in the body of the print loop after writes and flushes. + Fixes problem with running the signal handler and exit trap in a + signal context and other bug reported by cks@cs.toronto.edu + +builtins/common.c + - sh_chkwrite: put in calls to QUIT to catch signals that interrupt + writes + +shell.c + - get_current_user_info: protect endpwent() with #ifdef HAVE_GETPWENT. + Fixes bug reported by pb + + 1/8 + --- +lib/readline/bind.c + - _rl_init_file_error: now a varargs function so it can take format + strings and arguments and pass them to vfprintf + - rl_parse_and_bind: print a warning if we encounter a key binding + string with one or more hyphens but we don't find a valid modifier + (`control', `meta', etc.). Prompted by a report from Andrew Kurn + + - rl_parse_and_bind: improve several existing error messages now that + _rl_init_file_error takes a variable number of arguments + - rl_variable_bind: print error message upon encountering unknown + variable + + 1/10 + ---- +lib/readline/bind.c + - rl_parse_and_bind: if a `bare' keybinding is supplied without any + terminating `:' or whitespace separating it from the command to be + bound, signal an error + + 1/11 + ---- +subst.c + - process_substitute: when compiled without job control (JOB_CONTROL not + defined), make sure we call stop_making_children like we do in the job + control code branch, so already_making_children is reset to 0. This + is what command substitution does. Fixes bug reported by Alastair + Hughes + + 1/12 + ---- +execute_cmd.c + - execute_in_subshell: if a user subshell (`(command)') or other shell + compound command has an input pipe, note for later by setting + stdin_redir. This will inhibit the implicit redirection of standard + input from /dev/null for async commands executed as part of this + subshell. Fixes bug reported by Martin D Kealey + - execute_simple_command: if the shell forks to execute this command + because it has an input pipe, set stdin_redir to inhibit later redirection + from /dev/null for async commands + + 1/13 + ---- +execute_cmd.c + - HASH_BANG_BUFSIZE: use #define for size of buffer used in + READ_SAMPLE_BUF instead of straight constant 80 + - HASH_BANG_BUFSIZ: increase to 128 because Linux allows 128 chars in + exec header. Reported by Ludovic Courtès + +configure.ac + - remove support for purify and purecoverage + - change release level to `rc1' + + 1/15 + ---- +builtins/enable.def + - dyn_load_builtin: fix missing argument to builtin_error if load function + returns an error. Fix from Aharon Robbins + + 1/18 + ---- +builtins/history.def + - histtime: display a better error message for invalid timestamps; use + existing `??' string for empty/missing timestamps or invalid history + entries. Suggestion from Reuben Thomas + + 1/21 + ---- +lib/readline/text.c + - rl_insert: when trying to optimize typeahead, make sure to reset the + key sequence and key sequence length when we read a character that is + not bound to self-insert. Bug report from Geir Hauge + + + 1/25 + ---- +doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi} + - word splitting: add example showing how -d'' is equivalent to -d + after word splitting and null argument removal + + 1/27 + ---- +doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi} + - read: modify description to make it more clear that the line is split + using the same rules as word splitting, and use `delimiters' instead + of `separators', which people read the wrong way + + 2/2 + --- +variables.c + - initialize_shell_variables: allow FUNCNEST to set funcnest_max when + imported from the environment. Inspired by + https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1274553 + + 2/11 + ---- +bashhist.c + - bash_history_inhibit_expansion: function should be compiled in only if + BANG_HISTORY is defined. Report from isabella parakiss + + +[bash-4.4-rc1 frozen] + + 2/15 + ---- +lib/readline/text.c + - rl_refresh_line: call rl_redraw_prompt_last_line instead of + rl_forced_update_display to avoid redrawing all lines of a multiline + prompt (overwriting the last line of the multiline prompt in the + process). Report from Hugh Davenport + + 2/18 + ---- +subst.c + - parameter_brace_expand: when processing ${!name[@]}, make sure to + free `name' before returning the list of keys to avoid a memory leak. + Fixes bug reported by Emilio PastorMira + + 2/19 + ---- +trap.c + - free_trap_strings: when freeing the `special' traps (NSIG to BASH_NSIG), + check whether or not the `signal' is trapped, as it would be if the + subshell inherited it (errtrace) and don't free the trap string in that + case. Fixes bug reported by Jan Klötzke + + 2/21 + ---- +lib/sh/netconn.c + - isnetconn: return false if getpeername fails with errno == EBADF. + Bug and fix from Andrew Gregory + +builtins/shopt.def + - parse_bashopts: when reading BASHOPTS from the environment, make + sure to call any set functions associated with a variable, instead + of just setting the value to 1. Report and fix from + Vehlow, Jörg + + 2/22 + ---- +lib/readline/complete.c + - rl_display_match_list: don't bother calling strrchr to check the + return value from printable_part() if rl_filename_completion_desired + is non-zero, since in that case printable_part just returns its + argument. Fixes git completion issue reported by + Dilyan Palauzov + - _rl_colored_completion_prefix: default is now 0, testing is complete + + 2/23 + ---- +variables.c + - assign_hashcmd: if the shell is restricted, reject attempts to add + pathnames containing slashes to the hash table, as the hash builtin + does. Fixes bug reported to savannah by Sylvain Beucler as + https://savannah.gnu.org/support/?108969 + + 2/24 + ---- +subst.c + - NEED_FPURGE_DECL: need it before externs.h included, since fpurge + is now used in this file. Fixes warning reported by Mike + Frysinger + - skip_double_quoted: add missing argument to declaration + +parse.y + - shell_getc: in call to internal_warning, use %lu to print an argument + cast explicitly to unsigned long. Fixes warning reported by Mike + Frysinger + + 2/27 + ---- +parse.y + - decode_prompt_string: quote result of \s expansion in case shell has + been invoked with a pathname like '$(id)'. Inspired by report from + Travis Garrell + - decode_prompt_string: quote result of \h and \H expansions in the + (unlikely) case that the hostname has been changed to something + malicious including a command substitution. From report from + Travis Garrell + +builtins/getopts.def + - getopts_unbind_variable: new static function, just calls unbind_variable + for now. Placeholder for any future work to do something special if + OPTARG is readonly. Based on discussion started by Robert Elz + + +lib/readline/vi_mode.c + - rl_vi_unix_word_rubout: new function, implements ^W as Posix specifies + it for vi mode, using whitespace and punctuation characters as word + boundaries. Prompted by question from Carlos Pita + + +lib/readline/vi_keymap.c + - bind rl_vi_unix_word_rubout to ^W by default in both insert and + command mode + +lib/readline/rltty.c + - _rl_bind_tty_special_chars: if in vi mode, bind the WERASE character + to rl_vi_unix_word_rubout + +lib/readline/funmap.c + - vi-unix-word-rubout is new bindable name for rl_vi_unix_word_rubout + +lib/readline/readline.h + - rl_vi_unix_word_rubout: new extern declaration + + 2/28 + ---- +doc/bash.1 + - document readline blink-matching-paren variable + - document readline completion-display-width variable + - document readline completion-map-case variable + - note that the default value of history-size depends on the value of + the HISTSIZE variable. All from a message from Branden Robinson + + +doc/bash.1,lib/readline/doc/{readline.3,rluser.texi} + - convert-meta: modify the description to note that readline will turn + the default to off if the locale contains eight-bit characters + - input-meta: modify the description to note that readline will turn + the default to on if the locale contains eight-bit characters + - output-meta: modify the description to note that readline will turn + the default to on if the locale contains eight-bit characters. From + a message from Branden Robinson + + 3/6 + --- +examples/loadables/Makefile.in + - install-dev: make installdirs a prerequisite; don't rely on the + install-supported target to create it first. Bug with parallel + install (`make -j 4 install') reported by Chris Staub + + + 3/12 + ---- +lib/readline/display.c: + - rl_clear_visible_line: clear all screen lines occupied by the current + visible readline line. Inspired by report from Lauri Ranta + + +lib/readline/readline.h + - rl_clear_visible_line: extern declaration + +lib/readline/doc/rltech.texi + - rl_clear_visible_line: add documentation + + 3/19 + ---- +findcmd.c + - file_status: add inadvertently-dropped test for EXECIGNORE to the + `other' bits check. The check was in the original patch + - search_for_command: if the file should not be considered executable + because it's in the EXECIGNORE blacklist, don't set file_to_lose_on, + since the attempt to execute the last-ditch path will circumvent the + EXECIGNORE setting. Fixes bug reported by Dennis Williamson + + + 3/28 + ---- +lib/readline/display.c + - rl_redisplay: when computing where the cursor should go (and the + physical cursor position) after displaying the prompt, don't adjust + the cursor position by wadjust if there are no multibyte chars in + the prompt. lpos is already a physical cursor position; _rl_screenwidth + is the physical screen width, and we're not calling _rl_col_width and + don't need to take invisible characters into account again. Fixes + bug reported by Andreas Schwab + + 4/1 + --- +parse.y + - parse_comsub: when we read `esac' followed by a break character, + turn on the LEX_RESWDOK flag because we can now read another case + statement or other compound command. Fixes bug reported by + Christian Franke , original version + of patch from Piotr Grzybowski + - parse_comsub: leave the reserved-word-ok flag set for four-char + reserved words (then/else/elif/done/time) that can be followed by + reserved words; set lex_rwlen to 0 so we know to start reading a + new one + + 4/7 + --- +builtins/{alias,complete,jobs}.def + - {alias,compopt,disown}: add missing `CASE_HELPOPT;' so --help option + prints help longdoc instead of builtin_usage() + + 4/8 + --- +arrayfunc.c + - assign_array_var_from_word_list: use bind_array_var_internal instead + of inline code, so value conversions happen on assignment (case + modification, arithmetic evaluation, etc). Fixes bug reported by + Geir Hauge + + 4/9 + --- +shell.c + - main: change the logic that determines whether or not bash is running + under an emacs terminal emulator so it works with future versions of + emacs, which will change to use only $INSIDE_EMACS. Report and fix + from Paul Eggert + +lib/glob/sm_loop.c + - EXT: if we see ?(pat), we can match 0 or 1 times, so if we don't + match, we should consume the extglob pattern and go on to attempt + to match the rest of the pattern against the string. Fixes bug + reported by Isabella Parakiss + - GMATCH: in case `*', don't short-circuit and match anything if the + * is the last character in the pattern until after we check the + special cases for matching a `.'. Fixes bugs reported back on 3/23 + by Isabella Parakiss + + 4/13 + ---- +bashhist.c + - hc_erasedups: fix memory leak by freeing history entry returned by + remove_history. Bug and fix from Seiichi Ishitsuka + + + 4/19 + ---- +config-top.h + - CD_COMPLAINS: now settable in config-top.h; enables (fatal) error + messages if cd is given multiple directory arguments + + 4/20 + ---- +execute_cmd.c + - coproc_setvars: refuse to create variables with names that are not + valid identifiers. Suggestion from Piotr Grzybowski + + +rltty.c + - rl_tty_set_echoing: interface to set _rl_echoing_p, returning old + value. Inspired by gdb use of _rl_echoing_p when switching + between terminal and curses modes described by Doug Evans + + +bashline.c + - bash_execute_unix_command: use rl_clear_visible_line instead of + erasing current line on the screen, inspired by same report from + 3/12. Still tentative change + +configure.ac + - update release status to rc2, may skip this and go directly to + release + + 4/21 + ---- +arrayfunc.c + - convert_var_to_array: make sure that the newly-converted array + variable is not marked as being an associative array. Fixes bug + reported by Grisha Levit + - convert_var_to_assoc: make sure that the newly-converted associative + array variable is not marked as being an indexed array + + 4/22 + ---- +builtins/evalstring.c + - should_suppress_fork: don't suppress the fork if there are any traps + set, since that requires that we hang around to react to a signal or + collect the command's exit status and run something. Fixes bug + reported by Brian Vandenberg + +histexpand.c + - history_tokenize_word: handle >| as a single token. Fix from + Piotr Grzybowski from a report from + idallen@idallen-fibe.dyndns.org + + 4/24 + ---- +execute_cmd. + - coproc_setvars: don't overwrite readonly variables used as coproc + names. From a report from Grisha Levit + +histexpand.c + - history_tokenize_word: handle strings of digits before redirections + beginning with `<' or `>' as part of the redirection word; handle + strings of digits following `<&' or `>&' as part of the redirection + word. Inspired by patch from Piotr Grzybowski + from a report from idallen@idallen-fibe.dyndns.org + +lib/readline/complete.c + - rl_display_match_list: if the common prefix is longer than any of + the possible matches, set the length of the common prefix to 0 so + the entire match gets printed for each match + - rl_display_match_list: make sure to output at least one space + between each displayed match, even if the displayed length is + longer than our computed max + - fnprint: if the length of the prefix (prefix_bytes) is greater than + or equal to the length of the string to be printed (print_len), make + sure to set the prefix length to 0 so the entire string is printed. + From a report from Grisha Levit + + 4/25 + ---- +subst.c + - command_substitute: update the conditions under which we give the + terminal to pipeline_pgrp with give_terminal_to to the same ones + where wait_for uses to decide whether to give the terminal back to + shell_pgrp. This code exists to undo the work wait_for does; it + has to give the terminal back to pipeline_pgrp only under those + conditions when wait_for gives it back to the shell pgrp. Fix for + bug reported by Paulo Bardes + + 4/26 + ---- +bashline.c + - bash_filename_stat_hook: temporarily disable the `nounset' shell + option around calls to expand_prompt_string so we don't get error + messages during completion. Fixes issue reported by Eric Pruitt + + + 4/27 + ---- +doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi} + - extdebug: clarify that having this option enabled at shell startup + acts identically to --debugger. From a report from Grisha Levit + + +jobs.[ch] + - wait_for_single_pid: now takes additional `int flags' argument + +{jobs,execute_cmd}.c,builtins/wait.def + - wait_for_single_pid: changed callers to add extra argument + +jobs.c + - wait_for_single_pid: if (flags & 1) == 0, don't print the error + message if PID isn't found; changed execute_pipeline call when + lastpipe is set + + 4/28 + ---- +general.c + - bash_tilde_expand: try not setting interrupt_immediately or + terminate_immediately; see what happens with networked password + databases + + 4/29 + ---- +subst.c + - parameter_brace_expand, parameter_brace_expand_rhs: now take an + additional `pflags' argument from its caller so we can pass + state + - parameter_brace_expand_rhs: if expand_string_for_rhs returns a + quoted null, but l_hasdollat is set to 1, meaning we saw a quoted + "$@" of some form, we need to turn off special handling of "$@" + so something like "${@-${@-$@}}" expands to an empty string like + Posix says it should. Fixes bug reported by Grisha Levit + + + 5/1 + --- +variables.c + - bind_variable_internal: if we have a nameref variable with a valid + array reference that is invalid for assignment (e.g., a[*]), and + assign_array_element returns NULL, short-circuit and return NULL. + Fixes bug reported by Grisha Levit + +general.[ch] + - valid_nameref_value: new function, return 1 if passed argument is + a valid variable name argument for a nameref variable: a valid + identifier, a valid array reference, or a valid positional + parameter. Second argument indicates whether the value is to be + used for an assignment; in this case, return an error if the name + consists of all digits + +builtins/declare.def + - declare_internal: disallow values for nameref variables that don't + pass the tests in valid_nameref_value. Part of fix for bug + reported by Grisha Levit + +variables.c + - bind_variable_internal: if trying to assign a value to a nameref + variable, throw an error if valid_nameref_value fails (with a second + argument of 1). More fixes for bug reported by Grisha Levit + + + 5/2 + --- +builtins/declare.def + - declare_internal: don't allow nameref attribute to be applied to an + existing readonly variable; it can be used to circumvent readonly + value. Fix for bug reported by Grisha Levit + +variables.[ch] + - find_variable_last_nameref, find_global_variable_last_nameref: takes + a new flags argument. If flags is non-zero, and we find a nameref + variable that is unset (has no value), return that variable instead + of NULL. + +{variables,execute_cmd,arrayfunc,subst}.c,builtins/{declare,set}.def + - find_variable_last_nameref, find_global_variable_last_nameref: change + callers to add flags argument (initially 0) + + 5/3 + --- +variables.c + - bind_variable_internal: make sure we run the value of a namref + variable through valid_nameref_value before doing the assignment. + This can go away if we stop allowing namerefs to refer to positional + parameters + +execute_cmd.c + - execute_select_command: if bind_variable returns NULL, handle it as + an error, as if attempting assignment to a readonly variable + - execute_for_command: use 1 as second argument to + find_variable_last_nameref, so it will return an invisible nameref + to assign for each variable in the list + - execute_for_command: if the current word in the list is an invalid + identifier and the loop variable is a nameref, handle it as an error, + as if attempting assignment to a readonly variable + + 5/4 + --- +variables.c + - bind_int_variable: add warning if assigning an int to a nameref + variable + - assign_in_env: if assigning a variable in the temporary environment + that is a namref, throw an error if trying to assign an invalid + value + - bind_variable_value: use valid_nameref_value instead of calls to + legal_identifier and valid_array_reference + +execute_cmd.c + - coproc_setvars: if we have a nameref variable as the coproc name, but + it can't be assigned to for some reason, remove the nameref attribute + and issue a warning that we are doing so + - coproc_setvars: don't allow assignment to a nameref variable with an + invalid variable name, using same code as find_or_make_array_variable + +general.c + - valid_nameref_value: disallow values consisting solely of digits, + like the positional parameters + +builtins/declare.def + - declare_internal: don't call valid_nameref_value on the existing value + of a variable that's being converted to a nameref -- that value is + going to be thrown away and we've already checked the new value + - declare_internal: call bind_variable_value with the ASS_NAMEREF flag + if we're assigning to an existing nameref variable (for instance, + `declare -n x ; declare x=42') + + 5/5 + --- +variables.c + - make_local_variable: if we are being asked to create a local copy of + a nameref variable from a prior scope (checked by looking up + using find_variable_noref), use the nameref variable, not the variable + it references (which we find using find_variable). Bug report from + Grisha Levit ; fix by Piotr Grzybowski + + +builtins/declare.def + - declare_internal: if asked to do the same thing as above (difference + is declare -n r=foo in previous case; declare -n r in this one), + don't follow reference var from a previous context. Create a new + local variable (using make_local_variable) and inherit attributes + from previous scope's nameref as above + + 5/6 + --- +builtins/declare.def + - declare_internal: if we are assigning a value to an existing + invisible nameref variable, validate value early so we don't end up + removing the variable after the assignment fails + +builtins/shopt.def + - toggle_shopts: don't call set_bashopts here unless $BASHOPTS exists, + since we don't want to set it up before it gets read from the + environment. Keeping BASHOPTS read-only should keep users from + unsetting it. Fix from Grisha Levit + - shopt_set_debug_mode: make sure error_trace_mode reflects the setting + of extdebug. This one is tentative. Fix from Grisha Levit + + - shopt_set_debug_mode: call set_shellopts after setting error_trace_mode + or function_trace_mode. Fix from Grisha Levit + +shell.c + - start_debugger: make sure that function_trace_mode and error_trace_mode + reflect the value of debugging_mode, so they are both disabled if we + disable debugging mode because we can't find the debugger start file. + Fix from Grisha Levit + - start_debugger: set $SHELLOPTS and $BASHOPTS to the option values are + reflected if we change or set them here. Fix from Grisha Levit + + +builtins/set.def + - reset_shell_options: add reset values for: posix, nolog, pipefail. + Fix from Grisha Levit + +builtins/shopt.def + - reset_shopt_options: add reset values for: autocd, checkjobs, + complete_fullquote, dirspell, failglob, globstar, gnu_errfmt, + huponexit, inherit_errexit, interactive_comments, lastpipe, + no_empty_cmd_completion, progcomp. Fix from Grisha Levit + + - reset_shopt_options: make sure the following options have the right + defaults based on #defines: checkjobs, checkwinsize, direxpand, + extglob, globasciiranges. Fix from Grisha Levit + + +flags.c + - reset_shell_flags: add missing flags, re-initialize history_expansion + based on STRICT_POSIX + + 5/8 + --- +lib/readline/histexpand.c + - history_expand: if any expansion returns 1 from history_expand_internal, + indicating that :p was supplied, make it apply to the entire line + like tcsh and csh. Fixes bug reported by Dean Stanton + + +variables.[ch] + - ifsname: move define to variables.h + +execute_cmd.c + - execute_for_command: check whether or not the word in the for command + is IFS; call setifs every time the variable is assigned a value. + Fixes bug report from Grisha Levit + + 5/16 + ---- +general.c + - valid_nameref_value: explicitly handle name == 0 and *name == 0 right + away to save calls to legal_identifier + +builtins/declare.def + - declare_internal: if trying to set nameref attribute on a variable + with a null value, flag as invalid assignment, just as if running + `declare -n r=""'. Fixes bug report from Grisha Levit + + - declare_internal: when creating a variable with a temporary value + (""), use ASS_FORCE in the assignment flags to bypass name validity + checks on nameref variable names + +variables.c + - bind_variable_internal: don't call valid_nameref_value if we're + forcing assignment with (flags & ASS_FORCE) + +builtins/read.def + - read_builtin: handle bind_variable returning NULL when setting REPLY. + Report and fix from Grisha Levit + +builtins/setattr.def + - set_var_attribute: handle bind_variable returning NULL + +lib/sh/tmpfile.c + - sh_seedrand(): call srandom() to seed the random number generator + - sh_mktmpname, sh_mktmpfd: if we have random(), assume we have + srandom() and seed the random number generator. Still looking for + better value to see random number generator with + +variables.c + - check_unbind_variable: use internal_error instead of builtin_error + +{execute_cmd,variables}.c + - fix some places where bind_variable could return NULL and it was not + checked. Fix from Piotr Grzybowski + + 5/17 + ---- +arrayfunc.c + - convert_var_to_{array,assoc}: make sure to turn off nameref attribute, + since namerefs can't be arrays + +execute_cmd.c + - coproc_setvars: if the coproc name names a nameref, resolve the + nameref and use it as the name of the coproc. Suggested by Grisha + Levit + +subst.c + - command_substitute: don't bother calling QUIT after calling + reset_signal_handlers in the child, kill the child with SIGINT in + case we just reset the signal handler to SIG_DFL and we should just + exit instead of throwing to top level. Fixes bug reported by + Grisha Levit + + 5/18 + ---- +variables.c + - find_variable_nameref_for_create: find a nameref variable whose value + doesn't resolve to an existing variable and see whether or not that + value is appropriate for a new variable to be created + - find_variable_nameref_for_assignment: find a nameref variable whose + value doesn't resolve to an existing variable and see whether or not + that value is appropriate for a new variable to be created. + Difference between _assignment and _create is that _assignment + allows the nameref value to be a subscripted array reference + +builtins/setattr.def + - set_var_attribute: if variable lookup doesn't return anything, check + for a nameref and make sure that any reference value is something we + should be working on here, using find_variable_nameref_for_create(). + If it fails, error out and return, otherwise it's probably a reference + to a variable that hasn't been set yet, so let bind_variable take care + of that. Report from Grisha Levit + +arrayfunc.c + - bind_array_variable: if find_shell_variable returns NULL, check for a + nameref using find_variable_nameref_for_create and create a new array + variable with the value if it returns a valid nameref variable. + Makes `unset var; declare -n ref=var ; ref[0]=foo' work right. + Report from Grisha Levit + + 5/19 + ---- +variables.[ch] + - unbind_variable_noref: unset a variable NAME without following any + nameref chain. If the first instance of the variable with that name + is a nameref, just unset that nameref variable. + +builtins/getopts.def + - getopts_unbind_variable: if OPTARG is going to be unbound, use + unbind_variable_noref to unbind that name even if it is a nameref + variable. Issue raised by Grisha Levit + +execute_cmd.c + - coproc_unsetvars: use unbind_variable_noref in case someone sets the + coproc _PID variable as a nameref pointing to something read-only or + strange. Issue raised by Grisha Levit + +builtins/set.def + - set_ignoreeof: use unbind_variable_noref to unset "IGNOREEOF" and + "ignoreeof" + - set_posix_mode: use unbind_variable_noref to unset "POSIXLY_CORRECT" + +variables.c + - make_vers_array: use unbind_variable_noref to unset "BASH_VERSINFO" + +lib/sh/shmatch.c + - sh_regmatch: use unbind_variable_noref to unset "BASH_REMATCH" + +bashline.c + - bash_execute_unix_command: use check_unbind_variable to unset + READLINE_LINE and READLINE_POINT + +pcomplete.c + - unbind_compfunc_variables: use unbind_variable_noref to unset + COMP_LINE, COMP_POINT, COMP_WORDS, COMP_CWORD, COMP_TYPE, COMP_KEY + - gen_shell_function_matches: use unbind_variable_noref to unset + COMPREPLY + +config-top.h + - USE_MKTEMP/USE_MKSTEMP: define by default to use libc version of + mktemp and mkstemp in lib/sh/tmpfile.c. Recommended by Mike + Frysinger to fix a FreeBSD problem + +configure.ac,config.h.in + - mkstemp: check for mkstemp, define HAVE_MKSTEMP if available + +config-bot.h + - USE_MKSTEMP: #undef if HAVE_MKSTEMP not defined + + 5/22 + ---- +variables.c + - assign_in_env: if appending to a variable's value, make sure we call + make_variable_value with the empty string if expand_assignment_string_to_string + returns NULL, as do_assignment_internal does. Fixes bug with + `str=''; val=foo ; val+=str printenv val' reported by Grisha Levit + + - assign_in_env: if assigning to a nameref variable in the temporary + environment, and the nameref has a valid value for assignment (even + if the target variable is not set), resolve the nameref and create + a variable in the temporary environment named by the nameref's value. + If the nameref variable is invisible or isn't set to a valid value + for assignment, just create a regular temporary variable with the + nameref's name. This provides a degree of ksh93 compatibility. + Suggested by Grisha Levit + - find_variable_nameref_context,find_variable_last_nameref_context: + instead of returning NULL when detecting a loop, return a + distinguished value: &nameref_maxloop_value + - bind_variable: catch nameref_maxloop_value so we can do different + things based on whether or not we get it. Right now we don't do + anything different, but we could + + 5/24 + ---- +lib/readline/display.c + - update_line,_rl_move_cursor_relative: save value of MB_CUR_MAX in a + variable and use it throughout the functions instead of recomputing it + every time (which possibly costs a function call) + + 5/25 + ---- +builtins/declare.def + - declare_internal: only check whether the value being assigned to a + nameref variable is a valid identifier if we're not appending to an + existing value. Suggested by Grisha Levit + - declare_internal: add a couple of more checks on nameref names: + o make sure `declare -n x[3]=y' is an error + o nameref variable self-references now produce a warning when + in function scope + o nameref variable self-references using subscripted arrays + (a=a[0]) now produce warnings at function scope and errors at + global scope + + 5/29 + ---- +builtins/declare.def + - declare_internal: use name of readonly variable when calling sh_readonly + instead of name passed as argument to declare in case we've followed + a nameref chain + - declare_internal: when turning off attributes on a nameref variable + after following the nameref chain and turning them off on the target + variable, don't allow the readonly attribute to be removed. This is + primarily intended to turn off the nameref attribute. Issue pointed + out by Grisha Levit + - declare_internal: if we are attempting to modify an existing global + nameref variable, and the -n option is supplied, operate on the + nameref variable itself, not the variable it references + +doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi} + - change the descriptions of namerefs and declare -n slightly to note + that using the -n option to declare will operate on the nameref + variable itself rather than the variable it references + +variables.c + - bind_variable_internal: if trying to assign to a read-only variable, + print the error message using the variable's name instead of the + name passed to bind_variable in case we followed a nameref + +builtins/declare.def + - declare_internal: when we're creating a (possibly invisible) variable + as part of another operation, assigning NULL, make sure to use + ASS_FORCE to avoid warning messages from any existing nameref + variables we follow + - declare_internal: allow the nameref attribute to be removed from a + readonly nameref variable without a value but do not allow it to be + removed from a readonly nameref variable that has a value, even if it + doesn't reference an existing variable. This distinction is for ksh93 + compatibility. Pointed out by Grisha Levit + + 5/31 + ---- +builtins/declare.def + - declare_internal: if the call to bind_variable_value fails for some + reason, make sure to restore the nameref attribute to flags_on and + flags_off before calling NEXT_VARIABLE + +subst.c + - make_internal_declare: handle += append op + - shell_expand_word_list: when transforming assignment statement + arguments to `declare', make sure to handle += append op to avoid + passing invalid identifiers to declare. Report by Grisha Levit + + + 6/1 + --- +builtins/declare.def + - declare_internal: if a nameref assignment fails, only call delete_var + to delete the variable if we created it in declare_internal in the + first place + +general.c + - check_selfref: new function, checks a NAME against a VALUE for nameref + self-reference + +general.h + - check_selfref: extern declaration + +builtins/declare.def + - declare_internal: call check_selfref to determine whether a given NAME + and VALUE constitute an invalid nameref variable self-reference + +variables.c + - bind_variable_internal: call check_selfref to determine whether a + given NAME and VALUE constitute an invalid nameref variable self- + reference + + 6/2 + --- +parse.y + - clear_shell_input_line: new function, clears contents of shell_input_line + and sets index to 0, but doesn't free it + +externs.h + - clear_shell_input_line: extern declaration + +builtins/evalstring.c + - parse_and_execute: call clear_shell_input_line after setting input to + string to be executed. Fixes problem with command substitution and + multi-line aliases reported by Grisha Levit + +eval.c + - parse_command: only execute PROMPT_COMMAND if the shell is not + currently expanding an alias; use the same tests as parse.y:SHOULD_PROMPT + and parse.y:prompt_again() use to decide whether or not to print a + prompt. Fixes problems with PROMPT_COMMAND and multi-line aliases + reported by Grisha Levit + +builtins/set.def + - unset_builtin: changes to fix three problems reported by Grisha + Levit : + o if -n is supplied, we should not try to unset a function if + a variable isn't found + o unsetting namerefs whose values are array references does + not work + o unset -n n[0], where n is a nameref, would unset the + referenced variable instead of `n' + +redir.c + - redir_varvalue: handle case where nameref var points to subscripted + array reference. Reported by Grisha Levit + +variables.c + - bind_variable_value: make sure to call check_selfref only if aflags + includes ASS_NAMEREF and not ASS_FORCE. Reported by Grisha Levit + + +general.c + - valid_nameref_value: now understands a FLAGS value of 2 to mean that + the name will be used to create a variable, so only legal_identifier + matters + +arrayfunc.c + - find_or_make_array_variable: call valid_nameref_value with FLAGS value + of 2 to indicate we will be creating a variable. Fixes mapfile issue + reported by Grisha Levit + + 6/5 + --- +builtins/declare.def + - declare_internal: only pass ASS_FORCE as part of assignment flags to + assignments concerning arrays + - declare_internal: when at the global scope, if we resolve a nameref + and commit to using the new name, go back to to the beginning of the + loop and use the new name in the checks and variable references. + Make sure we construct the new name as a straight substitution of + the nameref value into the old name, including array subscripts and + rebuilding the correct values for `offset' and `value', since they + are relative to the original value of name. + Fixes several issues with checking use of subscripted array variables + as nameref values + - declare_internal: when calling assign_array_element, make sure to + pass ASS_APPEND if aflags includes it, so things like + declare -a var; var[1]=1; declare var[1]+=4 + append to the value appropriately and var[1] ends up being `14' + +arrayfunc.c + - valid_array_reference: make sure the array reference is properly + terminated after the first subscript; return invalid if there is + anything following the closing `]' + + 6/12 + ---- +variables.c + - bind_variable_internal: if asked to perform an array subscript + assignment on a nameref variable, display a warning and remove the + nameref attribute (as bash-4.3 did). Reported by Dan Douglas + + + 6/14 + ---- +test.c + - posixtest: handle four-argument case where argv[1] == '(' and + argv[4] == ')' by performing two-argument test on $2 and $3. + Reported by Joerg Schilling + + 6/15 + ---- +variables.c + - sv_ignoreeof: make sure ignoreeof is set only if IGNOREEOF is set and + has a value (no `local IGNOREEOF'). Reported by Grisha Levit + + - sv_strict_posix: make sure posixly_correct is set only if + POSIXLY_CORRECT is set and has a value. Reported by Grisha Levit + + + 6/16 + ---- +builtins/declare.def + - declare_internal: analogous to 6/12 change; when performing an array + subscript assignment on a nameref, display a warning, remove the + nameref attribute, and go on + + 6/21 + ---- +execute_cmd.c + - shell_execve: make sure errno is (re)set appropriately before + returning error value on exec format error + + 6/23 + ---- +subst.c + - param_expand: when expanding $* in a context where splitting is not + desired (pflags & PF_ASSIGNRHS), make sure to quote the word and the + included separators. Reported by Dan Douglas + + 6/30 + ---- +configure.ac + - release version is now `beta2' + +execute_cmd.c + - execute_simple_command: even if already_making_children is non-zero, + don't call wait_for if last_made_pid == NO_PID. Indirectly inspired + by report from Nicolas Vivet + + 7/2 + --- +subst.c + - expand_word_internal: when adding an IFS character to the accumulated + string, don't quote it if word expansion is not going to be + performed ((word->flags & (W_NOSPLIT|W_NOSPLIT2)) == 0) in the + default case. This was already the case everwhere else, when we did + `goto add_ifs_character;'. Fixes bug reported by Ibrahim M. Ghazal + + +subst.[ch],arrayfunc.c + - string_list_dollar_at: now takes a new third argument, currently + reserved for future use; changed callers and declaration + + 7/7 + --- +[bash-4.4-beta2 frozen] + + 7/9 + --- +bashline.c + - check_redir: make sure that index is > 0 before checking previous + char; fixes out of bounds read reported by Hanno Böck + + + 7/16 + ---- +subst.c + - parameter_brace_expand: if ${array[@]} or ${array[*]} is supplied + with an unset (or empty) array, and -u is enabled, don't make it + an unbound variable error, like $@ or $* when there are no + positional parameters. Based on report from Ian Allen + + +lib/readline/signals.c + - rl_pending_signal(): return the number of any signal readline has + caught but is waiting to handle + +lib/readline/callback.c + - rl_persistent_signal_handlers: new variable, restores readline-6.2 + signal handler semantics: installed at rl_callback_handler_install + time and removed with rl_clear_signals when a complete line has + been read + - _rl_callback_newline: call rl_set_signals if rl_persistent_signal_handlers + is non-zero + - rl_callback_read_char: install signal handlers with rl_set_signals + if rl_persistent_signal_handlers is 0 (the default) + - CALLBACK_READ_RETURN: uninstall signal handlers with rl_clear_signals + only if rl_persistent_signal_handlers is 0 (the default) + +lib/readline/readline.h + - rl_pending_signal: new extern declaration + - rl_persistent_signal_handlers: new extern declaration + + 7/19 + ---- +execute_cmd.c + - execute_while_or_until: make sure we decrement `continuing' the way + we decrement `breaking' if the loop test indicates we will be + breaking out of the loop. That keeps `until continue' from + keeping `continuing' set to 1. Reported by Dan Douglas + + + 7/20 + ---- +trap.c + - run_pending_traps,_run_trap_internal: save and restore temporary_env, + set temporary_env to 0 before trap runs so traps don't inherit a + command's temporary env. Fixes bug with IFS assignment in tempenv + and trap reported by Andriy Martynets + +jobs.c + - run_sigchld_trap: save and restore temporary_env, set temporary_env + to 0 before trap runs so traps don't inherit a command's temporary + env (see above) + + 7/21 + ---- +execute_cmd.c + - execute_function: unwind-protect function_line_number, in case we + are executing a function inside another function. Reported by + Grisha Levit in context of evaled functions + and DEBUG traps + - execute_arith_for_command,execute_arith_command,execute_simple_command, + execute_cond_command: make sure line_number doesn't go < 0 when + adjusting it by function_line_number + + 7/23 + ---- +subst.c,command.h + - move the PF_ constants to command.h so other files can see them, now + that PF_ASSIGNRHS has meaning to string_list_dollar_at + +arrayfunc.h + - AV_ASSIGNRHS: new flag, indicate that ${a[@]} is being expanded on + the RHS of an assignment statement + +arrayfunc.c + - array_value_internal: if AV_ASSIGNRHS passed for ${a[@]}, pass + PF_ASSIGNRHS to string_list_dollar_at to support args separated by + spaces even if $IFS does not have the default value. Reported by + Dan Douglas + +subst.c + - string_list_dollar_at: if FLAGS argument includes PF_ASSIGNRHS, obey + rules for $@ on the RHS of an assignment statement: expand to + postitional parameters separated by spaces no matter what the first + character of $IFS is. Reported by Dan Douglas + - parameter_brace_expand_word: pass AV_ASSIGNRHS as flags value to + array_value if PF_ASSIGNRHS is set and we are expanding an array + variable subscripted by @ or * + - param_expand: pass pflags to string_list_dollar_at in case it contains + PF_ASSIGNRHS + - expand_word_internal: if we have an assignment statement argument to + a declaration builtin (W_ASSIGNARG), turn on W_ASSIGNRHS when we see + the `=' to enable special $@ behavior + - expand_word_internal: if W_ASSIGNARG enabled in word flags, pass that + flag and W_ASSIGNRHS to recursive call to expand_word_internal when + expanding double-quoted string; handles "$@" when IFS is not the + default value and word splitting will not be performed + +subst.c + - expand_word_internal: change case that handles '' (single-quoted + empty string) to only discard it if we will not be performing word + splitting (W_NOSPLIT|W_NOSPLIT2), since we need to add a quoted null + argument if the subsequent characters will cause word splitting. + This is how "" (double-quoted empty string) is handled after a bug + fix back in August 2010. Reported by Grisha Levit + , fix for Posix interp 888 + + 7/27 + ---- +subst.c + - param_expand: change fix from 6/23 (expanding $* in a context where + word splitting is not performed) to make sure that $* expands to + something before trying to quote the string. Bug and fix from + Andreas Schwab + +lib/readline/bind.c + - _rl_get_string_variable_value: fix a cut-and-paste error that caused + the emacs mode string to be displayed for both vi insert and command + mode strings. Report and fix from Steve Jones + + 7/28 + ---- +lib/readline/display.c + - update_line: we can't use PROMPT_ENDING_INDEX unless we're testing + against _rl_last_c_pos; if we are testing buffer indices, we need to + use prompt_last_invisible directly. Fixes mode string redisplay issue + with short prompt strings reported by Steve Jones + + 8/4 + --- +nojobs.c + - without_job_control: new function, resets child state that's + eventually used to decide whether or not to wait_for children + +execute_cmd.c + - initialize_subshell: call without_job_control in both the + JOB_CONTROL and no job control paths so we can reset the state in + subshells that will not cause them to wait_for children + inappropriately. Fixes bug reported by Dan Cross + + 8/5 + --- +configure.ac + - release version is now `rc2' + +bashline.c + - command_word_completion_function: if direxpand is set, make sure to + run hint_text through bash_directory_completion_hook, since + readline will do that and we want to be able to match the results + readline returns. Fixes bug reported by Pat Somaru + + +command.h + - W_COMPLETE: new flag word value + - PF_COMPLETE: new flags value for param_expand + +subst.h + - SX_STRIPDQ: new flag, used for string_extract_double_quoted + +bashline.c + - bash_filename_stat_hook,bash_directory_completion_hook: pass W_COMPLETE + flag to expand_prompt_string + +subst.c + - expand_word_internal: if W_COMPLETE in word->flags, pass PF_COMPLETE + to param_expand + - param_expand: if PF_COMPLETE in pflags, pass SX_COMPLETE to + extract_command_subst. This allows `"$(echo ~/' to perform + completion successfully + - string_extract_double_quoted: turn third argument into a flags arg, + old STRIPDQ is now set if flags&SX_STRIPDQ + - string_extract_double_quoted: changed callers, if third argument was + 1, pass SX_STRIPDQ instead + - expand_word_internal: if W_COMPLETE in word->flags, pass SX_COMPLETE + in flags to string_extract_double_quoted for case '"' + - string_extract_double_quoted: if SX_COMPLETE in flags, pass it to + extract_command_subst + - expand_word_internal: if W_COMPLETE in word->flags, make sure W_COMPLETE + is in temp word passed to recursive call to expand_word_internal to + expand double-quoted string. Fixes bug reported by John Passaro + + + 8/9 + --- +[bash-4.4-rc2 frozen] + + 8/10 + ---- +subst.c + - sub_append_string: use size_t variable to store string length to + avoid integer overflow. Report from Siteshwar Vashisht + + - sub_append_string: `size' argument is now pointer to size_t; changed + istring_index in expand_word_internal to accommodate change + +lib/sh/ufuncs.c + - include "posixselect.h" if HAVE_SELECT is defined, make sure that + fd_set and the rest are defined + + 8/11 + ---- +lib/readline/histexpand.c + - history_tokenize_word: use ISDIGIT instead of isdigit for more + argument checking + - "chardefs.h": include for ISDIGIT define and . Fix from + Mike Frysinger + +lib/sh/eaccess.c,externs.h + - sh_eaccess: first argument now const char * + - sh_stataccess,sh_euidaccess: first argument now const char *, since + sh_stat and sh_eaccess call them. + Fix from Mike Frysinger + +lib/glob/glob.c + - sh_eaccess: change local prototype + +general.[ch] + - all_digits,legal_identifier,valid_nameref_value,importable_function_name, + exportable_function_name,check_binary_file,file_exists,file_isdir, + file_iswdir,same_file,make_absolute,valid_nameref_value: first + argument (always identifier or filename) is now a `const char *'; + some second filename arguments now `const char *'. + Fix from Mike Frysinger + +configure.ac,config.h.in + - uintptr_t: make sure it's defined to an integer type wide enough to + hold a pointer + +lib/sh/tmpfile.c + - sh_seedrand: use `uintptr_t' to cast pointer value to int value, + instead of allowing truncation to take place, since srandom takes + an `unsigned int'. + Fix from Mike Frysinger + +arrayfunc.[ch] + - valid_array_reference,array_variable_name,array_variable_part, + array_value_internal,array_value,get_array_value: first argument + (always variable name) now a `const char *' + Fix from Mike Frysinger + + 8/19 + ---- +print_cmd.c + - xtrace_print_word_list: if (xtflags & 2), don't try to quote the + words in the LIST argument. Intended to be used in places where + the list has not yet been expanded + - xtrace_print_for_command_head: call xtrace_print_word_list with + flags argument of 2. Fixes issue reported by Aharon Robbins + + - xtrace_print_select_command_head: call xtrace_print_word_list with + flags argument of 2 + + 8/21 + ---- +lib/sh/netopen.c + - netopen: fix memory leak by freeing allocated path before error + return. Fix from Dmitry Goncharov + +doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi} + - change conditional commands description to make it clearer that + bash doesn't emulate /dev/fd if the OS provides it + + 8/22 + ---- +braces.c + - expand_amble: free partial and tem on failure to allocate memory + for merged partial+result strvec. Fix from Dmitry Goncharov + + + 8/23 + ---- +jobs.c + - wait_for: don't call get_tty_state when a job finishes if we're + running it as part of programmable completion. We test + rl_readline_state. Fixes bug reported by Jaro Punta + + + 8/24 + ---- +subst.c + - pat_subst: fix memory leak (mstr). Fix from Dmitry Goncharov + + - split_at_delims: fix memory leak (d2). Fix from Dmitry Goncharov + + + 8/26 + ---- +subst.c + - match_upattern,match_wpattern: make sure that a trailing `*' is + not escaped (preceded by an odd number of backslashes) before we + append a `*' when checking whether a pattern matches anywhere in + the string + +lib/readline/{input,signals}.c + - protect instances of SIGQUIT with #ifdef SIGQUIT; apparently + MinGW doesn't define it + - protect instances of SIGHUP with #ifdef SIGHUP; apparently + MinGW doesn't define it. From a report from Simon Sobisch + + +xmalloc.o + - allocerr: only try to find the break and report it if we're using + the bash malloc; there's no guarantee that any other malloc is + using sbrk() + +doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi} + - quote removal: add paragraph mentioning quote removal to beginning + of expansions section, referencing later paragraph. Report from + Michel Lanne + + 8/30 + ---- +lib/readline/input.c + - protect instances of SIGALRM and SIGWINCH with #ifdef; apparently + MinGW doesn't define them. From a report from Simon Sobisch + + +subst.c + - SPECIAL_VAR: make sure name is not the empty string before going on, + empty strings can result in unitialized reads + - CHECK_STRING_OVERRUN: semi-general macro to use in *extract* and + similar functions to to check whether a function called to parse an + embedded construct (like a backquoted command substitution) doesn't + consume the entire string because it's unterminated + - skip_double_quoted: make sure other extraction functions don't + consume the entire string (which they can if the construct is + unterminated) before incrementing the index and going on. Uses + CHECK_STRING_OVERRUN + - extract_dollar_brace_string: check for unterminated embedded + constructs consuming the entire string with CHECK_STRING_OVERRUN ('`') + - skip_matched_pair: use CHECK_STRING_OVERRUN to make sure unterminated + embedded "`", $(, ${ don't cause out-of-bounds reads + +[bash-4.4 frozen] diff --git a/INSTALL b/INSTALL index ebe7ea1cc..c60d59176 100644 --- a/INSTALL +++ b/INSTALL @@ -5,37 +5,37 @@ These are installation instructions for Bash. The simplest way to compile Bash is: - 1. `cd' to the directory containing the source code and type - `./configure' to configure Bash for your system. If you're using - `csh' on an old version of System V, you might need to type `sh - ./configure' instead to prevent `csh' from trying to execute - `configure' itself. + 1. 'cd' to the directory containing the source code and type + './configure' to configure Bash for your system. If you're using + 'csh' on an old version of System V, you might need to type 'sh + ./configure' instead to prevent 'csh' from trying to execute + 'configure' itself. - Running `configure' takes some time. While running, it prints + Running 'configure' takes some time. While running, it prints messages telling which features it is checking for. - 2. Type `make' to compile Bash and build the `bashbug' bug reporting + 2. Type 'make' to compile Bash and build the 'bashbug' bug reporting script. - 3. Optionally, type `make tests' to run the Bash test suite. + 3. Optionally, type 'make tests' to run the Bash test suite. - 4. Type `make install' to install `bash' and `bashbug'. This will + 4. Type 'make install' to install 'bash' and 'bashbug'. This will also install the manual pages and Info file. -The `configure' shell script attempts to guess correct values for +The 'configure' shell script attempts to guess correct values for various system-dependent variables used during compilation. It uses -those values to create a `Makefile' in each directory of the package -(the top directory, the `builtins', `doc', and `support' directories, -each directory under `lib', and several others). It also creates a -`config.h' file containing system-dependent definitions. Finally, it -creates a shell script named `config.status' that you can run in the -future to recreate the current configuration, a file `config.cache' -that saves the results of its tests to speed up reconfiguring, and a -file `config.log' containing compiler output (useful mainly for -debugging `configure'). If at some point `config.cache' contains -results you don't want to keep, you may remove or edit it. - -To find out more about the options and arguments that the `configure' +those values to create a 'Makefile' in each directory of the package +(the top directory, the 'builtins', 'doc', and 'support' directories, +each directory under 'lib', and several others). It also creates a +'config.h' file containing system-dependent definitions. Finally, it +creates a shell script named 'config.status' that you can run in the +future to recreate the current configuration, a file 'config.cache' that +saves the results of its tests to speed up reconfiguring, and a file +'config.log' containing compiler output (useful mainly for debugging +'configure'). If at some point 'config.cache' contains results you +don't want to keep, you may remove or edit it. + +To find out more about the options and arguments that the 'configure' script understands, type bash-2.04$ ./configure --help @@ -43,379 +43,397 @@ script understands, type at the Bash prompt in your Bash source directory. If you need to do unusual things to compile Bash, please try to figure -out how `configure' could check whether or not to do them, and mail +out how 'configure' could check whether or not to do them, and mail diffs or instructions to so they can be considered for the next release. -The file `configure.ac' is used to create `configure' by a program -called Autoconf. You only need `configure.ac' if you want to change it -or regenerate `configure' using a newer version of Autoconf. If you do +The file 'configure.ac' is used to create 'configure' by a program +called Autoconf. You only need 'configure.ac' if you want to change it +or regenerate 'configure' using a newer version of Autoconf. If you do this, make sure you are using Autoconf version 2.50 or newer. You can remove the program binaries and object files from the source -code directory by typing `make clean'. To also remove the files that -`configure' created (so you can compile Bash for a different kind of -computer), type `make distclean'. +code directory by typing 'make clean'. To also remove the files that +'configure' created (so you can compile Bash for a different kind of +computer), type 'make distclean'. + +Next: Compiling For Multiple Architectures, Prev: Basic Installation, Up: Installing Bash Compilers and Options ===================== -Some systems require unusual options for compilation or linking that -the `configure' script does not know about. You can give `configure' +Some systems require unusual options for compilation or linking that the +'configure' script does not know about. You can give 'configure' initial values for variables by setting them in the environment. Using a Bourne-compatible shell, you can do that on the command line like this: CC=c89 CFLAGS=-O2 LIBS=-lposix ./configure -On systems that have the `env' program, you can do it like this: +On systems that have the 'env' program, you can do it like this: env CPPFLAGS=-I/usr/local/include LDFLAGS=-s ./configure The configuration process uses GCC to build Bash if it is available. +Next: Installation Names, Prev: Compilers and Options, Up: Installing Bash + Compiling For Multiple Architectures ==================================== You can compile Bash for more than one kind of computer at the same time, by placing the object files for each architecture in their own -directory. To do this, you must use a version of `make' that supports -the `VPATH' variable, such as GNU `make'. `cd' to the directory where -you want the object files and executables to go and run the `configure' +directory. To do this, you must use a version of 'make' that supports +the 'VPATH' variable, such as GNU 'make'. 'cd' to the directory where +you want the object files and executables to go and run the 'configure' script from the source directory. You may need to supply the -`--srcdir=PATH' argument to tell `configure' where the source files -are. `configure' automatically checks for the source code in the -directory that `configure' is in and in `..'. +'--srcdir=PATH' argument to tell 'configure' where the source files are. +'configure' automatically checks for the source code in the directory +that 'configure' is in and in '..'. -If you have to use a `make' that does not supports the `VPATH' -variable, you can compile Bash for one architecture at a time in the -source code directory. After you have installed Bash for one -architecture, use `make distclean' before reconfiguring for another -architecture. +If you have to use a 'make' that does not supports the 'VPATH' variable, +you can compile Bash for one architecture at a time in the source code +directory. After you have installed Bash for one architecture, use +'make distclean' before reconfiguring for another architecture. Alternatively, if your system supports symbolic links, you can use the -`support/mkclone' script to create a build tree which has symbolic -links back to each file in the source directory. Here's an example -that creates a build directory in the current directory from a source -directory `/usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0': +'support/mkclone' script to create a build tree which has symbolic links +back to each file in the source directory. Here's an example that +creates a build directory in the current directory from a source +directory '/usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0': bash /usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0/support/mkclone -s /usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0 . -The `mkclone' script requires Bash, so you must have already built Bash +The 'mkclone' script requires Bash, so you must have already built Bash for at least one architecture before you can create build directories for other architectures. +Next: Specifying the System Type, Prev: Compiling For Multiple Architectures, Up: Installing Bash + Installation Names ================== -By default, `make install' will install into `/usr/local/bin', -`/usr/local/man', etc. You can specify an installation prefix other -than `/usr/local' by giving `configure' the option `--prefix=PATH', or -by specifying a value for the `DESTDIR' `make' variable when running -`make install'. +By default, 'make install' will install into '/usr/local/bin', +'/usr/local/man', etc. You can specify an installation prefix other +than '/usr/local' by giving 'configure' the option '--prefix=PATH', or +by specifying a value for the 'DESTDIR' 'make' variable when running +'make install'. + +You can specify separate installation prefixes for architecture-specific +files and architecture-independent files. If you give 'configure' the +option '--exec-prefix=PATH', 'make install' will use PATH as the prefix +for installing programs and libraries. Documentation and other data +files will still use the regular prefix. -You can specify separate installation prefixes for -architecture-specific files and architecture-independent files. If you -give `configure' the option `--exec-prefix=PATH', `make install' will -use PATH as the prefix for installing programs and libraries. -Documentation and other data files will still use the regular prefix. +Next: Sharing Defaults, Prev: Installation Names, Up: Installing Bash Specifying the System Type ========================== -There may be some features `configure' can not figure out -automatically, but need to determine by the type of host Bash will run -on. Usually `configure' can figure that out, but if it prints a -message saying it can not guess the host type, give it the -`--host=TYPE' option. `TYPE' can either be a short name for the system -type, such as `sun4', or a canonical name with three fields: -`CPU-COMPANY-SYSTEM' (e.g., `i386-unknown-freebsd4.2'). +There may be some features 'configure' can not figure out automatically, +but need to determine by the type of host Bash will run on. Usually +'configure' can figure that out, but if it prints a message saying it +can not guess the host type, give it the '--host=TYPE' option. 'TYPE' +can either be a short name for the system type, such as 'sun4', or a +canonical name with three fields: 'CPU-COMPANY-SYSTEM' (e.g., +'i386-unknown-freebsd4.2'). -See the file `support/config.sub' for the possible values of each field. +See the file 'support/config.sub' for the possible values of each field. + +Next: Operation Controls, Prev: Specifying the System Type, Up: Installing Bash Sharing Defaults ================ -If you want to set default values for `configure' scripts to share, you -can create a site shell script called `config.site' that gives default -values for variables like `CC', `cache_file', and `prefix'. `configure' -looks for `PREFIX/share/config.site' if it exists, then -`PREFIX/etc/config.site' if it exists. Or, you can set the -`CONFIG_SITE' environment variable to the location of the site script. -A warning: the Bash `configure' looks for a site script, but not all -`configure' scripts do. +If you want to set default values for 'configure' scripts to share, you +can create a site shell script called 'config.site' that gives default +values for variables like 'CC', 'cache_file', and 'prefix'. 'configure' +looks for 'PREFIX/share/config.site' if it exists, then +'PREFIX/etc/config.site' if it exists. Or, you can set the +'CONFIG_SITE' environment variable to the location of the site script. +A warning: the Bash 'configure' looks for a site script, but not all +'configure' scripts do. + +Next: Optional Features, Prev: Sharing Defaults, Up: Installing Bash Operation Controls ================== -`configure' recognizes the following options to control how it operates. +'configure' recognizes the following options to control how it operates. -`--cache-file=FILE' +'--cache-file=FILE' Use and save the results of the tests in FILE instead of - `./config.cache'. Set FILE to `/dev/null' to disable caching, for - debugging `configure'. + './config.cache'. Set FILE to '/dev/null' to disable caching, for + debugging 'configure'. -`--help' - Print a summary of the options to `configure', and exit. +'--help' + Print a summary of the options to 'configure', and exit. -`--quiet' -`--silent' -`-q' +'--quiet' +'--silent' +'-q' Do not print messages saying which checks are being made. -`--srcdir=DIR' +'--srcdir=DIR' Look for the Bash source code in directory DIR. Usually - `configure' can determine that directory automatically. + 'configure' can determine that directory automatically. -`--version' - Print the version of Autoconf used to generate the `configure' +'--version' + Print the version of Autoconf used to generate the 'configure' script, and exit. -`configure' also accepts some other, not widely used, boilerplate -options. `configure --help' prints the complete list. +'configure' also accepts some other, not widely used, boilerplate +options. 'configure --help' prints the complete list. + +Prev: Operation Controls, Up: Installing Bash Optional Features ================= -The Bash `configure' has a number of `--enable-FEATURE' options, where +The Bash 'configure' has a number of '--enable-FEATURE' options, where FEATURE indicates an optional part of Bash. There are also several -`--with-PACKAGE' options, where PACKAGE is something like `bash-malloc' -or `purify'. To turn off the default use of a package, use -`--without-PACKAGE'. To configure Bash without a feature that is -enabled by default, use `--disable-FEATURE'. +'--with-PACKAGE' options, where PACKAGE is something like 'bash-malloc' +or 'purify'. To turn off the default use of a package, use +'--without-PACKAGE'. To configure Bash without a feature that is +enabled by default, use '--disable-FEATURE'. -Here is a complete list of the `--enable-' and `--with-' options that -the Bash `configure' recognizes. +Here is a complete list of the '--enable-' and '--with-' options that +the Bash 'configure' recognizes. -`--with-afs' +'--with-afs' Define if you are using the Andrew File System from Transarc. -`--with-bash-malloc' - Use the Bash version of `malloc' in the directory `lib/malloc'. - This is not the same `malloc' that appears in GNU libc, but an - older version originally derived from the 4.2 BSD `malloc'. This - `malloc' is very fast, but wastes some space on each allocation. - This option is enabled by default. The `NOTES' file contains a +'--with-bash-malloc' + Use the Bash version of 'malloc' in the directory 'lib/malloc'. + This is not the same 'malloc' that appears in GNU libc, but an + older version originally derived from the 4.2 BSD 'malloc'. This + 'malloc' is very fast, but wastes some space on each allocation. + This option is enabled by default. The 'NOTES' file contains a list of systems for which this should be turned off, and - `configure' disables this option automatically for a number of + 'configure' disables this option automatically for a number of systems. -`--with-curses' +'--with-curses' Use the curses library instead of the termcap library. This should be supplied if your system has an inadequate or incomplete termcap database. -`--with-gnu-malloc' - A synonym for `--with-bash-malloc'. +'--with-gnu-malloc' + A synonym for '--with-bash-malloc'. -`--with-installed-readline[=PREFIX]' +'--with-installed-readline[=PREFIX]' Define this to make Bash link with a locally-installed version of - Readline rather than the version in `lib/readline'. This works - only with Readline 5.0 and later versions. If PREFIX is `yes' or - not supplied, `configure' uses the values of the make variables - `includedir' and `libdir', which are subdirectories of `prefix' by + Readline rather than the version in 'lib/readline'. This works + only with Readline 5.0 and later versions. If PREFIX is 'yes' or + not supplied, 'configure' uses the values of the make variables + 'includedir' and 'libdir', which are subdirectories of 'prefix' by default, to find the installed version of Readline if it is not in the standard system include and library directories. If PREFIX is - `no', Bash links with the version in `lib/readline'. If PREFIX is - set to any other value, `configure' treats it as a directory + 'no', Bash links with the version in 'lib/readline'. If PREFIX is + set to any other value, 'configure' treats it as a directory pathname and looks for the installed version of Readline in - subdirectories of that directory (include files in - PREFIX/`include' and the library in PREFIX/`lib'). + subdirectories of that directory (include files in PREFIX/'include' + and the library in PREFIX/'lib'). -`--with-purify' +'--with-purify' Define this to use the Purify memory allocation checker from Rational Software. -`--enable-minimal-config' +'--enable-minimal-config' This produces a shell with minimal features, close to the historical Bourne shell. -There are several `--enable-' options that alter how Bash is compiled +There are several '--enable-' options that alter how Bash is compiled and linked, rather than changing run-time features. -`--enable-largefile' +'--enable-largefile' Enable support for large files (http://www.sas.com/standards/large_file/x_open.20Mar96.html) if the operating system requires special compiler options to build - programs which can access large files. This is enabled by - default, if the operating system provides large file support. + programs which can access large files. This is enabled by default, + if the operating system provides large file support. -`--enable-profiling' +'--enable-profiling' This builds a Bash binary that produces profiling information to be - processed by `gprof' each time it is executed. + processed by 'gprof' each time it is executed. -`--enable-static-link' - This causes Bash to be linked statically, if `gcc' is being used. +'--enable-static-link' + This causes Bash to be linked statically, if 'gcc' is being used. This could be used to build a version to use as root's shell. -The `minimal-config' option can be used to disable all of the following -options, but it is processed first, so individual options may be -enabled using `enable-FEATURE'. +The 'minimal-config' option can be used to disable all of the following +options, but it is processed first, so individual options may be enabled +using 'enable-FEATURE'. -All of the following options except for `disabled-builtins', -`directpand-default', and `xpg-echo-default' are enabled by default, +All of the following options except for 'disabled-builtins', +'direxpand-default', and 'xpg-echo-default' are enabled by default, unless the operating system does not provide the necessary support. -`--enable-alias' - Allow alias expansion and include the `alias' and `unalias' +'--enable-alias' + Allow alias expansion and include the 'alias' and 'unalias' builtins (*note Aliases::). -`--enable-arith-for-command' - Include support for the alternate form of the `for' command that - behaves like the C language `for' statement (*note Looping +'--enable-arith-for-command' + Include support for the alternate form of the 'for' command that + behaves like the C language 'for' statement (*note Looping Constructs::). -`--enable-array-variables' +'--enable-array-variables' Include support for one-dimensional array shell variables (*note Arrays::). -`--enable-bang-history' - Include support for `csh'-like history substitution (*note History +'--enable-bang-history' + Include support for 'csh'-like history substitution (*note History Interaction::). -`--enable-brace-expansion' - Include `csh'-like brace expansion ( `b{a,b}c' ==> `bac bbc' ). +'--enable-brace-expansion' + Include 'csh'-like brace expansion ( 'b{a,b}c' ==> 'bac bbc' ). See *note Brace Expansion::, for a complete description. -`--enable-casemod-attributes' - Include support for case-modifying attributes in the `declare' +'--enable-casemod-attributes' + Include support for case-modifying attributes in the 'declare' builtin and assignment statements. Variables with the UPPERCASE attribute, for example, will have their values converted to uppercase upon assignment. -`--enable-casemod-expansion' +'--enable-casemod-expansion' Include support for case-modifying word expansions. -`--enable-command-timing' - Include support for recognizing `time' as a reserved word and for - displaying timing statistics for the pipeline following `time' +'--enable-command-timing' + Include support for recognizing 'time' as a reserved word and for + displaying timing statistics for the pipeline following 'time' (*note Pipelines::). This allows pipelines as well as shell builtins and functions to be timed. -`--enable-cond-command' - Include support for the `[[' conditional command. (*note +'--enable-cond-command' + Include support for the '[[' conditional command. (*note Conditional Constructs::). -`--enable-cond-regexp' +'--enable-cond-regexp' Include support for matching POSIX regular expressions using the - `=~' binary operator in the `[[' conditional command. (*note + '=~' binary operator in the '[[' conditional command. (*note Conditional Constructs::). -`--enable-coprocesses' - Include support for coprocesses and the `coproc' reserved word +'--enable-coprocesses' + Include support for coprocesses and the 'coproc' reserved word (*note Pipelines::). -`--enable-debugger' +'--enable-debugger' Include support for the bash debugger (distributed separately). -`--enable-direxpand-default' - Cause the `direxpand' shell option (*note The Shopt Builtin::) to +'--enable-direxpand-default' + Cause the 'direxpand' shell option (*note The Shopt Builtin::) to be enabled by default when the shell starts. It is normally disabled by default. -`--enable-directory-stack' - Include support for a `csh'-like directory stack and the `pushd', - `popd', and `dirs' builtins (*note The Directory Stack::). +'--enable-directory-stack' + Include support for a 'csh'-like directory stack and the 'pushd', + 'popd', and 'dirs' builtins (*note The Directory Stack::). -`--enable-disabled-builtins' - Allow builtin commands to be invoked via `builtin xxx' even after - `xxx' has been disabled using `enable -n xxx'. See *note Bash - Builtins::, for details of the `builtin' and `enable' builtin +'--enable-disabled-builtins' + Allow builtin commands to be invoked via 'builtin xxx' even after + 'xxx' has been disabled using 'enable -n xxx'. See *note Bash + Builtins::, for details of the 'builtin' and 'enable' builtin commands. -`--enable-dparen-arithmetic' - Include support for the `((...))' command (*note Conditional +'--enable-dparen-arithmetic' + Include support for the '((...))' command (*note Conditional Constructs::). -`--enable-extended-glob' +'--enable-extended-glob' Include support for the extended pattern matching features described above under *note Pattern Matching::. -`--enable-extended-glob-default' +'--enable-extended-glob-default' Set the default value of the EXTGLOB shell option described above under *note The Shopt Builtin:: to be enabled. -`--enable-glob-asciirange-default' +'--enable-function-import' + Include support for importing function definitions exported by + another instance of the shell from the environment. This option is + enabled by default. + +'--enable-glob-asciirange-default' Set the default value of the GLOBASCIIRANGES shell option described - above under *note The Shopt Builtin:: to be enabled. This - controls the behavior of character ranges when used in pattern - matching bracket expressions. + above under *note The Shopt Builtin:: to be enabled. This controls + the behavior of character ranges when used in pattern matching + bracket expressions. -`--enable-help-builtin' - Include the `help' builtin, which displays help on shell builtins +'--enable-help-builtin' + Include the 'help' builtin, which displays help on shell builtins and variables (*note Bash Builtins::). -`--enable-history' - Include command history and the `fc' and `history' builtin - commands (*note Bash History Facilities::). +'--enable-history' + Include command history and the 'fc' and 'history' builtin commands + (*note Bash History Facilities::). -`--enable-job-control' - This enables the job control features (*note Job Control::), if - the operating system supports them. +'--enable-job-control' + This enables the job control features (*note Job Control::), if the + operating system supports them. -`--enable-multibyte' +'--enable-multibyte' This enables support for multibyte characters if the operating system provides the necessary support. -`--enable-net-redirections' +'--enable-net-redirections' This enables the special handling of filenames of the form - `/dev/tcp/HOST/PORT' and `/dev/udp/HOST/PORT' when used in + '/dev/tcp/HOST/PORT' and '/dev/udp/HOST/PORT' when used in redirections (*note Redirections::). -`--enable-process-substitution' +'--enable-process-substitution' This enables process substitution (*note Process Substitution::) if the operating system provides the necessary support. -`--enable-progcomp' +'--enable-progcomp' Enable the programmable completion facilities (*note Programmable Completion::). If Readline is not enabled, this option has no effect. -`--enable-prompt-string-decoding' +'--enable-prompt-string-decoding' Turn on the interpretation of a number of backslash-escaped - characters in the `$PS1', `$PS2', `$PS3', and `$PS4' prompt + characters in the '$PS1', '$PS2', '$PS3', and '$PS4' prompt strings. See *note Controlling the Prompt::, for a complete list of prompt string escape sequences. -`--enable-readline' +'--enable-readline' Include support for command-line editing and history with the Bash version of the Readline library (*note Command Line Editing::). -`--enable-restricted' +'--enable-restricted' Include support for a "restricted shell". If this is enabled, - Bash, when called as `rbash', enters a restricted mode. See *note + Bash, when called as 'rbash', enters a restricted mode. See *note The Restricted Shell::, for a description of restricted mode. -`--enable-select' - Include the `select' compound command, which allows the generation +'--enable-select' + Include the 'select' compound command, which allows the generation of simple menus (*note Conditional Constructs::). -`--enable-separate-helpfiles' - Use external files for the documentation displayed by the `help' +'--enable-separate-helpfiles' + Use external files for the documentation displayed by the 'help' builtin instead of storing the text internally. -`--enable-single-help-strings' - Store the text displayed by the `help' builtin as a single string +'--enable-single-help-strings' + Store the text displayed by the 'help' builtin as a single string for each help topic. This aids in translating the text to - different languages. You may need to disable this if your - compiler cannot handle very long string literals. + different languages. You may need to disable this if your compiler + cannot handle very long string literals. -`--enable-strict-posix-default' +'--enable-strict-posix-default' Make Bash POSIX-conformant by default (*note Bash POSIX Mode::). -`--enable-usg-echo-default' - A synonym for `--enable-xpg-echo-default'. - -`--enable-xpg-echo-default' - Make the `echo' builtin expand backslash-escaped characters by - default, without requiring the `-e' option. This sets the default - value of the `xpg_echo' shell option to `on', which makes the Bash - `echo' behave more like the version specified in the Single Unix - Specification, version 3. *Note Bash Builtins::, for a - description of the escape sequences that `echo' recognizes. - -The file `config-top.h' contains C Preprocessor `#define' statements -for options which are not settable from `configure'. Some of these are -not meant to be changed; beware of the consequences if you do. Read -the comments associated with each definition for more information about -its effect. +'--enable-usg-echo-default' + A synonym for '--enable-xpg-echo-default'. + +'--enable-xpg-echo-default' + Make the 'echo' builtin expand backslash-escaped characters by + default, without requiring the '-e' option. This sets the default + value of the 'xpg_echo' shell option to 'on', which makes the Bash + 'echo' behave more like the version specified in the Single Unix + Specification, version 3. *Note Bash Builtins::, for a description + of the escape sequences that 'echo' recognizes. + +The file 'config-top.h' contains C Preprocessor '#define' statements for +options which are not settable from 'configure'. Some of these are not +meant to be changed; beware of the consequences if you do. Read the +comments associated with each definition for more information about its +effect. diff --git a/MANIFEST b/MANIFEST index 55c8d1ca0..a306b6ffc 100644 --- a/MANIFEST +++ b/MANIFEST @@ -529,6 +529,8 @@ po/ja.po f po/lt.gmo f po/lt.po f po/nl.gmo f +po/nb.po f +po/nb.gmo f po/nl.po f po/pl.gmo f po/pl.po f @@ -581,6 +583,7 @@ doc/texinfo.tex f doc/bashref.texi f doc/version.texi f doc/bashref.info f +doc/bash.info f doc/article.ms f doc/htmlpost.sh f 755 doc/infopost.sh f 755 @@ -607,8 +610,10 @@ doc/bash.pdf f doc/bashref.pdf f doc/rose94.pdf f doc/aosa-bash.pdf f +doc/aosa-bash-full.pdf f # support/Makefile.in f +support/bash.pc.in f support/bashversion.c f support/checkbashisms f 755 support/config.guess f @@ -654,11 +659,14 @@ examples/complete/complete-examples f examples/complete/bashcc-1.0.1.tar.gz f examples/loadables/README f examples/loadables/template.c f +examples/loadables/loadables.h f examples/loadables/Makefile.in f +examples/loadables/Makefile.inc.in f examples/loadables/necho.c f examples/loadables/hello.c f examples/loadables/print.c f examples/loadables/realpath.c f +examples/loadables/setpgid.c f examples/loadables/sleep.c f examples/loadables/strftime.c f examples/loadables/truefalse.c f @@ -704,6 +712,7 @@ examples/functions/basename f examples/functions/csh-compat f #examples/functions/dirfuncs f examples/functions/dirname f +examples/functions/dirstack f #examples/functions/emptydir f examples/functions/exitstat f examples/functions/external f @@ -795,8 +804,10 @@ examples/misc/aliasconv.bash f examples/misc/cshtobash f tests/README f tests/COPYRIGHT f +tests/test-glue-functions f tests/alias.tests f tests/alias1.sub f +tests/alias2.sub f tests/alias.right f tests/appendop.tests f tests/appendop1.sub f @@ -812,6 +823,7 @@ tests/arith3.sub f tests/arith4.sub f tests/arith5.sub f tests/arith6.sub f +tests/arith7.sub f tests/array.tests f tests/array.right f tests/array1.sub f @@ -830,6 +842,11 @@ tests/array13.sub f tests/array14.sub f tests/array15.sub f tests/array16.sub f +tests/array17.sub f +tests/array18.sub f +tests/array19.sub f +tests/array20.sub f +tests/array21.sub f tests/array-at-star f tests/array2.right f tests/assoc.tests f @@ -841,6 +858,11 @@ tests/assoc4.sub f tests/assoc5.sub f tests/assoc6.sub f tests/assoc7.sub f +tests/assoc8.sub f +tests/attr.tests f +tests/attr.right f +tests/attr1.sub f +tests/attr2.sub f tests/braces.tests f tests/braces.right f tests/builtins.tests f @@ -849,6 +871,8 @@ tests/builtins1.sub f tests/builtins2.sub f tests/builtins3.sub f tests/builtins4.sub f +tests/builtins5.sub f +tests/builtins6.sub f tests/source1.sub f tests/source2.sub f tests/source3.sub f @@ -864,6 +888,8 @@ tests/casemod.right f tests/comsub.tests f tests/comsub.right f tests/comsub1.sub f +tests/comsub2.sub f +tests/comsub3.sub f tests/comsub-eof.tests f tests/comsub-eof0.sub f tests/comsub-eof1.sub f @@ -894,6 +920,13 @@ tests/dbg-support2.tests f tests/dbg-support3.sub f tests/dollar-at-star f tests/dollar-at-star1.sub f +tests/dollar-at-star2.sub f +tests/dollar-at-star3.sub f +tests/dollar-at-star4.sub f +tests/dollar-at-star5.sub f +tests/dollar-at-star6.sub f +tests/dollar-at-star7.sub f +tests/dollar-at-star8.sub f tests/dollar-at1.sub f tests/dollar-at2.sub f tests/dollar-at3.sub f @@ -917,6 +950,9 @@ tests/errors.right f tests/errors1.sub f tests/errors2.sub f tests/errors3.sub f +tests/errors4.sub f +tests/errors5.sub f +tests/errors6.sub f tests/execscript f tests/exec.right f tests/exec1.sub f 755 @@ -928,6 +964,10 @@ tests/exec6.sub f tests/exec7.sub f tests/exec8.sub f tests/exec9.sub f +tests/exec10.sub f +tests/exec11.sub f +tests/exec12.sub f +tests/exec13.sub f tests/exp.tests f tests/exp.right f tests/exp1.sub f @@ -936,14 +976,25 @@ tests/exp3.sub f tests/exp4.sub f tests/exp5.sub f tests/exp6.sub f +tests/exp7.sub f +tests/exp8.sub f +tests/exp9.sub f +tests/exportfunc.tests f +tests/exportfunc.right f +tests/exportfunc1.sub f +tests/exportfunc2.sub f +tests/exportfunc3.sub f tests/extglob.tests f tests/extglob.right f tests/extglob1.sub f tests/extglob1a.sub f +tests/extglob2.sub f tests/extglob2.tests f tests/extglob2.right f +tests/extglob3.sub f tests/extglob3.tests f tests/extglob3.right f +tests/extglob4.sub f tests/func.tests f tests/func.right f tests/func1.sub f @@ -959,6 +1010,9 @@ tests/getopts4.sub f tests/getopts5.sub f tests/getopts6.sub f tests/getopts7.sub f +tests/getopts8.sub f +tests/getopts9.sub f +tests/getopts10.sub f tests/glob.tests f tests/glob1.sub f tests/glob.right f @@ -973,7 +1027,12 @@ tests/heredoc2.sub f tests/heredoc3.sub f tests/herestr.tests f tests/herestr.right f +tests/herestr1.sub f tests/histexp.tests f +tests/histexp1.sub f +tests/histexp2.sub f +tests/histexp3.sub f +tests/histexp4.sub f tests/histexp.right f tests/history.tests f tests/history.right f @@ -990,6 +1049,7 @@ tests/input.right f tests/intl.tests f tests/intl1.sub f tests/intl2.sub f +tests/intl3.sub f tests/intl.right f tests/iquote.tests f tests/iquote.right f @@ -1006,10 +1066,12 @@ tests/jobs.right f tests/lastpipe.right f tests/lastpipe.tests f tests/lastpipe1.sub f +tests/lastpipe2.sub f tests/mapfile.data f tests/mapfile.right f tests/mapfile.tests f tests/mapfile1.sub f +tests/mapfile2.sub f tests/more-exp.tests f tests/more-exp.right f tests/nameref.tests f @@ -1021,6 +1083,16 @@ tests/nameref5.sub f tests/nameref6.sub f tests/nameref7.sub f tests/nameref8.sub f +tests/nameref9.sub f +tests/nameref10.sub f +tests/nameref11.sub f +tests/nameref12.sub f +tests/nameref13.sub f +tests/nameref14.sub f +tests/nameref15.sub f +tests/nameref16.sub f +tests/nameref17.sub f +tests/nameref18.sub f tests/nameref.right f tests/new-exp.tests f tests/new-exp1.sub f @@ -1032,11 +1104,13 @@ tests/new-exp6.sub f tests/new-exp7.sub f tests/new-exp8.sub f tests/new-exp9.sub f +tests/new-exp10.sub f tests/new-exp.right f tests/nquote.tests f tests/nquote.right f tests/nquote1.sub f tests/nquote2.sub f +tests/nquote3.sub f tests/nquote1.tests f tests/nquote1.right f tests/nquote2.tests f @@ -1047,6 +1121,9 @@ tests/nquote4.tests f tests/nquote4.right f tests/nquote5.tests f tests/nquote5.right f +tests/parser.tests f +tests/parser.right f +tests/parser1.sub f tests/posix2.tests f tests/posix2.right f tests/posixexp.tests f @@ -1093,6 +1170,8 @@ tests/redir7.sub f tests/redir8.sub f tests/redir9.sub f tests/redir10.sub f +tests/redir11.sub f +tests/redir12.sub f tests/rhs-exp.tests f tests/rhs-exp.right f tests/rhs-exp1.sub f @@ -1107,6 +1186,7 @@ tests/run-arith f tests/run-array f tests/run-array2 f tests/run-assoc f +tests/run-attr f tests/run-braces f tests/run-builtins f tests/run-case f @@ -1124,6 +1204,7 @@ tests/run-dollars f tests/run-errors f tests/run-execscript f tests/run-exp-tests f +tests/run-exportfunc f tests/run-extglob f tests/run-extglob2 f tests/run-extglob3 f @@ -1153,6 +1234,7 @@ tests/run-nquote2 f tests/run-nquote3 f tests/run-nquote4 f tests/run-nquote5 f +tests/run-parser f tests/run-posix2 f tests/run-posixexp f tests/run-posixexp2 f @@ -1220,6 +1302,8 @@ tests/varenv3.sub f tests/varenv4.sub f tests/varenv5.sub f tests/varenv6.sub f +tests/varenv7.sub f +tests/varenv8.sub f tests/version f tests/version.mini f tests/vredir.tests f @@ -1230,6 +1314,7 @@ tests/vredir3.sub f tests/vredir4.sub f tests/vredir5.sub f tests/vredir6.sub f +tests/vredir7.sub f tests/misc/dev-tcp.tests f tests/misc/perf-script f tests/misc/perftest f diff --git a/Makefile.in b/Makefile.in index cf772286a..c7b62bc05 100644 --- a/Makefile.in +++ b/Makefile.in @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ -# Makefile for bash-4.3, version 4.11 +# Makefile for bash-4.4, version 4.18 # -# Copyright (C) 1996-2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +# Copyright (C) 1996-2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc. # This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by @@ -42,6 +42,9 @@ includedir = @includedir@ datadir = @datadir@ localedir = @localedir@ +loadablesdir = @loadablesdir@ +headersdir = @headersdir@ + docdir = @docdir@ mandir = @mandir@ @@ -61,7 +64,7 @@ topdir = @top_srcdir@ BUILD_DIR = @BUILD_DIR@ top_builddir = @BUILD_DIR@ srcdir = @srcdir@ -VPATH = .:@srcdir@ +VPATH = @srcdir@ @SET_MAKE@ CC = @CC@ @@ -86,10 +89,8 @@ TESTSCRIPT = @TESTSCRIPT@ DEBUGGER_START_FILE = @DEBUGGER_START_FILE@ -#If you have purify, and want to use it, uncomment this definition or -# run the make as `make PURIFY=purify' -# or run configure with the --with-purify argument. -PURIFY = @PURIFY@ +#If you have purify, and want to use it, run the make as `make PURIFY=purify' +#PURIFY = @PURIFY@ # Here is a rule for making .o files from .c files that does not # force the type of the machine (like -M_MACHINE) into the flags. @@ -443,6 +444,19 @@ HSOURCES = shell.h flags.h trap.h hashcmd.h hashlib.h jobs.h builtins.h \ SOURCES = $(CSOURCES) $(HSOURCES) $(BUILTIN_DEFS) +# headers in top-level source directory that get installed by install-headers +INSTALLED_HEADERS = shell.h bashjmp.h command.h syntax.h general.h error.h \ + variables.h array.h assoc.h arrayfunc.h quit.h dispose_cmd.h \ + make_cmd.h subst.h sig.h externs.h builtins.h \ + bashtypes.h xmalloc.h config-top.h config-bot.h \ + bashintl.h bashansi.h bashjmp.h alias.h hashlib.h \ + conftypes.h unwind_prot.h jobs.h siglist.h +INSTALLED_BUILTINS_HEADERS = bashgetopt.h common.h getopt.h +INSTALLED_INCFILES = posixstat.h ansi_stdlib.h filecntl.h posixdir.h \ + memalloc.h stdc.h posixjmp.h posixwait.h posixtime.h systimes.h \ + unionwait.h maxpath.h shtty.h typemax.h ocache.h chartypes.h gettext.h \ + posixstat.h shmbchar.h shmbutil.h stat-time.h + # header files chosen based on running of configure SIGNAMES_H = @SIGNAMES_H@ @@ -521,7 +535,7 @@ PO_DIR = $(dot)/po/ SIGNAMES_SUPPORT = $(SUPPORT_SRC)mksignames.c SUPPORT_SRC = $(srcdir)/support/ -SDIR = $(dot)/support/ +SDIR = $(dot)/support TESTS_SUPPORT = recho$(EXEEXT) zecho$(EXEEXT) printenv$(EXEEXT) xcase$(EXEEXT) CREATED_SUPPORT = signames.h recho$(EXEEXT) zecho$(EXEEXT) printenv$(EXEEXT) \ @@ -536,17 +550,22 @@ CREATED_MAKEFILES = Makefile builtins/Makefile doc/Makefile \ lib/readline/Makefile lib/glob/Makefile \ lib/sh/Makefile lib/tilde/Makefile lib/malloc/Makefile \ lib/termcap/Makefile examples/loadables/Makefile \ + examples/loadables/Makefile.inc \ examples/loadables/perl/Makefile support/Makefile \ lib/intl/Makefile po/Makefile po/Makefile.in +CREATED_HEADERS = signames.h config.h pathnames.h version.h y.tab.h \ + ${DEFDIR}/builtext.h OTHER_DOCS = $(srcdir)/CHANGES $(srcdir)/COMPAT $(srcdir)/NEWS $(srcdir)/POSIX \ $(srcdir)/RBASH $(srcdir)/README OTHER_INSTALLED_DOCS = CHANGES COMPAT NEWS POSIX RBASH README +LOADABLES_DIR = ${top_builddir}/examples/loadables + # Keep GNU Make from exporting the entire environment for small machines. .NOEXPORT: -.made: $(Program) bashbug +.made: $(Program) bashbug $(SDIR)/man2html$(EXEEXT) @echo "$(Program) last made for a $(Machine) running $(OS)" >.made $(Program): .build $(OBJECTS) $(BUILTINS_DEP) $(LIBDEP) @@ -617,12 +636,12 @@ $(LIBDEP): .build $(READLINE_LIBRARY): config.h $(READLINE_SOURCE) @echo making $@ in ${RL_LIBDIR} @( { test "${RL_LIBDIR}" = "${libdir}" && exit 0; } || \ - cd ${RL_LIBDIR} && $(MAKE) $(MFLAGS) libreadline.a) || exit 1 + cd ${RL_LIBDIR} && $(MAKE) $(MFLAGS) DEBUG=${DEBUG} libreadline.a) || exit 1 $(HISTORY_LIBRARY): config.h $(HISTORY_SOURCE) $(READLINE_DEP) @echo making $@ in ${HIST_LIBDIR} @( { test "${HIST_LIBDIR}" = "${libdir}" && exit 0; } || \ - cd ${HIST_LIBDIR} && $(MAKE) $(MFLAGS) libhistory.a) || exit 1 + cd ${HIST_LIBDIR} && $(MAKE) $(MFLAGS) DEBUG=${DEBUG} libhistory.a) || exit 1 $(GLOB_LIBRARY): config.h $(GLOB_SOURCE) @echo making $@ in ${GLOB_LIBDIR} @@ -698,6 +717,9 @@ ${DEFDIR}/bashgetopt.o: $(BUILTIN_SRCDIR)/bashgetopt.c ${DEFDIR}/builtext.h: $(BUILTIN_DEFS) @(cd $(DEFDIR) && $(MAKE) $(MFLAGS) builtext.h ) || exit 1 +$(SDIR)/man2html$(EXEEXT): ${SUPPORT_SRC}/man2html.c + @(cd $(SDIR) && $(MAKE) $(MFLAGS) all ) || exit 1 + # For the justification of the following Makefile rules, see node # `Automatic Remaking' in GNU Autoconf documentation. @@ -734,6 +756,9 @@ $(srcdir)/configure: $(srcdir)/configure.ac $(srcdir)/aclocal.m4 $(srcdir)/confi reconfig: force sh $(srcdir)/configure -C +loadables: + cd $(LOADABLES_DIR) && $(MAKE) $(MFLAGS) all + #newversion: mkversion # $(RM) .build # ./mkversion -dir $(srcdir) -dist @@ -774,12 +799,41 @@ install: .made installdirs infodir=$(infodir) htmldir=$(htmldir) DESTDIR=$(DESTDIR) $@ ) -( cd $(DEFDIR) ; $(MAKE) $(MFLAGS) DESTDIR=$(DESTDIR) $@ ) -( cd $(PO_DIR) ; $(MAKE) $(MFLAGS) DESTDIR=$(DESTDIR) $@ ) + -( cd $(LOADABLES_DIR) && $(MAKE) $(MFLAGS) DESTDIR=$(DESTDIR) $@ ) install-strip: $(MAKE) $(MFLAGS) INSTALL_PROGRAM='$(INSTALL_PROGRAM) -s' \ prefix=${prefix} exec_prefix=${exec_prefix} \ DESTDIR=$(DESTDIR) install +install-headers-dirs: + @${SHELL} $(SUPPORT_SRC)mkinstalldirs $(DESTDIR)$(headersdir) + @${SHELL} $(SUPPORT_SRC)mkinstalldirs $(DESTDIR)$(headersdir)/builtins + @${SHELL} $(SUPPORT_SRC)mkinstalldirs $(DESTDIR)$(headersdir)/include + @${SHELL} $(SUPPORT_SRC)mkinstalldirs $(DESTDIR)$(libdir)/pkgconfig + +install-headers: install-headers-dirs + @for hf in $(INSTALLED_HEADERS) ; do \ + ${INSTALL_DATA} $(srcdir)/"$$hf" $(DESTDIR)$(headersdir)/$$hf; \ + done + @for hf in $(INSTALLED_INCFILES) ; do \ + ${INSTALL_DATA} $(BASHINCDIR)/"$$hf" $(DESTDIR)$(headersdir)/include/$$hf; \ + done + @for hf in $(INSTALLED_BUILTINS_HEADERS) ; do \ + ${INSTALL_DATA} $(BUILTIN_SRCDIR)/"$$hf" $(DESTDIR)$(headersdir)/builtins/$$hf; \ + done + @for hf in $(CREATED_HEADERS) ; do \ + ${INSTALL_DATA} $(BUILD_DIR)/"$$hf" $(DESTDIR)$(headersdir)/$$hf; \ + done + $(INSTALL_DATA) $(SDIR)/bash.pc $(DESTDIR)$(libdir)/pkgconfig/bash.pc + +uninstall-headers: + -( cd $(DESTDIR)$(headersdir) && $(RM) $(INSTALLED_HEADERS) ) + -( cd $(DESTDIR)$(headersdir)/include && $(RM) $(INSTALLED_INCFILES) ) + -( cd $(DESTDIR)$(headersdir)/builtins && $(RM) $(INSTALLED_BUILTINS_HEADERS) ) + -( cd $(DESTDIR)$(headersdir) && $(RM) $(CREATED_HEADERS) ) + -( $(RM) $(DESTDIR)$(libdir)/pkgconfig/bash.pc ) + uninstall: .made $(RM) $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/$(Program) $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/bashbug -( cd $(DESTDIR)$(docdir) && ${RM} ${OTHER_INSTALLED_DOCS} ) @@ -788,6 +842,7 @@ uninstall: .made man3dir=$(man3dir) man3ext=$(man3ext) \ infodir=$(infodir) htmldir=$(htmldir) DESTDIR=$(DESTDIR) $@ ) -( cd $(PO_DIR) ; $(MAKE) $(MFLAGS) DESTDIR=$(DESTDIR) $@ ) + -( cd $(LOADABLES_DIR) && $(MAKE) $(MFLAGS) DESTDIR=$(DESTDIR) $@ ) .PHONY: basic-clean clean realclean maintainer-clean distclean mostlyclean maybe-clean @@ -806,6 +861,7 @@ clean: basic-clean (cd $$libdir && test -f Makefile && $(MAKE) $(MFLAGS) $@) ;\ done -( cd $(PO_DIR) ; $(MAKE) $(MFLAGS) DESTDIR=$(DESTDIR) $@ ) + -( cd $(LOADABLES_DIR) && $(MAKE) $(MFLAGS) DESTDIR=$(DESTDIR) $@ ) $(RM) $(CREATED_SUPPORT) mostlyclean: basic-clean @@ -816,6 +872,7 @@ mostlyclean: basic-clean (cd $$libdir && test -f Makefile && $(MAKE) $(MFLAGS) $@) ;\ done -( cd $(PO_DIR) ; $(MAKE) $(MFLAGS) DESTDIR=$(DESTDIR) $@ ) + -( cd $(LOADABLES_DIR) && $(MAKE) $(MFLAGS) DESTDIR=$(DESTDIR) $@ ) distclean: basic-clean maybe-clean ( cd $(DOCDIR) && $(MAKE) $(MFLAGS) $@ ) @@ -825,6 +882,7 @@ distclean: basic-clean maybe-clean (cd $$libdir && test -f Makefile && $(MAKE) $(MFLAGS) $@) ;\ done -( cd $(PO_DIR) ; $(MAKE) $(MFLAGS) DESTDIR=$(DESTDIR) $@ ) + -( cd $(LOADABLES_DIR) && $(MAKE) $(MFLAGS) DESTDIR=$(DESTDIR) $@ ) $(RM) $(CREATED_CONFIGURE) tags TAGS $(RM) $(CREATED_SUPPORT) Makefile $(CREATED_MAKEFILES) pathnames.h @@ -839,6 +897,7 @@ maintainer-clean: basic-clean (cd $$libdir && test -f Makefile && $(MAKE) $(MFLAGS) $@) ;\ done -( cd $(PO_DIR) ; $(MAKE) $(MFLAGS) DESTDIR=$(DESTDIR) $@ ) + -( cd $(LOADABLES_DIR) && $(MAKE) $(MFLAGS) DESTDIR=$(DESTDIR) $@ ) $(RM) $(CREATED_CONFIGURE) $(CREATED_MAKEFILES) $(RM) $(CREATED_SUPPORT) Makefile pathnames.h @@ -871,9 +930,11 @@ symlinks: dist: force @echo Bash distributions are created using $(srcdir)/support/mkdist. @echo Here is a sample of the necessary commands: - @echo $(Program) $(srcdir)/support/mkdist -m $(srcdir)/MANIFEST -s $(srcdir) -r ${PACKAGE} $(PACKAGE_VERSION) - @echo tar cf $(PACKAGE)-${PACKAGE_VERSION}.tar ${PACKAGE}-$(PACKAGE_VERSION) - @echo gzip $(PACKAGE)-$(PACKAGE_VERSION).tar + @echo $(Program) $(srcdir)/support/mkdist -m $(srcdir)/MANIFEST -s $(srcdir) -r ${PACKAGE} -t $(PACKAGE_VERSION) + +xdist: force + ( cd $(DOCDIR) && $(MAKE) $(MFLAGS) $@ ) + ( cd po && $(MAKE) $(MFLAGS) $@ ) depend: depends @@ -882,7 +943,7 @@ depends: force #### PRIVATE TARGETS #### hashtest: hashlib.c - $(CC) -DTEST_HASHING $(CCFLAGS) -o $@ $(srcdir)/hashlib.c + $(CC) -DTEST_HASHING $(CCFLAGS) $(TEST_NBUCKETS) -o $@ $(srcdir)/hashlib.c xmalloc.o $(INTL_LIB) ############################ DEPENDENCIES ############################### @@ -937,6 +998,7 @@ execute_cmd.o: ${BASHINCDIR}/memalloc.h ${GRAM_H} flags.h builtins.h jobs.h quit execute_cmd.o: execute_cmd.h findcmd.h redir.h trap.h test.h pathexp.h execute_cmd.o: $(DEFSRC)/common.h ${DEFDIR}/builtext.h ${GLOB_LIBSRC}/strmatch.h execute_cmd.o: ${BASHINCDIR}/posixtime.h ${BASHINCDIR}/chartypes.h +execute_cmd.o: $(DEFSRC)/getopt.h expr.o: config.h bashansi.h ${BASHINCDIR}/ansi_stdlib.h expr.o: shell.h syntax.h config.h bashjmp.h ${BASHINCDIR}/posixjmp.h command.h ${BASHINCDIR}/stdc.h error.h expr.o: general.h xmalloc.h bashtypes.h variables.h arrayfunc.h conftypes.h array.h hashlib.h @@ -965,6 +1027,7 @@ hashcmd.o: config.h ${BASHINCDIR}/posixstat.h bashtypes.h bashansi.h ${BASHINCDI hashcmd.o: shell.h syntax.h config.h bashjmp.h ${BASHINCDIR}/posixjmp.h command.h ${BASHINCDIR}/stdc.h error.h hashcmd.o: general.h xmalloc.h bashtypes.h variables.h arrayfunc.h conftypes.h array.h hashcmd.h hashcmd.o: execute_cmd.h findcmd.h ${BASHINCDIR}/stdc.h pathnames.h hashlib.h +hashcmd.o: quit.h sig.h hashlib.o: config.h bashansi.h ${BASHINCDIR}/ansi_stdlib.h hashlib.o: shell.h syntax.h config.h bashjmp.h ${BASHINCDIR}/posixjmp.h command.h ${BASHINCDIR}/stdc.h error.h hashlib.o: general.h xmalloc.h bashtypes.h variables.h arrayfunc.h conftypes.h array.h hashlib.h @@ -993,7 +1056,7 @@ mailcheck.o: execute_cmd.h mailcheck.h make_cmd.o: config.h bashtypes.h ${BASHINCDIR}/filecntl.h bashansi.h make_cmd.o: command.h ${BASHINCDIR}/stdc.h general.h xmalloc.h error.h flags.h make_cmd.h make_cmd.o: variables.h arrayfunc.h conftypes.h array.h hashlib.h subst.h input.h externs.h -make_cmd.o: jobs.h quit.h siglist.h syntax.h dispose_cmd.h parser.h +make_cmd.o: jobs.h quit.h sig.h siglist.h syntax.h dispose_cmd.h parser.h make_cmd.o: ${BASHINCDIR}/shmbutil.h ${BASHINCDIR}/shmbchar.h ${BASHINCDIR}/ocache.h y.tab.o: config.h bashtypes.h bashansi.h ${BASHINCDIR}/ansi_stdlib.h ${BASHINCDIR}/memalloc.h y.tab.o: shell.h syntax.h config.h bashjmp.h ${BASHINCDIR}/posixjmp.h command.h ${BASHINCDIR}/stdc.h error.h @@ -1015,6 +1078,7 @@ print_cmd.o: shell.h syntax.h config.h bashjmp.h ${BASHINCDIR}/posixjmp.h comman print_cmd.o: general.h xmalloc.h bashtypes.h variables.h arrayfunc.h conftypes.h array.h hashlib.h print_cmd.o: quit.h ${BASHINCDIR}/maxpath.h unwind_prot.h dispose_cmd.h print_cmd.o: make_cmd.h subst.h sig.h pathnames.h externs.h +print_cmd.o: ${BASHINCDIR}/shmbutil.h ${BASHINCDIR}/shmbchar.h print_cmd.o: ${GRAM_H} $(DEFSRC)/common.h redir.o: config.h bashtypes.h ${BASHINCDIR}/posixstat.h bashansi.h ${BASHINCDIR}/ansi_stdlib.h ${BASHINCDIR}/filecntl.h redir.o: ${BASHINCDIR}/memalloc.h shell.h syntax.h bashjmp.h ${BASHINCDIR}/posixjmp.h command.h ${BASHINCDIR}/stdc.h error.h @@ -1143,6 +1207,7 @@ pcomplete.o: ${BASHINCDIR}/stdc.h hashlib.h pcomplete.h shell.h syntax.h pcomplete.o: bashjmp.h command.h general.h xmalloc.h error.h variables.h arrayfunc.h conftypes.h quit.h pcomplete.o: unwind_prot.h dispose_cmd.h make_cmd.h subst.h sig.h pathnames.h pcomplete.o: externs.h ${BASHINCDIR}/maxpath.h execute_cmd.h +pcomplete.o: ${BASHINCDIR}/shmbutil.h ${BASHINCDIR}/shmbchar.h pcomplete.o: ${DEFDIR}/builtext.h # library support files @@ -1171,6 +1236,7 @@ bracecomp.o: general.h xmalloc.h bashtypes.h variables.h arrayfunc.h conftypes.h bracecomp.o: array.h hashlib.h alias.h builtins.h bracecomp.o: quit.h ${BASHINCDIR}/maxpath.h unwind_prot.h dispose_cmd.h bracecomp.o: make_cmd.h subst.h sig.h pathnames.h externs.h +bracecomp.o: ${BASHINCDIR}/shmbutil.h ${BASHINCDIR}/shmbchar.h # library dependencies @@ -1302,7 +1368,7 @@ builtins/command.o: dispose_cmd.h make_cmd.h subst.h externs.h ${BASHINCDIR}/std builtins/declare.o: command.h config.h ${BASHINCDIR}/memalloc.h error.h general.h xmalloc.h ${BASHINCDIR}/maxpath.h builtins/declare.o: shell.h syntax.h bashjmp.h ${BASHINCDIR}/posixjmp.h sig.h unwind_prot.h variables.h arrayfunc.h conftypes.h quit.h builtins/declare.o: dispose_cmd.h make_cmd.h subst.h externs.h ${BASHINCDIR}/stdc.h -builtins/declare.o: $(DEFSRC)/bashgetopt.h pathnames.h +builtins/declare.o: $(DEFSRC)/bashgetopt.h pathnames.h flags.h builtins/echo.o: command.h config.h ${BASHINCDIR}/memalloc.h error.h general.h xmalloc.h ${BASHINCDIR}/maxpath.h builtins/echo.o: shell.h syntax.h bashjmp.h ${BASHINCDIR}/posixjmp.h sig.h unwind_prot.h variables.h arrayfunc.h conftypes.h quit.h builtins/echo.o: dispose_cmd.h make_cmd.h subst.h externs.h ${BASHINCDIR}/stdc.h @@ -1377,6 +1443,7 @@ builtins/printf.o: config.h ${BASHINCDIR}/memalloc.h bashjmp.h command.h error.h builtins/printf.o: general.h xmalloc.h quit.h dispose_cmd.h make_cmd.h subst.h builtins/printf.o: externs.h sig.h pathnames.h shell.h syntax.h unwind_prot.h builtins/printf.o: variables.h arrayfunc.h conftypes.h ${BASHINCDIR}/stdc.h $(DEFSRC)/bashgetopt.h +builtins/printf.o: ${BASHINCDIR}/shmbutil.h ${BASHINCDIR}/shmbchar.h builtins/printf.o: ${BASHINCDIR}/chartypes.h builtins/pushd.o: command.h config.h ${BASHINCDIR}/memalloc.h error.h general.h xmalloc.h ${BASHINCDIR}/maxpath.h builtins/pushd.o: quit.h dispose_cmd.h make_cmd.h subst.h externs.h ${BASHINCDIR}/stdc.h @@ -1385,6 +1452,7 @@ builtins/pushd.o: $(DEFSRC)/common.h pathnames.h builtins/read.o: command.h config.h ${BASHINCDIR}/memalloc.h error.h general.h xmalloc.h ${BASHINCDIR}/maxpath.h builtins/read.o: quit.h dispose_cmd.h make_cmd.h subst.h externs.h ${BASHINCDIR}/stdc.h builtins/read.o: shell.h syntax.h bashjmp.h ${BASHINCDIR}/posixjmp.h sig.h unwind_prot.h variables.h arrayfunc.h conftypes.h +builtins/read.o: ${BASHINCDIR}/shmbutil.h ${BASHINCDIR}/shmbchar.h builtins/read.o: pathnames.h builtins/return.o: command.h config.h ${BASHINCDIR}/memalloc.h error.h general.h xmalloc.h ${BASHINCDIR}/maxpath.h builtins/return.o: quit.h dispose_cmd.h make_cmd.h subst.h externs.h ${BASHINCDIR}/stdc.h @@ -1398,7 +1466,7 @@ builtins/setattr.o: command.h config.h ${BASHINCDIR}/memalloc.h error.h general. builtins/setattr.o: quit.h $(DEFSRC)/common.h $(DEFSRC)/bashgetopt.h builtins/setattr.o: shell.h syntax.h bashjmp.h ${BASHINCDIR}/posixjmp.h sig.h unwind_prot.h variables.h arrayfunc.h conftypes.h builtins/setattr.o: dispose_cmd.h make_cmd.h subst.h externs.h ${BASHINCDIR}/stdc.h -builtins/setattr.o: pathnames.h +builtins/setattr.o: pathnames.h flags.h builtins/shift.o: command.h config.h ${BASHINCDIR}/memalloc.h error.h general.h xmalloc.h ${BASHINCDIR}/maxpath.h builtins/shift.o: quit.h dispose_cmd.h make_cmd.h subst.h externs.h ${BASHINCDIR}/stdc.h builtins/shift.o: shell.h syntax.h bashjmp.h ${BASHINCDIR}/posixjmp.h sig.h unwind_prot.h variables.h arrayfunc.h conftypes.h @@ -1452,7 +1520,8 @@ builtins/wait.o: ${BASHINCDIR}/chartypes.h pathnames.h builtins/complete.o: config.h shell.h syntax.h bashjmp.h ${BASHINCDIR}/posixjmp.h sig.h builtins/complete.o: unwind_prot.h variables.h arrayfunc.h conftypes.h builtins/complete.o: bashtypes.h bashansi.h ${BASHINCDIR}/ansi_stdlib.h -builtins/complete.o: builtins.h pathnames.h +builtins/complete.o: builtins.h pathnames.h general.h +builtins/complete.o: bashtypes.h ${BASHINCDIR}/chartypes.h xmalloc.h builtins/complete.o: pcomplete.h builtins/complete.o: ${DEFSRC}/common.h ${DEFSRC}/bashgetopt.h builtins/mapfile.o: command.h config.h ${BASHINCDIR}/memalloc.h error.h general.h xmalloc.h ${BASHINCDIR}/maxpath.h diff --git a/NEWS b/NEWS index 0cc3c45eb..931dc846b 100644 --- a/NEWS +++ b/NEWS @@ -1,3 +1,227 @@ +This is a terse description of the new features added to bash-4.4 since +the release of bash-4.3. As always, the manual page (doc/bash.1) is +the place to look for complete descriptions. + +1. New Features in Bash + +a. There is now a settable configuration #define that will cause the shell + to exit if the shell is running setuid without the -p option and setuid + to the real uid fails. + +b. Command and process substitutions now turn off the `-v' option when + executing, as other shells seem to do. + +c. The default value for the `checkhash' shell option may now be set at + compile time with a #define. + +d. The `mapfile' builtin now has a -d option to use an arbitrary character + as the record delimiter, and a -t option to strip the delimiter as + supplied with -d. + +e. The maximum number of nested recursive calls to `eval' is now settable in + config-top.h; the default is no limit. + +f. The `-p' option to declare and similar builtins will display attributes for + named variables even when those variables have not been assigned values + (which are technically unset). + +g. The maximum number of nested recursive calls to `source' is now settable + in config-top.h; the default is no limit. + +h. All builtin commands recognize the `--help' option and print a usage + summary. + +i. Bash does not allow function names containing `/' and `=' to be exported. + +j. The `ulimit' builtin has new -k (kqueues) and -P (pseudoterminals) options. + +k. The shell now allows `time ; othercommand' to time null commands. + +l. There is a new `--enable-function-import' configuration option to allow + importing shell functions from the environment; import is enabled by + default. + +m. `printf -v var ""' will now set `var' to the empty string, as if `var=""' + had been executed. + +n. GLOBIGNORE, the pattern substitution word expansion, and programmable + completion match filtering now honor the value of the `nocasematch' option. + +o. There is a new ${parameter@spec} family of operators to transform the + value of `parameter'. + +p. Bash no longer attempts to perform compound assignment if a variable on the + rhs of an assignment statement argument to `declare' has the form of a + compound assignment (e.g., w='(word)' ; declare foo=$w); compound + assignments are accepted if the variable was already declared as an array, + but with a warning. + +q. The declare builtin no longer displays array variables using the compound + assignment syntax with quotes; that will generate warnings when re-used as + input, and isn't necessary. + +r. Executing the rhs of && and || will no longer cause the shell to fork if + it's not necessary. + +s. The `local' builtin takes a new argument: `-', which will cause it to save + and the single-letter shell options and restore their previous values at + function return. + +t. `complete' and `compgen' have a new `-o nosort' option, which forces + readline to not sort the completion matches. + +u. Bash now allows waiting for the most recent process substitution, since it + appears as $!. + +v. The `unset' builtin now unsets a scalar variable if it is subscripted with + a `0', analogous to the ${var[0]} expansion. + +w. `set -i' is no longer valid, as in other shells. + +x. BASH_SUBSHELL is now updated for process substitution and group commands + in pipelines, and is available with the same value when running any exit + trap. + +y. Bash now checks $INSIDE_EMACS as well as $EMACS when deciding whether or + not bash is being run in a GNU Emacs shell window. + +z. Bash now treats SIGINT received when running a non-builtin command in a + loop the way it has traditionally treated running a builtin command: + running any trap handler and breaking out of the loop. + +aa. New variable: EXECIGNORE; a colon-separate list of patterns that will + cause matching filenames to be ignored when searching for commands. + +bb. Aliases whose value ends in a shell metacharacter now expand in a way to + allow them to be `pasted' to the next token, which can potentially change + the meaning of a command (e.g., turning `&' into `&&'). + +cc. `make install' now installs the example loadable builtins and a set of + bash headers to use when developing new loadable builtins. + +dd. `enable -f' now attempts to call functions named BUILTIN_builtin_load when + loading BUILTIN, and BUILTIN_builtin_unload when deleting it. This allows + loadable builtins to run initialization and cleanup code. + +ee. There is a new BASH_LOADABLES_PATH variable containing a list of directories + where the `enable -f' command looks for shared objects containing loadable + builtins. + +ff. The `complete_fullquote' option to `shopt' changes filename completion to + quote all shell metacharacters in filenames and directory names. + +gg. The `kill' builtin now has a `-L' option, equivalent to `-l', for + compatibility with Linux standalone versions of kill. + +hh. BASH_COMPAT and FUNCNEST can be inherited and set from the shell's initial + environment. + +ii. inherit_errexit: a new `shopt' option that, when set, causes command + substitutions to inherit the -e option. By default, those subshells disable + -e. It's enabled as part of turning on posix mode. + +jj. New prompt string: PS0. Expanded and displayed by interactive shells after + reading a complete command but before executing it. + +kk. Interactive shells now behave as if SIGTSTP/SIGTTIN/SIGTTOU are set to + SIG_DFL when the shell is started, so they are set to SIG_DFL in child + processes. + +ll. Posix-mode shells now allow double quotes to quote the history expansion + character. + +mm. OLDPWD can be inherited from the environment if it names a directory. + +nn. Shells running as root no longer inherit PS4 from the environment, closing + a security hole involving PS4 expansion performing command substitution. + +oo. If executing an implicit `cd' when the `autocd' option is set, bash will + now invoke a function named `cd' if one exists before executing the `cd' + builtin. + +pp. Value conversions (arithmetic expansions, case modification, etc.) now + happen when assigning elements of an array using compound assignment. + +qq. There is a new option settable in config-top.h that makes multiple + directory arguments to `cd' a fatal error. + +rr. Bash now uses mktemp() when creating internal temporary files; it produces + a warning at build time on many Linux systems. + +2. New Features in Readline + +a. The history truncation code now uses the same error recovery mechansim as + the history writing code, and restores the old version of the history file + on error. The error recovery mechanism handles symlinked history files. + +b. There is a new bindable variable, `enable-bracketed-paste', which enables + support for a terminal's bracketed paste mode. + +c. The editing mode indicators can now be strings and are user-settable + (new `emacs-mode-string', `vi-cmd-mode-string' and `vi-ins-mode-string' + variables). Mode strings can contain invisible character sequences. + Setting mode strings to null strings restores the defaults. + +d. Prompt expansion adds the mode string to the last line of a multi-line + prompt (one with embedded newlines). + +e. There is a new bindable variable, `colored-completion-prefix', which, if + set, causes the common prefix of a set of possible completions to be + displayed in color. + +f. There is a new bindable command `vi-yank-pop', a vi-mode version of emacs- + mode yank-pop. + +g. The redisplay code underwent several efficiency improvements for multibyte + locales. + +h. The insert-char function attempts to batch-insert all pending typeahead + that maps to self-insert, as long as it is coming from the terminal. + +i. rl_callback_sigcleanup: a new application function that can clean up and + unset any state set by readline's callback mode. Intended to be used + after a signal. + +j. If an incremental search string has its last character removed with DEL, the + resulting empty search string no longer matches the previous line. + +k. If readline reads a history file that begins with `#' (or the value of + the history comment character) and has enabled history timestamps, the + history entries are assumed to be delimited by timestamps. This allows + multi-line history entries. + +l. Readline now throws an error if it parses a key binding without a + terminating `:' or whitespace. + +m. The default binding for ^W in vi mode now uses word boundaries specified + by Posix (vi-unix-word-rubout is bindable command name). + +n. rl_clear_visible_line: new application-callable function; clears all + screen lines occupied by the current visible readline line. + +o. rl_tty_set_echoing: application-callable function that controls whether + or not readline thinks it is echoing terminal output. + +p. Handle >| and strings of digits preceding and following redirection + specifications as single tokens when tokenizing the line for history + expansion. + +q. Fixed a bug with displaying completions when the prefix display length + is greater than the length of the completions to be displayed. + +r. The :p history modifier now applies to the entire line, so any expansion + specifying :p causes the line to be printed instead of expanded. + +s. New application-callable function: rl_pending_signal(): returns the signal + number of any signal readline has caught but not yet handled. + +t. New application-settable variable: rl_persistent_signal_handlers: if set + to a non-zero value, readline will enable the readline-6.2 signal handler + behavior in callback mode: handlers are installed when + rl_callback_handler_install is called and removed removed when a complete + line has been read. + +------------------------------------------------------------------------------- This is a terse description of the new features added to bash-4.3 since the release of bash-4.2. As always, the manual page (doc/bash.1) is the place to look for complete descriptions. diff --git a/NOTES b/NOTES index b6b06a437..414e7732e 100644 --- a/NOTES +++ b/NOTES @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -Platform-Specific Configuration and Operation Notes -=================================================== +Platform-Specific Configuration and Operation Notes [somewhat dated] +==================================================================== 1. configure --without-gnu-malloc on: diff --git a/POSIX b/POSIX index fe830f0ef..84ab6bea6 100644 --- a/POSIX +++ b/POSIX @@ -1,216 +1,228 @@ 6.11 Bash POSIX Mode ==================== -Starting Bash with the `--posix' command-line option or executing `set +Starting Bash with the '--posix' command-line option or executing 'set -o posix' while Bash is running will cause Bash to conform more closely to the POSIX standard by changing the behavior to match that specified by POSIX in areas where the Bash default differs. -When invoked as `sh', Bash enters POSIX mode after reading the startup +When invoked as 'sh', Bash enters POSIX mode after reading the startup files. -The following list is what's changed when `POSIX mode' is in effect: +The following list is what's changed when 'POSIX mode' is in effect: 1. When a command in the hash table no longer exists, Bash will - re-search `$PATH' to find the new location. This is also - available with `shopt -s checkhash'. + re-search '$PATH' to find the new location. This is also available + with 'shopt -s checkhash'. 2. The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job - exits with a non-zero status is `Done(status)'. + exits with a non-zero status is 'Done(status)'. 3. The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job - is stopped is `Stopped(SIGNAME)', where SIGNAME is, for example, - `SIGTSTP'. + is stopped is 'Stopped(SIGNAME)', where SIGNAME is, for example, + 'SIGTSTP'. - 4. The `bg' builtin uses the required format to describe each job - placed in the background, which does not include an indication of - whether the job is the current or previous job. + 4. Alias expansion is always enabled, even in non-interactive shells. 5. Reserved words appearing in a context where reserved words are recognized do not undergo alias expansion. - 6. The POSIX `PS1' and `PS2' expansions of `!' to the history number - and `!!' to `!' are enabled, and parameter expansion is performed - on the values of `PS1' and `PS2' regardless of the setting of the - `promptvars' option. + 6. The POSIX 'PS1' and 'PS2' expansions of '!' to the history number + and '!!' to '!' are enabled, and parameter expansion is performed + on the values of 'PS1' and 'PS2' regardless of the setting of the + 'promptvars' option. - 7. The POSIX startup files are executed (`$ENV') rather than the + 7. The POSIX startup files are executed ('$ENV') rather than the normal Bash files. 8. Tilde expansion is only performed on assignments preceding a command name, rather than on all assignment statements on the line. - 9. The `command' builtin does not prevent builtins that take - assignment statements as arguments from expanding them as - assignment statements; when not in POSIX mode, assignment builtins - lose their assignment statement expansion properties when preceded - by `command'. + 9. The default history file is '~/.sh_history' (this is the default + value of '$HISTFILE'). - 10. The default history file is `~/.sh_history' (this is the default - value of `$HISTFILE'). + 10. Redirection operators do not perform filename expansion on the + word in the redirection unless the shell is interactive. - 11. The output of `kill -l' prints all the signal names on a single - line, separated by spaces, without the `SIG' prefix. - - 12. The `kill' builtin does not accept signal names with a `SIG' - prefix. - - 13. Non-interactive shells exit if FILENAME in `.' FILENAME is not - found. - - 14. Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic - expansion results in an invalid expression. - - 15. Non-interactive shells exit if there is a syntax error in a script - read with the `.' or `source' builtins, or in a string processed by - the `eval' builtin. - - 16. Redirection operators do not perform filename expansion on the word - in the redirection unless the shell is interactive. - - 17. Redirection operators do not perform word splitting on the word in + 11. Redirection operators do not perform word splitting on the word in the redirection. - 18. Function names must be valid shell `name's. That is, they may not + 12. Function names must be valid shell 'name's. That is, they may not contain characters other than letters, digits, and underscores, and may not start with a digit. Declaring a function with an invalid name causes a fatal syntax error in non-interactive shells. - 19. Function names may not be the same as one of the POSIX special + 13. Function names may not be the same as one of the POSIX special builtins. - 20. POSIX special builtins are found before shell functions during + 14. POSIX special builtins are found before shell functions during command lookup. - 21. The `time' reserved word may be used by itself as a command. When + 15. Literal tildes that appear as the first character in elements of + the 'PATH' variable are not expanded as described above under *note + Tilde Expansion::. + + 16. The 'time' reserved word may be used by itself as a command. When used in this way, it displays timing statistics for the shell and - its completed children. The `TIMEFORMAT' variable controls the + its completed children. The 'TIMEFORMAT' variable controls the format of the timing information. - 22. When parsing and expanding a ${...} expansion that appears within + 17. When parsing and expanding a ${...} expansion that appears within double quotes, single quotes are no longer special and cannot be used to quote a closing brace or other special character, unless the operator is one of those defined to perform pattern removal. In this case, they do not have to appear as matched pairs. - 23. The parser does not recognize `time' as a reserved word if the next - token begins with a `-'. + 18. The parser does not recognize 'time' as a reserved word if the + next token begins with a '-'. - 24. If a POSIX special builtin returns an error status, a + 19. The '!' character does not introduce history expansion within a + double-quoted string, even if the 'histexpand' option is enabled. + + 20. If a POSIX special builtin returns an error status, a non-interactive shell exits. The fatal errors are those listed in the POSIX standard, and include things like passing incorrect options, redirection errors, variable assignment errors for assignments preceding the command name, and so on. - 25. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable + 21. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable assignment error occurs when no command name follows the assignment statements. A variable assignment error occurs, for example, when trying to assign a value to a readonly variable. - 26. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable + 22. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable assignment error occurs in an assignment statement preceding a special builtin, but not with any other simple command. - 27. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if the iteration - variable in a `for' statement or the selection variable in a - `select' statement is a readonly variable. + 23. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if the + iteration variable in a 'for' statement or the selection variable + in a 'select' statement is a readonly variable. + + 24. Non-interactive shells exit if FILENAME in '.' FILENAME is not + found. + + 25. Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic + expansion results in an invalid expression. + + 26. Non-interactive shells exit on word expansion errors. + + 27. Non-interactive shells exit if there is a syntax error in a script + read with the '.' or 'source' builtins, or in a string processed by + the 'eval' builtin. - 28. Process substitution is not available. + 28. Process substitution is not available. - 29. While variable indirection is available, it may not be applied to - the `#' and `?' special parameters. + 29. While variable indirection is available, it may not be applied to + the '#' and '?' special parameters. - 30. Assignment statements preceding POSIX special builtins persist in + 30. Assignment statements preceding POSIX special builtins persist in the shell environment after the builtin completes. - 31. Assignment statements preceding shell function calls persist in the - shell environment after the function returns, as if a POSIX + 31. Assignment statements preceding shell function calls persist in + the shell environment after the function returns, as if a POSIX special builtin command had been executed. - 32. The `export' and `readonly' builtin commands display their output + 32. The 'command' builtin does not prevent builtins that take + assignment statements as arguments from expanding them as + assignment statements; when not in POSIX mode, assignment builtins + lose their assignment statement expansion properties when preceded + by 'command'. + + 33. The 'bg' builtin uses the required format to describe each job + placed in the background, which does not include an indication of + whether the job is the current or previous job. + + 34. The output of 'kill -l' prints all the signal names on a single + line, separated by spaces, without the 'SIG' prefix. + + 35. The 'kill' builtin does not accept signal names with a 'SIG' + prefix. + + 36. The 'export' and 'readonly' builtin commands display their output in the format required by POSIX. - 33. The `trap' builtin displays signal names without the leading `SIG'. + 37. The 'trap' builtin displays signal names without the leading + 'SIG'. - 34. The `trap' builtin doesn't check the first argument for a possible + 38. The 'trap' builtin doesn't check the first argument for a possible signal specification and revert the signal handling to the original disposition if it is, unless that argument consists solely of digits and is a valid signal number. If users want to reset the - handler for a given signal to the original disposition, they - should use `-' as the first argument. + handler for a given signal to the original disposition, they should + use '-' as the first argument. - 35. The `.' and `source' builtins do not search the current directory - for the filename argument if it is not found by searching `PATH'. + 39. The '.' and 'source' builtins do not search the current directory + for the filename argument if it is not found by searching 'PATH'. - 36. Subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the - value of the `-e' option from the parent shell. When not in POSIX - mode, Bash clears the `-e' option in such subshells. + 40. Enabling POSIX mode has the effect of setting the + 'inherit_errexit' option, so subshells spawned to execute command + substitutions inherit the value of the '-e' option from the parent + shell. When the 'inherit_errexit' option is not enabled, Bash + clears the '-e' option in such subshells. - 37. Alias expansion is always enabled, even in non-interactive shells. - - 38. When the `alias' builtin displays alias definitions, it does not - display them with a leading `alias ' unless the `-p' option is + 41. When the 'alias' builtin displays alias definitions, it does not + display them with a leading 'alias ' unless the '-p' option is supplied. - 39. When the `set' builtin is invoked without options, it does not + 42. When the 'set' builtin is invoked without options, it does not display shell function names and definitions. - 40. When the `set' builtin is invoked without options, it displays + 43. When the 'set' builtin is invoked without options, it displays variable values without quotes, unless they contain shell metacharacters, even if the result contains nonprinting characters. - 41. When the `cd' builtin is invoked in LOGICAL mode, and the pathname - constructed from `$PWD' and the directory name supplied as an - argument does not refer to an existing directory, `cd' will fail + 44. When the 'cd' builtin is invoked in LOGICAL mode, and the pathname + constructed from '$PWD' and the directory name supplied as an + argument does not refer to an existing directory, 'cd' will fail instead of falling back to PHYSICAL mode. - 42. The `pwd' builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as + 45. The 'pwd' builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as the current directory, even if it is not asked to check the file - system with the `-P' option. + system with the '-P' option. - 43. When listing the history, the `fc' builtin does not include an + 46. When listing the history, the 'fc' builtin does not include an indication of whether or not a history entry has been modified. - 44. The default editor used by `fc' is `ed'. + 47. The default editor used by 'fc' is 'ed'. - 45. The `type' and `command' builtins will not report a non-executable - file as having been found, though the shell will attempt to - execute such a file if it is the only so-named file found in - `$PATH'. + 48. The 'type' and 'command' builtins will not report a non-executable + file as having been found, though the shell will attempt to execute + such a file if it is the only so-named file found in '$PATH'. - 46. The `vi' editing mode will invoke the `vi' editor directly when - the `v' command is run, instead of checking `$VISUAL' and - `$EDITOR'. + 49. The 'vi' editing mode will invoke the 'vi' editor directly when + the 'v' command is run, instead of checking '$VISUAL' and + '$EDITOR'. - 47. When the `xpg_echo' option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to - interpret any arguments to `echo' as options. Each argument is + 50. When the 'xpg_echo' option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to + interpret any arguments to 'echo' as options. Each argument is displayed, after escape characters are converted. - 48. The `ulimit' builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the `-c' - and `-f' options. + 51. The 'ulimit' builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the '-c' + and '-f' options. - 49. The arrival of `SIGCHLD' when a trap is set on `SIGCHLD' does not - interrupt the `wait' builtin and cause it to return immediately. + 52. The arrival of 'SIGCHLD' when a trap is set on 'SIGCHLD' does not + interrupt the 'wait' builtin and cause it to return immediately. The trap command is run once for each child that exits. - 50. The `read' builtin may be interrupted by a signal for which a trap + 53. The 'read' builtin may be interrupted by a signal for which a trap has been set. If Bash receives a trapped signal while executing - `read', the trap handler executes and `read' returns an exit - status greater than 128. + 'read', the trap handler executes and 'read' returns an exit status + greater than 128. + 54. Bash removes an exited background process's status from the list + of such statuses after the 'wait' builtin is used to obtain it. There is other POSIX behavior that Bash does not implement by default even when in POSIX mode. Specifically: - 1. The `fc' builtin checks `$EDITOR' as a program to edit history - entries if `FCEDIT' is unset, rather than defaulting directly to - `ed'. `fc' uses `ed' if `EDITOR' is unset. - - 2. As noted above, Bash requires the `xpg_echo' option to be enabled - for the `echo' builtin to be fully conformant. + 1. The 'fc' builtin checks '$EDITOR' as a program to edit history + entries if 'FCEDIT' is unset, rather than defaulting directly to + 'ed'. 'fc' uses 'ed' if 'EDITOR' is unset. + 2. As noted above, Bash requires the 'xpg_echo' option to be enabled + for the 'echo' builtin to be fully conformant. Bash can be configured to be POSIX-conformant by default, by specifying -the `--enable-strict-posix-default' to `configure' when building (*note +the '--enable-strict-posix-default' to 'configure' when building (*note Optional Features::). diff --git a/RBASH b/RBASH index 0e5c10b3e..9478fc64f 100644 --- a/RBASH +++ b/RBASH @@ -1,49 +1,37 @@ 6.10 The Restricted Shell ========================= -If Bash is started with the name `rbash', or the `--restricted' or `-r' +If Bash is started with the name 'rbash', or the '--restricted' or '-r' option is supplied at invocation, the shell becomes restricted. A restricted shell is used to set up an environment more controlled than -the standard shell. A restricted shell behaves identically to `bash' +the standard shell. A restricted shell behaves identically to 'bash' with the exception that the following are disallowed or not performed: - * Changing directories with the `cd' builtin. - - * Setting or unsetting the values of the `SHELL', `PATH', `ENV', or - `BASH_ENV' variables. - + * Changing directories with the 'cd' builtin. + * Setting or unsetting the values of the 'SHELL', 'PATH', 'ENV', or + 'BASH_ENV' variables. * Specifying command names containing slashes. - - * Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the `.' + * Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the '.' builtin command. - - * Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the `-p' - option to the `hash' builtin command. - + * Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the '-p' + option to the 'hash' builtin command. * Importing function definitions from the shell environment at startup. - - * Parsing the value of `SHELLOPTS' from the shell environment at + * Parsing the value of 'SHELLOPTS' from the shell environment at startup. - - * Redirecting output using the `>', `>|', `<>', `>&', `&>', and `>>' + * Redirecting output using the '>', '>|', '<>', '>&', '&>', and '>>' redirection operators. - - * Using the `exec' builtin to replace the shell with another command. - - * Adding or deleting builtin commands with the `-f' and `-d' options - to the `enable' builtin. - - * Using the `enable' builtin command to enable disabled shell + * Using the 'exec' builtin to replace the shell with another command. + * Adding or deleting builtin commands with the '-f' and '-d' options + to the 'enable' builtin. + * Using the 'enable' builtin command to enable disabled shell builtins. - - * Specifying the `-p' option to the `command' builtin. - - * Turning off restricted mode with `set +r' or `set +o restricted'. + * Specifying the '-p' option to the 'command' builtin. + * Turning off restricted mode with 'set +r' or 'set +o restricted'. These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read. When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed (*note -Shell Scripts::), `rbash' turns off any restrictions in the shell +Shell Scripts::), 'rbash' turns off any restrictions in the shell spawned to execute the script. diff --git a/README b/README index db097774c..ad87aa8a6 100644 --- a/README +++ b/README @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ Introduction ============ -This is GNU Bash, version 4.3. Bash is the GNU Project's Bourne +This is GNU Bash, version 4.4. Bash is the GNU Project's Bourne Again SHell, a complete implementation of the POSIX shell spec, but also with interactive command line editing, job control on architectures that support it, csh-like features such as history @@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ See the file POSIX for a discussion of how the Bash defaults differ from the POSIX spec and a description of the Bash `posix mode'. There are some user-visible incompatibilities between this version -of Bash and previous widely-distributed versions, bash-4.1 and -bash-4.2. For details, see the file COMPAT. The NEWS file tersely +of Bash and previous widely-distributed versions, bash-4.2 and +bash-4.3. For details, see the file COMPAT. The NEWS file tersely lists features that are new in this release. Bash is free software, distributed under the terms of the [GNU] General diff --git a/aclocal.m4 b/aclocal.m4 index a947272e2..d3bac077b 100644 --- a/aclocal.m4 +++ b/aclocal.m4 @@ -1692,6 +1692,8 @@ AC_CHECK_HEADERS(wctype.h) AC_CHECK_HEADERS(wchar.h) AC_CHECK_HEADERS(langinfo.h) +AC_CHECK_HEADERS(mbstr.h) + AC_CHECK_FUNC(mbrlen, AC_DEFINE(HAVE_MBRLEN)) AC_CHECK_FUNC(mbscasecmp, AC_DEFINE(HAVE_MBSCMP)) AC_CHECK_FUNC(mbscmp, AC_DEFINE(HAVE_MBSCMP)) @@ -1784,14 +1786,14 @@ char **v; exit (w == 0); /* exit 0 if wcwidth broken */ } ], -bash_cv_wcwidth_broken=yes, bash_cv_wcwdith_broken=no, bash_cv_wcwidth_broken=no)]) +bash_cv_wcwidth_broken=yes, bash_cv_wcwidth_broken=no, bash_cv_wcwidth_broken=no)]) if test "$bash_cv_wcwidth_broken" = yes; then AC_DEFINE(WCWIDTH_BROKEN, 1, [wcwidth is usually not broken]) fi if test "$am_cv_func_iconv" = yes; then OLDLIBS="$LIBS" - LIBS="$LIBS $LIBICONV" + LIBS="$LIBS $LIBINTL $LIBICONV" AC_CHECK_FUNCS(locale_charset) LIBS="$OLDLIBS" fi @@ -1854,7 +1856,7 @@ main() ], ac_cv_rl_version=`cat conftest.rlv`, ac_cv_rl_version='0.0', -ac_cv_rl_version='4.2')]) +ac_cv_rl_version='6.3')]) CFLAGS="$_save_CFLAGS" LDFLAGS="$_save_LDFLAGS" diff --git a/alias.c b/alias.c index 783922965..8b3f22898 100644 --- a/alias.c +++ b/alias.c @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ /* alias.c -- Not a full alias, but just the kind that we use in the shell. Csh style alias is somewhere else (`over there, in a box'). */ -/* Copyright (C) 1987-2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +/* Copyright (C) 1987-2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell. @@ -42,7 +42,11 @@ # include "pcomplete.h" #endif -#define ALIAS_HASH_BUCKETS 16 /* must be power of two */ +#if defined (HAVE_MBSTR_H) && defined (HAVE_MBSCHR) +# include /* mbschr */ +#endif + +#define ALIAS_HASH_BUCKETS 64 /* must be power of two */ typedef int sh_alias_map_func_t __P((alias_t *)); diff --git a/array.c b/array.c index 4359a52fa..6a6db7763 100644 --- a/array.c +++ b/array.c @@ -55,6 +55,9 @@ static char *array_to_string_internal __P((ARRAY_ELEMENT *, ARRAY_ELEMENT *, char *, int)); +/* lastref should be moved into the array structure so each array can be + optimized separately */ + static ARRAY *lastarray = 0; static ARRAY_ELEMENT *lastref = 0; @@ -719,7 +722,7 @@ arrayind_t i; SET_LASTREF(a, ae); return(element_value(ae)); } - UNSET_LASTREF(); + UNSET_LASTREF(); /* XXX SET_LASTREF(a, start) ? */ return((char *) NULL); } @@ -834,7 +837,7 @@ int quoted; rsize, rsize); strcpy(result + rlen, t); rlen += reg; - if (quoted && t) + if (quoted) free(t); /* * Add a separator only after non-null elements. @@ -869,7 +872,10 @@ int quoted; for (ae = element_forw(a->head); ae != a->head; ae = element_forw(ae)) { is = inttostr (element_index(ae), indstr, sizeof(indstr)); - valstr = element_value (ae) ? sh_double_quote (element_value(ae)) + valstr = element_value (ae) ? + (ansic_shouldquote (element_value (ae)) ? + ansic_quote (element_value(ae), 0, (int *)0) : + sh_double_quote (element_value (ae))) : (char *)NULL; elen = STRLEN (is) + 8 + STRLEN (valstr); RESIZE_MALLOCED_BUFFER (result, rlen, (elen + 1), rsize, rsize); diff --git a/arrayfunc.c b/arrayfunc.c index c4bae0ae2..47c595e0b 100644 --- a/arrayfunc.c +++ b/arrayfunc.c @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ /* arrayfunc.c -- High-level array functions used by other parts of the shell. */ -/* Copyright (C) 2001-2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +/* Copyright (C) 2001-2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell. @@ -33,6 +33,9 @@ #include "pathexp.h" #include "shmbutil.h" +#if defined (HAVE_MBSTR_H) && defined (HAVE_MBSCHR) +# include /* mbschr */ +#endif #include "builtins/common.h" @@ -45,7 +48,7 @@ static SHELL_VAR *assign_array_element_internal __P((SHELL_VAR *, char *, char * static char *quote_assign __P((const char *)); static void quote_array_assignment_chars __P((WORD_LIST *)); -static char *array_value_internal __P((char *, int, int, int *, arrayind_t *)); +static char *array_value_internal __P((const char *, int, int, int *, arrayind_t *)); /* Standard error message to use when encountering an invalid array subscript */ const char * const bash_badsub_errmsg = N_("bad array subscript"); @@ -84,6 +87,12 @@ convert_var_to_array (var) VSETATTR (var, att_array); VUNSETATTR (var, att_invisible); + /* Make sure it's not marked as an associative array any more */ + VUNSETATTR (var, att_assoc); + + /* Since namerefs can't be array variables, turn off nameref attribute */ + VUNSETATTR (var, att_nameref); + return var; } @@ -115,6 +124,12 @@ convert_var_to_assoc (var) VSETATTR (var, att_assoc); VUNSETATTR (var, att_invisible); + /* Make sure it's not marked as an indexed array any more */ + VUNSETATTR (var, att_array); + + /* Since namerefs can't be array variables, turn off nameref attribute */ + VUNSETATTR (var, att_nameref); + return var; } @@ -201,9 +216,18 @@ bind_array_variable (name, ind, value, flags) entry = find_shell_variable (name); + if (entry == (SHELL_VAR *) 0) + { + /* Is NAME a nameref variable that points to an unset variable? */ + entry = find_variable_nameref_for_create (name, 0); + if (entry == INVALID_NAMEREF_VALUE) + return ((SHELL_VAR *)0); + if (entry && nameref_p (entry)) + entry = make_new_array_variable (nameref_cell (entry)); + } if (entry == (SHELL_VAR *) 0) entry = make_new_array_variable (name); - else if (readonly_p (entry) || noassign_p (entry)) + else if ((readonly_p (entry) && (flags&ASS_FORCE) == 0) || noassign_p (entry)) { if (readonly_p (entry)) err_readonly (name); @@ -237,7 +261,7 @@ bind_assoc_variable (entry, name, key, value, flags) SHELL_VAR *dentry; char *newval; - if (readonly_p (entry) || noassign_p (entry)) + if ((readonly_p (entry) && (flags&ASS_FORCE) == 0) || noassign_p (entry)) { if (readonly_p (entry)) err_readonly (name); @@ -256,7 +280,7 @@ assign_array_element (name, value, flags) { char *sub, *vname; int sublen; - SHELL_VAR *entry; + SHELL_VAR *entry, *nv; vname = array_variable_name (name, &sub, &sublen); @@ -338,9 +362,21 @@ find_or_make_array_variable (name, flags) { /* See if we have a nameref pointing to a variable that hasn't been created yet. */ - var = find_variable_last_nameref (name); + var = find_variable_last_nameref (name, 1); + if (var && nameref_p (var) && invisible_p (var)) + { + internal_warning (_("%s: removing nameref attribute"), name); + VUNSETATTR (var, att_nameref); + } if (var && nameref_p (var)) - var = (flags & 2) ? make_new_assoc_variable (nameref_cell (var)) : make_new_array_variable (nameref_cell (var)); + { + if (valid_nameref_value (nameref_cell (var), 2) == 0) + { + sh_invalidid (nameref_cell (var)); + return ((SHELL_VAR *)NULL); + } + var = (flags & 2) ? make_new_assoc_variable (nameref_cell (var)) : make_new_array_variable (nameref_cell (var)); + } } if (var == 0) @@ -400,10 +436,7 @@ assign_array_var_from_word_list (var, list, flags) i = (flags & ASS_APPEND) ? array_max_index (a) + 1 : 0; for (l = list; l; l = l->next, i++) - if (var->assign_func) - (*var->assign_func) (var, l->word->word, i, 0); - else - array_insert (a, i, l->word->word); + bind_array_var_internal (var, i, 0, l->word->word, flags & ~ASS_APPEND); VUNSETATTR (var, att_invisible); /* no longer invisible */ @@ -476,7 +509,7 @@ assign_compound_array_list (var, nlist, flags) ARRAY *a; HASH_TABLE *h; WORD_LIST *list; - char *w, *val, *nval; + char *w, *val, *nval, *savecmd; int len, iflags, free_val; arrayind_t ind, last_ind; char *akey; @@ -501,7 +534,9 @@ assign_compound_array_list (var, nlist, flags) for (list = nlist; list; list = list->next) { - iflags = flags; + /* Don't allow var+=(values) to make assignments in VALUES append to + existing values by default. */ + iflags = flags & ~ASS_APPEND; w = list->word->word; /* We have a word of the form [ind]=value */ @@ -609,10 +644,12 @@ assign_compound_array_list (var, nlist, flags) free_val = 1; } + savecmd = this_command_name; if (integer_p (var)) this_command_name = (char *)NULL; /* no command name for errors */ bind_array_var_internal (var, ind, akey, val, iflags); last_ind++; + this_command_name = savecmd; if (free_val) free (val); @@ -732,7 +769,7 @@ unbind_array_element (var, sub) char *akey; ARRAY_ELEMENT *ae; - len = skipsubscript (sub, 0, 0); + len = skipsubscript (sub, 0, (var && assoc_p(var))); if (sub[len] != ']' || len == 0) { builtin_error ("%s[%s: %s", var->name, sub, _(bash_badsub_errmsg)); @@ -742,8 +779,13 @@ unbind_array_element (var, sub) if (ALL_ELEMENT_SUB (sub[0]) && sub[1] == 0) { - unbind_variable (var->name); - return (0); + if (array_p (var) || assoc_p (var)) + { + unbind_variable (var->name); /* XXX -- {array,assoc}_flush ? */ + return (0); + } + else + return -2; /* don't allow this to unset scalar variables */ } if (assoc_p (var)) @@ -758,7 +800,7 @@ unbind_array_element (var, sub) assoc_remove (assoc_cell (var), akey); free (akey); } - else + else if (array_p (var)) { ind = array_expand_index (var, sub, len+1); /* negative subscripts to indexed arrays count back from end */ @@ -773,6 +815,19 @@ unbind_array_element (var, sub) if (ae) array_dispose_element (ae); } + else /* array_p (var) == 0 && assoc_p (var) == 0 */ + { + akey = this_command_name; + ind = array_expand_index (var, sub, len+1); + this_command_name = akey; + if (ind == 0) + { + unbind_variable (var->name); + return (0); + } + else + return -2; /* any subscript other than 0 is invalid with scalar variables */ + } return 0; } @@ -825,8 +880,9 @@ print_assoc_assignment (var, quoted) /* Return 1 if NAME is a properly-formed array reference v[sub]. */ int -valid_array_reference (name) - char *name; +valid_array_reference (name, flags) + const char *name; + int flags; { char *t; int r, len; @@ -843,6 +899,8 @@ valid_array_reference (name) len = skipsubscript (t, 0, 0); if (t[len] != ']' || len == 1) return 0; + if (t[len+1] != '\0') + return 0; for (r = 1; r < len; r++) if (whitespace (t[r]) == 0) return 1; @@ -858,22 +916,26 @@ array_expand_index (var, s, len) char *s; int len; { - char *exp, *t; + char *exp, *t, *savecmd; int expok; arrayind_t val; exp = (char *)xmalloc (len); strncpy (exp, s, len - 1); exp[len - 1] = '\0'; - t = expand_arith_string (exp, 0); + t = expand_arith_string (exp, Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES|Q_ARITH|Q_ARRAYSUB); /* XXX - Q_ARRAYSUB for future use */ + savecmd = this_command_name; this_command_name = (char *)NULL; val = evalexp (t, &expok); + this_command_name = savecmd; free (t); free (exp); if (expok == 0) { last_command_exit_value = EXECUTION_FAILURE; + if (no_longjmp_on_fatal_error) + return 0; top_level_cleanup (); jump_to_top_level (DISCARD); } @@ -886,7 +948,8 @@ array_expand_index (var, s, len) in *LENP. This returns newly-allocated memory. */ char * array_variable_name (s, subp, lenp) - char *s, **subp; + const char *s; + char **subp; int *lenp; { char *t, *ret; @@ -930,7 +993,8 @@ array_variable_name (s, subp, lenp) If LENP is non-null, the length of the subscript is returned in *LENP. */ SHELL_VAR * array_variable_part (s, subp, lenp) - char *s, **subp; + const char *s; + char **subp; int *lenp; { char *t; @@ -939,14 +1003,10 @@ array_variable_part (s, subp, lenp) t = array_variable_name (s, subp, lenp); if (t == 0) return ((SHELL_VAR *)NULL); - var = find_variable (t); + var = find_variable (t); /* XXX - handle namerefs here? */ free (t); -#if 0 - return (var == 0 || invisible_p (var)) ? (SHELL_VAR *)0 : var; -#else return var; /* now return invisible variables; caller must handle */ -#endif } #define INDEX_ERROR() \ @@ -971,7 +1031,7 @@ array_variable_part (s, subp, lenp) reference is name[@], and 0 otherwise. */ static char * array_value_internal (s, quoted, flags, rtype, indp) - char *s; + const char *s; int quoted, flags, *rtype; arrayind_t *indp; { @@ -1029,7 +1089,8 @@ array_value_internal (s, quoted, flags, rtype, indp) free (temp); } else /* ${name[@]} or unquoted ${name[*]} */ - retval = string_list_dollar_at (l, quoted); /* XXX - leak here */ + /* XXX - bash-4.4/bash-5.0 test AV_ASSIGNRHS and pass PF_ASSIGNRHS */ + retval = string_list_dollar_at (l, quoted, (flags & AV_ASSIGNRHS) ? PF_ASSIGNRHS : 0); /* XXX - leak here */ dispose_words (l); } @@ -1091,7 +1152,7 @@ array_value_internal (s, quoted, flags, rtype, indp) subscript contained in S, obeying quoting for subscripts * and @. */ char * array_value (s, quoted, flags, rtype, indp) - char *s; + const char *s; int quoted, flags, *rtype; arrayind_t *indp; { @@ -1104,7 +1165,7 @@ array_value (s, quoted, flags, rtype, indp) evaluator in expr.c. */ char * get_array_value (s, flags, rtype, indp) - char *s; + const char *s; int flags, *rtype; arrayind_t *indp; { @@ -1146,7 +1207,7 @@ array_keys (s, quoted) free (temp); } else /* ${!name[@]} or unquoted ${!name[*]} */ - retval = string_list_dollar_at (l, quoted); + retval = string_list_dollar_at (l, quoted, 0); dispose_words (l); return retval; diff --git a/arrayfunc.h b/arrayfunc.h index 26f4879af..5ee275916 100644 --- a/arrayfunc.h +++ b/arrayfunc.h @@ -29,6 +29,8 @@ #define AV_ALLOWALL 0x001 #define AV_QUOTED 0x002 #define AV_USEIND 0x004 +#define AV_USEVAL 0x008 /* XXX - should move this */ +#define AV_ASSIGNRHS 0x010 /* no splitting, special case ${a[@]} */ extern SHELL_VAR *convert_var_to_array __P((SHELL_VAR *)); extern SHELL_VAR *convert_var_to_assoc __P((SHELL_VAR *)); @@ -57,20 +59,21 @@ extern void print_array_assignment __P((SHELL_VAR *, int)); extern void print_assoc_assignment __P((SHELL_VAR *, int)); extern arrayind_t array_expand_index __P((SHELL_VAR *, char *, int)); -extern int valid_array_reference __P((char *)); -extern char *array_value __P((char *, int, int, int *, arrayind_t *)); -extern char *get_array_value __P((char *, int, int *, arrayind_t *)); +extern int valid_array_reference __P((const char *, int)); +extern char *array_value __P((const char *, int, int, int *, arrayind_t *)); +extern char *get_array_value __P((const char *, int, int *, arrayind_t *)); extern char *array_keys __P((char *, int)); -extern char *array_variable_name __P((char *, char **, int *)); -extern SHELL_VAR *array_variable_part __P((char *, char **, int *)); +extern char *array_variable_name __P((const char *, char **, int *)); +extern SHELL_VAR *array_variable_part __P((const char *, char **, int *)); #else #define AV_ALLOWALL 0 #define AV_QUOTED 0 #define AV_USEIND 0 +#define AV_ASSIGNRHS 0 #endif diff --git a/assoc.c b/assoc.c index 7298a1fba..84a387c20 100644 --- a/assoc.c +++ b/assoc.c @@ -277,7 +277,10 @@ int starsub, quoted; for (i = 1; l && i < start; i++) l = l->next; if (l == 0) - return ((char *)NULL); + { + dispose_words (save); + return ((char *)NULL); + } for (j = 0,h = t = l; l && j < nelem; j++) { t = l; @@ -433,17 +436,19 @@ assoc_to_assign (hash, quoted) for (i = 0; i < hash->nbuckets; i++) for (tlist = hash_items (i, hash); tlist; tlist = tlist->next) { -#if 1 - if (sh_contains_shell_metas (tlist->key)) + if (ansic_shouldquote (tlist->key)) + istr = ansic_quote (tlist->key, 0, (int *)0); + else if (sh_contains_shell_metas (tlist->key)) istr = sh_double_quote (tlist->key); else if (ALL_ELEMENT_SUB (tlist->key[0]) && tlist->key[1] == '\0') istr = sh_double_quote (tlist->key); else istr = tlist->key; -#else - istr = tlist->key; -#endif - vstr = tlist->data ? sh_double_quote ((char *)tlist->data) : (char *)0; + + vstr = tlist->data ? (ansic_shouldquote ((char *)tlist->data) ? + ansic_quote ((char *)tlist->data, 0, (int *)0) : + sh_double_quote ((char *)tlist->data)) + : (char *)0; elen = STRLEN (istr) + 8 + STRLEN (vstr); RESIZE_MALLOCED_BUFFER (ret, rlen, (elen+1), rsize, rsize); diff --git a/bashhist.c b/bashhist.c index d4c62e7b7..9979f99ac 100644 --- a/bashhist.c +++ b/bashhist.c @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ /* bashhist.c -- bash interface to the GNU history library. */ -/* Copyright (C) 1993-2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +/* Copyright (C) 1993-2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell. @@ -83,8 +83,8 @@ static struct ignorevar histignore = /* Non-zero means to remember lines typed to the shell on the history list. This is different than the user-controlled behaviour; this becomes zero when we read lines from a file, for example. */ -int remember_on_history = 1; -int enable_history_list = 1; /* value for `set -o history' */ +int remember_on_history = 0; +int enable_history_list = 0; /* value for `set -o history' */ /* The number of lines that Bash has added to this history session. The difference between the number of the top element in the history list @@ -99,6 +99,8 @@ int history_lines_in_file; /* Non-zero means do no history expansion on this line, regardless of what history_expansion says. */ int history_expansion_inhibited; +/* If non-zero, double quotes can quote the history expansion character. */ +int double_quotes_inhibit_history_expansion = 0; #endif /* With the old default, every line was saved in the history individually. @@ -186,7 +188,9 @@ extern int current_command_line_count; extern struct dstack dstack; extern int parser_state; +#if defined (BANG_HISTORY) static int bash_history_inhibit_expansion __P((char *, int)); +#endif #if defined (READLINE) static void re_edit __P((char *)); #endif @@ -197,6 +201,7 @@ static HIST_ENTRY *last_history_entry __P((void)); static char *expand_histignore_pattern __P((char *)); static int history_should_ignore __P((char *)); +#if defined (BANG_HISTORY) /* Is the history expansion starting at string[i] one that should not be expanded? */ static int @@ -204,6 +209,12 @@ bash_history_inhibit_expansion (string, i) char *string; int i; { + int t; + char hx[2]; + + hx[0] = history_expansion_char; + hx[1] = '\0'; + /* The shell uses ! as a pattern negation character in globbing [...] expressions, so let those pass without expansion. */ if (i > 0 && (string[i - 1] == '[') && member (']', string + i + 1)) @@ -220,17 +231,33 @@ bash_history_inhibit_expansion (string, i) else if (extended_glob && i > 1 && string[i+1] == '(' && member (')', string + i + 2)) return (1); #endif + + /* Make sure the history expansion should not be skipped by quoting or + command/process substitution. */ + else if ((t = skip_to_histexp (string, 0, hx, SD_NOJMP|SD_HISTEXP)) > 0) + { + /* Skip instances of history expansion appearing on the line before + this one. */ + while (t < i) + { + t = skip_to_histexp (string, t+1, hx, SD_NOJMP|SD_HISTEXP); + if (t <= 0) + return 0; + } + return (t > i); + } else return (0); } +#endif void bash_initialize_history () { history_quotes_inhibit_expansion = 1; history_search_delimiter_chars = ";&()|<>"; - history_inhibit_expansion_function = bash_history_inhibit_expansion; #if defined (BANG_HISTORY) + history_inhibit_expansion_function = bash_history_inhibit_expansion; sv_histchars ("histchars"); #endif } @@ -241,10 +268,10 @@ bash_history_reinit (interact) { #if defined (BANG_HISTORY) history_expansion = interact != 0; - history_expansion_inhibited = 1; -#endif - remember_on_history = enable_history_list = interact != 0; + history_expansion_inhibited = 1; /* XXX */ history_inhibit_expansion_function = bash_history_inhibit_expansion; +#endif + remember_on_history = enable_history_list; } void @@ -259,11 +286,11 @@ bash_history_disable () void bash_history_enable () { - remember_on_history = 1; + remember_on_history = enable_history_list = 1; #if defined (BANG_HISTORY) history_expansion_inhibited = 0; -#endif history_inhibit_expansion_function = bash_history_inhibit_expansion; +#endif sv_history_control ("HISTCONTROL"); sv_histignore ("HISTIGNORE"); } @@ -290,8 +317,13 @@ load_history () if (hf && *hf && file_exists (hf)) { read_history (hf); + /* We have read all of the lines from the history file, even if we + read more lines than $HISTSIZE. Remember the total number of lines + we read so we don't count the last N lines as new over and over + again. */ + history_lines_in_file = history_lines_read_from_file; using_history (); - history_lines_in_file = where_history (); + /* history_lines_in_file = where_history () + history_base - 1; */ } } @@ -300,6 +332,7 @@ bash_clear_history () { clear_history (); history_lines_this_session = 0; + /* XXX - reset history_lines_read_from_file? */ } /* Delete and free the history list entry at offset I. */ @@ -377,7 +410,7 @@ maybe_append_history (filename) struct stat buf; result = EXECUTION_SUCCESS; - if (history_lines_this_session && (history_lines_this_session <= where_history ())) + if (history_lines_this_session > 0 && (history_lines_this_session <= where_history ())) { /* If the filename was supplied, then create it if necessary. */ if (stat (filename, &buf) == -1 && errno == ENOENT) @@ -391,9 +424,14 @@ maybe_append_history (filename) close (fd); } result = append_history (history_lines_this_session, filename); + /* Pretend we already read these lines from the file because we just + added them */ history_lines_in_file += history_lines_this_session; history_lines_this_session = 0; } + else + history_lines_this_session = 0; /* reset if > where_history() */ + return (result); } @@ -406,7 +444,7 @@ maybe_save_shell_history () char *hf; result = 0; - if (history_lines_this_session) + if (history_lines_this_session > 0) { hf = get_string_value ("HISTFILE"); @@ -433,7 +471,8 @@ maybe_save_shell_history () else { result = write_history (hf); - history_lines_in_file = history_lines_this_session; + history_lines_in_file = history_lines_written_to_file; + /* history_lines_in_file = where_history () + history_base - 1; */ } history_lines_this_session = 0; @@ -532,6 +571,7 @@ pre_process_line (line, print_changes, addit) if (hist_verify && expanded == 1) { re_edit (history_value); + free (history_value); return ((char *)NULL); } # endif @@ -634,7 +674,9 @@ hc_erasedups (line) if (STREQ (temp->line, line)) { r = where_history (); - remove_history (r); + temp = remove_history (r); + if (temp) + free_history_entry (temp); } } using_history (); @@ -706,11 +748,24 @@ check_add_history (line, force) #if defined (SYSLOG_HISTORY) #define SYSLOG_MAXLEN 600 +extern char *shell_name; + +#ifndef OPENLOG_OPTS +#define OPENLOG_OPTS 0 +#endif + void bash_syslog_history (line) const char *line; { char trunc[SYSLOG_MAXLEN]; + static int first = 1; + + if (first) + { + openlog (shell_name, OPENLOG_OPTS, SYSLOG_FACILITY); + first = 0; + } if (strlen(line) < SYSLOG_MAXLEN) syslog (SYSLOG_FACILITY|SYSLOG_LEVEL, "HISTORY: PID=%d UID=%d %s", getpid(), current_user.uid, line); diff --git a/bashjmp.h b/bashjmp.h index c26053d4b..79152fe52 100644 --- a/bashjmp.h +++ b/bashjmp.h @@ -27,7 +27,9 @@ extern procenv_t top_level; extern procenv_t subshell_top_level; extern procenv_t return_catch; /* used by `return' builtin */ -#define SHFUNC_RETURN() longjmp (return_catch, 1) +extern int no_longjmp_on_fatal_error; + +#define SHFUNC_RETURN() sh_longjmp (return_catch, 1) #define COPY_PROCENV(old, save) \ xbcopy ((char *)old, (char *)save, sizeof (procenv_t)); diff --git a/bashline.c b/bashline.c index 8ff17963f..f4fe9f1b0 100644 --- a/bashline.c +++ b/bashline.c @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ /* bashline.c -- Bash's interface to the readline library. */ -/* Copyright (C) 1987-2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +/* Copyright (C) 1987-2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell. @@ -54,6 +54,11 @@ #include "pathexp.h" #include "shmbutil.h" #include "trap.h" +#include "flags.h" + +#if defined (HAVE_MBSTR_H) && defined (HAVE_MBSCHR) +# include /* mbschr */ +#endif #include "builtins/common.h" @@ -137,6 +142,8 @@ static int executable_completion __P((const char *, int)); static rl_icppfunc_t *save_directory_hook __P((void)); static void restore_directory_hook __P((rl_icppfunc_t)); +static int directory_exists __P((const char *)); + static void cleanup_expansion_error __P((void)); static void maybe_make_readline_line __P((char *)); static void set_up_new_line __P((char *)); @@ -631,6 +638,8 @@ bashline_reset () rl_filename_stat_hook = bash_filename_stat_hook; bashline_reset_event_hook (); + + rl_sort_completion_matches = 1; } /* Contains the line to push into readline. */ @@ -972,9 +981,6 @@ edit_and_execute_command (count, c, editing_mode, edit_command) metaval = rl_variable_value ("input-meta"); metaflag = RL_BOOLEAN_VARIABLE_VALUE (metaval); - /* Now, POSIX.1-2001 and SUSv3 say that the commands executed from the - temporary file should be placed into the history. We don't do that - yet. */ if (rl_deprep_term_function) (*rl_deprep_term_function) (); save_parser_state (&ps); @@ -1273,7 +1279,7 @@ check_redir (ti) /* Handle the two character tokens `>&', `<&', and `>|'. We are not in a command position after one of these. */ this_char = rl_line_buffer[ti]; - prev_char = rl_line_buffer[ti - 1]; + prev_char = (ti > 0) ? rl_line_buffer[ti - 1] : 0; if ((this_char == '&' && (prev_char == '<' || prev_char == '>')) || (this_char == '|' && prev_char == '>')) @@ -1305,15 +1311,26 @@ static int find_cmd_start (start) int start; { - register int s, os; + register int s, os, ns; os = 0; /* Flags == SD_NOJMP only because we want to skip over command substitutions in assignment statements. Have to test whether this affects `standalone' command substitutions as individual words. */ - while (((s = skip_to_delim (rl_line_buffer, os, COMMAND_SEPARATORS, SD_NOJMP/*|SD_NOSKIPCMD*/)) <= start) && + while (((s = skip_to_delim (rl_line_buffer, os, COMMAND_SEPARATORS, SD_NOJMP|SD_COMPLETE/*|SD_NOSKIPCMD*/)) <= start) && rl_line_buffer[s]) - os = s+1; + { + /* Handle >| token crudely; treat as > not | */ + if (rl_line_buffer[s] == '|' && rl_line_buffer[s-1] == '>') + { + ns = skip_to_delim (rl_line_buffer, s+1, COMMAND_SEPARATORS, SD_NOJMP|SD_COMPLETE/*|SD_NOSKIPCMD*/); + if (ns > start || rl_line_buffer[ns] == 0) + return os; + os = ns+1; + continue; + } + os = s+1; + } return os; } @@ -1323,7 +1340,7 @@ find_cmd_end (end) { register int e; - e = skip_to_delim (rl_line_buffer, end, COMMAND_SEPARATORS, SD_NOJMP); + e = skip_to_delim (rl_line_buffer, end, COMMAND_SEPARATORS, SD_NOJMP|SD_COMPLETE); return e; } @@ -1339,7 +1356,7 @@ find_cmd_name (start, sp, ep) ; /* skip until a shell break character */ - e = skip_to_delim (rl_line_buffer, s, "()<>;&| \t\n", SD_NOJMP); + e = skip_to_delim (rl_line_buffer, s, "()<>;&| \t\n", SD_NOJMP|SD_COMPLETE); name = substring (rl_line_buffer, s, e); @@ -1368,6 +1385,34 @@ prog_complete_return (text, matchnum) #endif /* PROGRAMMABLE_COMPLETION */ +/* Try and catch completion attempts that are syntax errors or otherwise + invalid. */ +static int +invalid_completion (text, ind) + const char *text; + int ind; +{ + int pind; + + /* If we don't catch these here, the next clause will */ + if (ind > 0 && rl_line_buffer[ind] == '(' && /*)*/ + member (rl_line_buffer[ind-1], "$<>")) + return 0; + + pind = ind - 1; + while (pind > 0 && whitespace (rl_line_buffer[pind])) + pind--; + /* If we have only whitespace preceding a paren, it's valid */ + if (ind >= 0 && pind <= 0 && rl_line_buffer[ind] == '(') /*)*/ + return 0; + /* Flag the invalid completions, which are mostly syntax errors */ + if (ind > 0 && rl_line_buffer[ind] == '(' && /*)*/ + member (rl_line_buffer[pind], COMMAND_SEPARATORS) == 0) + return 1; + + return 0; +} + /* Do some completion on TEXT. The indices of TEXT in RL_LINE_BUFFER are at START and END. Return an array of matches, or NULL if none. */ static char ** @@ -1390,6 +1435,8 @@ attempt_shell_completion (text, start, end) set_directory_hook (); rl_filename_stat_hook = bash_filename_stat_hook; + rl_sort_completion_matches = 1; /* sort by default */ + /* Determine if this could be a command word. It is if it appears at the start of the line (ignoring preceding whitespace), or if it appears after a character that separates commands. It cannot be a @@ -1436,6 +1483,12 @@ attempt_shell_completion (text, start, end) assignments. */ } + if (in_command_position && invalid_completion (text, ti)) + { + rl_attempted_completion_over = 1; + return ((char **)NULL); + } + /* Check that we haven't incorrectly flagged a closed command substitution as indicating we're in a command position. */ if (in_command_position && ti >= 0 && rl_line_buffer[ti] == '`' && @@ -1525,6 +1578,13 @@ attempt_shell_completion (text, start, end) /* command completion if programmable completion fails */ in_command_position = s == start && STREQ (n, text); /* XXX */ } + /* empty command name following command separator */ + else if (s >= e && n[0] == '\0' && text[0] == '\0' && start > 0 && + was_assignment == 0 && member (rl_line_buffer[start-1], COMMAND_SEPARATORS)) + { + foundcs = 0; + in_command_position = 1; + } else if (s >= e && n[0] == '\0' && text[0] == '\0' && start > 0) { foundcs = 0; /* empty command name following assignments */ @@ -1586,6 +1646,11 @@ bash_default_completion (text, start, end, qc, compflags) else { matches = rl_completion_matches (text, variable_completion_function); + /* If a single match, see if it expands to a directory name and append + a slash if it does. This requires us to expand the variable name, + so we don't want to display errors if the variable is unset. This + can happen with dynamic variables whose value has never been + requested. */ if (matches && matches[0] && matches[1] == 0) { t = savestring (matches[0]); @@ -1780,7 +1845,9 @@ command_word_completion_function (hint_text, state) if (globpat || absolute_program (hint_text)) { /* Perform tilde expansion on what's passed, so we don't end up - passing filenames with tildes directly to stat(). */ + passing filenames with tildes directly to stat(). The rest of + the shell doesn't do variable expansion on the word following + the tilde, so we don't do it here even if direxpand is set. */ if (*hint_text == '~') { hint = bash_tilde_expand (hint_text, 0); @@ -1794,6 +1861,11 @@ command_word_completion_function (hint_text, state) directory_part = (char *)NULL; } } + else if (dircomplete_expand) + { + hint = savestring (hint_text); + bash_directory_completion_hook (&hint); + } else hint = savestring (hint_text); @@ -3030,6 +3102,30 @@ restore_directory_hook (hookf) rl_directory_rewrite_hook = hookf; } +/* Check whether not the (dequoted) version of DIRNAME, with any trailing slash + removed, exists. */ +static int +directory_exists (dirname) + const char *dirname; +{ + char *new_dirname; + int dirlen, r; + struct stat sb; + + /* First, dequote the directory name */ + new_dirname = bash_dequote_filename ((char *)dirname, rl_completion_quote_character); + dirlen = STRLEN (new_dirname); + if (new_dirname[dirlen - 1] == '/') + new_dirname[dirlen - 1] = '\0'; +#if defined (HAVE_LSTAT) + r = lstat (new_dirname, &sb) == 0; +#else + r = stat (new_dirname, &sb) == 0; +#endif + free (new_dirname); + return (r); +} + /* Expand a filename before the readline completion code passes it to stat(2). The filename will already have had tilde expansion performed. */ static int @@ -3038,6 +3134,7 @@ bash_filename_stat_hook (dirname) { char *local_dirname, *new_dirname, *t; int should_expand_dirname, return_value; + int global_nounset; WORD_LIST *wl; struct stat sb; @@ -3048,17 +3145,18 @@ bash_filename_stat_hook (dirname) else if (t = mbschr (local_dirname, '`')) /* XXX */ should_expand_dirname = '`'; -#if defined (HAVE_LSTAT) - if (should_expand_dirname && lstat (local_dirname, &sb) == 0) -#else - if (should_expand_dirname && stat (local_dirname, &sb) == 0) -#endif + if (should_expand_dirname && directory_exists (local_dirname)) should_expand_dirname = 0; if (should_expand_dirname) { new_dirname = savestring (local_dirname); - wl = expand_prompt_string (new_dirname, 0, W_NOCOMSUB); /* does the right thing */ + /* no error messages, and expand_prompt_string doesn't longjmp so we don't + have to worry about restoring this setting. */ + global_nounset = unbound_vars_is_error; + unbound_vars_is_error = 0; + wl = expand_prompt_string (new_dirname, 0, W_NOCOMSUB|W_COMPLETE); /* does the right thing */ + unbound_vars_is_error = global_nounset; if (wl) { free (new_dirname); @@ -3116,7 +3214,8 @@ bash_directory_completion_hook (dirname) char **dirname; { char *local_dirname, *new_dirname, *t; - int return_value, should_expand_dirname, nextch, closer; + int return_value, should_expand_dirname, nextch, closer, changed; + size_t local_dirlen; WORD_LIST *wl; struct stat sb; @@ -3145,17 +3244,13 @@ bash_directory_completion_hook (dirname) should_expand_dirname = '`'; } -#if defined (HAVE_LSTAT) - if (should_expand_dirname && lstat (local_dirname, &sb) == 0) -#else - if (should_expand_dirname && stat (local_dirname, &sb) == 0) -#endif + if (should_expand_dirname && directory_exists (local_dirname)) should_expand_dirname = 0; if (should_expand_dirname) { new_dirname = savestring (local_dirname); - wl = expand_prompt_string (new_dirname, 0, W_NOCOMSUB); /* does the right thing */ + wl = expand_prompt_string (new_dirname, 0, W_NOCOMSUB|W_COMPLETE); /* does the right thing */ if (wl) { *dirname = string_list (wl); @@ -4001,8 +4096,12 @@ bash_execute_unix_command (count, key) ce = rl_get_termcap ("ce"); if (ce) /* clear current line */ { +#if 0 fprintf (rl_outstream, "\r"); tputs (ce, 1, putx); +#else + rl_clear_visible_line (); +#endif fflush (rl_outstream); } else @@ -4040,12 +4139,19 @@ bash_execute_unix_command (count, key) } } - unbind_variable ("READLINE_LINE"); - unbind_variable ("READLINE_POINT"); + check_unbind_variable ("READLINE_LINE"); + check_unbind_variable ("READLINE_POINT"); array_needs_making = 1; /* and restore the readline buffer and display after command execution. */ - rl_forced_update_display (); + /* If we clear the last line of the prompt above, redraw only that last + line. If the command returns 124, we redraw unconditionally as in + previous versions. */ + if (ce && r != 124) + rl_redraw_prompt_last_line (); + else + rl_forced_update_display (); + return 0; } diff --git a/braces.c b/braces.c index 61c1ab156..7f31dd5e7 100644 --- a/braces.c +++ b/braces.c @@ -38,6 +38,12 @@ #if defined (SHELL) # include "shell.h" +#else +# if defined (TEST) +typedef char *WORD_DESC; +typedef char **WORD_LIST; +#define _(X) X +# endif /* TEST */ #endif /* SHELL */ #include "typemax.h" /* INTMAX_MIN, INTMAX_MAX */ @@ -287,7 +293,9 @@ expand_amble (text, tlen, flags) char *tem; int start, i, c; +#if defined (SHELL) DECLARE_MBSTATE; +#endif result = (char **)NULL; @@ -301,7 +309,7 @@ expand_amble (text, tlen, flags) #else tem = (char *)xmalloc (1 + (i - start)); strncpy (tem, &text[start], (i - start)); - tem[i- start] = '\0'; + tem[i - start] = '\0'; #endif partial = brace_expand (tem); @@ -319,6 +327,8 @@ expand_amble (text, tlen, flags) if (tresult == 0) { internal_error (_("brace expansion: cannot allocate memory for %s"), tem); + free (tem); + strvec_dispose (partial); strvec_dispose (result); result = (char **)NULL; return result; @@ -333,7 +343,11 @@ expand_amble (text, tlen, flags) free (partial); } free (tem); +#if defined (SHELL) ADVANCE_CHAR (text, tlen, i); +#else + i++; +#endif start = i; } return (result); @@ -420,7 +434,12 @@ mkseq (start, end, incr, type, width) do { #if defined (SHELL) - QUIT; /* XXX - memory leak here */ + if (ISINTERRUPT) + { + strvec_dispose (result); + result = (char **)NULL; + } + QUIT; #endif if (type == ST_INT) result[i++] = t = itos (n); @@ -618,7 +637,11 @@ brace_gobbler (text, tlen, indx, satisfy) if (pass_next) { pass_next = 0; +#if defined (SHELL) ADVANCE_CHAR (text, tlen, i); +#else + i++; +#endif continue; } @@ -652,7 +675,11 @@ brace_gobbler (text, tlen, indx, satisfy) if (quoted == '"' && c == '$' && text[i+1] == '(') /*)*/ goto comsub; #endif +#if defined (SHELL) ADVANCE_CHAR (text, tlen, i); +#else + i++; +#endif continue; } @@ -705,7 +732,11 @@ comsub: commas++; #endif +#if defined (SHELL) ADVANCE_CHAR (text, tlen, i); +#else + i++; +#endif } *indx = i; @@ -784,20 +815,29 @@ array_concat (arr1, arr2) #if defined (TEST) #include -fatal_error (format, arg1, arg2) - char *format, *arg1, *arg2; +void * +xmalloc(n) + size_t n; { - report_error (format, arg1, arg2); - exit (1); + return (malloc (n)); } -report_error (format, arg1, arg2) +void * +xrealloc(p, n) + void *p; + size_t n; +{ + return (realloc (p, n)); +} + +int +internal_error (format, arg1, arg2) char *format, *arg1, *arg2; { fprintf (stderr, format, arg1, arg2); fprintf (stderr, "\n"); } - + main () { char example[256]; @@ -821,7 +861,7 @@ main () for (i = 0; result[i]; i++) printf ("%s\n", result[i]); - free_array (result); + strvec_dispose (result); } } diff --git a/builtins.h b/builtins.h index cc0c79c0f..0cfea189d 100644 --- a/builtins.h +++ b/builtins.h @@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ #define SPECIAL_BUILTIN 0x08 /* This is a Posix `special' builtin. */ #define ASSIGNMENT_BUILTIN 0x10 /* This builtin takes assignment statements. */ #define POSIX_BUILTIN 0x20 /* This builtins is special in the Posix command search order. */ +#define LOCALVAR_BUILTIN 0x40 /* This builtin creates local variables */ #define BASE_INDENT 4 diff --git a/builtins/Makefile.in b/builtins/Makefile.in index a2e7911bf..bbb96c379 100644 --- a/builtins/Makefile.in +++ b/builtins/Makefile.in @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # This Makefile for building libbuiltins.a is in -*- text -*- for Emacs. # -# Copyright (C) 1996-2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +# Copyright (C) 1996-2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc. # This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by @@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ EXEEXT = @EXEEXT@ prefix = @prefix@ srcdir = @srcdir@ -VPATH = .:@srcdir@ +VPATH = @srcdir@ topdir = @top_srcdir@ datarootdir = @datarootdir@ @@ -45,6 +45,8 @@ includedir = @includedir@ datadir = @datadir@ localedir = @localedir@ +loadablesdir = @loadablesdir@ + # Support an alternate destination root directory for package building DESTDIR = @@ -375,31 +377,31 @@ mkbuiltins.o: $(topdir)/bashansi.h $(BASHINCDIR)/ansi_stdlib.h # def files alias.o: $(topdir)/command.h ../config.h $(BASHINCDIR)/memalloc.h alias.o: $(topdir)/error.h $(topdir)/general.h $(topdir)/xmalloc.h $(BASHINCDIR)/maxpath.h -alias.o: $(topdir)/quit.h $(topdir)/dispose_cmd.h $(topdir)/make_cmd.h +alias.o: $(topdir)/quit.h $(topdir)/dispose_cmd.h $(topdir)/make_cmd.h $(topdir)/sig.h alias.o: $(topdir)/subst.h $(topdir)/externs.h $(srcdir)/common.h alias.o: $(topdir)/shell.h $(topdir)/syntax.h $(topdir)/unwind_prot.h $(topdir)/variables.h $(topdir)/conftypes.h alias.o: ../pathnames.h bind.o: $(topdir)/command.h ../config.h $(BASHINCDIR)/memalloc.h $(topdir)/error.h -bind.o: $(topdir)/quit.h $(topdir)/dispose_cmd.h $(topdir)/make_cmd.h +bind.o: $(topdir)/quit.h $(topdir)/dispose_cmd.h $(topdir)/make_cmd.h $(topdir)/sig.h bind.o: $(topdir)/subst.h $(topdir)/externs.h $(srcdir)/bashgetopt.h bind.o: $(topdir)/general.h $(topdir)/xmalloc.h $(BASHINCDIR)/maxpath.h $(topdir)/bashline.h bind.o: $(topdir)/shell.h $(topdir)/syntax.h $(topdir)/unwind_prot.h $(topdir)/variables.h $(topdir)/conftypes.h bind.o: ../pathnames.h break.o: $(topdir)/command.h ../config.h $(BASHINCDIR)/memalloc.h break.o: $(topdir)/error.h $(topdir)/general.h $(topdir)/xmalloc.h -break.o: $(topdir)/quit.h $(topdir)/dispose_cmd.h $(topdir)/make_cmd.h +break.o: $(topdir)/quit.h $(topdir)/dispose_cmd.h $(topdir)/make_cmd.h $(topdir)/sig.h break.o: $(topdir)/subst.h $(topdir)/externs.h $(BASHINCDIR)/maxpath.h break.o: $(topdir)/shell.h $(topdir)/syntax.h $(topdir)/unwind_prot.h $(topdir)/variables.h $(topdir)/conftypes.h break.o: ../pathnames.h builtin.o: $(topdir)/command.h ../config.h $(BASHINCDIR)/memalloc.h builtin.o: $(topdir)/error.h $(topdir)/general.h $(topdir)/xmalloc.h $(topdir)/externs.h -builtin.o: $(topdir)/quit.h $(srcdir)/common.h $(BASHINCDIR)/maxpath.h +builtin.o: $(topdir)/quit.h $(srcdir)/common.h $(BASHINCDIR)/maxpath.h $(topdir)/sig.h builtin.o: $(topdir)/dispose_cmd.h $(topdir)/make_cmd.h $(topdir)/subst.h builtin.o: $(topdir)/shell.h $(topdir)/syntax.h $(topdir)/unwind_prot.h $(topdir)/variables.h $(topdir)/conftypes.h builtin.o: $(srcdir)/bashgetopt.h ../pathnames.h caller.o: $(topdir)/command.h ../config.h $(BASHINCDIR)/memalloc.h $(topdir)/error.h caller.o: $(topdir)/general.h $(topdir)/xmalloc.h $(topdir)/quit.h $(topdir)/dispose_cmd.h -caller.o: $(topdir)/make_cmd.h $(topdir)/subst.h $(topdir)/externs.h +caller.o: $(topdir)/make_cmd.h $(topdir)/subst.h $(topdir)/externs.h $(topdir)/sig.h caller.o: $(topdir)/shell.h $(topdir)/syntax.h $(topdir)/unwind_prot.h $(topdir)/variables.h $(topdir)/conftypes.h caller.o: $(srcdir)/common.h $(BASHINCDIR)/maxpath.h ./builtext.h caller.o: ${BASHINCDIR}/chartypes.h $(topdir)/bashtypes.h ../pathnames.h @@ -408,41 +410,43 @@ cd.o: $(topdir)/general.h $(topdir)/xmalloc.h $(topdir)/quit.h $(topdir)/dispose cd.o: $(topdir)/make_cmd.h $(topdir)/subst.h $(topdir)/externs.h cd.o: $(topdir)/shell.h $(topdir)/syntax.h $(topdir)/unwind_prot.h $(topdir)/variables.h $(topdir)/conftypes.h cd.o: $(srcdir)/common.h $(BASHINCDIR)/maxpath.h ../pathnames.h +cd.o: $(topdir)/sig.h command.o: $(topdir)/command.h ../config.h $(BASHINCDIR)/memalloc.h command.o: $(topdir)/error.h $(topdir)/general.h $(topdir)/xmalloc.h $(topdir)/externs.h command.o: $(topdir)/quit.h $(srcdir)/bashgetopt.h $(BASHINCDIR)/maxpath.h +command.o: $(topdir)/sig.h command.o: $(topdir)/dispose_cmd.h $(topdir)/make_cmd.h $(topdir)/subst.h command.o: $(topdir)/shell.h $(topdir)/syntax.h $(topdir)/unwind_prot.h $(topdir)/variables.h $(topdir)/conftypes.h command.o: ../pathnames.h declare.o: $(topdir)/command.h ../config.h $(BASHINCDIR)/memalloc.h declare.o: $(topdir)/error.h $(topdir)/general.h $(topdir)/xmalloc.h -declare.o: $(topdir)/quit.h $(topdir)/dispose_cmd.h $(topdir)/make_cmd.h +declare.o: $(topdir)/quit.h $(topdir)/dispose_cmd.h $(topdir)/make_cmd.h $(topdir)/sig.h declare.o: $(topdir)/subst.h $(topdir)/externs.h $(BASHINCDIR)/maxpath.h declare.o: $(topdir)/shell.h $(topdir)/syntax.h $(topdir)/unwind_prot.h $(topdir)/variables.h $(topdir)/conftypes.h -declare.o: $(topdir)/arrayfunc.h $(srcdir)/bashgetopt.h +declare.o: $(topdir)/arrayfunc.h $(srcdir)/bashgetopt.h $(topdir)/flags.h declare.o: ./builtext.h ../pathnames.h echo.o: $(topdir)/command.h ../config.h $(BASHINCDIR)/memalloc.h $(topdir)/error.h echo.o: $(topdir)/general.h $(topdir)/xmalloc.h $(topdir)/subst.h $(topdir)/externs.h -echo.o: $(topdir)/quit.h $(topdir)/dispose_cmd.h $(topdir)/make_cmd.h +echo.o: $(topdir)/quit.h $(topdir)/dispose_cmd.h $(topdir)/make_cmd.h $(topdir)/sig.h echo.o: $(topdir)/shell.h $(topdir)/syntax.h $(topdir)/unwind_prot.h $(topdir)/variables.h $(topdir)/conftypes.h echo.o: $(BASHINCDIR)/maxpath.h ../pathnames.h enable.o: $(topdir)/command.h ../config.h $(BASHINCDIR)/memalloc.h enable.o: $(topdir)/error.h $(topdir)/general.h $(topdir)/xmalloc.h enable.o: $(topdir)/quit.h $(topdir)/dispose_cmd.h $(topdir)/make_cmd.h -enable.o: $(topdir)/subst.h $(topdir)/externs.h +enable.o: $(topdir)/subst.h $(topdir)/externs.h $(topdir)/sig.h enable.o: $(topdir)/shell.h $(topdir)/syntax.h $(topdir)/unwind_prot.h $(topdir)/variables.h $(topdir)/conftypes.h enable.o: $(BASHINCDIR)/maxpath.h ../pathnames.h enable.o: $(topdir)/pcomplete.h eval.o: $(topdir)/command.h ../config.h $(BASHINCDIR)/memalloc.h eval.o: $(topdir)/error.h $(topdir)/general.h $(topdir)/xmalloc.h eval.o: $(topdir)/quit.h $(topdir)/dispose_cmd.h $(topdir)/make_cmd.h -eval.o: $(topdir)/subst.h $(topdir)/externs.h +eval.o: $(topdir)/subst.h $(topdir)/externs.h $(topdir)/sig.h eval.o: $(topdir)/shell.h $(topdir)/syntax.h $(topdir)/unwind_prot.h $(topdir)/variables.h $(topdir)/conftypes.h eval.o: $(BASHINCDIR)/maxpath.h ../pathnames.h exec.o: $(topdir)/bashtypes.h exec.o: $(topdir)/command.h ../config.h $(BASHINCDIR)/memalloc.h exec.o: $(topdir)/error.h $(topdir)/general.h $(topdir)/xmalloc.h -exec.o: $(topdir)/quit.h $(topdir)/dispose_cmd.h $(topdir)/make_cmd.h +exec.o: $(topdir)/quit.h $(topdir)/dispose_cmd.h $(topdir)/make_cmd.h $(topdir)/sig.h exec.o: $(topdir)/subst.h $(topdir)/externs.h $(topdir)/flags.h exec.o: $(topdir)/shell.h $(topdir)/syntax.h $(topdir)/unwind_prot.h $(topdir)/variables.h $(topdir)/conftypes.h exec.o: $(srcdir)/common.h $(topdir)/execute_cmd.h $(BASHINCDIR)/maxpath.h @@ -450,7 +454,7 @@ exec.o: $(topdir)/findcmd.h $(topdir)/jobs.h ../pathnames.h exit.o: $(topdir)/bashtypes.h exit.o: $(topdir)/command.h ../config.h $(BASHINCDIR)/memalloc.h exit.o: $(topdir)/error.h $(topdir)/general.h $(topdir)/xmalloc.h -exit.o: $(topdir)/quit.h $(topdir)/dispose_cmd.h $(topdir)/make_cmd.h +exit.o: $(topdir)/quit.h $(topdir)/dispose_cmd.h $(topdir)/make_cmd.h $(topdir)/sig.h exit.o: $(topdir)/subst.h $(topdir)/externs.h $(topdir)/jobs.h exit.o: $(topdir)/shell.h $(topdir)/syntax.h $(topdir)/unwind_prot.h $(topdir)/variables.h $(topdir)/conftypes.h exit.o: $(BASHINCDIR)/maxpath.h ./builtext.h ../pathnames.h @@ -459,7 +463,7 @@ fc.o: $(topdir)/builtins.h $(topdir)/command.h $(srcdir)/bashgetopt.h fc.o: $(topdir)/bashhist.h fc.o: $(topdir)/command.h ../config.h $(BASHINCDIR)/memalloc.h $(topdir)/error.h fc.o: $(topdir)/general.h $(topdir)/xmalloc.h $(BASHINCDIR)/maxpath.h -fc.o: $(topdir)/quit.h $(topdir)/dispose_cmd.h $(topdir)/make_cmd.h +fc.o: $(topdir)/quit.h $(topdir)/dispose_cmd.h $(topdir)/make_cmd.h $(topdir)/sig.h fc.o: $(topdir)/subst.h $(topdir)/externs.h $(topdir)/shell.h $(topdir)/syntax.h fc.o: $(topdir)/flags.h $(topdir)/unwind_prot.h $(topdir)/variables.h $(topdir)/conftypes.h fc.o: $(topdir)/bashansi.h $(BASHINCDIR)/ansi_stdlib.h $(BASHINCDIR)/chartypes.h @@ -467,18 +471,18 @@ fc.o: ../pathnames.h fg_bg.o: $(topdir)/bashtypes.h $(srcdir)/bashgetopt.h fg_bg.o: $(topdir)/command.h ../config.h $(BASHINCDIR)/memalloc.h fg_bg.o: $(topdir)/error.h $(topdir)/general.h $(topdir)/xmalloc.h -fg_bg.o: $(topdir)/quit.h $(topdir)/dispose_cmd.h $(topdir)/make_cmd.h +fg_bg.o: $(topdir)/quit.h $(topdir)/dispose_cmd.h $(topdir)/make_cmd.h $(topdir)/sig.h fg_bg.o: $(topdir)/subst.h $(topdir)/externs.h $(BASHINCDIR)/maxpath.h fg_bg.o: $(topdir)/shell.h $(topdir)/syntax.h $(topdir)/unwind_prot.h $(topdir)/variables.h $(topdir)/conftypes.h fg_bg.o: $(topdir)/jobs.h ../pathnames.h getopts.o: $(topdir)/command.h ../config.h $(BASHINCDIR)/memalloc.h getopts.o: $(topdir)/error.h $(topdir)/general.h $(topdir)/xmalloc.h -getopts.o: $(topdir)/quit.h $(topdir)/dispose_cmd.h $(topdir)/make_cmd.h +getopts.o: $(topdir)/quit.h $(topdir)/dispose_cmd.h $(topdir)/make_cmd.h $(topdir)/sig.h getopts.o: $(topdir)/subst.h $(topdir)/externs.h $(BASHINCDIR)/maxpath.h getopts.o: $(topdir)/shell.h $(topdir)/syntax.h $(topdir)/unwind_prot.h $(topdir)/variables.h $(topdir)/conftypes.h getopts.o: ../pathnames.h hash.o: $(topdir)/builtins.h $(topdir)/command.h $(topdir)/quit.h -hash.o: $(topdir)/findcmd.h $(topdir)/hashlib.h +hash.o: $(topdir)/findcmd.h $(topdir)/hashlib.h $(topdir)/sig.h hash.o: $(topdir)/command.h ../config.h $(BASHINCDIR)/memalloc.h hash.o: $(topdir)/error.h $(topdir)/general.h $(topdir)/xmalloc.h hash.o: $(topdir)/shell.h $(topdir)/syntax.h $(topdir)/unwind_prot.h $(topdir)/variables.h $(topdir)/conftypes.h @@ -488,12 +492,12 @@ help.o: $(topdir)/error.h $(topdir)/general.h $(topdir)/xmalloc.h help.o: $(topdir)/quit.h $(topdir)/dispose_cmd.h $(topdir)/make_cmd.h help.o: $(topdir)/subst.h $(topdir)/externs.h $(BASHINCDIR)/maxpath.h help.o: $(topdir)/shell.h $(topdir)/syntax.h $(topdir)/unwind_prot.h $(topdir)/variables.h $(topdir)/conftypes.h -help.o: ${srcdir}/common.h ../pathnames.h +help.o: ${srcdir}/common.h $(topdir)/sig.h ../pathnames.h history.o: $(topdir)/bashtypes.h history.o: $(topdir)/command.h ../config.h $(BASHINCDIR)/memalloc.h history.o: $(topdir)/error.h $(topdir)/general.h $(topdir)/xmalloc.h history.o: $(topdir)/quit.h $(topdir)/dispose_cmd.h $(topdir)/make_cmd.h -history.o: $(topdir)/subst.h $(topdir)/externs.h +history.o: $(topdir)/subst.h $(topdir)/externs.h $(topdir)/sig.h history.o: ${BASHINCDIR}/filecntl.h $(topdir)/shell.h $(topdir)/syntax.h $(topdir)/unwind_prot.h history.o: $(topdir)/variables.h $(topdir)/conftypes.h $(topdir)/bashhist.h $(BASHINCDIR)/maxpath.h history.o: ../pathnames.h @@ -507,16 +511,16 @@ jobs.o: $(topdir)/general.h $(topdir)/xmalloc.h $(topdir)/quit.h $(srcdir)/bashg jobs.o: $(BASHINCDIR)/maxpath.h $(topdir)/externs.h $(topdir)/jobs.h jobs.o: $(topdir)/dispose_cmd.h $(topdir)/make_cmd.h $(topdir)/subst.h jobs.o: $(topdir)/shell.h $(topdir)/syntax.h $(topdir)/unwind_prot.h $(topdir)/variables.h $(topdir)/conftypes.h -jobs.o: ../pathnames.h +jobs.o: $(topdir)/sig.h ../pathnames.h kill.o: $(topdir)/command.h ../config.h $(BASHINCDIR)/memalloc.h $(topdir)/error.h kill.o: $(topdir)/general.h $(topdir)/xmalloc.h $(topdir)/subst.h $(topdir)/externs.h -kill.o: $(topdir)/quit.h $(topdir)/dispose_cmd.h $(topdir)/make_cmd.h +kill.o: $(topdir)/quit.h $(topdir)/dispose_cmd.h $(topdir)/make_cmd.h $(topdir)/sig.h kill.o: $(topdir)/shell.h $(topdir)/syntax.h $(topdir)/trap.h $(topdir)/unwind_prot.h kill.o: $(topdir)/variables.h $(topdir)/conftypes.h $(BASHINCDIR)/maxpath.h kill.o: $(topdir)/jobs.h ../pathnames.h let.o: $(topdir)/command.h ../config.h $(BASHINCDIR)/memalloc.h let.o: $(topdir)/error.h $(topdir)/general.h $(topdir)/xmalloc.h -let.o: $(topdir)/quit.h $(topdir)/dispose_cmd.h $(topdir)/make_cmd.h +let.o: $(topdir)/quit.h $(topdir)/dispose_cmd.h $(topdir)/make_cmd.h $(topdir)/sig.h let.o: $(topdir)/subst.h $(topdir)/externs.h $(BASHINCDIR)/maxpath.h let.o: $(topdir)/shell.h $(topdir)/syntax.h $(topdir)/unwind_prot.h $(topdir)/variables.h $(topdir)/conftypes.h let.o: ../pathnames.h @@ -527,11 +531,12 @@ printf.o: $(topdir)/subst.h $(topdir)/externs.h $(topdir)/sig.h printf.o: ../pathnames.h $(topdir)/shell.h $(topdir)/syntax.h $(topdir)/unwind_prot.h printf.o: $(topdir)/variables.h $(topdir)/conftypes.h $(BASHINCDIR)/stdc.h $(srcdir)/bashgetopt.h printf.o: $(topdir)/bashtypes.h ${srcdir}/common.h $(BASHINCDIR)/chartypes.h +printf.o: ${BASHINCDIR}/shmbutil.h ${BASHINCDIR}/shmbchar.h printf.o: ../pathnames.h pushd.o: $(topdir)/command.h ../config.h $(BASHINCDIR)/memalloc.h pushd.o: $(topdir)/error.h $(topdir)/general.h $(topdir)/xmalloc.h pushd.o: $(topdir)/quit.h $(topdir)/dispose_cmd.h $(topdir)/make_cmd.h -pushd.o: $(topdir)/subst.h $(topdir)/externs.h +pushd.o: $(topdir)/subst.h $(topdir)/externs.h $(topdir)/sig.h pushd.o: $(topdir)/shell.h $(topdir)/syntax.h $(topdir)/unwind_prot.h $(topdir)/variables.h $(topdir)/conftypes.h pushd.o: $(BASHINCDIR)/maxpath.h $(srcdir)/common.h ./builtext.h pushd.o: ../pathnames.h @@ -540,11 +545,12 @@ read.o: $(topdir)/error.h $(topdir)/general.h $(topdir)/xmalloc.h read.o: $(topdir)/quit.h $(topdir)/dispose_cmd.h $(topdir)/make_cmd.h read.o: $(topdir)/subst.h $(topdir)/externs.h $(BASHINCDIR)/maxpath.h read.o: $(topdir)/shell.h $(topdir)/syntax.h $(topdir)/unwind_prot.h $(topdir)/variables.h $(topdir)/conftypes.h -read.o: $(BASHINCDIR)/shtty.h +read.o: $(BASHINCDIR)/shtty.h $(topdir)/sig.h +read.o: ${BASHINCDIR}/shmbutil.h ${BASHINCDIR}/shmbchar.h read.o: $(topdir)/arrayfunc.h ../pathnames.h return.o: $(topdir)/command.h ../config.h $(BASHINCDIR)/memalloc.h return.o: $(topdir)/error.h $(topdir)/general.h $(topdir)/xmalloc.h -return.o: $(topdir)/quit.h $(topdir)/dispose_cmd.h $(topdir)/make_cmd.h +return.o: $(topdir)/quit.h $(topdir)/dispose_cmd.h $(topdir)/make_cmd.h $(topdir)/sig.h return.o: $(topdir)/subst.h $(topdir)/externs.h $(BASHINCDIR)/maxpath.h return.o: $(topdir)/shell.h $(topdir)/syntax.h $(topdir)/unwind_prot.h $(topdir)/variables.h $(topdir)/conftypes.h return.o: ../pathnames.h @@ -552,18 +558,18 @@ set.o: $(topdir)/command.h ../config.h $(BASHINCDIR)/memalloc.h set.o: $(topdir)/general.h $(topdir)/xmalloc.h $(topdir)/subst.h $(topdir)/externs.h set.o: $(topdir)/quit.h $(topdir)/dispose_cmd.h $(topdir)/make_cmd.h set.o: $(topdir)/shell.h $(topdir)/syntax.h $(topdir)/unwind_prot.h $(topdir)/variables.h $(topdir)/conftypes.h -set.o: $(BASHINCDIR)/maxpath.h $(topdir)/error.h +set.o: $(BASHINCDIR)/maxpath.h $(topdir)/error.h $(topdir)/sig.h set.o: $(topdir)/arrayfunc.h ../pathnames.h setattr.o: $(topdir)/command.h ../config.h $(BASHINCDIR)/memalloc.h setattr.o: $(topdir)/error.h $(topdir)/general.h $(topdir)/xmalloc.h $(BASHINCDIR)/maxpath.h setattr.o: $(topdir)/quit.h $(srcdir)/common.h $(srcdir)/bashgetopt.h setattr.o: $(topdir)/dispose_cmd.h $(topdir)/make_cmd.h $(topdir)/subst.h -setattr.o: $(topdir)/externs.h +setattr.o: $(topdir)/externs.h $(topdir)/flags.h $(topdir)/sig.h setattr.o: $(topdir)/shell.h $(topdir)/syntax.h $(topdir)/unwind_prot.h $(topdir)/variables.h $(topdir)/conftypes.h setattr.o: $(topdir)/arrayfunc.h ../pathnames.h shift.o: $(topdir)/command.h ../config.h $(BASHINCDIR)/memalloc.h shift.o: $(topdir)/error.h $(topdir)/general.h $(topdir)/xmalloc.h -shift.o: $(topdir)/quit.h $(topdir)/dispose_cmd.h $(topdir)/make_cmd.h +shift.o: $(topdir)/quit.h $(topdir)/dispose_cmd.h $(topdir)/make_cmd.h $(topdir)/sig.h shift.o: $(topdir)/subst.h $(topdir)/externs.h $(BASHINCDIR)/maxpath.h shift.o: $(topdir)/shell.h $(topdir)/syntax.h $(topdir)/unwind_prot.h $(topdir)/variables.h $(topdir)/conftypes.h shift.o: ../pathnames.h @@ -573,53 +579,53 @@ shopt.o: $(topdir)/quit.h $(topdir)/dispose_cmd.h $(topdir)/make_cmd.h shopt.o: $(topdir)/subst.h $(topdir)/externs.h $(BASHINCDIR)/maxpath.h shopt.o: $(topdir)/shell.h $(topdir)/syntax.h $(topdir)/unwind_prot.h $(topdir)/variables.h $(topdir)/conftypes.h shopt.o: $(srcdir)/common.h $(srcdir)/bashgetopt.h ../pathnames.h -shopt.o: $(topdir)/bashhist.h $(topdir)/bashline.h +shopt.o: $(topdir)/bashhist.h $(topdir)/bashline.h $(topdir)/sig.h source.o: $(topdir)/command.h ../config.h $(BASHINCDIR)/memalloc.h source.o: $(topdir)/error.h $(topdir)/general.h $(topdir)/xmalloc.h $(topdir)/findcmd.h -source.o: $(topdir)/quit.h $(topdir)/dispose_cmd.h $(topdir)/make_cmd.h +source.o: $(topdir)/quit.h $(topdir)/dispose_cmd.h $(topdir)/make_cmd.h $(topdir)/sig.h source.o: $(topdir)/subst.h $(topdir)/externs.h $(BASHINCDIR)/maxpath.h source.o: $(topdir)/shell.h $(topdir)/syntax.h $(topdir)/unwind_prot.h $(topdir)/variables.h $(topdir)/conftypes.h source.o: $(srcdir)/bashgetopt.h $(topdir)/flags.h $(topdir)/trap.h source.o: ../pathnames.h suspend.o: $(topdir)/command.h ../config.h $(BASHINCDIR)/memalloc.h suspend.o: $(topdir)/error.h $(topdir)/general.h $(topdir)/xmalloc.h -suspend.o: $(topdir)/quit.h $(topdir)/dispose_cmd.h $(topdir)/make_cmd.h +suspend.o: $(topdir)/quit.h $(topdir)/dispose_cmd.h $(topdir)/make_cmd.h $(topdir)/sig.h suspend.o: $(topdir)/subst.h $(topdir)/externs.h $(BASHINCDIR)/maxpath.h suspend.o: $(topdir)/shell.h $(topdir)/syntax.h $(topdir)/unwind_prot.h $(topdir)/variables.h $(topdir)/conftypes.h suspend.o: $(topdir)/jobs.h ../pathnames.h test.o: $(topdir)/command.h ../config.h $(BASHINCDIR)/memalloc.h test.o: $(topdir)/error.h $(topdir)/general.h $(topdir)/xmalloc.h -test.o: $(topdir)/quit.h $(topdir)/dispose_cmd.h $(topdir)/make_cmd.h +test.o: $(topdir)/quit.h $(topdir)/dispose_cmd.h $(topdir)/make_cmd.h $(topdir)/sig.h test.o: $(topdir)/subst.h $(topdir)/externs.h $(BASHINCDIR)/maxpath.h test.o: $(topdir)/shell.h $(topdir)/syntax.h $(topdir)/unwind_prot.h $(topdir)/variables.h $(topdir)/conftypes.h test.o: $(topdir)/test.h ../pathnames.h times.o: $(topdir)/command.h ../config.h $(BASHINCDIR)/memalloc.h times.o: $(topdir)/error.h $(topdir)/general.h $(topdir)/xmalloc.h -times.o: $(topdir)/quit.h $(topdir)/dispose_cmd.h $(topdir)/make_cmd.h +times.o: $(topdir)/quit.h $(topdir)/dispose_cmd.h $(topdir)/make_cmd.h $(topdir)/sig.h times.o: $(topdir)/subst.h $(topdir)/externs.h $(BASHINCDIR)/maxpath.h times.o: $(topdir)/shell.h $(topdir)/syntax.h $(topdir)/unwind_prot.h $(topdir)/variables.h $(topdir)/conftypes.h times.o: $(BASHINCDIR)/posixtime.h ../pathnames.h trap.o: $(topdir)/command.h ../config.h $(BASHINCDIR)/memalloc.h trap.o: $(topdir)/error.h $(topdir)/general.h $(topdir)/xmalloc.h $(topdir)/externs.h -trap.o: $(topdir)/quit.h $(srcdir)/common.h $(BASHINCDIR)/maxpath.h +trap.o: $(topdir)/quit.h $(srcdir)/common.h $(BASHINCDIR)/maxpath.h $(topdir)/sig.h trap.o: $(topdir)/dispose_cmd.h $(topdir)/make_cmd.h $(topdir)/subst.h trap.o: $(topdir)/shell.h $(topdir)/syntax.h $(topdir)/unwind_prot.h $(topdir)/variables.h $(topdir)/conftypes.h trap.o: $(topdir)/findcmd.h ../pathnames.h type.o: $(topdir)/command.h ../config.h $(BASHINCDIR)/memalloc.h type.o: $(topdir)/error.h $(topdir)/general.h $(topdir)/xmalloc.h -type.o: $(topdir)/quit.h $(srcdir)/common.h $(BASHINCDIR)/maxpath.h +type.o: $(topdir)/quit.h $(srcdir)/common.h $(BASHINCDIR)/maxpath.h $(topdir)/sig.h type.o: $(topdir)/dispose_cmd.h $(topdir)/make_cmd.h $(topdir)/subst.h type.o: $(topdir)/externs.h $(topdir)/hashcmd.h ../pathnames.h type.o: $(topdir)/shell.h $(topdir)/syntax.h $(topdir)/unwind_prot.h $(topdir)/variables.h $(topdir)/conftypes.h ulimit.o: $(topdir)/command.h ../config.h $(BASHINCDIR)/memalloc.h ulimit.o: $(topdir)/error.h $(topdir)/general.h $(topdir)/xmalloc.h -ulimit.o: $(topdir)/quit.h $(topdir)/dispose_cmd.h $(topdir)/make_cmd.h +ulimit.o: $(topdir)/quit.h $(topdir)/dispose_cmd.h $(topdir)/make_cmd.h $(topdir)/sig.h ulimit.o: $(topdir)/subst.h $(topdir)/externs.h $(BASHINCDIR)/maxpath.h ulimit.o: $(topdir)/shell.h $(topdir)/syntax.h $(topdir)/unwind_prot.h $(topdir)/variables.h $(topdir)/conftypes.h ulimit.o: ../pathnames.h umask.o: $(topdir)/command.h ../config.h $(BASHINCDIR)/memalloc.h umask.o: $(topdir)/error.h $(topdir)/general.h $(topdir)/xmalloc.h -umask.o: $(topdir)/quit.h $(topdir)/dispose_cmd.h $(topdir)/make_cmd.h +umask.o: $(topdir)/quit.h $(topdir)/dispose_cmd.h $(topdir)/make_cmd.h $(topdir)/sig.h umask.o: $(topdir)/subst.h $(topdir)/externs.h $(BASHINCDIR)/maxpath.h umask.o: $(topdir)/shell.h $(topdir)/syntax.h $(topdir)/unwind_prot.h $(topdir)/variables.h $(topdir)/conftypes.h umask.o: $(BASHINCDIR)/chartypes.h ../pathnames.h @@ -628,19 +634,21 @@ wait.o: $(topdir)/error.h $(topdir)/general.h $(topdir)/xmalloc.h wait.o: $(topdir)/quit.h $(topdir)/dispose_cmd.h $(topdir)/make_cmd.h wait.o: $(topdir)/subst.h $(topdir)/externs.h $(BASHINCDIR)/maxpath.h wait.o: $(topdir)/shell.h $(topdir)/syntax.h $(topdir)/unwind_prot.h $(topdir)/variables.h $(topdir)/conftypes.h -wait.o: $(topdir)/jobs.h +wait.o: $(topdir)/jobs.h $(topdir)/sig.h wait.o: $(BASHINCDIR)/chartypes.h ../pathnames.h complete.o: ../config.h ../pathnames.h complete.o: ${topdir}/shell.h $(topdir)/syntax.h ${topdir}/bashjmp.h ${BASHINCDIR}/posixjmp.h ${topdir}/sig.h complete.o: ${topdir}/unwind_prot.h ${topdir}/variables.h +complete.o: $(topdir)/quit.h $(topdir)/dispose_cmd.h $(topdir)/make_cmd.h $(topdir)/sig.h complete.o: ${topdir}/bashtypes.h ${topdir}/bashansi.h ${BASHINCDIR}/ansi_stdlib.h -complete.o: ${topdir}/builtins.h +complete.o: ${topdir}/builtins.h ${topdir}/general.h +complete.o: ${topdir}/bashtypes.h ${BASHINCDIR}/chartypes.h ${topdir}/xmalloc.h complete.o: ${topdir}/pcomplete.h complete.o: ${srcdir}/common.h ${srcdir}/bashgetopt.h mapfile.o: $(topdir)/command.h ../config.h $(BASHINCDIR)/memalloc.h mapfile.o: $(topdir)/error.h $(topdir)/general.h $(topdir)/xmalloc.h -mapfile.o: $(topdir)/quit.h $(topdir)/dispose_cmd.h $(topdir)/make_cmd.h +mapfile.o: $(topdir)/quit.h $(topdir)/dispose_cmd.h $(topdir)/make_cmd.h $(topdir)/sig.h mapfile.o: $(topdir)/subst.h $(topdir)/externs.h $(BASHINCDIR)/maxpath.h mapfile.o: $(topdir)/shell.h $(topdir)/syntax.h $(topdir)/variables.h $(topdir)/conftypes.h mapfile.o: $(topdir)/arrayfunc.h ../pathnames.h diff --git a/builtins/alias.def b/builtins/alias.def index d760cebe0..508002475 100644 --- a/builtins/alias.def +++ b/builtins/alias.def @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ This file is alias.def, from which is created alias.c It implements the builtins "alias" and "unalias" in Bash. -Copyright (C) 1987-2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +Copyright (C) 1987-2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell. @@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ A trailing space in VALUE causes the next word to be checked for alias substitution when the alias is expanded. Options: - -p Print all defined aliases in a reusable format + -p print all defined aliases in a reusable format Exit Status: alias returns true unless a NAME is supplied for which no alias has been @@ -87,6 +87,7 @@ alias_builtin (list) pflag = 1; dflags |= AL_REUSABLE; break; + CASE_HELPOPT; default: builtin_usage (); return (EX_USAGE); @@ -160,7 +161,7 @@ $SHORT_DOC unalias [-a] name [name ...] Remove each NAME from the list of defined aliases. Options: - -a remove all alias definitions. + -a remove all alias definitions Return success unless a NAME is not an existing alias. $END @@ -183,6 +184,7 @@ unalias_builtin (list) case 'a': aflag = 1; break; + CASE_HELPOPT; default: builtin_usage (); return (EX_USAGE); @@ -232,7 +234,7 @@ print_alias (alias, flags) value = sh_single_quote (alias->value); if (flags & AL_REUSABLE) - printf ("alias "); + printf ("alias %s", (alias->name && alias->name[0] == '-') ? "-- " : ""); printf ("%s=%s\n", alias->name, value); free (value); diff --git a/builtins/bashgetopt.c b/builtins/bashgetopt.c index b1b707060..405ced437 100644 --- a/builtins/bashgetopt.c +++ b/builtins/bashgetopt.c @@ -31,6 +31,8 @@ #include "../shell.h" #include "common.h" +#include "bashgetopt.h" + #define ISOPT(s) (((*(s) == '-') || (plus && *(s) == '+')) && (s)[1]) #define NOTOPT(s) (((*(s) != '-') && (!plus || *(s) != '+')) || (s)[1] == '\0') @@ -76,6 +78,10 @@ char *opts; lhead = (WORD_LIST *)NULL; loptend = lcurrent; return(-1); + } else if (ISHELP (lcurrent->word->word)) { + lhead = (WORD_LIST *)NULL; + loptend = lcurrent; + return (GETOPT_HELP); } else if (lcurrent->word->word[0] == '-' && lcurrent->word->word[1] == '-' && lcurrent->word->word[2] == 0) { diff --git a/builtins/bashgetopt.h b/builtins/bashgetopt.h index f2aea2668..6637b429e 100644 --- a/builtins/bashgetopt.h +++ b/builtins/bashgetopt.h @@ -25,6 +25,9 @@ #include +#define GETOPT_EOF -1 +#define GETOPT_HELP -99 + extern char *list_optarg; extern int list_optopt; diff --git a/builtins/bind.def b/builtins/bind.def index 3a7cc4efd..649d73f6f 100644 --- a/builtins/bind.def +++ b/builtins/bind.def @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ This file is bind.def, from which is created bind.c. It implements the builtin "bind" in Bash. -Copyright (C) 1987-2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +Copyright (C) 1987-2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell. @@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ Options: -f filename Read key bindings from FILENAME. -x keyseq:shell-command Cause SHELL-COMMAND to be executed when KEYSEQ is entered. - -X List key sequences bound with -x and associated commands + -X List key sequences bound with -x and associated commands in a form that can be reused as input. Exit Status: @@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ bind_builtin (list) int return_code; Keymap kmap, saved_keymap; int flags, opt; - char *initfile, *map_name, *fun_name, *unbind_name, *remove_seq, *cmd_seq; + char *initfile, *map_name, *fun_name, *unbind_name, *remove_seq, *cmd_seq, *t; if (no_line_editing) { @@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ bind_builtin (list) kmap = saved_keymap = (Keymap) NULL; flags = 0; - initfile = map_name = fun_name = unbind_name = remove_seq = (char *)NULL; + initfile = map_name = fun_name = unbind_name = remove_seq = cmd_seq = (char *)NULL; return_code = EXECUTION_SUCCESS; if (bash_readline_initialized == 0) @@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ bind_builtin (list) rl_outstream = stdout; reset_internal_getopt (); - while ((opt = internal_getopt (list, "lvpVPsSXf:q:u:m:r:x:")) != EOF) + while ((opt = internal_getopt (list, "lvpVPsSXf:q:u:m:r:x:")) != -1) { switch (opt) { @@ -193,6 +193,7 @@ bind_builtin (list) case 'X': flags |= XXFLAG; break; + CASE_HELPOPT; default: builtin_usage (); BIND_RETURN (EX_USAGE); @@ -248,7 +249,10 @@ bind_builtin (list) { if (rl_read_init_file (initfile) != 0) { - builtin_error (_("%s: cannot read: %s"), initfile, strerror (errno)); + t = printable_filename (initfile, 0); + builtin_error (_("%s: cannot read: %s"), t, strerror (errno)); + if (t != initfile) + free (t); BIND_RETURN (EXECUTION_FAILURE); } } diff --git a/builtins/break.def b/builtins/break.def index 232ac1a71..bdc1182a8 100644 --- a/builtins/break.def +++ b/builtins/break.def @@ -67,6 +67,8 @@ break_builtin (list) { intmax_t newbreak; + CHECK_HELPOPT (list); + if (check_loop_level () == 0) return (EXECUTION_SUCCESS); @@ -107,6 +109,8 @@ continue_builtin (list) { intmax_t newcont; + CHECK_HELPOPT (list); + if (check_loop_level () == 0) return (EXECUTION_SUCCESS); diff --git a/builtins/caller.def b/builtins/caller.def index 965676b38..bf5eb96f8 100644 --- a/builtins/caller.def +++ b/builtins/caller.def @@ -81,6 +81,8 @@ caller_builtin (list) char *funcname_s, *source_s, *lineno_s; intmax_t num; + CHECK_HELPOPT (list); + GET_ARRAY_FROM_VAR ("FUNCNAME", funcname_v, funcname_a); GET_ARRAY_FROM_VAR ("BASH_SOURCE", bash_source_v, bash_source_a); GET_ARRAY_FROM_VAR ("BASH_LINENO", bash_lineno_v, bash_lineno_a); diff --git a/builtins/cd.def b/builtins/cd.def index f66e68c13..421e819b2 100644 --- a/builtins/cd.def +++ b/builtins/cd.def @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ This file is cd.def, from which is created cd.c. It implements the builtins "cd" and "pwd" in Bash. -Copyright (C) 1987-2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +Copyright (C) 1987-2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell. @@ -93,16 +93,17 @@ the word is assumed to be a variable name. If that variable has a value, its value is used for DIR. Options: - -L force symbolic links to be followed: resolve symbolic links in - DIR after processing instances of `..' - -P use the physical directory structure without following symbolic - links: resolve symbolic links in DIR before processing instances - of `..' - -e if the -P option is supplied, and the current working directory - cannot be determined successfully, exit with a non-zero status + -L force symbolic links to be followed: resolve symbolic + links in DIR after processing instances of `..' + -P use the physical directory structure without following + symbolic links: resolve symbolic links in DIR before + processing instances of `..' + -e if the -P option is supplied, and the current working + directory cannot be determined successfully, exit with + a non-zero status #if defined (O_XATTR) - -@ on systems that support it, present a file with extended attributes - as a directory containing the file attributes + -@ on systems that support it, present a file with extended + attributes as a directory containing the file attributes #endif The default is to follow symbolic links, as if `-L' were specified. @@ -261,7 +262,7 @@ cd_builtin (list) WORD_LIST *list; { char *dirname, *cdpath, *path, *temp; - int path_index, no_symlinks, opt, lflag; + int path_index, no_symlinks, opt, lflag, e; #if defined (RESTRICTED_SHELL) if (restricted) @@ -297,6 +298,7 @@ cd_builtin (list) xattrflag = 1; break; #endif + CASE_HELPOPT; default: builtin_usage (); return (EX_USAGE); @@ -327,6 +329,13 @@ cd_builtin (list) builtin_error (_("too many arguments")); return (EXECUTION_FAILURE); } +#endif +#if 0 + else if (list->word->word[0] == '\0') + { + builtin_error (_("null directory")); + return (EXECUTION_FAILURE); + } #endif else if (list->word->word[0] == '-' && list->word->word[1] == '\0') { @@ -436,7 +445,11 @@ cd_builtin (list) FREE (temp); } - builtin_error ("%s: %s", dirname, strerror (errno)); + e = errno; + temp = printable_filename (dirname, 0); + builtin_error ("%s: %s", temp, strerror (e)); + if (temp != dirname) + free (temp); return (EXECUTION_FAILURE); } @@ -447,7 +460,7 @@ Print the name of the current working directory. Options: -L print the value of $PWD if it names the current working - directory + directory -P print the physical directory, without any symbolic links By default, `pwd' behaves as if `-L' were specified. @@ -482,6 +495,7 @@ pwd_builtin (list) case 'L': verbatim_pwd = 0; break; + CASE_HELPOPT; default: builtin_usage (); return (EX_USAGE); diff --git a/builtins/command.def b/builtins/command.def index 184527994..dcb510d5b 100644 --- a/builtins/command.def +++ b/builtins/command.def @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ This file is command.def, from which is created command.c. It implements the builtin "command" in Bash. -Copyright (C) 1987-2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +Copyright (C) 1987-2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell. @@ -30,10 +30,10 @@ information about the specified COMMANDs. Can be used to invoke commands on disk when a function with the same name exists. Options: - -p use a default value for PATH that is guaranteed to find all of - the standard utilities - -v print a description of COMMAND similar to the `type' builtin - -V print a more verbose description of each COMMAND + -p use a default value for PATH that is guaranteed to find all of + the standard utilities + -v print a description of COMMAND similar to the `type' builtin + -V print a more verbose description of each COMMAND Exit Status: Returns exit status of COMMAND, or failure if COMMAND is not found. @@ -63,7 +63,6 @@ extern size_t confstr __P((int, char *, size_t)); extern int subshell_environment; static void restore_path __P((char *)); -static char *get_standard_path __P((void)); /* Run the commands mentioned in LIST without paying attention to shell functions. */ @@ -82,7 +81,7 @@ command_builtin (list) switch (opt) { case 'p': - use_standard_path = 1; + use_standard_path = CDESC_STDPATH; break; case 'V': verbose = CDESC_SHORTDESC|CDESC_ABSPATH; /* look in common.h for constants */ @@ -90,6 +89,7 @@ command_builtin (list) case 'v': verbose = CDESC_REUSABLE; /* ditto */ break; + CASE_HELPOPT; default: builtin_usage (); return (EX_USAGE); @@ -108,30 +108,13 @@ command_builtin (list) } #endif - begin_unwind_frame ("command_builtin"); - - if (use_standard_path) - { - old_path = get_string_value ("PATH"); - /* If old_path is NULL, $PATH is unset. If so, we want to make sure - it's unset after this command completes. */ - if (old_path) - old_path = savestring (old_path); - add_unwind_protect ((Function *)restore_path, old_path); - - standard_path = get_standard_path (); - bind_variable ("PATH", standard_path ? standard_path : "", 0); - stupidly_hack_special_variables ("PATH"); - FREE (standard_path); - } - if (verbose) { int found, any_found; for (any_found = 0; list; list = list->next) { - found = describe_command (list->word->word, verbose); + found = describe_command (list->word->word, verbose|use_standard_path); if (found == 0 && verbose != CDESC_REUSABLE) sh_notfound (list->word->word); @@ -139,11 +122,12 @@ command_builtin (list) any_found += found; } - run_unwind_frame ("command_builtin"); return (any_found ? EXECUTION_SUCCESS : EXECUTION_FAILURE); } -#define COMMAND_BUILTIN_FLAGS (CMD_NO_FUNCTIONS | CMD_INHIBIT_EXPANSION | CMD_COMMAND_BUILTIN) + begin_unwind_frame ("command_builtin"); + +#define COMMAND_BUILTIN_FLAGS (CMD_NO_FUNCTIONS | CMD_INHIBIT_EXPANSION | CMD_COMMAND_BUILTIN | (use_standard_path ? CMD_STDPATH : 0)) /* We don't want this to be reparsed (consider command echo 'foo &'), so just make a simple_command structure and call execute_command with it. */ @@ -152,18 +136,7 @@ command_builtin (list) command->value.Simple->redirects = (REDIRECT *)NULL; command->flags |= COMMAND_BUILTIN_FLAGS; command->value.Simple->flags |= COMMAND_BUILTIN_FLAGS; -#if 0 - /* This breaks for things like ( cd /tmp ; command z ababa ; echo next ) - or $(command echo a ; command echo b;) or even - { command echo a; command echo b; } & */ - /* If we're in a subshell, see if we can get away without forking - again, since we've already forked to run this builtin. */ - if (subshell_environment) - { - command->flags |= CMD_NO_FORK; - command->value.Simple->flags |= CMD_NO_FORK; - } -#endif + add_unwind_protect ((char *)dispose_command, command); result = execute_command (command); @@ -188,32 +161,3 @@ restore_path (var) stupidly_hack_special_variables ("PATH"); } - -/* Return a value for PATH that is guaranteed to find all of the standard - utilities. This uses Posix.2 configuration variables, if present. It - uses a value defined in config.h as a last resort. */ -static char * -get_standard_path () -{ -#if defined (_CS_PATH) && defined (HAVE_CONFSTR) - char *p; - size_t len; - - len = (size_t)confstr (_CS_PATH, (char *)NULL, (size_t)0); - if (len > 0) - { - p = (char *)xmalloc (len + 2); - *p = '\0'; - confstr (_CS_PATH, p, len); - return (p); - } - else - return (savestring (STANDARD_UTILS_PATH)); -#else /* !_CS_PATH || !HAVE_CONFSTR */ -# if defined (CS_PATH) - return (savestring (CS_PATH)); -# else - return (savestring (STANDARD_UTILS_PATH)); -# endif /* !CS_PATH */ -#endif /* !_CS_PATH || !HAVE_CONFSTR */ -} diff --git a/builtins/common.c b/builtins/common.c index fb2b38cdd..b100ebe1c 100644 --- a/builtins/common.c +++ b/builtins/common.c @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ /* common.c - utility functions for all builtins */ -/* Copyright (C) 1987-2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +/* Copyright (C) 1987-2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell. @@ -70,6 +70,7 @@ extern int errno; extern int indirection_level, subshell_environment; extern int line_number; extern int last_command_exit_value; +extern int trap_saved_exit_value; extern int running_trap; extern int posixly_correct; extern char *this_command_name, *shell_name; @@ -175,9 +176,16 @@ int no_options (list) WORD_LIST *list; { + int opt; + reset_internal_getopt (); - if (internal_getopt (list, "") != -1) + if ((opt = internal_getopt (list, "")) != -1) { + if (opt == GETOPT_HELP) + { + builtin_help (); + return (2); + } builtin_usage (); return (1); } @@ -234,7 +242,7 @@ sh_invalidnum (s) { char *msg; - if (*s == '0' && isdigit (s[1])) + if (*s == '0' && isdigit ((unsigned char)s[1])) msg = _("invalid octal number"); else if (*s == '0' && s[1] == 'x') msg = _("invalid hex number"); @@ -335,7 +343,9 @@ int sh_chkwrite (s) int s; { + QUIT; fflush (stdout); + QUIT; if (ferror (stdout)) { sh_wrerror (); @@ -403,6 +413,8 @@ remember_args (list, destructive) if (destructive) set_dollar_vars_changed (); + + invalidate_cached_quoted_dollar_at (); } static int changed_dollar_vars; @@ -494,7 +506,17 @@ get_exitstat (list) list = list->next; if (list == 0) - return (last_command_exit_value); + { + /* If we're not running the DEBUG trap, the return builtin, when not + given any arguments, uses the value of $? before the trap ran. If + given an argument, return uses it. This means that the trap can't + change $?. The DEBUG trap gets to change $?, though, since that is + part of its reason for existing, and because the extended debug mode + does things with the return value. */ + if (this_shell_builtin == return_builtin && running_trap > 0 && running_trap != DEBUG_TRAP+1) + return (trap_saved_exit_value); + return (last_command_exit_value); + } arg = list->word->word; if (arg == 0 || legal_number (arg, &sval) == 0) @@ -888,3 +910,11 @@ initialize_shell_builtins () qsort (shell_builtins, num_shell_builtins, sizeof (struct builtin), (QSFUNC *)shell_builtin_compare); } + +#if !defined (HELP_BUILTIN) +void +builtin_help () +{ + printf ("%s: %s\n", this_command_name, _("help not available in this version")); +} +#endif diff --git a/builtins/common.h b/builtins/common.h index a1298cb9c..ed852305d 100644 --- a/builtins/common.h +++ b/builtins/common.h @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ /* common.h -- extern declarations for functions defined in common.c. */ -/* Copyright (C) 1993-2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +/* Copyright (C) 1993-2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell. @@ -24,6 +24,21 @@ #include "stdc.h" #define ISOPTION(s, c) (s[0] == '-' && !s[2] && s[1] == c) +#define ISHELP(s) (STREQ ((s), "--help")) + +#define CHECK_HELPOPT(l) \ +do { \ + if ((l) && (l)->word && ISHELP((l)->word->word)) \ + { \ + builtin_help (); \ + return (EX_USAGE); \ + } \ +} while (0) + +#define CASE_HELPOPT \ + case GETOPT_HELP: \ + builtin_help (); \ + return (EX_USAGE) /* Flag values for parse_and_execute () */ #define SEVAL_NONINT 0x001 @@ -35,6 +50,7 @@ #define SEVAL_NOLONGJMP 0x040 #define SEVAL_FUNCDEF 0x080 /* only allow function definitions */ #define SEVAL_ONECMD 0x100 /* only allow a single command */ +#define SEVAL_NOHISTEXP 0x200 /* inhibit history expansion */ /* Flags for describe_command, shared between type.def and command.def */ #define CDESC_ALL 0x001 /* type -a */ @@ -45,6 +61,7 @@ #define CDESC_FORCE_PATH 0x020 /* type -ap or type -P */ #define CDESC_NOFUNCS 0x040 /* type -f */ #define CDESC_ABSPATH 0x080 /* convert to absolute path, no ./ */ +#define CDESC_STDPATH 0x100 /* command -p */ /* Flags for get_job_by_name */ #define JM_PREFIX 0x01 /* prefix of job name */ @@ -59,6 +76,9 @@ #define ARGS_FUNC 0x02 #define ARGS_SETBLTIN 0x04 +/* Maximum number of attribute letters */ +#define MAX_ATTRIBUTES 16 + /* Functions from common.c */ extern void builtin_error __P((const char *, ...)) __attribute__((__format__ (printf, 1, 2))); extern void builtin_warning __P((const char *, ...)) __attribute__((__format__ (printf, 1, 2))); @@ -122,6 +142,9 @@ extern void bash_logout __P((void)); /* Functions from getopts.def */ extern void getopts_reset __P((int)); +/* Functions from help.def */ +extern void builtin_help __P((void)); + /* Functions from read.def */ extern void read_tty_cleanup __P((void)); extern int read_tty_modified __P((void)); @@ -138,6 +161,9 @@ extern void initialize_shell_options __P((int)); extern void reset_shell_options __P((void)); +extern char *get_current_options __P((void)); +extern void set_current_options __P((const char *)); + /* Functions from shopt.def */ extern void reset_shopt_options __P((void)); extern char **get_shopt_options __P((void)); @@ -163,6 +189,7 @@ extern int show_var_attributes __P((SHELL_VAR *, int, int)); extern int show_name_attributes __P((char *, int)); extern int show_func_attributes __P((char *, int)); extern void set_var_attribute __P((char *, int, int)); +extern int var_attribute_string __P((SHELL_VAR *, int, char *)); /* Functions from pushd.def */ extern char *get_dirstack_from_string __P((char *)); @@ -175,9 +202,12 @@ extern int parse_and_execute __P((char *, const char *, int)); extern int evalstring __P((char *, const char *, int)); extern void parse_and_execute_cleanup __P((void)); extern int parse_string __P((char *, const char *, int, char **)); +extern int should_suppress_fork __P((COMMAND *)); +extern void optimize_fork __P((COMMAND *)); /* Functions from evalfile.c */ extern int maybe_execute_file __P((const char *, int)); +extern int force_execute_file __P((const char *, int)); extern int source_file __P((const char *, int)); extern int fc_execute_file __P((const char *)); diff --git a/builtins/complete.def b/builtins/complete.def index 8499b7a6e..6bdf88b47 100644 --- a/builtins/complete.def +++ b/builtins/complete.def @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ This file is complete.def, from which is created complete.c. It implements the builtins "complete", "compgen", and "compopt" in Bash. -Copyright (C) 1999-2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +Copyright (C) 1999-2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell. @@ -33,11 +33,11 @@ allows them to be reused as input. Options: -p print existing completion specifications in a reusable format -r remove a completion specification for each NAME, or, if no - NAMEs are supplied, all completion specifications + NAMEs are supplied, all completion specifications -D apply the completions and actions as the default for commands - without any specific completion defined + without any specific completion defined -E apply the completions and actions to "empty" commands -- - completion attempted on a blank line + completion attempted on a blank line When completion is attempted, the actions are applied in the order the uppercase-letter options are listed above. The -D option takes @@ -138,6 +138,7 @@ static const struct _compopt { { "dirnames", COPT_DIRNAMES }, { "filenames",COPT_FILENAMES}, { "noquote", COPT_NOQUOTE }, + { "nosort", COPT_NOSORT }, { "nospace", COPT_NOSPACE }, { "plusdirs", COPT_PLUSDIRS }, { (char *)NULL, 0 }, @@ -170,7 +171,7 @@ find_compopt (name) /* Build the actions and compspec options from the options specified in LIST. ACTP is a pointer to an unsigned long in which to place the bitmap of actions. OPTP is a pointer to an unsigned long in which to place the - btmap of compspec options (arguments to `-o'). PP, if non-null, gets 1 + bitmap of compspec options (arguments to `-o'). PP, if non-null, gets 1 if -p is supplied; RP, if non-null, gets 1 if -r is supplied. If either is null, the corresponding option generates an error. This also sets variables corresponding to options that take arguments as @@ -324,6 +325,7 @@ build_actions (list, flagp, actp, optp) case 'X': Xarg = list_optarg; break; + CASE_HELPOPT; default: builtin_usage (); return (EX_USAGE); @@ -653,7 +655,7 @@ print_cmd_completions (list) $BUILTIN compgen $DEPENDS_ON PROGRAMMABLE_COMPLETION $FUNCTION compgen_builtin -$SHORT_DOC compgen [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o option] [-A action] [-G globpat] [-W wordlist] [-F function] [-C command] [-X filterpat] [-P prefix] [-S suffix] [word] +$SHORT_DOC compgen [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o option] [-A action] [-G globpat] [-W wordlist] [-F function] [-C command] [-X filterpat] [-P prefix] [-S suffix] [word] Display possible completions depending on the options. Intended to be used from within a shell function generating possible @@ -790,7 +792,7 @@ compopt_builtin (list) ret = EXECUTION_SUCCESS; reset_internal_getopt (); - while ((opt = internal_getopt (list, "+o:DE")) != EOF) + while ((opt = internal_getopt (list, "+o:DE")) != -1) { opts = (list_opttype == '-') ? &opts_on : &opts_off; @@ -811,6 +813,7 @@ compopt_builtin (list) case 'E': Eflag = 1; break; + CASE_HELPOPT; default: builtin_usage (); return (EX_USAGE); @@ -867,5 +870,8 @@ compopt_builtin (list) pcomp_set_compspec_options (cs, opts_off, 0); } + if (wl) + dispose_words (wl); + return (ret); } diff --git a/builtins/declare.def b/builtins/declare.def index a634e7ce8..f4819b423 100644 --- a/builtins/declare.def +++ b/builtins/declare.def @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ This file is declare.def, from which is created declare.c. It implements the builtins "declare" and "local" in Bash. -Copyright (C) 1987-2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +Copyright (C) 1987-2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell. @@ -31,9 +31,9 @@ display the attributes and values of all variables. Options: -f restrict action or display to function names and definitions -F restrict display to function names only (plus line number and - source file when debugging) + source file when debugging) -g create global variables when used in a shell function; otherwise - ignored + ignored -p display the attributes and value of each NAME Options which set attributes: @@ -62,10 +62,10 @@ $END $BUILTIN typeset $FUNCTION declare_builtin -$SHORT_DOC typeset [-aAfFgilrtux] [-p] name[=value] ... +$SHORT_DOC typeset [-aAfFgilnrtux] [-p] name[=value] ... Set variable values and attributes. -Obsolete. See `help declare'. +A synonym for `declare'. See `help declare'. $END #include @@ -83,6 +83,7 @@ $END #include "../bashintl.h" #include "../shell.h" +#include "../flags.h" #include "common.h" #include "builtext.h" #include "bashgetopt.h" @@ -149,10 +150,12 @@ declare_internal (list, local_var) flags_on = flags_off = any_failed = assign_error = pflag = nodefs = mkglobal = 0; refvar = (SHELL_VAR *)NULL; reset_internal_getopt (); - while ((opt = internal_getopt (list, DECLARE_OPTS)) != EOF) + while ((opt = internal_getopt (list, DECLARE_OPTS)) != -1) { flags = list_opttype == '+' ? &flags_off : &flags_on; + /* If you add options here, see whether or not they need to be added to + the loop in subst.c:shell_expand_word_list() */ switch (opt) { case 'a': @@ -221,6 +224,7 @@ declare_internal (list, local_var) flags_off |= att_capcase|att_lowercase; break; #endif /* CASEMOD_ATTRS */ + CASE_HELPOPT; default: builtin_usage (); return (EX_USAGE); @@ -282,15 +286,28 @@ declare_internal (list, local_var) /* There are arguments left, so we are making variables. */ while (list) /* declare [-aAfFirx] name [name ...] */ { - char *value, *name; - int offset, aflags; + char *value, *name, *oldname; + int offset, aflags, wflags, created_var, namelen; #if defined (ARRAY_VARS) int making_array_special, compound_array_assign, simple_array_assign; + int var_exists, array_exists, creating_array, array_subscript_assignment; #endif name = savestring (list->word->word); + wflags = list->word->flags; offset = assignment (name, 0); aflags = 0; + created_var = 0; + + if (local_var && variable_context && STREQ (name, "-")) + { + var = make_local_variable ("-"); + FREE (value_cell (var)); /* just in case */ + value = get_current_options (); + var_setvalue (var, value); + VSETATTR (var, att_invisible); + NEXT_VARIABLE (); + } if (offset) /* declare [-aAfFirx] name=value */ { @@ -309,8 +326,8 @@ declare_internal (list, local_var) that is specific to nameref variables. */ if (flags_on & att_nameref) { -#if defined (ARRAY_VARIABLES) - if (valid_array_reference (name)) +#if defined (ARRAY_VARS) + if (valid_array_reference (name, 0)) { builtin_error (_("%s: reference variable cannot be an array"), name); assign_error++; @@ -318,22 +335,39 @@ declare_internal (list, local_var) } else #endif - /* disallow self references at global scope */ - if (STREQ (name, value) && variable_context == 0) + /* disallow self references at global scope, warn at function scope */ + if (check_selfref (name, value, 0)) + { + if (variable_context == 0) + { + builtin_error (_("%s: nameref variable self references not allowed"), name); + assign_error++; + NEXT_VARIABLE (); + } + else + builtin_warning (_("%s: circular name reference"), name); + } +#if 1 + if (value && *value && (aflags & ASS_APPEND) == 0 && valid_nameref_value (value, 1) == 0) { - builtin_error (_("%s: nameref variable self references not allowed"), name); + builtin_error (_("`%s': invalid variable name for name reference"), value); assign_error++; NEXT_VARIABLE (); } +#endif } +restart_new_var_name: #if defined (ARRAY_VARS) + var_exists = array_exists = creating_array = 0; compound_array_assign = simple_array_assign = 0; + array_subscript_assignment = 0; subscript_start = (char *)NULL; if (t = strchr (name, '[')) /* ] */ { - /* If offset != 0 we have already validated any array reference */ - if (offset == 0 && valid_array_reference (name) == 0) + /* If offset != 0 we have already validated any array reference + because assignment() calls skipsubscript() */ + if (offset == 0 && valid_array_reference (name, 0) == 0) { sh_invalidid (name); assign_error++; @@ -341,7 +375,8 @@ declare_internal (list, local_var) } subscript_start = t; *t = '\0'; - making_array_special = 1; + making_array_special = 1; /* XXX - should this check offset? */ + array_subscript_assignment = offset != 0; } else making_array_special = 0; @@ -368,6 +403,7 @@ declare_internal (list, local_var) refvar = (SHELL_VAR *)NULL; if (variable_context && mkglobal == 0 && ((flags_on & att_function) == 0)) { + /* check name for validity here? */ #if defined (ARRAY_VARS) if (flags_on & att_assoc) var = make_local_assoc_variable (name); @@ -375,12 +411,41 @@ declare_internal (list, local_var) var = make_local_array_variable (name, making_array_special); else #endif + if (offset == 0 && (flags_on & att_nameref)) + { + /* First look for refvar at current scope */ + refvar = find_variable_last_nameref (name, 1); + var = find_variable (name); + /* VARIABLE_CONTEXT != 0, so we are attempting to create or modify + the attributes for a local variable at the same scope. If we've + used a reference from a previous context to resolve VAR, we + want to throw REFVAR and VAR away and create a new local var. */ + if (refvar && refvar->context != variable_context) + { + refvar = 0; + var = make_local_variable (name); + } + else if (refvar && refvar->context == variable_context) + var = refvar; + /* Maybe we just want to create a new local variable */ + else if (var == 0 || var->context != variable_context) + var = make_local_variable (name); + /* otherwise we have a var at the right context */ + } + else + /* XXX - check name for validity here with valid_nameref_value */ var = make_local_variable (name); /* sets att_invisible for new vars */ if (var == 0) { any_failed++; NEXT_VARIABLE (); } + if (var && nameref_p (var) && readonly_p (var) && nameref_cell (var) && (flags_off & att_nameref)) + { + sh_readonly (name); + any_failed++; + NEXT_VARIABLE (); + } } else var = (SHELL_VAR *)NULL; @@ -444,18 +509,33 @@ declare_internal (list, local_var) NEXT_VARIABLE (); } } - else /* declare -[aAirx] name [name...] */ + else /* declare -[aAinrx] name [name...] */ { /* Non-null if we just created or fetched a local variable. */ +#if 0 + /* This is bash-4.3 code. */ /* Here's what ksh93 seems to do. If we are modifying an existing nameref variable, we don't follow the nameref chain past the last nameref, and we set the nameref variable's value so future references to that variable will return the value of the variable we're assigning right now. */ +#else + /* Here's what ksh93 seems to do as of the 2012 version: if we are + using declare -n to modify the value of an existing nameref + variable, don't follow the nameref chain at all and just search + for a nameref at the current context. If we have a nameref, + modify its value (changing which variable it references). */ +#endif if (var == 0 && (flags_on & att_nameref)) { +#if 0 /* See if we are trying to modify an existing nameref variable */ - var = mkglobal ? find_global_variable_last_nameref (name) : find_variable_last_nameref (name); + var = mkglobal ? find_global_variable_last_nameref (name, 1) : find_variable_last_nameref (name, 1); +#else + /* See if we are trying to modify an existing nameref variable, + but don't follow the nameref chain. */ + var = mkglobal ? find_global_variable_noref (name) : find_variable_noref (name); +#endif if (var && nameref_p (var) == 0) var = 0; } @@ -467,41 +547,137 @@ declare_internal (list, local_var) else if (var == 0 && (flags_off & att_nameref)) { /* See if we are trying to modify an existing nameref variable */ - refvar = mkglobal ? find_global_variable_last_nameref (name) : find_variable_last_nameref (name); + refvar = mkglobal ? find_global_variable_last_nameref (name, 0) : find_variable_last_nameref (name, 0); if (refvar && nameref_p (refvar) == 0) refvar = 0; + /* If the nameref is readonly but doesn't have a value, ksh93 + allows the nameref attribute to be removed. If it's readonly + and has a value, even if the value doesn't reference an + existing variable, we disallow the modification */ + if (refvar && nameref_cell (refvar) && readonly_p (refvar)) + { + sh_readonly (name); + any_failed++; + NEXT_VARIABLE (); + } if (refvar) var = mkglobal ? find_global_variable (nameref_cell (refvar)) : find_variable (nameref_cell (refvar)); } - +#if defined (ARRAY_VARS) + /* If we have an array assignment to a nameref, remove the nameref + attribute and go on. */ + else if (var == 0 && offset && array_subscript_assignment) + { + var = mkglobal ? find_global_variable_noref (name) : find_variable_noref (name); + if (var && nameref_p (var)) + { + internal_warning (_("%s: removing nameref attribute"), name); + FREE (value_cell (var)); /* XXX - bash-4.3 compat */ + var_setvalue (var, (char *)NULL); + VUNSETATTR (var, att_nameref); + } + } +#endif + + /* See if we are trying to set flags or value for an existing nameref + that points to a non-existent variable: e.g., + declare -n foo=bar + unset foo # unsets bar + declare -i foo + foo=4+4 + declare -p foo */ + if (var == 0 && (flags_on || flags_off || offset)) + { + refvar = mkglobal ? find_global_variable_last_nameref (name, 0) : find_variable_last_nameref (name, 0); + if (refvar && nameref_p (refvar) == 0) + refvar = 0; + if (refvar) + var = mkglobal ? find_global_variable (nameref_cell (refvar)) : find_variable (nameref_cell (refvar)); + if (refvar && var == 0) + { + oldname = name; /* need to free this */ + + namelen = strlen (nameref_cell (refvar)); +#if defined (ARRAY_VARS) + if (subscript_start) + { + *subscript_start = '['; /*]*/ + namelen += strlen (subscript_start); + } +#endif + name = xmalloc (namelen + 2 + strlen (value) + 1); + strcpy (name, nameref_cell (refvar)); +#if defined (ARRAY_VARS) + if (subscript_start) + strcpy (name + strlen (nameref_cell (refvar)), subscript_start); +#endif + /* We are committed to using the new name, so reset */ + if (offset) + { + /* Rebuild assignment and restore offset and value */ + if (aflags & ASS_APPEND) + name[namelen++] = '+'; + name[namelen++] = '='; + if (value && *value) + strcpy (name + namelen, value); + else + name[namelen] = '\0'; + offset = assignment (name, 0); + /* if offset was valid previously, but the substituting + of the nameref value results in an invalid assignment, + throw an invalid identifier error */ + if (offset == 0) + { + free (oldname); + sh_invalidid (name); + assign_error++; + NEXT_VARIABLE (); + } + name[offset] = '\0'; + value = name + namelen; + } + free (oldname); + goto restart_new_var_name; + /* NOTREACHED */ + } + } if (var == 0) var = mkglobal ? find_global_variable (name) : find_variable (name); +#if defined (ARRAY_VARS) + var_exists = var != 0; + array_exists = var && (array_p (var) || assoc_p (var)); + creating_array = flags_on & (att_array|att_assoc); +#endif + if (var == 0) { #if defined (ARRAY_VARS) if (flags_on & att_assoc) { var = make_new_assoc_variable (name); - if (offset == 0) + if (var && offset == 0 && no_invisible_vars == 0) VSETATTR (var, att_invisible); } else if ((flags_on & att_array) || making_array_special) { var = make_new_array_variable (name); - if (offset == 0) + if (var && offset == 0 && no_invisible_vars == 0) VSETATTR (var, att_invisible); } else #endif - - if (offset) - var = mkglobal ? bind_global_variable (name, "", 0) : bind_variable (name, "", 0); - else { - var = mkglobal ? bind_global_variable (name, (char *)NULL, 0) : bind_variable (name, (char *)NULL, 0); - VSETATTR (var, att_invisible); + var = mkglobal ? bind_global_variable (name, (char *)NULL, ASS_FORCE) : bind_variable (name, (char *)NULL, ASS_FORCE); + if (var && offset == 0 && no_invisible_vars == 0) + VSETATTR (var, att_invisible); + } + if (var == 0) + { + /* Has to appear in brackets */ + NEXT_VARIABLE (); } + created_var = 1; } /* Can't take an existing array variable and make it a nameref */ else if ((array_p (var) || assoc_p (var)) && (flags_on & att_nameref)) @@ -510,8 +686,30 @@ declare_internal (list, local_var) assign_error++; NEXT_VARIABLE (); } + else if (nameref_p (var) && (flags_on & att_nameref) == 0 && (flags_off & att_nameref) == 0 && offset && valid_nameref_value (value, 1) == 0) + { + builtin_error (_("`%s': invalid variable name for name reference"), value); + any_failed++; + NEXT_VARIABLE (); + } else if (flags_on & att_nameref) { +#if 1 + /* Check of offset is to allow an assignment to a nameref var as + part of the declare word to override existing value */ + if (nameref_p (var) == 0 && var_isset (var) && offset == 0 && valid_nameref_value (value_cell (var), 0) == 0) + { + builtin_error (_("`%s': invalid variable name for name reference"), value_cell (var)); + any_failed++; + NEXT_VARIABLE (); + } +#endif + if (readonly_p (var)) + { + sh_readonly (name); + any_failed++; + NEXT_VARIABLE (); + } /* ksh93 compat: turning on nameref attribute turns off -ilu */ VUNSETATTR (var, att_integer|att_uppercase|att_lowercase|att_capcase); } @@ -519,7 +717,7 @@ declare_internal (list, local_var) /* Cannot use declare +r to turn off readonly attribute. */ if (readonly_p (var) && (flags_off & att_readonly)) { - sh_readonly (name); + sh_readonly (name_cell (var)); any_failed++; NEXT_VARIABLE (); } @@ -535,12 +733,28 @@ declare_internal (list, local_var) } #if defined (ARRAY_VARS) - if ((making_array_special || (flags_on & (att_array|att_assoc)) || array_p (var) || assoc_p (var)) && offset) + /* make declare a[2]=foo as similar to a[2]=foo as possible if + a is already an array or assoc variable. */ + if (array_subscript_assignment && array_exists && creating_array == 0) + simple_array_assign = 1; + else if ((making_array_special || creating_array || array_exists) && offset) { int vlen; vlen = STRLEN (value); - - if (value[0] == '(' && value[vlen-1] == ')') +/*itrace("declare_builtin: name = %s value = %s flags = %d", name, value, wflags);*/ + if (shell_compatibility_level > 43 && (wflags & W_COMPASSIGN) == 0 && + value[0] == '(' && value[vlen-1] == ')') + { + /* The warning is only printed when using compound assignment + to an array variable that doesn't already exist. We use + creating_array to allow things like + declare -a foo$bar='(abc)' to work. */ + if (array_exists == 0 && creating_array == 0) + internal_warning (_("%s: quoted compound array assignment deprecated"), list->word->word); + compound_array_assign = array_exists || creating_array; + simple_array_assign = making_array_special; + } + else if (value[0] == '(' && value[vlen-1] == ')' && (shell_compatibility_level < 44 || (wflags & W_COMPASSIGN))) compound_array_assign = 1; else simple_array_assign = 1; @@ -604,12 +818,13 @@ declare_internal (list, local_var) #if defined (ARRAY_VARS) if (offset && compound_array_assign) - assign_array_var_from_string (var, value, aflags); + assign_array_var_from_string (var, value, aflags|ASS_FORCE); else if (simple_array_assign && subscript_start) { /* declare [-aA] name[N]=value */ *subscript_start = '['; /* ] */ - var = assign_array_element (name, value, 0); /* XXX - not aflags */ + /* XXX - problem here with appending */ + var = assign_array_element (name, value, aflags&ASS_APPEND); /* XXX - not aflags */ *subscript_start = '\0'; if (var == 0) /* some kind of assignment error */ { @@ -623,25 +838,30 @@ declare_internal (list, local_var) { /* let bind_{array,assoc}_variable take care of this. */ if (assoc_p (var)) - bind_assoc_variable (var, name, savestring ("0"), value, aflags); + bind_assoc_variable (var, name, savestring ("0"), value, aflags|ASS_FORCE); else - bind_array_variable (name, 0, value, aflags); + bind_array_variable (name, 0, value, aflags|ASS_FORCE); } else #endif + /* XXX - no ASS_FORCE here */ /* bind_variable_value duplicates the essential internals of bind_variable() */ if (offset) { - if (onref) + if (onref || nameref_p (var)) aflags |= ASS_NAMEREF; v = bind_variable_value (var, value, aflags); - if (v == 0 && onref) + if (v == 0 && (onref || nameref_p (var))) { - sh_invalidid (value); + if (valid_nameref_value (value, 1) == 0) + sh_invalidid (value); assign_error++; /* XXX - unset this variable? or leave it as normal var? */ - delete_var (var->name, mkglobal ? global_variables : shell_variables); + if (created_var) + delete_var (var->name, mkglobal ? global_variables : shell_variables); + flags_on |= onref; /* undo change from above */ + flags_off |= offref; NEXT_VARIABLE (); } } @@ -681,9 +901,16 @@ declare_internal (list, local_var) flags_on |= onref; VUNSETATTR (var, offref); flags_off |= offref; - /* Yuck. ksh93 compatibility */ + /* Yuck. ksh93 compatibility. XXX - need to investigate more but + definitely happens when turning off nameref attribute on nameref + (see comments above). Under no circumstances allow this to turn + off readonly attribute on readonly nameref variable. */ if (refvar) - VUNSETATTR (refvar, flags_off); + { + if (flags_off & att_readonly) + flags_off &= ~att_readonly; + VUNSETATTR (refvar, flags_off); + } stupidly_hack_special_variables (name); diff --git a/builtins/echo.def b/builtins/echo.def index f4738264c..3f8b5a939 100644 --- a/builtins/echo.def +++ b/builtins/echo.def @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ This file is echo.def, from which is created echo.c. It implements the builtin "echo" in Bash. -Copyright (C) 1987-2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +Copyright (C) 1987-2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell. @@ -59,9 +59,9 @@ Options: \v vertical tab \\ backslash \0nnn the character whose ASCII code is NNN (octal). NNN can be - 0 to 3 octal digits + 0 to 3 octal digits \xHH the eight-bit character whose value is HH (hexadecimal). HH - can be one or two hex digits + can be one or two hex digits Exit Status: Returns success unless a write error occurs. @@ -161,7 +161,6 @@ just_echo: clearerr (stdout); /* clear error before writing and testing success */ - terminate_immediately++; while (list) { i = len = 0; @@ -180,6 +179,7 @@ just_echo: fflush (stdout); /* Fix for bug in SunOS 5.5 printf(3) */ #endif } + QUIT; if (do_v9 && temp) free (temp); list = list->next; @@ -190,11 +190,11 @@ just_echo: } if (list) putchar(' '); + QUIT; } if (display_return) putchar ('\n'); - terminate_immediately--; return (sh_chkwrite (EXECUTION_SUCCESS)); } diff --git a/builtins/enable.def b/builtins/enable.def index 40cbb440a..39c366982 100644 --- a/builtins/enable.def +++ b/builtins/enable.def @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ This file is enable.def, from which is created enable.c. It implements the builtin "enable" in Bash. -Copyright (C) 1987-2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +Copyright (C) 1987-2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell. @@ -66,6 +66,7 @@ $END #include "../flags.h" #include "common.h" #include "bashgetopt.h" +#include "findcmd.h" #if defined (PROGRAMMABLE_COMPLETION) # include "../pcomplete.h" @@ -92,6 +93,11 @@ static void delete_builtin __P((struct builtin *)); static int local_dlclose __P((void *)); #endif +#define STRUCT_SUFFIX "_struct" +/* for now */ +#define LOAD_SUFFIX "_builtin_load" +#define UNLOAD_SUFFIX "_builtin_unload" + static void list_some_builtins __P((int)); static int enable_shell_command __P((char *, int)); @@ -145,6 +151,7 @@ enable_builtin (list) builtin_error (_("dynamic loading not available")); return (EX_USAGE); #endif /* HAVE_DLCLOSE */ + CASE_HELPOPT; default: builtin_usage (); return (EX_USAGE); @@ -290,9 +297,11 @@ dyn_load_builtin (list, flags, filename) WORD_LIST *l; void *handle; - int total, size, new, replaced; - char *struct_name, *name; + int total, size, new, replaced, r; + char *struct_name, *name, *funcname; + sh_load_func_t *loadfunc; struct builtin **new_builtins, *b, *new_shell_builtins, *old_builtin; + char *loadables_path, *load_path; if (list == 0) return (EXECUTION_FAILURE); @@ -301,15 +310,39 @@ dyn_load_builtin (list, flags, filename) #define RTLD_LAZY 1 #endif + handle = 0; + if (absolute_program (filename) == 0) + { + loadables_path = get_string_value ("BASH_LOADABLES_PATH"); + if (loadables_path) + { + load_path = find_in_path (filename, loadables_path, FS_NODIRS|FS_EXEC_PREFERRED); + if (load_path) + { #if defined (_AIX) - handle = dlopen (filename, RTLD_NOW|RTLD_GLOBAL); + handle = dlopen (load_path, RTLD_NOW|RTLD_GLOBAL); #else - handle = dlopen (filename, RTLD_LAZY); + handle = dlopen (load_path, RTLD_LAZY); +#endif /* !_AIX */ + free (load_path); + } + } + } + + /* Fall back to current directory for now */ + if (handle == 0) +#if defined (_AIX) + handle = dlopen (filename, RTLD_NOW|RTLD_GLOBAL); +#else + handle = dlopen (filename, RTLD_LAZY); #endif /* !_AIX */ if (handle == 0) { - builtin_error (_("cannot open shared object %s: %s"), filename, dlerror ()); + name = printable_filename (filename, 0); + builtin_error (_("cannot open shared object %s: %s"), name, dlerror ()); + if (name != filename) + free (name); return (EXECUTION_FAILURE); } @@ -327,18 +360,36 @@ dyn_load_builtin (list, flags, filename) size = strlen (name); struct_name = (char *)xmalloc (size + 8); strcpy (struct_name, name); - strcpy (struct_name + size, "_struct"); + strcpy (struct_name + size, STRUCT_SUFFIX); b = (struct builtin *)dlsym (handle, struct_name); if (b == 0) { + name = printable_filename (filename, 0); builtin_error (_("cannot find %s in shared object %s: %s"), - struct_name, filename, dlerror ()); + struct_name, name, dlerror ()); + if (name != filename) + free (name); free (struct_name); continue; } - free (struct_name); + funcname = xrealloc (struct_name, size + sizeof (LOAD_SUFFIX) + 1); + strcpy (funcname, name); + strcpy (funcname + size, LOAD_SUFFIX); + + loadfunc = (sh_load_func_t *)dlsym (handle, funcname); + if (loadfunc) + { + r = (*loadfunc) (name); + if (r == 0) + { + builtin_error (_("load function for %s returns failure (%d): not loaded"), name, r); + free (funcname); + continue; + } + } + free (funcname); b->flags &= ~STATIC_BUILTIN; if (flags & SPECIAL) @@ -446,7 +497,9 @@ dyn_unload_builtin (name) { struct builtin *b; void *handle; - int ref, i; + char *funcname; + sh_unload_func_t *unloadfunc; + int ref, i, size; b = builtin_address_internal (name, 1); if (b == 0) @@ -467,6 +520,17 @@ dyn_unload_builtin (name) ref++; } + /* Call any unload function */ + size = strlen (name); + funcname = xmalloc (size + sizeof (UNLOAD_SUFFIX) + 1); + strcpy (funcname, name); + strcpy (funcname + size, UNLOAD_SUFFIX); + + unloadfunc = (sh_unload_func_t *)dlsym (handle, funcname); + if (unloadfunc) + (*unloadfunc) (name); /* void function */ + free (funcname); + /* Don't remove the shared object unless the reference count of builtins using it drops to zero. */ if (ref == 1 && local_dlclose (handle) != 0) diff --git a/builtins/eval.def b/builtins/eval.def index 5e824c92d..a92b538f2 100644 --- a/builtins/eval.def +++ b/builtins/eval.def @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ This file is eval.def, from which is created eval.c. It implements the builtin "eval" in Bash. -Copyright (C) 1987-2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +Copyright (C) 1987-2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell. diff --git a/builtins/evalfile.c b/builtins/evalfile.c index 058d99daf..316b7940f 100644 --- a/builtins/evalfile.c +++ b/builtins/evalfile.c @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ /* evalfile.c - read and evaluate commands from a file or file descriptor */ -/* Copyright (C) 1996-2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +/* Copyright (C) 1996-2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell. @@ -43,6 +43,8 @@ #include "../execute_cmd.h" #include "../trap.h" +#include + #if defined (HISTORY) # include "../bashhist.h" #endif @@ -71,6 +73,7 @@ extern int indirection_level, subshell_environment; extern int return_catch_flag, return_catch_value; extern int last_command_exit_value; extern int executing_command_builtin; +extern int current_token; /* parse.y */ /* How many `levels' of sourced files we have. */ int sourcelevel = 0; @@ -91,6 +94,7 @@ _evalfile (filename, flags) #if defined (ARRAY_VARS) SHELL_VAR *funcname_v, *nfv, *bash_source_v, *bash_lineno_v; ARRAY *funcname_a, *bash_source_a, *bash_lineno_a; + struct func_array_state *fa; # if defined (DEBUGGER) SHELL_VAR *bash_argv_v, *bash_argc_v; ARRAY *bash_argv_a, *bash_argc_a; @@ -130,7 +134,7 @@ file_error_and_exit: } return ((flags & FEVAL_BUILTIN) ? EXECUTION_FAILURE - : ((errno == ENOENT) ? 0 : -1)); + : ((errno == ENOENT && (flags & FEVAL_ENOENTOK) != 0) ? 0 : -1)); } errfunc = ((flags & FEVAL_BUILTIN) ? builtin_error : internal_error); @@ -240,6 +244,17 @@ file_error_and_exit: array_push (bash_lineno_a, t); free (t); array_push (funcname_a, "source"); /* not exactly right */ + + fa = (struct func_array_state *)xmalloc (sizeof (struct func_array_state)); + fa->source_a = bash_source_a; + fa->source_v = bash_source_v; + fa->lineno_a = bash_lineno_a; + fa->lineno_v = bash_lineno_v; + fa->funcname_a = funcname_a; + fa->funcname_v = funcname_v; + if (flags & FEVAL_UNWINDPROT) + add_unwind_protect (restore_funcarray_state, fa); + # if defined (DEBUGGER) /* Have to figure out a better way to do this when `source' is supplied arguments */ @@ -248,6 +263,8 @@ file_error_and_exit: array_push (bash_argv_a, (char *)filename); tt[0] = '1'; tt[1] = '\0'; array_push (bash_argc_a, tt); + if (flags & FEVAL_UNWINDPROT) + add_unwind_protect (pop_args, 0); } # endif #endif @@ -277,30 +294,27 @@ file_error_and_exit: { if (flags & FEVAL_NONINT) interactive = old_interactive; +#if defined (ARRAY_VARS) + restore_funcarray_state (fa); +# if defined (DEBUGGER) + if ((flags & FEVAL_NOPUSHARGS) == 0) + { + /* Don't need to call pop_args here until we do something better + when source is passed arguments (see above). */ + array_pop (bash_argc_a); + array_pop (bash_argv_a); + } +# endif +#endif return_catch_flag--; sourcelevel--; COPY_PROCENV (old_return_catch, return_catch); } -#if defined (ARRAY_VARS) - /* These two variables cannot be unset, and cannot be affected by the - sourced file. */ - array_pop (bash_source_a); - array_pop (bash_lineno_a); - - /* FUNCNAME can be unset, and so can potentially be changed by the - sourced file. */ - GET_ARRAY_FROM_VAR ("FUNCNAME", nfv, funcname_a); - if (nfv == funcname_v) - array_pop (funcname_a); -# if defined (DEBUGGER) - if ((flags & FEVAL_NOPUSHARGS) == 0) - { - array_pop (bash_argc_a); - array_pop (bash_argv_a); - } -# endif -#endif + /* If we end up with EOF after sourcing a file, which can happen when the file + doesn't end with a newline, pretend that it did. */ + if (current_token == yacc_EOF) + push_token ('\n'); /* XXX */ return ((flags & FEVAL_BUILTIN) ? result : 1); } @@ -322,6 +336,23 @@ maybe_execute_file (fname, force_noninteractive) return result; } +int +force_execute_file (fname, force_noninteractive) + const char *fname; + int force_noninteractive; +{ + char *filename; + int result, flags; + + filename = bash_tilde_expand (fname, 0); + flags = 0; + if (force_noninteractive) + flags |= FEVAL_NONINT; + result = _evalfile (filename, flags); + free (filename); + return result; +} + #if defined (HISTORY) int fc_execute_file (filename) @@ -330,8 +361,9 @@ fc_execute_file (filename) int flags; /* We want these commands to show up in the history list if - remember_on_history is set. */ - flags = FEVAL_ENOENTOK|FEVAL_HISTORY|FEVAL_REGFILE; + remember_on_history is set. We use FEVAL_BUILTIN to return + the result of parse_and_execute. */ + flags = FEVAL_ENOENTOK|FEVAL_HISTORY|FEVAL_REGFILE|FEVAL_BUILTIN; return (_evalfile (filename, flags)); } #endif /* HISTORY */ diff --git a/builtins/evalstring.c b/builtins/evalstring.c index 0758c4371..e22159144 100644 --- a/builtins/evalstring.c +++ b/builtins/evalstring.c @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ /* evalstring.c - evaluate a string as one or more shell commands. */ -/* Copyright (C) 1996-2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +/* Copyright (C) 1996-2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell. @@ -96,6 +96,38 @@ restore_lastcom (x) the_printed_command_except_trap = x; } +int +should_suppress_fork (command) + COMMAND *command; +{ + return (startup_state == 2 && parse_and_execute_level == 1 && + running_trap == 0 && + *bash_input.location.string == '\0' && + command->type == cm_simple && +#if 0 + signal_is_trapped (EXIT_TRAP) == 0 && + signal_is_trapped (ERROR_TRAP) == 0 && +#else + any_signals_trapped () < 0 && +#endif + command->redirects == 0 && command->value.Simple->redirects == 0 && + ((command->flags & CMD_TIME_PIPELINE) == 0) && + ((command->flags & CMD_INVERT_RETURN) == 0)); +} + +void +optimize_fork (command) + COMMAND *command; +{ + if (command->type == cm_connection && + (command->value.Connection->connector == AND_AND || command->value.Connection->connector == OR_OR) && + should_suppress_fork (command->value.Connection->second)) + { + command->value.Connection->second->flags |= CMD_NO_FORK; + command->value.Connection->second->value.Simple->flags |= CMD_NO_FORK; + } +} + /* How to force parse_and_execute () to clean up after itself. */ void parse_and_execute_cleanup () @@ -141,8 +173,7 @@ parse_prologue (string, flags, tag) else unwind_protect_int (remember_on_history); /* can be used in scripts */ # if defined (BANG_HISTORY) - if (interactive_shell) - unwind_protect_int (history_expansion_inhibited); + unwind_protect_int (history_expansion_inhibited); # endif /* BANG_HISTORY */ #endif /* HISTORY */ @@ -172,6 +203,10 @@ parse_prologue (string, flags, tag) #if defined (HISTORY) if (flags & SEVAL_NOHIST) bash_history_disable (); +# if defined (BANG_HISTORY) + if (flags & SEVAL_NOHISTEXP) + history_expansion_inhibited = 1; +# endif /* BANG_HISTORY */ #endif /* HISTORY */ } @@ -184,6 +219,7 @@ parse_prologue (string, flags, tag) (flags & SEVAL_NOHIST) -> call bash_history_disable () (flags & SEVAL_NOFREE) -> don't free STRING when finished (flags & SEVAL_RESETLINE) -> reset line_number to 1 + (flags & SEVAL_NOHISTEXP) -> history_expansion_inhibited -> 1 */ int @@ -205,8 +241,8 @@ parse_and_execute (string, from_file, flags) #if defined (HAVE_POSIX_SIGNALS) /* If we longjmp and are going to go on, use this to restore signal mask */ - sigemptyset (&pe_sigmask); - sigprocmask (SIG_BLOCK, (sigset_t *)NULL, &pe_sigmask); + sigemptyset ((sigset_t *)&pe_sigmask); + sigprocmask (SIG_BLOCK, (sigset_t *)NULL, (sigset_t *)&pe_sigmask); #endif /* Reset the line number if the caller wants us to. If we don't reset the @@ -226,7 +262,12 @@ parse_and_execute (string, from_file, flags) code = should_jump_to_top_level = 0; last_result = EXECUTION_SUCCESS; + /* We need to reset enough of the token state so we can start fresh. */ + if (current_token == yacc_EOF) + current_token = '\n'; /* reset_parser() ? */ + with_input_from_string (string, from_file); + clear_shell_input_line (); while (*(bash_input.location.string)) { command = (COMMAND *)NULL; @@ -285,7 +326,7 @@ parse_and_execute (string, from_file, flags) dispose_command (command); /* pe_dispose does this */ #endif #if defined (HAVE_POSIX_SIGNALS) - sigprocmask (SIG_SETMASK, &pe_sigmask, (sigset_t *)NULL); + sigprocmask (SIG_SETMASK, (sigset_t *)&pe_sigmask, (sigset_t *)NULL); #endif continue; } @@ -349,22 +390,18 @@ parse_and_execute (string, from_file, flags) * we're not going to run the exit trap AND * we have a simple command without redirections AND * the command is not being timed AND - * the command's return status is not being inverted + * the command's return status is not being inverted AND + * there aren't any traps in effect * THEN * tell the execution code that we don't need to fork */ - if (startup_state == 2 && parse_and_execute_level == 1 && - running_trap == 0 && - *bash_input.location.string == '\0' && - command->type == cm_simple && - signal_is_trapped (EXIT_TRAP) == 0 && - command->redirects == 0 && command->value.Simple->redirects == 0 && - ((command->flags & CMD_TIME_PIPELINE) == 0) && - ((command->flags & CMD_INVERT_RETURN) == 0)) + if (should_suppress_fork (command)) { command->flags |= CMD_NO_FORK; command->value.Simple->flags |= CMD_NO_FORK; } + else if (command->type == cm_connection) + optimize_fork (command); #endif /* ONESHOT */ /* See if this is a candidate for $( gs_optarg = sh_optarg; + ret->gs_optind = sh_optind; + ret->gs_curopt = sh_curopt; + ret->gs_nextchar = nextchar; /* XXX */ + ret->gs_charindex = sh_charindex; + ret->gs_flags = 0; /* XXX for later use */ + + return ret; +} + +void +sh_getopt_restore_istate (state) + sh_getopt_state_t *state; +{ + sh_optarg = state->gs_optarg; + sh_optind = state->gs_optind; + sh_curopt = state->gs_curopt; + nextchar = state->gs_nextchar; /* XXX - probably not usable */ + sh_charindex = state->gs_charindex; + + sh_getopt_dispose_istate (state); +} + #if 0 void sh_getopt_debug_restore_state (argv) diff --git a/builtins/getopt.h b/builtins/getopt.h index 75fdec571..990961888 100644 --- a/builtins/getopt.h +++ b/builtins/getopt.h @@ -60,6 +60,23 @@ extern int sh_optopt; extern int sh_badopt; extern int sh_getopt __P((int, char *const *, const char *)); + +typedef struct sh_getopt_state +{ + char *gs_optarg; + int gs_optind; + int gs_curopt; + char *gs_nextchar; + int gs_charindex; + int gs_flags; +} sh_getopt_state_t; + extern void sh_getopt_restore_state __P((char **)); +extern sh_getopt_state_t *sh_getopt_alloc_istate __P((void)); +extern void sh_getopt_dispose_istate __P((sh_getopt_state_t *)); + +extern sh_getopt_state_t *sh_getopt_save_istate __P((void)); +extern void sh_getopt_restore_istate __P((sh_getopt_state_t *)); + #endif /* _SH_GETOPT_H */ diff --git a/builtins/getopts.def b/builtins/getopts.def index 1d2a68a44..590b11035 100644 --- a/builtins/getopts.def +++ b/builtins/getopts.def @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ This file is getopts.def, from which is created getopts.c. It implements the builtin "getopts" in Bash. -Copyright (C) 1987-2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +Copyright (C) 1987-2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell. @@ -74,6 +74,7 @@ $END #endif #include "../bashansi.h" +#include "../bashintl.h" #include "../shell.h" #include "common.h" @@ -86,6 +87,7 @@ $END extern char *this_command_name; +static int getopts_unbind_variable __P((char *)); static int getopts_bind_variable __P((char *, char *)); static int dogetopts __P((int, char **)); @@ -99,6 +101,17 @@ getopts_reset (newind) sh_badopt = 0; } +static int +getopts_unbind_variable (name) + char *name; +{ +#if 0 + return (unbind_variable (name)); +#else + return (unbind_variable_noref (name)); +#endif +} + static int getopts_bind_variable (name, value) char *name, *value; @@ -253,7 +266,7 @@ dogetopts (argc, argv) if (ret == G_EOF) { - unbind_variable ("OPTARG"); + getopts_unbind_variable ("OPTARG"); getopts_bind_variable (name, "?"); return (EXECUTION_FAILURE); } @@ -270,7 +283,7 @@ dogetopts (argc, argv) bind_variable ("OPTARG", strval, 0); } else - unbind_variable ("OPTARG"); + getopts_unbind_variable ("OPTARG"); return (ret); } @@ -289,7 +302,7 @@ dogetopts (argc, argv) else { ret = getopts_bind_variable (name, "?"); - unbind_variable ("OPTARG"); + getopts_unbind_variable ("OPTARG"); } return (ret); } @@ -316,9 +329,12 @@ getopts_builtin (list) } reset_internal_getopt (); - if (internal_getopt (list, "") != -1) + if ((ret = internal_getopt (list, "")) != -1) { - builtin_usage (); + if (ret == GETOPT_HELP) + builtin_help (); + else + builtin_usage (); return (EX_USAGE); } list = loptend; diff --git a/builtins/hash.def b/builtins/hash.def index 85ef364bc..bec4b073b 100644 --- a/builtins/hash.def +++ b/builtins/hash.def @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ This file is hash.def, from which is created hash.c. It implements the builtin "hash" in Bash. -Copyright (C) 1987-2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +Copyright (C) 1987-2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell. @@ -29,15 +29,15 @@ Determine and remember the full pathname of each command NAME. If no arguments are given, information about remembered commands is displayed. Options: - -d forget the remembered location of each NAME - -l display in a format that may be reused as input + -d forget the remembered location of each NAME + -l display in a format that may be reused as input -p pathname use PATHNAME as the full pathname of NAME - -r forget all remembered locations - -t print the remembered location of each NAME, preceding + -r forget all remembered locations + -t print the remembered location of each NAME, preceding each location with the corresponding NAME if multiple NAMEs are given Arguments: - NAME Each NAME is searched for in $PATH and added to the list + NAME Each NAME is searched for in $PATH and added to the list of remembered commands. Exit Status: @@ -115,6 +115,7 @@ hash_builtin (list) case 't': list_targets = 1; break; + CASE_HELPOPT; default: builtin_usage (); return (EX_USAGE); @@ -230,7 +231,15 @@ static int print_portable_hash_info (item) BUCKET_CONTENTS *item; { - printf ("builtin hash -p %s %s\n", pathdata(item)->path, item->key); + char *fp, *fn; + + fp = printable_filename (pathdata(item)->path, 1); + fn = printable_filename (item->key, 1); + printf ("builtin hash -p %s %s\n", fp, fn); + if (fp != pathdata(item)->path) + free (fp); + if (fn != item->key) + free (fn); return 0; } diff --git a/builtins/help.def b/builtins/help.def index 1894f177e..95a1a360b 100644 --- a/builtins/help.def +++ b/builtins/help.def @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ This file is help.def, from which is created help.c. It implements the builtin "help" in Bash. -Copyright (C) 1987-2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +Copyright (C) 1987-2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell. @@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ Options: -d output short description for each topic -m display usage in pseudo-manpage format -s output only a short usage synopsis for each topic matching - PATTERN + PATTERN Arguments: PATTERN Pattern specifiying a help topic @@ -58,6 +58,7 @@ $END #include #include +#include #include "../bashintl.h" @@ -77,6 +78,9 @@ extern int errno; extern const char * const bash_copyright; extern const char * const bash_license; +extern char *this_command_name; +extern struct builtin *current_builtin; + static void show_builtin_command_help __P((void)); static int open_helpfile __P((char *)); static void show_desc __P((char *, int)); @@ -109,6 +113,7 @@ help_builtin (list) case 's': sflag = 1; break; + CASE_HELPOPT; default: builtin_usage (); return (EX_USAGE); @@ -187,6 +192,28 @@ help_builtin (list) return (EXECUTION_SUCCESS); } +void +builtin_help () +{ + int ind; + ptrdiff_t d; + + current_builtin = builtin_address_internal (this_command_name, 0); + if (current_builtin == 0) + return; + + d = current_builtin - shell_builtins; + +#if defined (__STDC__) + ind = (int)d; +#else + ind = (int)d / sizeof (struct builtin); +#endif + + printf ("%s: %s\n", this_command_name, _(shell_builtins[ind].short_doc)); + show_longdoc (ind); +} + static int open_helpfile (name) char *name; @@ -348,7 +375,7 @@ dispcolumn (i, buf, bufsize, width, height) int width, height; { int j; - int displen; + int dispcols; char *helpdoc; /* first column */ @@ -365,9 +392,9 @@ dispcolumn (i, buf, bufsize, width, height) return; } - displen = strlen (buf); + dispcols = strlen (buf); /* two spaces */ - for (j = displen; j < width; j++) + for (j = dispcols; j < width; j++) putc (' ', stdout); /* second column */ @@ -390,7 +417,7 @@ wdispcolumn (i, buf, bufsize, width, height) int width, height; { int j; - int displen; + int dispcols, dispchars; char *helpdoc; wchar_t *wcstr; size_t slen, n; @@ -420,23 +447,29 @@ wdispcolumn (i, buf, bufsize, width, height) if (wcstr[j] == L'\n' || wcstr[j] == L'\t') wcstr[j] = L' '; - displen = wcsnwidth (wcstr+1, slen, width - 2) + 1; /* +1 for ' ' or '*' */ - + /* dispchars == number of characters that will be displayed */ + dispchars = wcsnwidth (wcstr+1, slen, width - 2); + /* dispcols == number of columns required to display DISPCHARS */ + dispcols = wcswidth (wcstr+1, dispchars) + 1; /* +1 for ' ' or '*' */ + wcstr[0] = (shell_builtins[i].flags & BUILTIN_ENABLED) ? L' ' : L'*'; - /* This assumes each wide char takes up one column position when displayed */ - wcstr[width - 2] = L'>'; /* indicate truncation */ - wcstr[width - 1] = L'\0'; + if (dispcols >= width-2) + { + wcstr[dispchars] = L'>'; /* indicate truncation */ + wcstr[dispchars+1] = L'\0'; + } printf ("%ls", wcstr); if (((i << 1) >= num_shell_builtins) || (i+height >= num_shell_builtins)) { printf ("\n"); + free (wcstr); return; } /* at least one space */ - for (j = displen; j < width; j++) + for (j = dispcols; j < width; j++) putc (' ', stdout); /* second column */ @@ -446,6 +479,7 @@ wdispcolumn (i, buf, bufsize, width, height) { /* for now */ printf ("%c%s\n", (shell_builtins[i+height].flags & BUILTIN_ENABLED) ? ' ' : '*', helpdoc); + free (wcstr); return; } @@ -460,13 +494,20 @@ wdispcolumn (i, buf, bufsize, width, height) if (wcstr[j] == L'\n' || wcstr[j] == L'\t') wcstr[j] = L' '; - displen = wcsnwidth (wcstr+1, slen, width - 2); + /* dispchars == number of characters that will be displayed */ + dispchars = wcsnwidth (wcstr+1, slen, width - 2); + dispcols = wcswidth (wcstr+1, dispchars) + 1; /* +1 for ' ' or '*' */ wcstr[0] = (shell_builtins[i+height].flags & BUILTIN_ENABLED) ? L' ' : L'*'; - /* This assumes each wide char takes up one column position when displayed */ - wcstr[width - 3] = L'>'; /* indicate truncation */ - wcstr[width - 2] = L'\0'; + /* The dispchars-1 is there for terminals that behave strangely when you + have \n in the nth column for terminal width n; this is what bash-4.3 + did. */ + if (dispcols >= width - 2) + { + wcstr[dispchars-1] = L'>'; /* indicate truncation */ + wcstr[dispchars] = L'\0'; + } printf ("%ls\n", wcstr); diff --git a/builtins/history.def b/builtins/history.def index 4cf7308f1..48b59aeb5 100644 --- a/builtins/history.def +++ b/builtins/history.def @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ This file is history.def, from which is created history.c. It implements the builtin "history" in Bash. -Copyright (C) 1987-2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +Copyright (C) 1987-2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell. @@ -31,23 +31,23 @@ entry with a `*'. An argument of N lists only the last N entries. Options: -c clear the history list by deleting all of the entries - -d offset delete the history entry at offset OFFSET. + -d offset delete the history entry at position OFFSET. -a append history lines from this session to the history file -n read all history lines not already read from the history file + and append them to the history list -r read the history file and append the contents to the history - list + list -w write the current history to the history file - and append them to the history list -p perform history expansion on each ARG and display the result - without storing it in the history list + without storing it in the history list -s append the ARGs to the history list as a single entry If FILENAME is given, it is used as the history file. Otherwise, -if $HISTFILE has a value, that is used, else ~/.bash_history. +if HISTFILE has a value, that is used, else ~/.bash_history. -If the $HISTTIMEFORMAT variable is set and not null, its value is used +If the HISTTIMEFORMAT variable is set and not null, its value is used as a format string for strftime(3) to print the time stamp associated with each displayed history entry. No time stamps are printed otherwise. @@ -141,6 +141,7 @@ history_builtin (list) flags |= PFLAG; #endif break; + CASE_HELPOPT; default: builtin_usage (); return (EX_USAGE); @@ -208,7 +209,11 @@ history_builtin (list) else if (flags & WFLAG) /* Write entire history. */ result = write_history (filename); else if (flags & RFLAG) /* Read entire file. */ - result = read_history (filename); + { + result = read_history (filename); + history_lines_in_file = history_lines_read_from_file; + /* history_lines_in_file = where_history () + history_base - 1; */ + } else if (flags & NFLAG) /* Read `new' history from file. */ { /* Read all of the lines in the file that we haven't already read. */ @@ -219,7 +224,8 @@ history_builtin (list) result = read_history_range (filename, history_lines_in_file, -1); using_history (); - history_lines_in_file = where_history (); + history_lines_in_file = history_lines_read_from_file; + /* history_lines_in_file = where_history () + history_base - 1; */ /* If we're rewriting the history file at shell exit rather than just appending the lines from this session to it, the question is whether @@ -254,6 +260,9 @@ histtime (hlist, histtimefmt) t = history_get_time (hlist); if (t) strftime (timestr, sizeof (timestr), histtimefmt, localtime (&t)); + else if (hlist->timestamp && hlist->timestamp[0]) + snprintf (timestr, sizeof (timestr), _("%s: invalid timestamp"), + (hlist->timestamp[0] == '#') ? hlist->timestamp + 1: hlist->timestamp); else strcpy (timestr, "??"); return timestr; diff --git a/builtins/jobs.def b/builtins/jobs.def index 47da58e49..be1a7d8fa 100644 --- a/builtins/jobs.def +++ b/builtins/jobs.def @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ This file is jobs.def, from which is created jobs.c. It implements the builtins "jobs" and "disown" in Bash. -Copyright (C) 1987-2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +Copyright (C) 1987-2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell. @@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ Without options, the status of all active jobs is displayed. Options: -l lists process IDs in addition to the normal information -n lists only processes that have changed status since the last - notification + notification -p lists process IDs only -r restrict output to running jobs -s restrict output to stopped jobs @@ -118,6 +118,7 @@ jobs_builtin (list) state = JSTATE_STOPPED; break; + CASE_HELPOPT; default: builtin_usage (); return (EX_USAGE); @@ -212,7 +213,7 @@ execute_list_with_replacements (list) $BUILTIN disown $FUNCTION disown_builtin $DEPENDS_ON JOB_CONTROL -$SHORT_DOC disown [-h] [-ar] [jobspec ...] +$SHORT_DOC disown [-h] [-ar] [jobspec ... | pid ...] Remove jobs from current shell. Removes each JOBSPEC argument from the table of active jobs. Without @@ -221,7 +222,7 @@ any JOBSPECs, the shell uses its notion of the current job. Options: -a remove all jobs if JOBSPEC is not supplied -h mark each JOBSPEC so that SIGHUP is not sent to the job if the - shell receives a SIGHUP + shell receives a SIGHUP -r remove only running jobs Exit Status: @@ -252,6 +253,7 @@ disown_builtin (list) case 'r': running_jobs = 1; break; + CASE_HELPOPT; default: builtin_usage (); return (EX_USAGE); diff --git a/builtins/kill.def b/builtins/kill.def index 2e68f0348..f05189dec 100644 --- a/builtins/kill.def +++ b/builtins/kill.def @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ This file is kill.def, from which is created kill.c. It implements the builtin "kill" in Bash. -Copyright (C) 1987-2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +Copyright (C) 1987-2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell. @@ -33,7 +33,8 @@ Options: -s sig SIG is a signal name -n sig SIG is a signal number -l list the signal names; if arguments follow `-l' they are - assumed to be signal numbers for which names should be listed + assumed to be signal numbers for which names should be listed + -L synonym for -l Kill is a shell builtin for two reasons: it allows job IDs to be used instead of process IDs, and allows processes to be killed if the limit @@ -96,6 +97,7 @@ kill_builtin (list) builtin_usage (); return (EX_USAGE); } + CHECK_HELPOPT (list); any_succeeded = listing = saw_signal = 0; sig = SIGTERM; @@ -107,7 +109,7 @@ kill_builtin (list) { word = list->word->word; - if (ISOPTION (word, 'l')) + if (ISOPTION (word, 'l') || ISOPTION (word, 'L')) { listing++; list = list->next; diff --git a/builtins/let.def b/builtins/let.def index 811534e48..23e684fdc 100644 --- a/builtins/let.def +++ b/builtins/let.def @@ -86,6 +86,8 @@ let_builtin (list) intmax_t ret; int expok; + CHECK_HELPOPT (list); + /* Skip over leading `--' argument. */ if (list && list->word && ISOPTION (list->word->word, '-')) list = list->next; diff --git a/builtins/mapfile.def b/builtins/mapfile.def index 2e6a64332..0d64f6189 100644 --- a/builtins/mapfile.def +++ b/builtins/mapfile.def @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ This file is mapfile.def, from which is created mapfile.c. It implements the builtin "mapfile" in Bash. Copyright (C) 2005-2006 Rocky Bernstein for Free Software Foundation, Inc. -Copyright (C) 2008-2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +Copyright (C) 2008-2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell. @@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ $PRODUCES mapfile.c $BUILTIN mapfile $FUNCTION mapfile_builtin -$SHORT_DOC mapfile [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [-t] [-u fd] [-C callback] [-c quantum] [array] +$SHORT_DOC mapfile [-d delim] [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [-t] [-u fd] [-C callback] [-c quantum] [array] Read lines from the standard input into an indexed array variable. Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable ARRAY, or @@ -31,16 +31,18 @@ from file descriptor FD if the -u option is supplied. The variable MAPFILE is the default ARRAY. Options: - -n count Copy at most COUNT lines. If COUNT is 0, all lines are copied. - -O origin Begin assigning to ARRAY at index ORIGIN. The default index is 0. - -s count Discard the first COUNT lines read. - -t Remove a trailing newline from each line read. - -u fd Read lines from file descriptor FD instead of the standard input. - -C callback Evaluate CALLBACK each time QUANTUM lines are read. - -c quantum Specify the number of lines read between each call to CALLBACK. + -d delim Use DELIM to terminate lines, instead of newline + -n count Copy at most COUNT lines. If COUNT is 0, all lines are copied + -O origin Begin assigning to ARRAY at index ORIGIN. The default index is 0 + -s count Discard the first COUNT lines read + -t Remove a trailing DELIM from each line read (default newline) + -u fd Read lines from file descriptor FD instead of the standard input + -C callback Evaluate CALLBACK each time QUANTUM lines are read + -c quantum Specify the number of lines read between each call to + CALLBACK Arguments: - ARRAY Array variable name to use for file data. + ARRAY Array variable name to use for file data If -C is supplied without -c, the default quantum is 5000. When CALLBACK is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next array @@ -101,6 +103,8 @@ static int run_callback __P((const char *, unsigned int, const char *)); #define MAPF_CLEARARRAY 0x01 #define MAPF_CHOP 0x02 +static int delim; + static int run_callback (callback, curindex, curline) const char *callback; @@ -129,21 +133,23 @@ run_callback (callback, curindex, curline) } static void -do_chop(line) - char * line; +do_chop(line, delim) + char *line; + unsigned char delim; { int length; length = strlen (line); - if (length && line[length-1] == '\n') + if (length && line[length-1] == delim) line[length-1] = '\0'; } static int -mapfile (fd, line_count_goal, origin, nskip, callback_quantum, callback, array_name, flags) +mapfile (fd, line_count_goal, origin, nskip, callback_quantum, callback, array_name, delim, flags) int fd; long line_count_goal, origin, nskip, callback_quantum; char *callback, *array_name; + int delim; int flags; { char *line; @@ -184,11 +190,14 @@ mapfile (fd, line_count_goal, origin, nskip, callback_quantum, callback, array_n unbuffered_read = 1; #endif + if (delim != '\n') + unbuffered_read = 1; + zreset (); /* Skip any lines at beginning of file? */ for (line_count = 0; line_count < nskip; line_count++) - if (zgetline (fd, &line, &line_length, unbuffered_read) < 0) + if (zgetline (fd, &line, &line_length, delim, unbuffered_read) < 0) break; line = 0; @@ -196,12 +205,12 @@ mapfile (fd, line_count_goal, origin, nskip, callback_quantum, callback, array_n /* Reset the buffer for bash own stream */ for (array_index = origin, line_count = 1; - zgetline (fd, &line, &line_length, unbuffered_read) != -1; + zgetline (fd, &line, &line_length, delim, unbuffered_read) != -1; array_index++) { /* Remove trailing newlines? */ if (flags & MAPF_CHOP) - do_chop (line); + do_chop (line, delim); /* Has a callback been registered and if so is it time to call it? */ if (callback && line_count && (line_count % callback_quantum) == 0) @@ -246,12 +255,16 @@ mapfile_builtin (list) flags = MAPF_CLEARARRAY; callback_quantum = DEFAULT_QUANTUM; callback = 0; + delim = '\n'; reset_internal_getopt (); - while ((opt = internal_getopt (list, "u:n:O:tC:c:s:")) != -1) + while ((opt = internal_getopt (list, "d:u:n:O:tC:c:s:")) != -1) { switch (opt) { + case 'd': + delim = *list_optarg; + break; case 'u': code = legal_number (list_optarg, &intval); if (code == 0 || intval < 0 || intval != (int)intval) @@ -317,6 +330,7 @@ mapfile_builtin (list) else nskip = intval; break; + CASE_HELPOPT; default: builtin_usage (); return (EX_USAGE); @@ -339,13 +353,13 @@ mapfile_builtin (list) else array_name = list->word->word; - if (legal_identifier (array_name) == 0 && valid_array_reference (array_name) == 0) + if (legal_identifier (array_name) == 0) { sh_invalidid (array_name); return (EXECUTION_FAILURE); } - return mapfile (fd, lines, origin, nskip, callback_quantum, callback, array_name, flags); + return mapfile (fd, lines, origin, nskip, callback_quantum, callback, array_name, delim, flags); } #else diff --git a/builtins/mkbuiltins.c b/builtins/mkbuiltins.c index 15bb80f4e..4f512010f 100644 --- a/builtins/mkbuiltins.c +++ b/builtins/mkbuiltins.c @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ /* mkbuiltins.c - Create builtins.c, builtext.h, and builtdoc.c from a single source file called builtins.def. */ -/* Copyright (C) 1987-2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +/* Copyright (C) 1987-2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell. @@ -71,7 +71,8 @@ extern char *strcpy (); /* Flag values that builtins can have. */ #define BUILTIN_FLAG_SPECIAL 0x01 #define BUILTIN_FLAG_ASSIGNMENT 0x02 -#define BUILTIN_FLAG_POSIX_BUILTIN 0x04 +#define BUILTIN_FLAG_LOCALVAR 0x04 +#define BUILTIN_FLAG_POSIX_BUILTIN 0x08 #define BASE_INDENT 4 @@ -159,6 +160,11 @@ char *assignment_builtins[] = (char *)NULL }; +char *localvar_builtins[] = +{ + "declare", "local", "typeset", (char *)NULL +}; + /* The builtin commands that are special to the POSIX search order. */ char *posix_builtins[] = { @@ -170,6 +176,7 @@ char *posix_builtins[] = /* Forward declarations. */ static int is_special_builtin (); static int is_assignment_builtin (); +static int is_localvar_builtin (); static int is_posix_builtin (); #if !defined (HAVE_RENAME) @@ -820,6 +827,8 @@ builtin_handler (self, defs, arg) new->flags |= BUILTIN_FLAG_SPECIAL; if (is_assignment_builtin (name)) new->flags |= BUILTIN_FLAG_ASSIGNMENT; + if (is_localvar_builtin (name)) + new->flags |= BUILTIN_FLAG_LOCALVAR; if (is_posix_builtin (name)) new->flags |= BUILTIN_FLAG_POSIX_BUILTIN; @@ -1102,7 +1111,7 @@ char *structfile_header[] = { "/* This file is manufactured by ./mkbuiltins, and should not be", " edited by hand. See the source to mkbuiltins for details. */", "", - "/* Copyright (C) 1987-2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.", + "/* Copyright (C) 1987-2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc.", "", " This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell.", "", @@ -1132,6 +1141,8 @@ char *structfile_header[] = { " the list of shell reserved control structures, like `if' and `while'.", " The end of the list is denoted with a NULL name field. */", "", + "/* TRANSLATORS: Please do not translate command names in descriptions */", + "", "#include \"../builtins.h\"", (char *)NULL }; @@ -1239,23 +1250,36 @@ write_builtins (defs, structfile, externfile) else fprintf (structfile, "(sh_builtin_func_t *)0x0, "); - fprintf (structfile, "%s%s%s%s, %s_doc,\n", + fprintf (structfile, "%s%s%s%s%s, %s_doc,\n", "BUILTIN_ENABLED | STATIC_BUILTIN", (builtin->flags & BUILTIN_FLAG_SPECIAL) ? " | SPECIAL_BUILTIN" : "", (builtin->flags & BUILTIN_FLAG_ASSIGNMENT) ? " | ASSIGNMENT_BUILTIN" : "", + (builtin->flags & BUILTIN_FLAG_LOCALVAR) ? " | LOCALVAR_BUILTIN" : "", (builtin->flags & BUILTIN_FLAG_POSIX_BUILTIN) ? " | POSIX_BUILTIN" : "", document_name (builtin)); - if (inhibit_functions) - fprintf - (structfile, " N_(\"%s\"), \"%s\" },\n", - builtin->shortdoc ? builtin->shortdoc : builtin->name, - document_name (builtin)); + /* Don't translate short document summaries that are identical + to command names */ + if (builtin->shortdoc && strcmp (builtin->name, builtin->shortdoc) == 0) + { + if (inhibit_functions) + fprintf (structfile, " \"%s\", \"%s\" },\n", + builtin->shortdoc ? builtin->shortdoc : builtin->name, + document_name (builtin)); + else + fprintf (structfile, " \"%s\", (char *)NULL },\n", + builtin->shortdoc ? builtin->shortdoc : builtin->name); + } else - fprintf - (structfile, " N_(\"%s\"), (char *)NULL },\n", - builtin->shortdoc ? builtin->shortdoc : builtin->name); - + { + if (inhibit_functions) + fprintf (structfile, " N_(\"%s\"), \"%s\" },\n", + builtin->shortdoc ? builtin->shortdoc : builtin->name, + document_name (builtin)); + else + fprintf (structfile, " N_(\"%s\"), (char *)NULL },\n", + builtin->shortdoc ? builtin->shortdoc : builtin->name); + } } if (structfile || separate_helpfiles) @@ -1607,6 +1631,13 @@ is_assignment_builtin (name) return (_find_in_table (name, assignment_builtins)); } +static int +is_localvar_builtin (name) + char *name; +{ + return (_find_in_table (name, localvar_builtins)); +} + static int is_posix_builtin (name) char *name; diff --git a/builtins/printf.def b/builtins/printf.def index 7f29126d1..d39a6d3f2 100644 --- a/builtins/printf.def +++ b/builtins/printf.def @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ This file is printf.def, from which is created printf.c. It implements the builtin "printf" in Bash. -Copyright (C) 1997-2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +Copyright (C) 1997-2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell. @@ -40,8 +40,8 @@ printf interprets: %b expand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding argument %q quote the argument in a way that can be reused as shell input - %(fmt)T output the date-time string resulting from using FMT as a format - string for strftime(3) + %(fmt)T output the date-time string resulting from using FMT as a format + string for strftime(3) The format is re-used as necessary to consume all of the arguments. If there are fewer arguments than the format requires, extra format @@ -116,6 +116,7 @@ extern int errno; vbadd (b, 1); \ else \ putchar (c); \ + QUIT; \ } while (0) #define PF(f, func) \ @@ -131,6 +132,7 @@ extern int errno; else \ nw = vflag ? vbprintf (f, func) : printf (f, func); \ tw += nw; \ + QUIT; \ if (ferror (stdout)) \ { \ sh_wrerror (); \ @@ -143,6 +145,7 @@ extern int errno; #define PRETURN(value) \ do \ { \ + QUIT; \ if (vflag) \ { \ bind_printf_variable (vname, vbuf, 0); \ @@ -162,9 +165,9 @@ extern int errno; } \ else if (vbuf) \ vbuf[0] = 0; \ - terminate_immediately--; \ if (ferror (stdout) == 0) \ fflush (stdout); \ + QUIT; \ if (ferror (stdout)) \ { \ sh_wrerror (); \ @@ -255,7 +258,7 @@ printf_builtin (list) case 'v': vname = list_optarg; #if defined (ARRAY_VARS) - if (legal_identifier (vname) || valid_array_reference (vname)) + if (legal_identifier (vname) || valid_array_reference (vname, 0)) #else if (legal_identifier (vname)) #endif @@ -273,6 +276,7 @@ printf_builtin (list) return (EX_USAGE); } break; + CASE_HELPOPT; default: builtin_usage (); return (EX_USAGE); @@ -286,6 +290,14 @@ printf_builtin (list) return (EX_USAGE); } + /* Allow printf -v var "" to act like var="" */ + if (vflag && list->word->word && list->word->word[0] == '\0') + { + bind_printf_variable (vname, "", 0); + stupidly_hack_special_variables (vname); + return (EXECUTION_SUCCESS); + } + if (list->word->word == 0 || list->word->word[0] == '\0') return (EXECUTION_SUCCESS); @@ -298,8 +310,6 @@ printf_builtin (list) if (format == 0 || *format == 0) return (EXECUTION_SUCCESS); - terminate_immediately++; - /* Basic algorithm is to scan the format string for conversion specifications -- once one is found, find out if the field width or precision is a '*'; if it is, gather up value. Note, @@ -409,6 +419,7 @@ printf_builtin (list) modstart[0] = convch; modstart[1] = '\0'; + QUIT; switch(convch) { case 'c': @@ -759,6 +770,8 @@ printstr (fmt, string, len, fieldwidth, precision) /* Error if precision > INT_MAX here? */ pr = (mpr < 0 || mpr > INT_MAX) ? INT_MAX : mpr; } + else + pr = 0; /* "a null digit string is treated as zero" */ } #if 0 @@ -1045,7 +1058,7 @@ vbprintf (format, va_alist) #ifdef DEBUG if (strlen (vbuf) != vblen) - internal_error ("printf:vbadd: vblen (%d) != strlen (vbuf) (%d)", vblen, (int)strlen (vbuf)); + internal_error ("printf:vbprintf: vblen (%d) != strlen (vbuf) (%d)", vblen, (int)strlen (vbuf)); #endif return (blen); @@ -1255,7 +1268,7 @@ bind_printf_variable (name, value, flags) SHELL_VAR *v; #if defined (ARRAY_VARS) - if (valid_array_reference (name) == 0) + if (valid_array_reference (name, 0) == 0) v = bind_variable (name, value, flags); else v = assign_array_element (name, value, flags); diff --git a/builtins/pushd.def b/builtins/pushd.def index 9c6548fad..82653c479 100644 --- a/builtins/pushd.def +++ b/builtins/pushd.def @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ This file is pushd.def, from which is created pushd.c. It implements the builtins "pushd", "popd", and "dirs" in Bash. -Copyright (C) 1987-2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +Copyright (C) 1987-2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell. @@ -32,19 +32,19 @@ directory. With no arguments, exchanges the top two directories. Options: -n Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding - directories to the stack, so only the stack is manipulated. + directories to the stack, so only the stack is manipulated. Arguments: +N Rotates the stack so that the Nth directory (counting - from the left of the list shown by `dirs', starting with - zero) is at the top. + from the left of the list shown by `dirs', starting with + zero) is at the top. -N Rotates the stack so that the Nth directory (counting - from the right of the list shown by `dirs', starting with - zero) is at the top. + from the right of the list shown by `dirs', starting with + zero) is at the top. dir Adds DIR to the directory stack at the top, making it the - new current working directory. + new current working directory. The `dirs' builtin displays the directory stack. @@ -64,16 +64,16 @@ the top directory from the stack, and changes to the new top directory. Options: -n Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing - directories from the stack, so only the stack is manipulated. + directories from the stack, so only the stack is manipulated. Arguments: +N Removes the Nth entry counting from the left of the list - shown by `dirs', starting with zero. For example: `popd +0' - removes the first directory, `popd +1' the second. + shown by `dirs', starting with zero. For example: `popd +0' + removes the first directory, `popd +1' the second. -N Removes the Nth entry counting from the right of the list - shown by `dirs', starting with zero. For example: `popd -0' - removes the last directory, `popd -1' the next to last. + shown by `dirs', starting with zero. For example: `popd -0' + removes the last directory, `popd -1' the next to last. The `dirs' builtin displays the directory stack. @@ -95,17 +95,19 @@ back up through the list with the `popd' command. Options: -c clear the directory stack by deleting all of the elements -l do not print tilde-prefixed versions of directories relative - to your home directory + to your home directory -p print the directory stack with one entry per line -v print the directory stack with one entry per line prefixed - with its position in the stack + with its position in the stack Arguments: - +N Displays the Nth entry counting from the left of the list shown by - dirs when invoked without options, starting with zero. + +N Displays the Nth entry counting from the left of the list + shown by dirs when invoked without options, starting with + zero. - -N Displays the Nth entry counting from the right of the list shown by - dirs when invoked without options, starting with zero. + -N Displays the Nth entry counting from the right of the list + shown by dirs when invoked without options, starting with + zero. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid option is supplied or an error occurs. @@ -178,6 +180,8 @@ pushd_builtin (list) char direction; orig_list = list; + + CHECK_HELPOPT (list); if (list && list->word && ISOPTION (list->word->word, '-')) { list = list->next; @@ -321,6 +325,8 @@ popd_builtin (list) char direction; char *which_word; + CHECK_HELPOPT (list); + which_word = (char *)NULL; for (flags = 0, which = 0, direction = '+'; list; list = list->next) { @@ -402,6 +408,7 @@ dirs_builtin (list) intmax_t i; char *temp, *w; + CHECK_HELPOPT (list); for (flags = vflag = index_flag = 0, desired_index = -1, w = ""; list; list = list->next) { if (ISOPTION (list->word->word, 'l')) diff --git a/builtins/read.def b/builtins/read.def index 56c23010b..48fda3306 100644 --- a/builtins/read.def +++ b/builtins/read.def @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ This file is read.def, from which is created read.c. It implements the builtin "read" in Bash. -Copyright (C) 1987-2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +Copyright (C) 1987-2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell. @@ -39,25 +39,27 @@ Options: variable ARRAY, starting at zero -d delim continue until the first character of DELIM is read, rather than newline - -e use Readline to obtain the line in an interactive shell - -i text Use TEXT as the initial text for Readline + -e use Readline to obtain the line in an interactive shell + -i text use TEXT as the initial text for Readline -n nchars return after reading NCHARS characters rather than waiting - for a newline, but honor a delimiter if fewer than NCHARS - characters are read before the delimiter + for a newline, but honor a delimiter if fewer than + NCHARS characters are read before the delimiter -N nchars return only after reading exactly NCHARS characters, unless - EOF is encountered or read times out, ignoring any delimiter + EOF is encountered or read times out, ignoring any + delimiter -p prompt output the string PROMPT without a trailing newline before attempting to read - -r do not allow backslashes to escape any characters - -s do not echo input coming from a terminal - -t timeout time out and return failure if a complete line of input is - not read within TIMEOUT seconds. The value of the TMOUT - variable is the default timeout. TIMEOUT may be a - fractional number. If TIMEOUT is 0, read returns immediately, - without trying to read any data, returning success only if - input is available on the specified file descriptor. The - exit status is greater than 128 if the timeout is exceeded - -u fd read from file descriptor FD instead of the standard input + -r do not allow backslashes to escape any characters + -s do not echo input coming from a terminal + -t timeout time out and return failure if a complete line of + input is not read within TIMEOUT seconds. The value of the + TMOUT variable is the default timeout. TIMEOUT may be a + fractional number. If TIMEOUT is 0, read returns + immediately, without trying to read any data, returning + success only if input is available on the specified + file descriptor. The exit status is greater than 128 + if the timeout is exceeded + -u fd read from file descriptor FD instead of the standard input Exit Status: The return code is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, read times out @@ -163,8 +165,9 @@ sigalrm (s) static void reset_alarm () { - set_signal_handler (SIGALRM, old_alrm); + /* Cancel alarm before restoring signal handler. */ falarm (0, 0); + set_signal_handler (SIGALRM, old_alrm); } /* Read the value of the shell variables whose names follow. @@ -314,6 +317,7 @@ read_builtin (list) case 'd': delim = *list_optarg; break; + CASE_HELPOPT; default: builtin_usage (); return (EX_USAGE); @@ -333,7 +337,7 @@ read_builtin (list) /* Convenience: check early whether or not the first of possibly several variable names is a valid identifier, and bail early if so. */ #if defined (ARRAY_VARS) - if (list && legal_identifier (list->word->word) == 0 && valid_array_reference (list->word->word) == 0) + if (list && legal_identifier (list->word->word) == 0 && valid_array_reference (list->word->word, 0) == 0) #else if (list && legal_identifier (list->word->word) == 0) #endif @@ -793,7 +797,10 @@ assign_vars: } else var = bind_variable ("REPLY", input_string, 0); - VUNSETATTR (var, att_invisible); + if (var == 0 || readonly_p (var) || noassign_p (var)) + retval = EXECUTION_FAILURE; + else + VUNSETATTR (var, att_invisible); xfree (input_string); return (retval); @@ -812,7 +819,7 @@ assign_vars: { varname = list->word->word; #if defined (ARRAY_VARS) - if (legal_identifier (varname) == 0 && valid_array_reference (varname) == 0) + if (legal_identifier (varname) == 0 && valid_array_reference (varname, 0) == 0) #else if (legal_identifier (varname) == 0) #endif @@ -860,7 +867,7 @@ assign_vars: /* Now assign the rest of the line to the last variable argument. */ #if defined (ARRAY_VARS) - if (legal_identifier (list->word->word) == 0 && valid_array_reference (list->word->word) == 0) + if (legal_identifier (list->word->word) == 0 && valid_array_reference (list->word->word, 0) == 0) #else if (legal_identifier (list->word->word) == 0) #endif @@ -923,7 +930,7 @@ bind_read_variable (name, value) SHELL_VAR *v; #if defined (ARRAY_VARS) - if (valid_array_reference (name) == 0) + if (valid_array_reference (name, 0) == 0) v = bind_variable (name, value, 0); else v = assign_array_element (name, value, 0); diff --git a/builtins/reserved.def b/builtins/reserved.def index 2478f1630..7f3c236b2 100644 --- a/builtins/reserved.def +++ b/builtins/reserved.def @@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ to indices 0 and 1 of an array variable NAME in the executing shell. The default NAME is "COPROC". Exit Status: -Returns the exit status of COMMAND. +The coproc command returns an exit status of 0. $END $BUILTIN function diff --git a/builtins/return.def b/builtins/return.def index e6674dfa3..4d9fef1d2 100644 --- a/builtins/return.def +++ b/builtins/return.def @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ This file is return.def, from which is created return.c. It implements the builtin "return" in Bash. -Copyright (C) 1987-2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +Copyright (C) 1987-2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell. @@ -60,16 +60,12 @@ int return_builtin (list) WORD_LIST *list; { -#if 0 - if (no_options (list)) - return (EX_USAGE); - list = loptend; /* skip over possible `--' */ -#endif + CHECK_HELPOPT (list); return_catch_value = get_exitstat (list); if (return_catch_flag) - longjmp (return_catch, 1); + sh_longjmp (return_catch, 1); else { builtin_error (_("can only `return' from a function or sourced script")); diff --git a/builtins/set.def b/builtins/set.def index 9fbbca14b..8122361e3 100644 --- a/builtins/set.def +++ b/builtins/set.def @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ This file is set.def, from which is created set.c. It implements the "set" and "unset" builtins in Bash. -Copyright (C) 1987-2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +Copyright (C) 1987-2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell. @@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ Options: #endif /* BANG_HISTORY */ -P If set, do not resolve symbolic links when executing commands such as cd which change the current directory. - -T If set, the DEBUG trap is inherited by shell functions. + -T If set, the DEBUG and RETURN traps are inherited by shell functions. -- Assign any remaining arguments to the positional parameters. If there are no remaining arguments, the positional parameters are unset. @@ -179,9 +179,13 @@ static int bash_set_history __P((int, char *)); static const char * const on = "on"; static const char * const off = "off"; +static int previous_option_value; + /* A struct used to match long options for set -o to the corresponding option letter or internal variable. The functions can be called to - dynamically generate values. */ + dynamically generate values. If you add a new variable name here + that doesn't have a corresponding single-character option letter, make + sure to set the value appropriately in reset_shell_options. */ const struct { char *name; int letter; @@ -322,17 +326,52 @@ get_minus_o_opts () return ret; } +char * +get_current_options () +{ + char *temp; + int i; + + temp = (char *)xmalloc (1 + N_O_OPTIONS); + for (i = 0; o_options[i].name; i++) + { + if (o_options[i].letter) + temp[i] = *(find_flag (o_options[i].letter)); + else + temp[i] = GET_BINARY_O_OPTION_VALUE (i, o_options[i].name); + } + temp[i] = '\0'; + return (temp); +} + +void +set_current_options (bitmap) + const char *bitmap; +{ + int i; + + if (bitmap == 0) + return; + for (i = 0; o_options[i].name; i++) + { + if (o_options[i].letter) + change_flag (o_options[i].letter, bitmap[i] ? FLAG_ON : FLAG_OFF); + else + SET_BINARY_O_OPTION_VALUE (i, bitmap[i] ? FLAG_ON : FLAG_OFF, o_options[i].name); + } +} + static int set_ignoreeof (on_or_off, option_name) int on_or_off; char *option_name; { ignoreeof = on_or_off == FLAG_ON; - unbind_variable ("ignoreeof"); + unbind_variable_noref ("ignoreeof"); if (ignoreeof) bind_variable ("IGNOREEOF", "10", 0); else - unbind_variable ("IGNOREEOF"); + unbind_variable_noref ("IGNOREEOF"); sv_ignoreeof ("IGNOREEOF"); return 0; } @@ -344,7 +383,7 @@ set_posix_mode (on_or_off, option_name) { posixly_correct = on_or_off == FLAG_ON; if (posixly_correct == 0) - unbind_variable ("POSIXLY_CORRECT"); + unbind_variable_noref ("POSIXLY_CORRECT"); else bind_variable ("POSIXLY_CORRECT", "y", 0); sv_strict_posix ("POSIXLY_CORRECT"); @@ -425,12 +464,13 @@ set_minus_o_option (on_or_off, option_name) { if (o_options[i].letter == 0) { + previous_option_value = GET_BINARY_O_OPTION_VALUE (i, o_options[i].name); SET_BINARY_O_OPTION_VALUE (i, on_or_off, option_name); return (EXECUTION_SUCCESS); } else { - if (change_flag (o_options[i].letter, on_or_off) == FLAG_ERROR) + if ((previous_option_value = change_flag (o_options[i].letter, on_or_off)) == FLAG_ERROR) { sh_invalidoptname (option_name); return (EXECUTION_FAILURE); @@ -585,10 +625,18 @@ initialize_shell_options (no_shellopts) void reset_shell_options () { + pipefail_opt = 0; + ignoreeof = 0; + +#if defined (STRICT_POSIX) + posixly_correct = 1; +#else + posixly_correct = 0; +#endif #if defined (HISTORY) + dont_save_function_defs = 0; remember_on_history = enable_history_list = 1; #endif - ignoreeof = 0; } /* Set some flags from the word values in the input list. If LIST is empty, @@ -615,6 +663,14 @@ set_builtin (list) { switch (flag_name) { + case 'i': /* don't allow set -i */ + s[0] = list_opttype; + s[1] = 'i'; + s[2] = '\0'; + sh_invalidopt (s); + builtin_usage (); + return (EX_USAGE); + CASE_HELPOPT; case '?': builtin_usage (); return (list_optopt == '?' ? EXECUTION_SUCCESS : EX_USAGE); @@ -733,7 +789,7 @@ Options: -f treat each NAME as a shell function -v treat each NAME as a shell variable -n treat each NAME as a name reference and unset the variable itself - rather than the variable it references + rather than the variable it references Without options, unset first tries to unset a variable, and if that fails, tries to unset a function. @@ -752,7 +808,7 @@ unset_builtin (list) { int unset_function, unset_variable, unset_array, opt, nameref, any_failed; int global_unset_func, global_unset_var; - char *name; + char *name, *tname; unset_function = unset_variable = unset_array = nameref = any_failed = 0; global_unset_func = global_unset_var = 0; @@ -771,6 +827,7 @@ unset_builtin (list) case 'n': nameref = 1; break; + CASE_HELPOPT; default: builtin_usage (); return (EX_USAGE); @@ -802,7 +859,7 @@ unset_builtin (list) #if defined (ARRAY_VARS) unset_array = 0; - if (!unset_function && valid_array_reference (name)) + if (!unset_function && nameref == 0 && valid_array_reference (name, 0)) { t = strchr (name, '['); *t++ = '\0'; @@ -823,7 +880,7 @@ unset_builtin (list) /* Only search for functions here if -f supplied. */ var = unset_function ? find_function (name) - : (nameref ? find_variable_last_nameref (name) : find_variable (name)); + : (nameref ? find_variable_last_nameref (name, 0) : find_variable (name)); /* Some variables (but not functions yet) cannot be unset, period. */ if (var && unset_function == 0 && non_unsettable_p (var)) @@ -832,11 +889,15 @@ unset_builtin (list) NEXT_VARIABLE (); } + /* if we have a nameref we want to use it */ + if (var && unset_function == 0 && nameref == 0 && STREQ (name, name_cell(var)) == 0) + name = name_cell (var); + /* Posix.2 says try variables first, then functions. If we would find a function after unsuccessfully searching for a variable, note that we're acting on a function now as if -f were supplied. The readonly check below takes care of it. */ - if (var == 0 && unset_variable == 0 && unset_function == 0) + if (var == 0 && nameref == 0 && unset_variable == 0 && unset_function == 0) { if (var = find_function (name)) unset_function = 1; @@ -854,29 +915,52 @@ unset_builtin (list) #if defined (ARRAY_VARS) if (var && unset_array) { - if (array_p (var) == 0 && assoc_p (var) == 0) + /* Let unbind_array_element decide what to do with non-array vars */ + tem = unbind_array_element (var, t); + if (tem == -2 && array_p (var) == 0 && assoc_p (var) == 0) { builtin_error (_("%s: not an array variable"), var->name); NEXT_VARIABLE (); } - else + else if (tem < 0) + any_failed++; + } + else +#endif /* ARRAY_VARS */ + /* If we're trying to unset a nameref variable whose value isn't a set + variable, make sure we still try to unset the nameref's value */ + if (var == 0 && nameref == 0 && unset_function == 0) + { + var = find_variable_last_nameref (name, 0); + if (var && nameref_p (var)) { - tem = unbind_array_element (var, t); - if (tem == -1) - any_failed++; +#if defined (ARRAY_VARS) + if (valid_array_reference (nameref_cell (var), 0)) + { + tname = savestring (nameref_cell (var)); + if (var = array_variable_part (tname, &t, 0)) + tem = unbind_array_element (var, t); + free (tname); + } + else +#endif + tem = unbind_variable (nameref_cell (var)); } + else + tem = unbind_variable (name); } else -#endif /* ARRAY_VARS */ - tem = unset_function ? unbind_func (name) : (nameref ? unbind_nameref (name) : unbind_variable (name)); + tem = unset_function ? unbind_func (name) : (nameref ? unbind_nameref (name) : unbind_variable (name)); /* This is what Posix.2 says: ``If neither -f nor -v is specified, the name refers to a variable; if a variable by that name does not exist, a function by that name, if any, shall be unset.'' */ - if (tem == -1 && unset_function == 0 && unset_variable == 0) + if (tem == -1 && nameref == 0 && unset_function == 0 && unset_variable == 0) tem = unbind_func (name); + name = list->word->word; /* reset above for namerefs */ + /* SUSv3, POSIX.1-2001 say: ``Unsetting a variable or function that was not previously set shall not be considered an error.'' */ diff --git a/builtins/setattr.def b/builtins/setattr.def index 3be31896e..8f29e11e8 100644 --- a/builtins/setattr.def +++ b/builtins/setattr.def @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ This file is setattr.def, from which is created setattr.c. It implements the builtins "export" and "readonly", in Bash. -Copyright (C) 1987-2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +Copyright (C) 1987-2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell. @@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ $PRODUCES setattr.c #include "../bashintl.h" #include "../shell.h" +#include "../flags.h" #include "common.h" #include "bashgetopt.h" @@ -93,8 +94,8 @@ Options: -a refer to indexed array variables -A refer to associative array variables -f refer to shell functions - -p display a list of all readonly variables or functions, depending on - whether or not the -f option is given + -p display a list of all readonly variables or functions, + depending on whether or not the -f option is given An argument of `--' disables further option processing. @@ -133,6 +134,8 @@ set_or_show_attributes (list, attribute, nodefs) #if defined (ARRAY_VARS) WORD_LIST *nlist, *tlist; WORD_DESC *w; + char optw[8]; + int opti; #endif functions_only = arrays_only = assoc_only = 0; @@ -159,6 +162,7 @@ set_or_show_attributes (list, attribute, nodefs) #endif case 'p': break; + CASE_HELPOPT; default: builtin_usage (); return (EX_USAGE); @@ -187,6 +191,11 @@ set_or_show_attributes (list, attribute, nodefs) builtin_error (_("%s: not a function"), name); any_failed++; } + else if ((attribute & att_exported) && undo == 0 && exportable_function_name (name) == 0) + { + builtin_error (_("%s: cannot export"), name); + any_failed++; + } else SETVARATTR (var, attribute, undo); @@ -231,8 +240,24 @@ set_or_show_attributes (list, attribute, nodefs) { tlist = list->next; list->next = (WORD_LIST *)NULL; - w = arrays_only ? make_word ("-ra") : make_word ("-rA"); + /* Add -g to avoid readonly/export creating local variables: + only local/declare/typeset create local variables */ + opti = 0; + optw[opti++] = '-'; + optw[opti++] = 'g'; + if (attribute & att_readonly) + optw[opti++] = 'r'; + if (attribute & att_exported) + optw[opti++] = 'x'; + if (arrays_only) + optw[opti++] = 'a'; + else + optw[opti++] = 'A'; + optw[opti] = '\0'; + + w = make_word (optw); nlist = make_word_list (w, list); + opt = declare_builtin (nlist); if (opt != EXECUTION_SUCCESS) assign_error++; @@ -296,6 +321,12 @@ set_or_show_attributes (list, attribute, nodefs) else if (assoc_only && assoc_p (var) == 0) continue; #endif + + /* If we imported a variable that's not a valid identifier, don't + show it in any lists. */ + if ((var->attributes & (att_invisible|att_imported)) == (att_invisible|att_imported)) + continue; + if ((var->attributes & attribute)) { show_var_attributes (var, READONLY_OR_EXPORT, nodefs); @@ -336,18 +367,12 @@ show_all_var_attributes (v, nodefs) return (any_failed == 0 ? EXECUTION_SUCCESS : EXECUTION_FAILURE); } -/* Show the attributes for shell variable VAR. If NODEFS is non-zero, - don't show function definitions along with the name. If PATTR is - non-zero, it indicates we're being called from `export' or `readonly'. - In POSIX mode, this prints the name of the calling builtin (`export' - or `readonly') instead of `declare', and doesn't print function defs - when called by `export' or `readonly'. */ int -show_var_attributes (var, pattr, nodefs) +var_attribute_string (var, pattr, flags) SHELL_VAR *var; - int pattr, nodefs; + int pattr; + char *flags; /* filled in with attributes */ { - char flags[16], *x; int i; i = 0; @@ -405,6 +430,24 @@ show_var_attributes (var, pattr, nodefs) } flags[i] = '\0'; + return i; +} + +/* Show the attributes for shell variable VAR. If NODEFS is non-zero, + don't show function definitions along with the name. If PATTR is + non-zero, it indicates we're being called from `export' or `readonly'. + In POSIX mode, this prints the name of the calling builtin (`export' + or `readonly') instead of `declare', and doesn't print function defs + when called by `export' or `readonly'. */ +int +show_var_attributes (var, pattr, nodefs) + SHELL_VAR *var; + int pattr, nodefs; +{ + char flags[MAX_ATTRIBUTES], *x; + int i; + + i = var_attribute_string (var, pattr, flags); /* If we're printing functions with definitions, print the function def first, then the attributes, instead of printing output that can't be @@ -425,10 +468,12 @@ show_var_attributes (var, pattr, nodefs) printf ("%s ", this_command_name); #if defined (ARRAY_VARS) - if (array_p (var)) - print_array_assignment (var, 1); + if (invisible_p (var) && (array_p (var) || assoc_p (var))) + printf ("%s\n", var->name); + else if (array_p (var)) + print_array_assignment (var, 0); else if (assoc_p (var)) - print_assoc_assignment (var, 1); + print_assoc_assignment (var, 0); else #endif /* force `readonly' and `export' to not print out function definitions @@ -461,7 +506,7 @@ show_name_attributes (name, nodefs) var = find_variable_noref (name); #endif - if (var && invisible_p (var) == 0) + if (var /* && invisible_p (var) == 0 */) /* XXX bash-4.4/bash-5.0 */ { show_var_attributes (var, READONLY_OR_EXPORT, nodefs); return (0); @@ -493,8 +538,8 @@ set_var_attribute (name, attribute, undo) char *name; int attribute, undo; { - SHELL_VAR *var, *tv, *v; - char *tvalue; + SHELL_VAR *var, *tv, *v, *refvar; + char *tvalue, *refname; if (undo) var = find_variable (name); @@ -509,6 +554,11 @@ set_var_attribute (name, attribute, undo) tvalue = var_isset (tv) ? savestring (value_cell (tv)) : savestring (""); var = bind_variable (tv->name, tvalue, 0); + if (var == 0) + { + free (tvalue); + return; /* XXX - no error message here */ + } var->attributes |= tv->attributes & ~att_tempvar; /* This avoids an error message when propagating a read-only var later on. */ @@ -533,10 +583,23 @@ set_var_attribute (name, attribute, undo) else { var = find_variable_notempenv (name); + if (var == 0) + { + /* We might have a nameref pointing to something that we can't + resolve to a shell variable. If we do, skip it. We do a little + checking just so we can print an error message. */ + refvar = find_variable_nameref_for_create (name, 0); + if (refvar == INVALID_NAMEREF_VALUE) + return; + /* Otherwise we probably have a nameref pointing to a variable + that hasn't been created yet. bind_variable will take care + of that. */ + } if (var == 0) { var = bind_variable (name, (char *)NULL, 0); - VSETATTR (var, att_invisible); + if (var && no_invisible_vars == 0) + VSETATTR (var, att_invisible); } else if (var->context != 0) VSETATTR (var, att_propagate); diff --git a/builtins/shift.def b/builtins/shift.def index 32130862a..589e3299a 100644 --- a/builtins/shift.def +++ b/builtins/shift.def @@ -61,6 +61,8 @@ shift_builtin (list) register int count; WORD_LIST *temp; + CHECK_HELPOPT (list); + if (get_numeric_arg (list, 0, ×) == 0) return (EXECUTION_FAILURE); @@ -97,5 +99,8 @@ shift_builtin (list) else dollar_vars[9] = (char *)NULL; } + + invalidate_cached_quoted_dollar_at (); + return (EXECUTION_SUCCESS); } diff --git a/builtins/shopt.def b/builtins/shopt.def index f0f9d9900..2febb7eeb 100644 --- a/builtins/shopt.def +++ b/builtins/shopt.def @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ This file is shopt.def, from which is created shopt.c. It implements the Bash `shopt' builtin. -Copyright (C) 1994-2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +Copyright (C) 1994-2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell. @@ -90,6 +90,7 @@ extern int autocd; extern int glob_star; extern int glob_asciirange; extern int lastpipe_opt; +extern int inherit_errexit; #if defined (EXTENDED_GLOB) extern int extended_glob; @@ -131,15 +132,21 @@ static int set_restricted_shell __P((char *, int)); static int shopt_set_complete_direxpand __P((char *, int)); #endif +static int shopt_set_debug_mode __P((char *, int)); + static int shopt_login_shell; static int shopt_compat31; static int shopt_compat32; static int shopt_compat40; static int shopt_compat41; static int shopt_compat42; +static int shopt_compat43; typedef int shopt_set_func_t __P((char *, int)); +/* If you add a new variable name here, make sure to set the default value + appropriately in reset_shopt_options. */ + static struct { char *name; int *value; @@ -161,6 +168,7 @@ static struct { { "compat40", &shopt_compat40, set_compatibility_level }, { "compat41", &shopt_compat41, set_compatibility_level }, { "compat42", &shopt_compat42, set_compatibility_level }, + { "compat43", &shopt_compat43, set_compatibility_level }, #if defined (READLINE) { "complete_fullquote", &complete_fullquote, (shopt_set_func_t *)NULL}, { "direxpand", &dircomplete_expand, shopt_set_complete_direxpand }, @@ -170,7 +178,7 @@ static struct { { "execfail", &no_exit_on_failed_exec, (shopt_set_func_t *)NULL }, { "expand_aliases", &expand_aliases, (shopt_set_func_t *)NULL }, #if defined (DEBUGGER) - { "extdebug", &debugging_mode, (shopt_set_func_t *)NULL }, + { "extdebug", &debugging_mode, shopt_set_debug_mode }, #endif #if defined (EXTENDED_GLOB) { "extglob", &extended_glob, (shopt_set_func_t *)NULL }, @@ -180,8 +188,8 @@ static struct { #if defined (READLINE) { "force_fignore", &force_fignore, (shopt_set_func_t *)NULL }, #endif - { "globstar", &glob_star, (shopt_set_func_t *)NULL }, { "globasciiranges", &glob_asciirange, (shopt_set_func_t *)NULL }, + { "globstar", &glob_star, (shopt_set_func_t *)NULL }, { "gnu_errfmt", &gnu_error_format, (shopt_set_func_t *)NULL }, #if defined (HISTORY) { "histappend", &force_append_history, (shopt_set_func_t *)NULL }, @@ -192,6 +200,7 @@ static struct { { "hostcomplete", &perform_hostname_completion, shopt_enable_hostname_completion }, #endif { "huponexit", &hup_on_exit, (shopt_set_func_t *)NULL }, + { "inherit_errexit", &inherit_errexit, (shopt_set_func_t *)NULL }, { "interactive_comments", &interactive_comments, set_shellopts_after_change }, { "lastpipe", &lastpipe_opt, (shopt_set_func_t *)NULL }, #if defined (HISTORY) @@ -267,6 +276,7 @@ shopt_builtin (list) case 'p': flags |= PFLAG; break; + CASE_HELPOPT; default: builtin_usage (); return (EX_USAGE); @@ -297,33 +307,68 @@ shopt_builtin (list) } /* Reset the options managed by `shopt' to the values they would have at - shell startup. */ + shell startup. Variables from shopt_vars. */ void reset_shopt_options () { + autocd = cdable_vars = cdspelling = 0; + check_hashed_filenames = CHECKHASH_DEFAULT; + check_window_size = CHECKWINSIZE_DEFAULT; allow_null_glob_expansion = glob_dot_filenames = 0; - cdable_vars = mail_warning = 0; - no_exit_on_failed_exec = print_shift_error = 0; - check_hashed_filenames = cdspelling = expand_aliases = 0; - + no_exit_on_failed_exec = 0; + expand_aliases = 0; + extended_quote = 1; + fail_glob_expansion = 0; + glob_asciirange = GLOBASCII_DEFAULT; + glob_star = 0; + gnu_error_format = 0; + hup_on_exit = 0; + inherit_errexit = 0; + interactive_comments = 1; + lastpipe_opt = 0; + mail_warning = 0; + glob_ignore_case = match_ignore_case = 0; + print_shift_error = 0; source_uses_path = promptvars = 1; - check_window_size = CHECKWINSIZE_DEFAULT; +#if defined (JOB_CONTROL) + check_jobs_at_exit = 0; +#endif #if defined (EXTENDED_GLOB) - extended_glob = 0; + extended_glob = EXTGLOB_DEFAULT; #endif #if defined (HISTORY) - literal_history = force_append_history = 0; + literal_history = 0; + force_append_history = 0; command_oriented_history = 1; #endif #if defined (READLINE) + complete_fullquote = 1; + force_fignore = 1; hist_verify = history_reediting = 0; perform_hostname_completion = 1; +# if DIRCOMPLETE_EXPAND_DEFAULT + dircomplete_expand = 1; +# else + dircomplete_expand = 0; +#endif + dircomplete_spelling = 0; + no_empty_command_completion = 0; #endif +#if defined (PROGRAMMABLE_COMPLETION) + prog_completion_enabled = 1; +#endif + +#if defined (DEFAULT_ECHO_TO_XPG) || defined (STRICT_POSIX) + xpg_echo = 1; +#else + xpg_echo = 0; +#endif /* DEFAULT_ECHO_TO_XPG */ + shopt_login_shell = login_shell; } @@ -354,6 +399,7 @@ toggle_shopts (mode, list, quiet) { WORD_LIST *l; int ind, rval; + SHELL_VAR *v; for (l = list, rval = EXECUTION_SUCCESS; l; l = l->next) { @@ -371,7 +417,9 @@ toggle_shopts (mode, list, quiet) } } - set_bashopts (); + /* Don't set $BASHOPTS here if it hasn't already been initialized */ + if (v = find_variable ("BASHOPTS")) + set_bashopts (); return (rval); } @@ -516,6 +564,18 @@ set_shellopts_after_change (option_name, mode) return (0); } +static int +shopt_set_debug_mode (option_name, mode) + char *option_name; + int mode; +{ +#if defined (DEBUGGER) + error_trace_mode = function_trace_mode = debugging_mode; + set_shellopts (); +#endif + return (0); +} + static int shopt_enable_hostname_completion (option_name, mode) char *option_name; @@ -537,7 +597,7 @@ set_compatibility_level (option_name, mode) if (mode) { shopt_compat31 = shopt_compat32 = 0; - shopt_compat40 = shopt_compat41 = shopt_compat42 = 0; + shopt_compat40 = shopt_compat41 = shopt_compat42 = shopt_compat43 = 0; ind = find_shopt (option_name); *shopt_vars[ind].value = mode; } @@ -553,6 +613,8 @@ set_compatibility_level (option_name, mode) shell_compatibility_level = 41; else if (shopt_compat42) shell_compatibility_level = 42; + else if (shopt_compat43) + shell_compatibility_level = 43; else shell_compatibility_level = DEFAULT_COMPAT_LEVEL; @@ -564,11 +626,14 @@ set_compatibility_level (option_name, mode) void set_compatibility_opts () { - shopt_compat31 = shopt_compat32 = shopt_compat40 = shopt_compat41 = shopt_compat42 = 0; + shopt_compat31 = shopt_compat32 = 0; + shopt_compat40 = shopt_compat41 = shopt_compat42 = shopt_compat43 = 0; switch (shell_compatibility_level) { case DEFAULT_COMPAT_LEVEL: break; + case 43: + shopt_compat43 = 1; break; case 42: shopt_compat42 = 1; break; case 41: @@ -745,7 +810,11 @@ parse_bashopts (value) { ind = find_shopt (vname); if (ind >= 0) - *shopt_vars[ind].value = 1; + { + *shopt_vars[ind].value = 1; + if (shopt_vars[ind].set_func) + (*shopt_vars[ind].set_func) (shopt_vars[ind].name, 1); + } free (vname); } } diff --git a/builtins/source.def b/builtins/source.def index 71908b8bf..b3df1f9fd 100644 --- a/builtins/source.def +++ b/builtins/source.def @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ This file is source.def, from which is created source.c. It implements the builtins "." and "source" in Bash. -Copyright (C) 1987-2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +Copyright (C) 1987-2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell. @@ -108,6 +108,7 @@ maybe_pop_dollar_vars () if (debugging_mode) pop_args (); /* restore BASH_ARGC and BASH_ARGV */ set_dollar_vars_unchanged (); + invalidate_cached_quoted_dollar_at (); /* just invalidate to be safe */ } /* Read and execute commands from the file passed as argument. Guess what. @@ -119,7 +120,7 @@ source_builtin (list) WORD_LIST *list; { int result; - char *filename, *debug_trap; + char *filename, *debug_trap, *x; if (no_options (list)) return (EX_USAGE); @@ -152,7 +153,10 @@ source_builtin (list) { if (source_searches_cwd == 0) { - builtin_error (_("%s: file not found"), list->word->word); + x = printable_filename (list->word->word, 0); + builtin_error (_("%s: file not found"), x); + if (x != list->word->word) + free (x); if (posixly_correct && interactive_shell == 0 && executing_command_builtin == 0) { last_command_exit_value = 1; @@ -185,7 +189,7 @@ source_builtin (list) { debug_trap = savestring (debug_trap); add_unwind_protect (xfree, debug_trap); - add_unwind_protect (set_debug_trap, debug_trap); + add_unwind_protect (maybe_set_debug_trap, debug_trap); restore_default_signal (DEBUG_TRAP); } diff --git a/builtins/suspend.def b/builtins/suspend.def index 8711e6817..db28feec4 100644 --- a/builtins/suspend.def +++ b/builtins/suspend.def @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ This file is suspend.def, from which is created suspend.c. It implements the builtin "suspend" in Bash. -Copyright (C) 1987-2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +Copyright (C) 1987-2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell. @@ -89,6 +89,7 @@ suspend_builtin (list) case 'f': force++; break; + CASE_HELPOPT; default: builtin_usage (); return (EX_USAGE); diff --git a/builtins/test.def b/builtins/test.def index f1444000e..d6c89bf9b 100644 --- a/builtins/test.def +++ b/builtins/test.def @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ This file is test.def, from which is created test.c. It implements the builtin "test" in Bash. -Copyright (C) 1987-2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +Copyright (C) 1987-2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell. @@ -83,8 +83,9 @@ String operators: Other operators: -o OPTION True if the shell option OPTION is enabled. - -v VAR True if the shell variable VAR is set - -R VAR True if the shell variable VAR is set and is a name reference. + -v VAR True if the shell variable VAR is set. + -R VAR True if the shell variable VAR is set and is a name + reference. ! EXPR True if expr is false. EXPR1 -a EXPR2 True if both expr1 AND expr2 are true. EXPR1 -o EXPR2 True if either expr1 OR expr2 is true. diff --git a/builtins/trap.def b/builtins/trap.def index 2119f5b3c..57d9b5227 100644 --- a/builtins/trap.def +++ b/builtins/trap.def @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ This file is trap.def, from which is created trap.c. It implements the builtin "trap" in Bash. -Copyright (C) 1987-2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +Copyright (C) 1987-2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell. @@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ static int display_traps __P((WORD_LIST *)); trap -p [sigspec ...] trap [--] - Set things up so that ARG is executed when SIGNAL(s) N is recieved. + Set things up so that ARG is executed when SIGNAL(s) N is received. If ARG is the empty string, then ignore the SIGNAL(s). If there is no ARG, then set the trap for SIGNAL(s) to its original value. Just plain "trap" means to print out the list of commands associated with @@ -119,6 +119,7 @@ trap_builtin (list) case 'p': display++; break; + CASE_HELPOPT; default: builtin_usage (); return (EX_USAGE); diff --git a/builtins/type.def b/builtins/type.def index bd9ecfc1f..3187add22 100644 --- a/builtins/type.def +++ b/builtins/type.def @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ This file is type.def, from which is created type.c. It implements the builtin "type" in Bash. -Copyright (C) 1987-2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +Copyright (C) 1987-2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell. @@ -30,18 +30,18 @@ command name. Options: -a display all locations containing an executable named NAME; - includes aliases, builtins, and functions, if and only if - the `-p' option is not also used + includes aliases, builtins, and functions, if and only if + the `-p' option is not also used -f suppress shell function lookup -P force a PATH search for each NAME, even if it is an alias, - builtin, or function, and returns the name of the disk file - that would be executed + builtin, or function, and returns the name of the disk file + that would be executed -p returns either the name of the disk file that would be executed, - or nothing if `type -t NAME' would not return `file'. + or nothing if `type -t NAME' would not return `file' -t output a single word which is one of `alias', `keyword', - `function', `builtin', `file' or `', if NAME is an alias, shell - reserved word, shell function, shell builtin, disk file, or not - found, respectively + `function', `builtin', `file' or `', if NAME is an alias, + shell reserved word, shell function, shell builtin, disk file, + or not found, respectively Arguments: NAME Command name to be interpreted. @@ -168,6 +168,7 @@ type_builtin (list) dflags |= (CDESC_PATH_ONLY|CDESC_FORCE_PATH); dflags &= ~(CDESC_TYPE|CDESC_SHORTDESC); break; + CASE_HELPOPT; default: builtin_usage (); return (EX_USAGE); @@ -204,6 +205,7 @@ type_builtin (list) * CDESC_FORCE_PATH force a path search for type -P * CDESC_NOFUNCS skip function lookup for type -f * CDESC_ABSPATH convert to absolute path, no ./ prefix + * CDESC_STDPATH command -p standard path list * * CDESC_ALL says whether or not to look for all occurrences of COMMAND, or * return after finding it once. @@ -214,7 +216,7 @@ describe_command (command, dflags) int dflags; { int found, i, found_file, f, all; - char *full_path, *x; + char *full_path, *x, *pathlist; SHELL_VAR *func; #if defined (ALIAS) alias_t *alias; @@ -293,7 +295,12 @@ describe_command (command, dflags) if (dflags & CDESC_TYPE) puts ("builtin"); else if (dflags & CDESC_SHORTDESC) - printf (_("%s is a shell builtin\n"), command); + { + if (posixly_correct && find_special_builtin (command) != 0) + printf (_("%s is a special shell builtin\n"), command); + else + printf (_("%s is a shell builtin\n"), command); + } else if (dflags & CDESC_REUSABLE) printf ("%s\n", command); @@ -346,12 +353,17 @@ describe_command (command, dflags) /* Now search through $PATH. */ while (1) { - if (all == 0) + if (dflags & CDESC_STDPATH) /* command -p, all cannot be non-zero */ + { + pathlist = conf_standard_path (); + full_path = find_in_path (command, pathlist, FS_EXEC_PREFERRED|FS_NODIRS); + free (pathlist); + /* Will only go through this once, since all == 0 if STDPATH set */ + } + else if (all == 0) full_path = find_user_command (command); else - full_path = - user_command_matches (command, FS_EXEC_ONLY, found_file); - /* XXX - should that be FS_EXEC_PREFERRED? */ + full_path = user_command_matches (command, FS_EXEC_ONLY, found_file); /* XXX - should that be FS_EXEC_PREFERRED? */ if (full_path == 0) break; @@ -382,7 +394,11 @@ describe_command (command, dflags) } /* If we require a full path and don't have one, make one */ else if ((dflags & CDESC_ABSPATH) && ABSPATH (full_path) == 0) - full_path = sh_makepath ((char *)NULL, full_path, MP_DOCWD|MP_RMDOT); + { + x = sh_makepath ((char *)NULL, full_path, MP_DOCWD|MP_RMDOT); + free (full_path); + full_path = x; + } found_file++; found = 1; diff --git a/builtins/ulimit.def b/builtins/ulimit.def index e551cfff4..62def4f6f 100644 --- a/builtins/ulimit.def +++ b/builtins/ulimit.def @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ This file is ulimit.def, from which is created ulimit.c. It implements the builtin "ulimit" in Bash. -Copyright (C) 1987-2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +Copyright (C) 1987-2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell. @@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ $PRODUCES ulimit.c $BUILTIN ulimit $FUNCTION ulimit_builtin $DEPENDS_ON !_MINIX -$SHORT_DOC ulimit [-SHabcdefilmnpqrstuvxT] [limit] +$SHORT_DOC ulimit [-SHabcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPT] [limit] Modify shell resource limits. Provides control over the resources available to the shell and processes @@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ Options: -e the maximum scheduling priority (`nice') -f the maximum size of files written by the shell and its children -i the maximum number of pending signals + -k the maximum number of kqueues allocated for this process -l the maximum size a process may lock into memory -m the maximum resident set size -n the maximum number of open file descriptors @@ -50,7 +51,8 @@ Options: -u the maximum number of user processes -v the size of virtual memory -x the maximum number of file locks - -T the maximum number of threads + -P the maximum number of pseudoterminals + -T the maximum number of threads Not all options are available on all platforms. @@ -131,11 +133,17 @@ extern int errno; # define print_rlimtype(num, nl) printf ("%ld%s", num, nl ? "\n" : "") #endif +/* Alternate names */ + /* Some systems use RLIMIT_NOFILE, others use RLIMIT_OFILE */ #if defined (HAVE_RESOURCE) && defined (RLIMIT_OFILE) && !defined (RLIMIT_NOFILE) # define RLIMIT_NOFILE RLIMIT_OFILE #endif /* HAVE_RESOURCE && RLIMIT_OFILE && !RLIMIT_NOFILE */ +#if defined (HAVE_RESOURCE) && defined (RLIMIT_POSIXLOCKS) && !defined (RLIMIT_LOCKS) +# define RLIMIT_LOCKS RLIMIT_POSIXLOCKS +#endif /* HAVE_RESOURCE && RLIMIT_POSIXLOCKS && !RLIMIT_LOCKS */ + /* Some systems have these, some do not. */ #ifdef RLIMIT_FSIZE # define RLIMIT_FILESIZE RLIMIT_FSIZE @@ -223,6 +231,9 @@ typedef struct { } RESOURCE_LIMITS; static RESOURCE_LIMITS limits[] = { +#ifdef RLIMIT_NPTS + { 'P', RLIMIT_NPTS, 1, "number of pseudoterminals", (char *)NULL }, +#endif #ifdef RLIMIT_PTHREAD { 'T', RLIMIT_PTHREAD, 1, "number of threads", (char *)NULL }, #endif @@ -242,6 +253,9 @@ static RESOURCE_LIMITS limits[] = { #ifdef RLIMIT_SIGPENDING { 'i', RLIMIT_SIGPENDING, 1, "pending signals", (char *)NULL }, #endif +#ifdef RLIMIT_KQUEUES + { 'k', RLIMIT_KQUEUES, 1, "max kqueues", (char *)NULL }, +#endif #ifdef RLIMIT_MEMLOCK { 'l', RLIMIT_MEMLOCK, 1024, "max locked memory", "kbytes" }, #endif @@ -359,6 +373,7 @@ ulimit_builtin (list) mode |= LIMIT_HARD; break; + CASE_HELPOPT; case '?': builtin_usage (); return (EX_USAGE); diff --git a/builtins/umask.def b/builtins/umask.def index d9aa04183..d3138d4d5 100644 --- a/builtins/umask.def +++ b/builtins/umask.def @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ This file is umask.def, from which is created umask.c. It implements the builtin "umask" in Bash. -Copyright (C) 1987-2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +Copyright (C) 1987-2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell. @@ -91,6 +91,7 @@ umask_builtin (list) case 'p': pflag++; break; + CASE_HELPOPT; default: builtin_usage (); return (EX_USAGE); @@ -145,8 +146,12 @@ umask_builtin (list) /* Print the umask in a symbolic form. In the output, a letter is printed if the corresponding bit is clear in the umask. */ static void +#if defined (__STDC__) +print_symbolic_umask (mode_t um) +#else print_symbolic_umask (um) mode_t um; +#endif { char ubits[4], gbits[4], obits[4]; /* u=rwx,g=rwx,o=rwx */ int i; diff --git a/builtins/wait.def b/builtins/wait.def index fe6d53d50..974f959b7 100644 --- a/builtins/wait.def +++ b/builtins/wait.def @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ This file is wait.def, from which is created wait.c. It implements the builtin "wait" in Bash. -Copyright (C) 1987-2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +Copyright (C) 1987-2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell. @@ -73,8 +73,10 @@ $END #include "bashgetopt.h" extern int wait_signal_received; +extern int last_command_exit_signal; procenv_t wait_intr_buf; +int wait_intr_flag; /* Wait for the pid in LIST to stop or die. If no arguments are given, then wait for all of the active background processes of the shell and return @@ -86,6 +88,7 @@ procenv_t wait_intr_buf; { \ interrupt_immediately = old_interrupt_immediately;\ wait_signal_received = 0; \ + wait_intr_flag = 0; \ return (s);\ } \ while (0) @@ -110,6 +113,7 @@ wait_builtin (list) nflag = 1; break; #endif + CASE_HELPOPT; default: builtin_usage (); return (EX_USAGE); @@ -130,10 +134,14 @@ wait_builtin (list) We handle SIGINT here; it's the only one that needs to be treated specially (I think), since it's handled specially in {no,}jobs.c. */ - code = setjmp (wait_intr_buf); + wait_intr_flag = 1; + code = setjmp_sigs (wait_intr_buf); + if (code) { + last_command_exit_signal = wait_signal_received; status = 128 + wait_signal_received; + wait_sigint_cleanup (); WAIT_RETURN (status); } @@ -171,7 +179,7 @@ wait_builtin (list) if (legal_number (w, &pid_value) && pid_value == (pid_t)pid_value) { pid = (pid_t)pid_value; - status = wait_for_single_pid (pid); + status = wait_for_single_pid (pid, 1); } else { diff --git a/command.h b/command.h index 6e9d1e4bc..3da5b77da 100644 --- a/command.h +++ b/command.h @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ /* command.h -- The structures used internally to represent commands, and the extern declarations of the functions used to create them. */ -/* Copyright (C) 1993-2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +/* Copyright (C) 1993-2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell. @@ -100,7 +100,15 @@ enum command_type { cm_for, cm_case, cm_while, cm_if, cm_simple, cm_select, #define W_ARRAYIND 0x1000000 /* word is an array index being expanded */ #define W_ASSNGLOBAL 0x2000000 /* word is a global assignment to declare (declare/typeset -g) */ #define W_NOBRACE 0x4000000 /* Don't perform brace expansion */ -#define W_ASSIGNINT 0x8000000 /* word is an integer assignment to declare */ +#define W_COMPLETE 0x8000000 /* word is being expanded for completion */ + +/* Flags for the `pflags' argument to param_expand() and various + parameter_brace_expand_xxx functions; also used for string_list_dollar_at */ +#define PF_NOCOMSUB 0x01 /* Do not perform command substitution */ +#define PF_IGNUNBOUND 0x02 /* ignore unbound vars even if -u set */ +#define PF_NOSPLIT2 0x04 /* same as W_NOSPLIT2 */ +#define PF_ASSIGNRHS 0x08 /* same as W_ASSIGNRHS */ +#define PF_COMPLETE 0x10 /* same as W_COMPLETE, sets SX_COMPLETE */ /* Possible values for subshell_environment */ #define SUBSHELL_ASYNC 0x01 /* subshell caused by `command &' */ @@ -175,6 +183,7 @@ typedef struct element { #define CMD_COMMAND_BUILTIN 0x0800 /* command executed by `command' builtin */ #define CMD_COPROC_SUBSHELL 0x1000 #define CMD_LASTPIPE 0x2000 +#define CMD_STDPATH 0x4000 /* use standard path for command lookup */ /* What a command looks like. */ typedef struct command { diff --git a/config-bot.h b/config-bot.h index 334581a2b..5563e2a87 100644 --- a/config-bot.h +++ b/config-bot.h @@ -94,6 +94,10 @@ # undef COND_REGEXP #endif +#if !HAVE_MKSTEMP +# undef USE_MKSTEMP +#endif + /* If the shell is called by this name, it will become restricted. */ #if defined (RESTRICTED_SHELL) # define RESTRICTED_SHELL_NAME "rbash" diff --git a/config-top.h b/config-top.h index 4f6373c4a..d89682e5b 100644 --- a/config-top.h +++ b/config-top.h @@ -27,6 +27,10 @@ error messages about `break' and `continue' out of context. */ #define BREAK_COMPLAINS +/* Define CD_COMPLAINS if you want the non-standard, but sometimes-desired + error messages about multiple directory arguments to `cd'. */ +#define CD_COMPLAINS + /* Define BUFFERED_INPUT if you want the shell to do its own input buffering, rather than using stdio. Do not undefine this; it's required to preserve semantics required by POSIX. */ @@ -79,6 +83,9 @@ reply to the select query is an empty line. */ #define KSH_COMPATIBLE_SELECT +/* Default interactive shell startup file. */ +#define DEFAULT_BASHRC "~/.bashrc" + /* System-wide .bashrc file for interactive shells. */ /* #define SYS_BASHRC "/etc/bash.bashrc" */ @@ -110,6 +117,7 @@ #if defined (SYSLOG_HISTORY) # define SYSLOG_FACILITY LOG_USER # define SYSLOG_LEVEL LOG_INFO +# define OPENLOG_OPTS LOG_PID #endif /* Define if you want to include code in shell.c to support wordexp(3) */ @@ -132,3 +140,23 @@ /* Define to 1 if you want to be able to export indexed arrays to processes using the foo=([0]=one [1]=two) and so on */ /* #define ARRAY_EXPORT 1 */ + +/* Define to 1 if you want the shell to exit if it is running setuid and its + attempt to drop privilege using setuid(getuid()) fails with errno == EAGAIN */ +/* #define EXIT_ON_SETUID_FAILURE 1 */ + +/* Define to 1 if you want the shell to re-check $PATH if a hashed filename + no longer exists. This behavior is the default in Posix mode. */ +#define CHECKHASH_DEFAULT 0 + +/* Define to the maximum level of recursion you want for the eval builtin. + 0 means the limit is not active. */ +#define EVALNEST_MAX 0 + +/* Define to the maximum level of recursion you want for the source/. builtin. + 0 means the limit is not active. */ +#define SOURCENEST_MAX 0 + +/* Define to use libc mktemp/mkstemp instead of replacements in lib/sh/tmpfile.c */ +#define USE_MKTEMP +#define USE_MKSTEMP diff --git a/config.h.in b/config.h.in index 08af2ba89..a5ad9e729 100644 --- a/config.h.in +++ b/config.h.in @@ -21,6 +21,17 @@ #ifndef _CONFIG_H_ #define _CONFIG_H_ +/* Template settings for autoconf */ + +#undef __EXTENSIONS__ +#undef _ALL_SOURCE +#undef _GNU_SOURCE +#undef _POSIX_SOURCE +#undef _POSIX_1_SOURCE +#undef _POSIX_PTHREAD_SEMANTICS +#undef _TANDEM_SOURCE +#undef _MINIX + /* Configuration feature settings controllable by autoconf. */ /* Define JOB_CONTROL if your operating system supports @@ -173,6 +184,9 @@ /* Define to make the `globasciiranges' shopt option enabled by default. */ #undef GLOBASCII_DEFAULT +/* Define to allow functions to be imported from the environment. */ +#undef FUNCTION_IMPORT + /* Define AFS if you are using Transarc's AFS. */ #undef AFS @@ -201,6 +215,7 @@ #undef HAVE_LONG_DOUBLE #undef PROTOTYPES +#undef __PROTOTYPES #undef __CHAR_UNSIGNED__ @@ -317,6 +332,9 @@ /* Define to `unsigned long' if doesn't define. */ #undef uintmax_t + +/* Define to integer type wide enough to hold a pointer if doesn't define. */ +#undef uintptr_t /* Define to `int' if doesn't define. */ #undef uid_t @@ -543,7 +561,6 @@ #undef UNUSABLE_RT_SIGNALS - /* Presence of system and C library functions. */ /* Define if you have the asprintf function. */ @@ -555,6 +572,9 @@ /* Define if you have the bzero function. */ #undef HAVE_BZERO +/* Define if you have the chown function. */ +#undef HAVE_CHOWN + /* Define if you have the confstr function. */ #undef HAVE_CONFSTR @@ -719,15 +739,24 @@ /* Define if you have the mkfifo function. */ #undef HAVE_MKFIFO +/* Define if you have the mkstemp function. */ +#undef HAVE_MKSTEMP + /* Define if you have the pathconf function. */ #undef HAVE_PATHCONF +/* Define if you have the pselect function. */ +#undef HAVE_PSELECT + /* Define if you have the putenv function. */ #undef HAVE_PUTENV /* Define if you have the raise function. */ #undef HAVE_RAISE +/* Define if you have the random function. */ +#undef HAVE_RANDOM + /* Define if you have the readlink function. */ #undef HAVE_READLINK @@ -926,6 +955,9 @@ /* Define if you have the header file. */ #undef HAVE_LANGINFO_H +/* Define if you have the header file. */ +#undef HAVE_LIBAUDIT_H + /* Define if you have the header file. */ #undef HAVE_LIBINTL_H @@ -935,6 +967,9 @@ /* Define if you have the header file. */ #undef HAVE_LOCALE_H +/* Define if you have the header file. */ +#undef HAVE_MBSTR_H + /* Define if you have the header file. */ #undef HAVE_NDIR_H @@ -983,6 +1018,9 @@ /* Define if you have the header file. */ #undef HAVE_SYS_FILE_H +/* Define if you have the header file. */ +#undef HAVE_SYS_IOCTL_H + /* Define if you have the header file. */ #undef HAVE_SYS_NDIR_H @@ -1059,9 +1097,6 @@ /* Are we running the GNU C library, version 2.1 or later? */ #undef GLIBC21 -/* Define if on MINIX. */ -#undef _MINIX - /* Are we running SVR5 (UnixWare 7)? */ #undef SVR5 diff --git a/configure b/configure index 98bf89094..60f86d649 100755 --- a/configure +++ b/configure @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ #! /bin/sh -# From configure.ac for Bash 4.3, version 4.063. +# From configure.ac for Bash 4.4, version 4.082. # Guess values for system-dependent variables and create Makefiles. -# Generated by GNU Autoconf 2.69 for bash 4.3-release. +# Generated by GNU Autoconf 2.69 for bash 4.4-release. # # Report bugs to . # @@ -581,8 +581,8 @@ MAKEFLAGS= # Identity of this package. PACKAGE_NAME='bash' PACKAGE_TARNAME='bash' -PACKAGE_VERSION='4.3-release' -PACKAGE_STRING='bash 4.3-release' +PACKAGE_VERSION='4.4-release' +PACKAGE_STRING='bash 4.4-release' PACKAGE_BUGREPORT='bug-bash@gnu.org' PACKAGE_URL='' @@ -635,6 +635,8 @@ DEBUG RELSTATUS BASHVERS ARFLAGS +headersdir +loadablesdir BUILD_DIR incdir PROFILE_FLAGS @@ -727,7 +729,6 @@ MALLOC_LIBRARY MALLOC_LIB MALLOC_SRC MALLOC_TARGET -PURIFY TESTSCRIPT CPPFLAGS_FOR_BUILD LDFLAGS_FOR_BUILD @@ -788,8 +789,6 @@ with_bash_malloc with_curses with_gnu_malloc with_installed_readline -with_purecov -with_purify enable_minimal_config enable_alias enable_arith_for_command @@ -809,6 +808,7 @@ enable_disabled_builtins enable_dparen_arithmetic enable_extended_glob enable_extended_glob_default +enable_function_import enable_glob_asciiranges_default enable_help_builtin enable_history @@ -1393,7 +1393,7 @@ if test "$ac_init_help" = "long"; then # Omit some internal or obsolete options to make the list less imposing. # This message is too long to be a string in the A/UX 3.1 sh. cat <<_ACEOF -\`configure' configures bash 4.3-release to adapt to many kinds of systems. +\`configure' configures bash 4.4-release to adapt to many kinds of systems. Usage: $0 [OPTION]... [VAR=VALUE]... @@ -1458,7 +1458,7 @@ fi if test -n "$ac_init_help"; then case $ac_init_help in - short | recursive ) echo "Configuration of bash 4.3-release:";; + short | recursive ) echo "Configuration of bash 4.4-release:";; esac cat <<\_ACEOF @@ -1498,6 +1498,9 @@ Optional Features: --enable-extended-glob-default force extended pattern matching to be enabled by default + --enable-function-import + allow bash to import exported function definitions + by default --enable-glob-asciiranges-default force bracket range expressions in pattern matching to use the C locale by default @@ -1546,8 +1549,6 @@ Optional Packages: --with-installed-readline use a version of the readline library that is already installed - --with-purecov configure to postprocess with pure coverage - --with-purify configure to postprocess with purify --with-gnu-ld assume the C compiler uses GNU ld default=no --with-libiconv-prefix[=DIR] search for libiconv in DIR/include and DIR/lib --without-libiconv-prefix don't search for libiconv in includedir and libdir @@ -1650,7 +1651,7 @@ fi test -n "$ac_init_help" && exit $ac_status if $ac_init_version; then cat <<\_ACEOF -bash configure 4.3-release +bash configure 4.4-release generated by GNU Autoconf 2.69 Copyright (C) 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc. @@ -2359,7 +2360,7 @@ cat >config.log <<_ACEOF This file contains any messages produced by compilers while running configure, to aid debugging if configure makes a mistake. -It was created by bash $as_me 4.3-release, which was +It was created by bash $as_me 4.4-release, which was generated by GNU Autoconf 2.69. Invocation command line was $ $0 $@ @@ -2752,11 +2753,11 @@ ac_configure="$SHELL $ac_aux_dir/configure" # Please don't use this var. ac_config_headers="$ac_config_headers config.h" -BASHVERS=4.3 +BASHVERS=4.4 RELSTATUS=release case "$RELSTATUS" in -alp*|bet*|dev*|rc*|maint*) DEBUG='-DDEBUG' MALLOC_DEBUG='-DMALLOC_DEBUG' ;; +alp*|bet*|dev*|rc*|releng*|maint*) DEBUG='-DDEBUG' MALLOC_DEBUG='-DMALLOC_DEBUG' ;; *) DEBUG= MALLOC_DEBUG= ;; esac @@ -2834,8 +2835,6 @@ case $host_os in *\ *) host_os=`echo "$host_os" | sed 's/ /-/g'`;; esac opt_bash_malloc=yes -opt_purify=no -opt_purecov=no opt_afs=no opt_curses=no opt_with_installed_readline=no @@ -2911,18 +2910,6 @@ if test "${with_installed_readline+set}" = set; then : fi -# Check whether --with-purecov was given. -if test "${with_purecov+set}" = set; then : - withval=$with_purecov; opt_purecov=$withval -fi - - -# Check whether --with-purify was given. -if test "${with_purify+set}" = set; then : - withval=$with_purify; opt_purify=$withval -fi - - if test "$opt_bash_malloc" = yes; then MALLOC_TARGET=malloc MALLOC_SRC=malloc.c @@ -2941,18 +2928,6 @@ else MALLOC_DEP= fi -if test "$opt_purify" = yes; then - PURIFY="purify " - $as_echo "#define DISABLE_MALLOC_WRAPPERS 1" >>confdefs.h - -else - PURIFY= -fi - -if test "$opt_purecov" = yes; then - PURIFY="${PURIFY}purecov" -fi - if test "$opt_afs" = yes; then $as_echo "#define AFS 1" >>confdefs.h @@ -3002,6 +2977,7 @@ opt_casemod_expansions=yes opt_extglob_default=no opt_dircomplete_expand_default=no opt_globascii_default=no +opt_function_import=yes opt_static_link=no opt_profiling=no @@ -3115,6 +3091,11 @@ if test "${enable_extended_glob_default+set}" = set; then : enableval=$enable_extended_glob_default; opt_extglob_default=$enableval fi +# Check whether --enable-function-import was given. +if test "${enable_function_import+set}" = set; then : + enableval=$enable_function_import; opt_function_import=$enableval +fi + # Check whether --enable-glob-asciiranges-default was given. if test "${enable_glob_asciiranges_default+set}" = set; then : enableval=$enable_glob_asciiranges_default; opt_globascii_default=$enableval @@ -3341,6 +3322,10 @@ $as_echo "#define GLOBASCII_DEFAULT 1" >>confdefs.h else $as_echo "#define GLOBASCII_DEFAULT 0" >>confdefs.h +fi +if test $opt_function_import = yes; then +$as_echo "#define FUNCTION_IMPORT 1" >>confdefs.h + fi if test $opt_memscramble = yes; then @@ -3387,6 +3372,12 @@ fi +if test -z "$CFLAGS"; then + AUTO_CFLAGS="-g ${GCC+-O2} ${GCC+-Wno-parentheses}" + AUTO_LDFLAGS="-g ${GCC+-O2}" +else + AUTO_CFLAGS= AUTO_LDFLAGS= +fi echo "" echo "Beginning configuration for bash-$BASHVERS-$RELSTATUS for ${host_cpu}-${host_vendor}-${host_os}" @@ -4921,16 +4912,15 @@ fi -if test -z "$CFLAGS"; then - AUTO_CFLAGS="-g ${GCC+-O2}" - AUTO_LDFLAGS="-g ${GCC+-O2}" -else - AUTO_CFLAGS= AUTO_LDFLAGS= -fi - CFLAGS=${CFLAGS-"$AUTO_CFLAGS"} # LDFLAGS=${LDFLAGS="$AUTO_LDFLAGS"} # XXX +# turn off paren warnings in gcc +if test "$GCC" = yes # && test -n "$DEBUG" +then + CFLAGS="$CFLAGS -Wno-parentheses -Wno-format-security" +fi + if test "$opt_profiling" = "yes"; then PROFILE_FLAGS=-pg case "$host_os" in @@ -5278,7 +5268,7 @@ if ${ac_cv_rl_version+:} false; then : $as_echo_n "(cached) " >&6 else if test "$cross_compiling" = yes; then : - ac_cv_rl_version='4.2' + ac_cv_rl_version='6.3' else cat confdefs.h - <<_ACEOF >conftest.$ac_ext /* end confdefs.h. */ @@ -9279,8 +9269,8 @@ fi done -for ac_header in sys/pte.h sys/stream.h sys/select.h sys/file.h \ - sys/resource.h sys/param.h sys/socket.h sys/stat.h \ +for ac_header in sys/pte.h sys/stream.h sys/select.h sys/file.h sys/ioctl.h \ + sys/param.h sys/socket.h sys/stat.h \ sys/time.h sys/times.h sys/types.h sys/wait.h do : as_ac_Header=`$as_echo "ac_cv_header_$ac_header" | $as_tr_sh` @@ -9320,6 +9310,19 @@ fi +ac_fn_c_check_header_compile "$LINENO" "sys/resource.h" "ac_cv_header_sys_resource_h" " +#if HAVE_SYS_TIME_H +# include +#endif + +" +if test "x$ac_cv_header_sys_resource_h" = xyes; then : + $as_echo "#define HAVE_SYS_RESOURCE_H 1" >>confdefs.h + +fi + + + # The Ultrix 4.2 mips builtin alloca declared by alloca.h only works # for constant arguments. Useless! { $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: checking for working alloca.h" >&5 @@ -9504,6 +9507,101 @@ cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF _ACEOF +fi + +{ $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: checking for uid_t in sys/types.h" >&5 +$as_echo_n "checking for uid_t in sys/types.h... " >&6; } +if ${ac_cv_type_uid_t+:} false; then : + $as_echo_n "(cached) " >&6 +else + cat confdefs.h - <<_ACEOF >conftest.$ac_ext +/* end confdefs.h. */ +#include + +_ACEOF +if (eval "$ac_cpp conftest.$ac_ext") 2>&5 | + $EGREP "uid_t" >/dev/null 2>&1; then : + ac_cv_type_uid_t=yes +else + ac_cv_type_uid_t=no +fi +rm -f conftest* + +fi +{ $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: result: $ac_cv_type_uid_t" >&5 +$as_echo "$ac_cv_type_uid_t" >&6; } +if test $ac_cv_type_uid_t = no; then + +$as_echo "#define uid_t int" >>confdefs.h + + +$as_echo "#define gid_t int" >>confdefs.h + +fi + +for ac_header in unistd.h +do : + ac_fn_c_check_header_mongrel "$LINENO" "unistd.h" "ac_cv_header_unistd_h" "$ac_includes_default" +if test "x$ac_cv_header_unistd_h" = xyes; then : + cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF +#define HAVE_UNISTD_H 1 +_ACEOF + +fi + +done + +{ $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: checking for working chown" >&5 +$as_echo_n "checking for working chown... " >&6; } +if ${ac_cv_func_chown_works+:} false; then : + $as_echo_n "(cached) " >&6 +else + if test "$cross_compiling" = yes; then : + ac_cv_func_chown_works=no +else + cat confdefs.h - <<_ACEOF >conftest.$ac_ext +/* end confdefs.h. */ +$ac_includes_default +#include + +int +main () +{ + char *f = "conftest.chown"; + struct stat before, after; + + if (creat (f, 0600) < 0) + return 1; + if (stat (f, &before) < 0) + return 1; + if (chown (f, (uid_t) -1, (gid_t) -1) == -1) + return 1; + if (stat (f, &after) < 0) + return 1; + return ! (before.st_uid == after.st_uid && before.st_gid == after.st_gid); + + ; + return 0; +} +_ACEOF +if ac_fn_c_try_run "$LINENO"; then : + ac_cv_func_chown_works=yes +else + ac_cv_func_chown_works=no +fi +rm -f core *.core core.conftest.* gmon.out bb.out conftest$ac_exeext \ + conftest.$ac_objext conftest.beam conftest.$ac_ext +fi + +rm -f conftest.chown + +fi +{ $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: result: $ac_cv_func_chown_works" >&5 +$as_echo "$ac_cv_func_chown_works" >&6; } +if test $ac_cv_func_chown_works = yes; then + +$as_echo "#define HAVE_CHOWN 1" >>confdefs.h + fi { $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: checking whether getpgrp requires zero arguments" >&5 @@ -9706,7 +9804,7 @@ fi for ac_func in dup2 eaccess fcntl getdtablesize getgroups gethostname \ getpagesize getpeername getrlimit getrusage gettimeofday \ - kill killpg lstat readlink sbrk select setdtablesize \ + kill killpg lstat pselect readlink sbrk select setdtablesize \ setitimer tcgetpgrp uname ulimit waitpid do : as_ac_var=`$as_echo "ac_cv_func_$ac_func" | $as_tr_sh` @@ -9736,7 +9834,7 @@ fi for ac_func in bcopy bzero confstr faccessat fnmatch \ getaddrinfo gethostbyname getservbyname getservent inet_aton \ - imaxdiv memmove pathconf putenv raise regcomp regexec \ + imaxdiv memmove pathconf putenv raise random regcomp regexec \ setenv setlinebuf setlocale setvbuf siginterrupt strchr \ sysconf syslog tcgetattr times ttyname tzset unsetenv do : @@ -9787,6 +9885,17 @@ _ACEOF fi done +for ac_func in mkstemp +do : + ac_fn_c_check_func "$LINENO" "mkstemp" "ac_cv_func_mkstemp" +if test "x$ac_cv_func_mkstemp" = xyes; then : + cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF +#define HAVE_MKSTEMP 1 +_ACEOF + +fi +done + ac_fn_c_check_func "$LINENO" "getcwd" "ac_cv_func_getcwd" if test "x$ac_cv_func_getcwd" = xyes; then : $as_echo "#define HAVE_GETCWD 1" >>confdefs.h @@ -10041,6 +10150,18 @@ fi +for ac_header in libaudit.h +do : + ac_fn_c_check_header_mongrel "$LINENO" "libaudit.h" "ac_cv_header_libaudit_h" "$ac_includes_default" +if test "x$ac_cv_header_libaudit_h" = xyes; then : + cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF +#define HAVE_LIBAUDIT_H 1 +_ACEOF + +fi + +done + ac_fn_c_check_decl "$LINENO" "AUDIT_USER_TTY" "ac_cv_have_decl_AUDIT_USER_TTY" "#include " if test "x$ac_cv_have_decl_AUDIT_USER_TTY" = xyes; then : @@ -10965,6 +11086,19 @@ fi done +for ac_header in mbstr.h +do : + ac_fn_c_check_header_mongrel "$LINENO" "mbstr.h" "ac_cv_header_mbstr_h" "$ac_includes_default" +if test "x$ac_cv_header_mbstr_h" = xyes; then : + cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF +#define HAVE_MBSTR_H 1 +_ACEOF + +fi + +done + + ac_fn_c_check_func "$LINENO" "mbrlen" "ac_cv_func_mbrlen" if test "x$ac_cv_func_mbrlen" = xyes; then : $as_echo "#define HAVE_MBRLEN 1" >>confdefs.h @@ -11279,7 +11413,7 @@ _ACEOF if ac_fn_c_try_run "$LINENO"; then : bash_cv_wcwidth_broken=yes else - bash_cv_wcwdith_broken=no + bash_cv_wcwidth_broken=no fi rm -f core *.core core.conftest.* gmon.out bb.out conftest$ac_exeext \ conftest.$ac_objext conftest.beam conftest.$ac_ext @@ -11296,7 +11430,7 @@ fi if test "$am_cv_func_iconv" = yes; then OLDLIBS="$LIBS" - LIBS="$LIBS $LIBICONV" + LIBS="$LIBS $LIBINTL $LIBICONV" for ac_func in locale_charset do : ac_fn_c_check_func "$LINENO" "locale_charset" "ac_cv_func_locale_charset" @@ -11667,36 +11801,6 @@ fi fi -{ $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: checking for uid_t in sys/types.h" >&5 -$as_echo_n "checking for uid_t in sys/types.h... " >&6; } -if ${ac_cv_type_uid_t+:} false; then : - $as_echo_n "(cached) " >&6 -else - cat confdefs.h - <<_ACEOF >conftest.$ac_ext -/* end confdefs.h. */ -#include - -_ACEOF -if (eval "$ac_cpp conftest.$ac_ext") 2>&5 | - $EGREP "uid_t" >/dev/null 2>&1; then : - ac_cv_type_uid_t=yes -else - ac_cv_type_uid_t=no -fi -rm -f conftest* - -fi -{ $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: result: $ac_cv_type_uid_t" >&5 -$as_echo "$ac_cv_type_uid_t" >&6; } -if test $ac_cv_type_uid_t = no; then - -$as_echo "#define uid_t int" >>confdefs.h - - -$as_echo "#define gid_t int" >>confdefs.h - -fi - { $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: checking type of array argument to getgroups" >&5 $as_echo_n "checking type of array argument to getgroups... " >&6; } if ${ac_cv_type_getgroups+:} false; then : @@ -11838,6 +11942,44 @@ _ACEOF fi + + ac_fn_c_check_type "$LINENO" "uintptr_t" "ac_cv_type_uintptr_t" "$ac_includes_default" +if test "x$ac_cv_type_uintptr_t" = xyes; then : + +$as_echo "#define HAVE_UINTPTR_T 1" >>confdefs.h + +else + for ac_type in 'unsigned int' 'unsigned long int' \ + 'unsigned long long int'; do + cat confdefs.h - <<_ACEOF >conftest.$ac_ext +/* end confdefs.h. */ +$ac_includes_default +int +main () +{ +static int test_array [1 - 2 * !(sizeof (void *) <= sizeof ($ac_type))]; +test_array [0] = 0; +return test_array [0]; + + ; + return 0; +} +_ACEOF +if ac_fn_c_try_compile "$LINENO"; then : + +cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF +#define uintptr_t $ac_type +_ACEOF + + ac_type= +fi +rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext conftest.$ac_ext + test -z "$ac_type" && break + done +fi + + + ac_fn_c_check_type "$LINENO" "ssize_t" "ac_cv_type_ssize_t" "$ac_includes_default" if test "x$ac_cv_type_ssize_t" = xyes; then : @@ -15923,7 +16065,7 @@ solaris2*) LOCAL_CFLAGS=-DSOLARIS ;; lynxos*) LOCAL_CFLAGS=-DRECYCLES_PIDS ;; linux*) LOCAL_LDFLAGS=-rdynamic # allow dynamic loading case "`uname -r`" in - 2.[456789]*|3*) $as_echo "#define PGRP_PIPE 1" >>confdefs.h + 2.[456789]*|[34]*) $as_echo "#define PGRP_PIPE 1" >>confdefs.h ;; esac ;; *qnx6*) LOCAL_CFLAGS="-Dqnx -Dqnx6" LOCAL_LIBS="-lncurses" ;; @@ -15938,6 +16080,8 @@ case "${host_os}-${CC}" in aix4.2*-*gcc*) LOCAL_LDFLAGS="-Xlinker -bexpall -Xlinker -brtl" ;; aix4.2*) LOCAL_LDFLAGS="-bexpall -brtl" ;; bsdi4*-*gcc*) LOCAL_LDFLAGS="-rdynamic" ;; # allow dynamic loading, like Linux +bsdi5*-*gcc*) LOCAL_LDFLAGS="-rdynamic" ;; # allow dynamic loading, like Linux +hpux11*-gcc*) LOCAL_LDFLAGS="-Wl,-E" ;; # allow dynamic loading esac case "${host_os}" in @@ -16019,6 +16163,16 @@ fi +# directory where we install dynamically loadable builtins +if test -z "$loadablesdir"; then + loadablesdir='${libdir}/bash' +fi + +if test -z "$headersdir"; then + headersdir='$(includedir)/$(PACKAGE_NAME)' +fi + + @@ -16040,7 +16194,7 @@ fi #AC_SUBST(ALLOCA_SOURCE) #AC_SUBST(ALLOCA_OBJECT) -ac_config_files="$ac_config_files Makefile builtins/Makefile lib/readline/Makefile lib/glob/Makefile lib/intl/Makefile lib/malloc/Makefile lib/sh/Makefile lib/termcap/Makefile lib/tilde/Makefile doc/Makefile support/Makefile po/Makefile.in examples/loadables/Makefile examples/loadables/perl/Makefile" +ac_config_files="$ac_config_files Makefile builtins/Makefile lib/readline/Makefile lib/glob/Makefile lib/intl/Makefile lib/malloc/Makefile lib/sh/Makefile lib/termcap/Makefile lib/tilde/Makefile doc/Makefile support/Makefile po/Makefile.in examples/loadables/Makefile examples/loadables/Makefile.inc examples/loadables/perl/Makefile support/bash.pc" ac_config_commands="$ac_config_commands default" @@ -16551,7 +16705,7 @@ cat >>$CONFIG_STATUS <<\_ACEOF || ac_write_fail=1 # report actual input values of CONFIG_FILES etc. instead of their # values after options handling. ac_log=" -This file was extended by bash $as_me 4.3-release, which was +This file was extended by bash $as_me 4.4-release, which was generated by GNU Autoconf 2.69. Invocation command line was CONFIG_FILES = $CONFIG_FILES @@ -16617,7 +16771,7 @@ _ACEOF cat >>$CONFIG_STATUS <<_ACEOF || ac_write_fail=1 ac_cs_config="`$as_echo "$ac_configure_args" | sed 's/^ //; s/[\\""\`\$]/\\\\&/g'`" ac_cs_version="\\ -bash config.status 4.3-release +bash config.status 4.4-release configured by $0, generated by GNU Autoconf 2.69, with options \\"\$ac_cs_config\\" @@ -16765,7 +16919,9 @@ do "support/Makefile") CONFIG_FILES="$CONFIG_FILES support/Makefile" ;; "po/Makefile.in") CONFIG_FILES="$CONFIG_FILES po/Makefile.in" ;; "examples/loadables/Makefile") CONFIG_FILES="$CONFIG_FILES examples/loadables/Makefile" ;; + "examples/loadables/Makefile.inc") CONFIG_FILES="$CONFIG_FILES examples/loadables/Makefile.inc" ;; "examples/loadables/perl/Makefile") CONFIG_FILES="$CONFIG_FILES examples/loadables/perl/Makefile" ;; + "support/bash.pc") CONFIG_FILES="$CONFIG_FILES support/bash.pc" ;; "default") CONFIG_COMMANDS="$CONFIG_COMMANDS default" ;; *) as_fn_error $? "invalid argument: \`$ac_config_target'" "$LINENO" 5;; diff --git a/configure.ac b/configure.ac index 97e8e0440..ce4e9b607 100644 --- a/configure.ac +++ b/configure.ac @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ dnl -dnl Configure script for bash-4.3 +dnl Configure script for bash-4.4 dnl dnl report bugs to chet@po.cwru.edu dnl dnl Process this file with autoconf to produce a configure script. -# Copyright (C) 1987-2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +# Copyright (C) 1987-2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc. # # This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify @@ -21,9 +21,9 @@ dnl Process this file with autoconf to produce a configure script. # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License # along with this program. If not, see . -AC_REVISION([for Bash 4.3, version 4.063])dnl +AC_REVISION([for Bash 4.4, version 4.082])dnl -define(bashvers, 4.3) +define(bashvers, 4.4) define(relstatus, release) AC_INIT([bash], bashvers-relstatus, [bug-bash@gnu.org]) @@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ RELSTATUS=relstatus dnl defaults for debug settings case "$RELSTATUS" in -alp*|bet*|dev*|rc*|maint*) DEBUG='-DDEBUG' MALLOC_DEBUG='-DMALLOC_DEBUG' ;; +alp*|bet*|dev*|rc*|releng*|maint*) DEBUG='-DDEBUG' MALLOC_DEBUG='-DMALLOC_DEBUG' ;; *) DEBUG= MALLOC_DEBUG= ;; esac @@ -53,8 +53,6 @@ AC_CANONICAL_BUILD dnl configure defaults opt_bash_malloc=yes -opt_purify=no -opt_purecov=no opt_afs=no opt_curses=no opt_with_installed_readline=no @@ -113,8 +111,6 @@ AC_ARG_WITH(bash-malloc, AC_HELP_STRING([--with-bash-malloc], [use the Bash vers AC_ARG_WITH(curses, AC_HELP_STRING([--with-curses], [use the curses library instead of the termcap library]), opt_curses=$withval) AC_ARG_WITH(gnu-malloc, AC_HELP_STRING([--with-gnu-malloc], [synonym for --with-bash-malloc]), opt_bash_malloc=$withval) AC_ARG_WITH(installed-readline, AC_HELP_STRING([--with-installed-readline], [use a version of the readline library that is already installed]), opt_with_installed_readline=$withval) -AC_ARG_WITH(purecov, AC_HELP_STRING([--with-purecov], [configure to postprocess with pure coverage]), opt_purecov=$withval) -AC_ARG_WITH(purify, AC_HELP_STRING([--with-purify], [configure to postprocess with purify]), opt_purify=$withval) if test "$opt_bash_malloc" = yes; then MALLOC_TARGET=malloc @@ -133,17 +129,6 @@ else MALLOC_DEP= fi -if test "$opt_purify" = yes; then - PURIFY="purify " - AC_DEFINE(DISABLE_MALLOC_WRAPPERS) -else - PURIFY= -fi - -if test "$opt_purecov" = yes; then - PURIFY="${PURIFY}purecov" -fi - if test "$opt_afs" = yes; then AC_DEFINE(AFS) fi @@ -193,6 +178,7 @@ opt_casemod_expansions=yes opt_extglob_default=no opt_dircomplete_expand_default=no opt_globascii_default=no +opt_function_import=yes dnl options that affect how bash is compiled and linked opt_static_link=no @@ -234,6 +220,7 @@ AC_ARG_ENABLE(disabled-builtins, AC_HELP_STRING([--enable-disabled-builtins], [a AC_ARG_ENABLE(dparen-arithmetic, AC_HELP_STRING([--enable-dparen-arithmetic], [include ((...)) command]), opt_dparen_arith=$enableval) AC_ARG_ENABLE(extended-glob, AC_HELP_STRING([--enable-extended-glob], [include ksh-style extended pattern matching]), opt_extended_glob=$enableval) AC_ARG_ENABLE(extended-glob-default, AC_HELP_STRING([--enable-extended-glob-default], [force extended pattern matching to be enabled by default]), opt_extglob_default=$enableval) +AC_ARG_ENABLE(function-import, AC_HELP_STRING([--enable-function-import], [allow bash to import exported function definitions by default]), opt_function_import=$enableval) AC_ARG_ENABLE(glob-asciiranges-default, AC_HELP_STRING([--enable-glob-asciiranges-default], [force bracket range expressions in pattern matching to use the C locale by default]), opt_globascii_default=$enableval) AC_ARG_ENABLE(help-builtin, AC_HELP_STRING([--enable-help-builtin], [include the help builtin]), opt_help=$enableval) AC_ARG_ENABLE(history, AC_HELP_STRING([--enable-history], [turn on command history]), opt_history=$enableval) @@ -357,6 +344,9 @@ AC_DEFINE(GLOBASCII_DEFAULT, 1) else AC_DEFINE(GLOBASCII_DEFAULT, 0) fi +if test $opt_function_import = yes; then +AC_DEFINE(FUNCTION_IMPORT) +fi if test $opt_memscramble = yes; then AC_DEFINE(MEMSCRAMBLE) @@ -386,7 +376,6 @@ fi dnl now substitute in the values generated by arguments AC_SUBST(TESTSCRIPT) -AC_SUBST(PURIFY) AC_SUBST(MALLOC_TARGET) AC_SUBST(MALLOC_SRC) @@ -403,6 +392,14 @@ AC_SUBST(HELPINSTALL) AC_SUBST(HELPFILES_TARGET) AC_SUBST(HELPSTRINGS) +dnl We want these before the checks, so the checks can modify their values. +if test -z "$CFLAGS"; then + AUTO_CFLAGS="-g ${GCC+-O2} ${GCC+-Wno-parentheses}" + AUTO_LDFLAGS="-g ${GCC+-O2}" +else + AUTO_CFLAGS= AUTO_LDFLAGS= +fi + echo "" echo "Beginning configuration for bash-$BASHVERS-$RELSTATUS for ${host_cpu}-${host_vendor}-${host_os}" echo "" @@ -460,18 +457,16 @@ AC_SUBST(SIGNAMES_O) dnl END changes for cross-building -dnl We want these before the checks, so the checks can modify their values. -if test -z "$CFLAGS"; then - AUTO_CFLAGS="-g ${GCC+-O2}" - AUTO_LDFLAGS="-g ${GCC+-O2}" -else - AUTO_CFLAGS= AUTO_LDFLAGS= -fi - dnl default values CFLAGS=${CFLAGS-"$AUTO_CFLAGS"} # LDFLAGS=${LDFLAGS="$AUTO_LDFLAGS"} # XXX +# turn off paren warnings in gcc +if test "$GCC" = yes # && test -n "$DEBUG" +then + CFLAGS="$CFLAGS -Wno-parentheses -Wno-format-security" +fi + dnl handle options that alter how bash is compiled and linked dnl these must come after the test for cc/gcc if test "$opt_profiling" = "yes"; then @@ -706,8 +701,8 @@ AC_CHECK_HEADERS(unistd.h stdlib.h stdarg.h varargs.h limits.h string.h \ memory.h locale.h termcap.h termio.h termios.h dlfcn.h \ stdbool.h stddef.h stdint.h netdb.h pwd.h grp.h strings.h \ regex.h syslog.h ulimit.h) -AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/pte.h sys/stream.h sys/select.h sys/file.h \ - sys/resource.h sys/param.h sys/socket.h sys/stat.h \ +AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/pte.h sys/stream.h sys/select.h sys/file.h sys/ioctl.h \ + sys/param.h sys/socket.h sys/stat.h \ sys/time.h sys/times.h sys/types.h sys/wait.h) AC_CHECK_HEADERS(netinet/in.h arpa/inet.h) @@ -719,8 +714,17 @@ AC_CHECK_HEADER(sys/ptem.h, , ,[[ #endif ]]) +dnl SunOS 4 needs to include before to compile +dnl autoconf complains about presence but inability to compile +AC_CHECK_HEADER(sys/resource.h, AC_DEFINE(HAVE_SYS_RESOURCE_H), [], [[ +#if HAVE_SYS_TIME_H +# include +#endif +]]) + dnl special checks for libc functions AC_FUNC_ALLOCA +AC_FUNC_CHOWN AC_FUNC_GETPGRP AC_FUNC_SETVBUF_REVERSED AC_FUNC_VPRINTF @@ -766,20 +770,21 @@ AC_CHECK_FUNC(mkfifo,AC_DEFINE(HAVE_MKFIFO),AC_DEFINE(MKFIFO_MISSING)) dnl checks for system calls AC_CHECK_FUNCS(dup2 eaccess fcntl getdtablesize getgroups gethostname \ getpagesize getpeername getrlimit getrusage gettimeofday \ - kill killpg lstat readlink sbrk select setdtablesize \ + kill killpg lstat pselect readlink sbrk select setdtablesize \ setitimer tcgetpgrp uname ulimit waitpid) AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(rename) dnl checks for c library functions AC_CHECK_FUNCS(bcopy bzero confstr faccessat fnmatch \ getaddrinfo gethostbyname getservbyname getservent inet_aton \ - imaxdiv memmove pathconf putenv raise regcomp regexec \ + imaxdiv memmove pathconf putenv raise random regcomp regexec \ setenv setlinebuf setlocale setvbuf siginterrupt strchr \ sysconf syslog tcgetattr times ttyname tzset unsetenv) AC_CHECK_FUNCS(vasprintf asprintf) AC_CHECK_FUNCS(isascii isblank isgraph isprint isspace isxdigit) AC_CHECK_FUNCS(getpwent getpwnam getpwuid) +AC_CHECK_FUNCS(mkstemp) AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(getcwd memset) AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(strcasecmp strcasestr strerror strftime strnlen strpbrk strstr) AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(strtod strtol strtoul strtoll strtoull strtoimax strtoumax) @@ -787,6 +792,7 @@ AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(dprintf) AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(strchrnul) AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(strdup) +AC_CHECK_HEADERS(libaudit.h) AC_CHECK_DECLS([AUDIT_USER_TTY],,, [[#include ]]) AC_CHECK_DECLS([confstr]) @@ -886,6 +892,8 @@ AC_TYPE_MODE_T AC_TYPE_UID_T AC_TYPE_PID_T AC_TYPE_SIZE_T +AC_TYPE_UINTPTR_T + AC_CHECK_TYPE(ssize_t, int) AC_CHECK_TYPE(time_t, long) @@ -1085,7 +1093,7 @@ solaris2*) LOCAL_CFLAGS=-DSOLARIS ;; lynxos*) LOCAL_CFLAGS=-DRECYCLES_PIDS ;; linux*) LOCAL_LDFLAGS=-rdynamic # allow dynamic loading case "`uname -r`" in - 2.[[456789]]*|3*) AC_DEFINE(PGRP_PIPE) ;; + 2.[[456789]]*|[[34]]*) AC_DEFINE(PGRP_PIPE) ;; esac ;; *qnx6*) LOCAL_CFLAGS="-Dqnx -Dqnx6" LOCAL_LIBS="-lncurses" ;; *qnx*) LOCAL_CFLAGS="-Dqnx -F -3s" LOCAL_LDFLAGS="-3s" LOCAL_LIBS="-lunix -lncurses" ;; @@ -1100,6 +1108,8 @@ case "${host_os}-${CC}" in aix4.2*-*gcc*) LOCAL_LDFLAGS="-Xlinker -bexpall -Xlinker -brtl" ;; aix4.2*) LOCAL_LDFLAGS="-bexpall -brtl" ;; bsdi4*-*gcc*) LOCAL_LDFLAGS="-rdynamic" ;; # allow dynamic loading, like Linux +bsdi5*-*gcc*) LOCAL_LDFLAGS="-rdynamic" ;; # allow dynamic loading, like Linux +hpux11*-gcc*) LOCAL_LDFLAGS="-Wl,-E" ;; # allow dynamic loading esac dnl FreeBSD-3.x can have either a.out or ELF @@ -1180,6 +1190,16 @@ AC_SUBST(BUILD_DIR) AC_SUBST(datarootdir) AC_SUBST(localedir) +# directory where we install dynamically loadable builtins +if test -z "$loadablesdir"; then + loadablesdir='${libdir}/bash' +fi +AC_SUBST(loadablesdir) +if test -z "$headersdir"; then + headersdir='$(includedir)/$(PACKAGE_NAME)' +fi +AC_SUBST(headersdir) + AC_SUBST(YACC) AC_SUBST(AR) AC_SUBST(ARFLAGS) @@ -1205,7 +1225,9 @@ AC_OUTPUT([Makefile builtins/Makefile lib/readline/Makefile lib/glob/Makefile \ lib/intl/Makefile \ lib/malloc/Makefile lib/sh/Makefile lib/termcap/Makefile \ lib/tilde/Makefile doc/Makefile support/Makefile po/Makefile.in \ - examples/loadables/Makefile examples/loadables/perl/Makefile], + examples/loadables/Makefile examples/loadables/Makefile.inc \ + examples/loadables/perl/Makefile \ + support/bash.pc], [ # Makefile uses this timestamp file to record whether config.h is up to date. echo timestamp > stamp-h diff --git a/doc/FAQ b/doc/FAQ index 1df48d5c9..87dbb2d02 100644 --- a/doc/FAQ +++ b/doc/FAQ @@ -1,4 +1,6 @@ -This is the Bash FAQ, version 4.13, for Bash version 4.3. +This is the Bash FAQ, version 4.14, for Bash version 4.4. + +[THIS FAQ IS NO LONGER MAINTAINED] This document contains a set of frequently-asked questions concerning Bash, the GNU Bourne-Again Shell. Bash is a freely-available command @@ -144,7 +146,7 @@ of Case Western Reserve University. A2) What's the latest version? -The latest version is 4.3, first made available on xx December, 2013. +The latest version is 4.3, first made available on 26 February, 2014. A3) Where can I get it? @@ -2169,11 +2171,17 @@ You may also need Finally, you need to tell readline that you will be inputting and displaying eight-bit characters. You use readline variables to do -this. These variables can be set in your .inputrc or using the bash +this. convert-meta says what to do if you read a character with its +eighth bit set. input-meta says whether to permit characters with the +eighth bit at all. output-meta determines how to display characters +with the eighth bit set: if on, they are output directly; if it is off, +such characters are displayed as a meta-prefixed escape sequence. + +These variables can be set in your .inputrc or using the bash `bind' builtin. Here's an example using `bind': bash$ bind 'set convert-meta off' - bash$ bind 'set meta-flag on' + bash$ bind 'set input-meta on' bash$ bind 'set output-meta on' The `set' commands between the single quotes may also be placed diff --git a/doc/Makefile.in b/doc/Makefile.in index 3c67db63f..5f0756c4f 100644 --- a/doc/Makefile.in +++ b/doc/Makefile.in @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # This Makefile is for the Bash/documentation directory -*- text -*-. # -# Copyright (C) 2003-2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +# Copyright (C) 2003-2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc. # This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by @@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ RM = rm -f topdir = @top_srcdir@ srcdir = @srcdir@ -VPATH = .:@srcdir@ +VPATH = @srcdir@ prefix = @prefix@ exec_prefix = @exec_prefix@ @@ -79,6 +79,8 @@ QUIETPS = #set this to -q to shut up dvips PAPERSIZE = letter # change to a4 for A4-size paper PSDPI = 600 # could be 300 if you like DVIPS = dvips -D ${PSDPI} $(QUIETPS) -t ${PAPERSIZE} -o $@ # tricky +# experimental; uses external texi2dvi for now; this needs pdftex to be present +TEXI2PDF = texi2dvi --pdf TEXINPUTDIR = $(RL_LIBDIR)/doc SET_TEXINPUTS = TEXINPUTS=.:$(TEXINPUTDIR):$$TEXINPUTS @@ -90,7 +92,9 @@ PSPDF = gs -sPAPERSIZE=${PAPERSIZE} -sDEVICE=pdfwrite -dNOPAUSE -dBATCH -s MKDIRS = ${SUPPORT_SRCDIR}/mkdirs # This should be a program that converts troff to an ascii-readable format -NROFF = groff -Tascii +# added the -P -c for benefit of Mac OS X, which insists on adding colors if +# it's not present +NROFF = groff -Tascii -P -c # This should be a program that converts troff to postscript GROFF = groff @@ -146,13 +150,17 @@ BASHREF_FILES = $(srcdir)/bashref.texi $(srcdir)/fdl.texi $(srcdir)/version.texi ${RM} $@ -${DVIPS} $< -all: ps info dvi text html +#.texi.pdf: +# $(RM) $@ +# -${TEXI2PDF} $< + +all: ps info dvi text html $(MAN2HTML) nodvi: ps info text html everything: all pdf PSFILES = bash.ps bashbug.ps article.ps builtins.ps rbash.ps DVIFILES = bashref.dvi bashref.ps -INFOFILES = bashref.info +INFOFILES = bashref.info bash.info MAN0FILES = bash.0 bashbug.0 builtins.0 rbash.0 HTMLFILES = bashref.html bash.html PDFFILES = bash.pdf bashref.pdf article.pdf rose94.pdf @@ -170,17 +178,22 @@ bashref.dvi: $(BASHREF_FILES) $(HSUSER) $(RLUSER) bashref.info: $(BASHREF_FILES) $(HSUSER) $(RLUSER) $(MAKEINFO) --no-split -I$(TEXINPUTDIR) $(srcdir)/bashref.texi +# experimental +bashref.pdf: $(BASHREF_FILES) $(HSUSER) $(RLUSER) + ${SET_TEXINPUTS} $(TEXI2PDF) $(srcdir)/bashref.texi || { ${RM} $@ ; exit 1; } + + # can also use: -# $(MAKEINFO) --html --no-split -I$(TEXINPUTDIR) $(srcdir)/bashref.texi +# $(TEXI2HTML) -menu -monolithic -I $(TEXINPUTDIR) $(srcdir)/bashref.texi bashref.html: $(BASHREF_FILES) $(HSUSER) $(RLUSER) - $(TEXI2HTML) -menu -monolithic -I $(TEXINPUTDIR) $(srcdir)/bashref.texi + $(MAKEINFO) --html --no-split -I$(TEXINPUTDIR) $(srcdir)/bashref.texi bash.info: bashref.info ${SHELL} ${INFOPOST} < $(srcdir)/bashref.info > $@ ; \ bash.txt: bash.1 bash.ps: bash.1 -bash.html: bash.1 $(MAN2HTML) +bash.html: bash.1 bashbug.ps: bashbug.1 builtins.ps: builtins.1 bash.1 rbash.ps: rbash.1 bash.1 @@ -193,7 +206,9 @@ article.ps: article.ms bashref.ps: bashref.dvi article.pdf: article.ps -bashref.pdf: bashref.dvi +#bashref.pdf: bashref.dvi +# experimental +bashref.pdf: bashref.texi bash.pdf: bash.ps rose94.pdf: rose94.ps @@ -232,7 +247,7 @@ installdirs: $(SHELL) $(SUPPORT_SRCDIR)/mkinstalldirs $(DESTDIR)$(htmldir) ; \ fi -install: info installdirs bash.info +install: info installdirs -$(INSTALL_DATA) $(srcdir)/bash.1 $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/bash${man1ext} -$(INSTALL_DATA) $(srcdir)/bashbug.1 $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/bashbug${man1ext} -$(INSTALL_DATA) $(OTHER_DOCS) $(DESTDIR)$(docdir) @@ -259,10 +274,20 @@ install_builtins: installdirs install_everything: install install_builtins +install-html: html + -if test -n "${htmldir}" ; then \ + $(INSTALL_DATA) $(srcdir)/bash.html $(DESTDIR)$(htmldir) ; \ + $(INSTALL_DATA) $(srcdir)/bashref.html $(DESTDIR)$(htmldir) ; \ + fi + uninstall: -$(RM) $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/bash${man1ext} $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/bashbug${man1ext} -$(RM) $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/bash_builtins${man1ext} $(RM) $(DESTDIR)$(infodir)/bash.info +# run install-info if it is present to update the info directory + if $(SHELL) -c 'install-info --version' >/dev/null 2>&1; then \ + install-info --delete --dir-file=$(DESTDIR)$(infodir)/dir $(DESTDIR)$(infodir)/bash.info; \ + else true; fi -( cd $(DESTDIR)$(docdir) && $(RM) $(OTHER_INSTALLED_DOCS) ) -if test -n "$(htmldir)" ; then \ $(RM) $(DESTDIR)$(htmldir)/bash.html ; \ @@ -313,4 +338,4 @@ rbash: bashref.texi cmp -s RBASH ../RBASH || mv RBASH ../RBASH $(RM) RBASH -xdist: pdf inst posix rbash +xdist: everything inst posix rbash diff --git a/doc/aosa-bash-full.pdf b/doc/aosa-bash-full.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..01815492cc39e4c92cfecf6b0128f03542c34be6 GIT binary 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-i
@@ -292,7 +297,7 @@ below).
--verbose
-Equivalent to -v. +Equivalent to -v.
--version
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It is one of the fol- lowing symbols: - |||| && &&&& ;; ;;;; (( )) || ||&& <> + |||| && &&&& ;; ;;;; ;;&& ;;;;&& (( )) || ||&& <> RREESSEERRVVEEDD WWOORRDDSS _R_e_s_e_r_v_e_d _w_o_r_d_s are words that have a special meaning to the shell. The @@ -301,7 +306,7 @@ SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR command to terminate in turn. The return status is the exit status of the last command executed. - AND and OR lists are sequences of one of more pipelines separated by + AND and OR lists are sequences of one or more pipelines separated by the &&&& and |||| control operators, respectively. AND and OR lists are executed with left associativity. An AND list has the form @@ -314,7 +319,6 @@ SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1 |||| _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2 - _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2 is executed if and only if _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1 returns a non-zero exit status. The return status of AND and OR lists is the exit status of the last command executed in the list. @@ -365,7 +369,7 @@ SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR of the operator is considered a pattern and matched according to the rules described below under PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg, as if the eexxtt-- gglloobb shell option were enabled. The == operator is equivalent to - ====. If the shell option nnooccaasseemmaattcchh is enabled, the match is + ====. If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh shell option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. The return value is 0 if the string matches (====) or does not match (!!==) the pattern, and 1 otherwise. Any part of the pat- @@ -378,7 +382,7 @@ SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR sion and matched accordingly (as in _r_e_g_e_x(3)). The return value is 0 if the string matches the pattern, and 1 otherwise. If the regular expression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional - expression's return value is 2. If the shell option nnooccaasseemmaattcchh + expression's return value is 2. If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh shell option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force the quoted portion to be matched as a string. Bracket @@ -452,21 +456,21 @@ SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n in turn, using the same matching rules as for path- name expansion (see PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn below). The _w_o_r_d is expanded using tilde expansion, parameter and variable expan- - sion, arithmetic substitution, command substitution, process - substitution and quote removal. Each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n examined is - expanded using tilde expansion, parameter and variable expan- - sion, arithmetic substitution, command substitution, and process - substitution. If the shell option nnooccaasseemmaattcchh is enabled, the - match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic - characters. When a match is found, the corresponding _l_i_s_t is - executed. If the ;;;; operator is used, no subsequent matches are - attempted after the first pattern match. Using ;;&& in place of - ;;;; causes execution to continue with the _l_i_s_t associated with - the next set of patterns. Using ;;;;&& in place of ;;;; causes the - shell to test the next pattern list in the statement, if any, - and execute any associated _l_i_s_t on a successful match. The exit - status is zero if no pattern matches. Otherwise, it is the exit - status of the last command executed in _l_i_s_t. + sion, arithmetic expansion, command substitution, process sub- + stitution and quote removal. Each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n examined is expanded + using tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arith- + metic expansion, command substitution, and process substitution. + If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh shell option is enabled, the match is per- + formed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. + When a match is found, the corresponding _l_i_s_t is executed. If + the ;;;; operator is used, no subsequent matches are attempted + after the first pattern match. Using ;;&& in place of ;;;; causes + execution to continue with the _l_i_s_t associated with the next set + of patterns. Using ;;;;&& in place of ;;;; causes the shell to test + the next pattern list in the statement, if any, and execute any + associated _l_i_s_t on a successful match. The exit status is zero + if no pattern matches. Otherwise, it is the exit status of the + last command executed in _l_i_s_t. iiff _l_i_s_t; tthheenn _l_i_s_t; [ eelliiff _l_i_s_t; tthheenn _l_i_s_t; ] ... [ eellssee _l_i_s_t; ] ffii The iiff _l_i_s_t is executed. If its exit status is zero, the tthheenn @@ -482,7 +486,7 @@ SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR The wwhhiillee command continuously executes the list _l_i_s_t_-_2 as long as the last command in the list _l_i_s_t_-_1 returns an exit status of zero. The uunnttiill command is identical to the wwhhiillee command, - except that the test is negated; _l_i_s_t_-_2 is executed as long as + except that the test is negated: _l_i_s_t_-_2 is executed as long as the last command in _l_i_s_t_-_1 returns a non-zero exit status. The exit status of the wwhhiillee and uunnttiill commands is the exit status of the last command executed in _l_i_s_t_-_2, or zero if none was exe- @@ -532,7 +536,9 @@ SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR parentheses are optional. The _b_o_d_y of the function is the com- pound command _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d (see CCoommppoouunndd CCoommmmaannddss above). That command is usually a _l_i_s_t of commands between { and }, but - may be any command listed under CCoommppoouunndd CCoommmmaannddss above. _c_o_m_- + may be any command listed under CCoommppoouunndd CCoommmmaannddss above, with + one exception: If the ffuunnccttiioonn reserved word is used, but the + parentheses are not supplied, the braces are required. _c_o_m_- _p_o_u_n_d_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed whenever _n_a_m_e is specified as the name of a simple command. When in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, _n_a_m_e may not be the name of one of the POSIX _s_p_e_c_i_a_l _b_u_i_l_t_i_n_s. Any redirections @@ -580,13 +586,15 @@ QQUUOOTTIINNGG Enclosing characters in double quotes preserves the literal value of all characters within the quotes, with the exception of $$, ``, \\, and, - when history expansion is enabled, !!. The characters $$ and `` retain - their special meaning within double quotes. The backslash retains its - special meaning only when followed by one of the following characters: - $$, ``, "", \\, or <>. A double quote may be quoted within double - quotes by preceding it with a backslash. If enabled, history expansion - will be performed unless an !! appearing in double quotes is escaped - using a backslash. The backslash preceding the !! is not removed. + when history expansion is enabled, !!. When the shell is in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, + the !! has no special meaning within double quotes, even when history + expansion is enabled. The characters $$ and `` retain their special + meaning within double quotes. The backslash retains its special mean- + ing only when followed by one of the following characters: $$, ``, "", \\, + or <>. A double quote may be quoted within double quotes by + preceding it with a backslash. If enabled, history expansion will be + performed unless an !! appearing in double quotes is escaped using a + backslash. The backslash preceding the !! is not removed. The special parameters ** and @@ have special meaning when in double quotes (see PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS below). @@ -607,6 +615,7 @@ QQUUOOTTIINNGG \\\\ backslash \\'' single quote \\"" double quote + \\?? question mark \\_n_n_n the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value _n_n_n (one to three digits) \\xx_H_H the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal @@ -631,61 +640,66 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS ber, or one of the special characters listed below under SSppeecciiaall PPaarraamm-- eetteerrss. A _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e is a parameter denoted by a _n_a_m_e. A variable has a _v_a_l_u_e and zero or more _a_t_t_r_i_b_u_t_e_s. Attributes are assigned using the - ddeeccllaarree builtin command (see ddeeccllaarree below in SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS). + ddeeccllaarree builtin command (see ddeeccllaarree below in SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS). A parameter is set if it has been assigned a value. The null string is - a valid value. Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using + a valid value. Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using the uunnsseett builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). A _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e may be assigned to by a statement of the form _n_a_m_e=[_v_a_l_u_e] - If _v_a_l_u_e is not given, the variable is assigned the null string. All - _v_a_l_u_e_s undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, com- - mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal (see EEXXPPAANN-- + If _v_a_l_u_e is not given, the variable is assigned the null string. All + _v_a_l_u_e_s undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, com- + mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal (see EEXXPPAANN-- SSIIOONN below). If the variable has its iinntteeggeerr attribute set, then _v_a_l_u_e is evaluated as an arithmetic expression even if the $((...)) expansion - is not used (see AArriitthhmmeettiicc EExxppaannssiioonn below). Word splitting is not - performed, with the exception of ""$$@@"" as explained below under SSppeecciiaall - PPaarraammeetteerrss. Pathname expansion is not performed. Assignment state- - ments may also appear as arguments to the aalliiaass, ddeeccllaarree, ttyyppeesseett, - eexxppoorrtt, rreeaaddoonnllyy, and llooccaall builtin commands. When in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, - these builtins may appear in a command after one or more instances of - the ccoommmmaanndd builtin and retain these assignment statement properties. + is not used (see AArriitthhmmeettiicc EExxppaannssiioonn below). Word splitting is not + performed, with the exception of ""$$@@"" as explained below under SSppeecciiaall + PPaarraammeetteerrss. Pathname expansion is not performed. Assignment state- + ments may also appear as arguments to the aalliiaass, ddeeccllaarree, ttyyppeesseett, + eexxppoorrtt, rreeaaddoonnllyy, and llooccaall builtin commands (_d_e_c_l_a_r_a_t_i_o_n commands). + When in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, these builtins may appear in a command after one or + more instances of the ccoommmmaanndd builtin and retain these assignment + statement properties. In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value to a shell variable or array index, the += operator can be used to append to - or add to the variable's previous value. When += is applied to a vari- - able for which the _i_n_t_e_g_e_r attribute has been set, _v_a_l_u_e is evaluated - as an arithmetic expression and added to the variable's current value, - which is also evaluated. When += is applied to an array variable using - compound assignment (see AArrrraayyss below), the variable's value is not - unset (as it is when using =), and new values are appended to the array - beginning at one greater than the array's maximum index (for indexed - arrays) or added as additional key-value pairs in an associative array. - When applied to a string-valued variable, _v_a_l_u_e is expanded and - appended to the variable's value. + or add to the variable's previous value. This includes arguments to + builtin commands such as ddeeccllaarree that accept assignment statements + (_d_e_c_l_a_r_a_t_i_o_n commands). When += is applied to a variable for which the + _i_n_t_e_g_e_r attribute has been set, _v_a_l_u_e is evaluated as an arithmetic + expression and added to the variable's current value, which is also + evaluated. When += is applied to an array variable using compound + assignment (see AArrrraayyss below), the variable's value is not unset (as it + is when using =), and new values are appended to the array beginning at + one greater than the array's maximum index (for indexed arrays) or + added as additional key-value pairs in an associative array. When + applied to a string-valued variable, _v_a_l_u_e is expanded and appended to + the variable's value. A variable can be assigned the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute using the --nn option to the ddeeccllaarree or llooccaall builtin commands (see the descriptions of ddeeccllaarree and llooccaall below) to create a _n_a_m_e_r_e_f, or a reference to another vari- able. This allows variables to be manipulated indirectly. Whenever - the nameref variable is referenced or assigned to, the operation is - actually performed on the variable specified by the nameref variable's - value. A nameref is commonly used within shell functions to refer to a - variable whose name is passed as an argument to the function. For - instance, if a variable name is passed to a shell function as its first - argument, running + the nameref variable is referenced, assigned to, unset, or has its + attributes modified (other than using or changing the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute + itself), the operation is actually performed on the variable specified + by the nameref variable's value. A nameref is commonly used within + shell functions to refer to a variable whose name is passed as an argu- + ment to the function. For instance, if a variable name is passed to a + shell function as its first argument, running declare -n ref=$1 - inside the function creates a nameref variable rreeff whose value is the + inside the function creates a nameref variable rreeff whose value is the variable name passed as the first argument. References and assignments - to rreeff are treated as references and assignments to the variable whose - name was passed as $$11. If the control variable in a ffoorr loop has the - nameref attribute, the list of words can be a list of shell variables, - and a name reference will be established for each word in the list, in - turn, when the loop is executed. Array variables cannot be given the - --nn attribute. However, nameref variables can reference array variables + to rreeff, and changes to its attributes, are treated as references, + assignments, and attribute modifications to the variable whose name was + passed as $$11. If the control variable in a ffoorr loop has the nameref + attribute, the list of words can be a list of shell variables, and a + name reference will be established for each word in the list, in turn, + when the loop is executed. Array variables cannot be given the nnaammeerreeff + attribute. However, nameref variables can reference array variables and subscripted array variables. Namerefs can be unset using the --nn option to the uunnsseett builtin. Otherwise, if uunnsseett is executed with the name of a nameref variable as an argument, the variable referenced by @@ -715,66 +729,68 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS variable. That is, "$$**" is equivalent to "$$11_c$$22_c......", where _c is the first character of the value of the IIFFSS variable. If IIFFSS is unset, the parameters are separated by spaces. If IIFFSS is - null, the parameters are joined without intervening separators. - @@ Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When + null, the parameters are joined without intervening separators. + @@ Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When the expansion occurs within double quotes, each parameter expands to a separate word. That is, "$$@@" is equivalent to "$$11" - "$$22" ... If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, - the expansion of the first parameter is joined with the begin- - ning part of the original word, and the expansion of the last - parameter is joined with the last part of the original word. - When there are no positional parameters, "$$@@" and $$@@ expand to + "$$22" ... If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, + the expansion of the first parameter is joined with the begin- + ning part of the original word, and the expansion of the last + parameter is joined with the last part of the original word. + When there are no positional parameters, "$$@@" and $$@@ expand to nothing (i.e., they are removed). ## Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal. - ?? Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed fore- + ?? Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed fore- ground pipeline. - -- Expands to the current option flags as specified upon invoca- - tion, by the sseett builtin command, or those set by the shell + -- Expands to the current option flags as specified upon invoca- + tion, by the sseett builtin command, or those set by the shell itself (such as the --ii option). - $$ Expands to the process ID of the shell. In a () subshell, it - expands to the process ID of the current shell, not the sub- + $$ Expands to the process ID of the shell. In a () subshell, it + expands to the process ID of the current shell, not the sub- shell. - !! Expands to the process ID of the job most recently placed into - the background, whether executed as an asynchronous command or + !! Expands to the process ID of the job most recently placed into + the background, whether executed as an asynchronous command or using the bbgg builtin (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL below). - 00 Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is set + 00 Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is set at shell initialization. If bbaasshh is invoked with a file of com- - mands, $$00 is set to the name of that file. If bbaasshh is started - with the --cc option, then $$00 is set to the first argument after - the string to be executed, if one is present. Otherwise, it is - set to the filename used to invoke bbaasshh, as given by argument + mands, $$00 is set to the name of that file. If bbaasshh is started + with the --cc option, then $$00 is set to the first argument after + the string to be executed, if one is present. Otherwise, it is + set to the filename used to invoke bbaasshh, as given by argument zero. - __ At shell startup, set to the absolute pathname used to invoke - the shell or shell script being executed as passed in the envi- - ronment or argument list. Subsequently, expands to the last - argument to the previous command, after expansion. Also set to - the full pathname used to invoke each command executed and + __ At shell startup, set to the absolute pathname used to invoke + the shell or shell script being executed as passed in the envi- + ronment or argument list. Subsequently, expands to the last + argument to the previous command, after expansion. Also set to + the full pathname used to invoke each command executed and placed in the environment exported to that command. When check- - ing mail, this parameter holds the name of the mail file cur- + ing mail, this parameter holds the name of the mail file cur- rently being checked. SShheellll VVaarriiaabblleess The following variables are set by the shell: - BBAASSHH Expands to the full filename used to invoke this instance of + BBAASSHH Expands to the full filename used to invoke this instance of bbaasshh. BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS - A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in - the list is a valid argument for the --ss option to the sshhoopptt + A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in + the list is a valid argument for the --ss option to the sshhoopptt builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). The options - appearing in BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS are those reported as _o_n by sshhoopptt. If - this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts up, each - shell option in the list will be enabled before reading any + appearing in BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS are those reported as _o_n by sshhoopptt. If + this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts up, each + shell option in the list will be enabled before reading any startup files. This variable is read-only. BBAASSHHPPIIDD - Expands to the process ID of the current bbaasshh process. This - differs from $$$$ under certain circumstances, such as subshells + Expands to the process ID of the current bbaasshh process. This + differs from $$$$ under certain circumstances, such as subshells that do not require bbaasshh to be re-initialized. BBAASSHH__AALLIIAASSEESS - An associative array variable whose members correspond to the - internal list of aliases as maintained by the aalliiaass builtin. - Elements added to this array appear in the alias list; unsetting - array elements cause aliases to be removed from the alias list. + An associative array variable whose members correspond to the + internal list of aliases as maintained by the aalliiaass builtin. + Elements added to this array appear in the alias list; however, + unsetting array elements currently does not cause aliases to be + removed from the alias list. If BBAASSHH__AALLIIAASSEESS is unset, it loses + its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC An array variable whose values are the number of parameters in each frame of the current bbaasshh execution call stack. The number @@ -797,8 +813,10 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal hash table of commands as maintained by the hhaasshh builtin. Elements added to this array appear in the hash table; - unsetting array elements cause commands to be removed from the - hash table. + however, unsetting array elements currently does not cause com- + mand names to be removed from the hash table. If BBAASSHH__CCMMDDSS is + unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse- + quently reset. BBAASSHH__CCOOMMMMAANNDD The command currently being executed or about to be executed, unless the shell is executing a command as the result of a trap, @@ -813,6 +831,10 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS ($${{BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE[[_$_i_+_1]]}}) where $${{FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE[[_$_i]]}} was called (or $${{BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO[[_$_i_-_1]]}} if referenced within another shell func- tion). Use LLIINNEENNOO to obtain the current line number. + BBAASSHH__LLOOAADDAABBLLEESS__PPAATTHH + A colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks + for dynamically loadable builtins specified by the eennaabbllee com- + mand. BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH An array variable whose members are assigned by the ==~~ binary operator to the [[[[ conditional command. The element with index @@ -834,8 +856,8 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS A readonly array variable whose members hold version information for this instance of bbaasshh. The values assigned to the array members are as follows: - BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[0]] The major version number (the _r_e_l_e_a_s_e). - BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[1]] The minor version number (the _v_e_r_s_i_o_n). + BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[0]] The major version number (the _r_e_l_e_a_s_e). + BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[1]] The minor version number (the _v_e_r_s_i_o_n). BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[2]] The patch level. BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[3]] The build version. BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[4]] The release status (e.g., _b_e_t_a_1). @@ -853,17 +875,15 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS rent completion function. CCOOMMPP__LLIINNEE The current command line. This variable is available only in - shell functions and external commands invoked by the pro- - grammable completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn - below). + shell functions and external commands invoked by the program- + mable completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). CCOOMMPP__PPOOIINNTT - The index of the current cursor position relative to the begin- - ning of the current command. If the current cursor position is + The index of the current cursor position relative to the begin- + ning of the current command. If the current cursor position is at the end of the current command, the value of this variable is - equal to $${{##CCOOMMPP__LLIINNEE}}. This variable is available only in - shell functions and external commands invoked by the pro- - grammable completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn - below). + equal to $${{##CCOOMMPP__LLIINNEE}}. This variable is available only in + shell functions and external commands invoked by the program- + mable completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). CCOOMMPP__TTYYPPEE Set to an integer value corresponding to the type of completion attempted that caused a completion function to be called: _T_A_B, @@ -871,99 +891,98 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS sive tabs, _!, for listing alternatives on partial word comple- tion, _@, to list completions if the word is not unmodified, or _%, for menu completion. This variable is available only in - shell functions and external commands invoked by the pro- - grammable completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn - below). + shell functions and external commands invoked by the program- + mable completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS - The set of characters that the rreeaaddlliinnee library treats as word - separators when performing word completion. If CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS - is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse- + The set of characters that the rreeaaddlliinnee library treats as word + separators when performing word completion. If CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS + is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse- quently reset. CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDSS - An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) consisting of the individ- - ual words in the current command line. The line is split into - words as rreeaaddlliinnee would split it, using CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS as + An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) consisting of the individ- + ual words in the current command line. The line is split into + words as rreeaaddlliinnee would split it, using CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS as described above. This variable is available only in shell func- - tions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see + tions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). - CCOOPPRROOCC An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) created to hold the file - descriptors for output from and input to an unnamed coprocess + CCOOPPRROOCC An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) created to hold the file + descriptors for output from and input to an unnamed coprocess (see CCoopprroocceesssseess above). DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) containing the current con- - tents of the directory stack. Directories appear in the stack - in the order they are displayed by the ddiirrss builtin. Assigning + tents of the directory stack. Directories appear in the stack + in the order they are displayed by the ddiirrss builtin. Assigning to members of this array variable may be used to modify directo- - ries already in the stack, but the ppuusshhdd and ppooppdd builtins must + ries already in the stack, but the ppuusshhdd and ppooppdd builtins must be used to add and remove directories. Assignment to this vari- - able will not change the current directory. If DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK is - unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse- + able will not change the current directory. If DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK is + unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse- quently reset. - EEUUIIDD Expands to the effective user ID of the current user, initial- + EEUUIIDD Expands to the effective user ID of the current user, initial- ized at shell startup. This variable is readonly. FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE - An array variable containing the names of all shell functions + An array variable containing the names of all shell functions currently in the execution call stack. The element with index 0 is the name of any currently-executing shell function. The bot- - tom-most element (the one with the highest index) is "main". - This variable exists only when a shell function is executing. - Assignments to FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE have no effect and return an error sta- - tus. If FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE is unset, it loses its special properties, - even if it is subsequently reset. + tom-most element (the one with the highest index) is "main". + This variable exists only when a shell function is executing. + Assignments to FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE have no effect. If FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE is unset, + it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently + reset. - This variable can be used with BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO and BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE. - Each element of FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE has corresponding elements in - BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO and BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE to describe the call stack. For - instance, $${{FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE[[_$_i]]}} was called from the file - $${{BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE[[_$_i_+_1]]}} at line number $${{BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO[[_$_i]]}}. The + This variable can be used with BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO and BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE. + Each element of FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE has corresponding elements in + BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO and BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE to describe the call stack. For + instance, $${{FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE[[_$_i]]}} was called from the file + $${{BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE[[_$_i_+_1]]}} at line number $${{BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO[[_$_i]]}}. The ccaalllleerr builtin displays the current call stack using this infor- mation. - GGRROOUUPPSS An array variable containing the list of groups of which the - current user is a member. Assignments to GGRROOUUPPSS have no effect - and return an error status. If GGRROOUUPPSS is unset, it loses its - special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. + GGRROOUUPPSS An array variable containing the list of groups of which the + current user is a member. Assignments to GGRROOUUPPSS have no effect. + If GGRROOUUPPSS is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it + is subsequently reset. HHIISSTTCCMMDD The history number, or index in the history list, of the current - command. If HHIISSTTCCMMDD is unset, it loses its special properties, + command. If HHIISSTTCCMMDD is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. HHOOSSTTNNAAMMEE Automatically set to the name of the current host. HHOOSSTTTTYYPPEE - Automatically set to a string that uniquely describes the type - of machine on which bbaasshh is executing. The default is system- + Automatically set to a string that uniquely describes the type + of machine on which bbaasshh is executing. The default is system- dependent. - LLIINNEENNOO Each time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes a - decimal number representing the current sequential line number - (starting with 1) within a script or function. When not in a - script or function, the value substituted is not guaranteed to + LLIINNEENNOO Each time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes a + decimal number representing the current sequential line number + (starting with 1) within a script or function. When not in a + script or function, the value substituted is not guaranteed to be meaningful. If LLIINNEENNOO is unset, it loses its special proper- ties, even if it is subsequently reset. MMAACCHHTTYYPPEE - Automatically set to a string that fully describes the system - type on which bbaasshh is executing, in the standard GNU _c_p_u_-_c_o_m_- + Automatically set to a string that fully describes the system + type on which bbaasshh is executing, in the standard GNU _c_p_u_-_c_o_m_- _p_a_n_y_-_s_y_s_t_e_m format. The default is system-dependent. MMAAPPFFIILLEE - An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) created to hold the text + An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) created to hold the text read by the mmaappffiillee builtin when no variable name is supplied. OOLLDDPPWWDD The previous working directory as set by the ccdd command. - OOPPTTAARRGG The value of the last option argument processed by the ggeettooppttss + OOPPTTAARRGG The value of the last option argument processed by the ggeettooppttss builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). - OOPPTTIINNDD The index of the next argument to be processed by the ggeettooppttss + OOPPTTIINNDD The index of the next argument to be processed by the ggeettooppttss builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). - OOSSTTYYPPEE Automatically set to a string that describes the operating sys- - tem on which bbaasshh is executing. The default is system-depen- + OOSSTTYYPPEE Automatically set to a string that describes the operating sys- + tem on which bbaasshh is executing. The default is system-depen- dent. PPIIPPEESSTTAATTUUSS - An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) containing a list of exit - status values from the processes in the most-recently-executed + An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) containing a list of exit + status values from the processes in the most-recently-executed foreground pipeline (which may contain only a single command). - PPPPIIDD The process ID of the shell's parent. This variable is read- + PPPPIIDD The process ID of the shell's parent. This variable is read- only. PPWWDD The current working directory as set by the ccdd command. RRAANNDDOOMM Each time this parameter is referenced, a random integer between 0 and 32767 is generated. The sequence of random numbers may be initialized by assigning a value to RRAANNDDOOMM. If RRAANNDDOOMM is unset, - it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently + it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE The contents of the rreeaaddlliinnee line buffer, for use with "bind -x" @@ -971,86 +990,97 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS RREEAADDLLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT The position of the insertion point in the rreeaaddlliinnee line buffer, for use with "bind -x" (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). - RREEPPLLYY Set to the line of input read by the rreeaadd builtin command when + RREEPPLLYY Set to the line of input read by the rreeaadd builtin command when no arguments are supplied. SSEECCOONNDDSS - Each time this parameter is referenced, the number of seconds - since shell invocation is returned. If a value is assigned to - SSEECCOONNDDSS, the value returned upon subsequent references is the - number of seconds since the assignment plus the value assigned. + Each time this parameter is referenced, the number of seconds + since shell invocation is returned. If a value is assigned to + SSEECCOONNDDSS, the value returned upon subsequent references is the + number of seconds since the assignment plus the value assigned. If SSEECCOONNDDSS is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS - A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in - the list is a valid argument for the --oo option to the sseett + A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in + the list is a valid argument for the --oo option to the sseett builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). The options - appearing in SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS are those reported as _o_n by sseett --oo. If - this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts up, each - shell option in the list will be enabled before reading any + appearing in SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS are those reported as _o_n by sseett --oo. If + this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts up, each + shell option in the list will be enabled before reading any startup files. This variable is read-only. SSHHLLVVLL Incremented by one each time an instance of bbaasshh is started. UUIIDD Expands to the user ID of the current user, initialized at shell startup. This variable is readonly. - The following variables are used by the shell. In some cases, bbaasshh + The following variables are used by the shell. In some cases, bbaasshh assigns a default value to a variable; these cases are noted below. BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT - The value is used to set the shell's compatibility level. See - the description of the sshhoopptt builtin below under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN - CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS for a description of the various compatibility levels - and their effects. The value may be a decimal number (e.g., - 4.2) or an integer (e.g., 42) corresponding to the desired com- - patibility level. If BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT is unset or set to the empty - string, the compatibility level is set to the default for the - current version. If BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT is set to a value that is not + The value is used to set the shell's compatibility level. See + the description of the sshhoopptt builtin below under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN + CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS for a description of the various compatibility levels + and their effects. The value may be a decimal number (e.g., + 4.2) or an integer (e.g., 42) corresponding to the desired com- + patibility level. If BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT is unset or set to the empty + string, the compatibility level is set to the default for the + current version. If BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT is set to a value that is not one of the valid compatibility levels, the shell prints an error - message and sets the compatibility level to the default for the - current version. The valid compatibility levels correspond to - the compatibility options accepted by the sshhoopptt builtin + message and sets the compatibility level to the default for the + current version. The valid compatibility levels correspond to + the compatibility options accepted by the sshhoopptt builtin described below (for example, ccoommppaatt4422 means that 4.2 and 42 are valid values). The current version is also a valid value. BBAASSHH__EENNVV - If this parameter is set when bbaasshh is executing a shell script, - its value is interpreted as a filename containing commands to + If this parameter is set when bbaasshh is executing a shell script, + its value is interpreted as a filename containing commands to initialize the shell, as in _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c. The value of BBAASSHH__EENNVV is - subjected to parameter expansion, command substitution, and - arithmetic expansion before being interpreted as a filename. + subjected to parameter expansion, command substitution, and + arithmetic expansion before being interpreted as a filename. PPAATTHH is not used to search for the resultant filename. BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD - If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor, - bbaasshh will write the trace output generated when _s_e_t _-_x is - enabled to that file descriptor. The file descriptor is closed - when BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD is unset or assigned a new value. Unsetting - BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD or assigning it the empty string causes the trace - output to be sent to the standard error. Note that setting + If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor, + bbaasshh will write the trace output generated when _s_e_t _-_x is + enabled to that file descriptor. The file descriptor is closed + when BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD is unset or assigned a new value. Unsetting + BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD or assigning it the empty string causes the trace + output to be sent to the standard error. Note that setting BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD to 2 (the standard error file descriptor) and then unsetting it will result in the standard error being closed. - CCDDPPAATTHH The search path for the ccdd command. This is a colon-separated - list of directories in which the shell looks for destination - directories specified by the ccdd command. A sample value is + CCDDPPAATTHH The search path for the ccdd command. This is a colon-separated + list of directories in which the shell looks for destination + directories specified by the ccdd command. A sample value is ".:~:/usr". CCHHIILLDD__MMAAXX - Set the number of exited child status values for the shell to - remember. Bash will not allow this value to be decreased below - a POSIX-mandated minimum, and there is a maximum value (cur- - rently 8192) that this may not exceed. The minimum value is + Set the number of exited child status values for the shell to + remember. Bash will not allow this value to be decreased below + a POSIX-mandated minimum, and there is a maximum value (cur- + rently 8192) that this may not exceed. The minimum value is system-dependent. CCOOLLUUMMNNSS - Used by the sseelleecctt compound command to determine the terminal - width when printing selection lists. Automatically set if the - cchheecckkwwiinnssiizzee option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon + Used by the sseelleecctt compound command to determine the terminal + width when printing selection lists. Automatically set if the + cchheecckkwwiinnssiizzee option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon receipt of a SSIIGGWWIINNCCHH. CCOOMMPPRREEPPLLYY An array variable from which bbaasshh reads the possible completions - generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable com- - pletion facility (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). Each + generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable com- + pletion facility (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). Each array element contains one possible completion. - EEMMAACCSS If bbaasshh finds this variable in the environment when the shell - starts with value "t", it assumes that the shell is running in + EEMMAACCSS If bbaasshh finds this variable in the environment when the shell + starts with value "t", it assumes that the shell is running in an Emacs shell buffer and disables line editing. - EENNVV Similar to BBAASSHH__EENNVV; used when the shell is invoked in POSIX + EENNVV Similar to BBAASSHH__EENNVV; used when the shell is invoked in POSIX mode. + EEXXEECCIIGGNNOORREE + A colon-separated list of shell patterns (see PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg) + defining the list of filenames to be ignored by command search + using PPAATTHH. Files whose full pathnames match one of these pat- + terns are not considered executable files for the purposes of + completion and command execution via PPAATTHH lookup. This does not + affect the behavior of the [[, tteesstt, and [[[[ commands. Full path- + names in the command hash table are not subject to EEXXEECCIIGGNNOORREE. + Use this variable to ignore shared library files that have the + executable bit set, but are not executable files. The pattern + matching honors the setting of the eexxttgglloobb shell option. FFCCEEDDIITT The default editor for the ffcc builtin command. FFIIGGNNOORREE A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing @@ -1106,69 +1136,73 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS may be escaped using a backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match. The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are not tested, and are added to the - history regardless of the value of HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE. + history regardless of the value of HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE. The pattern + matching honors the setting of the eexxttgglloobb shell option. HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE - The number of commands to remember in the command history (see - HHIISSTTOORRYY below). If the value is 0, commands are not saved in + The number of commands to remember in the command history (see + HHIISSTTOORRYY below). If the value is 0, commands are not saved in the history list. Numeric values less than zero result in every - command being saved on the history list (there is no limit). - The shell sets the default value to 500 after reading any + command being saved on the history list (there is no limit). + The shell sets the default value to 500 after reading any startup files. HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT - If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a + If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a format string for _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3) to print the time stamp associated - with each history entry displayed by the hhiissttoorryy builtin. If - this variable is set, time stamps are written to the history - file so they may be preserved across shell sessions. This uses - the history comment character to distinguish timestamps from + with each history entry displayed by the hhiissttoorryy builtin. If + this variable is set, time stamps are written to the history + file so they may be preserved across shell sessions. This uses + the history comment character to distinguish timestamps from other history lines. HHOOMMEE The home directory of the current user; the default argument for the ccdd builtin command. The value of this variable is also used when performing tilde expansion. HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE - Contains the name of a file in the same format as _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s + Contains the name of a file in the same format as _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s that should be read when the shell needs to complete a hostname. - The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while - the shell is running; the next time hostname completion is - attempted after the value is changed, bbaasshh adds the contents of - the new file to the existing list. If HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE is set, but has - no value, or does not name a readable file, bbaasshh attempts to - read _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s to obtain the list of possible hostname comple- + The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while + the shell is running; the next time hostname completion is + attempted after the value is changed, bbaasshh adds the contents of + the new file to the existing list. If HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE is set, but has + no value, or does not name a readable file, bbaasshh attempts to + read _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s to obtain the list of possible hostname comple- tions. When HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE is unset, the hostname list is cleared. - IIFFSS The _I_n_t_e_r_n_a_l _F_i_e_l_d _S_e_p_a_r_a_t_o_r that is used for word splitting - after expansion and to split lines into words with the rreeaadd + IIFFSS The _I_n_t_e_r_n_a_l _F_i_e_l_d _S_e_p_a_r_a_t_o_r that is used for word splitting + after expansion and to split lines into words with the rreeaadd builtin command. The default value is ``''. IIGGNNOORREEEEOOFF Controls the action of an interactive shell on receipt of an EEOOFF character as the sole input. If set, the value is the number of - consecutive EEOOFF characters which must be typed as the first - characters on an input line before bbaasshh exits. If the variable - exists but does not have a numeric value, or has no value, the - default value is 10. If it does not exist, EEOOFF signifies the + consecutive EEOOFF characters which must be typed as the first + characters on an input line before bbaasshh exits. If the variable + exists but does not have a numeric value, or has no value, the + default value is 10. If it does not exist, EEOOFF signifies the end of input to the shell. IINNPPUUTTRRCC - The filename for the rreeaaddlliinnee startup file, overriding the + The filename for the rreeaaddlliinnee startup file, overriding the default of _~_/_._i_n_p_u_t_r_c (see RREEAADDLLIINNEE below). - LLAANNGG Used to determine the locale category for any category not + LLAANNGG Used to determine the locale category for any category not specifically selected with a variable starting with LLCC__. - LLCC__AALLLL This variable overrides the value of LLAANNGG and any other LLCC__ + LLCC__AALLLL This variable overrides the value of LLAANNGG and any other LLCC__ variable specifying a locale category. LLCC__CCOOLLLLAATTEE - This variable determines the collation order used when sorting - the results of pathname expansion, and determines the behavior - of range expressions, equivalence classes, and collating + This variable determines the collation order used when sorting + the results of pathname expansion, and determines the behavior + of range expressions, equivalence classes, and collating sequences within pathname expansion and pattern matching. LLCC__CCTTYYPPEE - This variable determines the interpretation of characters and - the behavior of character classes within pathname expansion and + This variable determines the interpretation of characters and + the behavior of character classes within pathname expansion and pattern matching. LLCC__MMEESSSSAAGGEESS - This variable determines the locale used to translate double- + This variable determines the locale used to translate double- quoted strings preceded by a $$. LLCC__NNUUMMEERRIICC - This variable determines the locale category used for number + This variable determines the locale category used for number formatting. + LLCC__TTIIMMEE + This variable determines the locale category used for data and + time formatting. LLIINNEESS Used by the sseelleecctt compound command to determine the column length for printing selection lists. Automatically set if the cchheecckkwwiinnssiizzee option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon @@ -1186,14 +1220,15 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS MMAAIILLPPAATTHH A colon-separated list of filenames to be checked for mail. The message to be printed when mail arrives in a particular file may - be specified by separating the filename from the message with a - `?'. When used in the text of the message, $$__ expands to the + be specified by separating the filename from the message with a + `?'. When used in the text of the message, $$__ expands to the name of the current mailfile. Example: MMAAIILLPPAATTHH='/var/mail/bfox?"You have mail":~/shell-mail?"$_ has mail!"' - BBaasshh supplies a default value for this variable, but the loca- - tion of the user mail files that it uses is system dependent - (e.g., /var/mail/$$UUSSEERR). + BBaasshh can be configured to supply a default value for this vari- + able (there is no value by default), but the location of the + user mail files that it uses is system dependent (e.g., + /var/mail/$$UUSSEERR). OOPPTTEERRRR If set to the value 1, bbaasshh displays error messages generated by the ggeettooppttss builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). OOPPTTEERRRR is initialized to 1 each time the shell is invoked or a @@ -1204,7 +1239,7 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS value of PPAATTHH indicates the current directory. A null directory name may appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial or trailing colon. The default path is system-dependent, and is - set by the administrator who installs bbaasshh. A common value is + set by the administrator who installs bbaasshh. A common value is ``/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin''. PPOOSSIIXXLLYY__CCOORRRREECCTT If this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts, the @@ -1220,6 +1255,9 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS number of trailing directory components to retain when expanding the \\ww and \\WW prompt string escapes (see PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below). Characters removed are replaced with an ellipsis. + PPSS00 The value of this parameter is expanded (see PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below) + and displayed by interactive shells after reading a command and + before the command is executed. PPSS11 The value of this parameter is expanded (see PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below) and used as the primary prompt string. The default value is ``\\ss--\\vv\\$$ ''. @@ -1310,9 +1348,9 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS explicitly declare an array. There is no maximum limit on the size of an array, nor any requirement that members be indexed or assigned con- tiguously. Indexed arrays are referenced using integers (including - arithmetic expressions) and are zero-based; associative arrays are - referenced using arbitrary strings. Unless otherwise noted, indexed - array indices must be non-negative integers. + arithmetic expressions) and are zero-based; associative arrays are ref- + erenced using arbitrary strings. Unless otherwise noted, indexed array + indices must be non-negative integers. An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned to using the syntax _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]=_v_a_l_u_e. The _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is treated as @@ -1324,48 +1362,51 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS Associative arrays are created using ddeeccllaarree --AA _n_a_m_e. Attributes may be specified for an array variable using the ddeeccllaarree and - rreeaaddoonnllyy builtins. Each attribute applies to all members of an array. + rreeaaddoonnllyy builtins. Each attribute applies to all members of an array. - Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form - _n_a_m_e=((value_1 ... value_n)), where each _v_a_l_u_e is of the form [_s_u_b_- - _s_c_r_i_p_t]=_s_t_r_i_n_g. Indexed array assignments do not require anything but + Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form + _n_a_m_e=((value_1 ... value_n)), where each _v_a_l_u_e is of the form [_s_u_b_- + _s_c_r_i_p_t]=_s_t_r_i_n_g. Indexed array assignments do not require anything but _s_t_r_i_n_g. When assigning to indexed arrays, if the optional brackets and - subscript are supplied, that index is assigned to; otherwise the index - of the element assigned is the last index assigned to by the statement + subscript are supplied, that index is assigned to; otherwise the index + of the element assigned is the last index assigned to by the statement plus one. Indexing starts at zero. When assigning to an associative array, the subscript is required. - This syntax is also accepted by the ddeeccllaarree builtin. Individual array - elements may be assigned to using the _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]=_v_a_l_u_e syntax - introduced above. When assigning to an indexed array, if _n_a_m_e is sub- - scripted by a negative number, that number is interpreted as relative - to one greater than the maximum index of _n_a_m_e, so negative indices + This syntax is also accepted by the ddeeccllaarree builtin. Individual array + elements may be assigned to using the _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]=_v_a_l_u_e syntax + introduced above. When assigning to an indexed array, if _n_a_m_e is sub- + scripted by a negative number, that number is interpreted as relative + to one greater than the maximum index of _n_a_m_e, so negative indices count back from the end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last element. - Any element of an array may be referenced using ${_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]}. + Any element of an array may be referenced using ${_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]}. The braces are required to avoid conflicts with pathname expansion. If - _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is @@ or **, the word expands to all members of _n_a_m_e. These - subscripts differ only when the word appears within double quotes. If + _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is @@ or **, the word expands to all members of _n_a_m_e. These + subscripts differ only when the word appears within double quotes. If the word is double-quoted, ${_n_a_m_e[*]} expands to a single word with the - value of each array member separated by the first character of the IIFFSS + value of each array member separated by the first character of the IIFFSS special variable, and ${_n_a_m_e[@]} expands each element of _n_a_m_e to a sep- - arate word. When there are no array members, ${_n_a_m_e[@]} expands to - nothing. If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the - expansion of the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of - the original word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined - with the last part of the original word. This is analogous to the - expansion of the special parameters ** and @@ (see SSppeecciiaall PPaarraammeetteerrss - above). ${#_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]} expands to the length of ${_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_- - _s_c_r_i_p_t]}. If _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is ** or @@, the expansion is the number of ele- - ments in the array. Referencing an array variable without a subscript - is equivalent to referencing the array with a subscript of 0. If the - _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t used to reference an element of an indexed array evaluates to - a number less than zero, it is interpreted as relative to one greater - than the maximum index of the array, so negative indices count back - from the end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last ele- - ment. + arate word. When there are no array members, ${_n_a_m_e[@]} expands to + nothing. If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the + expansion of the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of + the original word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined + with the last part of the original word. This is analogous to the + expansion of the special parameters ** and @@ (see SSppeecciiaall PPaarraammeetteerrss + above). ${#_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]} expands to the length of ${_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_- + _s_c_r_i_p_t]}. If _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is ** or @@, the expansion is the number of ele- + ments in the array. If the _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t used to reference an element of + an indexed array evaluates to a number less than zero, it is inter- + preted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of the array, + so negative indices count back from the end of the array, and an index + of -1 references the last element. + + Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to ref- + erencing the array with a subscript of 0. Any reference to a variable + using a valid subscript is legal, and bbaasshh will create an array if nec- + essary. An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a value. The null string is a valid value. @@ -1405,6 +1446,10 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN tilde, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and command sub- stitution. + After these expansions are performed, quote characters present in the + original word are removed unless they have been quoted themselves + (_q_u_o_t_e _r_e_m_o_v_a_l). + Only brace expansion, word splitting, and pathname expansion can change the number of words of the expansion; other expansions expand a single word to a single word. The only exceptions to this are the expansions @@ -1517,15 +1562,17 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN parameter as described above PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS) or an array reference (AArrrraayyss). - If the first character of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an exclamation point (!!), it - introduces a level of variable indirection. BBaasshh uses the value of the - variable formed from the rest of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r as the name of the variable; - this variable is then expanded and that value is used in the rest of - the substitution, rather than the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r itself. This is - known as _i_n_d_i_r_e_c_t _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n. The exceptions to this are the expansions - of ${!!_p_r_e_f_i_x**} and ${!!_n_a_m_e[_@]} described below. The exclamation point - must immediately follow the left brace in order to introduce indirec- - tion. + If the first character of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an exclamation point (!!), and + _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is not a _n_a_m_e_r_e_f, it introduces a level of variable indirec- + tion. BBaasshh uses the value of the variable formed from the rest of + _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r as the name of the variable; this variable is then expanded + and that value is used in the rest of the substitution, rather than the + value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r itself. This is known as _i_n_d_i_r_e_c_t _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n. If + _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a nameref, this expands to the name of the variable refer- + enced by _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r instead of performing the complete indirect expan- + sion. The exceptions to this are the expansions of ${!!_p_r_e_f_i_x**} and + ${!!_n_a_m_e[_@]} described below. The exclamation point must immediately + follow the left brace in order to introduce indirection. In each of the cases below, _w_o_r_d is subject to tilde expansion, parame- ter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. @@ -1661,12 +1708,14 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN ning of the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n begins with %%, it must match at the end of the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. If _s_t_r_i_n_g is null, matches of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n are deleted and the // fol- - lowing _p_a_t_t_e_r_n may be omitted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the sub- - stitution operation is applied to each positional parameter in - turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is - an array variable subscripted with @@ or **, the substitution - operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and - the expansion is the resultant list. + lowing _p_a_t_t_e_r_n may be omitted. If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh shell option + is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of + alphabetic characters. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the substitution + operation is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and + the expansion is the resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array + variable subscripted with @@ or **, the substitution operation is + applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion + is the resultant list. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r^^_p_a_t_t_e_r_n} ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r^^^^_p_a_t_t_e_r_n} @@ -1691,6 +1740,35 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. + ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r@@_o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r} + PPaarraammeetteerr ttrraannssffoorrmmaattiioonn. The expansion is either a transforma- + tion of the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r or information about _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r + itself, depending on the value of _o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r. Each _o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r is a + single letter: + + QQ The expansion is a string that is the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r + quoted in a format that can be reused as input. + EE The expansion is a string that is the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r + with backslash escape sequences expanded as with the + $$''......'' quoting mechansim. + PP The expansion is a string that is the result of expanding + the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r as if it were a prompt string (see + PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below). + AA The expansion is a string in the form of an assignment + statement or ddeeccllaarree command that, if evaluated, will + recreate _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with its attributes and value. + aa The expansion is a string consisting of flag values rep- + resenting _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r's attributes. + + If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the operation is applied to each posi- + tional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant + list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted with @@ or + **, the case modification operation is applied to each member of + the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. + + The result of the expansion is subject to word splitting and + pathname expansion as described below. + CCoommmmaanndd SSuubbssttiittuuttiioonn _C_o_m_m_a_n_d _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n allows the output of a command to replace the com- mand name. There are two forms: @@ -1699,51 +1777,53 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN or ``_c_o_m_m_a_n_d`` - BBaasshh performs the expansion by executing _c_o_m_m_a_n_d and replacing the com- - mand substitution with the standard output of the command, with any - trailing newlines deleted. Embedded newlines are not deleted, but they - may be removed during word splitting. The command substitution $$((ccaatt - _f_i_l_e)) can be replaced by the equivalent but faster $$((<< _f_i_l_e)). + BBaasshh performs the expansion by executing _c_o_m_m_a_n_d in a subshell environ- + ment and replacing the command substitution with the standard output of + the command, with any trailing newlines deleted. Embedded newlines are + not deleted, but they may be removed during word splitting. The com- + mand substitution $$((ccaatt _f_i_l_e)) can be replaced by the equivalent but + faster $$((<< _f_i_l_e)). - When the old-style backquote form of substitution is used, backslash - retains its literal meaning except when followed by $$, ``, or \\. The + When the old-style backquote form of substitution is used, backslash + retains its literal meaning except when followed by $$, ``, or \\. The first backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the command sub- - stitution. When using the $(_c_o_m_m_a_n_d) form, all characters between the + stitution. When using the $(_c_o_m_m_a_n_d) form, all characters between the parentheses make up the command; none are treated specially. Command substitutions may be nested. To nest when using the backquoted form, escape the inner backquotes with backslashes. - If the substitution appears within double quotes, word splitting and + If the substitution appears within double quotes, word splitting and pathname expansion are not performed on the results. AArriitthhmmeettiicc EExxppaannssiioonn - Arithmetic expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic expression - and the substitution of the result. The format for arithmetic expan- + Arithmetic expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic expression + and the substitution of the result. The format for arithmetic expan- sion is: $$((((_e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n)))) - The _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n is treated as if it were within double quotes, but a - double quote inside the parentheses is not treated specially. All + The _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n is treated as if it were within double quotes, but a + double quote inside the parentheses is not treated specially. All tokens in the expression undergo parameter and variable expansion, com- - mand substitution, and quote removal. The result is treated as the - arithmetic expression to be evaluated. Arithmetic expansions may be + mand substitution, and quote removal. The result is treated as the + arithmetic expression to be evaluated. Arithmetic expansions may be nested. - The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below under + The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below under AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN. If _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n is invalid, bbaasshh prints a message indicating failure and no substitution occurs. PPrroocceessss SSuubbssttiittuuttiioonn - _P_r_o_c_e_s_s _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n is supported on systems that support named pipes - (_F_I_F_O_s) or the //ddeevv//ffdd method of naming open files. It takes the form - of <<((_l_i_s_t)) or >>((_l_i_s_t)). The process _l_i_s_t is run with its input or out- - put connected to a _F_I_F_O or some file in //ddeevv//ffdd. The name of this file - is passed as an argument to the current command as the result of the - expansion. If the >>((_l_i_s_t)) form is used, writing to the file will pro- - vide input for _l_i_s_t. If the <<((_l_i_s_t)) form is used, the file passed as - an argument should be read to obtain the output of _l_i_s_t. + _P_r_o_c_e_s_s _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n allows a process's input or output to be referred + to using a filename. It takes the form of <<((_l_i_s_t)) or >>((_l_i_s_t)). The + process _l_i_s_t is run asynchronously, and its input or output appears as + a filename. This filename is passed as an argument to the current com- + mand as the result of the expansion. If the >>((_l_i_s_t)) form is used, + writing to the file will provide input for _l_i_s_t. If the <<((_l_i_s_t)) form + is used, the file passed as an argument should be read to obtain the + output of _l_i_s_t. Process substitution is supported on systems that sup- + port named pipes (_F_I_F_O_s) or the //ddeevv//ffdd method of naming open files. When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic @@ -1761,18 +1841,22 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN and <> at the beginning and end of the results of the previous expansions are ignored, and any sequence of IIFFSS characters not at the beginning or end serves to delimit words. If IIFFSS has a value other - than the default, then sequences of the whitespace characters ssppaaccee and - ttaabb are ignored at the beginning and end of the word, as long as the - whitespace character is in the value of IIFFSS (an IIFFSS whitespace charac- - ter). Any character in IIFFSS that is not IIFFSS whitespace, along with any - adjacent IIFFSS whitespace characters, delimits a field. A sequence of - IIFFSS whitespace characters is also treated as a delimiter. If the value - of IIFFSS is null, no word splitting occurs. - - Explicit null arguments ("""" or '''') are retained. Unquoted implicit - null arguments, resulting from the expansion of parameters that have no - values, are removed. If a parameter with no value is expanded within - double quotes, a null argument results and is retained. + than the default, then sequences of the whitespace characters ssppaaccee, + ttaabb, and nneewwlliinnee are ignored at the beginning and end of the word, as + long as the whitespace character is in the value of IIFFSS (an IIFFSS white- + space character). Any character in IIFFSS that is not IIFFSS whitespace, + along with any adjacent IIFFSS whitespace characters, delimits a field. A + sequence of IIFFSS whitespace characters is also treated as a delimiter. + If the value of IIFFSS is null, no word splitting occurs. + + Explicit null arguments ("""" or '''') are retained and passed to commands + as empty strings. Unquoted implicit null arguments, resulting from the + expansion of parameters that have no values, are removed. If a parame- + ter with no value is expanded within double quotes, a null argument + results and is retained and passed to a command as an empty string. + When a quoted null argument appears as part of a word whose expansion + is non-null, the null argument is removed. That is, the word -d'' + becomes -d after word splitting and null argument removal. Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting is performed. @@ -1799,68 +1883,71 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN The GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE shell variable may be used to restrict the set of file- names matching a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n. If GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is set, each matching filename that also matches one of the patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is removed from the - list of matches. The filenames ````..'''' and ````....'''' are always ignored - when GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is set and not null. However, setting GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE to a - non-null value has the effect of enabling the ddoottgglloobb shell option, so - all other filenames beginning with a ````..'''' will match. To get the old - behavior of ignoring filenames beginning with a ````..'''', make ````..**'''' one - of the patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE. The ddoottgglloobb option is disabled when - GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is unset. + list of matches. If the nnooccaasseegglloobb option is set, the matching against + the patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is performed without regard to case. The + filenames ````..'''' and ````....'''' are always ignored when GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is set + and not null. However, setting GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE to a non-null value has the + effect of enabling the ddoottgglloobb shell option, so all other filenames + beginning with a ````..'''' will match. To get the old behavior of ignor- + ing filenames beginning with a ````..'''', make ````..**'''' one of the patterns + in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE. The ddoottgglloobb option is disabled when GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is + unset. The pattern matching honors the setting of the eexxttgglloobb shell + option. PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg Any character that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern - characters described below, matches itself. The NUL character may not - occur in a pattern. A backslash escapes the following character; the - escaping backslash is discarded when matching. The special pattern + characters described below, matches itself. The NUL character may not + occur in a pattern. A backslash escapes the following character; the + escaping backslash is discarded when matching. The special pattern characters must be quoted if they are to be matched literally. The special pattern characters have the following meanings: - ** Matches any string, including the null string. When the - gglloobbssttaarr shell option is enabled, and ** is used in a - pathname expansion context, two adjacent **s used as a - single pattern will match all files and zero or more - directories and subdirectories. If followed by a //, two - adjacent **s will match only directories and subdirecto- + ** Matches any string, including the null string. When the + gglloobbssttaarr shell option is enabled, and ** is used in a + pathname expansion context, two adjacent **s used as a + single pattern will match all files and zero or more + directories and subdirectories. If followed by a //, two + adjacent **s will match only directories and subdirecto- ries. ?? Matches any single character. - [[......]] Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of - characters separated by a hyphen denotes a _r_a_n_g_e _e_x_p_r_e_s_- - _s_i_o_n; any character that falls between those two charac- - ters, inclusive, using the current locale's collating - sequence and character set, is matched. If the first + [[......]] Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of + characters separated by a hyphen denotes a _r_a_n_g_e _e_x_p_r_e_s_- + _s_i_o_n; any character that falls between those two charac- + ters, inclusive, using the current locale's collating + sequence and character set, is matched. If the first character following the [[ is a !! or a ^^ then any charac- - ter not enclosed is matched. The sorting order of char- - acters in range expressions is determined by the current - locale and the values of the LLCC__CCOOLLLLAATTEE or LLCC__AALLLL shell + ter not enclosed is matched. The sorting order of char- + acters in range expressions is determined by the current + locale and the values of the LLCC__CCOOLLLLAATTEE or LLCC__AALLLL shell variables, if set. To obtain the traditional interpreta- - tion of range expressions, where [[aa--dd]] is equivalent to - [[aabbccdd]], set value of the LLCC__AALLLL shell variable to CC, or - enable the gglloobbaasscciiiirraannggeess shell option. A -- may be + tion of range expressions, where [[aa--dd]] is equivalent to + [[aabbccdd]], set value of the LLCC__AALLLL shell variable to CC, or + enable the gglloobbaasscciiiirraannggeess shell option. A -- may be matched by including it as the first or last character in the set. A ]] may be matched by including it as the first character in the set. - Within [[ and ]], _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r _c_l_a_s_s_e_s can be specified using + Within [[ and ]], _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r _c_l_a_s_s_e_s can be specified using the syntax [[::_c_l_a_s_s::]], where _c_l_a_s_s is one of the following classes defined in the POSIX standard: - aallnnuumm aallpphhaa aasscciiii bbllaannkk ccnnttrrll ddiiggiitt ggrraapphh lloowweerr pprriinntt + aallnnuumm aallpphhaa aasscciiii bbllaannkk ccnnttrrll ddiiggiitt ggrraapphh lloowweerr pprriinntt ppuunncctt ssppaaccee uuppppeerr wwoorrdd xxddiiggiitt A character class matches any character belonging to that class. The wwoorrdd character class matches letters, digits, and the character _. - Within [[ and ]], an _e_q_u_i_v_a_l_e_n_c_e _c_l_a_s_s can be specified + Within [[ and ]], an _e_q_u_i_v_a_l_e_n_c_e _c_l_a_s_s can be specified using the syntax [[==_c==]], which matches all characters with - the same collation weight (as defined by the current + the same collation weight (as defined by the current locale) as the character _c. Within [[ and ]], the syntax [[.._s_y_m_b_o_l..]] matches the collat- ing symbol _s_y_m_b_o_l. If the eexxttgglloobb shell option is enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin, several - extended pattern matching operators are recognized. In the following + extended pattern matching operators are recognized. In the following description, a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n_-_l_i_s_t is a list of one or more patterns separated by a ||. Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the fol- lowing sub-patterns: @@ -1878,37 +1965,37 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN QQuuoottee RReemmoovvaall After the preceding expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the charac- - ters \\, '', and "" that did not result from one of the above expansions + ters \\, '', and "" that did not result from one of the above expansions are removed. RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN - Before a command is executed, its input and output may be _r_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_e_d - using a special notation interpreted by the shell. Redirection allows - commands' file handles to be duplicated, opened, closed, made to refer + Before a command is executed, its input and output may be _r_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_e_d + using a special notation interpreted by the shell. Redirection allows + commands' file handles to be duplicated, opened, closed, made to refer to different files, and can change the files the command reads from and - writes to. Redirection may also be used to modify file handles in the - current shell execution environment. The following redirection opera- + writes to. Redirection may also be used to modify file handles in the + current shell execution environment. The following redirection opera- tors may precede or appear anywhere within a _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d or may fol- - low a _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. Redirections are processed in the order they appear, + low a _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. Redirections are processed in the order they appear, from left to right. - Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number may + Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number may instead be preceded by a word of the form {_v_a_r_n_a_m_e}. In this case, for each redirection operator except >&- and <&-, the shell will allocate a - file descriptor greater than or equal to 10 and assign it to _v_a_r_n_a_m_e. - If >&- or <&- is preceded by {_v_a_r_n_a_m_e}, the value of _v_a_r_n_a_m_e defines + file descriptor greater than or equal to 10 and assign it to _v_a_r_n_a_m_e. + If >&- or <&- is preceded by {_v_a_r_n_a_m_e}, the value of _v_a_r_n_a_m_e defines the file descriptor to close. - In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is omit- - ted, and the first character of the redirection operator is <<, the re- - direction refers to the standard input (file descriptor 0). If the - first character of the redirection operator is >>, the redirection + In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is omit- + ted, and the first character of the redirection operator is <<, the re- + direction refers to the standard input (file descriptor 0). If the + first character of the redirection operator is >>, the redirection refers to the standard output (file descriptor 1). - The word following the redirection operator in the following descrip- - tions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion, tilde - expansion, parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, - arithmetic expansion, quote removal, pathname expansion, and word + The word following the redirection operator in the following descrip- + tions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion, tilde + expansion, parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, + arithmetic expansion, quote removal, pathname expansion, and word splitting. If it expands to more than one word, bbaasshh reports an error. Note that the order of redirections is significant. For example, the @@ -1926,10 +2013,13 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN put was redirected to _d_i_r_l_i_s_t. BBaasshh handles several filenames specially when they are used in redirec- - tions, as described in the following table: + tions, as described in the following table. If the operating system on + which bbaasshh is running provides these special files, bash will use them; + otherwise it will emulate them internally with the behavior described + below. //ddeevv//ffdd//_f_d - If _f_d is a valid integer, file descriptor _f_d is dupli- + If _f_d is a valid integer, file descriptor _f_d is dupli- cated. //ddeevv//ssttddiinn File descriptor 0 is duplicated. @@ -1939,22 +2029,22 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN File descriptor 2 is duplicated. //ddeevv//ttccpp//_h_o_s_t//_p_o_r_t If _h_o_s_t is a valid hostname or Internet address, and _p_o_r_t - is an integer port number or service name, bbaasshh attempts + is an integer port number or service name, bbaasshh attempts to open the corresponding TCP socket. //ddeevv//uuddpp//_h_o_s_t//_p_o_r_t If _h_o_s_t is a valid hostname or Internet address, and _p_o_r_t - is an integer port number or service name, bbaasshh attempts + is an integer port number or service name, bbaasshh attempts to open the corresponding UDP socket. A failure to open or create a file causes the redirection to fail. - Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used with - care, as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses inter- + Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used with + care, as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses inter- nally. RReeddiirreeccttiinngg IInnppuutt Redirection of input causes the file whose name results from the expan- - sion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for reading on file descriptor _n, or the + sion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for reading on file descriptor _n, or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if _n is not specified. The general format for redirecting input is: @@ -1962,40 +2052,39 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]<<_w_o_r_d RReeddiirreeccttiinngg OOuuttppuutt - Redirection of output causes the file whose name results from the + Redirection of output causes the file whose name results from the expansion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for writing on file descriptor _n, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if _n is not specified. If the file - does not exist it is created; if it does exist it is truncated to zero + does not exist it is created; if it does exist it is truncated to zero size. The general format for redirecting output is: [_n]>>_w_o_r_d - If the redirection operator is >>, and the nnoocclloobbbbeerr option to the sseett - builtin has been enabled, the redirection will fail if the file whose - name results from the expansion of _w_o_r_d exists and is a regular file. + If the redirection operator is >>, and the nnoocclloobbbbeerr option to the sseett + builtin has been enabled, the redirection will fail if the file whose + name results from the expansion of _w_o_r_d exists and is a regular file. If the redirection operator is >>||, or the redirection operator is >> and the nnoocclloobbbbeerr option to the sseett builtin command is not enabled, the re- direction is attempted even if the file named by _w_o_r_d exists. AAppppeennddiinngg RReeddiirreecctteedd OOuuttppuutt - Redirection of output in this fashion causes the file whose name - results from the expansion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for appending on file - descriptor _n, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if _n is not + Redirection of output in this fashion causes the file whose name + results from the expansion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for appending on file + descriptor _n, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if _n is not specified. If the file does not exist it is created. The general format for appending output is: [_n]>>>>_w_o_r_d - RReeddiirreeccttiinngg SSttaannddaarrdd OOuuttppuutt aanndd SSttaannddaarrdd EErrrroorr - This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and - the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be redirected to the + This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and + the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be redirected to the file whose name is the expansion of _w_o_r_d. - There are two formats for redirecting standard output and standard + There are two formats for redirecting standard output and standard error: &&>>_w_o_r_d @@ -2007,13 +2096,13 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN >>_w_o_r_d 2>>&&1 - When using the second form, _w_o_r_d may not expand to a number or --. If - it does, other redirection operators apply (see DDuupplliiccaattiinngg FFiillee + When using the second form, _w_o_r_d may not expand to a number or --. If + it does, other redirection operators apply (see DDuupplliiccaattiinngg FFiillee DDeessccrriippttoorrss below) for compatibility reasons. AAppppeennddiinngg SSttaannddaarrdd OOuuttppuutt aanndd SSttaannddaarrdd EErrrroorr - This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and - the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be appended to the + This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and + the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be appended to the file whose name is the expansion of _w_o_r_d. The format for appending standard output and standard error is: @@ -2027,22 +2116,23 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN (see DDuupplliiccaattiinngg FFiillee DDeessccrriippttoorrss below). HHeerree DDooccuummeennttss - This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the + This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the current source until a line containing only _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r (with no trailing - blanks) is seen. All of the lines read up to that point are then used - as the standard input for a command. + blanks) is seen. All of the lines read up to that point are then used + as the standard input (or file descriptor _n if _n is specified) for a + command. The format of here-documents is: - <<<<[--]_w_o_r_d + [_n]<<<<[--]_w_o_r_d _h_e_r_e_-_d_o_c_u_m_e_n_t _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r No parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, arithmetic - expansion, or pathname expansion is performed on _w_o_r_d. If any charac- - ters in _w_o_r_d are quoted, the _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r is the result of quote removal - on _w_o_r_d, and the lines in the here-document are not expanded. If _w_o_r_d - is unquoted, all lines of the here-document are subjected to parameter + expansion, or pathname expansion is performed on _w_o_r_d. If any part of + _w_o_r_d is quoted, the _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r is the result of quote removal on _w_o_r_d, + and the lines in the here-document are not expanded. If _w_o_r_d is + unquoted, all lines of the here-document are subjected to parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, the charac- ter sequence \\<> is ignored, and \\ must be used to quote the characters \\, $$, and ``. @@ -2055,13 +2145,14 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN HHeerree SSttrriinnggss A variant of here documents, the format is: - <<<<<<_w_o_r_d + [_n]<<<<<<_w_o_r_d The _w_o_r_d undergoes brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal. Pathname expansion and word splitting are not per- - formed. The result is supplied as a single string to the command on - its standard input. + formed. The result is supplied as a single string, with a newline + appended, to the command on its standard input (or file descriptor _n if + _n is specified). DDuupplliiccaattiinngg FFiillee DDeessccrriippttoorrss The redirection operator @@ -2069,22 +2160,22 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]<<&&_w_o_r_d is used to duplicate input file descriptors. If _w_o_r_d expands to one or - more digits, the file descriptor denoted by _n is made to be a copy of - that file descriptor. If the digits in _w_o_r_d do not specify a file - descriptor open for input, a redirection error occurs. If _w_o_r_d evalu- - ates to --, file descriptor _n is closed. If _n is not specified, the + more digits, the file descriptor denoted by _n is made to be a copy of + that file descriptor. If the digits in _w_o_r_d do not specify a file + descriptor open for input, a redirection error occurs. If _w_o_r_d evalu- + ates to --, file descriptor _n is closed. If _n is not specified, the standard input (file descriptor 0) is used. The operator [_n]>>&&_w_o_r_d - is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If _n is not - specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used. If the - digits in _w_o_r_d do not specify a file descriptor open for output, a re- - direction error occurs. If _w_o_r_d evaluates to --, file descriptor _n is - closed. As a special case, if _n is omitted, and _w_o_r_d does not expand - to one or more digits or --, the standard output and standard error are + is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If _n is not + specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used. If the + digits in _w_o_r_d do not specify a file descriptor open for output, a re- + direction error occurs. If _w_o_r_d evaluates to --, file descriptor _n is + closed. As a special case, if _n is omitted, and _w_o_r_d does not expand + to one or more digits or --, the standard output and standard error are redirected as described previously. MMoovviinngg FFiillee DDeessccrriippttoorrss @@ -2092,7 +2183,7 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]<<&&_d_i_g_i_t-- - moves the file descriptor _d_i_g_i_t to file descriptor _n, or the standard + moves the file descriptor _d_i_g_i_t to file descriptor _n, or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if _n is not specified. _d_i_g_i_t is closed after being duplicated to _n. @@ -2100,7 +2191,7 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]>>&&_d_i_g_i_t-- - moves the file descriptor _d_i_g_i_t to file descriptor _n, or the standard + moves the file descriptor _d_i_g_i_t to file descriptor _n, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if _n is not specified. OOppeenniinngg FFiillee DDeessccrriippttoorrss ffoorr RReeaaddiinngg aanndd WWrriittiinngg @@ -2108,118 +2199,118 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]<<>>_w_o_r_d - causes the file whose name is the expansion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for - both reading and writing on file descriptor _n, or on file descriptor 0 + causes the file whose name is the expansion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for + both reading and writing on file descriptor _n, or on file descriptor 0 if _n is not specified. If the file does not exist, it is created. AALLIIAASSEESS - _A_l_i_a_s_e_s allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used as - the first word of a simple command. The shell maintains a list of - aliases that may be set and unset with the aalliiaass and uunnaalliiaass builtin - commands (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). The first word of each - simple command, if unquoted, is checked to see if it has an alias. If - so, that word is replaced by the text of the alias. The characters //, - $$, ``, and == and any of the shell _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s or quoting characters + _A_l_i_a_s_e_s allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used as + the first word of a simple command. The shell maintains a list of + aliases that may be set and unset with the aalliiaass and uunnaalliiaass builtin + commands (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). The first word of each + simple command, if unquoted, is checked to see if it has an alias. If + so, that word is replaced by the text of the alias. The characters //, + $$, ``, and == and any of the shell _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s or quoting characters listed above may not appear in an alias name. The replacement text may - contain any valid shell input, including shell metacharacters. The - first word of the replacement text is tested for aliases, but a word - that is identical to an alias being expanded is not expanded a second - time. This means that one may alias llss to llss --FF, for instance, and - bbaasshh does not try to recursively expand the replacement text. If the - last character of the alias value is a _b_l_a_n_k, then the next command + contain any valid shell input, including shell metacharacters. The + first word of the replacement text is tested for aliases, but a word + that is identical to an alias being expanded is not expanded a second + time. This means that one may alias llss to llss --FF, for instance, and + bbaasshh does not try to recursively expand the replacement text. If the + last character of the alias value is a _b_l_a_n_k, then the next command word following the alias is also checked for alias expansion. Aliases are created and listed with the aalliiaass command, and removed with the uunnaalliiaass command. - There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text. If - arguments are needed, a shell function should be used (see FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS + There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text. If + arguments are needed, a shell function should be used (see FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS below). - Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless the - eexxppaanndd__aalliiaasseess shell option is set using sshhoopptt (see the description of + Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless the + eexxppaanndd__aalliiaasseess shell option is set using sshhoopptt (see the description of sshhoopptt under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). - The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are somewhat - confusing. BBaasshh always reads at least one complete line of input - before executing any of the commands on that line. Aliases are - expanded when a command is read, not when it is executed. Therefore, - an alias definition appearing on the same line as another command does - not take effect until the next line of input is read. The commands + The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are somewhat + confusing. BBaasshh always reads at least one complete line of input + before executing any of the commands on that line. Aliases are + expanded when a command is read, not when it is executed. Therefore, + an alias definition appearing on the same line as another command does + not take effect until the next line of input is read. The commands following the alias definition on that line are not affected by the new - alias. This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed. - Aliases are expanded when a function definition is read, not when the - function is executed, because a function definition is itself a com- - pound command. As a consequence, aliases defined in a function are not - available until after that function is executed. To be safe, always - put alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use aalliiaass in com- - pound commands. + alias. This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed. + Aliases are expanded when a function definition is read, not when the + function is executed, because a function definition is itself a com- + mand. As a consequence, aliases defined in a function are not avail- + able until after that function is executed. To be safe, always put + alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use aalliiaass in compound + commands. For almost every purpose, aliases are superseded by shell functions. FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS - A shell function, defined as described above under SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR, - stores a series of commands for later execution. When the name of a - shell function is used as a simple command name, the list of commands + A shell function, defined as described above under SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR, + stores a series of commands for later execution. When the name of a + shell function is used as a simple command name, the list of commands associated with that function name is executed. Functions are executed - in the context of the current shell; no new process is created to - interpret them (contrast this with the execution of a shell script). - When a function is executed, the arguments to the function become the + in the context of the current shell; no new process is created to + interpret them (contrast this with the execution of a shell script). + When a function is executed, the arguments to the function become the positional parameters during its execution. The special parameter ## is - updated to reflect the change. Special parameter 00 is unchanged. The - first element of the FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE variable is set to the name of the func- + updated to reflect the change. Special parameter 00 is unchanged. The + first element of the FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE variable is set to the name of the func- tion while the function is executing. - All other aspects of the shell execution environment are identical - between a function and its caller with these exceptions: the DDEEBBUUGG and - RREETTUURRNN traps (see the description of the ttrraapp builtin under SSHHEELLLL - BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) are not inherited unless the function has been - given the ttrraaccee attribute (see the description of the ddeeccllaarree builtin - below) or the --oo ffuunnccttrraaccee shell option has been enabled with the sseett - builtin (in which case all functions inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN - traps), and the EERRRR trap is not inherited unless the --oo eerrrrttrraaccee shell + All other aspects of the shell execution environment are identical + between a function and its caller with these exceptions: the DDEEBBUUGG and + RREETTUURRNN traps (see the description of the ttrraapp builtin under SSHHEELLLL + BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) are not inherited unless the function has been + given the ttrraaccee attribute (see the description of the ddeeccllaarree builtin + below) or the --oo ffuunnccttrraaccee shell option has been enabled with the sseett + builtin (in which case all functions inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN + traps), and the EERRRR trap is not inherited unless the --oo eerrrrttrraaccee shell option has been enabled. - Variables local to the function may be declared with the llooccaall builtin + Variables local to the function may be declared with the llooccaall builtin command. Ordinarily, variables and their values are shared between the function and its caller. - The FFUUNNCCNNEESSTT variable, if set to a numeric value greater than 0, - defines a maximum function nesting level. Function invocations that + The FFUUNNCCNNEESSTT variable, if set to a numeric value greater than 0, + defines a maximum function nesting level. Function invocations that exceed the limit cause the entire command to abort. - If the builtin command rreettuurrnn is executed in a function, the function - completes and execution resumes with the next command after the func- - tion call. Any command associated with the RREETTUURRNN trap is executed + If the builtin command rreettuurrnn is executed in a function, the function + completes and execution resumes with the next command after the func- + tion call. Any command associated with the RREETTUURRNN trap is executed before execution resumes. When a function completes, the values of the - positional parameters and the special parameter ## are restored to the + positional parameters and the special parameter ## are restored to the values they had prior to the function's execution. - Function names and definitions may be listed with the --ff option to the + Function names and definitions may be listed with the --ff option to the ddeeccllaarree or ttyyppeesseett builtin commands. The --FF option to ddeeccllaarree or ttyyppee-- - sseett will list the function names only (and optionally the source file - and line number, if the eexxttddeebbuugg shell option is enabled). Functions - may be exported so that subshells automatically have them defined with - the --ff option to the eexxppoorrtt builtin. A function definition may be - deleted using the --ff option to the uunnsseett builtin. Note that shell + sseett will list the function names only (and optionally the source file + and line number, if the eexxttddeebbuugg shell option is enabled). Functions + may be exported so that subshells automatically have them defined with + the --ff option to the eexxppoorrtt builtin. A function definition may be + deleted using the --ff option to the uunnsseett builtin. Note that shell functions and variables with the same name may result in multiple iden- - tically-named entries in the environment passed to the shell's chil- + tically-named entries in the environment passed to the shell's chil- dren. Care should be taken in cases where this may cause a problem. Functions may be recursive. The FFUUNNCCNNEESSTT variable may be used to limit - the depth of the function call stack and restrict the number of func- - tion invocations. By default, no limit is imposed on the number of + the depth of the function call stack and restrict the number of func- + tion invocations. By default, no limit is imposed on the number of recursive calls. AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN - The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, under certain - circumstances (see the lleett and ddeeccllaarree builtin commands and AArriitthhmmeettiicc - EExxppaannssiioonn). Evaluation is done in fixed-width integers with no check - for overflow, though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as an error. - The operators and their precedence, associativity, and values are the - same as in the C language. The following list of operators is grouped - into levels of equal-precedence operators. The levels are listed in - order of decreasing precedence. + The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, under certain + circumstances (see the lleett and ddeeccllaarree builtin commands, the (((( com- + pound command, and AArriitthhmmeettiicc EExxppaannssiioonn). Evaluation is done in fixed- + width integers with no check for overflow, though division by 0 is + trapped and flagged as an error. The operators and their precedence, + associativity, and values are the same as in the C language. The fol- + lowing list of operators is grouped into levels of equal-precedence + operators. The levels are listed in order of decreasing precedence. _i_d++++ _i_d---- variable post-increment and post-decrement @@ -2246,40 +2337,43 @@ AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN _e_x_p_r_1 ,, _e_x_p_r_2 comma - Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is per- + Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is per- formed before the expression is evaluated. Within an expression, shell - variables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter - expansion syntax. A shell variable that is null or unset evaluates to + variables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter + expansion syntax. A shell variable that is null or unset evaluates to 0 when referenced by name without using the parameter expansion syntax. - The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression when - it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the _i_n_t_e_g_e_r + The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression when + it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the _i_n_t_e_g_e_r attribute using ddeeccllaarree --ii is assigned a value. A null value evaluates - to 0. A shell variable need not have its _i_n_t_e_g_e_r attribute turned on + to 0. A shell variable need not have its _i_n_t_e_g_e_r attribute turned on to be used in an expression. Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers. A leading - 0x or 0X denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, numbers take the form - [_b_a_s_e_#]n, where the optional _b_a_s_e is a decimal number between 2 and 64 - representing the arithmetic base, and _n is a number in that base. If - _b_a_s_e_# is omitted, then base 10 is used. When specifying _n, the digits - greater< than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters, the uppercase + 0x or 0X denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, numbers take the form + [_b_a_s_e_#]n, where the optional _b_a_s_e is a decimal number between 2 and 64 + representing the arithmetic base, and _n is a number in that base. If + _b_a_s_e_# is omitted, then base 10 is used. When specifying _n, the digits + greater than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters, the uppercase letters, @, and _, in that order. If _b_a_s_e is less than or equal to 36, - lowercase and uppercase letters may be used interchangeably to repre- + lowercase and uppercase letters may be used interchangeably to repre- sent numbers between 10 and 35. - Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in - parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence rules + Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in + parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence rules above. CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS - Conditional expressions are used by the [[[[ compound command and the - tteesstt and [[ builtin commands to test file attributes and perform string - and arithmetic comparisons. Expressions are formed from the following - unary or binary primaries. If any _f_i_l_e argument to one of the pri- - maries is of the form _/_d_e_v_/_f_d_/_n, then file descriptor _n is checked. If - the _f_i_l_e argument to one of the primaries is one of _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_i_n, - _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_o_u_t, or _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_e_r_r, file descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively, - is checked. + Conditional expressions are used by the [[[[ compound command and the + tteesstt and [[ builtin commands to test file attributes and perform string + and arithmetic comparisons. Expressions are formed from the following + unary or binary primaries. BBaasshh handles several filenames specially + when they are used in expressions. If the operating system on which + bbaasshh is running provides these special files, bash will use them; oth- + erwise it will emulate them internally with this behavior: If any _f_i_l_e + argument to one of the primaries is of the form _/_d_e_v_/_f_d_/_n, then file + descriptor _n is checked. If the _f_i_l_e argument to one of the primaries + is one of _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_i_n, _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_o_u_t, or _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_e_r_r, file descriptor 0, + 1, or 2, respectively, is checked. Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow sym- bolic links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the link @@ -2395,83 +2489,83 @@ SSIIMMPPLLEE CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN 4. The text after the == in each variable assignment undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic - expansion, and quote removal before being assigned to the vari- + expansion, and quote removal before being assigned to the vari- able. If no command name results, the variable assignments affect the current - shell environment. Otherwise, the variables are added to the environ- - ment of the executed command and do not affect the current shell envi- - ronment. If any of the assignments attempts to assign a value to a - readonly variable, an error occurs, and the command exits with a non- + shell environment. Otherwise, the variables are added to the environ- + ment of the executed command and do not affect the current shell envi- + ronment. If any of the assignments attempts to assign a value to a + readonly variable, an error occurs, and the command exits with a non- zero status. - If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not - affect the current shell environment. A redirection error causes the + If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not + affect the current shell environment. A redirection error causes the command to exit with a non-zero status. - If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as - described below. Otherwise, the command exits. If one of the expan- - sions contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command - is the exit status of the last command substitution performed. If + If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as + described below. Otherwise, the command exits. If one of the expan- + sions contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command + is the exit status of the last command substitution performed. If there were no command substitutions, the command exits with a status of zero. CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN - After a command has been split into words, if it results in a simple - command and an optional list of arguments, the following actions are + After a command has been split into words, if it results in a simple + command and an optional list of arguments, the following actions are taken. - If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to locate - it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that function is - invoked as described above in FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS. If the name does not match a - function, the shell searches for it in the list of shell builtins. If + If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to locate + it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that function is + invoked as described above in FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS. If the name does not match a + function, the shell searches for it in the list of shell builtins. If a match is found, that builtin is invoked. - If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, and contains no - slashes, bbaasshh searches each element of the PPAATTHH for a directory con- - taining an executable file by that name. BBaasshh uses a hash table to - remember the full pathnames of executable files (see hhaasshh under SSHHEELLLL - BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). A full search of the directories in PPAATTHH is - performed only if the command is not found in the hash table. If the + If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, and contains no + slashes, bbaasshh searches each element of the PPAATTHH for a directory con- + taining an executable file by that name. BBaasshh uses a hash table to + remember the full pathnames of executable files (see hhaasshh under SSHHEELLLL + BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). A full search of the directories in PPAATTHH is + performed only if the command is not found in the hash table. If the search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for a defined shell function named ccoommmmaanndd__nnoott__ffoouunndd__hhaannddllee. If that function exists, it is invoked - with the original command and the original command's arguments as its - arguments, and the function's exit status becomes the exit status of - the shell. If that function is not defined, the shell prints an error + with the original command and the original command's arguments as its + arguments, and the function's exit status becomes the exit status of + the shell. If that function is not defined, the shell prints an error message and returns an exit status of 127. - If the search is successful, or if the command name contains one or + If the search is successful, or if the command name contains one or more slashes, the shell executes the named program in a separate execu- tion environment. Argument 0 is set to the name given, and the remain- ing arguments to the command are set to the arguments given, if any. - If this execution fails because the file is not in executable format, - and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a _s_h_e_l_l _s_c_r_i_p_t, a - file containing shell commands. A subshell is spawned to execute it. - This subshell reinitializes itself, so that the effect is as if a new - shell had been invoked to handle the script, with the exception that - the locations of commands remembered by the parent (see hhaasshh below + If this execution fails because the file is not in executable format, + and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a _s_h_e_l_l _s_c_r_i_p_t, a + file containing shell commands. A subshell is spawned to execute it. + This subshell reinitializes itself, so that the effect is as if a new + shell had been invoked to handle the script, with the exception that + the locations of commands remembered by the parent (see hhaasshh below under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS) are retained by the child. - If the program is a file beginning with ##!!, the remainder of the first - line specifies an interpreter for the program. The shell executes the + If the program is a file beginning with ##!!, the remainder of the first + line specifies an interpreter for the program. The shell executes the specified interpreter on operating systems that do not handle this exe- cutable format themselves. The arguments to the interpreter consist of - a single optional argument following the interpreter name on the first - line of the program, followed by the name of the program, followed by + a single optional argument following the interpreter name on the first + line of the program, followed by the name of the program, followed by the command arguments, if any. CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT - The shell has an _e_x_e_c_u_t_i_o_n _e_n_v_i_r_o_n_m_e_n_t, which consists of the follow- + The shell has an _e_x_e_c_u_t_i_o_n _e_n_v_i_r_o_n_m_e_n_t, which consists of the follow- ing: - +o open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by + +o open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by redirections supplied to the eexxeecc builtin - +o the current working directory as set by ccdd, ppuusshhdd, or ppooppdd, or + +o the current working directory as set by ccdd, ppuusshhdd, or ppooppdd, or inherited by the shell at invocation - +o the file creation mode mask as set by uummaasskk or inherited from + +o the file creation mode mask as set by uummaasskk or inherited from the shell's parent +o current traps set by ttrraapp @@ -2479,111 +2573,112 @@ CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENN +o shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with sseett or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment - +o shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the + +o shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment - +o options enabled at invocation (either by default or with com- + +o options enabled at invocation (either by default or with com- mand-line arguments) or by sseett +o options enabled by sshhoopptt +o shell aliases defined with aalliiaass - +o various process IDs, including those of background jobs, the + +o various process IDs, including those of background jobs, the value of $$$$, and the value of PPPPIIDD - When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function is to be - executed, it is invoked in a separate execution environment that con- - sists of the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are inher- + When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function is to be + executed, it is invoked in a separate execution environment that con- + sists of the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are inher- ited from the shell. - +o the shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions + +o the shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions specified by redirections to the command +o the current working directory +o the file creation mode mask - +o shell variables and functions marked for export, along with + +o shell variables and functions marked for export, along with variables exported for the command, passed in the environment +o traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from the shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored - A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the + A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the shell's execution environment. - Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, and asynchro- + Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, and asynchro- nous commands are invoked in a subshell environment that is a duplicate - of the shell environment, except that traps caught by the shell are + of the shell environment, except that traps caught by the shell are reset to the values that the shell inherited from its parent at invoca- tion. Builtin commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline are also executed in a subshell environment. Changes made to the subshell envi- ronment cannot affect the shell's execution environment. Subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value of - the --ee option from the parent shell. When not in _p_o_s_i_x mode, bbaasshh + the --ee option from the parent shell. When not in _p_o_s_i_x mode, bbaasshh clears the --ee option in such subshells. - If a command is followed by a && and job control is not active, the - default standard input for the command is the empty file _/_d_e_v_/_n_u_l_l. - Otherwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the + If a command is followed by a && and job control is not active, the + default standard input for the command is the empty file _/_d_e_v_/_n_u_l_l. + Otherwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the calling shell as modified by redirections. EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT - When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings called the + When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings called the _e_n_v_i_r_o_n_m_e_n_t. This is a list of _n_a_m_e-_v_a_l_u_e pairs, of the form _n_a_m_e=_v_a_l_u_e. - The shell provides several ways to manipulate the environment. On + The shell provides several ways to manipulate the environment. On invocation, the shell scans its own environment and creates a parameter - for each name found, automatically marking it for _e_x_p_o_r_t to child pro- - cesses. Executed commands inherit the environment. The eexxppoorrtt and - ddeeccllaarree --xx commands allow parameters and functions to be added to and + for each name found, automatically marking it for _e_x_p_o_r_t to child pro- + cesses. Executed commands inherit the environment. The eexxppoorrtt and + ddeeccllaarree --xx commands allow parameters and functions to be added to and deleted from the environment. If the value of a parameter in the envi- - ronment is modified, the new value becomes part of the environment, - replacing the old. The environment inherited by any executed command - consists of the shell's initial environment, whose values may be modi- - fied in the shell, less any pairs removed by the uunnsseett command, plus + ronment is modified, the new value becomes part of the environment, + replacing the old. The environment inherited by any executed command + consists of the shell's initial environment, whose values may be modi- + fied in the shell, less any pairs removed by the uunnsseett command, plus any additions via the eexxppoorrtt and ddeeccllaarree --xx commands. - The environment for any _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d or function may be augmented - temporarily by prefixing it with parameter assignments, as described + The environment for any _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d or function may be augmented + temporarily by prefixing it with parameter assignments, as described above in PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS. These assignment statements affect only the envi- ronment seen by that command. - If the --kk option is set (see the sseett builtin command below), then _a_l_l - parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command, not + If the --kk option is set (see the sseett builtin command below), then _a_l_l + parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command, not just those that precede the command name. - When bbaasshh invokes an external command, the variable __ is set to the + When bbaasshh invokes an external command, the variable __ is set to the full filename of the command and passed to that command in its environ- ment. EEXXIITT SSTTAATTUUSS - The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the + The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the _w_a_i_t_p_i_d system call or equivalent function. Exit statuses fall between - 0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may use values above + 0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may use values above 125 specially. Exit statuses from shell builtins and compound commands - are also limited to this range. Under certain circumstances, the shell + are also limited to this range. Under certain circumstances, the shell will use special values to indicate specific failure modes. For the shell's purposes, a command which exits with a zero exit status - has succeeded. An exit status of zero indicates success. A non-zero - exit status indicates failure. When a command terminates on a fatal + has succeeded. An exit status of zero indicates success. A non-zero + exit status indicates failure. When a command terminates on a fatal signal _N, bbaasshh uses the value of 128+_N as the exit status. - If a command is not found, the child process created to execute it - returns a status of 127. If a command is found but is not executable, + If a command is not found, the child process created to execute it + returns a status of 127. If a command is found but is not executable, the return status is 126. If a command fails because of an error during expansion or redirection, the exit status is greater than zero. - Shell builtin commands return a status of 0 (_t_r_u_e) if successful, and - non-zero (_f_a_l_s_e) if an error occurs while they execute. All builtins - return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage. + Shell builtin commands return a status of 0 (_t_r_u_e) if successful, and + non-zero (_f_a_l_s_e) if an error occurs while they execute. All builtins + return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage, generally + invalid options or missing arguments. BBaasshh itself returns the exit status of the last command executed, unless a syntax error occurs, in which case it exits with a non-zero @@ -2706,15 +2801,16 @@ JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG When executing interactively, bbaasshh displays the primary prompt PPSS11 when it is ready to read a command, and the secondary prompt PPSS22 when it - needs more input to complete a command. BBaasshh allows these prompt - strings to be customized by inserting a number of backslash-escaped + needs more input to complete a command. BBaasshh displays PPSS00 after it + reads a command but before executing it. BBaasshh allows these prompt + strings to be customized by inserting a number of backslash-escaped special characters that are decoded as follows: \\aa an ASCII bell character (07) - \\dd the date in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May + \\dd the date in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May 26") \\DD{{_f_o_r_m_a_t}} - the _f_o_r_m_a_t is passed to _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3) and the result is - inserted into the prompt string; an empty _f_o_r_m_a_t results + the _f_o_r_m_a_t is passed to _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3) and the result is + inserted into the prompt string; an empty _f_o_r_m_a_t results in a locale-specific time representation. The braces are required \\ee an ASCII escape character (033) @@ -2724,7 +2820,7 @@ PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG \\ll the basename of the shell's terminal device name \\nn newline \\rr carriage return - \\ss the name of the shell, the basename of $$00 (the portion + \\ss the name of the shell, the basename of $$00 (the portion following the final slash) \\tt the current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format \\TT the current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format @@ -2810,19 +2906,19 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE M-Control-u: universal-argument or C-Meta-u: universal-argument - into the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c would make M-C-u execute the readline command _u_n_i_v_e_r_- + into the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c would make M-C-u execute the readline command _u_n_i_v_e_r_- _s_a_l_-_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t. - The following symbolic character names are recognized: _R_U_B_O_U_T, _D_E_L, + The following symbolic character names are recognized: _R_U_B_O_U_T, _D_E_L, _E_S_C, _L_F_D, _N_E_W_L_I_N_E, _R_E_T, _R_E_T_U_R_N, _S_P_C, _S_P_A_C_E, and _T_A_B. - In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound to a + In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound to a string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a _m_a_c_r_o). RReeaaddlliinnee KKeeyy BBiinnddiinnggss - The syntax for controlling key bindings in the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file is simple. - All that is required is the name of the command or the text of a macro - and a key sequence to which it should be bound. The name may be speci- + The syntax for controlling key bindings in the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file is simple. + All that is required is the name of the command or the text of a macro + and a key sequence to which it should be bound. The name may be speci- fied in one of two ways: as a symbolic key name, possibly with _M_e_t_a_- or _C_o_n_t_r_o_l_- prefixes, or as a key sequence. @@ -2833,15 +2929,15 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word Control-o: "> output" - In the above example, _C_-_u is bound to the function uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt, - _M_-_D_E_L is bound to the function bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--wwoorrdd, and _C_-_o is bound to - run the macro expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the + In the above example, _C_-_u is bound to the function uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt, + _M_-_D_E_L is bound to the function bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--wwoorrdd, and _C_-_o is bound to + run the macro expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the text ``> output'' into the line). - In the second form, ""kkeeyysseeqq"":_f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e or _m_a_c_r_o, kkeeyysseeqq differs - from kkeeyynnaammee above in that strings denoting an entire key sequence may - be specified by placing the sequence within double quotes. Some GNU - Emacs style key escapes can be used, as in the following example, but + In the second form, ""kkeeyysseeqq"":_f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e or _m_a_c_r_o, kkeeyysseeqq differs + from kkeeyynnaammee above in that strings denoting an entire key sequence may + be specified by placing the sequence within double quotes. Some GNU + Emacs style key escapes can be used, as in the following example, but the symbolic character names are not recognized. "\C-u": universal-argument @@ -2849,7 +2945,7 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE "\e[11~": "Function Key 1" In this example, _C_-_u is again bound to the function uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt. - _C_-_x _C_-_r is bound to the function rree--rreeaadd--iinniitt--ffiillee, and _E_S_C _[ _1 _1 _~ is + _C_-_x _C_-_r is bound to the function rree--rreeaadd--iinniitt--ffiillee, and _E_S_C _[ _1 _1 _~ is bound to insert the text ``Function Key 1''. The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences is @@ -2860,7 +2956,7 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE \\"" literal " \\'' literal ' - In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set of + In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set of backslash escapes is available: \\aa alert (bell) \\bb backspace @@ -2870,20 +2966,20 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE \\rr carriage return \\tt horizontal tab \\vv vertical tab - \\_n_n_n the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value + \\_n_n_n the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value _n_n_n (one to three digits) - \\xx_H_H the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal + \\xx_H_H the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value _H_H (one or two hex digits) When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must be used to indicate a macro definition. Unquoted text is assumed to be a func- - tion name. In the macro body, the backslash escapes described above - are expanded. Backslash will quote any other character in the macro + tion name. In the macro body, the backslash escapes described above + are expanded. Backslash will quote any other character in the macro text, including " and '. - BBaasshh allows the current readline key bindings to be displayed or modi- - fied with the bbiinndd builtin command. The editing mode may be switched - during interactive use by using the --oo option to the sseett builtin com- + BBaasshh allows the current readline key bindings to be displayed or modi- + fied with the bbiinndd builtin command. The editing mode may be switched + during interactive use by using the --oo option to the sseett builtin com- mand (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). RReeaaddlliinnee VVaarriiaabblleess @@ -2893,85 +2989,114 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE sseett _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e_-_n_a_m_e _v_a_l_u_e - Except where noted, readline variables can take the values OOnn or OOffff - (without regard to case). Unrecognized variable names are ignored. - When a variable value is read, empty or null values, "on" (case-insen- + Except where noted, readline variables can take the values OOnn or OOffff + (without regard to case). Unrecognized variable names are ignored. + When a variable value is read, empty or null values, "on" (case-insen- sitive), and "1" are equivalent to OOnn. All other values are equivalent to OOffff. The variables and their default values are: bbeellll--ssttyyllee ((aauuddiibbllee)) - Controls what happens when readline wants to ring the terminal + Controls what happens when readline wants to ring the terminal bell. If set to nnoonnee, readline never rings the bell. If set to - vviissiibbllee, readline uses a visible bell if one is available. If + vviissiibbllee, readline uses a visible bell if one is available. If set to aauuddiibbllee, readline attempts to ring the terminal's bell. bbiinndd--ttttyy--ssppeecciiaall--cchhaarrss ((OOnn)) - If set to OOnn, readline attempts to bind the control characters + If set to OOnn, readline attempts to bind the control characters treated specially by the kernel's terminal driver to their read- line equivalents. + bblliinnkk--mmaattcchhiinngg--ppaarreenn ((OOffff)) + If set to OOnn, readline attempts to briefly move the cursor to an + opening parenthesis when a closing parenthesis is inserted. + ccoolloorreedd--ccoommpplleettiioonn--pprreeffiixx ((OOffff)) + If set to OOnn, when listing completions, readline displays the + common prefix of the set of possible completions using a differ- + ent color. The color definitions are taken from the value of + the LLSS__CCOOLLOORRSS environment variable. ccoolloorreedd--ssttaattss ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, readline displays possible completions using dif- - ferent colors to indicate their file type. The color defini- - tions are taken from the value of the LLSS__CCOOLLOORRSS environment + If set to OOnn, readline displays possible completions using dif- + ferent colors to indicate their file type. The color defini- + tions are taken from the value of the LLSS__CCOOLLOORRSS environment variable. ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn ((````##'''')) - The string that is inserted when the readline iinnsseerrtt--ccoommmmeenntt + The string that is inserted when the readline iinnsseerrtt--ccoommmmeenntt command is executed. This command is bound to MM--## in emacs mode and to ## in vi command mode. + ccoommpplleettiioonn--ddiissppllaayy--wwiiddtthh ((--11)) + The number of screen columns used to display possible matches + when performing completion. The value is ignored if it is less + than 0 or greater than the terminal screen width. A value of 0 + will cause matches to be displayed one per line. The default + value is -1. ccoommpplleettiioonn--iiggnnoorree--ccaassee ((OOffff)) If set to OOnn, readline performs filename matching and completion in a case-insensitive fashion. + ccoommpplleettiioonn--mmaapp--ccaassee ((OOffff)) + If set to OOnn, and ccoommpplleettiioonn--iiggnnoorree--ccaassee is enabled, readline + treats hyphens (_-) and underscores (__) as equivalent when per- + forming case-insensitive filename matching and completion. ccoommpplleettiioonn--pprreeffiixx--ddiissppllaayy--lleennggtthh ((00)) - The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of pos- - sible completions that is displayed without modification. When - set to a value greater than zero, common prefixes longer than - this value are replaced with an ellipsis when displaying possi- + The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of pos- + sible completions that is displayed without modification. When + set to a value greater than zero, common prefixes longer than + this value are replaced with an ellipsis when displaying possi- ble completions. ccoommpplleettiioonn--qquueerryy--iitteemmss ((110000)) - This determines when the user is queried about viewing the num- - ber of possible completions generated by the ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommppllee-- - ttiioonnss command. It may be set to any integer value greater than - or equal to zero. If the number of possible completions is + This determines when the user is queried about viewing the num- + ber of possible completions generated by the ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommppllee-- + ttiioonnss command. It may be set to any integer value greater than + or equal to zero. If the number of possible completions is greater than or equal to the value of this variable, the user is - asked whether or not he wishes to view them; otherwise they are + asked whether or not he wishes to view them; otherwise they are simply listed on the terminal. ccoonnvveerrtt--mmeettaa ((OOnn)) - If set to OOnn, readline will convert characters with the eighth + If set to OOnn, readline will convert characters with the eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by stripping the eighth bit and - prefixing an escape character (in effect, using escape as the - _m_e_t_a _p_r_e_f_i_x). + prefixing an escape character (in effect, using escape as the + _m_e_t_a _p_r_e_f_i_x). The default is _O_n, but readline will set it to + _O_f_f if the locale contains eight-bit characters. ddiissaabbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonn ((OOffff)) If set to OOnn, readline will inhibit word completion. Completion characters will be inserted into the line as if they had been mapped to sseellff--iinnsseerrtt. - eeddiittiinngg--mmooddee ((eemmaaccss)) - Controls whether readline begins with a set of key bindings sim- - ilar to _E_m_a_c_s or _v_i. eeddiittiinngg--mmooddee can be set to either eemmaaccss or - vvii. eecchhoo--ccoonnttrrooll--cchhaarraacctteerrss ((OOnn)) When set to OOnn, on operating systems that indicate they support it, readline echoes a character corresponding to a signal gener- ated from the keyboard. + eeddiittiinngg--mmooddee ((eemmaaccss)) + Controls whether readline begins with a set of key bindings sim- + ilar to _E_m_a_c_s or _v_i. eeddiittiinngg--mmooddee can be set to either eemmaaccss or + vvii. + eennaabbllee--bbrraacckkeetteedd--ppaassttee ((OOffff)) + When set to OOnn, readline will configure the terminal in a way + that will enable it to insert each paste into the editing buffer + as a single string of characters, instead of treating each char- + acter as if it had been read from the keyboard. This can pre- + vent pasted characters from being interpreted as editing com- + mands. eennaabbllee--kkeeyyppaadd ((OOffff)) When set to OOnn, readline will try to enable the application key- - pad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable the + pad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable the arrow keys. eennaabbllee--mmeettaa--kkeeyy ((OOnn)) - When set to OOnn, readline will try to enable any meta modifier - key the terminal claims to support when it is called. On many + When set to OOnn, readline will try to enable any meta modifier + key the terminal claims to support when it is called. On many terminals, the meta key is used to send eight-bit characters. eexxppaanndd--ttiillddee ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, tilde expansion is performed when readline + If set to OOnn, tilde expansion is performed when readline attempts word completion. hhiissttoorryy--pprreesseerrvvee--ppooiinntt ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, the history code attempts to place point at the - same location on each history line retrieved with pprreevviioouuss--hhiiss-- + If set to OOnn, the history code attempts to place point at the + same location on each history line retrieved with pprreevviioouuss--hhiiss-- ttoorryy or nneexxtt--hhiissttoorryy. - hhiissttoorryy--ssiizzee ((00)) - Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history - list. If set to zero, any existing history entries are deleted + hhiissttoorryy--ssiizzee ((uunnsseett)) + Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history + list. If set to zero, any existing history entries are deleted and no new entries are saved. If set to a value less than zero, - the number of history entries is not limited. By default, the - number of history entries is not limited. + the number of history entries is not limited. By default, the + number of history entries is set to the value of the HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE + shell variable. If an attempt is made to set _h_i_s_t_o_r_y_-_s_i_z_e to a + non-numeric value, the maximum number of history entries will be + set to 500. hhoorriizzoonnttaall--ssccrroollll--mmooddee ((OOffff)) When set to OOnn, makes readline use a single line for display, scrolling the input horizontally on a single screen line when it @@ -2979,9 +3104,11 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE new line. iinnppuutt--mmeettaa ((OOffff)) If set to OOnn, readline will enable eight-bit input (that is, it - will not strip the high bit from the characters it reads), + will not strip the eighth bit from the characters it reads), regardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The name - mmeettaa--ffllaagg is a synonym for this variable. + mmeettaa--ffllaagg is a synonym for this variable. The default is _O_f_f, + but readline will set it to _O_n if the locale contains eight-bit + characters. iisseeaarrcchh--tteerrmmiinnaattoorrss ((````CC--[[CC--JJ'''')) The string of characters that should terminate an incremental search without subsequently executing the character as a com- @@ -2993,6 +3120,14 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE _m_a_n_d, and _v_i_-_i_n_s_e_r_t. _v_i is equivalent to _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d; _e_m_a_c_s is equivalent to _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d. The default value is _e_m_a_c_s; the value of eeddiittiinngg--mmooddee also affects the default keymap. + eemmaaccss--mmooddee--ssttrriinngg ((@@)) + This string is displayed immediately before the last line of the + primary prompt when emacs editing mode is active. The value is + expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of meta- and + control prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available. + Use the \1 and \2 escapes to begin and end sequences of non- + printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal con- + trol sequence into the mode string. kkeeyysseeqq--ttiimmeeoouutt ((550000)) Specifies the duration _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e will wait for a character when reading an ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a complete @@ -3026,80 +3161,98 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE oouuttppuutt--mmeettaa ((OOffff)) If set to OOnn, readline will display characters with the eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape sequence. + The default is _O_f_f, but readline will set it to _O_n if the locale + contains eight-bit characters. ppaaggee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((OOnn)) - If set to OOnn, readline uses an internal _m_o_r_e-like pager to dis- + If set to OOnn, readline uses an internal _m_o_r_e-like pager to dis- play a screenful of possible completions at a time. pprriinntt--ccoommpplleettiioonnss--hhoorriizzoonnttaallllyy ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, readline will display completions with matches - sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the + If set to OOnn, readline will display completions with matches + sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the screen. rreevveerrtt--aallll--aatt--nneewwlliinnee ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, readline will undo all changes to history lines + If set to OOnn, readline will undo all changes to history lines before returning when aacccceepptt--lliinnee is executed. By default, his- - tory lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists + tory lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists across calls to rreeaaddlliinnee. sshhooww--aallll--iiff--aammbbiigguuoouuss ((OOffff)) - This alters the default behavior of the completion functions. + This alters the default behavior of the completion functions. If set to OOnn, words which have more than one possible completion - cause the matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing + cause the matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell. sshhooww--aallll--iiff--uunnmmooddiiffiieedd ((OOffff)) - This alters the default behavior of the completion functions in + This alters the default behavior of the completion functions in a fashion similar to sshhooww--aallll--iiff--aammbbiigguuoouuss. If set to OOnn, words - which have more than one possible completion without any possi- - ble partial completion (the possible completions don't share a - common prefix) cause the matches to be listed immediately + which have more than one possible completion without any possi- + ble partial completion (the possible completions don't share a + common prefix) cause the matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell. sshhooww--mmooddee--iinn--pprroommpptt ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, add a character to the beginning of the prompt - indicating the editing mode: emacs (@), vi command (:) or vi + If set to OOnn, add a character to the beginning of the prompt + indicating the editing mode: emacs (@), vi command (:) or vi insertion (+). sskkiipp--ccoommpplleetteedd--tteexxtt ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, this alters the default completion behavior when - inserting a single match into the line. It's only active when - performing completion in the middle of a word. If enabled, - readline does not insert characters from the completion that - match characters after point in the word being completed, so + If set to OOnn, this alters the default completion behavior when + inserting a single match into the line. It's only active when + performing completion in the middle of a word. If enabled, + readline does not insert characters from the completion that + match characters after point in the word being completed, so portions of the word following the cursor are not duplicated. + vvii--ccmmdd--mmooddee--ssttrriinngg ((((ccmmdd)))) + This string is displayed immediately before the last line of the + primary prompt when vi editing mode is active and in command + mode. The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard + set of meta- and control prefixes and backslash escape sequences + is available. Use the \1 and \2 escapes to begin and end + sequences of non-printing characters, which can be used to embed + a terminal control sequence into the mode string. + vvii--iinnss--mmooddee--ssttrriinngg ((((iinnss)))) + This string is displayed immediately before the last line of the + primary prompt when vi editing mode is active and in insertion + mode. The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard + set of meta- and control prefixes and backslash escape sequences + is available. Use the \1 and \2 escapes to begin and end + sequences of non-printing characters, which can be used to embed + a terminal control sequence into the mode string. vviissiibbllee--ssttaattss ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, a character denoting a file's type as reported by - _s_t_a_t(2) is appended to the filename when listing possible com- + If set to OOnn, a character denoting a file's type as reported by + _s_t_a_t(2) is appended to the filename when listing possible com- pletions. RReeaaddlliinnee CCoonnddiittiioonnaall CCoonnssttrruuccttss - Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional - compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings - and variable settings to be performed as the result of tests. There + Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional + compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings + and variable settings to be performed as the result of tests. There are four parser directives used. - $$iiff The $$iiff construct allows bindings to be made based on the edit- - ing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using - readline. The text of the test extends to the end of the line; + $$iiff The $$iiff construct allows bindings to be made based on the edit- + ing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using + readline. The text of the test extends to the end of the line; no characters are required to isolate it. - mmooddee The mmooddee== form of the $$iiff directive is used to test - whether readline is in emacs or vi mode. This may be - used in conjunction with the sseett kkeeyymmaapp command, for - instance, to set bindings in the _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d and - _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x keymaps only if readline is starting out in + mmooddee The mmooddee== form of the $$iiff directive is used to test + whether readline is in emacs or vi mode. This may be + used in conjunction with the sseett kkeeyymmaapp command, for + instance, to set bindings in the _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d and + _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x keymaps only if readline is starting out in emacs mode. - tteerrmm The tteerrmm== form may be used to include terminal-specific + tteerrmm The tteerrmm== form may be used to include terminal-specific key bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by the terminal's function keys. The word on the right side - of the == is tested against the both full name of the ter- - minal and the portion of the terminal name before the - first --. This allows _s_u_n to match both _s_u_n and _s_u_n_-_c_m_d, + of the == is tested against both the full name of the ter- + minal and the portion of the terminal name before the + first --. This allows _s_u_n to match both _s_u_n and _s_u_n_-_c_m_d, for instance. aapppplliiccaattiioonn The aapppplliiccaattiioonn construct is used to include application- specific settings. Each program using the readline - library sets the _a_p_p_l_i_c_a_t_i_o_n _n_a_m_e, and an initialization + library sets the _a_p_p_l_i_c_a_t_i_o_n _n_a_m_e, and an initialization file can test for a particular value. This could be used - to bind key sequences to functions useful for a specific - program. For instance, the following command adds a key - sequence that quotes the current or previous word in + to bind key sequences to functions useful for a specific + program. For instance, the following command adds a key + sequence that quotes the current or previous word in bbaasshh: $$iiff Bash @@ -3114,51 +3267,51 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE test fails. $$iinncclluuddee - This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads - commands and bindings from that file. For example, the follow- + This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads + commands and bindings from that file. For example, the follow- ing directive would read _/_e_t_c_/_i_n_p_u_t_r_c: $$iinncclluuddee _/_e_t_c_/_i_n_p_u_t_r_c SSeeaarrcchhiinngg - Readline provides commands for searching through the command history + Readline provides commands for searching through the command history (see HHIISSTTOORRYY below) for lines containing a specified string. There are two search modes: _i_n_c_r_e_m_e_n_t_a_l and _n_o_n_-_i_n_c_r_e_m_e_n_t_a_l. - Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the - search string. As each character of the search string is typed, read- + Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the + search string. As each character of the search string is typed, read- line displays the next entry from the history matching the string typed - so far. An incremental search requires only as many characters as - needed to find the desired history entry. The characters present in - the value of the iisseeaarrcchh--tteerrmmiinnaattoorrss variable are used to terminate an + so far. An incremental search requires only as many characters as + needed to find the desired history entry. The characters present in + the value of the iisseeaarrcchh--tteerrmmiinnaattoorrss variable are used to terminate an incremental search. If that variable has not been assigned a value the - Escape and Control-J characters will terminate an incremental search. - Control-G will abort an incremental search and restore the original - line. When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the + Escape and Control-J characters will terminate an incremental search. + Control-G will abort an incremental search and restore the original + line. When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the search string becomes the current line. - To find other matching entries in the history list, type Control-S or - Control-R as appropriate. This will search backward or forward in the - history for the next entry matching the search string typed so far. - Any other key sequence bound to a readline command will terminate the - search and execute that command. For instance, a _n_e_w_l_i_n_e will termi- + To find other matching entries in the history list, type Control-S or + Control-R as appropriate. This will search backward or forward in the + history for the next entry matching the search string typed so far. + Any other key sequence bound to a readline command will terminate the + search and execute that command. For instance, a _n_e_w_l_i_n_e will termi- nate the search and accept the line, thereby executing the command from the history list. Readline remembers the last incremental search string. If two Control- - Rs are typed without any intervening characters defining a new search + Rs are typed without any intervening characters defining a new search string, any remembered search string is used. - Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting - to search for matching history lines. The search string may be typed + Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting + to search for matching history lines. The search string may be typed by the user or be part of the contents of the current line. RReeaaddlliinnee CCoommmmaanndd NNaammeess - The following is a list of the names of the commands and the default + The following is a list of the names of the commands and the default key sequences to which they are bound. Command names without an accom- panying key sequence are unbound by default. In the following descrip- - tions, _p_o_i_n_t refers to the current cursor position, and _m_a_r_k refers to - a cursor position saved by the sseett--mmaarrkk command. The text between the + tions, _p_o_i_n_t refers to the current cursor position, and _m_a_r_k refers to + a cursor position saved by the sseett--mmaarrkk command. The text between the point and mark is referred to as the _r_e_g_i_o_n. CCoommmmaannddss ffoorr MMoovviinngg @@ -3174,17 +3327,17 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are composed of alphanumeric characters (letters and digits). bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd ((MM--bb)) - Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words + Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words are composed of alphanumeric characters (letters and digits). sshheellll--ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd - Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are delimited + Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters. sshheellll--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd - Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words + Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters. cclleeaarr--ssccrreeeenn ((CC--ll)) - Clear the screen leaving the current line at the top of the - screen. With an argument, refresh the current line without + Clear the screen leaving the current line at the top of the + screen. With an argument, refresh the current line without clearing the screen. rreeddrraaww--ccuurrrreenntt--lliinnee Refresh the current line. @@ -3192,67 +3345,67 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE CCoommmmaannddss ffoorr MMaanniippuullaattiinngg tthhee HHiissttoorryy aacccceepptt--lliinnee ((NNeewwlliinnee,, RReettuurrnn)) Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is. If this line - is non-empty, add it to the history list according to the state - of the HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL variable. If the line is a modified history + is non-empty, add it to the history list according to the state + of the HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL variable. If the line is a modified history line, then restore the history line to its original state. pprreevviioouuss--hhiissttoorryy ((CC--pp)) Fetch the previous command from the history list, moving back in the list. nneexxtt--hhiissttoorryy ((CC--nn)) - Fetch the next command from the history list, moving forward in + Fetch the next command from the history list, moving forward in the list. bbeeggiinnnniinngg--ooff--hhiissttoorryy ((MM--<<)) Move to the first line in the history. eenndd--ooff--hhiissttoorryy ((MM-->>)) - Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently + Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently being entered. rreevveerrssee--sseeaarrcchh--hhiissttoorryy ((CC--rr)) - Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up' - through the history as necessary. This is an incremental + Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up' + through the history as necessary. This is an incremental search. ffoorrwwaarrdd--sseeaarrcchh--hhiissttoorryy ((CC--ss)) - Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down' - through the history as necessary. This is an incremental + Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down' + through the history as necessary. This is an incremental search. nnoonn--iinnccrreemmeennttaall--rreevveerrssee--sseeaarrcchh--hhiissttoorryy ((MM--pp)) Search backward through the history starting at the current line - using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the + using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the user. nnoonn--iinnccrreemmeennttaall--ffoorrwwaarrdd--sseeaarrcchh--hhiissttoorryy ((MM--nn)) - Search forward through the history using a non-incremental + Search forward through the history using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the user. hhiissttoorryy--sseeaarrcchh--ffoorrwwaarrdd - Search forward through the history for the string of characters - between the start of the current line and the point. This is a + Search forward through the history for the string of characters + between the start of the current line and the point. This is a non-incremental search. hhiissttoorryy--sseeaarrcchh--bbaacckkwwaarrdd Search backward through the history for the string of characters - between the start of the current line and the point. This is a + between the start of the current line and the point. This is a non-incremental search. yyaannkk--nntthh--aarrgg ((MM--CC--yy)) - Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually the + Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually the second word on the previous line) at point. With an argument _n, - insert the _nth word from the previous command (the words in the - previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument + insert the _nth word from the previous command (the words in the + previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument inserts the _nth word from the end of the previous command. Once - the argument _n is computed, the argument is extracted as if the + the argument _n is computed, the argument is extracted as if the "!_n" history expansion had been specified. yyaannkk--llaasstt--aarrgg ((MM--..,, MM--__)) - Insert the last argument to the previous command (the last word + Insert the last argument to the previous command (the last word of the previous history entry). With a numeric argument, behave - exactly like yyaannkk--nntthh--aarrgg. Successive calls to yyaannkk--llaasstt--aarrgg - move back through the history list, inserting the last word (or - the word specified by the argument to the first call) of each + exactly like yyaannkk--nntthh--aarrgg. Successive calls to yyaannkk--llaasstt--aarrgg + move back through the history list, inserting the last word (or + the word specified by the argument to the first call) of each line in turn. Any numeric argument supplied to these successive - calls determines the direction to move through the history. A - negative argument switches the direction through the history + calls determines the direction to move through the history. A + negative argument switches the direction through the history (back or forward). The history expansion facilities are used to extract the last word, as if the "!$" history expansion had been specified. sshheellll--eexxppaanndd--lliinnee ((MM--CC--ee)) Expand the line as the shell does. This performs alias and his- tory expansion as well as all of the shell word expansions. See - HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below for a description of history expansion. + HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below for a description of history expansion. hhiissttoorryy--eexxppaanndd--lliinnee ((MM--^^)) Perform history expansion on the current line. See HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below for a description of history expansion. @@ -3347,11 +3500,11 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--wwoorrdd ((MM--RRuubboouutt)) Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as those used by bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. - sshheellll--kkiillll--wwoorrdd ((MM--dd)) + sshheellll--kkiillll--wwoorrdd Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the same as those used by sshheellll--ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. - sshheellll--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--wwoorrdd ((MM--RRuubboouutt)) + sshheellll--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--wwoorrdd Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as those used by sshheellll--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. uunniixx--wwoorrdd--rruubboouutt ((CC--ww)) @@ -3390,7 +3543,7 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE lowed by digits, executing uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt again ends the numeric argument, but is otherwise ignored. As a special case, if this command is immediately followed by a character that is - neither a digit or minus sign, the argument count for the next + neither a digit nor minus sign, the argument count for the next command is multiplied by four. The argument count is initially one, so executing this function the first time makes the argu- ment count four, a second time makes the argument count sixteen, @@ -3502,84 +3655,84 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE uunnddoo ((CC--__,, CC--xx CC--uu)) Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line. rreevveerrtt--lliinnee ((MM--rr)) - Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the - uunnddoo command enough times to return the line to its initial + Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the + uunnddoo command enough times to return the line to its initial state. ttiillddee--eexxppaanndd ((MM--&&)) Perform tilde expansion on the current word. sseett--mmaarrkk ((CC--@@,, MM--<>)) - Set the mark to the point. If a numeric argument is supplied, + Set the mark to the point. If a numeric argument is supplied, the mark is set to that position. eexxcchhaannggee--ppooiinntt--aanndd--mmaarrkk ((CC--xx CC--xx)) - Swap the point with the mark. The current cursor position is - set to the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved + Swap the point with the mark. The current cursor position is + set to the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved as the mark. cchhaarraacctteerr--sseeaarrcchh ((CC--]])) A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of - that character. A negative count searches for previous occur- + that character. A negative count searches for previous occur- rences. cchhaarraacctteerr--sseeaarrcchh--bbaacckkwwaarrdd ((MM--CC--]])) - A character is read and point is moved to the previous occur- - rence of that character. A negative count searches for subse- + A character is read and point is moved to the previous occur- + rence of that character. A negative count searches for subse- quent occurrences. sskkiipp--ccssii--sseeqquueennccee - Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as - those defined for keys like Home and End. Such sequences begin + Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as + those defined for keys like Home and End. Such sequences begin with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[. If this - sequence is bound to "\[", keys producing such sequences will - have no effect unless explicitly bound to a readline command, - instead of inserting stray characters into the editing buffer. + sequence is bound to "\[", keys producing such sequences will + have no effect unless explicitly bound to a readline command, + instead of inserting stray characters into the editing buffer. This is unbound by default, but usually bound to ESC-[. iinnsseerrtt--ccoommmmeenntt ((MM--##)) - Without a numeric argument, the value of the readline ccoomm-- - mmeenntt--bbeeggiinn variable is inserted at the beginning of the current + Without a numeric argument, the value of the readline ccoomm-- + mmeenntt--bbeeggiinn variable is inserted at the beginning of the current line. If a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a - toggle: if the characters at the beginning of the line do not - match the value of ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn, the value is inserted, other- + toggle: if the characters at the beginning of the line do not + match the value of ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn, the value is inserted, other- wise the characters in ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn are deleted from the begin- - ning of the line. In either case, the line is accepted as if a - newline had been typed. The default value of ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn - causes this command to make the current line a shell comment. - If a numeric argument causes the comment character to be + ning of the line. In either case, the line is accepted as if a + newline had been typed. The default value of ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn + causes this command to make the current line a shell comment. + If a numeric argument causes the comment character to be removed, the line will be executed by the shell. gglloobb--ccoommpplleettee--wwoorrdd ((MM--gg)) - The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname - expansion, with an asterisk implicitly appended. This pattern - is used to generate a list of matching filenames for possible + The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname + expansion, with an asterisk implicitly appended. This pattern + is used to generate a list of matching filenames for possible completions. gglloobb--eexxppaanndd--wwoorrdd ((CC--xx **)) - The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname - expansion, and the list of matching filenames is inserted, - replacing the word. If a numeric argument is supplied, an + The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname + expansion, and the list of matching filenames is inserted, + replacing the word. If a numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before pathname expansion. gglloobb--lliisstt--eexxppaannssiioonnss ((CC--xx gg)) - The list of expansions that would have been generated by - gglloobb--eexxppaanndd--wwoorrdd is displayed, and the line is redrawn. If a - numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before + The list of expansions that would have been generated by + gglloobb--eexxppaanndd--wwoorrdd is displayed, and the line is redrawn. If a + numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before pathname expansion. dduummpp--ffuunnccttiioonnss - Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the read- + Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the read- line output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, the out- - put is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an + put is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. dduummpp--vvaarriiaabblleess Print all of the settable readline variables and their values to - the readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, - the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part + the readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, + the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. dduummpp--mmaaccrrooss - Print all of the readline key sequences bound to macros and the - strings they output. If a numeric argument is supplied, the + Print all of the readline key sequences bound to macros and the + strings they output. If a numeric argument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. ddiissppllaayy--sshheellll--vveerrssiioonn ((CC--xx CC--vv)) - Display version information about the current instance of bbaasshh. + Display version information about the current instance of bbaasshh. PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn When word completion is attempted for an argument to a command for which a completion specification (a _c_o_m_p_s_p_e_c) has been defined using - the ccoommpplleettee builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below), the pro- - grammable completion facilities are invoked. + the ccoommpplleettee builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below), the program- + mable completion facilities are invoked. First, the command name is identified. If the command word is the empty string (completion attempted at the beginning of an empty line), @@ -3646,7 +3799,9 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE with a backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match. Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list. A leading !! negates the pattern; in this case any completion not match- - ing the pattern will be removed. + ing the pattern will be removed. If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh shell option is + enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alpha- + betic characters. Finally, any prefix and suffix specified with the --PP and --SS options are added to each member of the completion list, and the result is returned @@ -3776,7 +3931,9 @@ HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN quotes are considered one word. History expansions are introduced by the appearance of the history expansion character, which is !! by default. Only backslash (\\) and single quotes can quote the history - expansion character. + expansion character, but the history expansion character is also + treated as quoted if it immediately precedes the closing double quote + in a double-quoted string. Several characters inhibit history expansion if found immediately fol- lowing the history expansion character, even if it is unquoted: space, @@ -3842,17 +3999,17 @@ HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN expand to the zeroth word if there is only one word in the line. %% The word matched by the most recent `?_s_t_r_i_n_g?' search. _x--_y A range of words; `-_y' abbreviates `0-_y'. - ** All of the words but the zeroth. This is a synonym for `_1_-_$'. - It is not an error to use ** if there is just one word in the + ** All of the words but the zeroth. This is a synonym for `_1_-_$'. + It is not an error to use ** if there is just one word in the event; the empty string is returned in that case. xx** Abbreviates _x_-_$. xx-- Abbreviates _x_-_$ like xx**, but omits the last word. - If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the + If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the previous command is used as the event. MMooddiiffiieerrss - After the optional word designator, there may appear a sequence of one + After the optional word designator, there may appear a sequence of one or more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a `:'. hh Remove a trailing filename component, leaving only the head. @@ -3885,38 +4042,44 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented in this section as accepting options preceded by -- accepts ---- to signify the end of the options. The ::, ttrruuee, ffaallssee, and tteesstt builtins do not accept options - and do not treat ---- specially. The eexxiitt, llooggoouutt, bbrreeaakk, ccoonnttiinnuuee, lleett, - and sshhiifftt builtins accept and process arguments beginning with -- with- - out requiring ----. Other builtins that accept arguments but are not - specified as accepting options interpret arguments beginning with -- as - invalid options and require ---- to prevent this interpretation. + and do not treat ---- specially. The eexxiitt, llooggoouutt, rreettuurrnn, bbrreeaakk, ccoonn-- + ttiinnuuee, lleett, and sshhiifftt builtins accept and process arguments beginning + with -- without requiring ----. Other builtins that accept arguments but + are not specified as accepting options interpret arguments beginning + with -- as invalid options and require ---- to prevent this interpreta- + tion. :: [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] - No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s - and performing any specified redirections. A zero exit code is - returned. + No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s + and performing any specified redirections. The return status is + zero. .. _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] ssoouurrccee _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] - Read and execute commands from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e in the current shell - environment and return the exit status of the last command exe- - cuted from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e. If _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e does not contain a slash, - filenames in PPAATTHH are used to find the directory containing + Read and execute commands from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e in the current shell + environment and return the exit status of the last command exe- + cuted from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e. If _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e does not contain a slash, + filenames in PPAATTHH are used to find the directory containing _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e. The file searched for in PPAATTHH need not be executable. - When bbaasshh is not in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, the current directory is - searched if no file is found in PPAATTHH. If the ssoouurrcceeppaatthh option - to the sshhoopptt builtin command is turned off, the PPAATTHH is not - searched. If any _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s are supplied, they become the posi- - tional parameters when _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is executed. Otherwise the - positional parameters are unchanged. The return status is the - status of the last command exited within the script (0 if no - commands are executed), and false if _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is not found or + When bbaasshh is not in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, the current directory is + searched if no file is found in PPAATTHH. If the ssoouurrcceeppaatthh option + to the sshhoopptt builtin command is turned off, the PPAATTHH is not + searched. If any _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s are supplied, they become the posi- + tional parameters when _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is executed. Otherwise the + positional parameters are unchanged. If the --TT option is + enabled, ssoouurrccee inherits any trap on DDEEBBUUGG; if it is not, any + DDEEBBUUGG trap string is saved and restored around the call to + ssoouurrccee, and ssoouurrccee unsets the DDEEBBUUGG trap while it executes. If + --TT is not set, and the sourced file changes the DDEEBBUUGG trap, the + new value is retained when ssoouurrccee completes. The return status + is the status of the last command exited within the script (0 if + no commands are executed), and false if _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is not found or cannot be read. aalliiaass [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...] AAlliiaass with no arguments or with the --pp option prints the list of aliases in the form aalliiaass _n_a_m_e=_v_a_l_u_e on standard output. When arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for each _n_a_m_e whose - _v_a_l_u_e is given. A trailing space in _v_a_l_u_e causes the next word + _v_a_l_u_e is given. A trailing space in _v_a_l_u_e causes the next word to be checked for alias substitution when the alias is expanded. For each _n_a_m_e in the argument list for which no _v_a_l_u_e is sup- plied, the name and value of the alias is printed. AAlliiaass @@ -3936,7 +4099,7 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] --ff _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] --xx _k_e_y_s_e_q:_s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] _k_e_y_s_e_q:_f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e - bbiinndd _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d + bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] _k_e_y_s_e_q:_r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d Display current rreeaaddlliinnee key and function bindings, bind a key sequence to a rreeaaddlliinnee function or macro, or set a rreeaaddlliinnee variable. Each non-option argument is a command as it would @@ -3947,18 +4110,19 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS Use _k_e_y_m_a_p as the keymap to be affected by the subsequent bindings. Acceptable _k_e_y_m_a_p names are _e_m_a_c_s_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_- _d_a_r_d_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_m_e_t_a_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x_, _v_i_, _v_i_-_m_o_v_e_, _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d, - and _v_i_-_i_n_s_e_r_t. _v_i is equivalent to _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d; _e_m_a_c_s is - equivalent to _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d. + and _v_i_-_i_n_s_e_r_t. _v_i is equivalent to _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d (_v_i_-_m_o_v_e + is also a synonym); _e_m_a_c_s is equivalent to _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_- + _d_a_r_d. --ll List the names of all rreeaaddlliinnee functions. - --pp Display rreeaaddlliinnee function names and bindings in such a + --pp Display rreeaaddlliinnee function names and bindings in such a way that they can be re-read. --PP List current rreeaaddlliinnee function names and bindings. - --ss Display rreeaaddlliinnee key sequences bound to macros and the - strings they output in such a way that they can be re- + --ss Display rreeaaddlliinnee key sequences bound to macros and the + strings they output in such a way that they can be re- read. - --SS Display rreeaaddlliinnee key sequences bound to macros and the + --SS Display rreeaaddlliinnee key sequences bound to macros and the strings they output. - --vv Display rreeaaddlliinnee variable names and values in such a way + --vv Display rreeaaddlliinnee variable names and values in such a way that they can be re-read. --VV List current rreeaaddlliinnee variable names and values. --ff _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e @@ -3970,110 +4134,110 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS --rr _k_e_y_s_e_q Remove any current binding for _k_e_y_s_e_q. --xx _k_e_y_s_e_q::_s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d - Cause _s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be executed whenever _k_e_y_s_e_q is - entered. When _s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed, the shell sets - the RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE variable to the contents of the rreeaadd-- - lliinnee line buffer and the RREEAADDLLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT variable to the + Cause _s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be executed whenever _k_e_y_s_e_q is + entered. When _s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed, the shell sets + the RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE variable to the contents of the rreeaadd-- + lliinnee line buffer and the RREEAADDLLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT variable to the current location of the insertion point. If the executed - command changes the value of RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE or RREEAADD-- - LLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT, those new values will be reflected in the + command changes the value of RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE or RREEAADD-- + LLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT, those new values will be reflected in the editing state. - --XX List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the - associated commands in a format that can be reused as + --XX List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the + associated commands in a format that can be reused as input. - The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is given or + The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is given or an error occurred. bbrreeaakk [_n] - Exit from within a ffoorr, wwhhiillee, uunnttiill, or sseelleecctt loop. If _n is - specified, break _n levels. _n must be >= 1. If _n is greater - than the number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are - exited. The return value is 0 unless _n is not greater than or + Exit from within a ffoorr, wwhhiillee, uunnttiill, or sseelleecctt loop. If _n is + specified, break _n levels. _n must be >= 1. If _n is greater + than the number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are + exited. The return value is 0 unless _n is not greater than or equal to 1. bbuuiillttiinn _s_h_e_l_l_-_b_u_i_l_t_i_n [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] - Execute the specified shell builtin, passing it _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s, and + Execute the specified shell builtin, passing it _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s, and return its exit status. This is useful when defining a function - whose name is the same as a shell builtin, retaining the func- + whose name is the same as a shell builtin, retaining the func- tionality of the builtin within the function. The ccdd builtin is - commonly redefined this way. The return status is false if + commonly redefined this way. The return status is false if _s_h_e_l_l_-_b_u_i_l_t_i_n is not a shell builtin command. ccaalllleerr [_e_x_p_r] Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell func- tion or a script executed with the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins). With- out _e_x_p_r, ccaalllleerr displays the line number and source filename of - the current subroutine call. If a non-negative integer is sup- + the current subroutine call. If a non-negative integer is sup- plied as _e_x_p_r, ccaalllleerr displays the line number, subroutine name, - and source file corresponding to that position in the current - execution call stack. This extra information may be used, for - example, to print a stack trace. The current frame is frame 0. - The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a sub- - routine call or _e_x_p_r does not correspond to a valid position in + and source file corresponding to that position in the current + execution call stack. This extra information may be used, for + example, to print a stack trace. The current frame is frame 0. + The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a sub- + routine call or _e_x_p_r does not correspond to a valid position in the call stack. ccdd [--LL|[--PP [--ee]] [-@]] [_d_i_r] - Change the current directory to _d_i_r. if _d_i_r is not supplied, - the value of the HHOOMMEE shell variable is the default. Any addi- + Change the current directory to _d_i_r. if _d_i_r is not supplied, + the value of the HHOOMMEE shell variable is the default. Any addi- tional arguments following _d_i_r are ignored. The variable CCDDPPAATTHH - defines the search path for the directory containing _d_i_r: each - directory name in CCDDPPAATTHH is searched for _d_i_r. Alternative - directory names in CCDDPPAATTHH are separated by a colon (:). A null - directory name in CCDDPPAATTHH is the same as the current directory, + defines the search path for the directory containing _d_i_r: each + directory name in CCDDPPAATTHH is searched for _d_i_r. Alternative + directory names in CCDDPPAATTHH are separated by a colon (:). A null + directory name in CCDDPPAATTHH is the same as the current directory, i.e., ``..''. If _d_i_r begins with a slash (/), then CCDDPPAATTHH is not - used. The --PP option causes ccdd to use the physical directory - structure by resolving symbolic links while traversing _d_i_r and + used. The --PP option causes ccdd to use the physical directory + structure by resolving symbolic links while traversing _d_i_r and before processing instances of _._. in _d_i_r (see also the --PP option to the sseett builtin command); the --LL option forces symbolic links - to be followed by resolving the link after processing instances + to be followed by resolving the link after processing instances of _._. in _d_i_r. If _._. appears in _d_i_r, it is processed by removing - the immediately previous pathname component from _d_i_r, back to a - slash or the beginning of _d_i_r. If the --ee option is supplied - with --PP, and the current working directory cannot be success- - fully determined after a successful directory change, ccdd will - return an unsuccessful status. On systems that support it, the - --@@ option presents the extended attributes associated with a - file as a directory. An argument of -- is converted to $$OOLLDDPPWWDD + the immediately previous pathname component from _d_i_r, back to a + slash or the beginning of _d_i_r. If the --ee option is supplied + with --PP, and the current working directory cannot be success- + fully determined after a successful directory change, ccdd will + return an unsuccessful status. On systems that support it, the + --@@ option presents the extended attributes associated with a + file as a directory. An argument of -- is converted to $$OOLLDDPPWWDD before the directory change is attempted. If a non-empty direc- - tory name from CCDDPPAATTHH is used, or if -- is the first argument, + tory name from CCDDPPAATTHH is used, or if -- is the first argument, and the directory change is successful, the absolute pathname of - the new working directory is written to the standard output. - The return value is true if the directory was successfully + the new working directory is written to the standard output. + The return value is true if the directory was successfully changed; false otherwise. ccoommmmaanndd [--ppVVvv] _c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_a_r_g ...] - Run _c_o_m_m_a_n_d with _a_r_g_s suppressing the normal shell function - lookup. Only builtin commands or commands found in the PPAATTHH are - executed. If the --pp option is given, the search for _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is - performed using a default value for PPAATTHH that is guaranteed to - find all of the standard utilities. If either the --VV or --vv + Run _c_o_m_m_a_n_d with _a_r_g_s suppressing the normal shell function + lookup. Only builtin commands or commands found in the PPAATTHH are + executed. If the --pp option is given, the search for _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is + performed using a default value for PPAATTHH that is guaranteed to + find all of the standard utilities. If either the --VV or --vv option is supplied, a description of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is printed. The --vv - option causes a single word indicating the command or filename + option causes a single word indicating the command or filename used to invoke _c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be displayed; the --VV option produces a - more verbose description. If the --VV or --vv option is supplied, - the exit status is 0 if _c_o_m_m_a_n_d was found, and 1 if not. If + more verbose description. If the --VV or --vv option is supplied, + the exit status is 0 if _c_o_m_m_a_n_d was found, and 1 if not. If neither option is supplied and an error occurred or _c_o_m_m_a_n_d can- - not be found, the exit status is 127. Otherwise, the exit sta- + not be found, the exit status is 127. Otherwise, the exit sta- tus of the ccoommmmaanndd builtin is the exit status of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. ccoommppggeenn [_o_p_t_i_o_n] [_w_o_r_d] - Generate possible completion matches for _w_o_r_d according to the - _o_p_t_i_o_ns, which may be any option accepted by the ccoommpplleettee - builtin with the exception of --pp and --rr, and write the matches - to the standard output. When using the --FF or --CC options, the - various shell variables set by the programmable completion + Generate possible completion matches for _w_o_r_d according to the + _o_p_t_i_o_ns, which may be any option accepted by the ccoommpplleettee + builtin with the exception of --pp and --rr, and write the matches + to the standard output. When using the --FF or --CC options, the + various shell variables set by the programmable completion facilities, while available, will not have useful values. - The matches will be generated in the same way as if the pro- - grammable completion code had generated them directly from a - completion specification with the same flags. If _w_o_r_d is speci- - fied, only those completions matching _w_o_r_d will be displayed. + The matches will be generated in the same way as if the program- + mable completion code had generated them directly from a comple- + tion specification with the same flags. If _w_o_r_d is specified, + only those completions matching _w_o_r_d will be displayed. - The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, + The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, or no matches were generated. - ccoommpplleettee [--aabbccddeeffggjjkkssuuvv] [--oo _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n] [--DDEE] [--AA _a_c_t_i_o_n] [--GG _g_l_o_b_- + ccoommpplleettee [--aabbccddeeffggjjkkssuuvv] [--oo _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n] [--DDEE] [--AA _a_c_t_i_o_n] [--GG _g_l_o_b_- _p_a_t] [--WW _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t] [--FF _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n] [--CC _c_o_m_m_a_n_d] [--XX _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t] [--PP _p_r_e_f_i_x] [--SS _s_u_f_f_i_x] _n_a_m_e [_n_a_m_e _._._.] ccoommpplleettee --pprr [--DDEE] [_n_a_m_e ...] @@ -4091,8 +4255,8 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS attempted on a blank line. The process of applying these completion specifications when - word completion is attempted is described above under PPrroo-- - ggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn. + word completion is attempted is described above under PPrrooggrraamm-- + mmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn. Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The arguments to the --GG, --WW, and --XX options (and, if necessary, the @@ -4120,22 +4284,24 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS nnooqquuoottee Tell readline not to quote the completed words if they are filenames (quoting filenames is the default). - nnoossppaaccee Tell readline not to append a space (the - default) to words completed at the end of the + nnoossoorrtt Tell readline not to sort the list of possible + completions alphabetically. + nnoossppaaccee Tell readline not to append a space (the + default) to words completed at the end of the line. pplluussddiirrss - After any matches defined by the compspec are - generated, directory name completion is - attempted and any matches are added to the + After any matches defined by the compspec are + generated, directory name completion is + attempted and any matches are added to the results of the other actions. --AA _a_c_t_i_o_n - The _a_c_t_i_o_n may be one of the following to generate a + The _a_c_t_i_o_n may be one of the following to generate a list of possible completions: aalliiaass Alias names. May also be specified as --aa. aarrrraayyvvaarr Array variable names. bbiinnddiinngg RReeaaddlliinnee key binding names. - bbuuiillttiinn Names of shell builtin commands. May also be + bbuuiillttiinn Names of shell builtin commands. May also be specified as --bb. ccoommmmaanndd Command names. May also be specified as --cc. ddiirreeccttoorryy @@ -4143,7 +4309,7 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS ddiissaabblleedd Names of disabled shell builtins. eennaabblleedd Names of enabled shell builtins. - eexxppoorrtt Names of exported shell variables. May also be + eexxppoorrtt Names of exported shell variables. May also be specified as --ee. ffiillee File names. May also be specified as --ff. ffuunnccttiioonn @@ -4152,11 +4318,11 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS hheellppttooppiicc Help topics as accepted by the hheellpp builtin. hhoossttnnaammee - Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by + Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by the HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE shell variable. - jjoobb Job names, if job control is active. May also + jjoobb Job names, if job control is active. May also be specified as --jj. - kkeeyywwoorrdd Shell reserved words. May also be specified as + kkeeyywwoorrdd Shell reserved words. May also be specified as --kk. rruunnnniinngg Names of running jobs, if job control is active. sseerrvviiccee Service names. May also be specified as --ss. @@ -4171,40 +4337,40 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS Names of all shell variables. May also be spec- ified as --vv. --CC _c_o_m_m_a_n_d - _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed in a subshell environment, and its + _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed in a subshell environment, and its output is used as the possible completions. --FF _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n - The shell function _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n is executed in the current - shell environment. When the function is executed, the - first argument ($$11) is the name of the command whose - arguments are being completed, the second argument ($$22) + The shell function _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n is executed in the current + shell environment. When the function is executed, the + first argument ($$11) is the name of the command whose + arguments are being completed, the second argument ($$22) is the word being completed, and the third argument ($$33) - is the word preceding the word being completed on the - current command line. When it finishes, the possible - completions are retrieved from the value of the CCOOMMPPRREE-- + is the word preceding the word being completed on the + current command line. When it finishes, the possible + completions are retrieved from the value of the CCOOMMPPRREE-- PPLLYY array variable. --GG _g_l_o_b_p_a_t - The pathname expansion pattern _g_l_o_b_p_a_t is expanded to + The pathname expansion pattern _g_l_o_b_p_a_t is expanded to generate the possible completions. --PP _p_r_e_f_i_x - _p_r_e_f_i_x is added at the beginning of each possible com- + _p_r_e_f_i_x is added at the beginning of each possible com- pletion after all other options have been applied. --SS _s_u_f_f_i_x _s_u_f_f_i_x is appended to each possible completion after all other options have been applied. --WW _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t - The _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t is split using the characters in the IIFFSS - special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word - is expanded. The possible completions are the members - of the resultant list which match the word being com- + The _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t is split using the characters in the IIFFSS + special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word + is expanded. The possible completions are the members + of the resultant list which match the word being com- pleted. --XX _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t - _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is a pattern as used for pathname expansion. + _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is a pattern as used for pathname expansion. It is applied to the list of possible completions gener- - ated by the preceding options and arguments, and each - completion matching _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is removed from the list. - A leading !! in _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t negates the pattern; in this - case, any completion not matching _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is removed. + ated by the preceding options and arguments, and each + completion matching _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is removed from the list. + A leading !! in _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t negates the pattern; in this + case, any completion not matching _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is removed. The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an option other than --pp or --rr is supplied without a _n_a_m_e argu- @@ -4252,12 +4418,12 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS inhibits the display of function definitions; only the function name and attributes are printed. If the eexxttddeebbuugg shell option is enabled using sshhoopptt, the source file name and line number - where the function is defined are displayed as well. The --FF - option implies --ff. The --gg option forces variables to be created - or modified at the global scope, even when ddeeccllaarree is executed - in a shell function. It is ignored in all other cases. The - following options can be used to restrict output to variables - with the specified attribute or to give variables attributes: + where each _n_a_m_e is defined are displayed as well. The --FF option + implies --ff. The --gg option forces variables to be created or + modified at the global scope, even when ddeeccllaarree is executed in a + shell function. It is ignored in all other cases. The follow- + ing options can be used to restrict output to variables with the + specified attribute or to give variables attributes: --aa Each _n_a_m_e is an indexed array variable (see AArrrraayyss above). --AA Each _n_a_m_e is an associative array variable (see AArrrraayyss @@ -4271,11 +4437,11 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS attribute is disabled. --nn Give each _n_a_m_e the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute, making it a name reference to another variable. That other variable is - defined by the value of _n_a_m_e. All references and assign- - ments to _n_a_m_e, except for changing the --nn attribute - itself, are performed on the variable referenced by - _n_a_m_e's value. The --nn attribute cannot be applied to - array variables. + defined by the value of _n_a_m_e. All references, assign- + ments, and attribute modifications to _n_a_m_e, except those + using or changing the --nn attribute itself, are performed + on the variable referenced by _n_a_m_e's value. The nameref + attribute cannot be applied to array variables. --rr Make _n_a_m_es readonly. These names cannot then be assigned values by subsequent assignment statements or unset. --tt Give each _n_a_m_e the _t_r_a_c_e attribute. Traced functions @@ -4312,10 +4478,11 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS directories. The default display is on a single line with directory names separated by spaces. Directories are added to the list with the ppuusshhdd command; the ppooppdd command removes - entries from the list. + entries from the list. The current directory is always the + first directory in the stack. --cc Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries. - --ll Produces a listing using full pathnames; the default + --ll Produces a listing using full pathnames; the default listing format uses a tilde to denote the home directory. --pp Print the directory stack with one entry per line. --vv Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pre- @@ -4330,7 +4497,7 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is supplied or _n indexes beyond the end of the directory stack. - ddiissoowwnn [--aarr] [--hh] [_j_o_b_s_p_e_c ...] + ddiissoowwnn [--aarr] [--hh] [_j_o_b_s_p_e_c ... | _p_i_d ... ] Without options, remove each _j_o_b_s_p_e_c from the table of active jobs. If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not present, and neither the --aa nor the --rr option is supplied, the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b is used. If the --hh option @@ -4414,101 +4581,101 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS returns failure. An interactive shell returns failure if the file cannot be executed. If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is not specified, any redi- rections take effect in the current shell, and the return status - is 0. If there is a redirection error, the return status is 1. + is 0. If there is a redirection error, the return status is 1. eexxiitt [_n] - Cause the shell to exit with a status of _n. If _n is omitted, + Cause the shell to exit with a status of _n. If _n is omitted, the exit status is that of the last command executed. A trap on EEXXIITT is executed before the shell terminates. eexxppoorrtt [--ffnn] [_n_a_m_e[=_w_o_r_d]] ... eexxppoorrtt --pp - The supplied _n_a_m_e_s are marked for automatic export to the envi- - ronment of subsequently executed commands. If the --ff option is - given, the _n_a_m_e_s refer to functions. If no _n_a_m_e_s are given, or - if the --pp option is supplied, a list of names of all exported - variables is printed. The --nn option causes the export property + The supplied _n_a_m_e_s are marked for automatic export to the envi- + ronment of subsequently executed commands. If the --ff option is + given, the _n_a_m_e_s refer to functions. If no _n_a_m_e_s are given, or + if the --pp option is supplied, a list of names of all exported + variables is printed. The --nn option causes the export property to be removed from each _n_a_m_e. If a variable name is followed by =_w_o_r_d, the value of the variable is set to _w_o_r_d. eexxppoorrtt returns an exit status of 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one - of the _n_a_m_e_s is not a valid shell variable name, or --ff is sup- + of the _n_a_m_e_s is not a valid shell variable name, or --ff is sup- plied with a _n_a_m_e that is not a function. ffcc [--ee _e_n_a_m_e] [--llnnrr] [_f_i_r_s_t] [_l_a_s_t] ffcc --ss [_p_a_t=_r_e_p] [_c_m_d] - The first form selects a range of commands from _f_i_r_s_t to _l_a_s_t - from the history list and displays or edits and re-executes - them. _F_i_r_s_t and _l_a_s_t may be specified as a string (to locate - the last command beginning with that string) or as a number (an - index into the history list, where a negative number is used as - an offset from the current command number). If _l_a_s_t is not - specified it is set to the current command for listing (so that - ``fc -l -10'' prints the last 10 commands) and to _f_i_r_s_t other- - wise. If _f_i_r_s_t is not specified it is set to the previous com- + The first form selects a range of commands from _f_i_r_s_t to _l_a_s_t + from the history list and displays or edits and re-executes + them. _F_i_r_s_t and _l_a_s_t may be specified as a string (to locate + the last command beginning with that string) or as a number (an + index into the history list, where a negative number is used as + an offset from the current command number). If _l_a_s_t is not + specified it is set to the current command for listing (so that + ``fc -l -10'' prints the last 10 commands) and to _f_i_r_s_t other- + wise. If _f_i_r_s_t is not specified it is set to the previous com- mand for editing and -16 for listing. - The --nn option suppresses the command numbers when listing. The - --rr option reverses the order of the commands. If the --ll option - is given, the commands are listed on standard output. Other- - wise, the editor given by _e_n_a_m_e is invoked on a file containing - those commands. If _e_n_a_m_e is not given, the value of the FFCCEEDDIITT - variable is used, and the value of EEDDIITTOORR if FFCCEEDDIITT is not set. - If neither variable is set, _v_i is used. When editing is com- + The --nn option suppresses the command numbers when listing. The + --rr option reverses the order of the commands. If the --ll option + is given, the commands are listed on standard output. Other- + wise, the editor given by _e_n_a_m_e is invoked on a file containing + those commands. If _e_n_a_m_e is not given, the value of the FFCCEEDDIITT + variable is used, and the value of EEDDIITTOORR if FFCCEEDDIITT is not set. + If neither variable is set, _v_i is used. When editing is com- plete, the edited commands are echoed and executed. - In the second form, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is re-executed after each instance - of _p_a_t is replaced by _r_e_p. _C_o_m_m_a_n_d is intepreted the same as - _f_i_r_s_t above. A useful alias to use with this is ``r="fc -s"'', - so that typing ``r cc'' runs the last command beginning with + In the second form, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is re-executed after each instance + of _p_a_t is replaced by _r_e_p. _C_o_m_m_a_n_d is intepreted the same as + _f_i_r_s_t above. A useful alias to use with this is ``r="fc -s"'', + so that typing ``r cc'' runs the last command beginning with ``cc'' and typing ``r'' re-executes the last command. - If the first form is used, the return value is 0 unless an - invalid option is encountered or _f_i_r_s_t or _l_a_s_t specify history - lines out of range. If the --ee option is supplied, the return + If the first form is used, the return value is 0 unless an + invalid option is encountered or _f_i_r_s_t or _l_a_s_t specify history + lines out of range. If the --ee option is supplied, the return value is the value of the last command executed or failure if an error occurs with the temporary file of commands. If the second - form is used, the return status is that of the command re-exe- - cuted, unless _c_m_d does not specify a valid history line, in + form is used, the return status is that of the command re-exe- + cuted, unless _c_m_d does not specify a valid history line, in which case ffcc returns failure. ffgg [_j_o_b_s_p_e_c] - Resume _j_o_b_s_p_e_c in the foreground, and make it the current job. + Resume _j_o_b_s_p_e_c in the foreground, and make it the current job. If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not present, the shell's notion of the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b - is used. The return value is that of the command placed into - the foreground, or failure if run when job control is disabled + is used. The return value is that of the command placed into + the foreground, or failure if run when job control is disabled or, when run with job control enabled, if _j_o_b_s_p_e_c does not spec- - ify a valid job or _j_o_b_s_p_e_c specifies a job that was started + ify a valid job or _j_o_b_s_p_e_c specifies a job that was started without job control. ggeettooppttss _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g _n_a_m_e [_a_r_g_s] - ggeettooppttss is used by shell procedures to parse positional parame- - ters. _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g contains the option characters to be recog- - nized; if a character is followed by a colon, the option is - expected to have an argument, which should be separated from it - by white space. The colon and question mark characters may not - be used as option characters. Each time it is invoked, ggeettooppttss - places the next option in the shell variable _n_a_m_e, initializing + ggeettooppttss is used by shell procedures to parse positional parame- + ters. _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g contains the option characters to be recog- + nized; if a character is followed by a colon, the option is + expected to have an argument, which should be separated from it + by white space. The colon and question mark characters may not + be used as option characters. Each time it is invoked, ggeettooppttss + places the next option in the shell variable _n_a_m_e, initializing _n_a_m_e if it does not exist, and the index of the next argument to be processed into the variable OOPPTTIINNDD. OOPPTTIINNDD is initialized to - 1 each time the shell or a shell script is invoked. When an - option requires an argument, ggeettooppttss places that argument into - the variable OOPPTTAARRGG. The shell does not reset OOPPTTIINNDD automati- - cally; it must be manually reset between multiple calls to + 1 each time the shell or a shell script is invoked. When an + option requires an argument, ggeettooppttss places that argument into + the variable OOPPTTAARRGG. The shell does not reset OOPPTTIINNDD automati- + cally; it must be manually reset between multiple calls to ggeettooppttss within the same shell invocation if a new set of parame- ters is to be used. - When the end of options is encountered, ggeettooppttss exits with a - return value greater than zero. OOPPTTIINNDD is set to the index of + When the end of options is encountered, ggeettooppttss exits with a + return value greater than zero. OOPPTTIINNDD is set to the index of the first non-option argument, and _n_a_m_e is set to ?. - ggeettooppttss normally parses the positional parameters, but if more + ggeettooppttss normally parses the positional parameters, but if more arguments are given in _a_r_g_s, ggeettooppttss parses those instead. - ggeettooppttss can report errors in two ways. If the first character - of _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g is a colon, _s_i_l_e_n_t error reporting is used. In - normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed when invalid - options or missing option arguments are encountered. If the - variable OOPPTTEERRRR is set to 0, no error messages will be dis- + ggeettooppttss can report errors in two ways. If the first character + of _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g is a colon, _s_i_l_e_n_t error reporting is used. In + normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed when invalid + options or missing option arguments are encountered. If the + variable OOPPTTEERRRR is set to 0, no error messages will be dis- played, even if the first character of _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g is not a colon. If an invalid option is seen, ggeettooppttss places ? into _n_a_m_e and, if @@ -4574,33 +4741,34 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS --cc Clear the history list by deleting all the entries. --dd _o_f_f_s_e_t Delete the history entry at position _o_f_f_s_e_t. - --aa Append the ``new'' history lines (history lines entered - since the beginning of the current bbaasshh session) to the + --aa Append the ``new'' history lines to the history file. + These are history lines entered since the beginning of + the current bbaasshh session, but not already appended to the history file. - --nn Read the history lines not already read from the history - file into the current history list. These are lines - appended to the history file since the beginning of the + --nn Read the history lines not already read from the history + file into the current history list. These are lines + appended to the history file since the beginning of the current bbaasshh session. - --rr Read the contents of the history file and append them to + --rr Read the contents of the history file and append them to the current history list. --ww Write the current history list to the history file, over- writing the history file's contents. - --pp Perform history substitution on the following _a_r_g_s and - display the result on the standard output. Does not - store the results in the history list. Each _a_r_g must be + --pp Perform history substitution on the following _a_r_g_s and + display the result on the standard output. Does not + store the results in the history list. Each _a_r_g must be quoted to disable normal history expansion. - --ss Store the _a_r_g_s in the history list as a single entry. - The last command in the history list is removed before + --ss Store the _a_r_g_s in the history list as a single entry. + The last command in the history list is removed before the _a_r_g_s are added. - If the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable is set, the time stamp informa- - tion associated with each history entry is written to the his- - tory file, marked with the history comment character. When the - history file is read, lines beginning with the history comment - character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted as - timestamps for the previous history line. The return value is 0 - unless an invalid option is encountered, an error occurs while - reading or writing the history file, an invalid _o_f_f_s_e_t is sup- + If the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable is set, the time stamp informa- + tion associated with each history entry is written to the his- + tory file, marked with the history comment character. When the + history file is read, lines beginning with the history comment + character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted as + timestamps for the following history entry. The return value is + 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an error occurs while + reading or writing the history file, an invalid _o_f_f_s_e_t is sup- plied as an argument to --dd, or the history expansion supplied as an argument to --pp fails. @@ -4609,8 +4777,8 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS The first form lists the active jobs. The options have the fol- lowing meanings: --ll List process IDs in addition to the normal information. - --nn Display information only about jobs that have changed - status since the user was last notified of their status. + --nn Display information only about jobs that have changed + status since the user was last notified of their status. --pp List only the process ID of the job's process group leader. --rr Display only running jobs. @@ -4625,7 +4793,7 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS executes _c_o_m_m_a_n_d passing it _a_r_g_s, returning its exit status. kkiillll [--ss _s_i_g_s_p_e_c | --nn _s_i_g_n_u_m | --_s_i_g_s_p_e_c] [_p_i_d | _j_o_b_s_p_e_c] ... - kkiillll --ll [_s_i_g_s_p_e_c | _e_x_i_t___s_t_a_t_u_s] + kkiillll --ll|--LL [_s_i_g_s_p_e_c | _e_x_i_t___s_t_a_t_u_s] Send the signal named by _s_i_g_s_p_e_c or _s_i_g_n_u_m to the processes named by _p_i_d or _j_o_b_s_p_e_c. _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either a case-insensitive signal name such as SSIIGGKKIILLLL (with or without the SSIIGG prefix) or @@ -4635,72 +4803,80 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS the names of the signals corresponding to the arguments are listed, and the return status is 0. The _e_x_i_t___s_t_a_t_u_s argument to --ll is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit - status of a process terminated by a signal. kkiillll returns true - if at least one signal was successfully sent, or false if an - error occurs or an invalid option is encountered. + status of a process terminated by a signal. The --LL option is + equivalent to --ll. kkiillll returns true if at least one signal was + successfully sent, or false if an error occurs or an invalid + option is encountered. lleett _a_r_g [_a_r_g ...] Each _a_r_g is an arithmetic expression to be evaluated (see AARRIITTHH-- - MMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN above). If the last _a_r_g evaluates to 0, lleett + MMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN above). If the last _a_r_g evaluates to 0, lleett returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise. - llooccaall [_o_p_t_i_o_n] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...] - For each argument, a local variable named _n_a_m_e is created, and - assigned _v_a_l_u_e. The _o_p_t_i_o_n can be any of the options accepted + llooccaall [_o_p_t_i_o_n] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ... | - ] + For each argument, a local variable named _n_a_m_e is created, and + assigned _v_a_l_u_e. The _o_p_t_i_o_n can be any of the options accepted by ddeeccllaarree. When llooccaall is used within a function, it causes the - variable _n_a_m_e to have a visible scope restricted to that func- - tion and its children. With no operands, llooccaall writes a list of - local variables to the standard output. It is an error to use - llooccaall when not within a function. The return status is 0 unless - llooccaall is used outside a function, an invalid _n_a_m_e is supplied, - or _n_a_m_e is a readonly variable. + variable _n_a_m_e to have a visible scope restricted to that func- + tion and its children. If _n_a_m_e is -, the set of shell options + is made local to the function in which llooccaall is invoked: shell + options changed using the sseett builtin inside the function are + restored to their original values when the function returns. + With no operands, llooccaall writes a list of local variables to the + standard output. It is an error to use llooccaall when not within a + function. The return status is 0 unless llooccaall is used outside a + function, an invalid _n_a_m_e is supplied, or _n_a_m_e is a readonly + variable. llooggoouutt Exit a login shell. - mmaappffiillee [--nn _c_o_u_n_t] [--OO _o_r_i_g_i_n] [--ss _c_o_u_n_t] [--tt] [--uu _f_d] [--CC _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k] - [--cc _q_u_a_n_t_u_m] [_a_r_r_a_y] - rreeaaddaarrrraayy [--nn _c_o_u_n_t] [--OO _o_r_i_g_i_n] [--ss _c_o_u_n_t] [--tt] [--uu _f_d] [--CC _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k] - [--cc _q_u_a_n_t_u_m] [_a_r_r_a_y] - Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array vari- - able _a_r_r_a_y, or from file descriptor _f_d if the --uu option is sup- - plied. The variable MMAAPPFFIILLEE is the default _a_r_r_a_y. Options, if + mmaappffiillee [--dd _d_e_l_i_m] [--nn _c_o_u_n_t] [--OO _o_r_i_g_i_n] [--ss _c_o_u_n_t] [--tt] [--uu _f_d] [--CC + _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k] [--cc _q_u_a_n_t_u_m] [_a_r_r_a_y] + rreeaaddaarrrraayy [--dd _d_e_l_i_m] [--nn _c_o_u_n_t] [--OO _o_r_i_g_i_n] [--ss _c_o_u_n_t] [--tt] [--uu _f_d] [--CC + _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k] [--cc _q_u_a_n_t_u_m] [_a_r_r_a_y] + Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array vari- + able _a_r_r_a_y, or from file descriptor _f_d if the --uu option is sup- + plied. The variable MMAAPPFFIILLEE is the default _a_r_r_a_y. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: + --dd The first character of _d_e_l_i_m is used to terminate each + input line, rather than newline. --nn Copy at most _c_o_u_n_t lines. If _c_o_u_n_t is 0, all lines are copied. --OO Begin assigning to _a_r_r_a_y at index _o_r_i_g_i_n. The default index is 0. --ss Discard the first _c_o_u_n_t lines read. - --tt Remove a trailing newline from each line read. - --uu Read lines from file descriptor _f_d instead of the stan- + --tt Remove a trailing _d_e_l_i_m (default newline) from each line + read. + --uu Read lines from file descriptor _f_d instead of the stan- dard input. - --CC Evaluate _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k each time _q_u_a_n_t_u_m lines are read. The + --CC Evaluate _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k each time _q_u_a_n_t_u_m lines are read. The --cc option specifies _q_u_a_n_t_u_m. - --cc Specify the number of lines read between each call to + --cc Specify the number of lines read between each call to _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k. - If --CC is specified without --cc, the default quantum is 5000. + If --CC is specified without --cc, the default quantum is 5000. When _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next array element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that - element as additional arguments. _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k is evaluated after + element as additional arguments. _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k is evaluated after the line is read but before the array element is assigned. - If not supplied with an explicit origin, mmaappffiillee will clear + If not supplied with an explicit origin, mmaappffiillee will clear _a_r_r_a_y before assigning to it. - mmaappffiillee returns successfully unless an invalid option or option - argument is supplied, _a_r_r_a_y is invalid or unassignable, or if + mmaappffiillee returns successfully unless an invalid option or option + argument is supplied, _a_r_r_a_y is invalid or unassignable, or if _a_r_r_a_y is not an indexed array. ppooppdd [-nn] [+_n] [-_n] - Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments, - removes the top directory from the stack, and performs a ccdd to + Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments, + removes the top directory from the stack, and performs a ccdd to the new top directory. Arguments, if supplied, have the follow- ing meanings: - --nn Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing - directories from the stack, so that only the stack is + --nn Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing + directories from the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated. - ++_n Removes the _nth entry counting from the left of the list - shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero. For example: ``popd + ++_n Removes the _nth entry counting from the left of the list + shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero. For example: ``popd +0'' removes the first directory, ``popd +1'' the second. --_n Removes the _nth entry counting from the right of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero. For example: ``popd @@ -4727,83 +4903,83 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS addition to the standard _p_r_i_n_t_f(1) format specifications, pprriinnttff interprets the following extensions: %%bb causes pprriinnttff to expand backslash escape sequences in the - corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t (except that \\cc terminates output, - backslashes in \\'', \\"", and \\?? are not removed, and octal - escapes beginning with \\00 may contain up to four digits). - %%qq causes pprriinnttff to output the corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t in a + corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t in the same way as eecchhoo --ee. + %%qq causes pprriinnttff to output the corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t in a format that can be reused as shell input. %%((_d_a_t_e_f_m_t))TT - causes pprriinnttff to output the date-time string resulting - from using _d_a_t_e_f_m_t as a format string for _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3). + causes pprriinnttff to output the date-time string resulting + from using _d_a_t_e_f_m_t as a format string for _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3). The corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t is an integer representing the - number of seconds since the epoch. Two special argument - values may be used: -1 represents the current time, and - -2 represents the time the shell was invoked. If no - argument is specified, conversion behaves as if -1 had - been given. This is an exception to the usual pprriinnttff + number of seconds since the epoch. Two special argument + values may be used: -1 represents the current time, and + -2 represents the time the shell was invoked. If no + argument is specified, conversion behaves as if -1 had + been given. This is an exception to the usual pprriinnttff behavior. - Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C con- + Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C con- stants, except that a leading plus or minus sign is allowed, and - if the leading character is a single or double quote, the value + if the leading character is a single or double quote, the value is the ASCII value of the following character. - The _f_o_r_m_a_t is reused as necessary to consume all of the _a_r_g_u_- + The _f_o_r_m_a_t is reused as necessary to consume all of the _a_r_g_u_- _m_e_n_t_s. If the _f_o_r_m_a_t requires more _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s than are supplied, - the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or - null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. The return + the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or + null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. The return value is zero on success, non-zero on failure. ppuusshhdd [--nn] [+_n] [-_n] ppuusshhdd [--nn] [_d_i_r] - Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates - the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working - directory. With no arguments, exchanges the top two directories - and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty. Arguments, - if supplied, have the following meanings: - --nn Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding - directories to the stack, so that only the stack is - manipulated. - ++_n Rotates the stack so that the _nth directory (counting - from the left of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with + Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates + the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working + directory. With no arguments, ppuusshhdd exchanges the top two + directories and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty. + Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings: + --nn Suppresses the normal change of directory when rotating + or adding directories to the stack, so that only the + stack is manipulated. + ++_n Rotates the stack so that the _nth directory (counting + from the left of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero) is at the top. - --_n Rotates the stack so that the _nth directory (counting - from the right of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with + --_n Rotates the stack so that the _nth directory (counting + from the right of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero) is at the top. _d_i_r Adds _d_i_r to the directory stack at the top, making it the - new current working directory as if it had been supplied + new current working directory as if it had been supplied as the argument to the ccdd builtin. If the ppuusshhdd command is successful, a ddiirrss is performed as well. - If the first form is used, ppuusshhdd returns 0 unless the cd to _d_i_r - fails. With the second form, ppuusshhdd returns 0 unless the direc- - tory stack is empty, a non-existent directory stack element is - specified, or the directory change to the specified new current + If the first form is used, ppuusshhdd returns 0 unless the cd to _d_i_r + fails. With the second form, ppuusshhdd returns 0 unless the direc- + tory stack is empty, a non-existent directory stack element is + specified, or the directory change to the specified new current directory fails. ppwwdd [--LLPP] - Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory. + Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory. The pathname printed contains no symbolic links if the --PP option is supplied or the --oo pphhyyssiiccaall option to the sseett builtin command - is enabled. If the --LL option is used, the pathname printed may - contain symbolic links. The return status is 0 unless an error - occurs while reading the name of the current directory or an + is enabled. If the --LL option is used, the pathname printed may + contain symbolic links. The return status is 0 unless an error + occurs while reading the name of the current directory or an invalid option is supplied. rreeaadd [--eerrss] [--aa _a_n_a_m_e] [--dd _d_e_l_i_m] [--ii _t_e_x_t] [--nn _n_c_h_a_r_s] [--NN _n_c_h_a_r_s] [--pp _p_r_o_m_p_t] [--tt _t_i_m_e_o_u_t] [--uu _f_d] [_n_a_m_e ...] One line is read from the standard input, or from the file - descriptor _f_d supplied as an argument to the --uu option, and the + descriptor _f_d supplied as an argument to the --uu option, split + into words as described above under WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg, and the first word is assigned to the first _n_a_m_e, the second word to the - second _n_a_m_e, and so on, with leftover words and their interven- - ing separators assigned to the last _n_a_m_e. If there are fewer - words read from the input stream than names, the remaining names - are assigned empty values. The characters in IIFFSS are used to - split the line into words using the same rules the shell uses - for expansion (described above under WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg). The back- - slash character (\\) may be used to remove any special meaning - for the next character read and for line continuation. Options, - if supplied, have the following meanings: + second _n_a_m_e, and so on. If there are more words than names, the + remaining words and their intervening delimiters are assigned to + the last _n_a_m_e. If there are fewer words read from the input + stream than names, the remaining names are assigned empty val- + ues. The characters in IIFFSS are used to split the line into + words using the same rules the shell uses for expansion + (described above under WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg). The backslash character + (\\) may be used to remove any special meaning for the next char- + acter read and for line continuation. Options, if supplied, + have the following meanings: --aa _a_n_a_m_e The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array variable _a_n_a_m_e, starting at 0. _a_n_a_m_e is unset before any @@ -4821,7 +4997,7 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS placed into the editing buffer before editing begins. --nn _n_c_h_a_r_s rreeaadd returns after reading _n_c_h_a_r_s characters rather than - waiting for a complete line of input, but honor a delim- + waiting for a complete line of input, but honors a delim- iter if fewer than _n_c_h_a_r_s characters are read before the delimiter. --NN _n_c_h_a_r_s @@ -4830,61 +5006,69 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS EOF is encountered or rreeaadd times out. Delimiter charac- ters encountered in the input are not treated specially and do not cause rreeaadd to return until _n_c_h_a_r_s characters - are read. + are read. The result is not split on the characters in + IIFFSS; the intent is that the variable is assigned exactly + the characters read (with the exception of backslash; see + the --rr option below). --pp _p_r_o_m_p_t Display _p_r_o_m_p_t on standard error, without a trailing new- line, before attempting to read any input. The prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal. --rr Backslash does not act as an escape character. The back- - slash is considered to be part of the line. In particu- - lar, a backslash-newline pair may not be used as a line + slash is considered to be part of the line. In particu- + lar, a backslash-newline pair may not be used as a line continuation. --ss Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, charac- ters are not echoed. --tt _t_i_m_e_o_u_t - Cause rreeaadd to time out and return failure if a complete - line of input (or a specified number of characters) is - not read within _t_i_m_e_o_u_t seconds. _t_i_m_e_o_u_t may be a deci- - mal number with a fractional portion following the deci- - mal point. This option is only effective if rreeaadd is - reading input from a terminal, pipe, or other special - file; it has no effect when reading from regular files. + Cause rreeaadd to time out and return failure if a complete + line of input (or a specified number of characters) is + not read within _t_i_m_e_o_u_t seconds. _t_i_m_e_o_u_t may be a deci- + mal number with a fractional portion following the deci- + mal point. This option is only effective if rreeaadd is + reading input from a terminal, pipe, or other special + file; it has no effect when reading from regular files. If rreeaadd times out, rreeaadd saves any partial input read into - the specified variable _n_a_m_e. If _t_i_m_e_o_u_t is 0, rreeaadd - returns immediately, without trying to read any data. - The exit status is 0 if input is available on the speci- - fied file descriptor, non-zero otherwise. The exit sta- + the specified variable _n_a_m_e. If _t_i_m_e_o_u_t is 0, rreeaadd + returns immediately, without trying to read any data. + The exit status is 0 if input is available on the speci- + fied file descriptor, non-zero otherwise. The exit sta- tus is greater than 128 if the timeout is exceeded. --uu _f_d Read input from file descriptor _f_d. If no _n_a_m_e_s are supplied, the line read is assigned to the vari- - able RREEPPLLYY. The return code is zero, unless end-of-file is - encountered, rreeaadd times out (in which case the return code is - greater than 128), a variable assignment error (such as assign- - ing to a readonly variable) occurs, or an invalid file descrip- - tor is supplied as the argument to --uu. + able RREEPPLLYY. The exit status is zero, unless end-of-file is + encountered, rreeaadd times out (in which case the status is greater + than 128), a variable assignment error (such as assigning to a + readonly variable) occurs, or an invalid file descriptor is sup- + plied as the argument to --uu. rreeaaddoonnllyy [--aaAAff] [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_w_o_r_d] ...] - The given _n_a_m_e_s are marked readonly; the values of these _n_a_m_e_s - may not be changed by subsequent assignment. If the --ff option - is supplied, the functions corresponding to the _n_a_m_e_s are so - marked. The --aa option restricts the variables to indexed - arrays; the --AA option restricts the variables to associative - arrays. If both options are supplied, --AA takes precedence. If - no _n_a_m_e arguments are given, or if the --pp option is supplied, a + The given _n_a_m_e_s are marked readonly; the values of these _n_a_m_e_s + may not be changed by subsequent assignment. If the --ff option + is supplied, the functions corresponding to the _n_a_m_e_s are so + marked. The --aa option restricts the variables to indexed + arrays; the --AA option restricts the variables to associative + arrays. If both options are supplied, --AA takes precedence. If + no _n_a_m_e arguments are given, or if the --pp option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed. The other options may be - used to restrict the output to a subset of the set of readonly - names. The --pp option causes output to be displayed in a format - that may be reused as input. If a variable name is followed by - =_w_o_r_d, the value of the variable is set to _w_o_r_d. The return - status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one of the + used to restrict the output to a subset of the set of readonly + names. The --pp option causes output to be displayed in a format + that may be reused as input. If a variable name is followed by + =_w_o_r_d, the value of the variable is set to _w_o_r_d. The return + status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one of the _n_a_m_e_s is not a valid shell variable name, or --ff is supplied with a _n_a_m_e that is not a function. rreettuurrnn [_n] - Causes a function to stop executing and return the value speci- - fied by _n to its caller. If _n is omitted, the return status is - that of the last command executed in the function body. If + Causes a function to stop executing and return the value speci- + fied by _n to its caller. If _n is omitted, the return status is + that of the last command executed in the function body. If + rreettuurrnn is executed by a trap handler, the last command used to + determine the status is the last command executed before the + trap handler. if rreettuurrnn is executed during a DDEEBBUUGG trap, the + last command used to determine the status is the last command + executed by the trap handler before rreettuurrnn was invoked. If rreettuurrnn is used outside a function, but during execution of a script by the .. (ssoouurrccee) command, it causes the shell to stop executing that script and return either _n or the exit status of @@ -4908,26 +5092,26 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS ues for the positional parameters and are assigned, in order, to $$11, $$22, ...... $$_n. Options, if specified, have the following meanings: - --aa Automatically mark variables and functions which are - modified or created for export to the environment of - subsequent commands. + --aa Each variable or function that is created or modified is + given the export attribute and marked for export to the + environment of subsequent commands. --bb Report the status of terminated background jobs immedi- ately, rather than before the next primary prompt. This is effective only when job control is enabled. --ee Exit immediately if a _p_i_p_e_l_i_n_e (which may consist of a single _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d), a _l_i_s_t, or a _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d _c_o_m_m_a_n_d - (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR above), exits with a non-zero sta- - tus. The shell does not exit if the command that fails - is part of the command list immediately following a - wwhhiillee or uunnttiill keyword, part of the test following the - iiff or eelliiff reserved words, part of any command executed - in a &&&& or |||| list except the command following the - final &&&& or ||||, any command in a pipeline but the last, - or if the command's return value is being inverted with - !!. If a compound command other than a subshell returns - a non-zero status because a command failed while --ee was - being ignored, the shell does not exit. A trap on EERRRR, - if set, is executed before the shell exits. This option + (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR above), exits with a non-zero status. + The shell does not exit if the command that fails is + part of the command list immediately following a wwhhiillee + or uunnttiill keyword, part of the test following the iiff or + eelliiff reserved words, part of any command executed in a + &&&& or |||| list except the command following the final &&&& + or ||||, any command in a pipeline but the last, or if the + command's return value is being inverted with !!. If a + compound command other than a subshell returns a non- + zero status because a command failed while --ee was being + ignored, the shell does not exit. A trap on EERRRR, if + set, is executed before the shell exits. This option applies to the shell environment and each subshell envi- ronment separately (see CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT above), and may cause subshells to exit before executing @@ -5165,138 +5349,158 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS If set, bbaasshh changes its behavior to that of version 3.2 with respect to locale-specific string comparison when using the [[[[ conditional command's << and >> operators - (see previous item). + (see previous item) and the effect of interrupting a + command list. Bash versions 3.2 and earlier continue + with the next command in the list after one terminates + due to an interrupt. ccoommppaatt4400 If set, bbaasshh changes its behavior to that of version 4.0 - with respect to locale-specific string comparison when - using the [[[[ conditional command's << and >> operators - (see description of ccoommppaatt3311) and the effect of inter- - rupting a command list. Bash versions 4.0 and later - interrupt the list as if the shell received the inter- - rupt; previous versions continue with the next command + with respect to locale-specific string comparison when + using the [[[[ conditional command's << and >> operators + (see description of ccoommppaatt3311) and the effect of inter- + rupting a command list. Bash versions 4.0 and later + interrupt the list as if the shell received the inter- + rupt; previous versions continue with the next command in the list. ccoommppaatt4411 - If set, bbaasshh, when in _p_o_s_i_x mode, treats a single quote - in a double-quoted parameter expansion as a special - character. The single quotes must match (an even num- - ber) and the characters between the single quotes are - considered quoted. This is the behavior of posix mode - through version 4.1. The default bash behavior remains + If set, bbaasshh, when in _p_o_s_i_x mode, treats a single quote + in a double-quoted parameter expansion as a special + character. The single quotes must match (an even num- + ber) and the characters between the single quotes are + considered quoted. This is the behavior of posix mode + through version 4.1. The default bash behavior remains as in previous versions. ccoommppaatt4422 - If set, bbaasshh does not process the replacement string in - the pattern substitution word expansion using quote + If set, bbaasshh does not process the replacement string in + the pattern substitution word expansion using quote removal. + ccoommppaatt4433 + If set, bbaasshh does not print a warning message if an + attempt is made to use a quoted compound array assign- + ment as an argument to ddeeccllaarree, makes word expansion + errors non-fatal errors that cause the current command + to fail (the default behavior is to make them fatal + errors that cause the shell to exit), and does not reset + the loop state when a shell function is executed (this + allows bbrreeaakk or ccoonnttiinnuuee in a shell function to affect + loops in the caller's context). ccoommpplleettee__ffuullllqquuoottee - If set, bbaasshh quotes all shell metacharacters in file- - names and directory names when performing completion. + If set, bbaasshh quotes all shell metacharacters in file- + names and directory names when performing completion. If not set, bbaasshh removes metacharacters such as the dol- - lar sign from the set of characters that will be quoted - in completed filenames when these metacharacters appear - in shell variable references in words to be completed. - This means that dollar signs in variable names that - expand to directories will not be quoted; however, any - dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be quoted, - either. This is active only when bash is using back- - slashes to quote completed filenames. This variable is - set by default, which is the default bash behavior in + lar sign from the set of characters that will be quoted + in completed filenames when these metacharacters appear + in shell variable references in words to be completed. + This means that dollar signs in variable names that + expand to directories will not be quoted; however, any + dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be quoted, + either. This is active only when bash is using back- + slashes to quote completed filenames. This variable is + set by default, which is the default bash behavior in versions through 4.2. ddiirreexxppaanndd - If set, bbaasshh replaces directory names with the results - of word expansion when performing filename completion. - This changes the contents of the readline editing - buffer. If not set, bbaasshh attempts to preserve what the + If set, bbaasshh replaces directory names with the results + of word expansion when performing filename completion. + This changes the contents of the readline editing buf- + fer. If not set, bbaasshh attempts to preserve what the user typed. ddiirrssppeellll - If set, bbaasshh attempts spelling correction on directory - names during word completion if the directory name ini- + If set, bbaasshh attempts spelling correction on directory + names during word completion if the directory name ini- tially supplied does not exist. - ddoottgglloobb If set, bbaasshh includes filenames beginning with a `.' in + ddoottgglloobb If set, bbaasshh includes filenames beginning with a `.' in the results of pathname expansion. eexxeeccffaaiill If set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it can- - not execute the file specified as an argument to the - eexxeecc builtin command. An interactive shell does not + not execute the file specified as an argument to the + eexxeecc builtin command. An interactive shell does not exit if eexxeecc fails. eexxppaanndd__aalliiaasseess - If set, aliases are expanded as described above under + If set, aliases are expanded as described above under AALLIIAASSEESS. This option is enabled by default for interac- tive shells. eexxttddeebbuugg - If set, behavior intended for use by debuggers is - enabled: + If set at shell invocation, arrange to execute the + debugger profile before the shell starts, identical to + the ----ddeebbuuggggeerr option. If set after invocation, behav- + ior intended for use by debuggers is enabled: 11.. The --FF option to the ddeeccllaarree builtin displays the source file name and line number corresponding to each function name supplied as an argument. - 22.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a - non-zero value, the next command is skipped and + 22.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a + non-zero value, the next command is skipped and not executed. - 33.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a - value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub- - routine (a shell function or a shell script exe- - cuted by the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins), a call to - rreettuurrnn is simulated. - 44.. BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC and BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV are updated as described + 33.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a + value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub- + routine (a shell function or a shell script exe- + cuted by the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins), the shell + simulates a call to rreettuurrnn. + 44.. BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC and BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV are updated as described in their descriptions above. - 55.. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu- + 55.. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu- tion, shell functions, and subshells invoked with (( _c_o_m_m_a_n_d )) inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN traps. - 66.. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, - shell functions, and subshells invoked with (( + 66.. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, + shell functions, and subshells invoked with (( _c_o_m_m_a_n_d )) inherit the EERRRR trap. eexxttgglloobb If set, the extended pattern matching features described above under PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn are enabled. eexxttqquuoottee - If set, $$'_s_t_r_i_n_g' and $$"_s_t_r_i_n_g" quoting is performed - within $${{_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r}} expansions enclosed in double + If set, $$'_s_t_r_i_n_g' and $$"_s_t_r_i_n_g" quoting is performed + within $${{_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r}} expansions enclosed in double quotes. This option is enabled by default. ffaaiillgglloobb - If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during + If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during pathname expansion result in an expansion error. ffoorrccee__ffiiggnnoorree - If set, the suffixes specified by the FFIIGGNNOORREE shell - variable cause words to be ignored when performing word + If set, the suffixes specified by the FFIIGGNNOORREE shell + variable cause words to be ignored when performing word completion even if the ignored words are the only possi- ble completions. See SSHHEELLLL VVAARRIIAABBLLEESS above for a - description of FFIIGGNNOORREE. This option is enabled by + description of FFIIGGNNOORREE. This option is enabled by default. gglloobbaasscciiiirraannggeess - If set, range expressions used in pattern matching - bracket expressions (see PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg above) behave - as if in the traditional C locale when performing com- + If set, range expressions used in pattern matching + bracket expressions (see PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg above) behave + as if in the traditional C locale when performing com- parisons. That is, the current locale's collating - sequence is not taken into account, so bb will not col- - late between AA and BB, and upper-case and lower-case + sequence is not taken into account, so bb will not col- + late between AA and BB, and upper-case and lower-case ASCII characters will collate together. gglloobbssttaarr If set, the pattern **** used in a pathname expansion con- - text will match all files and zero or more directories - and subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by a //, + text will match all files and zero or more directories + and subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by a //, only directories and subdirectories match. ggnnuu__eerrrrffmmtt If set, shell error messages are written in the standard GNU error message format. hhiissttaappppeenndd - If set, the history list is appended to the file named - by the value of the HHIISSTTFFIILLEE variable when the shell + If set, the history list is appended to the file named + by the value of the HHIISSTTFFIILLEE variable when the shell exits, rather than overwriting the file. hhiissttrreeeeddiitt - If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, a user is given the + If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, a user is given the opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitution. hhiissttvveerriiffyy - If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, the results of his- - tory substitution are not immediately passed to the - shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded + If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, the results of his- + tory substitution are not immediately passed to the + shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded into the rreeaaddlliinnee editing buffer, allowing further modi- fication. hhoossttccoommpplleettee If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, bbaasshh will attempt to - perform hostname completion when a word containing a @@ - is being completed (see CCoommpplleettiinngg under RREEAADDLLIINNEE + perform hostname completion when a word containing a @@ + is being completed (see CCoommpplleettiinngg under RREEAADDLLIINNEE above). This is enabled by default. hhuuppoonneexxiitt If set, bbaasshh will send SSIIGGHHUUPP to all jobs when an inter- active login shell exits. + iinnhheerriitt__eerrrreexxiitt + If set, command substitution inherits the value of the + eerrrreexxiitt option, instead of unsetting it in the subshell + environment. This option is enabled when _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e is + enabled. iinntteerraaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss If set, allow a word beginning with ## to cause that word and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored @@ -5329,7 +5533,9 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS nnooccaasseemmaattcchh If set, bbaasshh matches patterns in a case-insensitive fashion when performing matching while executing ccaassee or - [[[[ conditional commands. + [[[[ conditional commands, when performing pattern substi- + tution word expansions, or when filtering possible com- + pletions as part of programmable completion. nnuullllgglloobb If set, bbaasshh allows patterns which match no files (see PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn above) to expand to a null string, @@ -5462,7 +5668,7 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS function or a script executed with the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins fin- ishes executing. - If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EERRRR, the command _a_r_g is executed whenever a a + If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EERRRR, the command _a_r_g is executed whenever a pipeline (which may consist of a single simple command), a list, or a compound command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to the following conditions. The EERRRR trap is not executed if the @@ -5501,7 +5707,7 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS function lookup, as with the ccoommmmaanndd builtin. ttyyppee returns true if all of the arguments are found, false if any are not found. - uulliimmiitt [--HHSSTTaabbccddeeffiillmmnnppqqrrssttuuvvxx [_l_i_m_i_t]] + uulliimmiitt [--HHSSaabbccddeeffiikkllmmnnppqqrrssttuuvvxxPPTT [_l_i_m_i_t]] Provides control over the resources available to the shell and to processes started by it, on systems that allow such control. The --HH and --SS options specify that the hard or soft limit is set @@ -5525,6 +5731,7 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS --ff The maximum size of files written by the shell and its children --ii The maximum number of pending signals + --kk The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated --ll The maximum size that may be locked into memory --mm The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor this limit) @@ -5540,46 +5747,48 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS --vv The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the shell and, on some systems, to its children --xx The maximum number of file locks + --PP The maximum number of pseudoterminals --TT The maximum number of threads If _l_i_m_i_t is given, and the --aa option is not used, _l_i_m_i_t is the new value of the specified resource. If no option is given, then --ff is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for --tt, which is in seconds; --pp, which is in units of 512-byte - blocks; and --TT, --bb, --nn, and --uu, which are unscaled values. The - return status is 0 unless an invalid option or argument is sup- - plied, or an error occurs while setting a new limit. + blocks; --PP, --TT, --bb, --kk, --nn, and --uu, which are unscaled values; + and, when in Posix mode, --cc and --ff, which are in 512-byte incre- + ments. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option or argu- + ment is supplied, or an error occurs while setting a new limit. uummaasskk [--pp] [--SS] [_m_o_d_e] The user file-creation mask is set to _m_o_d_e. If _m_o_d_e begins with - a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is - interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by - _c_h_m_o_d(1). If _m_o_d_e is omitted, the current value of the mask is - printed. The --SS option causes the mask to be printed in sym- - bolic form; the default output is an octal number. If the --pp + a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is + interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by + _c_h_m_o_d(1). If _m_o_d_e is omitted, the current value of the mask is + printed. The --SS option causes the mask to be printed in sym- + bolic form; the default output is an octal number. If the --pp option is supplied, and _m_o_d_e is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input. The return status is 0 if the mode - was successfully changed or if no _m_o_d_e argument was supplied, + was successfully changed or if no _m_o_d_e argument was supplied, and false otherwise. uunnaalliiaass [-aa] [_n_a_m_e ...] - Remove each _n_a_m_e from the list of defined aliases. If --aa is - supplied, all alias definitions are removed. The return value + Remove each _n_a_m_e from the list of defined aliases. If --aa is + supplied, all alias definitions are removed. The return value is true unless a supplied _n_a_m_e is not a defined alias. uunnsseett [-ffvv] [-nn] [_n_a_m_e ...] - For each _n_a_m_e, remove the corresponding variable or function. + For each _n_a_m_e, remove the corresponding variable or function. If the --vv option is given, each _n_a_m_e refers to a shell variable, - and that variable is removed. Read-only variables may not be - unset. If --ff is specified, each _n_a_m_e refers to a shell func- - tion, and the function definition is removed. If the --nn option - is supplied, and _n_a_m_e is a variable with the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute, - _n_a_m_e will be unset rather than the variable it references. --nn - has no effect if the --ff option is supplied. If no options are - supplied, each _n_a_m_e refers to a variable; if there is no vari- - able by that name, any function with that name is unset. Each - unset variable or function is removed from the environment - passed to subsequent commands. If any of CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS, RRAANN-- + and that variable is removed. Read-only variables may not be + unset. If --ff is specified, each _n_a_m_e refers to a shell func- + tion, and the function definition is removed. If the --nn option + is supplied, and _n_a_m_e is a variable with the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute, + _n_a_m_e will be unset rather than the variable it references. --nn + has no effect if the --ff option is supplied. If no options are + supplied, each _n_a_m_e refers to a variable; if there is no vari- + able by that name, any function with that name is unset. Each + unset variable or function is removed from the environment + passed to subsequent commands. If any of CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS, RRAANN-- DDOOMM, SSEECCOONNDDSS, LLIINNEENNOO, HHIISSTTCCMMDD, FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE, GGRROOUUPPSS, or DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK are unset, they lose their special properties, even if they are sub- sequently reset. The exit status is true unless a _n_a_m_e is read- @@ -5588,19 +5797,19 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS wwaaiitt [--nn] [_n _._._.] Wait for each specified child process and return its termination status. Each _n may be a process ID or a job specification; if a - job spec is given, all processes in that job's pipeline are - waited for. If _n is not given, all currently active child pro- + job spec is given, all processes in that job's pipeline are + waited for. If _n is not given, all currently active child pro- cesses are waited for, and the return status is zero. If the --nn - option is supplied, wwaaiitt waits for any job to terminate and - returns its exit status. If _n specifies a non-existent process - or job, the return status is 127. Otherwise, the return status + option is supplied, wwaaiitt waits for any job to terminate and + returns its exit status. If _n specifies a non-existent process + or job, the return status is 127. Otherwise, the return status is the exit status of the last process or job waited for. RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL If bbaasshh is started with the name rrbbaasshh, or the --rr option is supplied at - invocation, the shell becomes restricted. A restricted shell is used - to set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell. It - behaves identically to bbaasshh with the exception that the following are + invocation, the shell becomes restricted. A restricted shell is used + to set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell. It + behaves identically to bbaasshh with the exception that the following are disallowed or not performed: +o changing directories with ccdd @@ -5665,7 +5874,7 @@ FFIILLEESS _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c The individual per-interactive-shell startup file _~_/_._b_a_s_h___l_o_g_o_u_t - The individual login shell cleanup file, executed when a login + The individual login shell cleanup file, executed when a login shell exits _~_/_._i_n_p_u_t_r_c Individual _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e initialization file @@ -5679,14 +5888,14 @@ AAUUTTHHOORRSS BBUUGG RREEPPOORRTTSS If you find a bug in bbaasshh,, you should report it. But first, you should - make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest - version of bbaasshh. The latest version is always available from + make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest + version of bbaasshh. The latest version is always available from _f_t_p_:_/_/_f_t_p_._g_n_u_._o_r_g_/_p_u_b_/_g_n_u_/_b_a_s_h_/. - Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the _b_a_s_h_b_u_g - command to submit a bug report. If you have a fix, you are encouraged - to mail that as well! Suggestions and `philosophical' bug reports may - be mailed to _b_u_g_-_b_a_s_h_@_g_n_u_._o_r_g or posted to the Usenet newsgroup + Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the _b_a_s_h_b_u_g + command to submit a bug report. If you have a fix, you are encouraged + to mail that as well! Suggestions and `philosophical' bug reports may + be mailed to _b_u_g_-_b_a_s_h_@_g_n_u_._o_r_g or posted to the Usenet newsgroup ggnnuu..bbaasshh..bbuugg. ALL bug reports should include: @@ -5697,7 +5906,7 @@ BBUUGG RREEPPOORRTTSS A description of the bug behaviour A short script or `recipe' which exercises the bug - _b_a_s_h_b_u_g inserts the first three items automatically into the template + _b_a_s_h_b_u_g inserts the first three items automatically into the template it provides for filing a bug report. Comments and bug reports concerning this manual page should be directed @@ -5714,10 +5923,10 @@ BBUUGGSS Shell builtin commands and functions are not stoppable/restartable. Compound commands and command sequences of the form `a ; b ; c' are not - handled gracefully when process suspension is attempted. When a - process is stopped, the shell immediately executes the next command in - the sequence. It suffices to place the sequence of commands between - parentheses to force it into a subshell, which may be stopped as a + handled gracefully when process suspension is attempted. When a + process is stopped, the shell immediately executes the next command in + the sequence. It suffices to place the sequence of commands between + parentheses to force it into a subshell, which may be stopped as a unit. Array variables may not (yet) be exported. @@ -5726,4 +5935,4 @@ BBUUGGSS -GNU Bash 4.3 2014 February 2 BASH(1) +GNU Bash 4.4 2016 August 26 BASH(1) diff --git a/doc/bash.1 b/doc/bash.1 index ec414627f..9a7a384ae 100644 --- a/doc/bash.1 +++ b/doc/bash.1 @@ -5,12 +5,12 @@ .\" Case Western Reserve University .\" chet.ramey@case.edu .\" -.\" Last Change: Sun Feb 2 16:21:40 EST 2014 +.\" Last Change: Fri Aug 26 09:45:10 EDT 2016 .\" .\" bash_builtins, strip all but Built-Ins section .if \n(zZ=1 .ig zZ .if \n(zY=1 .ig zY -.TH BASH 1 "2014 February 2" "GNU Bash 4.3" +.TH BASH 1 "2016 August 26" "GNU Bash 4.4" .\" .\" There's some problem with having a `@' .\" in a tagged paragraph with the BSD man macros. @@ -50,8 +50,8 @@ bash \- GNU Bourne-Again SHell [options] [command_string | file] .SH COPYRIGHT -.if n Bash is Copyright (C) 1989-2013 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc. -.if t Bash is Copyright \(co 1989-2013 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc. +.if n Bash is Copyright (C) 1989-2016 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc. +.if t Bash is Copyright \(co 1989-2016 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc. .SH DESCRIPTION .B Bash is an \fBsh\fR-compatible command language interpreter that @@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ Shell and Utilities portion of the IEEE POSIX specification .B Bash can be configured to be POSIX-conformant by default. .SH OPTIONS -All of the single-character shell options documented in the +All of the single-character shell options documented in the description of the \fBset\fR builtin command can be used as options when the shell is invoked. In addition, \fBbash\fR @@ -82,8 +82,12 @@ option is present, then commands are read from the first non-option argument .IR command_string . If there are arguments after the .IR command_string , -they are assigned to the positional parameters, starting with -.BR $0 . +the first argument is assigned to +.B $0 +and any remaining arguments are assigned to the positional parameters. +The assignment to +.B $0 +sets the name of the shell, which is used in warning and error messages. .TP .B \-i If the @@ -235,7 +239,7 @@ The shell becomes restricted (see below). .TP .B \-\-verbose -Equivalent to \fB\-v\fP. +Equivalent to \fB\-v\fP. .TP .B \-\-version Show version information for this instance of @@ -251,7 +255,7 @@ option has been supplied, the first argument is assumed to be the name of a file containing shell commands. If .B bash -is invoked in this fashion, +is invoked in this fashion, .B $0 is set to the name of the file, and the positional parameters are set to the remaining arguments. @@ -268,11 +272,12 @@ for the script. .SH INVOCATION A \fIlogin shell\fP is one whose first character of argument zero is a .BR \- , -or one started with the +or one started with the .B \-\-login option. .PP An \fIinteractive\fP shell is one started without non-option arguments +(unless \fB\-s\fP is specified) and without the .B \-c option @@ -319,7 +324,8 @@ The .B \-\-noprofile option may be used when the shell is started to inhibit this behavior. .PP -When a login shell exits, +When an interactive login shell exits, +or a non-interactive login shell executes the \fBexit\fP builtin command, .B bash reads and executes commands from the file \fI~/.bash_logout\fP, if it exists. @@ -450,7 +456,7 @@ The following definitions are used throughout the rest of this document. .PD 0 .TP -.B blank +.B blank A space or tab. .TP .B word @@ -459,7 +465,7 @@ Also known as a .BR token . .TP .B name -A +A .I word consisting only of alphanumeric characters and underscores, and beginning with an alphabetic character or an underscore. Also @@ -471,8 +477,8 @@ A character that, when unquoted, separates words. One of the following: .br .RS .PP -.if t \fB| & ; ( ) < > space tab\fP -.if n \fB| & ; ( ) < > space tab\fP +.if t \fB| & ; ( ) < > space tab newline\fP +.if n \fB| & ; ( ) < > space tab newline\fP .RE .PP .TP @@ -481,8 +487,8 @@ A \fItoken\fP that performs a control function. It is one of the following symbols: .RS .PP -.if t \fB|| & && ; ;; ( ) | |& \fP -.if n \fB|| & && ; ;; ( ) | |& \fP +.if t \fB|| & && ; ;; ;& ;;& ( ) | |& \fP +.if n \fB|| & && ; ;; ;& ;;& ( ) | |& \fP .RE .PD .SH "RESERVED WORDS" @@ -491,8 +497,8 @@ The following words are recognized as reserved when unquoted and either the first word of a simple command (see .SM .B SHELL GRAMMAR -below) or the third word of a -.B case +below) or the third word of a +.B case or .B for command: @@ -622,7 +628,7 @@ are executed sequentially; the shell waits for each command to terminate in turn. The return status is the exit status of the last command executed. .PP -AND and OR lists are sequences of one of more pipelines separated by the +AND and OR lists are sequences of one or more pipelines separated by the \fB&&\fP and \fB||\fP control operators, respectively. AND and OR lists are executed with left associativity. An AND list has the form @@ -712,9 +718,9 @@ right of the operator is considered a pattern and matched according to the rules described below under \fBPattern Matching\fP, as if the \fBextglob\fP shell option were enabled. The \fB=\fP operator is equivalent to \fB==\fP. -If the shell option +If the .B nocasematch -is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case +shell option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. The return value is 0 if the string matches (\fB==\fP) or does not match (\fB!=\fP) the pattern, and 1 otherwise. @@ -725,14 +731,14 @@ to be matched as a string. An additional binary operator, \fB=~\fP, is available, with the same precedence as \fB==\fP and \fB!=\fP. When it is used, the string to the right of the operator is considered -an extended regular expression and matched accordingly (as in \fIregex\fP(3)). +an extended regular expression and matched accordingly (as in \fIregex\fP(3)). The return value is 0 if the string matches the pattern, and 1 otherwise. If the regular expression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional expression's return value is 2. -If the shell option +If the .B nocasematch -is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case +shell option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force the quoted portion to be matched as a string. @@ -860,14 +866,14 @@ as for pathname expansion (see .B Pathname Expansion below). The \fIword\fP is expanded using tilde -expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic substitution, +expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command substitution, process substitution and quote removal. Each \fIpattern\fP examined is expanded using tilde -expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic substitution, +expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command substitution, and process substitution. -If the shell option +If the .B nocasematch -is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case +shell option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. When a match is found, the corresponding \fIlist\fP is executed. If the \fB;;\fP operator is used, no subsequent matches are attempted after @@ -885,7 +891,7 @@ last command executed in \fIlist\fP. [ \fBelif\fP \fIlist\fP; \fBthen\fP \fIlist\fP; ] ... \ [ \fBelse\fP \fIlist\fP; ] \fBfi\fP The -.B if +.B if .I list is executed. If its exit status is zero, the \fBthen\fP \fIlist\fP is executed. Otherwise, each \fBelif\fP @@ -903,7 +909,7 @@ last command executed, or zero if no condition tested true. The \fBwhile\fP command continuously executes the list \fIlist-2\fP as long as the last command in the list \fIlist-1\fP returns an exit status of zero. The \fBuntil\fP command is identical -to the \fBwhile\fP command, except that the test is negated; +to the \fBwhile\fP command, except that the test is negated: .I list-2 is executed as long as the last command in .I list-1 @@ -973,10 +979,12 @@ This defines a function named \fIname\fP. The reserved word \fBfunction\fP is optional. If the \fBfunction\fP reserved word is supplied, the parentheses are optional. The \fIbody\fP of the function is the compound command -.I compound\-command +.I compound\-command (see \fBCompound Commands\fP above). That command is usually a \fIlist\fP of commands between { and }, but -may be any command listed under \fBCompound Commands\fP above. +may be any command listed under \fBCompound Commands\fP above, +with one exception: If the \fBfunction\fP reserved word is used, but the +parentheses are not supplied, the braces are required. \fIcompound\-command\fP is executed whenever \fIname\fP is specified as the name of a simple command. When in \fIposix mode\fP, \fIname\fP may not be the name of one of the @@ -1011,7 +1019,7 @@ option enabled does not allow comments. The option is on by default in interactive shells. .SH QUOTING \fIQuoting\fP is used to remove the special meaning of certain -characters or words to the shell. Quoting can be used to +characters or words to the shell. Quoting can be used to disable special treatment for special characters, to prevent reserved words from being recognized as such, and to prevent parameter expansion. @@ -1053,6 +1061,8 @@ of all characters within the quotes, with the exception of .BR \e , and, when history expansion is enabled, .BR ! . +When the shell is in \fIposix mode\fP, the \fB!\fP has no special meaning +within double quotes, even when history expansion is enabled. The characters .B $ and @@ -1102,19 +1112,19 @@ backspace .TP .B \eE an escape character -.TP +.TP .B \ef form feed -.TP +.TP .B \en new line -.TP +.TP .B \er carriage return .TP .B \et horizontal tab -.TP +.TP .B \ev vertical tab .TP @@ -1126,7 +1136,10 @@ single quote .TP .B \e\(dq double quote -.TP +.TP +.B \e? +question mark +.TP .B \e\fInnn\fP the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value \fInnn\fP (one to three digits) @@ -1224,7 +1237,7 @@ Assignment statements may also appear as arguments to the .BR readonly , and .B local -builtin commands. +builtin commands (\fIdeclaration\fP commands). When in \fIposix mode\fP, these builtins may appear in a command after one or more instances of the \fBcommand\fP builtin and retain these assignment statement properties. @@ -1232,6 +1245,8 @@ assignment statement properties. In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value to a shell variable or array index, the += operator can be used to append to or add to the variable's previous value. +This includes arguments to builtin commands such as \fBdeclare\fP that +accept assignment statements (\fIdeclaration\fP commands). When += is applied to a variable for which the \fIinteger\fP attribute has been set, \fIvalue\fP is evaluated as an arithmetic expression and added to the variable's current value, which is also evaluated. @@ -1250,9 +1265,11 @@ A variable can be assigned the \fInameref\fP attribute using the (see the descriptions of \fBdeclare\fP and \fBlocal\fP below) to create a \fInameref\fP, or a reference to another variable. This allows variables to be manipulated indirectly. -Whenever the nameref variable is referenced or assigned to, the operation -is actually performed on the variable specified by the nameref variable's -value. +Whenever the nameref variable is referenced, assigned to, unset, or has +its attributes modified (other than using or changing the \fInameref\fP +attribute itself), the +operation is actually performed on the variable specified by the nameref +variable's value. A nameref is commonly used within shell functions to refer to a variable whose name is passed as an argument to the function. For instance, if a variable name is passed to a shell function as its first @@ -1265,13 +1282,14 @@ argument, running .sp .5 inside the function creates a nameref variable \fBref\fP whose value is the variable name passed as the first argument. -References and assignments to \fBref\fP are treated as references and -assignments to the variable whose name was passed as \fB$1\fP. +References and assignments to \fBref\fP, and changes to its attributes, +are treated as references, assignments, and attribute modifications +to the variable whose name was passed as \fB$1\fP. If the control variable in a \fBfor\fP loop has the nameref attribute, the list of words can be a list of shell variables, and a name reference will be established for each word in the list, in turn, when the loop is executed. -Array variables cannot be given the \fB\-n\fP attribute. +Array variables cannot be given the \fBnameref\fP attribute. However, nameref variables can reference array variables and subscripted array variables. Namerefs can be unset using the \fB\-n\fP option to the \fBunset\fP builtin. @@ -1311,8 +1329,7 @@ expands to a separate word. In contexts where it is performed, those words are subject to further word splitting and pathname expansion. When the expansion occurs within double quotes, it expands to a single word -with the value of each parameter separated by the first character -of the +with the value of each parameter separated by the first character of the .SM .B IFS special variable. That is, "\fB$*\fP" is equivalent @@ -1339,7 +1356,7 @@ If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the original word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last part of the original word. -When there are no positional parameters, "\fB$@\fP" and +When there are no positional parameters, "\fB$@\fP" and .B $@ expand to nothing (i.e., they are removed). .TP @@ -1440,8 +1457,13 @@ that do not require \fBbash\fP to be re-initialized. .B BASH_ALIASES An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal list of aliases as maintained by the \fBalias\fP builtin. -Elements added to this array appear in the alias list; unsetting array -elements cause aliases to be removed from the alias list. +Elements added to this array appear in the alias list; however, +unsetting array elements currently does not cause aliases to be removed +from the alias list. +If +.B BASH_ALIASES +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. .TP .B BASH_ARGC An array variable whose values are the number of parameters in each @@ -1482,8 +1504,13 @@ builtin below) .B BASH_CMDS An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal hash table of commands as maintained by the \fBhash\fP builtin. -Elements added to this array appear in the hash table; unsetting array -elements cause commands to be removed from the hash table. +Elements added to this array appear in the hash table; however, +unsetting array elements currently does not cause command names to be removed +from the hash table. +If +.B BASH_CMDS +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. .TP .B BASH_COMMAND The command currently being executed or about to be executed, unless the @@ -1509,6 +1536,12 @@ Use .B LINENO to obtain the current line number. .TP +.B BASH_LOADABLES_PATH +A colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks for +dynamically loadable builtins specified by the +.B enable +command. +.TP .B BASH_REMATCH An array variable whose members are assigned by the \fB=~\fP binary operator to the \fB[[\fP conditional command. @@ -1670,7 +1703,7 @@ This variable exists only when a shell function is executing. Assignments to .SM .B FUNCNAME -have no effect and return an error status. +have no effect. If .SM .B FUNCNAME @@ -1690,10 +1723,10 @@ information. .B GROUPS An array variable containing the list of groups of which the current user is a member. -Assignments to +Assignments to .SM .B GROUPS -have no effect and return an error status. +have no effect. If .SM .B GROUPS @@ -1828,7 +1861,7 @@ builtin command when no arguments are supplied. .B SECONDS Each time this parameter is referenced, the number of seconds since shell invocation is returned. If a -value is assigned to +value is assigned to .SM .BR SECONDS , the value returned upon subsequent @@ -1980,6 +2013,21 @@ Similar to .BR BASH_ENV ; used when the shell is invoked in POSIX mode. .TP +.B EXECIGNORE +A colon-separated list of shell patterns (see \fBPattern Matching\fP) +defining the list of filenames to be ignored by command search using +\fBPATH\fP. +Files whose full pathnames match one of these patterns are not considered +executable files for the purposes of completion and command execution +via \fBPATH\fP lookup. +This does not affect the behavior of the \fB[\fP, \fBtest\fP, and \fB[[\fP +commands. +Full pathnames in the command hash table are not subject to \fBEXECIGNORE\fP. +Use this variable to ignore shared library files that have the executable +bit set, but are not executable files. +The pattern matching honors the setting of the \fBextglob\fP shell +option. +.TP .B FCEDIT The default editor for the .B fc @@ -2021,7 +2069,7 @@ If the list of values includes lines which begin with a .B space character are not saved in the history list. -A value of +A value of .I ignoredups causes lines matching the previous history entry to not be saved. A value of @@ -2080,6 +2128,8 @@ The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of .SM .BR HISTIGNORE . +The pattern matching honors the setting of the \fBextglob\fP shell +option. .TP .B HISTSIZE The number of commands to remember in the command history (see @@ -2195,6 +2245,10 @@ strings preceded by a \fB$\fP. .B LC_NUMERIC This variable determines the locale category used for number formatting. .TP +.B LC_TIME +This variable determines the locale category used for data and time +formatting. +.TP .B LINES Used by the \fBselect\fP compound command to determine the column length for printing selection lists. @@ -2223,18 +2277,20 @@ If this variable is unset, or set to a value that is not a number greater than or equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking. .TP .B MAILPATH -A colon-separated list of filenames to be checked for mail. +A colon-separated list of filenames to be checked for mail. The message to be printed when mail arrives in a particular file may be specified by separating the filename from the message with a `?'. When used in the text of the message, \fB$_\fP expands to the name of -the current mailfile. +the current mailfile. Example: .RS .PP \fBMAILPATH\fP=\(aq/var/mail/bfox?"You have mail":~/shell\-mail?"$_ has mail!"\(aq .PP .B Bash -supplies a default value for this variable, but the location of the user +can be configured to supply +a default value for this variable (there is no value by default), +but the location of the user mail files that it uses is system dependent (e.g., /var/mail/\fB$USER\fP). .RE .TP @@ -2269,8 +2325,10 @@ The default path is system-dependent, and is set by the administrator who installs .BR bash . A common value is +.na .if t \f(CW/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin\fP. .if n ``/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin''. +.ad .TP .B POSIXLY_CORRECT If this variable is in the environment when \fBbash\fP starts, the shell @@ -2294,6 +2352,13 @@ trailing directory components to retain when expanding the \fB\ew\fP and .B PROMPTING below). Characters removed are replaced with an ellipsis. .TP +.B PS0 +The value of this parameter is expanded (see +.SM +.B PROMPTING +below) and displayed by interactive shells after reading a command +and before the command is executed. +.TP .B PS1 The value of this parameter is expanded (see .SM @@ -2460,7 +2525,7 @@ There is no maximum limit on the size of an array, nor any requirement that members be indexed or assigned contiguously. Indexed arrays are referenced using integers (including arithmetic -expressions) and are zero-based; associative arrays are referenced +expressions) and are zero-based; associative arrays are referenced using arbitrary strings. Unless otherwise noted, indexed array indices must be non-negative integers. .PP @@ -2533,16 +2598,20 @@ of the special parameters \fB*\fP and \fB@\fP (see above). ${#\fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP]} expands to the length of ${\fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP]}. If \fIsubscript\fP is \fB*\fP or \fB@\fP, the expansion is the number of elements in the array. -Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to -referencing the array with a subscript of 0. If the .I subscript used to reference an element of an indexed array -evaluates to a number less than zero, it is +evaluates to a number less than zero, it is interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of the array, so negative indices count back from the end of the array, and an index of \-1 references the last element. .PP +Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to +referencing the array with a subscript of 0. +Any reference to a variable using a valid subscript is legal, and +.B bash +will create an array if necessary. +.PP An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a value. The null string is a valid value. .PP @@ -2573,7 +2642,7 @@ builtins each accept a option to specify an indexed array and a .B \-A option to specify an associative array. -If both options are supplied, +If both options are supplied, .B \-A takes precedence. The @@ -2612,6 +2681,10 @@ This is performed at the same time as tilde, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and command substitution. .PP +After these expansions are performed, quote characters present in the +original word are removed unless they have been quoted themselves +(\fIquote removal\fP). +.PP Only brace expansion, word splitting, and pathname expansion can change the number of words of the expansion; other expansions expand a single word to a single word. @@ -2708,7 +2781,7 @@ If strict compatibility with is desired, start .B bash with the -.B +B +.B +B option or disable brace expansion with the .B +B option to the @@ -2802,12 +2875,16 @@ The \fIparameter\fP is a shell parameter as described above .PD .PP If the first character of \fIparameter\fP is an exclamation point (\fB!\fP), +and \fIparameter\fP is not a \fInameref\fP, it introduces a level of variable indirection. \fBBash\fP uses the value of the variable formed from the rest of \fIparameter\fP as the name of the variable; this variable is then expanded and that value is used in the rest of the substitution, rather than the value of \fIparameter\fP itself. This is known as \fIindirect expansion\fP. +If \fIparameter\fP is a nameref, this expands to the name of the +variable referenced by \fIparameter\fP instead of performing the +complete indirect expansion. The exceptions to this are the expansions of ${\fB!\fP\fIprefix\fP\fB*\fP} and ${\fB!\fP\fIname\fP[\fI@\fP]} described below. The exclamation point must immediately follow the left brace in order to @@ -2914,7 +2991,7 @@ zero. Substring expansion applied to an associative array produces undefined results. .sp 1 -Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parameters +Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parameters are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by default. If \fIoffset\fP is 0, and the positional parameters are used, \fB$0\fP is prefixed to the list. @@ -2953,7 +3030,7 @@ If .I parameter is .B * -or +or .BR @ , the value substituted is the number of positional parameters. If @@ -2976,7 +3053,7 @@ ${\fIparameter\fP\fB#\fP\fIword\fP} ${\fIparameter\fP\fB##\fP\fIword\fP} .PD \fBRemove matching prefix pattern\fP. -The +The .I word is expanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname expansion. If the pattern matches the beginning of @@ -3048,6 +3125,10 @@ If \fIpattern\fP begins with \fB%\fP, it must match at the end of the expanded value of \fIparameter\fP. If \fIstring\fP is null, matches of \fIpattern\fP are deleted and the \fB/\fP following \fIpattern\fP may be omitted. +If the +.B nocasematch +shell option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case +of alphabetic characters. If .I parameter is @@ -3105,6 +3186,58 @@ or .BR * , the case modification operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +.TP +${\fIparameter\fP\fB@\fP\fIoperator\fP} +\fBParameter transformation\fP. +The expansion is either a transformation of the value of \fIparameter\fP +or information about \fIparameter\fP itself, depending on the value of +\fIoperator\fP. Each \fIoperator\fP is a single letter: +.sp 1 +.RS +.PD 0 +.TP +.B Q +The expansion is a string that is the value of \fIparameter\fP quoted in a +format that can be reused as input. +.TP +.B E +The expansion is a string that is the value of \fIparameter\fP with backslash +escape sequences expanded as with the \fB$'...'\fP quoting mechansim. +.TP +.B P +The expansion is a string that is the result of expanding the value of +\fIparameter\fP as if it were a prompt string (see \fBPROMPTING\fP below). +.TP +.B A +The expansion is a string in the form of +an assignment statement or \fBdeclare\fP command that, if +evaluated, will recreate \fIparameter\fP with its attributes and value. +.TP +.B a +The expansion is a string consisting of flag values representing +\fIparameter\fP's attributes. +.PD +.PP +If +.I parameter +is +.B @ +or +.BR * , +the operation is applied to each positional +parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +If +.I parameter +is an array variable subscripted with +.B @ +or +.BR * , +the case modification operation is applied to each member of the +array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +.sp 1 +The result of the expansion is subject to word splitting and pathname +expansion as described below. +.RE .SS Command Substitution .PP \fICommand substitution\fP allows the output of a command to replace @@ -3119,8 +3252,8 @@ or .RE .PP .B Bash -performs the expansion by executing \fIcommand\fP and -replacing the command substitution with the standard output of the +performs the expansion by executing \fIcommand\fP in a subshell environment +and replacing the command substitution with the standard output of the command, with any trailing newlines deleted. Embedded newlines are not deleted, but they may be removed during word splitting. @@ -3171,22 +3304,26 @@ is invalid, prints a message indicating failure and no substitution occurs. .SS Process Substitution .PP -\fIProcess substitution\fP is supported on systems that support named -pipes (\fIFIFOs\fP) or the \fB/dev/fd\fP method of naming open files. +\fIProcess substitution\fP allows a process's input or output to be +referred to using a filename. It takes the form of \fB<(\fP\fIlist\^\fP\fB)\fP or \fB>(\fP\fIlist\^\fP\fB)\fP. -The process \fIlist\fP is run with its input or output connected to a -\fIFIFO\fP or some file in \fB/dev/fd\fP. The name of this file is +The process \fIlist\fP is run asynchronously, and its input or output +appears as a filename. +This filename is passed as an argument to the current command as the result of the -expansion. If the \fB>(\fP\fIlist\^\fP\fB)\fP form is used, writing to +expansion. +If the \fB>(\fP\fIlist\^\fP\fB)\fP form is used, writing to the file will provide input for \fIlist\fP. If the \fB<(\fP\fIlist\^\fP\fB)\fP form is used, the file passed as an argument should be read to obtain the output of \fIlist\fP. +Process substitution is supported on systems that support named +pipes (\fIFIFOs\fP) or the \fB/dev/fd\fP method of naming open files. .PP When available, process substitution is performed -simultaneously with parameter and variable expansion, +simultaneously with parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. .SS Word Splitting @@ -3227,9 +3364,10 @@ If .B IFS has a value other than the default, then sequences of the whitespace characters -.B space +.BR space , +.BR tab , and -.B tab +.B newline are ignored at the beginning and end of the word, as long as the whitespace character is in the value of @@ -3258,11 +3396,18 @@ If the value of .B IFS is null, no word splitting occurs. .PP -Explicit null arguments (\^\f3"\^"\fP or \^\f3\(aq\^\(aq\fP\^) are retained. +Explicit null arguments (\^\f3"\^"\fP or \^\f3\(aq\^\(aq\fP\^) are retained +and passed to commands as empty strings. Unquoted implicit null arguments, resulting from the expansion of parameters that have no values, are removed. If a parameter with no value is expanded within double quotes, a -null argument results and is retained. +null argument results and is retained +and passed to a command as an empty string. +When a quoted null argument appears as part of a word whose expansion is +non-null, the null argument is removed. +That is, the word +\f(CW\-d\(aq\^\(aq\fP becomes \f(CW\-d\fP after word splitting and +null argument removal. .PP Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting is performed. @@ -3291,7 +3436,7 @@ If no matching filenames are found, and the shell option .B nullglob is not enabled, the word is left unchanged. -If the +If the .B nullglob option is set, and no matches are found, the word is removed. @@ -3340,6 +3485,10 @@ is set, each matching filename that also matches one of the patterns in .SM .B GLOBIGNORE is removed from the list of matches. +If the \fBnocaseglob\fP option is set, the matching against the patterns in +.SM +.B GLOBIGNORE +is performed without regard to case. The filenames .B ``.'' and @@ -3368,6 +3517,8 @@ option is disabled when .SM .B GLOBIGNORE is unset. +The pattern matching honors the setting of the \fBextglob\fP shell +option. .PP \fBPattern Matching\fP .PP @@ -3427,7 +3578,7 @@ shell variable to or enable the .B globasciiranges shell option. -A +A .B \- may be matched by including it as the first or last character in the set. @@ -3458,7 +3609,7 @@ The \fBword\fP character class matches letters, digits, and the character _. .if n .sp 1 Within .B [ -and +and .BR ] , an \fIequivalence class\fP can be specified using the syntax \fB[=\fP\fIc\fP\fB=]\fP, which matches all characters with the @@ -3469,7 +3620,7 @@ the character \fIc\fP. .if n .sp 1 Within .B [ -and +and .BR ] , the syntax \fB[.\fP\fIsymbol\fP\fB.]\fP matches the collating symbol \fIsymbol\fP. @@ -3557,14 +3708,14 @@ If it expands to more than one word, .B bash reports an error. .PP -Note that the order of redirections is significant. For example, +Note that the order of redirections is significant. For example, the command .RS .PP ls \fB>\fP dirlist 2\fB>&\fP1 .RE .PP -directs both standard output and standard error to the file +directs both standard output and standard error to the file .IR dirlist , while the command .RS @@ -3579,7 +3730,10 @@ before the standard output was redirected to .IR dirlist . .PP \fBBash\fP handles several filenames specially when they are used in -redirections, as described in the following table: +redirections, as described in the following table. +If the operating system on which \fBbash\fP is running provides these +special files, bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them +internally with the behavior described below. .RS .PP .PD 0 @@ -3745,13 +3899,13 @@ current source until a line containing only (with no trailing blanks) is seen. All of the lines read up to that point are then used as the standard -input for a command. +input (or file descriptor \fIn\fP if \fIn\fP is specified) for a command. .PP The format of here-documents is: .RS .PP .nf -\fB<<\fP[\fB\-\fP]\fIword\fP +[\fIn\fP]\fB<<\fP[\fB\-\fP]\fIword\fP \fIhere-document\fP \fIdelimiter\fP .fi @@ -3760,9 +3914,9 @@ The format of here-documents is: No parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, or pathname expansion is performed on .IR word . -If any characters in +If any part of .I word -are quoted, the +is quoted, the .I delimiter is the result of quote removal on .IR word , @@ -3793,7 +3947,7 @@ A variant of here documents, the format is: .RS .PP .nf -\fB<<<\fP\fIword\fP +[\fIn\fP]\fB<<<\fP\fIword\fP .fi .RE .PP @@ -3801,8 +3955,9 @@ The \fIword\fP undergoes brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal. Pathname expansion and word splitting are not performed. -The result is supplied as a single string to the command on its -standard input. +The result is supplied as a single string, with a newline appended, +to the command on its +standard input (or file descriptor \fIn\fP if \fIn\fP is specified). .SS "Duplicating File Descriptors" .PP The redirection operator @@ -3961,7 +4116,7 @@ on that line are not affected by the new alias. This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed. Aliases are expanded when a function definition is read, not when the function is executed, because a function definition -is itself a compound command. As a consequence, aliases +is itself a command. As a consequence, aliases defined in a function are not available until after that function is executed. To be safe, always put alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use @@ -3995,7 +4150,7 @@ is executing. .PP All other aspects of the shell execution environment are identical between a function and its caller -with these exceptions: the +with these exceptions: the .SM .B DEBUG and @@ -4079,7 +4234,7 @@ By default, no limit is imposed on the number of recursive calls. .SH "ARITHMETIC EVALUATION" The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, under certain circumstances (see the \fBlet\fP and \fBdeclare\fP builtin -commands and \fBArithmetic Expansion\fP). +commands, the \fB((\fP compound command, and \fBArithmetic Expansion\fP). Evaluation is done in fixed-width integers with no check for overflow, though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as an error. The operators and their precedence, associativity, and values @@ -4165,7 +4320,7 @@ is a decimal number between 2 and 64 representing the arithmetic base, and \fIn\fP is a number in that base. If \fIbase#\fP is omitted, then base 10 is used. When specifying \fIn\fP, -the digits greater< than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters, +the digits greater than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters, the uppercase letters, @, and _, in that order. If \fIbase\fP is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and uppercase letters may be used interchangeably to represent numbers between 10 @@ -4179,6 +4334,11 @@ Conditional expressions are used by the \fB[[\fP compound command and the \fBtest\fP and \fB[\fP builtin commands to test file attributes and perform string and arithmetic comparisons. Expressions are formed from the following unary or binary primaries. +\fBBash\fP handles several filenames specially when they are used in +expressions. +If the operating system on which \fBbash\fP is running provides these +special files, bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them +internally with this behavior: If any \fIfile\fP argument to one of the primaries is of the form \fI/dev/fd/n\fP, then file descriptor \fIn\fP is checked. If the \fIfile\fP argument to one of the primaries is one of @@ -4444,7 +4604,7 @@ If the program is a file beginning with the remainder of the first line specifies an interpreter for the program. The shell executes the specified interpreter on operating systems that do not -handle this executable format themselves. The arguments to the +handle this executable format themselves. The arguments to the interpreter consist of a single optional argument following the interpreter name on the first line of the program, followed by the name of the program, followed by the command @@ -4503,7 +4663,7 @@ traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from the shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored .PP A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the -shell's execution environment. +shell's execution environment. .PP Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, and asynchronous commands are invoked in a @@ -4526,7 +4686,7 @@ shell as modified by redirections. When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings called the .IR environment . -This is a list of +This is a list of \fIname\fP\-\fIvalue\fP pairs, of the form .IR "name\fR=\fPvalue" . .PP @@ -4563,7 +4723,7 @@ parameter assignments, as described above in These assignment statements affect only the environment seen by that command. .PP -If the +If the .B \-k option is set (see the .B set @@ -4584,11 +4744,11 @@ The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the \fIwaitpid\fP system call or equivalent function. Exit statuses fall between 0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may use values above 125 specially. Exit statuses from shell builtins and -compound commands are also limited to this range. Under certain +compound commands are also limited to this range. Under certain circumstances, the shell will use special values to indicate specific failure modes. .PP -For the shell's purposes, a command which exits with a +For the shell's purposes, a command which exits with a zero exit status has succeeded. An exit status of zero indicates success. A non-zero exit status indicates failure. When a command terminates on a fatal signal \fIN\fP, \fBbash\fP uses @@ -4603,8 +4763,9 @@ the exit status is greater than zero. .PP Shell builtin commands return a status of 0 (\fItrue\fP) if successful, and non-zero (\fIfalse\fP) if an error occurs -while they execute. -All builtins return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage. +while they execute. +All builtins return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage, +generally invalid options or missing arguments. .PP \fBBash\fP itself returns the exit status of the last command executed, unless a syntax error occurs, in which case it exits @@ -4668,12 +4829,12 @@ to ensure that they receive the .BR SIGHUP . To prevent the shell from sending the signal to a particular job, it should be removed from the -jobs table with the +jobs table with the .B disown builtin (see .SM .B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS" -below) or marked +below) or marked to not receive .SM .B SIGHUP @@ -4685,14 +4846,14 @@ If the shell option has been set with .BR shopt , .B bash -sends a +sends a .SM .B SIGHUP to all jobs when an interactive login shell exits. .PP If \fBbash\fP is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal for which a trap has been set, the trap will not be executed until -the command completes. +the command completes. When \fBbash\fP is waiting for an asynchronous command via the \fBwait\fP builtin, the reception of a signal for which a trap has been set will cause the \fBwait\fP builtin to return immediately with an exit status @@ -4746,7 +4907,7 @@ user so specifies with \f(CWstty tostop\fP, write to the terminal. Background processes which attempt to read from (write to when \f(CWstty tostop\fP is in effect) the -terminal are sent a +terminal are sent a .SM .B SIGTTIN (SIGTTOU) signal by the kernel's terminal driver, @@ -4763,7 +4924,7 @@ Typing the character (typically .BR ^Z , Control-Z) while a process is running -causes that process to be stopped and returns control to +causes that process to be stopped and returns control to .BR bash . Typing the .I "delayed suspend" @@ -4813,7 +4974,7 @@ refer to the shell's notion of the .IR "current job" , which is the last job stopped while it was in the foreground or started in the background. -The +The .I "previous job" may be referenced using .BR %\- . @@ -4844,7 +5005,7 @@ Normally, .B bash waits until it is about to print a prompt before reporting changes in a job's status so as to not interrupt -any other output. If the +any other output. If the .B \-b option to the .B set @@ -4865,12 +5026,12 @@ warning message, and, if the \fBcheckjobs\fP option is enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses. The .B jobs -command may then be used to inspect their status. +command may then be used to inspect their status. If a second attempt to exit is made without an intervening command, the shell does not print another warning, and any stopped jobs are terminated. .SH PROMPTING -When executing interactively, +When executing interactively, .B bash displays the primary prompt .SM @@ -4880,6 +5041,10 @@ when it is ready to read a command, and the secondary prompt .B PS2 when it needs more input to complete a command. .B Bash +displays +.B PS0 +after it reads a command but before executing it. +.B Bash allows these prompt strings to be customized by inserting a number of backslash-escaped special characters that are decoded as follows: .RS @@ -5034,10 +5199,10 @@ builtin. .PP In this section, the Emacs-style notation is used to denote keystrokes. Control keys are denoted by C\-\fIkey\fR, e.g., C\-n -means Control\-N. Similarly, +means Control\-N. Similarly, .I meta keys are denoted by M\-\fIkey\fR, so M\-x means Meta\-X. (On keyboards -without a +without a .I meta key, M\-\fIx\fP means ESC \fIx\fP, i.e., press the Escape key then the @@ -5055,7 +5220,7 @@ which normally act as a repeat count. Sometimes, however, it is the sign of the argument that is significant. Passing a negative argument to a command that acts in the forward direction (e.g., \fBkill\-line\fP) causes that command to act in a -backward direction. +backward direction. Commands whose behavior with arguments deviates from this are noted below. .PP @@ -5063,7 +5228,7 @@ When a command is described as \fIkilling\fP text, the text deleted is saved for possible future retrieval (\fIyanking\fP). The killed text is saved in a \fIkill ring\fP. Consecutive kills cause the text to be -accumulated into one unit, which can be yanked all at once. +accumulated into one unit, which can be yanked all at once. Commands which do not kill text separate the chunks of text on the kill ring. .SS "Readline Initialization" @@ -5086,7 +5251,7 @@ Lines beginning with a \fB$\fP indicate conditional constructs. Other lines denote key bindings and variable settings. .PP The default key-bindings may be changed with an -.I inputrc +.I inputrc file. Other programs that use this library may add their own commands and bindings. @@ -5100,7 +5265,7 @@ or .RS C\-Meta\-u: universal\-argument .RE -into the +into the .I inputrc would make M\-C\-u execute the readline command .IR universal\-argument . @@ -5126,7 +5291,7 @@ The syntax for controlling key bindings in the .I inputrc file is simple. All that is required is the name of the command or the text of a macro and a key sequence to which -it should be bound. The name may be specified in one of two ways: +it should be bound. The name may be specified in one of two ways: as a symbolic key name, possibly with \fIMeta\-\fP or \fIControl\-\fP prefixes, or as a key sequence. .PP @@ -5182,7 +5347,7 @@ is again bound to the function .I "C\-x C\-r" is bound to the function .BR re\-read\-init\-file , -and +and .I "ESC [ 1 1 ~" is bound to insert the text .if t \f(CWFunction Key 1\fP. @@ -5306,9 +5471,19 @@ If set to \fBOn\fP, readline attempts to bind the control characters treated specially by the kernel's terminal driver to their readline equivalents. .TP +.B blink\-matching\-paren (Off) +If set to \fBOn\fP, readline attempts to briefly move the cursor to an +opening parenthesis when a closing parenthesis is inserted. +.TP +.B colored\-completion\-prefix (Off) +If set to \fBOn\fP, when listing completions, readline displays the +common prefix of the set of possible completions using a different color. +The color definitions are taken from the value of the \fBLS_COLORS\fP +environment variable. +.TP .B colored\-stats (Off) If set to \fBOn\fP, readline displays possible completions using different -colors to indicate their file type. +colors to indicate their file type. The color definitions are taken from the value of the \fBLS_COLORS\fP environment variable. .TP @@ -5322,10 +5497,23 @@ in emacs mode and to .B # in vi command mode. .TP +.B completion\-display\-width (-1) +The number of screen columns used to display possible matches +when performing completion. +The value is ignored if it is less than 0 or greater than the terminal +screen width. +A value of 0 will cause matches to be displayed one per line. +The default value is -1. +.TP .B completion\-ignore\-case (Off) If set to \fBOn\fP, readline performs filename matching and completion in a case\-insensitive fashion. .TP +.B completion\-map\-case (Off) +If set to \fBOn\fP, and \fBcompletion\-ignore\-case\fP is enabled, readline +treats hyphens (\fI\-\fP) and underscores (\fI_\fP) as equivalent when +performing case\-insensitive filename matching and completion. +.TP .B completion\-prefix\-display\-length (0) The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of possible completions that is displayed without modification. When set to a @@ -5347,12 +5535,19 @@ If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will convert characters with the eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by stripping the eighth bit and prefixing an escape character (in effect, using escape as the \fImeta prefix\fP). +The default is \fIOn\fP, but readline will set it to \fIOff\fP if the +locale contains eight-bit characters. .TP .B disable\-completion (Off) If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will inhibit word completion. Completion characters will be inserted into the line as if they had been mapped to \fBself-insert\fP. .TP +.B echo\-control\-characters (On) +When set to \fBOn\fP, on operating systems that indicate they support it, +readline echoes a character corresponding to a signal generated from the +keyboard. +.TP .B editing\-mode (emacs) Controls whether readline begins with a set of key bindings similar to \fIEmacs\fP or \fIvi\fP. @@ -5362,10 +5557,12 @@ can be set to either or .BR vi . .TP -.B echo\-control\-characters (On) -When set to \fBOn\fP, on operating systems that indicate they support it, -readline echoes a character corresponding to a signal generated from the -keyboard. +.B enable\-bracketed\-paste (Off) +When set to \fBOn\fP, readline will configure the terminal in a way +that will enable it to insert each paste into the editing buffer as a +single string of characters, instead of treating each character as if +it had been read from the keyboard. This can prevent pasted characters +from being interpreted as editing commands. .TP .B enable\-keypad (Off) When set to \fBOn\fP, readline will try to enable the application @@ -5386,13 +5583,16 @@ If set to \fBOn\fP, the history code attempts to place point at the same location on each history line retrieved with \fBprevious-history\fP or \fBnext-history\fP. .TP -.B history\-size (0) +.B history\-size (unset) Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history list. If set to zero, any existing history entries are deleted and no new entries are saved. If set to a value less than zero, the number of history entries is not limited. -By default, the number of history entries is not limited. +By default, the number of history entries is set to the value of the +\fBHISTSIZE\fP shell variable. +If an attempt is made to set \fIhistory\-size\fP to a non-numeric value, +the maximum number of history entries will be set to 500. .TP .B horizontal\-scroll\-mode (Off) When set to \fBOn\fP, makes readline use a single line for display, @@ -5401,10 +5601,12 @@ becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a new line. .TP .B input\-meta (Off) If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will enable eight-bit input (that is, -it will not strip the high bit from the characters it reads), +it will not strip the eighth bit from the characters it reads), regardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The name .B meta\-flag is a synonym for this variable. +The default is \fIOff\fP, but readline will set it to \fIOn\fP if the +locale contains eight-bit characters. .TP .B isearch\-terminators (``C\-[C\-J'') The string of characters that should terminate an incremental @@ -5424,6 +5626,15 @@ the value of .B editing\-mode also affects the default keymap. .TP +.B emacs\-mode\-string (@) +This string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary +prompt when emacs editing mode is active. The value is expanded like a +key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and +backslash escape sequences is available. +Use the \e1 and \e2 escapes to begin and end sequences of +non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control +sequence into the mode string. +.TP .B keyseq\-timeout (500) Specifies the duration \fIreadline\fP will wait for a character when reading an ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a complete key sequence using @@ -5452,7 +5663,7 @@ have a slash appended (subject to the value of .TP .B match\-hidden\-files (On) This variable, when set to \fBOn\fP, causes readline to match files whose -names begin with a `.' (hidden files) when performing filename +names begin with a `.' (hidden files) when performing filename completion. If set to \fBOff\fP, the leading `.' must be supplied by the user in the filename to be completed. @@ -5466,6 +5677,8 @@ the list. If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will display characters with the eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape sequence. +The default is \fIOff\fP, but readline will set it to \fIOn\fP if the +locale contains eight-bit characters. .TP .B page\-completions (On) If set to \fBOn\fP, readline uses an internal \fImore\fP-like pager @@ -5474,9 +5687,9 @@ to display a screenful of possible completions at a time. .B print\-completions\-horizontally (Off) If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will display completions with matches sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the screen. -.TP +.TP .B revert\-all\-at\-newline (Off) -If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will undo all changes to history lines +If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will undo all changes to history lines before returning when \fBaccept\-line\fP is executed. By default, history lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists across calls to \fBreadline\fP. @@ -5511,6 +5724,26 @@ does not insert characters from the completion that match characters after point in the word being completed, so portions of the word following the cursor are not duplicated. .TP +.B vi\-cmd\-mode\-string ((cmd)) +This string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary +prompt when vi editing mode is active and in command mode. +The value is expanded like a +key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and +backslash escape sequences is available. +Use the \e1 and \e2 escapes to begin and end sequences of +non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control +sequence into the mode string. +.TP +.B vi\-ins\-mode\-string ((ins)) +This string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary +prompt when vi editing mode is active and in insertion mode. +The value is expanded like a +key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and +backslash escape sequences is available. +Use the \e1 and \e2 escapes to begin and end sequences of +non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control +sequence into the mode string. +.TP .B visible\-stats (Off) If set to \fBOn\fP, a character denoting a file's type as reported by \fIstat\fP(2) is appended to the filename when listing possible @@ -5523,7 +5756,7 @@ compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings and variable settings to be performed as the result of tests. There are four parser directives used. .IP \fB$if\fP -The +The .B $if construct allows bindings to be made based on the editing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using @@ -5542,7 +5775,7 @@ The \fBterm=\fP form may be used to include terminal-specific key bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by the terminal's function keys. The word on the right side of the .B = -is tested against the both full name of the terminal and the portion +is tested against both the full name of the terminal and the portion of the terminal name before the first \fB\-\fP. This allows .I sun to match both @@ -5854,7 +6087,7 @@ Negative arguments have no effect. Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving point over that word as well. If point is at the end of the line, this transposes -the last two words on the line. +the last two words on the line. .TP .B upcase\-word (M\-u) Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, @@ -5874,7 +6107,7 @@ switches to overwrite mode. With an explicit non-positive numeric argument, switches to insert mode. This command affects only \fBemacs\fP mode; \fBvi\fP mode does overwrite differently. Each call to \fIreadline()\fP starts in insert mode. -In overwrite mode, characters bound to \fBself\-insert\fP replace +In overwrite mode, characters bound to \fBself\-insert\fP replace the text at point rather than pushing the text to the right. Characters bound to \fBbackward\-delete\-char\fP replace the character before point with a space. By default, this command is unbound. @@ -5897,7 +6130,7 @@ The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. .B kill\-whole\-line Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is. .TP -.B kill\-word (M\-d) +.B kill\-word (M\-d) Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the same as those used by \fBforward\-word\fP. @@ -5906,12 +6139,12 @@ Word boundaries are the same as those used by \fBforward\-word\fP. Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as those used by \fBbackward\-word\fP. .TP -.B shell\-kill\-word (M\-d) +.B shell\-kill\-word Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the same as those used by \fBshell\-forward\-word\fP. .TP -.B shell\-backward\-kill\-word (M\-Rubout) +.B shell\-backward\-kill\-word Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as those used by \fBshell\-backward\-word\fP. .TP @@ -5966,7 +6199,7 @@ If the command is followed by digits, executing .B universal\-argument again ends the numeric argument, but is otherwise ignored. As a special case, if this command is immediately followed by a -character that is neither a digit or minus sign, the argument count +character that is neither a digit nor minus sign, the argument count for the next command is multiplied by four. The argument count is initially one, so executing this function the first time makes the argument count four, a second time makes the @@ -6161,10 +6394,10 @@ but usually bound to ESC\-[. Without a numeric argument, the value of the readline .B comment\-begin variable is inserted at the beginning of the current line. -If a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if +If a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if the characters at the beginning of the line do not match the value of \fBcomment\-begin\fP, the value is inserted, otherwise -the characters in \fBcomment\-begin\fP are deleted from the beginning of +the characters in \fBcomment\-begin\fP are deleted from the beginning of the line. In either case, the line is accepted as if a newline had been typed. The default value of @@ -6275,7 +6508,7 @@ Shell quoting is honored. Each word is then expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, -as described above under +as described above under .SM .BR EXPANSION . The results are split using the rules described above under @@ -6297,7 +6530,7 @@ and .B COMP_TYPE variables are assigned values as described above under \fBShell Variables\fP. -If a shell function is being invoked, the +If a shell function is being invoked, the .SM .B COMP_WORDS and @@ -6337,6 +6570,10 @@ is removed before attempting a match. Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list. A leading \fB!\fP negates the pattern; in this case any completion not matching the pattern will be removed. +If the +.B nocasematch +shell option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case +of alphabetic characters. .PP Finally, any prefix and suffix specified with the \fB\-P\fP and \fB\-S\fP options are added to each member of the completion list, and the result is @@ -6365,7 +6602,7 @@ generate no matches. .PP When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired, the programmable completion functions force readline to append a slash -to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to +to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to the value of the \fBmark\-directories\fP readline variable, regardless of the setting of the \fBmark-symlinked\-directories\fP readline variable. .PP @@ -6562,7 +6799,9 @@ quotes are considered one word. History expansions are introduced by the appearance of the history expansion character, which is \^\fB!\fP\^ by default. Only backslash (\^\fB\e\fP\^) and single quotes can quote -the history expansion character. +the history expansion character, but the history expansion character is +also treated as quoted if it immediately precedes the closing double quote +in a double-quoted string. .PP Several characters inhibit history expansion if found immediately following the history expansion character, even if it is unquoted: @@ -6669,7 +6908,7 @@ The entire command line typed so far. .SS Word Designators .PP Word designators are used to select desired words from the event. -A +A .B : separates the event specification from the word designator. It may be omitted if the word designator begins with a @@ -6808,7 +7047,8 @@ accepts to signify the end of the options. The \fB:\fP, \fBtrue\fP, \fBfalse\fP, and \fBtest\fP builtins do not accept options and do not treat \fB\-\-\fP specially. -The \fBexit\fP, \fBlogout\fP, \fBbreak\fP, \fBcontinue\fP, \fBlet\fP, +The \fBexit\fP, \fBlogout\fP, \fBreturn\fP, +\fBbreak\fP, \fBcontinue\fP, \fBlet\fP, and \fBshift\fP builtins accept and process arguments beginning with \fB\-\fP without requiring \fB\-\-\fP. Other builtins that accept arguments but are not specified as accepting @@ -6822,7 +7062,8 @@ require \fB\-\-\fP to prevent this interpretation. No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding .I arguments and performing any specified -redirections. A zero exit code is returned. +redirections. +The return status is zero. .TP \fB .\| \fP \fIfilename\fP [\fIarguments\fP] .PD 0 @@ -6861,6 +7102,12 @@ is not searched. If any \fIarguments\fP are supplied, they become the positional parameters when \fIfilename\fP is executed. Otherwise the positional parameters are unchanged. +If the \fB\-T\fP option is enabled, \fBsource\fP inherits any trap on +\fBDEBUG\fP; if it is not, any \fBDEBUG\fP trap string is saved and +restored around the call to \fBsource\fP, and \fBsource\fP unsets the +\fBDEBUG\fP trap while it executes. +If \fB\-T\fP is not set, and the sourced file changes +the \fBDEBUG\fP trap, the new value is retained when \fBsource\fP completes. The return status is the status of the last command exited within the script (0 if no commands are executed), and false if .I filename @@ -6873,7 +7120,7 @@ option prints the list of aliases in the form \fBalias\fP \fIname\fP=\fIvalue\fP on standard output. When arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for each \fIname\fP whose \fIvalue\fP is given. -A trailing space in \fIvalue\fP causes the next word to be +A trailing space in \fIvalue\fP causes the next word to be checked for alias substitution when the alias is expanded. For each \fIname\fP in the argument list for which no \fIvalue\fP is supplied, the name and value of the alias is printed. @@ -6904,7 +7151,7 @@ or was started without job control. .TP \fBbind\fP [\fB\-m\fP \fIkeymap\fP] \fIkeyseq\fP:\fIfunction\-name\fP .TP -\fBbind\fP \fIreadline\-command\fP +\fBbind\fP [\fB\-m\fP \fIkeymap\fP] \fIkeyseq\fP:\fIreadline\-command\fP .PD Display current .B readline @@ -6931,7 +7178,8 @@ names are \fIemacs, emacs\-standard, emacs\-meta, emacs\-ctlx, vi, vi\-move, vi\-command\fP, and .IR vi\-insert . -\fIvi\fP is equivalent to \fIvi\-command\fP; \fIemacs\fP is +\fIvi\fP is equivalent to \fIvi\-command\fP (\fIvi\-move\fP is also +a synonym); \fIemacs\fP is equivalent to \fIemacs\-standard\fP. .TP .B \-l @@ -7030,7 +7278,7 @@ Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell function or a script executed with the \fB.\fP or \fBsource\fP builtins). Without \fIexpr\fP, \fBcaller\fP displays the line number and source filename of the current subroutine call. -If a non-negative integer is supplied as \fIexpr\fP, \fBcaller\fP +If a non-negative integer is supplied as \fIexpr\fP, \fBcaller\fP displays the line number, subroutine name, and source file corresponding to that position in the current execution call stack. This extra information may be used, for example, to print a stack trace. The @@ -7067,7 +7315,7 @@ begins with a slash (/), then .SM .B CDPATH -is not used. The +is not used. The .B \-P option causes \fBcd\fP to use the physical directory structure by resolving symbolic links while traversing \fIdir\fP and @@ -7112,8 +7360,8 @@ Run .I command with .I args -suppressing the normal shell function lookup. Only builtin -commands or commands found in the +suppressing the normal shell function lookup. +Only builtin commands or commands found in the .SM .B PATH are executed. If the @@ -7231,12 +7479,15 @@ Intended to be used with shell functions. Tell readline not to quote the completed words if they are filenames (quoting filenames is the default). .TP 8 +.B nosort +Tell readline not to sort the list of possible completions alphabetically. +.TP 8 .B nospace Tell readline not to append a space (the default) to words completed at the end of the line. .TP 8 .B plusdirs -After any matches defined by the compspec are generated, +After any matches defined by the compspec are generated, directory name completion is attempted and any matches are added to the results of the other actions. .RE @@ -7442,8 +7693,8 @@ The option inhibits the display of function definitions; only the function name and attributes are printed. If the \fBextdebug\fP shell option is enabled using \fBshopt\fP, -the source file name and line number where the function is defined -are displayed as well. The +the source file name and line number where each \fIname\fP +is defined are displayed as well. The .B \-F option implies .BR \-f . @@ -7486,10 +7737,11 @@ The upper-case attribute is disabled. Give each \fIname\fP the \fInameref\fP attribute, making it a name reference to another variable. That other variable is defined by the value of \fIname\fP. -All references and assignments to \fIname\fP, except for changing the +All references, assignments, and attribute modifications +to \fIname\fP, except those using or changing the \fB\-n\fP attribute itself, are performed on the variable referenced by \fIname\fP's value. -The \fB\-n\fP attribute cannot be applied to array variables. +The nameref attribute cannot be applied to array variables. .TP .B \-r Make \fIname\fPs readonly. These names cannot then be assigned values @@ -7547,11 +7799,12 @@ or an attempt is made to display a non-existent function with \fB\-f\fP. Without options, displays the list of currently remembered directories. The default display is on a single line with directory names separated by spaces. -Directories are added to the list with the +Directories are added to the list with the .B pushd command; the .B popd command removes entries from the list. +The current directory is always the first directory in the stack. .RS .PD 0 .TP @@ -7587,7 +7840,7 @@ invalid option is supplied or \fIn\fP indexes beyond the end of the directory stack. .RE .TP -\fBdisown\fP [\fB\-ar\fP] [\fB\-h\fP] [\fIjobspec\fP ...] +\fBdisown\fP [\fB\-ar\fP] [\fB\-h\fP] [\fIjobspec\fP ... | \fIpid\fP ... ] Without options, remove each .I jobspec from the table of active jobs. @@ -7746,7 +7999,7 @@ become the arguments to \fIcommand\fP. If the .B \-l option is supplied, -the shell places a dash at the beginning of the zeroth argument passed to +the shell places a dash at the beginning of the zeroth argument passed to .IR command . This is what .IR login (1) @@ -7792,10 +8045,9 @@ is executed before the shell terminates. The supplied .I names are marked for automatic export to the environment of -subsequently executed commands. If the +subsequently executed commands. If the .B \-f -option is given, -the +option is given, the .I names refer to functions. If no @@ -7835,7 +8087,7 @@ and may be specified as a string (to locate the last command beginning with that string) or as a number (an index into the history list, where a negative number is used as an offset from the current -command number). If +command number). If .I last is not specified it is set to the current command for listing (so that @@ -7992,7 +8244,7 @@ If the variable .SM .B OPTERR is set to 0, no error messages will be displayed, even if the first -character of +character of .I optstring is not a colon. .sp 1 @@ -8036,7 +8288,7 @@ error occurs. .TP \fBhash\fP [\fB\-lr\fP] [\fB\-p\fP \fIfilename\fP] [\fB\-dt\fP] [\fIname\fP] Each time \fBhash\fP is invoked, -the full pathname of the command +the full pathname of the command .I name is determined by searching the directories in @@ -8109,7 +8361,7 @@ The return status is 0 unless no command matches .PD With no options, display the command history list with line numbers. Lines listed -with a +with a .B * have been modified. An argument of .I n @@ -8139,8 +8391,9 @@ Clear the history list by deleting all the entries. Delete the history entry at position \fIoffset\fP. .TP .B \-a -Append the ``new'' history lines (history lines entered since the -beginning of the current \fBbash\fP session) to the history file. +Append the ``new'' history lines to the history file. +These are history lines entered since the beginning of the current +\fBbash\fP session, but not already appended to the history file. .TP .B \-n Read the history lines not already read from the history @@ -8179,7 +8432,7 @@ associated with each history entry is written to the history file, marked with the history comment character. When the history file is read, lines beginning with the history comment character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted -as timestamps for the previous history line. +as timestamps for the following history entry. The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an error occurs while reading or writing the history file, an invalid \fIoffset\fP is supplied as an argument to \fB\-d\fP, or the @@ -8243,7 +8496,7 @@ returning its exit status. \fBkill\fP [\fB\-s\fP \fIsigspec\fP | \fB\-n\fP \fIsignum\fP | \fB\-\fP\fIsigspec\fP] [\fIpid\fP | \fIjobspec\fP] ... .PD 0 .TP -\fBkill\fP \fB\-l\fP [\fIsigspec\fP | \fIexit_status\fP] +\fBkill\fP \fB\-l\fP|\fB\-L\fP [\fIsigspec\fP | \fIexit_status\fP] .PD Send the signal named by .I sigspec @@ -8280,6 +8533,9 @@ The \fIexit_status\fP argument to .B \-l is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit status of a process terminated by a signal. +The +.B \-L +option is equivalent to \fB\-l\fP. .B kill returns true if at least one signal was successfully sent, or false if an error occurs or an invalid option is encountered. @@ -8297,9 +8553,9 @@ evaluates to 0, .B let returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise. .TP -\fBlocal\fP [\fIoption\fP] [\fIname\fP[=\fIvalue\fP] ...] +\fBlocal\fP [\fIoption\fP] [\fIname\fP[=\fIvalue\fP] ... | \- ] For each argument, a local variable named -.I name +.I name is created, and assigned .IR value . The \fIoption\fP can be any of the options accepted by \fBdeclare\fP. @@ -8308,6 +8564,10 @@ When is used within a function, it causes the variable .I name to have a visible scope restricted to that function and its children. +If \fIname\fP is \-, the set of shell options is made local to the function +in which \fBlocal\fP is invoked: shell options changed using the +\fBset\fP builtin inside the function are restored to their original values +when the function returns. With no operands, .B local writes a list of local variables to the standard output. It is @@ -8323,16 +8583,16 @@ is supplied, or .B logout Exit a login shell. .TP -\fBmapfile\fP [\fB\-n\fP \fIcount\fP] [\fB\-O\fP \fIorigin\fP] [\fB\-s\fP \fIcount\fP] [\fB\-t\fP] [\fB\-u\fP \fIfd\fP] [\fB\-C\fP \fIcallback\fP] [\fB\-c\fP \fIquantum\fP] [\fIarray\fP] +\fBmapfile\fP [\fB\-d\fP \fIdelim\fP] [\fB\-n\fP \fIcount\fP] [\fB\-O\fP \fIorigin\fP] [\fB\-s\fP \fIcount\fP] [\fB\-t\fP] [\fB\-u\fP \fIfd\fP] [\fB\-C\fP \fIcallback\fP] [\fB\-c\fP \fIquantum\fP] [\fIarray\fP] .PD 0 .TP -\fBreadarray\fP [\fB\-n\fP \fIcount\fP] [\fB\-O\fP \fIorigin\fP] [\fB\-s\fP \fIcount\fP] [\fB\-t\fP] [\fB\-u\fP \fIfd\fP] [\fB\-C\fP \fIcallback\fP] [\fB\-c\fP \fIquantum\fP] [\fIarray\fP] +\fBreadarray\fP [\fB\-d\fP \fIdelim\fP] [\fB\-n\fP \fIcount\fP] [\fB\-O\fP \fIorigin\fP] [\fB\-s\fP \fIcount\fP] [\fB\-t\fP] [\fB\-u\fP \fIfd\fP] [\fB\-C\fP \fIcallback\fP] [\fB\-c\fP \fIquantum\fP] [\fIarray\fP] .PD Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable .IR array , -or from file descriptor +or from file descriptor .IR fd -if the +if the .B \-u option is supplied. The variable @@ -8343,6 +8603,10 @@ Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: .RS .PD 0 .TP +.B \-d +The first character of \fIdelim\fP is used to terminate each input line, +rather than newline. +.TP .B \-n Copy at most .I count @@ -8359,7 +8623,7 @@ The default index is 0. Discard the first \fIcount\fP lines read. .TP .B \-t -Remove a trailing newline from each line read. +Remove a trailing \fIdelim\fP (default newline) from each line read. .TP .B \-u Read lines from file descriptor \fIfd\fP instead of the standard input. @@ -8377,13 +8641,13 @@ Specify the number of lines read between each call to .PP If .B \-C -is specified without +is specified without .BR \-c , the default quantum is 5000. When \fIcallback\fP is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next array element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that element as additional arguments. -\fIcallback\fP is evaluated after the line is read but before the +\fIcallback\fP is evaluated after the line is read but before the array element is assigned. .PP If not supplied with an explicit origin, \fBmapfile\fP will clear \fIarray\fP @@ -8434,7 +8698,7 @@ the next to last. .PP If the .B popd -command is successful, a +command is successful, a .B dirs is performed as well, and the return status is 0. .B popd @@ -8462,9 +8726,8 @@ In addition to the standard \fIprintf\fP(1) format specifications, .B %b causes \fBprintf\fP to expand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding -\fIargument\fP (except that \fB\ec\fP terminates output, backslashes in -\fB\e\(aq\fP, \fB\e"\fP, and \fB\e?\fP are not removed, and octal escapes -beginning with \fB\e0\fP may contain up to four digits). +\fIargument\fP +in the same way as \fBecho \-e\fP. .TP .B %q causes \fBprintf\fP to output the corresponding @@ -8500,15 +8763,15 @@ The return value is zero on success, non-zero on failure. .PD Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working -directory. With no arguments, exchanges the top two directories +directory. With no arguments, \fBpushd\fP exchanges the top two directories and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty. Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings: .RS .PD 0 .TP .B \-n -Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding directories -to the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated. +Suppresses the normal change of directory when rotating or +adding directories to the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated. .TP \fB+\fP\fIn\fP Rotates the stack so that the \fIn\fPth directory @@ -8533,7 +8796,7 @@ to the \fBcd\fP builtin. .PP If the .B pushd -command is successful, a +command is successful, a .B dirs is performed as well. If the first form is used, @@ -8552,7 +8815,7 @@ fails. Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory. The pathname printed contains no symbolic links if the .B \-P -option is supplied or the +option is supplied or the .B \-o physical option to the .B set @@ -8566,17 +8829,20 @@ invalid option is supplied. .TP \fBread\fP [\fB\-ers\fP] [\fB\-a\fP \fIaname\fP] [\fB\-d\fP \fIdelim\fP] [\fB\-i\fP \fItext\fP] [\fB\-n\fP \fInchars\fP] [\fB\-N\fP \fInchars\fP] [\fB\-p\fP \fIprompt\fP] [\fB\-t\fP \fItimeout\fP] [\fB\-u\fP \fIfd\fP] [\fIname\fP ...] One line is read from the standard input, or from the file descriptor -\fIfd\fP supplied as an argument to the \fB\-u\fP option, and the first word +\fIfd\fP supplied as an argument to the \fB\-u\fP option, +split into words as described above under \fBWord Splitting\fP, +and the first word is assigned to the first .IR name , the second word to the second .IR name , -and so on, with leftover words and their intervening separators assigned -to the last +and so on. +If there are more words than names, the remaining words and their +intervening delimiters are assigned to the last .IR name . If there are fewer words read from the input stream than names, the remaining names are assigned empty values. -The characters in +The characters in .SM .B IFS are used to split the line into words using the same rules the shell @@ -8619,7 +8885,7 @@ buffer before editing begins. .TP .B \-n \fInchars\fP \fBread\fP returns after reading \fInchars\fP characters rather than -waiting for a complete line of input, but honor a delimiter if fewer +waiting for a complete line of input, but honors a delimiter if fewer than \fInchars\fP characters are read before the delimiter. .TP .B \-N \fInchars\fP @@ -8629,6 +8895,9 @@ than waiting for a complete line of input, unless EOF is encountered or Delimiter characters encountered in the input are not treated specially and do not cause \fBread\fP to return until \fInchars\fP characters are read. +The result is not split on the characters in \fBIFS\fP; the intent is +that the variable is assigned exactly the characters read +(with the exception of backslash; see the \fB\-r\fP option below). .TP .B \-p \fIprompt\fP Display \fIprompt\fP on standard error, without a @@ -8670,8 +8939,8 @@ If no are supplied, the line read is assigned to the variable .SM .BR REPLY . -The return code is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, \fBread\fP -times out (in which case the return code is greater than 128), +The exit status is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, \fBread\fP +times out (in which case the status is greater than 128), a variable assignment error (such as assigning to a readonly variable) occurs, or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as the argument to \fB\-u\fP. .RE @@ -8721,13 +8990,19 @@ that is not a function. Causes a function to stop executing and return the value specified by .I n to its caller. -If +If .I n is omitted, the return status is that of the last command -executed in the function body. If +executed in the function body. +If \fBreturn\fP is executed by a trap handler, the last command used to +determine the status is the last command executed before the trap handler. +if \fBreturn\fP is executed during a \fBDEBUG\fP trap, the last command +used to determine the status is the last command executed by the trap +handler before \fBreturn\fP was invoked. +If .B return is used outside a function, -but during execution of a script by the +but during execution of a script by the .B . (\fBsource\fP) command, it causes the shell to stop executing that script and return either @@ -8757,7 +9032,7 @@ In \fIposix\fP mode, only shell variables are listed. The output is sorted according to the current locale. When options are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. Any arguments remaining after option processing are treated -as values for the positional parameters and are assigned, in order, to +as values for the positional parameters and are assigned, in order, to .BR $1 , .BR $2 , .B ... @@ -8767,8 +9042,9 @@ Options, if specified, have the following meanings: .PD 0 .TP 8 .B \-a -Automatically mark variables and functions which are modified or -created for export to the environment of subsequent commands. +Each variable or function that is created or modified is given the +export attribute and marked for export to the environment of +subsequent commands. .TP 8 .B \-b Report the status of terminated background jobs @@ -8783,13 +9059,13 @@ or a \fIcompound command\fP (see .SM .B SHELL GRAMMAR -above), exits with a non-zero status. +above), exits with a non-zero status. The shell does not exit if the command that fails is part of the command list immediately following a .B while or .B until -keyword, +keyword, part of the test following the .B if or @@ -8827,7 +9103,7 @@ call completes. .TP 8 .B \-f Disable pathname expansion. -.TP 8 +.TP 8 .B \-h Remember the location of commands as they are looked up for execution. This is enabled by default. @@ -8849,9 +9125,9 @@ When a background job completes, the shell prints a line containing its exit status. .TP 8 .B \-n -Read commands but do not execute them. This may be used to -check a shell script for syntax errors. This is ignored by -interactive shells. +Read commands but do not execute them. +This may be used to check a shell script for syntax errors. +This is ignored by interactive shells. .TP 8 .B \-o \fIoption\-name\fP The \fIoption\-name\fP can be one of the following: @@ -9057,7 +9333,7 @@ does not overwrite an existing file with the .BR >& , and .B <> -redirection operators. This may be overridden when +redirection operators. This may be overridden when creating output files by using the redirection operator .B >| instead of @@ -9129,7 +9405,7 @@ If .I n is 0, no parameters are changed. If -.I n +.I n is not given, it is assumed to be 1. If .I n @@ -9269,7 +9545,10 @@ If set, .B bash changes its behavior to that of version 3.2 with respect to locale-specific string comparison when using the \fB[[\fP -conditional command's \fB<\fP and \fB>\fP operators (see previous item). +conditional command's \fB<\fP and \fB>\fP operators (see previous item) +and the effect of interrupting a command list. +Bash versions 3.2 and earlier continue with the next command in the list +after one terminates due to an interrupt. .TP 8 .B compat40 If set, @@ -9297,6 +9576,18 @@ If set, does not process the replacement string in the pattern substitution word expansion using quote removal. .TP 8 +.B compat43 +If set, +.B bash +does not print a warning message if an attempt is made to use a quoted compound +array assignment as an argument to \fBdeclare\fP, +makes word expansion errors +non-fatal errors that cause the current command to fail (the default behavior is +to make them fatal errors that cause the shell to exit), +and does not reset the +loop state when a shell function is executed (this allows \fBbreak\fP or +\fBcontinue\fP in a shell function to affect loops in the caller's context). +.TP 8 .B complete_fullquote If set, .B bash @@ -9333,7 +9624,7 @@ attempts spelling correction on directory names during word completion if the directory name initially supplied does not exist. .TP 8 .B dotglob -If set, +If set, .B bash includes filenames beginning with a `.' in the results of pathname expansion. @@ -9353,7 +9644,9 @@ If set, aliases are expanded as described above under This option is enabled by default for interactive shells. .TP 8 .B extdebug -If set, behavior intended for use by debuggers is enabled: +If set at shell invocation, arrange to execute the debugger profile +before the shell starts, identical to the \fB\-\-debugger\fP option. +If set after invocation, behavior intended for use by debuggers is enabled: .RS .TP .B 1. @@ -9368,8 +9661,8 @@ next command is skipped and not executed. .B 3. If the command run by the \fBDEBUG\fP trap returns a value of 2, and the shell is executing in a subroutine (a shell function or a shell script -executed by the \fB.\fP or \fBsource\fP builtins), a call to -\fBreturn\fP is simulated. +executed by the \fB.\fP or \fBsource\fP builtins), the shell simulates +a call to \fBreturn\fP. .TP .B 4. .SM @@ -9380,12 +9673,12 @@ and are updated as described in their descriptions above. .TP .B 5. -Function tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and +Function tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and subshells invoked with \fB(\fP \fIcommand\fP \fB)\fP inherit the \fBDEBUG\fP and \fBRETURN\fP traps. .TP .B 6. -Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and +Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and subshells invoked with \fB(\fP \fIcommand\fP \fB)\fP inherit the \fBERR\fP trap. .RE @@ -9456,7 +9749,7 @@ is being used, a user is given the opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitution. .TP 8 .B histverify -If set, and +If set, and .B readline is being used, the results of history substitution are not immediately passed to the shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded into @@ -9480,6 +9773,11 @@ If set, \fBbash\fP will send .B SIGHUP to all jobs when an interactive login shell exits. .TP 8 +.B inherit_errexit +If set, command substitution inherits the value of the \fBerrexit\fP option, +instead of unsetting it in the subshell environment. +This option is enabled when \fIposix mode\fP is enabled. +.TP 8 .B interactive_comments If set, allow a word beginning with .B # @@ -9507,7 +9805,7 @@ above). The value may not be changed. .TP 8 .B mailwarn -If set, and a file that \fBbash\fP is checking for mail has been +If set, and a file that \fBbash\fP is checking for mail has been accessed since the last time it was checked, the message ``The mail in \fImailfile\fP has been read'' is displayed. .TP 8 @@ -9534,7 +9832,9 @@ above). If set, .B bash matches patterns in a case\-insensitive fashion when performing matching -while executing \fBcase\fP or \fB[[\fP conditional commands. +while executing \fBcase\fP or \fB[[\fP conditional commands, +when performing pattern substitution word expansions, +or when filtering possible completions as part of programmable completion. .TP 8 .B nullglob If set, @@ -9676,7 +9976,7 @@ under the result of the expression is the result of the binary test using the first and third arguments as operands. The \fB\-a\fP and \fB\-o\fP operators are considered binary operators -when there are three arguments. +when there are three arguments. If the first argument is \fB!\fP, the value is the negation of the two-argument test using the second and third arguments. If the first argument is exactly \fB(\fP and the third argument is @@ -9687,7 +9987,7 @@ Otherwise, the expression is false. 4 arguments If the first argument is \fB!\fP, the result is the negation of the three-argument expression composed of the remaining arguments. -Otherwise, the expression is parsed and evaluated according to +Otherwise, the expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence using the rules listed above. .TP 5 or more arguments @@ -9718,7 +10018,7 @@ is absent (and there is a single \fIsigspec\fP) or each specified signal is reset to its original disposition (the value it had upon entrance to the shell). -If +If .I arg is the null string the signal specified by each .I sigspec @@ -9790,9 +10090,9 @@ is .BR ERR , the command .I arg -is executed whenever a +is executed whenever a pipeline (which may consist of a single simple -command), a list, or a compound command returns a +command), a list, or a compound command returns a non\-zero exit status, subject to the following conditions. The @@ -9803,7 +10103,7 @@ command is part of the command list immediately following a .B while or .B until -keyword, +keyword, part of the test in an .I if statement, part of a command executed in a @@ -9828,7 +10128,7 @@ is invalid; otherwise returns true. .TP \fBtype\fP [\fB\-aftpP\fP] \fIname\fP [\fIname\fP ...] -With no options, +With no options, indicate how each .I name would be interpreted if used as a command name. @@ -9842,7 +10142,7 @@ prints a string which is one of .IR function , .IR builtin , or -.I file +.I file if .I name is an alias, shell reserved word, function, builtin, or disk file, @@ -9879,18 +10179,18 @@ If a command is hashed, and .B \-P print the hashed value, which is not necessarily the file that appears -first in +first in .SM .BR PATH . If the .B \-a -option is used, +option is used, .B type prints all of the places that contain -an executable named +an executable named .IR name . This includes aliases and functions, -if and only if the +if and only if the .B \-p option is not also used. The table of hashed commands is not consulted @@ -9903,7 +10203,7 @@ option suppresses shell function lookup, as with the \fBcommand\fP builtin. returns true if all of the arguments are found, false if any are not found. .TP -\fBulimit\fP [\fB\-HSTabcdefilmnpqrstuvx\fP [\fIlimit\fP]] +\fBulimit\fP [\fB\-HSabcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPT\fP [\fIlimit\fP]] Provides control over the resources available to the shell and to processes started by it, on systems that allow such control. The \fB\-H\fP and \fB\-S\fP options specify that the hard or soft limit is @@ -9952,6 +10252,9 @@ The maximum size of files written by the shell and its children .B \-i The maximum number of pending signals .TP +.B \-k +The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated +.TP .B \-l The maximum size that may be locked into memory .TP @@ -9987,6 +10290,9 @@ some systems, to its children .B \-x The maximum number of file locks .TP +.B \-P +The maximum number of pseudoterminals +.TP .B \-T The maximum number of threads .PD @@ -10004,19 +10310,25 @@ is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for which is in seconds; .BR \-p , which is in units of 512-byte blocks; -and +.BR \-P , .BR \-T , .BR \-b , +.BR \-k , .BR \-n , and .BR \-u , -which are unscaled values. +which are unscaled values; +and, when in Posix mode, +.B \-c +and +.BR \-f , +which are in 512-byte increments. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option or argument is supplied, or an error occurs while setting a new limit. .RE .TP \fBumask\fP [\fB\-p\fP] [\fB\-S\fP] [\fImode\fP] -The user file-creation mask is set to +The user file-creation mask is set to .IR mode . If .I mode @@ -10303,7 +10615,7 @@ this manual page should be directed to .PP It's too big and too slow. .PP -There are some subtle differences between +There are some subtle differences between .B bash and traditional versions of .BR sh , diff --git a/doc/bash.html b/doc/bash.html index bba7db6c0..983284e84 100644 --- a/doc/bash.html +++ b/doc/bash.html @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ -
BASH(1)2014 February 2BASH(1) +BASH(1)2016 August 26BASH(1)

Index @@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ bash - GNU Bourne-Again SHell

COPYRIGHT

-Bash is Copyright © 1989-2013 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc. +Bash is Copyright © 1989-2016 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc.  

DESCRIPTION

@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ can be configured to be POSIX-conformant by default.  

OPTIONS

-All of the single-character shell options documented in the +All of the single-character shell options documented in the description of the set builtin command can be used as options when the shell is invoked. In addition, bash @@ -88,9 +88,14 @@ option is present, then commands are read from the first non-option argument If there are arguments after the command_string, -they are assigned to the positional parameters, starting with -$0. +the first argument is assigned to +$0 + +and any remaining arguments are assigned to the positional parameters. +The assignment to +$0 +sets the name of the shell, which is used in warning and error messages.
-r
@@ -9636,13 +9930,14 @@ or an attempt is made to display a non-existent function with -f. Without options, displays the list of currently remembered directories. The default display is on a single line with directory names separated by spaces. -Directories are added to the list with the +Directories are added to the list with the pushd command; the popd command removes entries from the list. +The current directory is always the first directory in the stack.
@@ -9685,7 +9980,7 @@ invalid option is supplied or n indexes beyond the end of the directory stack.
-
disown [-ar] [-h] [jobspec ...]
+
disown [-ar] [-h] [jobspec ... | pid ... ]
Without options, remove each jobspec @@ -9885,7 +10180,7 @@ If the -l option is supplied, -the shell places a dash at the beginning of the zeroth argument passed to +the shell places a dash at the beginning of the zeroth argument passed to command. This is what @@ -9942,11 +10237,10 @@ The supplied names are marked for automatic export to the environment of -subsequently executed commands. If the +subsequently executed commands. If the -f -option is given, -the +option is given, the names refer to functions. @@ -9995,7 +10289,7 @@ and may be specified as a string (to locate the last command beginning with that string) or as a number (an index into the history list, where a negative number is used as an offset from the current -command number). If +command number). If last is not specified it is set to @@ -10191,7 +10485,7 @@ If the variable is set to 0, no error messages will be displayed, even if the first -character of +character of optstring is not a colon. @@ -10247,7 +10541,7 @@ It returns false if the end of options is encountered or an error occurs.
hash [-lr] [-p filename] [-dt] [name]
Each time hash is invoked, -the full pathname of the command +the full pathname of the command name is determined by searching @@ -10333,7 +10627,7 @@ The return status is 0 unless no command matches With no options, display the command history list with line numbers. Lines listed -with a +with a * have been modified. An argument of @@ -10370,8 +10664,9 @@ Delete the history entry at position offset.
-a
-Append the ``new'' history lines (history lines entered since the -beginning of the current bash session) to the history file. +Append the ``new'' history lines to the history file. +These are history lines entered since the beginning of the current +bash session, but not already appended to the history file.
-n
@@ -10420,7 +10715,7 @@ associated with each history entry is written to the history file, marked with the history comment character. When the history file is read, lines beginning with the history comment character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted -as timestamps for the previous history line. +as timestamps for the following history entry. The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an error occurs while reading or writing the history file, an invalid offset is supplied as an argument to -d, or the @@ -10500,7 +10795,7 @@ returning its exit status.
kill [-s sigspec | -n signum | -sigspec] [pid | jobspec] ...
-
kill -l [sigspec | exit_status]
+
kill -l|-L [sigspec | exit_status]
Send the signal named by sigspec @@ -10550,6 +10845,10 @@ The exit_status argument to is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit status of a process terminated by a signal. +The +-L + +option is equivalent to -l. kill returns true if at least one signal was successfully sent, or false @@ -10570,9 +10869,9 @@ evaluates to 0, let returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise. -
local [option] [name[=value] ...]
+
local [option] [name[=value] ... | - ]
For each argument, a local variable named -name +name is created, and assigned value. @@ -10585,6 +10884,10 @@ is used within a function, it causes the variable name to have a visible scope restricted to that function and its children. +If name is -, the set of shell options is made local to the function +in which local is invoked: shell options changed using the +set builtin inside the function are restored to their original values +when the function returns. With no operands, local @@ -10604,17 +10907,17 @@ is supplied, or
Exit a login shell. -
mapfile [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [-t] [-u fd] [-C callback] [-c quantum] [array]
+
mapfile [-d delim] [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [-t] [-u fd] [-C callback] [-c quantum] [array]
-
readarray [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [-t] [-u fd] [-C callback] [-c quantum] [array]
+
readarray [-d delim] [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [-t] [-u fd] [-C callback] [-c quantum] [array]
Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable array, -or from file descriptor +or from file descriptor fd -if the +if the -u option is supplied. @@ -10627,6 +10930,11 @@ Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+
-d + +
+The first character of delim is used to terminate each input line, +rather than newline.
-n
@@ -10651,7 +10959,7 @@ Discard the first count lines read.
-t
-Remove a trailing newline from each line read. +Remove a trailing delim (default newline) from each line read.
-u
@@ -10678,14 +10986,14 @@ Specify the number of lines read between each call to If -C -is specified without +is specified without -c, the default quantum is 5000. When callback is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next array element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that element as additional arguments. -callback is evaluated after the line is read but before the +callback is evaluated after the line is read but before the array element is assigned.

@@ -10744,7 +11052,7 @@ the next to last. If the popd -command is successful, a +command is successful, a dirs is performed as well, and the return status is 0. @@ -10776,9 +11084,8 @@ In addition to the standard printf(1) format specifications,

causes printf to expand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding -argument (except that \c terminates output, backslashes in -\aq, \", and \? are not removed, and octal escapes -beginning with \0 may contain up to four digits). +argument +in the same way as echo -e.
%q
@@ -10818,7 +11125,7 @@ The return value is zero on success, non-zero on failure. Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working -directory. With no arguments, exchanges the top two directories +directory. With no arguments, pushd exchanges the top two directories and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty. Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings:
@@ -10827,8 +11134,8 @@ Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings:
-n
-Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding directories -to the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated. +Suppresses the normal change of directory when rotating or +adding directories to the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated.
+n
Rotates the stack so that the nth directory (counting from the left of the list shown by @@ -10858,7 +11165,7 @@ to the cd builtin. If the pushd -command is successful, a +command is successful, a dirs is performed as well. @@ -10882,7 +11189,7 @@ Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory. The pathname printed contains no symbolic links if the -P -option is supplied or the +option is supplied or the -o physical option to the @@ -10898,20 +11205,23 @@ reading the name of the current directory or an invalid option is supplied.
read [-ers] [-a aname] [-d delim] [-i text] [-n nchars] [-N nchars] [-p prompt] [-t timeout] [-u fd] [name ...]
One line is read from the standard input, or from the file descriptor -fd supplied as an argument to the -u option, and the first word +fd supplied as an argument to the -u option, +split into words as described above under Word Splitting, +and the first word is assigned to the first name, the second word to the second name, -and so on, with leftover words and their intervening separators assigned -to the last +and so on. +If there are more words than names, the remaining words and their +intervening delimiters are assigned to the last name. If there are fewer words read from the input stream than names, the remaining names are assigned empty values. -The characters in +The characters in IFS @@ -10966,7 +11276,7 @@ buffer before editing begins.
read returns after reading nchars characters rather than -waiting for a complete line of input, but honor a delimiter if fewer +waiting for a complete line of input, but honors a delimiter if fewer than nchars characters are read before the delimiter.
-N nchars @@ -10977,6 +11287,9 @@ than waiting for a complete line of input, unless EOF is encountered or Delimiter characters encountered in the input are not treated specially and do not cause read to return until nchars characters are read. +The result is not split on the characters in IFS; the intent is +that the variable is assigned exactly the characters read +(with the exception of backslash; see the -r option below).
-p prompt
@@ -11027,8 +11340,8 @@ are supplied, the line read is assigned to the variable REPLY. -The return code is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, read -times out (in which case the return code is greater than 128), +The exit status is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, read +times out (in which case the status is greater than 128), a variable assignment error (such as assigning to a readonly variable) occurs, or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as the argument to -u.
@@ -11089,15 +11402,21 @@ Causes a function to stop executing and return the value specified by n to its caller. -If +If n is omitted, the return status is that of the last command -executed in the function body. If +executed in the function body. +If return is executed by a trap handler, the last command used to +determine the status is the last command executed before the trap handler. +if return is executed during a DEBUG trap, the last command +used to determine the status is the last command executed by the trap +handler before return was invoked. +If return is used outside a function, -but during execution of a script by the +but during execution of a script by the . (source) command, it causes the shell to stop executing @@ -11128,7 +11447,7 @@ In posix mode, only shell variables are listed. The output is sorted according to the current locale. When options are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. Any arguments remaining after option processing are treated -as values for the positional parameters and are assigned, in order, to +as values for the positional parameters and are assigned, in order, to $1, $2, @@ -11144,8 +11463,9 @@ Options, if specified, have the following meanings:
-a
-Automatically mark variables and functions which are modified or -created for export to the environment of subsequent commands. +Each variable or function that is created or modified is given the +export attribute and marked for export to the environment of +subsequent commands.
-b
@@ -11163,7 +11483,7 @@ or a compound command SHELL GRAMMAR -above), exits with a non-zero status. +above), exits with a non-zero status. The shell does not exit if the command that fails is part of the command list immediately following a while @@ -11171,7 +11491,7 @@ command that fails is part of the command list immediately following a or until -keyword, +keyword, part of the test following the if @@ -11244,9 +11564,9 @@ containing its exit status.
-n
-Read commands but do not execute them. This may be used to -check a shell script for syntax errors. This is ignored by -interactive shells. +Read commands but do not execute them. +This may be used to check a shell script for syntax errors. +This is ignored by interactive shells.
-o option-name
@@ -11530,7 +11850,7 @@ does not overwrite an existing file with the and <> -redirection operators. This may be overridden when +redirection operators. This may be overridden when creating output files by using the redirection operator >| @@ -11623,7 +11943,7 @@ If is 0, no parameters are changed. If -n +n is not given, it is assumed to be 1. If @@ -11805,7 +12125,10 @@ If set, changes its behavior to that of version 3.2 with respect to locale-specific string comparison when using the [[ -conditional command's < and > operators (see previous item). +conditional command's < and > operators (see previous item) +and the effect of interrupting a command list. +Bash versions 3.2 and earlier continue with the next command in the list +after one terminates due to an interrupt.
compat40
@@ -11838,6 +12161,20 @@ If set, does not process the replacement string in the pattern substitution word expansion using quote removal. +
compat43 + +
+If set, +bash + +does not print a warning message if an attempt is made to use a quoted compound +array assignment as an argument to declare, +makes word expansion errors +non-fatal errors that cause the current command to fail (the default behavior is +to make them fatal errors that cause the shell to exit), +and does not reset the +loop state when a shell function is executed (this allows break or +continue in a shell function to affect loops in the caller's context).
complete_fullquote
@@ -11884,7 +12221,7 @@ if the directory name initially supplied does not exist.
dotglob
-If set, +If set, bash includes filenames beginning with a `.' in the results of pathname @@ -11911,7 +12248,9 @@ This option is enabled by default for interactive shells.
extdebug
-If set, behavior intended for use by debuggers is enabled: +If set at shell invocation, arrange to execute the debugger profile +before the shell starts, identical to the --debugger option. +If set after invocation, behavior intended for use by debuggers is enabled:
1. @@ -11930,8 +12269,8 @@ next command is skipped and not executed.
If the command run by the DEBUG trap returns a value of 2, and the shell is executing in a subroutine (a shell function or a shell script -executed by the . or source builtins), a call to -return is simulated. +executed by the . or source builtins), the shell simulates +a call to return.
4.
@@ -11946,13 +12285,13 @@ are updated as described in their descriptions above.
5.
-Function tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and +Function tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and subshells invoked with ( command ) inherit the DEBUG and RETURN traps.
6.
-Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and +Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and subshells invoked with ( command ) inherit the ERR trap.
@@ -12041,7 +12380,7 @@ failed history substitution.
histverify
-If set, and +If set, and readline is being used, the results of history substitution are not immediately @@ -12071,6 +12410,12 @@ If set, bash will send to all jobs when an interactive login shell exits. +
inherit_errexit + +
+If set, command substitution inherits the value of the errexit option, +instead of unsetting it in the subshell environment. +This option is enabled when posix mode is enabled.
interactive_comments
@@ -12108,7 +12453,7 @@ The value may not be changed.
mailwarn
-If set, and a file that bash is checking for mail has been +If set, and a file that bash is checking for mail has been accessed since the last time it was checked, the message ``The mail in mailfile has been read'' is displayed.
no_empty_cmd_completion @@ -12144,7 +12489,9 @@ If set, bash matches patterns in a case-insensitive fashion when performing matching -while executing case or [[ conditional commands. +while executing case or [[ conditional commands, +when performing pattern substitution word expansions, +or when filtering possible completions as part of programmable completion.
nullglob
@@ -12311,7 +12658,7 @@ under the result of the expression is the result of the binary test using the first and third arguments as operands. The -a and -o operators are considered binary operators -when there are three arguments. +when there are three arguments. If the first argument is !, the value is the negation of the two-argument test using the second and third arguments. If the first argument is exactly ( and the third argument is @@ -12321,7 +12668,7 @@ Otherwise, the expression is false.
4 arguments
If the first argument is !, the result is the negation of the three-argument expression composed of the remaining arguments. -Otherwise, the expression is parsed and evaluated according to +Otherwise, the expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence using the rules listed above.
5 or more arguments
The expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence @@ -12359,7 +12706,7 @@ is absent (and there is a single sigspec) or each specified signal is reset to its original disposition (the value it had upon entrance to the shell). -If +If arg is the null string the signal specified by each @@ -12456,9 +12803,9 @@ is the command arg -is executed whenever a +is executed whenever a pipeline (which may consist of a single simple -command), a list, or a compound command returns a +command), a list, or a compound command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to the following conditions. The @@ -12472,7 +12819,7 @@ command is part of the command list immediately following a or until -keyword, +keyword, part of the test in an if @@ -12503,7 +12850,7 @@ is invalid; otherwise returns true.
type [-aftpP] name [name ...]
-With no options, +With no options, indicate how each name @@ -12524,7 +12871,7 @@ prints a string which is one of builtin, or -file +file if name @@ -12573,22 +12920,22 @@ and -P print the hashed value, which is not necessarily the file that appears -first in +first in PATH. If the -a -option is used, +option is used, type prints all of the places that contain -an executable named +an executable named name. This includes aliases and functions, -if and only if the +if and only if the -p option is not also used. @@ -12604,7 +12951,7 @@ option suppresses shell function lookup, as with the command builtin. returns true if all of the arguments are found, false if any are not found. -
ulimit [-HSTabcdefilmnpqrstuvx [limit]]
+
ulimit [-HSabcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPT [limit]]
Provides control over the resources available to the shell and to processes started by it, on systems that allow such control. The -H and -S options specify that the hard or soft limit is @@ -12665,6 +13012,10 @@ The maximum size of files written by the shell and its children
The maximum number of pending signals +
-k + +
+The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated
-l
@@ -12711,6 +13062,10 @@ some systems, to its children
The maximum number of file locks +
-P + +
+The maximum number of pseudoterminals
-T
@@ -12737,23 +13092,33 @@ which is in seconds; -p, which is in units of 512-byte blocks; -and +-P, + -T, -b, +-k, + -n, and -u, -which are unscaled values. +which are unscaled values; +and, when in Posix mode, +-c + +and +-f, + +which are in 512-byte increments. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option or argument is supplied, or an error occurs while setting a new limit.
umask [-p] [-S] [mode]
-The user file-creation mask is set to +The user file-creation mask is set to mode. If @@ -13126,7 +13491,7 @@ this manual page should be directed to It's too big and too slow.

-There are some subtle differences between +There are some subtle differences between bash and traditional versions of @@ -13164,7 +13529,7 @@ There may be only one active coprocess at a time.

-
GNU Bash 4.32014 February 2BASH(1) +GNU Bash 4.42016 August 26BASH(1)
@@ -13270,6 +13635,6 @@ There may be only one active coprocess at a time.
This document was created by man2html from bash.1.
-Time: 24 February 2014 08:28:34 EST +Time: 31 August 2016 10:24:30 EDT diff --git a/doc/bash.info b/doc/bash.info new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fac678652 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/bash.info @@ -0,0 +1,11484 @@ +This is bash.info, produced by makeinfo version 6.1 from +bashref.texi. + +This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the +Bash shell (version 4.4, 7 September 2016). + + This is Edition 4.4, last updated 7 September 2016, of 'The GNU Bash +Reference Manual', for 'Bash', Version 4.4. + + Copyright (C) 1988-2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + + Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this + document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, + Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software + Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and + no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the + section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". +INFO-DIR-SECTION Basics +START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY +* Bash: (bash). The GNU Bourne-Again SHell. +END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY + + +File: bash.info, Node: Top, Next: Introduction, Prev: (dir), Up: (dir) + +Bash Features +************* + +This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the +Bash shell (version 4.4, 7 September 2016). The Bash home page is +. + + This is Edition 4.4, last updated 7 September 2016, of 'The GNU Bash +Reference Manual', for 'Bash', Version 4.4. + + Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some +features that only appear in Bash. Some of the shells that Bash has +borrowed concepts from are the Bourne Shell ('sh'), the Korn Shell +('ksh'), and the C-shell ('csh' and its successor, 'tcsh'). The +following menu breaks the features up into categories, noting which +features were inspired by other shells and which are specific to Bash. + + This manual is meant as a brief introduction to features found in +Bash. The Bash manual page should be used as the definitive reference +on shell behavior. + +* Menu: + +* Introduction:: An introduction to the shell. +* Definitions:: Some definitions used in the rest of this + manual. +* Basic Shell Features:: The shell "building blocks". +* Shell Builtin Commands:: Commands that are a part of the shell. +* Shell Variables:: Variables used or set by Bash. +* Bash Features:: Features found only in Bash. +* Job Control:: What job control is and how Bash allows you + to use it. +* Command Line Editing:: Chapter describing the command line + editing features. +* Using History Interactively:: Command History Expansion +* Installing Bash:: How to build and install Bash on your system. +* Reporting Bugs:: How to report bugs in Bash. +* Major Differences From The Bourne Shell:: A terse list of the differences + between Bash and historical + versions of /bin/sh. +* GNU Free Documentation License:: Copying and sharing this documentation. +* Indexes:: Various indexes for this manual. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Introduction, Next: Definitions, Up: Top + +1 Introduction +************** + +* Menu: + +* What is Bash?:: A short description of Bash. +* What is a shell?:: A brief introduction to shells. + + +File: bash.info, Node: What is Bash?, Next: What is a shell?, Up: Introduction + +1.1 What is Bash? +================= + +Bash is the shell, or command language interpreter, for the GNU +operating system. The name is an acronym for the 'Bourne-Again SHell', +a pun on Stephen Bourne, the author of the direct ancestor of the +current Unix shell 'sh', which appeared in the Seventh Edition Bell Labs +Research version of Unix. + + Bash is largely compatible with 'sh' and incorporates useful features +from the Korn shell 'ksh' and the C shell 'csh'. It is intended to be a +conformant implementation of the IEEE POSIX Shell and Tools portion of +the IEEE POSIX specification (IEEE Standard 1003.1). It offers +functional improvements over 'sh' for both interactive and programming +use. + + While the GNU operating system provides other shells, including a +version of 'csh', Bash is the default shell. Like other GNU software, +Bash is quite portable. It currently runs on nearly every version of +Unix and a few other operating systems - independently-supported ports +exist for MS-DOS, OS/2, and Windows platforms. + + +File: bash.info, Node: What is a shell?, Prev: What is Bash?, Up: Introduction + +1.2 What is a shell? +==================== + +At its base, a shell is simply a macro processor that executes commands. +The term macro processor means functionality where text and symbols are +expanded to create larger expressions. + + A Unix shell is both a command interpreter and a programming +language. As a command interpreter, the shell provides the user +interface to the rich set of GNU utilities. The programming language +features allow these utilities to be combined. Files containing +commands can be created, and become commands themselves. These new +commands have the same status as system commands in directories such as +'/bin', allowing users or groups to establish custom environments to +automate their common tasks. + + Shells may be used interactively or non-interactively. In +interactive mode, they accept input typed from the keyboard. When +executing non-interactively, shells execute commands read from a file. + + A shell allows execution of GNU commands, both synchronously and +asynchronously. The shell waits for synchronous commands to complete +before accepting more input; asynchronous commands continue to execute +in parallel with the shell while it reads and executes additional +commands. The "redirection" constructs permit fine-grained control of +the input and output of those commands. Moreover, the shell allows +control over the contents of commands' environments. + + Shells also provide a small set of built-in commands ("builtins") +implementing functionality impossible or inconvenient to obtain via +separate utilities. For example, 'cd', 'break', 'continue', and 'exec' +cannot be implemented outside of the shell because they directly +manipulate the shell itself. The 'history', 'getopts', 'kill', or 'pwd' +builtins, among others, could be implemented in separate utilities, but +they are more convenient to use as builtin commands. All of the shell +builtins are described in subsequent sections. + + While executing commands is essential, most of the power (and +complexity) of shells is due to their embedded programming languages. +Like any high-level language, the shell provides variables, flow control +constructs, quoting, and functions. + + Shells offer features geared specifically for interactive use rather +than to augment the programming language. These interactive features +include job control, command line editing, command history and aliases. +Each of these features is described in this manual. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Definitions, Next: Basic Shell Features, Prev: Introduction, Up: Top + +2 Definitions +************* + +These definitions are used throughout the remainder of this manual. + +'POSIX' + A family of open system standards based on Unix. Bash is primarily + concerned with the Shell and Utilities portion of the POSIX 1003.1 + standard. + +'blank' + A space or tab character. + +'builtin' + A command that is implemented internally by the shell itself, + rather than by an executable program somewhere in the file system. + +'control operator' + A 'token' that performs a control function. It is a 'newline' or + one of the following: '||', '&&', '&', ';', ';;', ';&', ';;&', '|', + '|&', '(', or ')'. + +'exit status' + The value returned by a command to its caller. The value is + restricted to eight bits, so the maximum value is 255. + +'field' + A unit of text that is the result of one of the shell expansions. + After expansion, when executing a command, the resulting fields are + used as the command name and arguments. + +'filename' + A string of characters used to identify a file. + +'job' + A set of processes comprising a pipeline, and any processes + descended from it, that are all in the same process group. + +'job control' + A mechanism by which users can selectively stop (suspend) and + restart (resume) execution of processes. + +'metacharacter' + A character that, when unquoted, separates words. A metacharacter + is a 'space', 'tab', 'newline', or one of the following characters: + '|', '&', ';', '(', ')', '<', or '>'. + +'name' + A 'word' consisting solely of letters, numbers, and underscores, + and beginning with a letter or underscore. 'Name's are used as + shell variable and function names. Also referred to as an + 'identifier'. + +'operator' + A 'control operator' or a 'redirection operator'. *Note + Redirections::, for a list of redirection operators. Operators + contain at least one unquoted 'metacharacter'. + +'process group' + A collection of related processes each having the same process + group ID. + +'process group ID' + A unique identifier that represents a 'process group' during its + lifetime. + +'reserved word' + A 'word' that has a special meaning to the shell. Most reserved + words introduce shell flow control constructs, such as 'for' and + 'while'. + +'return status' + A synonym for 'exit status'. + +'signal' + A mechanism by which a process may be notified by the kernel of an + event occurring in the system. + +'special builtin' + A shell builtin command that has been classified as special by the + POSIX standard. + +'token' + A sequence of characters considered a single unit by the shell. It + is either a 'word' or an 'operator'. + +'word' + A sequence of characters treated as a unit by the shell. Words may + not include unquoted 'metacharacters'. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Basic Shell Features, Next: Shell Builtin Commands, Prev: Definitions, Up: Top + +3 Basic Shell Features +********************** + +Bash is an acronym for 'Bourne-Again SHell'. The Bourne shell is the +traditional Unix shell originally written by Stephen Bourne. All of the +Bourne shell builtin commands are available in Bash, The rules for +evaluation and quoting are taken from the POSIX specification for the +'standard' Unix shell. + + This chapter briefly summarizes the shell's 'building blocks': +commands, control structures, shell functions, shell parameters, shell +expansions, redirections, which are a way to direct input and output +from and to named files, and how the shell executes commands. + +* Menu: + +* Shell Syntax:: What your input means to the shell. +* Shell Commands:: The types of commands you can use. +* Shell Functions:: Grouping commands by name. +* Shell Parameters:: How the shell stores values. +* Shell Expansions:: How Bash expands parameters and the various + expansions available. +* Redirections:: A way to control where input and output go. +* Executing Commands:: What happens when you run a command. +* Shell Scripts:: Executing files of shell commands. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Shell Syntax, Next: Shell Commands, Up: Basic Shell Features + +3.1 Shell Syntax +================ + +* Menu: + +* Shell Operation:: The basic operation of the shell. +* Quoting:: How to remove the special meaning from characters. +* Comments:: How to specify comments. + +When the shell reads input, it proceeds through a sequence of +operations. If the input indicates the beginning of a comment, the +shell ignores the comment symbol ('#'), and the rest of that line. + + Otherwise, roughly speaking, the shell reads its input and divides +the input into words and operators, employing the quoting rules to +select which meanings to assign various words and characters. + + The shell then parses these tokens into commands and other +constructs, removes the special meaning of certain words or characters, +expands others, redirects input and output as needed, executes the +specified command, waits for the command's exit status, and makes that +exit status available for further inspection or processing. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Shell Operation, Next: Quoting, Up: Shell Syntax + +3.1.1 Shell Operation +--------------------- + +The following is a brief description of the shell's operation when it +reads and executes a command. Basically, the shell does the following: + + 1. Reads its input from a file (*note Shell Scripts::), from a string + supplied as an argument to the '-c' invocation option (*note + Invoking Bash::), or from the user's terminal. + + 2. Breaks the input into words and operators, obeying the quoting + rules described in *note Quoting::. These tokens are separated by + 'metacharacters'. Alias expansion is performed by this step (*note + Aliases::). + + 3. Parses the tokens into simple and compound commands (*note Shell + Commands::). + + 4. Performs the various shell expansions (*note Shell Expansions::), + breaking the expanded tokens into lists of filenames (*note + Filename Expansion::) and commands and arguments. + + 5. Performs any necessary redirections (*note Redirections::) and + removes the redirection operators and their operands from the + argument list. + + 6. Executes the command (*note Executing Commands::). + + 7. Optionally waits for the command to complete and collects its exit + status (*note Exit Status::). + + +File: bash.info, Node: Quoting, Next: Comments, Prev: Shell Operation, Up: Shell Syntax + +3.1.2 Quoting +------------- + +* Menu: + +* Escape Character:: How to remove the special meaning from a single + character. +* Single Quotes:: How to inhibit all interpretation of a sequence + of characters. +* Double Quotes:: How to suppress most of the interpretation of a + sequence of characters. +* ANSI-C Quoting:: How to expand ANSI-C sequences in quoted strings. +* Locale Translation:: How to translate strings into different languages. + +Quoting is used to remove the special meaning of certain characters or +words to the shell. Quoting can be used to disable special treatment +for special characters, to prevent reserved words from being recognized +as such, and to prevent parameter expansion. + + Each of the shell metacharacters (*note Definitions::) has special +meaning to the shell and must be quoted if it is to represent itself. +When the command history expansion facilities are being used (*note +History Interaction::), the HISTORY EXPANSION character, usually '!', +must be quoted to prevent history expansion. *Note Bash History +Facilities::, for more details concerning history expansion. + + There are three quoting mechanisms: the ESCAPE CHARACTER, single +quotes, and double quotes. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Escape Character, Next: Single Quotes, Up: Quoting + +3.1.2.1 Escape Character +........................ + +A non-quoted backslash '\' is the Bash escape character. It preserves +the literal value of the next character that follows, with the exception +of 'newline'. If a '\newline' pair appears, and the backslash itself is +not quoted, the '\newline' is treated as a line continuation (that is, +it is removed from the input stream and effectively ignored). + + +File: bash.info, Node: Single Quotes, Next: Double Quotes, Prev: Escape Character, Up: Quoting + +3.1.2.2 Single Quotes +..................... + +Enclosing characters in single quotes (''') preserves the literal value +of each character within the quotes. A single quote may not occur +between single quotes, even when preceded by a backslash. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Double Quotes, Next: ANSI-C Quoting, Prev: Single Quotes, Up: Quoting + +3.1.2.3 Double Quotes +..................... + +Enclosing characters in double quotes ('"') preserves the literal value +of all characters within the quotes, with the exception of '$', '`', +'\', and, when history expansion is enabled, '!'. When the shell is in +POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::), the '!' has no special meaning +within double quotes, even when history expansion is enabled. The +characters '$' and '`' retain their special meaning within double quotes +(*note Shell Expansions::). The backslash retains its special meaning +only when followed by one of the following characters: '$', '`', '"', +'\', or 'newline'. Within double quotes, backslashes that are followed +by one of these characters are removed. Backslashes preceding +characters without a special meaning are left unmodified. A double +quote may be quoted within double quotes by preceding it with a +backslash. If enabled, history expansion will be performed unless an +'!' appearing in double quotes is escaped using a backslash. The +backslash preceding the '!' is not removed. + + The special parameters '*' and '@' have special meaning when in +double quotes (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::). + + +File: bash.info, Node: ANSI-C Quoting, Next: Locale Translation, Prev: Double Quotes, Up: Quoting + +3.1.2.4 ANSI-C Quoting +...................... + +Words of the form '$'STRING'' are treated specially. The word expands +to STRING, with backslash-escaped characters replaced as specified by +the ANSI C standard. Backslash escape sequences, if present, are +decoded as follows: + +'\a' + alert (bell) +'\b' + backspace +'\e' +'\E' + an escape character (not ANSI C) +'\f' + form feed +'\n' + newline +'\r' + carriage return +'\t' + horizontal tab +'\v' + vertical tab +'\\' + backslash +'\'' + single quote +'\"' + double quote +'\?' + question mark +'\NNN' + the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value NNN (one to + three digits) +'\xHH' + the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value HH + (one or two hex digits) +'\uHHHH' + the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the + hexadecimal value HHHH (one to four hex digits) +'\UHHHHHHHH' + the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the + hexadecimal value HHHHHHHH (one to eight hex digits) +'\cX' + a control-X character + +The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not been +present. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Locale Translation, Prev: ANSI-C Quoting, Up: Quoting + +3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation +................................... + +A double-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign ('$') will cause the +string to be translated according to the current locale. If the current +locale is 'C' or 'POSIX', the dollar sign is ignored. If the string is +translated and replaced, the replacement is double-quoted. + + Some systems use the message catalog selected by the 'LC_MESSAGES' +shell variable. Others create the name of the message catalog from the +value of the 'TEXTDOMAIN' shell variable, possibly adding a suffix of +'.mo'. If you use the 'TEXTDOMAIN' variable, you may need to set the +'TEXTDOMAINDIR' variable to the location of the message catalog files. +Still others use both variables in this fashion: +'TEXTDOMAINDIR'/'LC_MESSAGES'/LC_MESSAGES/'TEXTDOMAIN'.mo. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Comments, Prev: Quoting, Up: Shell Syntax + +3.1.3 Comments +-------------- + +In a non-interactive shell, or an interactive shell in which the +'interactive_comments' option to the 'shopt' builtin is enabled (*note +The Shopt Builtin::), a word beginning with '#' causes that word and all +remaining characters on that line to be ignored. An interactive shell +without the 'interactive_comments' option enabled does not allow +comments. The 'interactive_comments' option is on by default in +interactive shells. *Note Interactive Shells::, for a description of +what makes a shell interactive. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Shell Commands, Next: Shell Functions, Prev: Shell Syntax, Up: Basic Shell Features + +3.2 Shell Commands +================== + +A simple shell command such as 'echo a b c' consists of the command +itself followed by arguments, separated by spaces. + + More complex shell commands are composed of simple commands arranged +together in a variety of ways: in a pipeline in which the output of one +command becomes the input of a second, in a loop or conditional +construct, or in some other grouping. + +* Menu: + +* Simple Commands:: The most common type of command. +* Pipelines:: Connecting the input and output of several + commands. +* Lists:: How to execute commands sequentially. +* Compound Commands:: Shell commands for control flow. +* Coprocesses:: Two-way communication between commands. +* GNU Parallel:: Running commands in parallel. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Simple Commands, Next: Pipelines, Up: Shell Commands + +3.2.1 Simple Commands +--------------------- + +A simple command is the kind of command encountered most often. It's +just a sequence of words separated by 'blank's, terminated by one of the +shell's control operators (*note Definitions::). The first word +generally specifies a command to be executed, with the rest of the words +being that command's arguments. + + The return status (*note Exit Status::) of a simple command is its +exit status as provided by the POSIX 1003.1 'waitpid' function, or 128+N +if the command was terminated by signal N. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Pipelines, Next: Lists, Prev: Simple Commands, Up: Shell Commands + +3.2.2 Pipelines +--------------- + +A 'pipeline' is a sequence of one or more commands separated by one of +the control operators '|' or '|&'. + + The format for a pipeline is + [time [-p]] [!] COMMAND1 [ | or |& COMMAND2 ] ... + +The output of each command in the pipeline is connected via a pipe to +the input of the next command. That is, each command reads the previous +command's output. This connection is performed before any redirections +specified by the command. + + If '|&' is used, COMMAND1's standard error, in addition to its +standard output, is connected to COMMAND2's standard input through the +pipe; it is shorthand for '2>&1 |'. This implicit redirection of the +standard error to the standard output is performed after any +redirections specified by the command. + + The reserved word 'time' causes timing statistics to be printed for +the pipeline once it finishes. The statistics currently consist of +elapsed (wall-clock) time and user and system time consumed by the +command's execution. The '-p' option changes the output format to that +specified by POSIX. When the shell is in POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX +Mode::), it does not recognize 'time' as a reserved word if the next +token begins with a '-'. The 'TIMEFORMAT' variable may be set to a +format string that specifies how the timing information should be +displayed. *Note Bash Variables::, for a description of the available +formats. The use of 'time' as a reserved word permits the timing of +shell builtins, shell functions, and pipelines. An external 'time' +command cannot time these easily. + + When the shell is in POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::), 'time' may +be followed by a newline. In this case, the shell displays the total +user and system time consumed by the shell and its children. The +'TIMEFORMAT' variable may be used to specify the format of the time +information. + + If the pipeline is not executed asynchronously (*note Lists::), the +shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to complete. + + Each command in a pipeline is executed in its own subshell (*note +Command Execution Environment::). The exit status of a pipeline is the +exit status of the last command in the pipeline, unless the 'pipefail' +option is enabled (*note The Set Builtin::). If 'pipefail' is enabled, +the pipeline's return status is the value of the last (rightmost) +command to exit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands exit +successfully. If the reserved word '!' precedes the pipeline, the exit +status is the logical negation of the exit status as described above. +The shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to terminate before +returning a value. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Lists, Next: Compound Commands, Prev: Pipelines, Up: Shell Commands + +3.2.3 Lists of Commands +----------------------- + +A 'list' is a sequence of one or more pipelines separated by one of the +operators ';', '&', '&&', or '||', and optionally terminated by one of +';', '&', or a 'newline'. + + Of these list operators, '&&' and '||' have equal precedence, +followed by ';' and '&', which have equal precedence. + + A sequence of one or more newlines may appear in a 'list' to delimit +commands, equivalent to a semicolon. + + If a command is terminated by the control operator '&', the shell +executes the command asynchronously in a subshell. This is known as +executing the command in the BACKGROUND. The shell does not wait for +the command to finish, and the return status is 0 (true). When job +control is not active (*note Job Control::), the standard input for +asynchronous commands, in the absence of any explicit redirections, is +redirected from '/dev/null'. + + Commands separated by a ';' are executed sequentially; the shell +waits for each command to terminate in turn. The return status is the +exit status of the last command executed. + + AND and OR lists are sequences of one or more pipelines separated by +the control operators '&&' and '||', respectively. AND and OR lists are +executed with left associativity. + + An AND list has the form + COMMAND1 && COMMAND2 + +COMMAND2 is executed if, and only if, COMMAND1 returns an exit status of +zero. + + An OR list has the form + COMMAND1 || COMMAND2 + +COMMAND2 is executed if, and only if, COMMAND1 returns a non-zero exit +status. + + The return status of AND and OR lists is the exit status of the last +command executed in the list. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Compound Commands, Next: Coprocesses, Prev: Lists, Up: Shell Commands + +3.2.4 Compound Commands +----------------------- + +* Menu: + +* Looping Constructs:: Shell commands for iterative action. +* Conditional Constructs:: Shell commands for conditional execution. +* Command Grouping:: Ways to group commands. + +Compound commands are the shell programming constructs. Each construct +begins with a reserved word or control operator and is terminated by a +corresponding reserved word or operator. Any redirections (*note +Redirections::) associated with a compound command apply to all commands +within that compound command unless explicitly overridden. + + In most cases a list of commands in a compound command's description +may be separated from the rest of the command by one or more newlines, +and may be followed by a newline in place of a semicolon. + + Bash provides looping constructs, conditional commands, and +mechanisms to group commands and execute them as a unit. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Looping Constructs, Next: Conditional Constructs, Up: Compound Commands + +3.2.4.1 Looping Constructs +.......................... + +Bash supports the following looping constructs. + + Note that wherever a ';' appears in the description of a command's +syntax, it may be replaced with one or more newlines. + +'until' + The syntax of the 'until' command is: + + until TEST-COMMANDS; do CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS; done + + Execute CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS as long as TEST-COMMANDS has an exit + status which is not zero. The return status is the exit status of + the last command executed in CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS, or zero if none + was executed. + +'while' + The syntax of the 'while' command is: + + while TEST-COMMANDS; do CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS; done + + Execute CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS as long as TEST-COMMANDS has an exit + status of zero. The return status is the exit status of the last + command executed in CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS, or zero if none was + executed. + +'for' + The syntax of the 'for' command is: + + for NAME [ [in [WORDS ...] ] ; ] do COMMANDS; done + + Expand WORDS, and execute COMMANDS once for each member in the + resultant list, with NAME bound to the current member. If 'in + WORDS' is not present, the 'for' command executes the COMMANDS once + for each positional parameter that is set, as if 'in "$@"' had been + specified (*note Special Parameters::). The return status is the + exit status of the last command that executes. If there are no + items in the expansion of WORDS, no commands are executed, and the + return status is zero. + + An alternate form of the 'for' command is also supported: + + for (( EXPR1 ; EXPR2 ; EXPR3 )) ; do COMMANDS ; done + + First, the arithmetic expression EXPR1 is evaluated according to + the rules described below (*note Shell Arithmetic::). The + arithmetic expression EXPR2 is then evaluated repeatedly until it + evaluates to zero. Each time EXPR2 evaluates to a non-zero value, + COMMANDS are executed and the arithmetic expression EXPR3 is + evaluated. If any expression is omitted, it behaves as if it + evaluates to 1. The return value is the exit status of the last + command in COMMANDS that is executed, or false if any of the + expressions is invalid. + + The 'break' and 'continue' builtins (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) +may be used to control loop execution. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Conditional Constructs, Next: Command Grouping, Prev: Looping Constructs, Up: Compound Commands + +3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs +.............................. + +'if' + The syntax of the 'if' command is: + + if TEST-COMMANDS; then + CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS; + [elif MORE-TEST-COMMANDS; then + MORE-CONSEQUENTS;] + [else ALTERNATE-CONSEQUENTS;] + fi + + The TEST-COMMANDS list is executed, and if its return status is + zero, the CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS list is executed. If TEST-COMMANDS + returns a non-zero status, each 'elif' list is executed in turn, + and if its exit status is zero, the corresponding MORE-CONSEQUENTS + is executed and the command completes. If 'else + ALTERNATE-CONSEQUENTS' is present, and the final command in the + final 'if' or 'elif' clause has a non-zero exit status, then + ALTERNATE-CONSEQUENTS is executed. The return status is the exit + status of the last command executed, or zero if no condition tested + true. + +'case' + The syntax of the 'case' command is: + + case WORD in [ [(] PATTERN [| PATTERN]...) COMMAND-LIST ;;]... esac + + 'case' will selectively execute the COMMAND-LIST corresponding to + the first PATTERN that matches WORD. If the 'nocasematch' shell + option (see the description of 'shopt' in *note The Shopt + Builtin::) is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the + case of alphabetic characters. The '|' is used to separate + multiple patterns, and the ')' operator terminates a pattern list. + A list of patterns and an associated command-list is known as a + CLAUSE. + + Each clause must be terminated with ';;', ';&', or ';;&'. The WORD + undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command + substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal before + matching is attempted. Each PATTERN undergoes tilde expansion, + parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic + expansion. + + There may be an arbitrary number of 'case' clauses, each terminated + by a ';;', ';&', or ';;&'. The first pattern that matches + determines the command-list that is executed. It's a common idiom + to use '*' as the final pattern to define the default case, since + that pattern will always match. + + Here is an example using 'case' in a script that could be used to + describe one interesting feature of an animal: + + echo -n "Enter the name of an animal: " + read ANIMAL + echo -n "The $ANIMAL has " + case $ANIMAL in + horse | dog | cat) echo -n "four";; + man | kangaroo ) echo -n "two";; + *) echo -n "an unknown number of";; + esac + echo " legs." + + + If the ';;' operator is used, no subsequent matches are attempted + after the first pattern match. Using ';&' in place of ';;' causes + execution to continue with the COMMAND-LIST associated with the + next clause, if any. Using ';;&' in place of ';;' causes the shell + to test the patterns in the next clause, if any, and execute any + associated COMMAND-LIST on a successful match. + + The return status is zero if no PATTERN is matched. Otherwise, the + return status is the exit status of the COMMAND-LIST executed. + +'select' + + The 'select' construct allows the easy generation of menus. It has + almost the same syntax as the 'for' command: + + select NAME [in WORDS ...]; do COMMANDS; done + + The list of words following 'in' is expanded, generating a list of + items. The set of expanded words is printed on the standard error + output stream, each preceded by a number. If the 'in WORDS' is + omitted, the positional parameters are printed, as if 'in "$@"' had + been specified. The 'PS3' prompt is then displayed and a line is + read from the standard input. If the line consists of a number + corresponding to one of the displayed words, then the value of NAME + is set to that word. If the line is empty, the words and prompt + are displayed again. If 'EOF' is read, the 'select' command + completes. Any other value read causes NAME to be set to null. + The line read is saved in the variable 'REPLY'. + + The COMMANDS are executed after each selection until a 'break' + command is executed, at which point the 'select' command completes. + + Here is an example that allows the user to pick a filename from the + current directory, and displays the name and index of the file + selected. + + select fname in *; + do + echo you picked $fname \($REPLY\) + break; + done + +'((...))' + (( EXPRESSION )) + + The arithmetic EXPRESSION is evaluated according to the rules + described below (*note Shell Arithmetic::). If the value of the + expression is non-zero, the return status is 0; otherwise the + return status is 1. This is exactly equivalent to + let "EXPRESSION" + *Note Bash Builtins::, for a full description of the 'let' builtin. + +'[[...]]' + [[ EXPRESSION ]] + + Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of the + conditional expression EXPRESSION. Expressions are composed of the + primaries described below in *note Bash Conditional Expressions::. + Word splitting and filename expansion are not performed on the + words between the '[[' and ']]'; tilde expansion, parameter and + variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command substitution, + process substitution, and quote removal are performed. Conditional + operators such as '-f' must be unquoted to be recognized as + primaries. + + When used with '[[', the '<' and '>' operators sort + lexicographically using the current locale. + + When the '==' and '!=' operators are used, the string to the right + of the operator is considered a pattern and matched according to + the rules described below in *note Pattern Matching::, as if the + 'extglob' shell option were enabled. The '=' operator is identical + to '=='. If the 'nocasematch' shell option (see the description of + 'shopt' in *note The Shopt Builtin::) is enabled, the match is + performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. The + return value is 0 if the string matches ('==') or does not match + ('!=')the pattern, and 1 otherwise. Any part of the pattern may be + quoted to force the quoted portion to be matched as a string. + + An additional binary operator, '=~', is available, with the same + precedence as '==' and '!='. When it is used, the string to the + right of the operator is considered an extended regular expression + and matched accordingly (as in regex3)). The return value is 0 if + the string matches the pattern, and 1 otherwise. If the regular + expression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional expression's + return value is 2. If the 'nocasematch' shell option (see the + description of 'shopt' in *note The Shopt Builtin::) is enabled, + the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic + characters. Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force the + quoted portion to be matched as a string. Bracket expressions in + regular expressions must be treated carefully, since normal quoting + characters lose their meanings between brackets. If the pattern is + stored in a shell variable, quoting the variable expansion forces + the entire pattern to be matched as a string. Substrings matched + by parenthesized subexpressions within the regular expression are + saved in the array variable 'BASH_REMATCH'. The element of + 'BASH_REMATCH' with index 0 is the portion of the string matching + the entire regular expression. The element of 'BASH_REMATCH' with + index N is the portion of the string matching the Nth parenthesized + subexpression. + + For example, the following will match a line (stored in the shell + variable LINE) if there is a sequence of characters in the value + consisting of any number, including zero, of space characters, zero + or one instances of 'a', then a 'b': + [[ $line =~ [[:space:]]*(a)?b ]] + + That means values like 'aab' and ' aaaaaab' will match, as will a + line containing a 'b' anywhere in its value. + + Storing the regular expression in a shell variable is often a + useful way to avoid problems with quoting characters that are + special to the shell. It is sometimes difficult to specify a + regular expression literally without using quotes, or to keep track + of the quoting used by regular expressions while paying attention + to the shell's quote removal. Using a shell variable to store the + pattern decreases these problems. For example, the following is + equivalent to the above: + pattern='[[:space:]]*(a)?b' + [[ $line =~ $pattern ]] + + If you want to match a character that's special to the regular + expression grammar, it has to be quoted to remove its special + meaning. This means that in the pattern 'xxx.txt', the '.' matches + any character in the string (its usual regular expression meaning), + but in the pattern '"xxx.txt"' it can only match a literal '.'. + Shell programmers should take special care with backslashes, since + backslashes are used both by the shell and regular expressions to + remove the special meaning from the following character. The + following two sets of commands are _not_ equivalent: + pattern='\.' + + [[ . =~ $pattern ]] + [[ . =~ \. ]] + + [[ . =~ "$pattern" ]] + [[ . =~ '\.' ]] + + The first two matches will succeed, but the second two will not, + because in the second two the backslash will be part of the pattern + to be matched. In the first two examples, the backslash removes + the special meaning from '.', so the literal '.' matches. If the + string in the first examples were anything other than '.', say 'a', + the pattern would not match, because the quoted '.' in the pattern + loses its special meaning of matching any single character. + + Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed + in decreasing order of precedence: + + '( EXPRESSION )' + Returns the value of EXPRESSION. This may be used to override + the normal precedence of operators. + + '! EXPRESSION' + True if EXPRESSION is false. + + 'EXPRESSION1 && EXPRESSION2' + True if both EXPRESSION1 and EXPRESSION2 are true. + + 'EXPRESSION1 || EXPRESSION2' + True if either EXPRESSION1 or EXPRESSION2 is true. + + The '&&' and '||' operators do not evaluate EXPRESSION2 if the + value of EXPRESSION1 is sufficient to determine the return value of + the entire conditional expression. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Command Grouping, Prev: Conditional Constructs, Up: Compound Commands + +3.2.4.3 Grouping Commands +......................... + +Bash provides two ways to group a list of commands to be executed as a +unit. When commands are grouped, redirections may be applied to the +entire command list. For example, the output of all the commands in the +list may be redirected to a single stream. + +'()' + ( LIST ) + + Placing a list of commands between parentheses causes a subshell + environment to be created (*note Command Execution Environment::), + and each of the commands in LIST to be executed in that subshell. + Since the LIST is executed in a subshell, variable assignments do + not remain in effect after the subshell completes. + +'{}' + { LIST; } + + Placing a list of commands between curly braces causes the list to + be executed in the current shell context. No subshell is created. + The semicolon (or newline) following LIST is required. + + In addition to the creation of a subshell, there is a subtle +difference between these two constructs due to historical reasons. The +braces are 'reserved words', so they must be separated from the LIST by +'blank's or other shell metacharacters. The parentheses are +'operators', and are recognized as separate tokens by the shell even if +they are not separated from the LIST by whitespace. + + The exit status of both of these constructs is the exit status of +LIST. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Coprocesses, Next: GNU Parallel, Prev: Compound Commands, Up: Shell Commands + +3.2.5 Coprocesses +----------------- + +A 'coprocess' is a shell command preceded by the 'coproc' reserved word. +A coprocess is executed asynchronously in a subshell, as if the command +had been terminated with the '&' control operator, with a two-way pipe +established between the executing shell and the coprocess. + + The format for a coprocess is: + coproc [NAME] COMMAND [REDIRECTIONS] + +This creates a coprocess named NAME. If NAME is not supplied, the +default name is COPROC. NAME must not be supplied if COMMAND is a +simple command (*note Simple Commands::); otherwise, it is interpreted +as the first word of the simple command. + + When the coprocess is executed, the shell creates an array variable +(*note Arrays::) named 'NAME' in the context of the executing shell. +The standard output of COMMAND is connected via a pipe to a file +descriptor in the executing shell, and that file descriptor is assigned +to 'NAME'[0]. The standard input of COMMAND is connected via a pipe to +a file descriptor in the executing shell, and that file descriptor is +assigned to 'NAME'[1]. This pipe is established before any redirections +specified by the command (*note Redirections::). The file descriptors +can be utilized as arguments to shell commands and redirections using +standard word expansions. The file descriptors are not available in +subshells. + + The process ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is +available as the value of the variable 'NAME'_PID. The 'wait' builtin +command may be used to wait for the coprocess to terminate. + + Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command, the +'coproc' command always returns success. The return status of a +coprocess is the exit status of COMMAND. + + +File: bash.info, Node: GNU Parallel, Prev: Coprocesses, Up: Shell Commands + +3.2.6 GNU Parallel +------------------ + +There are ways to run commands in parallel that are not built into Bash. +GNU Parallel is a tool to do just that. + + GNU Parallel, as its name suggests, can be used to build and run +commands in parallel. You may run the same command with different +arguments, whether they are filenames, usernames, hostnames, or lines +read from files. GNU Parallel provides shorthand references to many of +the most common operations (input lines, various portions of the input +line, different ways to specify the input source, and so on). Parallel +can replace 'xargs' or feed commands from its input sources to several +different instances of Bash. + + For a complete description, refer to the GNU Parallel documentation. +A few examples should provide a brief introduction to its use. + + For example, it is easy to replace 'xargs' to gzip all html files in +the current directory and its subdirectories: + find . -type f -name '*.html' -print | parallel gzip +If you need to protect special characters such as newlines in file +names, use find's '-print0' option and parallel's '-0' option. + + You can use Parallel to move files from the current directory when +the number of files is too large to process with one 'mv' invocation: + ls | parallel mv {} destdir + + As you can see, the {} is replaced with each line read from standard +input. While using 'ls' will work in most instances, it is not +sufficient to deal with all filenames. If you need to accommodate +special characters in filenames, you can use + + find . -depth 1 \! -name '.*' -print0 | parallel -0 mv {} destdir + +as alluded to above. + + This will run as many 'mv' commands as there are files in the current +directory. You can emulate a parallel 'xargs' by adding the '-X' +option: + find . -depth 1 \! -name '.*' -print0 | parallel -0 -X mv {} destdir + + GNU Parallel can replace certain common idioms that operate on lines +read from a file (in this case, filenames listed one per line): + while IFS= read -r x; do + do-something1 "$x" "config-$x" + do-something2 < "$x" + done < file | process-output + +with a more compact syntax reminiscent of lambdas: + cat list | parallel "do-something1 {} config-{} ; do-something2 < {}" | process-output + + Parallel provides a built-in mechanism to remove filename extensions, +which lends itself to batch file transformations or renaming: + ls *.gz | parallel -j+0 "zcat {} | bzip2 >{.}.bz2 && rm {}" +This will recompress all files in the current directory with names +ending in .gz using bzip2, running one job per CPU (-j+0) in parallel. +(We use 'ls' for brevity here; using 'find' as above is more robust in +the face of filenames containing unexpected characters.) Parallel can +take arguments from the command line; the above can also be written as + + parallel "zcat {} | bzip2 >{.}.bz2 && rm {}" ::: *.gz + + If a command generates output, you may want to preserve the input +order in the output. For instance, the following command + { echo foss.org.my ; echo debian.org; echo freenetproject.org; } | parallel traceroute +will display as output the traceroute invocation that finishes first. +Adding the '-k' option + { echo foss.org.my ; echo debian.org; echo freenetproject.org; } | parallel -k traceroute +will ensure that the output of 'traceroute foss.org.my' is displayed +first. + + Finally, Parallel can be used to run a sequence of shell commands in +parallel, similar to 'cat file | bash'. It is not uncommon to take a +list of filenames, create a series of shell commands to operate on them, +and feed that list of commnds to a shell. Parallel can speed this up. +Assuming that 'file' contains a list of shell commands, one per line, + + parallel -j 10 < file + +will evaluate the commands using the shell (since no explicit command is +supplied as an argument), in blocks of ten shell jobs at a time. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Shell Functions, Next: Shell Parameters, Prev: Shell Commands, Up: Basic Shell Features + +3.3 Shell Functions +=================== + +Shell functions are a way to group commands for later execution using a +single name for the group. They are executed just like a "regular" +command. When the name of a shell function is used as a simple command +name, the list of commands associated with that function name is +executed. Shell functions are executed in the current shell context; no +new process is created to interpret them. + + Functions are declared using this syntax: + NAME () COMPOUND-COMMAND [ REDIRECTIONS ] + + or + + function NAME [()] COMPOUND-COMMAND [ REDIRECTIONS ] + + This defines a shell function named NAME. The reserved word +'function' is optional. If the 'function' reserved word is supplied, +the parentheses are optional. The BODY of the function is the compound +command COMPOUND-COMMAND (*note Compound Commands::). That command is +usually a LIST enclosed between { and }, but may be any compound command +listed above, with one exception: If the 'function' reserved word is +used, but the parentheses are not supplied, the braces are required. +COMPOUND-COMMAND is executed whenever NAME is specified as the name of a +command. When the shell is in POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::), +NAME may not be the same as one of the special builtins (*note Special +Builtins::). Any redirections (*note Redirections::) associated with +the shell function are performed when the function is executed. + + A function definition may be deleted using the '-f' option to the +'unset' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). + + The exit status of a function definition is zero unless a syntax +error occurs or a readonly function with the same name already exists. +When executed, the exit status of a function is the exit status of the +last command executed in the body. + + Note that for historical reasons, in the most common usage the curly +braces that surround the body of the function must be separated from the +body by 'blank's or newlines. This is because the braces are reserved +words and are only recognized as such when they are separated from the +command list by whitespace or another shell metacharacter. Also, when +using the braces, the LIST must be terminated by a semicolon, a '&', or +a newline. + + When a function is executed, the arguments to the function become the +positional parameters during its execution (*note Positional +Parameters::). The special parameter '#' that expands to the number of +positional parameters is updated to reflect the change. Special +parameter '0' is unchanged. The first element of the 'FUNCNAME' +variable is set to the name of the function while the function is +executing. + + All other aspects of the shell execution environment are identical +between a function and its caller with these exceptions: the 'DEBUG' and +'RETURN' traps are not inherited unless the function has been given the +'trace' attribute using the 'declare' builtin or the '-o functrace' +option has been enabled with the 'set' builtin, (in which case all +functions inherit the 'DEBUG' and 'RETURN' traps), and the 'ERR' trap is +not inherited unless the '-o errtrace' shell option has been enabled. +*Note Bourne Shell Builtins::, for the description of the 'trap' +builtin. + + The 'FUNCNEST' variable, if set to a numeric value greater than 0, +defines a maximum function nesting level. Function invocations that +exceed the limit cause the entire command to abort. + + If the builtin command 'return' is executed in a function, the +function completes and execution resumes with the next command after the +function call. Any command associated with the 'RETURN' trap is +executed before execution resumes. When a function completes, the +values of the positional parameters and the special parameter '#' are +restored to the values they had prior to the function's execution. If a +numeric argument is given to 'return', that is the function's return +status; otherwise the function's return status is the exit status of the +last command executed before the 'return'. + + Variables local to the function may be declared with the 'local' +builtin. These variables are visible only to the function and the +commands it invokes. + + Function names and definitions may be listed with the '-f' option to +the 'declare' ('typeset') builtin command (*note Bash Builtins::). The +'-F' option to 'declare' or 'typeset' will list the function names only +(and optionally the source file and line number, if the 'extdebug' shell +option is enabled). Functions may be exported so that subshells +automatically have them defined with the '-f' option to the 'export' +builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). Note that shell functions and +variables with the same name may result in multiple identically-named +entries in the environment passed to the shell's children. Care should +be taken in cases where this may cause a problem. + + Functions may be recursive. The 'FUNCNEST' variable may be used to +limit the depth of the function call stack and restrict the number of +function invocations. By default, no limit is placed on the number of +recursive calls. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Shell Parameters, Next: Shell Expansions, Prev: Shell Functions, Up: Basic Shell Features + +3.4 Shell Parameters +==================== + +* Menu: + +* Positional Parameters:: The shell's command-line arguments. +* Special Parameters:: Parameters denoted by special characters. + +A PARAMETER is an entity that stores values. It can be a 'name', a +number, or one of the special characters listed below. A VARIABLE is a +parameter denoted by a 'name'. A variable has a VALUE and zero or more +ATTRIBUTES. Attributes are assigned using the 'declare' builtin command +(see the description of the 'declare' builtin in *note Bash Builtins::). + + A parameter is set if it has been assigned a value. The null string +is a valid value. Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using +the 'unset' builtin command. + + A variable may be assigned to by a statement of the form + NAME=[VALUE] +If VALUE is not given, the variable is assigned the null string. All +VALUEs undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, +command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal (detailed +below). If the variable has its 'integer' attribute set, then VALUE is +evaluated as an arithmetic expression even if the '$((...))' expansion +is not used (*note Arithmetic Expansion::). Word splitting is not +performed, with the exception of '"$@"' as explained below. Filename +expansion is not performed. Assignment statements may also appear as +arguments to the 'alias', 'declare', 'typeset', 'export', 'readonly', +and 'local' builtin commands (DECLARATION commands). When in POSIX mode +(*note Bash POSIX Mode::), these builtins may appear in a command after +one or more instances of the 'command' builtin and retain these +assignment statement properties. + + In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value to +a shell variable or array index (*note Arrays::), the '+=' operator can +be used to append to or add to the variable's previous value. This +includes arguments to builtin commands such as 'declare' that accept +assignment statements (DECLARATION commands). When '+=' is applied to a +variable for which the INTEGER attribute has been set, VALUE is +evaluated as an arithmetic expression and added to the variable's +current value, which is also evaluated. When '+=' is applied to an +array variable using compound assignment (*note Arrays::), the +variable's value is not unset (as it is when using '='), and new values +are appended to the array beginning at one greater than the array's +maximum index (for indexed arrays), or added as additional key-value +pairs in an associative array. When applied to a string-valued +variable, VALUE is expanded and appended to the variable's value. + + A variable can be assigned the NAMEREF attribute using the '-n' +option to the 'declare' or 'local' builtin commands (*note Bash +Builtins::) to create a NAMEREF, or a reference to another variable. +This allows variables to be manipulated indirectly. Whenever the +nameref variable is referenced, assigned to, unset, or has its +attributes modified (other than using or changing the nameref attribute +itself), the operation is actually performed on the variable specified +by the nameref variable's value. A nameref is commonly used within +shell functions to refer to a variable whose name is passed as an +argument to the function. For instance, if a variable name is passed to +a shell function as its first argument, running + declare -n ref=$1 +inside the function creates a nameref variable REF whose value is the +variable name passed as the first argument. References and assignments +to REF, and changes to its attributes, are treated as references, +assignments, and attribute modifications to the variable whose name was +passed as '$1'. + + If the control variable in a 'for' loop has the nameref attribute, +the list of words can be a list of shell variables, and a name reference +will be established for each word in the list, in turn, when the loop is +executed. Array variables cannot be given the nameref attribute. +However, nameref variables can reference array variables and subscripted +array variables. Namerefs can be unset using the '-n' option to the +'unset' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). Otherwise, if 'unset' +is executed with the name of a nameref variable as an argument, the +variable referenced by the nameref variable will be unset. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Positional Parameters, Next: Special Parameters, Up: Shell Parameters + +3.4.1 Positional Parameters +--------------------------- + +A POSITIONAL PARAMETER is a parameter denoted by one or more digits, +other than the single digit '0'. Positional parameters are assigned +from the shell's arguments when it is invoked, and may be reassigned +using the 'set' builtin command. Positional parameter 'N' may be +referenced as '${N}', or as '$N' when 'N' consists of a single digit. +Positional parameters may not be assigned to with assignment statements. +The 'set' and 'shift' builtins are used to set and unset them (*note +Shell Builtin Commands::). The positional parameters are temporarily +replaced when a shell function is executed (*note Shell Functions::). + + When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single digit is +expanded, it must be enclosed in braces. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Special Parameters, Prev: Positional Parameters, Up: Shell Parameters + +3.4.2 Special Parameters +------------------------ + +The shell treats several parameters specially. These parameters may +only be referenced; assignment to them is not allowed. + +'*' + ($*) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When + the expansion is not within double quotes, each positional + parameter expands to a separate word. In contexts where it is + performed, those words are subject to further word splitting and + pathname expansion. When the expansion occurs within double + quotes, it expands to a single word with the value of each + parameter separated by the first character of the 'IFS' special + variable. That is, '"$*"' is equivalent to '"$1C$2C..."', where C + is the first character of the value of the 'IFS' variable. If + 'IFS' is unset, the parameters are separated by spaces. If 'IFS' + is null, the parameters are joined without intervening separators. + +'@' + ($@) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When + the expansion occurs within double quotes, each parameter expands + to a separate word. That is, '"$@"' is equivalent to '"$1" "$2" + ...'. If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the + expansion of the first parameter is joined with the beginning part + of the original word, and the expansion of the last parameter is + joined with the last part of the original word. When there are no + positional parameters, '"$@"' and '$@' expand to nothing (i.e., + they are removed). + +'#' + ($#) Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal. + +'?' + ($?) Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed + foreground pipeline. + +'-' + ($-, a hyphen.) Expands to the current option flags as specified + upon invocation, by the 'set' builtin command, or those set by the + shell itself (such as the '-i' option). + +'$' + ($$) Expands to the process ID of the shell. In a '()' subshell, + it expands to the process ID of the invoking shell, not the + subshell. + +'!' + ($!) Expands to the process ID of the job most recently placed + into the background, whether executed as an asynchronous command or + using the 'bg' builtin (*note Job Control Builtins::). + +'0' + ($0) Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is set + at shell initialization. If Bash is invoked with a file of + commands (*note Shell Scripts::), '$0' is set to the name of that + file. If Bash is started with the '-c' option (*note Invoking + Bash::), then '$0' is set to the first argument after the string to + be executed, if one is present. Otherwise, it is set to the + filename used to invoke Bash, as given by argument zero. + +'_' + ($_, an underscore.) At shell startup, set to the absolute + pathname used to invoke the shell or shell script being executed as + passed in the environment or argument list. Subsequently, expands + to the last argument to the previous command, after expansion. + Also set to the full pathname used to invoke each command executed + and placed in the environment exported to that command. When + checking mail, this parameter holds the name of the mail file. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Shell Expansions, Next: Redirections, Prev: Shell Parameters, Up: Basic Shell Features + +3.5 Shell Expansions +==================== + +Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been split into +'token's. There are seven kinds of expansion performed: + + * brace expansion + * tilde expansion + * parameter and variable expansion + * command substitution + * arithmetic expansion + * word splitting + * filename expansion + +* Menu: + +* Brace Expansion:: Expansion of expressions within braces. +* Tilde Expansion:: Expansion of the ~ character. +* Shell Parameter Expansion:: How Bash expands variables to their values. +* Command Substitution:: Using the output of a command as an argument. +* Arithmetic Expansion:: How to use arithmetic in shell expansions. +* Process Substitution:: A way to write and read to and from a + command. +* Word Splitting:: How the results of expansion are split into separate + arguments. +* Filename Expansion:: A shorthand for specifying filenames matching patterns. +* Quote Removal:: How and when quote characters are removed from + words. + + The order of expansions is: brace expansion; tilde expansion, +parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, and command +substitution (done in a left-to-right fashion); word splitting; and +filename expansion. + + On systems that can support it, there is an additional expansion +available: PROCESS SUBSTITUTION. This is performed at the same time as +tilde, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and command +substitution. + + After these expansions are performed, quote characters present in the +original word are removed unless they have been quoted themselves (QUOTE +REMOVAL). + + Only brace expansion, word splitting, and filename expansion can +change the number of words of the expansion; other expansions expand a +single word to a single word. The only exceptions to this are the +expansions of '"$@"' (*note Special Parameters::) and '"${NAME[@]}"' +(*note Arrays::). + + After all expansions, 'quote removal' (*note Quote Removal::) is +performed. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Brace Expansion, Next: Tilde Expansion, Up: Shell Expansions + +3.5.1 Brace Expansion +--------------------- + +Brace expansion is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be +generated. This mechanism is similar to FILENAME EXPANSION (*note +Filename Expansion::), but the filenames generated need not exist. +Patterns to be brace expanded take the form of an optional PREAMBLE, +followed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a sequence +expression between a pair of braces, followed by an optional POSTSCRIPT. +The preamble is prefixed to each string contained within the braces, and +the postscript is then appended to each resulting string, expanding left +to right. + + Brace expansions may be nested. The results of each expanded string +are not sorted; left to right order is preserved. For example, + bash$ echo a{d,c,b}e + ade ace abe + + A sequence expression takes the form '{X..Y[..INCR]}', where X and Y +are either integers or single characters, and INCR, an optional +increment, is an integer. When integers are supplied, the expression +expands to each number between X and Y, inclusive. Supplied integers +may be prefixed with '0' to force each term to have the same width. +When either X or Y begins with a zero, the shell attempts to force all +generated terms to contain the same number of digits, zero-padding where +necessary. When characters are supplied, the expression expands to each +character lexicographically between X and Y, inclusive, using the +default C locale. Note that both X and Y must be of the same type. +When the increment is supplied, it is used as the difference between +each term. The default increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate. + + Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions, and any +characters special to other expansions are preserved in the result. It +is strictly textual. Bash does not apply any syntactic interpretation +to the context of the expansion or the text between the braces. To +avoid conflicts with parameter expansion, the string '${' is not +considered eligible for brace expansion. + + A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening and +closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma or a valid sequence +expression. Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged. + + A { or ',' may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its being +considered part of a brace expression. To avoid conflicts with +parameter expansion, the string '${' is not considered eligible for +brace expansion. + + This construct is typically used as shorthand when the common prefix +of the strings to be generated is longer than in the above example: + mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,new,dist,bugs} + or + chown root /usr/{ucb/{ex,edit},lib/{ex?.?*,how_ex}} + + +File: bash.info, Node: Tilde Expansion, Next: Shell Parameter Expansion, Prev: Brace Expansion, Up: Shell Expansions + +3.5.2 Tilde Expansion +--------------------- + +If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character ('~'), all of the +characters up to the first unquoted slash (or all characters, if there +is no unquoted slash) are considered a TILDE-PREFIX. If none of the +characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the characters in the +tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a possible LOGIN NAME. +If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the +value of the 'HOME' shell variable. If 'HOME' is unset, the home +directory of the user executing the shell is substituted instead. +Otherwise, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory +associated with the specified login name. + + If the tilde-prefix is '~+', the value of the shell variable 'PWD' +replaces the tilde-prefix. If the tilde-prefix is '~-', the value of +the shell variable 'OLDPWD', if it is set, is substituted. + + If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of +a number N, optionally prefixed by a '+' or a '-', the tilde-prefix is +replaced with the corresponding element from the directory stack, as it +would be displayed by the 'dirs' builtin invoked with the characters +following tilde in the tilde-prefix as an argument (*note The Directory +Stack::). If the tilde-prefix, sans the tilde, consists of a number +without a leading '+' or '-', '+' is assumed. + + If the login name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the word +is left unchanged. + + Each variable assignment is checked for unquoted tilde-prefixes +immediately following a ':' or the first '='. In these cases, tilde +expansion is also performed. Consequently, one may use filenames with +tildes in assignments to 'PATH', 'MAILPATH', and 'CDPATH', and the shell +assigns the expanded value. + + The following table shows how Bash treats unquoted tilde-prefixes: + +'~' + The value of '$HOME' +'~/foo' + '$HOME/foo' + +'~fred/foo' + The subdirectory 'foo' of the home directory of the user 'fred' + +'~+/foo' + '$PWD/foo' + +'~-/foo' + '${OLDPWD-'~-'}/foo' + +'~N' + The string that would be displayed by 'dirs +N' + +'~+N' + The string that would be displayed by 'dirs +N' + +'~-N' + The string that would be displayed by 'dirs -N' + + +File: bash.info, Node: Shell Parameter Expansion, Next: Command Substitution, Prev: Tilde Expansion, Up: Shell Expansions + +3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion +------------------------------- + +The '$' character introduces parameter expansion, command substitution, +or arithmetic expansion. The parameter name or symbol to be expanded +may be enclosed in braces, which are optional but serve to protect the +variable to be expanded from characters immediately following it which +could be interpreted as part of the name. + + When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first '}' not +escaped by a backslash or within a quoted string, and not within an +embedded arithmetic expansion, command substitution, or parameter +expansion. + + The basic form of parameter expansion is ${PARAMETER}. The value of +PARAMETER is substituted. The PARAMETER is a shell parameter as +described above (*note Shell Parameters::) or an array reference (*note +Arrays::). The braces are required when PARAMETER is a positional +parameter with more than one digit, or when PARAMETER is followed by a +character that is not to be interpreted as part of its name. + + If the first character of PARAMETER is an exclamation point (!), and +PARAMETER is not a NAMEREF, it introduces a level of variable +indirection. Bash uses the value of the variable formed from the rest +of PARAMETER as the name of the variable; this variable is then expanded +and that value is used in the rest of the substitution, rather than the +value of PARAMETER itself. This is known as 'indirect expansion'. If +PARAMETER is a nameref, this expands to the name of the variable +referenced by PARAMETER instead of performing the complete indirect +expansion. The exceptions to this are the expansions of ${!PREFIX*} and +${!NAME[@]} described below. The exclamation point must immediately +follow the left brace in order to introduce indirection. + + In each of the cases below, WORD is subject to tilde expansion, +parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. + + When not performing substring expansion, using the form described +below (e.g., ':-'), Bash tests for a parameter that is unset or null. +Omitting the colon results in a test only for a parameter that is unset. +Put another way, if the colon is included, the operator tests for both +PARAMETER's existence and that its value is not null; if the colon is +omitted, the operator tests only for existence. + +'${PARAMETER:-WORD}' + If PARAMETER is unset or null, the expansion of WORD is + substituted. Otherwise, the value of PARAMETER is substituted. + +'${PARAMETER:=WORD}' + If PARAMETER is unset or null, the expansion of WORD is assigned to + PARAMETER. The value of PARAMETER is then substituted. Positional + parameters and special parameters may not be assigned to in this + way. + +'${PARAMETER:?WORD}' + If PARAMETER is null or unset, the expansion of WORD (or a message + to that effect if WORD is not present) is written to the standard + error and the shell, if it is not interactive, exits. Otherwise, + the value of PARAMETER is substituted. + +'${PARAMETER:+WORD}' + If PARAMETER is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise + the expansion of WORD is substituted. + +'${PARAMETER:OFFSET}' +'${PARAMETER:OFFSET:LENGTH}' + This is referred to as Substring Expansion. It expands to up to + LENGTH characters of the value of PARAMETER starting at the + character specified by OFFSET. If PARAMETER is '@', an indexed + array subscripted by '@' or '*', or an associative array name, the + results differ as described below. If LENGTH is omitted, it + expands to the substring of the value of PARAMETER starting at the + character specified by OFFSET and extending to the end of the + value. LENGTH and OFFSET are arithmetic expressions (*note Shell + Arithmetic::). + + If OFFSET evaluates to a number less than zero, the value is used + as an offset in characters from the end of the value of PARAMETER. + If LENGTH evaluates to a number less than zero, it is interpreted + as an offset in characters from the end of the value of PARAMETER + rather than a number of characters, and the expansion is the + characters between OFFSET and that result. Note that a negative + offset must be separated from the colon by at least one space to + avoid being confused with the ':-' expansion. + + Here are some examples illustrating substring expansion on + parameters and subscripted arrays: + + $ string=01234567890abcdefgh + $ echo ${string:7} + 7890abcdefgh + $ echo ${string:7:0} + + $ echo ${string:7:2} + 78 + $ echo ${string:7:-2} + 7890abcdef + $ echo ${string: -7} + bcdefgh + $ echo ${string: -7:0} + + $ echo ${string: -7:2} + bc + $ echo ${string: -7:-2} + bcdef + $ set -- 01234567890abcdefgh + $ echo ${1:7} + 7890abcdefgh + $ echo ${1:7:0} + + $ echo ${1:7:2} + 78 + $ echo ${1:7:-2} + 7890abcdef + $ echo ${1: -7} + bcdefgh + $ echo ${1: -7:0} + + $ echo ${1: -7:2} + bc + $ echo ${1: -7:-2} + bcdef + $ array[0]=01234567890abcdefgh + $ echo ${array[0]:7} + 7890abcdefgh + $ echo ${array[0]:7:0} + + $ echo ${array[0]:7:2} + 78 + $ echo ${array[0]:7:-2} + 7890abcdef + $ echo ${array[0]: -7} + bcdefgh + $ echo ${array[0]: -7:0} + + $ echo ${array[0]: -7:2} + bc + $ echo ${array[0]: -7:-2} + bcdef + + If PARAMETER is '@', the result is LENGTH positional parameters + beginning at OFFSET. A negative OFFSET is taken relative to one + greater than the greatest positional parameter, so an offset of -1 + evaluates to the last positional parameter. It is an expansion + error if LENGTH evaluates to a number less than zero. + + The following examples illustrate substring expansion using + positional parameters: + + $ set -- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h + $ echo ${@:7} + 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h + $ echo ${@:7:0} + + $ echo ${@:7:2} + 7 8 + $ echo ${@:7:-2} + bash: -2: substring expression < 0 + $ echo ${@: -7:2} + b c + $ echo ${@:0} + ./bash 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h + $ echo ${@:0:2} + ./bash 1 + $ echo ${@: -7:0} + + + If PARAMETER is an indexed array name subscripted by '@' or '*', + the result is the LENGTH members of the array beginning with + '${PARAMETER[OFFSET]}'. A negative OFFSET is taken relative to one + greater than the maximum index of the specified array. It is an + expansion error if LENGTH evaluates to a number less than zero. + + These examples show how you can use substring expansion with + indexed arrays: + + $ array=(0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h) + $ echo ${array[@]:7} + 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h + $ echo ${array[@]:7:2} + 7 8 + $ echo ${array[@]: -7:2} + b c + $ echo ${array[@]: -7:-2} + bash: -2: substring expression < 0 + $ echo ${array[@]:0} + 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h + $ echo ${array[@]:0:2} + 0 1 + $ echo ${array[@]: -7:0} + + + Substring expansion applied to an associative array produces + undefined results. + + Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parameters + are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by default. If + OFFSET is 0, and the positional parameters are used, '$@' is + prefixed to the list. + +'${!PREFIX*}' +'${!PREFIX@}' + Expands to the names of variables whose names begin with PREFIX, + separated by the first character of the 'IFS' special variable. + When '@' is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, + each variable name expands to a separate word. + +'${!NAME[@]}' +'${!NAME[*]}' + If NAME is an array variable, expands to the list of array indices + (keys) assigned in NAME. If NAME is not an array, expands to 0 if + NAME is set and null otherwise. When '@' is used and the expansion + appears within double quotes, each key expands to a separate word. + +'${#PARAMETER}' + The length in characters of the expanded value of PARAMETER is + substituted. If PARAMETER is '*' or '@', the value substituted is + the number of positional parameters. If PARAMETER is an array name + subscripted by '*' or '@', the value substituted is the number of + elements in the array. If PARAMETER is an indexed array name + subscripted by a negative number, that number is interpreted as + relative to one greater than the maximum index of PARAMETER, so + negative indices count back from the end of the array, and an index + of -1 references the last element. + +'${PARAMETER#WORD}' +'${PARAMETER##WORD}' + The WORD is expanded to produce a pattern just as in filename + expansion (*note Filename Expansion::). If the pattern matches the + beginning of the expanded value of PARAMETER, then the result of + the expansion is the expanded value of PARAMETER with the shortest + matching pattern (the '#' case) or the longest matching pattern + (the '##' case) deleted. If PARAMETER is '@' or '*', the pattern + removal operation is applied to each positional parameter in turn, + and the expansion is the resultant list. If PARAMETER is an array + variable subscripted with '@' or '*', the pattern removal operation + is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion + is the resultant list. + +'${PARAMETER%WORD}' +'${PARAMETER%%WORD}' + The WORD is expanded to produce a pattern just as in filename + expansion. If the pattern matches a trailing portion of the + expanded value of PARAMETER, then the result of the expansion is + the value of PARAMETER with the shortest matching pattern (the '%' + case) or the longest matching pattern (the '%%' case) deleted. If + PARAMETER is '@' or '*', the pattern removal operation is applied + to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the + resultant list. If PARAMETER is an array variable subscripted with + '@' or '*', the pattern removal operation is applied to each member + of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. + +'${PARAMETER/PATTERN/STRING}' + + The PATTERN is expanded to produce a pattern just as in filename + expansion. PARAMETER is expanded and the longest match of PATTERN + against its value is replaced with STRING. If PATTERN begins with + '/', all matches of PATTERN are replaced with STRING. Normally + only the first match is replaced. If PATTERN begins with '#', it + must match at the beginning of the expanded value of PARAMETER. If + PATTERN begins with '%', it must match at the end of the expanded + value of PARAMETER. If STRING is null, matches of PATTERN are + deleted and the '/' following PATTERN may be omitted. If the + 'nocasematch' shell option (see the description of 'shopt' in *note + The Shopt Builtin::) is enabled, the match is performed without + regard to the case of alphabetic characters. If PARAMETER is '@' + or '*', the substitution operation is applied to each positional + parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If + PARAMETER is an array variable subscripted with '@' or '*', the + substitution operation is applied to each member of the array in + turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. + +'${PARAMETER^PATTERN}' +'${PARAMETER^^PATTERN}' +'${PARAMETER,PATTERN}' +'${PARAMETER,,PATTERN}' + This expansion modifies the case of alphabetic characters in + PARAMETER. The PATTERN is expanded to produce a pattern just as in + filename expansion. Each character in the expanded value of + PARAMETER is tested against PATTERN, and, if it matches the + pattern, its case is converted. The pattern should not attempt to + match more than one character. The '^' operator converts lowercase + letters matching PATTERN to uppercase; the ',' operator converts + matching uppercase letters to lowercase. The '^^' and ',,' + expansions convert each matched character in the expanded value; + the '^' and ',' expansions match and convert only the first + character in the expanded value. If PATTERN is omitted, it is + treated like a '?', which matches every character. If PARAMETER is + '@' or '*', the case modification operation is applied to each + positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant + list. If PARAMETER is an array variable subscripted with '@' or + '*', the case modification operation is applied to each member of + the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. + +'${PARAMETER@OPERATOR}' + The expansion is either a transformation of the value of PARAMETER + or information about PARAMETER itself, depending on the value of + OPERATOR. Each OPERATOR is a single letter: + + 'Q' + The expansion is a string that is the value of PARAMETER + quoted in a format that can be reused as input. + 'E' + The expansion is a string that is the value of PARAMETER with + backslash escape sequences expanded as with the '$'...'' + quoting mechansim. + 'P' + The expansion is a string that is the result of expanding the + value of PARAMETER as if it were a prompt string (*note + Controlling the Prompt::). + 'A' + The expansion is a string in the form of an assignment + statement or 'declare' command that, if evaluated, will + recreate PARAMETER with its attributes and value. + 'a' + The expansion is a string consisting of flag values + representing PARAMETER's attributes. + + If PARAMETER is '@' or '*', the operation is applied to each + positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant + list. If PARAMETER is an array variable subscripted with '@' or + '*', the operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, + and the expansion is the resultant list. + + The result of the expansion is subject to word splitting and + pathname expansion as described below. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Command Substitution, Next: Arithmetic Expansion, Prev: Shell Parameter Expansion, Up: Shell Expansions + +3.5.4 Command Substitution +-------------------------- + +Command substitution allows the output of a command to replace the +command itself. Command substitution occurs when a command is enclosed +as follows: + $(COMMAND) +or + `COMMAND` + +Bash performs the expansion by executing COMMAND in a subshell +environment and replacing the command substitution with the standard +output of the command, with any trailing newlines deleted. Embedded +newlines are not deleted, but they may be removed during word splitting. +The command substitution '$(cat FILE)' can be replaced by the equivalent +but faster '$(< FILE)'. + + When the old-style backquote form of substitution is used, backslash +retains its literal meaning except when followed by '$', '`', or '\'. +The first backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the command +substitution. When using the '$(COMMAND)' form, all characters between +the parentheses make up the command; none are treated specially. + + Command substitutions may be nested. To nest when using the +backquoted form, escape the inner backquotes with backslashes. + + If the substitution appears within double quotes, word splitting and +filename expansion are not performed on the results. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Arithmetic Expansion, Next: Process Substitution, Prev: Command Substitution, Up: Shell Expansions + +3.5.5 Arithmetic Expansion +-------------------------- + +Arithmetic expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic expression +and the substitution of the result. The format for arithmetic expansion +is: + + $(( EXPRESSION )) + + The expression is treated as if it were within double quotes, but a +double quote inside the parentheses is not treated specially. All +tokens in the expression undergo parameter and variable expansion, +command substitution, and quote removal. The result is treated as the +arithmetic expression to be evaluated. Arithmetic expansions may be +nested. + + The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below +(*note Shell Arithmetic::). If the expression is invalid, Bash prints a +message indicating failure to the standard error and no substitution +occurs. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Process Substitution, Next: Word Splitting, Prev: Arithmetic Expansion, Up: Shell Expansions + +3.5.6 Process Substitution +-------------------------- + +Process substitution allows a process's input or output to be referred +to using a filename. It takes the form of + <(LIST) +or + >(LIST) +The process LIST is run asynchronously, and its input or output appears +as a filename. This filename is passed as an argument to the current +command as the result of the expansion. If the '>(LIST)' form is used, +writing to the file will provide input for LIST. If the '<(LIST)' form +is used, the file passed as an argument should be read to obtain the +output of LIST. Note that no space may appear between the '<' or '>' +and the left parenthesis, otherwise the construct would be interpreted +as a redirection. Process substitution is supported on systems that +support named pipes (FIFOs) or the '/dev/fd' method of naming open +files. + + When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with +parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic +expansion. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Word Splitting, Next: Filename Expansion, Prev: Process Substitution, Up: Shell Expansions + +3.5.7 Word Splitting +-------------------- + +The shell scans the results of parameter expansion, command +substitution, and arithmetic expansion that did not occur within double +quotes for word splitting. + + The shell treats each character of '$IFS' as a delimiter, and splits +the results of the other expansions into words using these characters as +field terminators. If 'IFS' is unset, or its value is exactly +'', the default, then sequences of ' ', +'', and '' at the beginning and end of the results of the +previous expansions are ignored, and any sequence of 'IFS' characters +not at the beginning or end serves to delimit words. If 'IFS' has a +value other than the default, then sequences of the whitespace +characters 'space', 'tab', and 'newline' are ignored at the beginning +and end of the word, as long as the whitespace character is in the value +of 'IFS' (an 'IFS' whitespace character). Any character in 'IFS' that +is not 'IFS' whitespace, along with any adjacent 'IFS' whitespace +characters, delimits a field. A sequence of 'IFS' whitespace characters +is also treated as a delimiter. If the value of 'IFS' is null, no word +splitting occurs. + + Explicit null arguments ('""' or '''') are retained and passed to +commands as empty strings. Unquoted implicit null arguments, resulting +from the expansion of parameters that have no values, are removed. If a +parameter with no value is expanded within double quotes, a null +argument results and is retained and passed to a command as an empty +string. When a quoted null argument appears as part of a word whose +expansion is non-null, the null argument is removed. That is, the word +'-d''' becomes '-d' after word splitting and null argument removal. + + Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting is performed. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Filename Expansion, Next: Quote Removal, Prev: Word Splitting, Up: Shell Expansions + +3.5.8 Filename Expansion +------------------------ + +* Menu: + +* Pattern Matching:: How the shell matches patterns. + +After word splitting, unless the '-f' option has been set (*note The Set +Builtin::), Bash scans each word for the characters '*', '?', and '['. +If one of these characters appears, then the word is regarded as a +PATTERN, and replaced with an alphabetically sorted list of filenames +matching the pattern (*note Pattern Matching::). If no matching +filenames are found, and the shell option 'nullglob' is disabled, the +word is left unchanged. If the 'nullglob' option is set, and no matches +are found, the word is removed. If the 'failglob' shell option is set, +and no matches are found, an error message is printed and the command is +not executed. If the shell option 'nocaseglob' is enabled, the match is +performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. + + When a pattern is used for filename expansion, the character '.' at +the start of a filename or immediately following a slash must be matched +explicitly, unless the shell option 'dotglob' is set. When matching a +filename, the slash character must always be matched explicitly. In +other cases, the '.' character is not treated specially. + + See the description of 'shopt' in *note The Shopt Builtin::, for a +description of the 'nocaseglob', 'nullglob', 'failglob', and 'dotglob' +options. + + The 'GLOBIGNORE' shell variable may be used to restrict the set of +filenames matching a pattern. If 'GLOBIGNORE' is set, each matching +filename that also matches one of the patterns in 'GLOBIGNORE' is +removed from the list of matches. If the 'nocaseglob' option is set, +the matching against the patterns in 'GLOBIGNORE' is performed without +regard to case. The filenames '.' and '..' are always ignored when +'GLOBIGNORE' is set and not null. However, setting 'GLOBIGNORE' to a +non-null value has the effect of enabling the 'dotglob' shell option, so +all other filenames beginning with a '.' will match. To get the old +behavior of ignoring filenames beginning with a '.', make '.*' one of +the patterns in 'GLOBIGNORE'. The 'dotglob' option is disabled when +'GLOBIGNORE' is unset. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Pattern Matching, Up: Filename Expansion + +3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching +........................ + +Any character that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern +characters described below, matches itself. The NUL character may not +occur in a pattern. A backslash escapes the following character; the +escaping backslash is discarded when matching. The special pattern +characters must be quoted if they are to be matched literally. + + The special pattern characters have the following meanings: +'*' + Matches any string, including the null string. When the 'globstar' + shell option is enabled, and '*' is used in a filename expansion + context, two adjacent '*'s used as a single pattern will match all + files and zero or more directories and subdirectories. If followed + by a '/', two adjacent '*'s will match only directories and + subdirectories. +'?' + Matches any single character. +'[...]' + Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of characters + separated by a hyphen denotes a RANGE EXPRESSION; any character + that falls between those two characters, inclusive, using the + current locale's collating sequence and character set, is matched. + If the first character following the '[' is a '!' or a '^' then any + character not enclosed is matched. A '-' may be matched by + including it as the first or last character in the set. A ']' may + be matched by including it as the first character in the set. The + sorting order of characters in range expressions is determined by + the current locale and the values of the 'LC_COLLATE' and 'LC_ALL' + shell variables, if set. + + For example, in the default C locale, '[a-dx-z]' is equivalent to + '[abcdxyz]'. Many locales sort characters in dictionary order, and + in these locales '[a-dx-z]' is typically not equivalent to + '[abcdxyz]'; it might be equivalent to '[aBbCcDdxXyYz]', for + example. To obtain the traditional interpretation of ranges in + bracket expressions, you can force the use of the C locale by + setting the 'LC_COLLATE' or 'LC_ALL' environment variable to the + value 'C', or enable the 'globasciiranges' shell option. + + Within '[' and ']', CHARACTER CLASSES can be specified using the + syntax '[:'CLASS':]', where CLASS is one of the following classes + defined in the POSIX standard: + alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lower + print punct space upper word xdigit + A character class matches any character belonging to that class. + The 'word' character class matches letters, digits, and the + character '_'. + + Within '[' and ']', an EQUIVALENCE CLASS can be specified using the + syntax '[='C'=]', which matches all characters with the same + collation weight (as defined by the current locale) as the + character C. + + Within '[' and ']', the syntax '[.'SYMBOL'.]' matches the collating + symbol SYMBOL. + + If the 'extglob' shell option is enabled using the 'shopt' builtin, +several extended pattern matching operators are recognized. In the +following description, a PATTERN-LIST is a list of one or more patterns +separated by a '|'. Composite patterns may be formed using one or more +of the following sub-patterns: + +'?(PATTERN-LIST)' + Matches zero or one occurrence of the given patterns. + +'*(PATTERN-LIST)' + Matches zero or more occurrences of the given patterns. + +'+(PATTERN-LIST)' + Matches one or more occurrences of the given patterns. + +'@(PATTERN-LIST)' + Matches one of the given patterns. + +'!(PATTERN-LIST)' + Matches anything except one of the given patterns. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Quote Removal, Prev: Filename Expansion, Up: Shell Expansions + +3.5.9 Quote Removal +------------------- + +After the preceding expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the +characters '\', ''', and '"' that did not result from one of the above +expansions are removed. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Redirections, Next: Executing Commands, Prev: Shell Expansions, Up: Basic Shell Features + +3.6 Redirections +================ + +Before a command is executed, its input and output may be REDIRECTED +using a special notation interpreted by the shell. Redirection allows +commands' file handles to be duplicated, opened, closed, made to refer +to different files, and can change the files the command reads from and +writes to. Redirection may also be used to modify file handles in the +current shell execution environment. The following redirection +operators may precede or appear anywhere within a simple command or may +follow a command. Redirections are processed in the order they appear, +from left to right. + + Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number may +instead be preceded by a word of the form {VARNAME}. In this case, for +each redirection operator except >&- and <&-, the shell will allocate a +file descriptor greater than 10 and assign it to {VARNAME}. If >&- or +<&- is preceded by {VARNAME}, the value of VARNAME defines the file +descriptor to close. + + In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is +omitted, and the first character of the redirection operator is '<', the +redirection refers to the standard input (file descriptor 0). If the +first character of the redirection operator is '>', the redirection +refers to the standard output (file descriptor 1). + + The word following the redirection operator in the following +descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion, +tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic +expansion, quote removal, filename expansion, and word splitting. If it +expands to more than one word, Bash reports an error. + + Note that the order of redirections is significant. For example, the +command + ls > DIRLIST 2>&1 +directs both standard output (file descriptor 1) and standard error +(file descriptor 2) to the file DIRLIST, while the command + ls 2>&1 > DIRLIST +directs only the standard output to file DIRLIST, because the standard +error was made a copy of the standard output before the standard output +was redirected to DIRLIST. + + Bash handles several filenames specially when they are used in +redirections, as described in the following table. If the operating +system on which Bash is running provides these special files, bash will +use them; otherwise it will emulate them internally with the behavior +described below. + +'/dev/fd/FD' + If FD is a valid integer, file descriptor FD is duplicated. + +'/dev/stdin' + File descriptor 0 is duplicated. + +'/dev/stdout' + File descriptor 1 is duplicated. + +'/dev/stderr' + File descriptor 2 is duplicated. + +'/dev/tcp/HOST/PORT' + If HOST is a valid hostname or Internet address, and PORT is an + integer port number or service name, Bash attempts to open the + corresponding TCP socket. + +'/dev/udp/HOST/PORT' + If HOST is a valid hostname or Internet address, and PORT is an + integer port number or service name, Bash attempts to open the + corresponding UDP socket. + + A failure to open or create a file causes the redirection to fail. + + Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used +with care, as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses +internally. + +3.6.1 Redirecting Input +----------------------- + +Redirection of input causes the file whose name results from the +expansion of WORD to be opened for reading on file descriptor 'n', or +the standard input (file descriptor 0) if 'n' is not specified. + + The general format for redirecting input is: + [N][|]WORD + + If the redirection operator is '>', and the 'noclobber' option to the +'set' builtin has been enabled, the redirection will fail if the file +whose name results from the expansion of WORD exists and is a regular +file. If the redirection operator is '>|', or the redirection operator +is '>' and the 'noclobber' option is not enabled, the redirection is +attempted even if the file named by WORD exists. + +3.6.3 Appending Redirected Output +--------------------------------- + +Redirection of output in this fashion causes the file whose name results +from the expansion of WORD to be opened for appending on file descriptor +N, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if N is not specified. If +the file does not exist it is created. + + The general format for appending output is: + [N]>>WORD + +3.6.4 Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error +---------------------------------------------------- + +This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and +the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be redirected to the +file whose name is the expansion of WORD. + + There are two formats for redirecting standard output and standard +error: + &>WORD +and + >&WORD +Of the two forms, the first is preferred. This is semantically +equivalent to + >WORD 2>&1 + When using the second form, WORD may not expand to a number or '-'. +If it does, other redirection operators apply (see Duplicating File +Descriptors below) for compatibility reasons. + +3.6.5 Appending Standard Output and Standard Error +-------------------------------------------------- + +This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and +the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be appended to the file +whose name is the expansion of WORD. + + The format for appending standard output and standard error is: + &>>WORD +This is semantically equivalent to + >>WORD 2>&1 + (see Duplicating File Descriptors below). + +3.6.6 Here Documents +-------------------- + +This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the +current source until a line containing only WORD (with no trailing +blanks) is seen. All of the lines read up to that point are then used +as the standard input (or file descriptor N if N is specified) for a +command. + + The format of here-documents is: + [N]<<[-]WORD + HERE-DOCUMENT + DELIMITER + + No parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, arithmetic +expansion, or filename expansion is performed on WORD. If any part of +WORD is quoted, the DELIMITER is the result of quote removal on WORD, +and the lines in the here-document are not expanded. If WORD is +unquoted, all lines of the here-document are subjected to parameter +expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, the character +sequence '\newline' is ignored, and '\' must be used to quote the +characters '\', '$', and '`'. + + If the redirection operator is '<<-', then all leading tab characters +are stripped from input lines and the line containing DELIMITER. This +allows here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural +fashion. + +3.6.7 Here Strings +------------------ + +A variant of here documents, the format is: + [N]<<< WORD + + The WORD undergoes brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and +variable expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and +quote removal. Pathname expansion and word splitting are not performed. +The result is supplied as a single string, with a newline appended, to +the command on its standard input (or file descriptor N if N is +specified). + +3.6.8 Duplicating File Descriptors +---------------------------------- + +The redirection operator + [N]<&WORD +is used to duplicate input file descriptors. If WORD expands to one or +more digits, the file descriptor denoted by N is made to be a copy of +that file descriptor. If the digits in WORD do not specify a file +descriptor open for input, a redirection error occurs. If WORD +evaluates to '-', file descriptor N is closed. If N is not specified, +the standard input (file descriptor 0) is used. + + The operator + [N]>&WORD +is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If N is not +specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used. If the +digits in WORD do not specify a file descriptor open for output, a +redirection error occurs. If WORD evaluates to '-', file descriptor N +is closed. As a special case, if N is omitted, and WORD does not expand +to one or more digits or '-', the standard output and standard error are +redirected as described previously. + +3.6.9 Moving File Descriptors +----------------------------- + +The redirection operator + [N]<&DIGIT- +moves the file descriptor DIGIT to file descriptor N, or the standard +input (file descriptor 0) if N is not specified. DIGIT is closed after +being duplicated to N. + + Similarly, the redirection operator + [N]>&DIGIT- +moves the file descriptor DIGIT to file descriptor N, or the standard +output (file descriptor 1) if N is not specified. + +3.6.10 Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing +------------------------------------------------------- + +The redirection operator + [N]<>WORD +causes the file whose name is the expansion of WORD to be opened for +both reading and writing on file descriptor N, or on file descriptor 0 +if N is not specified. If the file does not exist, it is created. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Executing Commands, Next: Shell Scripts, Prev: Redirections, Up: Basic Shell Features + +3.7 Executing Commands +====================== + +* Menu: + +* Simple Command Expansion:: How Bash expands simple commands before + executing them. +* Command Search and Execution:: How Bash finds commands and runs them. +* Command Execution Environment:: The environment in which Bash + executes commands that are not + shell builtins. +* Environment:: The environment given to a command. +* Exit Status:: The status returned by commands and how Bash + interprets it. +* Signals:: What happens when Bash or a command it runs + receives a signal. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Simple Command Expansion, Next: Command Search and Execution, Up: Executing Commands + +3.7.1 Simple Command Expansion +------------------------------ + +When a simple command is executed, the shell performs the following +expansions, assignments, and redirections, from left to right. + + 1. The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments (those + preceding the command name) and redirections are saved for later + processing. + + 2. The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are + expanded (*note Shell Expansions::). If any words remain after + expansion, the first word is taken to be the name of the command + and the remaining words are the arguments. + + 3. Redirections are performed as described above (*note + Redirections::). + + 4. The text after the '=' in each variable assignment undergoes tilde + expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic + expansion, and quote removal before being assigned to the variable. + + If no command name results, the variable assignments affect the +current shell environment. Otherwise, the variables are added to the +environment of the executed command and do not affect the current shell +environment. If any of the assignments attempts to assign a value to a +readonly variable, an error occurs, and the command exits with a +non-zero status. + + If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not +affect the current shell environment. A redirection error causes the +command to exit with a non-zero status. + + If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds +as described below. Otherwise, the command exits. If one of the +expansions contained a command substitution, the exit status of the +command is the exit status of the last command substitution performed. +If there were no command substitutions, the command exits with a status +of zero. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Command Search and Execution, Next: Command Execution Environment, Prev: Simple Command Expansion, Up: Executing Commands + +3.7.2 Command Search and Execution +---------------------------------- + +After a command has been split into words, if it results in a simple +command and an optional list of arguments, the following actions are +taken. + + 1. If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to + locate it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that + function is invoked as described in *note Shell Functions::. + + 2. If the name does not match a function, the shell searches for it in + the list of shell builtins. If a match is found, that builtin is + invoked. + + 3. If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, and contains + no slashes, Bash searches each element of '$PATH' for a directory + containing an executable file by that name. Bash uses a hash table + to remember the full pathnames of executable files to avoid + multiple 'PATH' searches (see the description of 'hash' in *note + Bourne Shell Builtins::). A full search of the directories in + '$PATH' is performed only if the command is not found in the hash + table. If the search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for a + defined shell function named 'command_not_found_handle'. If that + function exists, it is invoked with the original command and the + original command's arguments as its arguments, and the function's + exit status becomes the exit status of the shell. If that function + is not defined, the shell prints an error message and returns an + exit status of 127. + + 4. If the search is successful, or if the command name contains one or + more slashes, the shell executes the named program in a separate + execution environment. Argument 0 is set to the name given, and + the remaining arguments to the command are set to the arguments + supplied, if any. + + 5. If this execution fails because the file is not in executable + format, and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a + SHELL SCRIPT and the shell executes it as described in *note Shell + Scripts::. + + 6. If the command was not begun asynchronously, the shell waits for + the command to complete and collects its exit status. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Command Execution Environment, Next: Environment, Prev: Command Search and Execution, Up: Executing Commands + +3.7.3 Command Execution Environment +----------------------------------- + +The shell has an EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT, which consists of the following: + + * open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by + redirections supplied to the 'exec' builtin + + * the current working directory as set by 'cd', 'pushd', or 'popd', + or inherited by the shell at invocation + + * the file creation mode mask as set by 'umask' or inherited from the + shell's parent + + * current traps set by 'trap' + + * shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with 'set' + or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment + + * shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the + shell's parent in the environment + + * options enabled at invocation (either by default or with + command-line arguments) or by 'set' + + * options enabled by 'shopt' (*note The Shopt Builtin::) + + * shell aliases defined with 'alias' (*note Aliases::) + + * various process IDs, including those of background jobs (*note + Lists::), the value of '$$', and the value of '$PPID' + + When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function is to be +executed, it is invoked in a separate execution environment that +consists of the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are +inherited from the shell. + + * the shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions + specified by redirections to the command + + * the current working directory + + * the file creation mode mask + + * shell variables and functions marked for export, along with + variables exported for the command, passed in the environment + (*note Environment::) + + * traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from + the shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored + + A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the +shell's execution environment. + + Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, and +asynchronous commands are invoked in a subshell environment that is a +duplicate of the shell environment, except that traps caught by the +shell are reset to the values that the shell inherited from its parent +at invocation. Builtin commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline +are also executed in a subshell environment. Changes made to the +subshell environment cannot affect the shell's execution environment. + + Subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value +of the '-e' option from the parent shell. When not in POSIX mode, Bash +clears the '-e' option in such subshells. + + If a command is followed by a '&' and job control is not active, the +default standard input for the command is the empty file '/dev/null'. +Otherwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the +calling shell as modified by redirections. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Environment, Next: Exit Status, Prev: Command Execution Environment, Up: Executing Commands + +3.7.4 Environment +----------------- + +When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings called the +ENVIRONMENT. This is a list of name-value pairs, of the form +'name=value'. + + Bash provides several ways to manipulate the environment. On +invocation, the shell scans its own environment and creates a parameter +for each name found, automatically marking it for EXPORT to child +processes. Executed commands inherit the environment. The 'export' and +'declare -x' commands allow parameters and functions to be added to and +deleted from the environment. If the value of a parameter in the +environment is modified, the new value becomes part of the environment, +replacing the old. The environment inherited by any executed command +consists of the shell's initial environment, whose values may be +modified in the shell, less any pairs removed by the 'unset' and 'export +-n' commands, plus any additions via the 'export' and 'declare -x' +commands. + + The environment for any simple command or function may be augmented +temporarily by prefixing it with parameter assignments, as described in +*note Shell Parameters::. These assignment statements affect only the +environment seen by that command. + + If the '-k' option is set (*note The Set Builtin::), then all +parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command, not +just those that precede the command name. + + When Bash invokes an external command, the variable '$_' is set to +the full pathname of the command and passed to that command in its +environment. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Exit Status, Next: Signals, Prev: Environment, Up: Executing Commands + +3.7.5 Exit Status +----------------- + +The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the +WAITPID system call or equivalent function. Exit statuses fall between +0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may use values above +125 specially. Exit statuses from shell builtins and compound commands +are also limited to this range. Under certain circumstances, the shell +will use special values to indicate specific failure modes. + + For the shell's purposes, a command which exits with a zero exit +status has succeeded. A non-zero exit status indicates failure. This +seemingly counter-intuitive scheme is used so there is one well-defined +way to indicate success and a variety of ways to indicate various +failure modes. When a command terminates on a fatal signal whose number +is N, Bash uses the value 128+N as the exit status. + + If a command is not found, the child process created to execute it +returns a status of 127. If a command is found but is not executable, +the return status is 126. + + If a command fails because of an error during expansion or +redirection, the exit status is greater than zero. + + The exit status is used by the Bash conditional commands (*note +Conditional Constructs::) and some of the list constructs (*note +Lists::). + + All of the Bash builtins return an exit status of zero if they +succeed and a non-zero status on failure, so they may be used by the +conditional and list constructs. All builtins return an exit status of +2 to indicate incorrect usage, generally invalid options or missing +arguments. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Signals, Prev: Exit Status, Up: Executing Commands + +3.7.6 Signals +------------- + +When Bash is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores +'SIGTERM' (so that 'kill 0' does not kill an interactive shell), and +'SIGINT' is caught and handled (so that the 'wait' builtin is +interruptible). When Bash receives a 'SIGINT', it breaks out of any +executing loops. In all cases, Bash ignores 'SIGQUIT'. If job control +is in effect (*note Job Control::), Bash ignores 'SIGTTIN', 'SIGTTOU', +and 'SIGTSTP'. + + Non-builtin commands started by Bash have signal handlers set to the +values inherited by the shell from its parent. When job control is not +in effect, asynchronous commands ignore 'SIGINT' and 'SIGQUIT' in +addition to these inherited handlers. Commands run as a result of +command substitution ignore the keyboard-generated job control signals +'SIGTTIN', 'SIGTTOU', and 'SIGTSTP'. + + The shell exits by default upon receipt of a 'SIGHUP'. Before +exiting, an interactive shell resends the 'SIGHUP' to all jobs, running +or stopped. Stopped jobs are sent 'SIGCONT' to ensure that they receive +the 'SIGHUP'. To prevent the shell from sending the 'SIGHUP' signal to +a particular job, it should be removed from the jobs table with the +'disown' builtin (*note Job Control Builtins::) or marked to not receive +'SIGHUP' using 'disown -h'. + + If the 'huponexit' shell option has been set with 'shopt' (*note The +Shopt Builtin::), Bash sends a 'SIGHUP' to all jobs when an interactive +login shell exits. + + If Bash is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal +for which a trap has been set, the trap will not be executed until the +command completes. When Bash is waiting for an asynchronous command via +the 'wait' builtin, the reception of a signal for which a trap has been +set will cause the 'wait' builtin to return immediately with an exit +status greater than 128, immediately after which the trap is executed. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Shell Scripts, Prev: Executing Commands, Up: Basic Shell Features + +3.8 Shell Scripts +================= + +A shell script is a text file containing shell commands. When such a +file is used as the first non-option argument when invoking Bash, and +neither the '-c' nor '-s' option is supplied (*note Invoking Bash::), +Bash reads and executes commands from the file, then exits. This mode +of operation creates a non-interactive shell. The shell first searches +for the file in the current directory, and looks in the directories in +'$PATH' if not found there. + + When Bash runs a shell script, it sets the special parameter '0' to +the name of the file, rather than the name of the shell, and the +positional parameters are set to the remaining arguments, if any are +given. If no additional arguments are supplied, the positional +parameters are unset. + + A shell script may be made executable by using the 'chmod' command to +turn on the execute bit. When Bash finds such a file while searching +the '$PATH' for a command, it spawns a subshell to execute it. In other +words, executing + filename ARGUMENTS +is equivalent to executing + bash filename ARGUMENTS + +if 'filename' is an executable shell script. This subshell +reinitializes itself, so that the effect is as if a new shell had been +invoked to interpret the script, with the exception that the locations +of commands remembered by the parent (see the description of 'hash' in +*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) are retained by the child. + + Most versions of Unix make this a part of the operating system's +command execution mechanism. If the first line of a script begins with +the two characters '#!', the remainder of the line specifies an +interpreter for the program. Thus, you can specify Bash, 'awk', Perl, +or some other interpreter and write the rest of the script file in that +language. + + The arguments to the interpreter consist of a single optional +argument following the interpreter name on the first line of the script +file, followed by the name of the script file, followed by the rest of +the arguments. Bash will perform this action on operating systems that +do not handle it themselves. Note that some older versions of Unix +limit the interpreter name and argument to a maximum of 32 characters. + + Bash scripts often begin with '#! /bin/bash' (assuming that Bash has +been installed in '/bin'), since this ensures that Bash will be used to +interpret the script, even if it is executed under another shell. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Shell Builtin Commands, Next: Shell Variables, Prev: Basic Shell Features, Up: Top + +4 Shell Builtin Commands +************************ + +* Menu: + +* Bourne Shell Builtins:: Builtin commands inherited from the Bourne + Shell. +* Bash Builtins:: Table of builtins specific to Bash. +* Modifying Shell Behavior:: Builtins to modify shell attributes and + optional behavior. +* Special Builtins:: Builtin commands classified specially by + POSIX. + +Builtin commands are contained within the shell itself. When the name +of a builtin command is used as the first word of a simple command +(*note Simple Commands::), the shell executes the command directly, +without invoking another program. Builtin commands are necessary to +implement functionality impossible or inconvenient to obtain with +separate utilities. + + This section briefly describes the builtins which Bash inherits from +the Bourne Shell, as well as the builtin commands which are unique to or +have been extended in Bash. + + Several builtin commands are described in other chapters: builtin +commands which provide the Bash interface to the job control facilities +(*note Job Control Builtins::), the directory stack (*note Directory +Stack Builtins::), the command history (*note Bash History Builtins::), +and the programmable completion facilities (*note Programmable +Completion Builtins::). + + Many of the builtins have been extended by POSIX or Bash. + + Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented as accepting +options preceded by '-' accepts '--' to signify the end of the options. +The ':', 'true', 'false', and 'test' builtins do not accept options and +do not treat '--' specially. The 'exit', 'logout', 'return', 'break', +'continue', 'let', and 'shift' builtins accept and process arguments +beginning with '-' without requiring '--'. Other builtins that accept +arguments but are not specified as accepting options interpret arguments +beginning with '-' as invalid options and require '--' to prevent this +interpretation. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Bourne Shell Builtins, Next: Bash Builtins, Up: Shell Builtin Commands + +4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins +========================= + +The following shell builtin commands are inherited from the Bourne +Shell. These commands are implemented as specified by the POSIX +standard. + +': (a colon)' + : [ARGUMENTS] + + Do nothing beyond expanding ARGUMENTS and performing redirections. + The return status is zero. + +'. (a period)' + . FILENAME [ARGUMENTS] + + Read and execute commands from the FILENAME argument in the current + shell context. If FILENAME does not contain a slash, the 'PATH' + variable is used to find FILENAME. When Bash is not in POSIX mode, + the current directory is searched if FILENAME is not found in + '$PATH'. If any ARGUMENTS are supplied, they become the positional + parameters when FILENAME is executed. Otherwise the positional + parameters are unchanged. If the '-T' option is enabled, 'source' + inherits any trap on 'DEBUG'; if it is not, any 'DEBUG' trap string + is saved and restored around the call to 'source', and 'source' + unsets the 'DEBUG' trap while it executes. If '-T' is not set, and + the sourced file changes the 'DEBUG' trap, the new value is + retained when 'source' completes. The return status is the exit + status of the last command executed, or zero if no commands are + executed. If FILENAME is not found, or cannot be read, the return + status is non-zero. This builtin is equivalent to 'source'. + +'break' + break [N] + + Exit from a 'for', 'while', 'until', or 'select' loop. If N is + supplied, the Nth enclosing loop is exited. N must be greater than + or equal to 1. The return status is zero unless N is not greater + than or equal to 1. + +'cd' + cd [-L|[-P [-e]] [-@] [DIRECTORY] + + Change the current working directory to DIRECTORY. If DIRECTORY is + not supplied, the value of the 'HOME' shell variable is used. Any + additional arguments following DIRECTORY are ignored. If the shell + variable 'CDPATH' exists, it is used as a search path: each + directory name in 'CDPATH' is searched for DIRECTORY, with + alternative directory names in 'CDPATH' separated by a colon (':'). + If DIRECTORY begins with a slash, 'CDPATH' is not used. + + The '-P' option means to not follow symbolic links: symbolic links + are resolved while 'cd' is traversing DIRECTORY and before + processing an instance of '..' in DIRECTORY. + + By default, or when the '-L' option is supplied, symbolic links in + DIRECTORY are resolved after 'cd' processes an instance of '..' in + DIRECTORY. + + If '..' appears in DIRECTORY, it is processed by removing the + immediately preceding pathname component, back to a slash or the + beginning of DIRECTORY. + + If the '-e' option is supplied with '-P' and the current working + directory cannot be successfully determined after a successful + directory change, 'cd' will return an unsuccessful status. + + On systems that support it, the '-@' option presents the extended + attributes associated with a file as a directory. + + If DIRECTORY is '-', it is converted to '$OLDPWD' before the + directory change is attempted. + + If a non-empty directory name from 'CDPATH' is used, or if '-' is + the first argument, and the directory change is successful, the + absolute pathname of the new working directory is written to the + standard output. + + The return status is zero if the directory is successfully changed, + non-zero otherwise. + +'continue' + continue [N] + + Resume the next iteration of an enclosing 'for', 'while', 'until', + or 'select' loop. If N is supplied, the execution of the Nth + enclosing loop is resumed. N must be greater than or equal to 1. + The return status is zero unless N is not greater than or equal to + 1. + +'eval' + eval [ARGUMENTS] + + The arguments are concatenated together into a single command, + which is then read and executed, and its exit status returned as + the exit status of 'eval'. If there are no arguments or only empty + arguments, the return status is zero. + +'exec' + exec [-cl] [-a NAME] [COMMAND [ARGUMENTS]] + + If COMMAND is supplied, it replaces the shell without creating a + new process. If the '-l' option is supplied, the shell places a + dash at the beginning of the zeroth argument passed to COMMAND. + This is what the 'login' program does. The '-c' option causes + COMMAND to be executed with an empty environment. If '-a' is + supplied, the shell passes NAME as the zeroth argument to COMMAND. + If COMMAND cannot be executed for some reason, a non-interactive + shell exits, unless the 'execfail' shell option is enabled. In + that case, it returns failure. An interactive shell returns + failure if the file cannot be executed. If no COMMAND is + specified, redirections may be used to affect the current shell + environment. If there are no redirection errors, the return status + is zero; otherwise the return status is non-zero. + +'exit' + exit [N] + + Exit the shell, returning a status of N to the shell's parent. If + N is omitted, the exit status is that of the last command executed. + Any trap on 'EXIT' is executed before the shell terminates. + +'export' + export [-fn] [-p] [NAME[=VALUE]] + + Mark each NAME to be passed to child processes in the environment. + If the '-f' option is supplied, the NAMEs refer to shell functions; + otherwise the names refer to shell variables. The '-n' option + means to no longer mark each NAME for export. If no NAMES are + supplied, or if the '-p' option is given, a list of names of all + exported variables is displayed. The '-p' option displays output + in a form that may be reused as input. If a variable name is + followed by =VALUE, the value of the variable is set to VALUE. + + The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied, one + of the names is not a valid shell variable name, or '-f' is + supplied with a name that is not a shell function. + +'getopts' + getopts OPTSTRING NAME [ARGS] + + 'getopts' is used by shell scripts to parse positional parameters. + OPTSTRING contains the option characters to be recognized; if a + character is followed by a colon, the option is expected to have an + argument, which should be separated from it by whitespace. The + colon (':') and question mark ('?') may not be used as option + characters. Each time it is invoked, 'getopts' places the next + option in the shell variable NAME, initializing NAME if it does not + exist, and the index of the next argument to be processed into the + variable 'OPTIND'. 'OPTIND' is initialized to 1 each time the + shell or a shell script is invoked. When an option requires an + argument, 'getopts' places that argument into the variable + 'OPTARG'. The shell does not reset 'OPTIND' automatically; it must + be manually reset between multiple calls to 'getopts' within the + same shell invocation if a new set of parameters is to be used. + + When the end of options is encountered, 'getopts' exits with a + return value greater than zero. 'OPTIND' is set to the index of + the first non-option argument, and NAME is set to '?'. + + 'getopts' normally parses the positional parameters, but if more + arguments are given in ARGS, 'getopts' parses those instead. + + 'getopts' can report errors in two ways. If the first character of + OPTSTRING is a colon, SILENT error reporting is used. In normal + operation, diagnostic messages are printed when invalid options or + missing option arguments are encountered. If the variable 'OPTERR' + is set to 0, no error messages will be displayed, even if the first + character of 'optstring' is not a colon. + + If an invalid option is seen, 'getopts' places '?' into NAME and, + if not silent, prints an error message and unsets 'OPTARG'. If + 'getopts' is silent, the option character found is placed in + 'OPTARG' and no diagnostic message is printed. + + If a required argument is not found, and 'getopts' is not silent, a + question mark ('?') is placed in NAME, 'OPTARG' is unset, and a + diagnostic message is printed. If 'getopts' is silent, then a + colon (':') is placed in NAME and 'OPTARG' is set to the option + character found. + +'hash' + hash [-r] [-p FILENAME] [-dt] [NAME] + + Each time 'hash' is invoked, it remembers the full pathnames of the + commands specified as NAME arguments, so they need not be searched + for on subsequent invocations. The commands are found by searching + through the directories listed in '$PATH'. Any + previously-remembered pathname is discarded. The '-p' option + inhibits the path search, and FILENAME is used as the location of + NAME. The '-r' option causes the shell to forget all remembered + locations. The '-d' option causes the shell to forget the + remembered location of each NAME. If the '-t' option is supplied, + the full pathname to which each NAME corresponds is printed. If + multiple NAME arguments are supplied with '-t' the NAME is printed + before the hashed full pathname. The '-l' option causes output to + be displayed in a format that may be reused as input. If no + arguments are given, or if only '-l' is supplied, information about + remembered commands is printed. The return status is zero unless a + NAME is not found or an invalid option is supplied. + +'pwd' + pwd [-LP] + + Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory. If + the '-P' option is supplied, the pathname printed will not contain + symbolic links. If the '-L' option is supplied, the pathname + printed may contain symbolic links. The return status is zero + unless an error is encountered while determining the name of the + current directory or an invalid option is supplied. + +'readonly' + readonly [-aAf] [-p] [NAME[=VALUE]] ... + + Mark each NAME as readonly. The values of these names may not be + changed by subsequent assignment. If the '-f' option is supplied, + each NAME refers to a shell function. The '-a' option means each + NAME refers to an indexed array variable; the '-A' option means + each NAME refers to an associative array variable. If both options + are supplied, '-A' takes precedence. If no NAME arguments are + given, or if the '-p' option is supplied, a list of all readonly + names is printed. The other options may be used to restrict the + output to a subset of the set of readonly names. The '-p' option + causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as + input. If a variable name is followed by =VALUE, the value of the + variable is set to VALUE. The return status is zero unless an + invalid option is supplied, one of the NAME arguments is not a + valid shell variable or function name, or the '-f' option is + supplied with a name that is not a shell function. + +'return' + return [N] + + Cause a shell function to stop executing and return the value N to + its caller. If N is not supplied, the return value is the exit + status of the last command executed in the function. If 'return' + is executed by a trap handler, the last command used to determine + the status is the last command executed before the trap handler. + if 'return' is executed during a 'DEBUG' trap, the last command + used to determine the status is the last command executed by the + trap handler before 'return' was invoked. 'return' may also be + used to terminate execution of a script being executed with the '.' + ('source') builtin, returning either N or the exit status of the + last command executed within the script as the exit status of the + script. If N is supplied, the return value is its least + significant 8 bits. Any command associated with the 'RETURN' trap + is executed before execution resumes after the function or script. + The return status is non-zero if 'return' is supplied a non-numeric + argument or is used outside a function and not during the execution + of a script by '.' or 'source'. + +'shift' + shift [N] + + Shift the positional parameters to the left by N. The positional + parameters from N+1 ... '$#' are renamed to '$1' ... '$#'-N. + Parameters represented by the numbers '$#' to '$#'-N+1 are unset. + N must be a non-negative number less than or equal to '$#'. If N + is zero or greater than '$#', the positional parameters are not + changed. If N is not supplied, it is assumed to be 1. The return + status is zero unless N is greater than '$#' or less than zero, + non-zero otherwise. + +'test' +'[' + test EXPR + + Evaluate a conditional expression EXPR and return a status of 0 + (true) or 1 (false). Each operator and operand must be a separate + argument. Expressions are composed of the primaries described + below in *note Bash Conditional Expressions::. 'test' does not + accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore an argument of + '--' as signifying the end of options. + + When the '[' form is used, the last argument to the command must be + a ']'. + + Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed + in decreasing order of precedence. The evaluation depends on the + number of arguments; see below. Operator precedence is used when + there are five or more arguments. + + '! EXPR' + True if EXPR is false. + + '( EXPR )' + Returns the value of EXPR. This may be used to override the + normal precedence of operators. + + 'EXPR1 -a EXPR2' + True if both EXPR1 and EXPR2 are true. + + 'EXPR1 -o EXPR2' + True if either EXPR1 or EXPR2 is true. + + The 'test' and '[' builtins evaluate conditional expressions using + a set of rules based on the number of arguments. + + 0 arguments + The expression is false. + + 1 argument + The expression is true if and only if the argument is not + null. + + 2 arguments + If the first argument is '!', the expression is true if and + only if the second argument is null. If the first argument is + one of the unary conditional operators (*note Bash Conditional + Expressions::), the expression is true if the unary test is + true. If the first argument is not a valid unary operator, + the expression is false. + + 3 arguments + The following conditions are applied in the order listed. If + the second argument is one of the binary conditional operators + (*note Bash Conditional Expressions::), the result of the + expression is the result of the binary test using the first + and third arguments as operands. The '-a' and '-o' operators + are considered binary operators when there are three + arguments. If the first argument is '!', the value is the + negation of the two-argument test using the second and third + arguments. If the first argument is exactly '(' and the third + argument is exactly ')', the result is the one-argument test + of the second argument. Otherwise, the expression is false. + + 4 arguments + If the first argument is '!', the result is the negation of + the three-argument expression composed of the remaining + arguments. Otherwise, the expression is parsed and evaluated + according to precedence using the rules listed above. + + 5 or more arguments + The expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence + using the rules listed above. + + When used with 'test' or '[', the '<' and '>' operators sort + lexicographically using ASCII ordering. + +'times' + times + + Print out the user and system times used by the shell and its + children. The return status is zero. + +'trap' + trap [-lp] [ARG] [SIGSPEC ...] + + The commands in ARG are to be read and executed when the shell + receives signal SIGSPEC. If ARG is absent (and there is a single + SIGSPEC) or equal to '-', each specified signal's disposition is + reset to the value it had when the shell was started. If ARG is + the null string, then the signal specified by each SIGSPEC is + ignored by the shell and commands it invokes. If ARG is not + present and '-p' has been supplied, the shell displays the trap + commands associated with each SIGSPEC. If no arguments are + supplied, or only '-p' is given, 'trap' prints the list of commands + associated with each signal number in a form that may be reused as + shell input. The '-l' option causes the shell to print a list of + signal names and their corresponding numbers. Each SIGSPEC is + either a signal name or a signal number. Signal names are case + insensitive and the 'SIG' prefix is optional. + + If a SIGSPEC is '0' or 'EXIT', ARG is executed when the shell + exits. If a SIGSPEC is 'DEBUG', the command ARG is executed before + every simple command, 'for' command, 'case' command, 'select' + command, every arithmetic 'for' command, and before the first + command executes in a shell function. Refer to the description of + the 'extdebug' option to the 'shopt' builtin (*note The Shopt + Builtin::) for details of its effect on the 'DEBUG' trap. If a + SIGSPEC is 'RETURN', the command ARG is executed each time a shell + function or a script executed with the '.' or 'source' builtins + finishes executing. + + If a SIGSPEC is 'ERR', the command ARG is executed whenever a + pipeline (which may consist of a single simple command), a list, or + a compound command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to the + following conditions. The 'ERR' trap is not executed if the failed + command is part of the command list immediately following an + 'until' or 'while' keyword, part of the test following the 'if' or + 'elif' reserved words, part of a command executed in a '&&' or '||' + list except the command following the final '&&' or '||', any + command in a pipeline but the last, or if the command's return + status is being inverted using '!'. These are the same conditions + obeyed by the 'errexit' ('-e') option. + + Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset. + Trapped signals that are not being ignored are reset to their + original values in a subshell or subshell environment when one is + created. + + The return status is zero unless a SIGSPEC does not specify a valid + signal. + +'umask' + umask [-p] [-S] [MODE] + + Set the shell process's file creation mask to MODE. If MODE begins + with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; if not, it is + interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by the + 'chmod' command. If MODE is omitted, the current value of the mask + is printed. If the '-S' option is supplied without a MODE + argument, the mask is printed in a symbolic format. If the '-p' + option is supplied, and MODE is omitted, the output is in a form + that may be reused as input. The return status is zero if the mode + is successfully changed or if no MODE argument is supplied, and + non-zero otherwise. + + Note that when the mode is interpreted as an octal number, each + number of the umask is subtracted from '7'. Thus, a umask of '022' + results in permissions of '755'. + +'unset' + unset [-fnv] [NAME] + + Remove each variable or function NAME. If the '-v' option is + given, each NAME refers to a shell variable and that variable is + removed. If the '-f' option is given, the NAMEs refer to shell + functions, and the function definition is removed. If the '-n' + option is supplied, and NAME is a variable with the NAMEREF + attribute, NAME will be unset rather than the variable it + references. '-n' has no effect if the '-f' option is supplied. If + no options are supplied, each NAME refers to a variable; if there + is no variable by that name, any function with that name is unset. + Readonly variables and functions may not be unset. The return + status is zero unless a NAME is readonly. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Bash Builtins, Next: Modifying Shell Behavior, Prev: Bourne Shell Builtins, Up: Shell Builtin Commands + +4.2 Bash Builtin Commands +========================= + +This section describes builtin commands which are unique to or have been +extended in Bash. Some of these commands are specified in the POSIX +standard. + +'alias' + alias [-p] [NAME[=VALUE] ...] + + Without arguments or with the '-p' option, 'alias' prints the list + of aliases on the standard output in a form that allows them to be + reused as input. If arguments are supplied, an alias is defined + for each NAME whose VALUE is given. If no VALUE is given, the name + and value of the alias is printed. Aliases are described in *note + Aliases::. + +'bind' + bind [-m KEYMAP] [-lpsvPSVX] + bind [-m KEYMAP] [-q FUNCTION] [-u FUNCTION] [-r KEYSEQ] + bind [-m KEYMAP] -f FILENAME + bind [-m KEYMAP] -x KEYSEQ:SHELL-COMMAND + bind [-m KEYMAP] KEYSEQ:FUNCTION-NAME + bind [-m KEYMAP] KEYSEQ:READLINE-COMMAND + + Display current Readline (*note Command Line Editing::) key and + function bindings, bind a key sequence to a Readline function or + macro, or set a Readline variable. Each non-option argument is a + command as it would appear in a Readline initialization file (*note + Readline Init File::), but each binding or command must be passed + as a separate argument; e.g., '"\C-x\C-r":re-read-init-file'. + + Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: + + '-m KEYMAP' + Use KEYMAP as the keymap to be affected by the subsequent + bindings. Acceptable KEYMAP names are 'emacs', + 'emacs-standard', 'emacs-meta', 'emacs-ctlx', 'vi', 'vi-move', + 'vi-command', and 'vi-insert'. 'vi' is equivalent to + 'vi-command' ('vi-move' is also a synonym); 'emacs' is + equivalent to 'emacs-standard'. + + '-l' + List the names of all Readline functions. + + '-p' + Display Readline function names and bindings in such a way + that they can be used as input or in a Readline initialization + file. + + '-P' + List current Readline function names and bindings. + + '-v' + Display Readline variable names and values in such a way that + they can be used as input or in a Readline initialization + file. + + '-V' + List current Readline variable names and values. + + '-s' + Display Readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings + they output in such a way that they can be used as input or in + a Readline initialization file. + + '-S' + Display Readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings + they output. + + '-f FILENAME' + Read key bindings from FILENAME. + + '-q FUNCTION' + Query about which keys invoke the named FUNCTION. + + '-u FUNCTION' + Unbind all keys bound to the named FUNCTION. + + '-r KEYSEQ' + Remove any current binding for KEYSEQ. + + '-x KEYSEQ:SHELL-COMMAND' + Cause SHELL-COMMAND to be executed whenever KEYSEQ is entered. + When SHELL-COMMAND is executed, the shell sets the + 'READLINE_LINE' variable to the contents of the Readline line + buffer and the 'READLINE_POINT' variable to the current + location of the insertion point. If the executed command + changes the value of 'READLINE_LINE' or 'READLINE_POINT', + those new values will be reflected in the editing state. + + '-X' + List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the + associated commands in a format that can be reused as input. + + The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied or + an error occurs. + +'builtin' + builtin [SHELL-BUILTIN [ARGS]] + + Run a shell builtin, passing it ARGS, and return its exit status. + This is useful when defining a shell function with the same name as + a shell builtin, retaining the functionality of the builtin within + the function. The return status is non-zero if SHELL-BUILTIN is + not a shell builtin command. + +'caller' + caller [EXPR] + + Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell function + or a script executed with the '.' or 'source' builtins). + + Without EXPR, 'caller' displays the line number and source filename + of the current subroutine call. If a non-negative integer is + supplied as EXPR, 'caller' displays the line number, subroutine + name, and source file corresponding to that position in the current + execution call stack. This extra information may be used, for + example, to print a stack trace. The current frame is frame 0. + + The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a + subroutine call or EXPR does not correspond to a valid position in + the call stack. + +'command' + command [-pVv] COMMAND [ARGUMENTS ...] + + Runs COMMAND with ARGUMENTS ignoring any shell function named + COMMAND. Only shell builtin commands or commands found by + searching the 'PATH' are executed. If there is a shell function + named 'ls', running 'command ls' within the function will execute + the external command 'ls' instead of calling the function + recursively. The '-p' option means to use a default value for + 'PATH' that is guaranteed to find all of the standard utilities. + The return status in this case is 127 if COMMAND cannot be found or + an error occurred, and the exit status of COMMAND otherwise. + + If either the '-V' or '-v' option is supplied, a description of + COMMAND is printed. The '-v' option causes a single word + indicating the command or file name used to invoke COMMAND to be + displayed; the '-V' option produces a more verbose description. In + this case, the return status is zero if COMMAND is found, and + non-zero if not. + +'declare' + declare [-aAfFgilnrtux] [-p] [NAME[=VALUE] ...] + + Declare variables and give them attributes. If no NAMEs are given, + then display the values of variables instead. + + The '-p' option will display the attributes and values of each + NAME. When '-p' is used with NAME arguments, additional options, + other than '-f' and '-F', are ignored. + + When '-p' is supplied without NAME arguments, 'declare' will + display the attributes and values of all variables having the + attributes specified by the additional options. If no other + options are supplied with '-p', 'declare' will display the + attributes and values of all shell variables. The '-f' option will + restrict the display to shell functions. + + The '-F' option inhibits the display of function definitions; only + the function name and attributes are printed. If the 'extdebug' + shell option is enabled using 'shopt' (*note The Shopt Builtin::), + the source file name and line number where each NAME is defined are + displayed as well. '-F' implies '-f'. + + The '-g' option forces variables to be created or modified at the + global scope, even when 'declare' is executed in a shell function. + It is ignored in all other cases. + + The following options can be used to restrict output to variables + with the specified attributes or to give variables attributes: + + '-a' + Each NAME is an indexed array variable (*note Arrays::). + + '-A' + Each NAME is an associative array variable (*note Arrays::). + + '-f' + Use function names only. + + '-i' + The variable is to be treated as an integer; arithmetic + evaluation (*note Shell Arithmetic::) is performed when the + variable is assigned a value. + + '-l' + When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case + characters are converted to lower-case. The upper-case + attribute is disabled. + + '-n' + Give each NAME the NAMEREF attribute, making it a name + reference to another variable. That other variable is defined + by the value of NAME. All references, assignments, and + attribute modifications to NAME, except for those using or + changing the '-n' attribute itself, are performed on the + variable referenced by NAME's value. The nameref attribute + cannot be applied to array variables. + + '-r' + Make NAMEs readonly. These names cannot then be assigned + values by subsequent assignment statements or unset. + + '-t' + Give each NAME the 'trace' attribute. Traced functions + inherit the 'DEBUG' and 'RETURN' traps from the calling shell. + The trace attribute has no special meaning for variables. + + '-u' + When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case + characters are converted to upper-case. The lower-case + attribute is disabled. + + '-x' + Mark each NAME for export to subsequent commands via the + environment. + + Using '+' instead of '-' turns off the attribute instead, with the + exceptions that '+a' may not be used to destroy an array variable + and '+r' will not remove the readonly attribute. When used in a + function, 'declare' makes each NAME local, as with the 'local' + command, unless the '-g' option is used. If a variable name is + followed by =VALUE, the value of the variable is set to VALUE. + + When using '-a' or '-A' and the compound assignment syntax to + create array variables, additional attributes do not take effect + until subsequent assignments. + + The return status is zero unless an invalid option is encountered, + an attempt is made to define a function using '-f foo=bar', an + attempt is made to assign a value to a readonly variable, an + attempt is made to assign a value to an array variable without + using the compound assignment syntax (*note Arrays::), one of the + NAMES is not a valid shell variable name, an attempt is made to + turn off readonly status for a readonly variable, an attempt is + made to turn off array status for an array variable, or an attempt + is made to display a non-existent function with '-f'. + +'echo' + echo [-neE] [ARG ...] + + Output the ARGs, separated by spaces, terminated with a newline. + The return status is 0 unless a write error occurs. If '-n' is + specified, the trailing newline is suppressed. If the '-e' option + is given, interpretation of the following backslash-escaped + characters is enabled. The '-E' option disables the interpretation + of these escape characters, even on systems where they are + interpreted by default. The 'xpg_echo' shell option may be used to + dynamically determine whether or not 'echo' expands these escape + characters by default. 'echo' does not interpret '--' to mean the + end of options. + + 'echo' interprets the following escape sequences: + '\a' + alert (bell) + '\b' + backspace + '\c' + suppress further output + '\e' + '\E' + escape + '\f' + form feed + '\n' + new line + '\r' + carriage return + '\t' + horizontal tab + '\v' + vertical tab + '\\' + backslash + '\0NNN' + the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value NNN + (zero to three octal digits) + '\xHH' + the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value + HH (one or two hex digits) + '\uHHHH' + the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the + hexadecimal value HHHH (one to four hex digits) + '\UHHHHHHHH' + the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the + hexadecimal value HHHHHHHH (one to eight hex digits) + +'enable' + enable [-a] [-dnps] [-f FILENAME] [NAME ...] + + Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin + allows a disk command which has the same name as a shell builtin to + be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though the + shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands. If '-n' + is used, the NAMEs become disabled. Otherwise NAMEs are enabled. + For example, to use the 'test' binary found via '$PATH' instead of + the shell builtin version, type 'enable -n test'. + + If the '-p' option is supplied, or no NAME arguments appear, a list + of shell builtins is printed. With no other arguments, the list + consists of all enabled shell builtins. The '-a' option means to + list each builtin with an indication of whether or not it is + enabled. + + The '-f' option means to load the new builtin command NAME from + shared object FILENAME, on systems that support dynamic loading. + The '-d' option will delete a builtin loaded with '-f'. + + If there are no options, a list of the shell builtins is displayed. + The '-s' option restricts 'enable' to the POSIX special builtins. + If '-s' is used with '-f', the new builtin becomes a special + builtin (*note Special Builtins::). + + The return status is zero unless a NAME is not a shell builtin or + there is an error loading a new builtin from a shared object. + +'help' + help [-dms] [PATTERN] + + Display helpful information about builtin commands. If PATTERN is + specified, 'help' gives detailed help on all commands matching + PATTERN, otherwise a list of the builtins is printed. + + Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: + + '-d' + Display a short description of each PATTERN + '-m' + Display the description of each PATTERN in a manpage-like + format + '-s' + Display only a short usage synopsis for each PATTERN + + The return status is zero unless no command matches PATTERN. + +'let' + let EXPRESSION [EXPRESSION ...] + + The 'let' builtin allows arithmetic to be performed on shell + variables. Each EXPRESSION is evaluated according to the rules + given below in *note Shell Arithmetic::. If the last EXPRESSION + evaluates to 0, 'let' returns 1; otherwise 0 is returned. + +'local' + local [OPTION] NAME[=VALUE] ... + + For each argument, a local variable named NAME is created, and + assigned VALUE. The OPTION can be any of the options accepted by + 'declare'. 'local' can only be used within a function; it makes + the variable NAME have a visible scope restricted to that function + and its children. If NAME is '-', the set of shell options is made + local to the function in which 'local' is invoked: shell options + changed using the 'set' builtin inside the function are restored to + their original values when the function returns. The return status + is zero unless 'local' is used outside a function, an invalid NAME + is supplied, or NAME is a readonly variable. + +'logout' + logout [N] + + Exit a login shell, returning a status of N to the shell's parent. + +'mapfile' + mapfile [-d DELIM] [-n COUNT] [-O ORIGIN] [-s COUNT] [-t] [-u FD] + [-C CALLBACK] [-c QUANTUM] [ARRAY] + + Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable + ARRAY, or from file descriptor FD if the '-u' option is supplied. + The variable 'MAPFILE' is the default ARRAY. Options, if supplied, + have the following meanings: + + '-d' + The first character of DELIM is used to terminate each input + line, rather than newline. + '-n' + Copy at most COUNT lines. If COUNT is 0, all lines are + copied. + '-O' + Begin assigning to ARRAY at index ORIGIN. The default index + is 0. + '-s' + Discard the first COUNT lines read. + '-t' + Remove a trailing DELIM (default newline) from each line read. + '-u' + Read lines from file descriptor FD instead of the standard + input. + '-C' + Evaluate CALLBACK each time QUANTUMP lines are read. The '-c' + option specifies QUANTUM. + '-c' + Specify the number of lines read between each call to + CALLBACK. + + If '-C' is specified without '-c', the default quantum is 5000. + When CALLBACK is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next + array element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that + element as additional arguments. CALLBACK is evaluated after the + line is read but before the array element is assigned. + + If not supplied with an explicit origin, 'mapfile' will clear ARRAY + before assigning to it. + + 'mapfile' returns successfully unless an invalid option or option + argument is supplied, ARRAY is invalid or unassignable, or ARRAY is + not an indexed array. + +'printf' + printf [-v VAR] FORMAT [ARGUMENTS] + + Write the formatted ARGUMENTS to the standard output under the + control of the FORMAT. The '-v' option causes the output to be + assigned to the variable VAR rather than being printed to the + standard output. + + The FORMAT is a character string which contains three types of + objects: plain characters, which are simply copied to standard + output, character escape sequences, which are converted and copied + to the standard output, and format specifications, each of which + causes printing of the next successive ARGUMENT. In addition to + the standard 'printf(1)' formats, 'printf' interprets the following + extensions: + + '%b' + Causes 'printf' to expand backslash escape sequences in the + corresponding ARGUMENT in the same way as 'echo -e' (*note + Bash Builtins::). + '%q' + Causes 'printf' to output the corresponding ARGUMENT in a + format that can be reused as shell input. + '%(DATEFMT)T' + Causes 'printf' to output the date-time string resulting from + using DATEFMT as a format string for 'strftime'(3). The + corresponding ARGUMENT is an integer representing the number + of seconds since the epoch. Two special argument values may + be used: -1 represents the current time, and -2 represents the + time the shell was invoked. If no argument is specified, + conversion behaves as if -1 had been given. This is an + exception to the usual 'printf' behavior. + + Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C language + constants, except that a leading plus or minus sign is allowed, and + if the leading character is a single or double quote, the value is + the ASCII value of the following character. + + The FORMAT is reused as necessary to consume all of the ARGUMENTS. + If the FORMAT requires more ARGUMENTS than are supplied, the extra + format specifications behave as if a zero value or null string, as + appropriate, had been supplied. The return value is zero on + success, non-zero on failure. + +'read' + read [-ers] [-a ANAME] [-d DELIM] [-i TEXT] [-n NCHARS] + [-N NCHARS] [-p PROMPT] [-t TIMEOUT] [-u FD] [NAME ...] + + One line is read from the standard input, or from the file + descriptor FD supplied as an argument to the '-u' option, split + into words as described above in *note Word Splitting::, and the + first word is assigned to the first NAME, the second word to the + second NAME, and so on. If there are more words than names, the + remaining words and their intervening delimiters are assigned to + the last NAME. If there are fewer words read from the input stream + than names, the remaining names are assigned empty values. The + characters in the value of the 'IFS' variable are used to split the + line into words using the same rules the shell uses for expansion + (described above in *note Word Splitting::). The backslash + character '\' may be used to remove any special meaning for the + next character read and for line continuation. If no names are + supplied, the line read is assigned to the variable 'REPLY'. The + exit status is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, 'read' + times out (in which case the status is greater than 128), a + variable assignment error (such as assigning to a readonly + variable) occurs, or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as the + argument to '-u'. + + Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: + + '-a ANAME' + The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array + variable ANAME, starting at 0. All elements are removed from + ANAME before the assignment. Other NAME arguments are + ignored. + + '-d DELIM' + The first character of DELIM is used to terminate the input + line, rather than newline. + + '-e' + Readline (*note Command Line Editing::) is used to obtain the + line. Readline uses the current (or default, if line editing + was not previously active) editing settings. + + '-i TEXT' + If Readline is being used to read the line, TEXT is placed + into the editing buffer before editing begins. + + '-n NCHARS' + 'read' returns after reading NCHARS characters rather than + waiting for a complete line of input, but honors a delimiter + if fewer than NCHARS characters are read before the delimiter. + + '-N NCHARS' + 'read' returns after reading exactly NCHARS characters rather + than waiting for a complete line of input, unless EOF is + encountered or 'read' times out. Delimiter characters + encountered in the input are not treated specially and do not + cause 'read' to return until NCHARS characters are read. The + result is not split on the characters in 'IFS'; the intent is + that the variable is assigned exactly the characters read + (with the exception of backslash; see the '-r' option below). + + '-p PROMPT' + Display PROMPT, without a trailing newline, before attempting + to read any input. The prompt is displayed only if input is + coming from a terminal. + + '-r' + If this option is given, backslash does not act as an escape + character. The backslash is considered to be part of the + line. In particular, a backslash-newline pair may not be used + as a line continuation. + + '-s' + Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, characters + are not echoed. + + '-t TIMEOUT' + Cause 'read' to time out and return failure if a complete line + of input (or a specified number of characters) is not read + within TIMEOUT seconds. TIMEOUT may be a decimal number with + a fractional portion following the decimal point. This option + is only effective if 'read' is reading input from a terminal, + pipe, or other special file; it has no effect when reading + from regular files. If 'read' times out, 'read' saves any + partial input read into the specified variable NAME. If + TIMEOUT is 0, 'read' returns immediately, without trying to + read and data. The exit status is 0 if input is available on + the specified file descriptor, non-zero otherwise. The exit + status is greater than 128 if the timeout is exceeded. + + '-u FD' + Read input from file descriptor FD. + +'readarray' + readarray [-d DELIM] [-n COUNT] [-O ORIGIN] [-s COUNT] [-t] [-u FD] + [-C CALLBACK] [-c QUANTUM] [ARRAY] + + Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable + ARRAY, or from file descriptor FD if the '-u' option is supplied. + + A synonym for 'mapfile'. + +'source' + source FILENAME + + A synonym for '.' (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). + +'type' + type [-afptP] [NAME ...] + + For each NAME, indicate how it would be interpreted if used as a + command name. + + If the '-t' option is used, 'type' prints a single word which is + one of 'alias', 'function', 'builtin', 'file' or 'keyword', if NAME + is an alias, shell function, shell builtin, disk file, or shell + reserved word, respectively. If the NAME is not found, then + nothing is printed, and 'type' returns a failure status. + + If the '-p' option is used, 'type' either returns the name of the + disk file that would be executed, or nothing if '-t' would not + return 'file'. + + The '-P' option forces a path search for each NAME, even if '-t' + would not return 'file'. + + If a command is hashed, '-p' and '-P' print the hashed value, which + is not necessarily the file that appears first in '$PATH'. + + If the '-a' option is used, 'type' returns all of the places that + contain an executable named FILE. This includes aliases and + functions, if and only if the '-p' option is not also used. + + If the '-f' option is used, 'type' does not attempt to find shell + functions, as with the 'command' builtin. + + The return status is zero if all of the NAMES are found, non-zero + if any are not found. + +'typeset' + typeset [-afFgrxilnrtux] [-p] [NAME[=VALUE] ...] + + The 'typeset' command is supplied for compatibility with the Korn + shell. It is a synonym for the 'declare' builtin command. + +'ulimit' + ulimit [-HSabcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPT] [LIMIT] + + 'ulimit' provides control over the resources available to processes + started by the shell, on systems that allow such control. If an + option is given, it is interpreted as follows: + + '-S' + Change and report the soft limit associated with a resource. + + '-H' + Change and report the hard limit associated with a resource. + + '-a' + All current limits are reported. + + '-b' + The maximum socket buffer size. + + '-c' + The maximum size of core files created. + + '-d' + The maximum size of a process's data segment. + + '-e' + The maximum scheduling priority ("nice"). + + '-f' + The maximum size of files written by the shell and its + children. + + '-i' + The maximum number of pending signals. + + '-k' + The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated. + + '-l' + The maximum size that may be locked into memory. + + '-m' + The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor this + limit). + + '-n' + The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems do + not allow this value to be set). + + '-p' + The pipe buffer size. + + '-q' + The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues. + + '-r' + The maximum real-time scheduling priority. + + '-s' + The maximum stack size. + + '-t' + The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds. + + '-u' + The maximum number of processes available to a single user. + + '-v' + The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the shell, + and, on some systems, to its children. + + '-x' + The maximum number of file locks. + + '-P' + The maximum number of pseudoterminals. + + '-T' + The maximum number of threads. + + If LIMIT is given, and the '-a' option is not used, LIMIT is the + new value of the specified resource. The special LIMIT values + 'hard', 'soft', and 'unlimited' stand for the current hard limit, + the current soft limit, and no limit, respectively. A hard limit + cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; a soft limit + may be increased up to the value of the hard limit. Otherwise, the + current value of the soft limit for the specified resource is + printed, unless the '-H' option is supplied. When setting new + limits, if neither '-H' nor '-S' is supplied, both the hard and + soft limits are set. If no option is given, then '-f' is assumed. + Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for '-t', which is in + seconds; '-p', which is in units of 512-byte blocks; '-P', '-T', + '-b', '-k', '-n' and '-u', which are unscaled values; and, when in + POSIX Mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::), '-c' and '-f', which are in + 512-byte increments. + + The return status is zero unless an invalid option or argument is + supplied, or an error occurs while setting a new limit. + +'unalias' + unalias [-a] [NAME ... ] + + Remove each NAME from the list of aliases. If '-a' is supplied, + all aliases are removed. Aliases are described in *note Aliases::. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Modifying Shell Behavior, Next: Special Builtins, Prev: Bash Builtins, Up: Shell Builtin Commands + +4.3 Modifying Shell Behavior +============================ + +* Menu: + +* The Set Builtin:: Change the values of shell attributes and + positional parameters. +* The Shopt Builtin:: Modify shell optional behavior. + + +File: bash.info, Node: The Set Builtin, Next: The Shopt Builtin, Up: Modifying Shell Behavior + +4.3.1 The Set Builtin +--------------------- + +This builtin is so complicated that it deserves its own section. 'set' +allows you to change the values of shell options and set the positional +parameters, or to display the names and values of shell variables. + +'set' + set [--abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [-o OPTION-NAME] [ARGUMENT ...] + set [+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [+o OPTION-NAME] [ARGUMENT ...] + + If no options or arguments are supplied, 'set' displays the names + and values of all shell variables and functions, sorted according + to the current locale, in a format that may be reused as input for + setting or resetting the currently-set variables. Read-only + variables cannot be reset. In POSIX mode, only shell variables are + listed. + + When options are supplied, they set or unset shell attributes. + Options, if specified, have the following meanings: + + '-a' + Each variable or function that is created or modified is given + the export attribute and marked for export to the environment + of subsequent commands. + + '-b' + Cause the status of terminated background jobs to be reported + immediately, rather than before printing the next primary + prompt. + + '-e' + Exit immediately if a pipeline (*note Pipelines::), which may + consist of a single simple command (*note Simple Commands::), + a list (*note Lists::), or a compound command (*note Compound + Commands::) returns a non-zero status. The shell does not + exit if the command that fails is part of the command list + immediately following a 'while' or 'until' keyword, part of + the test in an 'if' statement, part of any command executed in + a '&&' or '||' list except the command following the final + '&&' or '||', any command in a pipeline but the last, or if + the command's return status is being inverted with '!'. If a + compound command other than a subshell returns a non-zero + status because a command failed while '-e' was being ignored, + the shell does not exit. A trap on 'ERR', if set, is executed + before the shell exits. + + This option applies to the shell environment and each subshell + environment separately (*note Command Execution + Environment::), and may cause subshells to exit before + executing all the commands in the subshell. + + If a compound command or shell function executes in a context + where '-e' is being ignored, none of the commands executed + within the compound command or function body will be affected + by the '-e' setting, even if '-e' is set and a command returns + a failure status. If a compound command or shell function + sets '-e' while executing in a context where '-e' is ignored, + that setting will not have any effect until the compound + command or the command containing the function call completes. + + '-f' + Disable filename expansion (globbing). + + '-h' + Locate and remember (hash) commands as they are looked up for + execution. This option is enabled by default. + + '-k' + All arguments in the form of assignment statements are placed + in the environment for a command, not just those that precede + the command name. + + '-m' + Job control is enabled (*note Job Control::). All processes + run in a separate process group. When a background job + completes, the shell prints a line containing its exit status. + + '-n' + Read commands but do not execute them. This may be used to + check a script for syntax errors. This option is ignored by + interactive shells. + + '-o OPTION-NAME' + + Set the option corresponding to OPTION-NAME: + + 'allexport' + Same as '-a'. + + 'braceexpand' + Same as '-B'. + + 'emacs' + Use an 'emacs'-style line editing interface (*note + Command Line Editing::). This also affects the editing + interface used for 'read -e'. + + 'errexit' + Same as '-e'. + + 'errtrace' + Same as '-E'. + + 'functrace' + Same as '-T'. + + 'hashall' + Same as '-h'. + + 'histexpand' + Same as '-H'. + + 'history' + Enable command history, as described in *note Bash + History Facilities::. This option is on by default in + interactive shells. + + 'ignoreeof' + An interactive shell will not exit upon reading EOF. + + 'keyword' + Same as '-k'. + + 'monitor' + Same as '-m'. + + 'noclobber' + Same as '-C'. + + 'noexec' + Same as '-n'. + + 'noglob' + Same as '-f'. + + 'nolog' + Currently ignored. + + 'notify' + Same as '-b'. + + 'nounset' + Same as '-u'. + + 'onecmd' + Same as '-t'. + + 'physical' + Same as '-P'. + + 'pipefail' + If set, the return value of a pipeline is the value of + the last (rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero + status, or zero if all commands in the pipeline exit + successfully. This option is disabled by default. + + 'posix' + Change the behavior of Bash where the default operation + differs from the POSIX standard to match the standard + (*note Bash POSIX Mode::). This is intended to make Bash + behave as a strict superset of that standard. + + 'privileged' + Same as '-p'. + + 'verbose' + Same as '-v'. + + 'vi' + Use a 'vi'-style line editing interface. This also + affects the editing interface used for 'read -e'. + + 'xtrace' + Same as '-x'. + + '-p' + Turn on privileged mode. In this mode, the '$BASH_ENV' and + '$ENV' files are not processed, shell functions are not + inherited from the environment, and the 'SHELLOPTS', + 'BASHOPTS', 'CDPATH' and 'GLOBIGNORE' variables, if they + appear in the environment, are ignored. If the shell is + started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the + real user (group) id, and the '-p' option is not supplied, + these actions are taken and the effective user id is set to + the real user id. If the '-p' option is supplied at startup, + the effective user id is not reset. Turning this option off + causes the effective user and group ids to be set to the real + user and group ids. + + '-t' + Exit after reading and executing one command. + + '-u' + Treat unset variables and parameters other than the special + parameters '@' or '*' as an error when performing parameter + expansion. An error message will be written to the standard + error, and a non-interactive shell will exit. + + '-v' + Print shell input lines as they are read. + + '-x' + Print a trace of simple commands, 'for' commands, 'case' + commands, 'select' commands, and arithmetic 'for' commands and + their arguments or associated word lists after they are + expanded and before they are executed. The value of the 'PS4' + variable is expanded and the resultant value is printed before + the command and its expanded arguments. + + '-B' + The shell will perform brace expansion (*note Brace + Expansion::). This option is on by default. + + '-C' + Prevent output redirection using '>', '>&', and '<>' from + overwriting existing files. + + '-E' + If set, any trap on 'ERR' is inherited by shell functions, + command substitutions, and commands executed in a subshell + environment. The 'ERR' trap is normally not inherited in such + cases. + + '-H' + Enable '!' style history substitution (*note History + Interaction::). This option is on by default for interactive + shells. + + '-P' + If set, do not resolve symbolic links when performing commands + such as 'cd' which change the current directory. The physical + directory is used instead. By default, Bash follows the + logical chain of directories when performing commands which + change the current directory. + + For example, if '/usr/sys' is a symbolic link to + '/usr/local/sys' then: + $ cd /usr/sys; echo $PWD + /usr/sys + $ cd ..; pwd + /usr + + If 'set -P' is on, then: + $ cd /usr/sys; echo $PWD + /usr/local/sys + $ cd ..; pwd + /usr/local + + '-T' + If set, any trap on 'DEBUG' and 'RETURN' are inherited by + shell functions, command substitutions, and commands executed + in a subshell environment. The 'DEBUG' and 'RETURN' traps are + normally not inherited in such cases. + + '--' + If no arguments follow this option, then the positional + parameters are unset. Otherwise, the positional parameters + are set to the ARGUMENTS, even if some of them begin with a + '-'. + + '-' + Signal the end of options, cause all remaining ARGUMENTS to be + assigned to the positional parameters. The '-x' and '-v' + options are turned off. If there are no arguments, the + positional parameters remain unchanged. + + Using '+' rather than '-' causes these options to be turned off. + The options can also be used upon invocation of the shell. The + current set of options may be found in '$-'. + + The remaining N ARGUMENTS are positional parameters and are + assigned, in order, to '$1', '$2', ... '$N'. The special parameter + '#' is set to N. + + The return status is always zero unless an invalid option is + supplied. + + +File: bash.info, Node: The Shopt Builtin, Prev: The Set Builtin, Up: Modifying Shell Behavior + +4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin +----------------------- + +This builtin allows you to change additional shell optional behavior. + +'shopt' + shopt [-pqsu] [-o] [OPTNAME ...] + + Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behavior. + The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the '-o' + option is used, those available with the '-o' option to the 'set' + builtin command (*note The Set Builtin::). With no options, or + with the '-p' option, a list of all settable options is displayed, + with an indication of whether or not each is set. The '-p' option + causes output to be displayed in a form that may be reused as + input. Other options have the following meanings: + + '-s' + Enable (set) each OPTNAME. + + '-u' + Disable (unset) each OPTNAME. + + '-q' + Suppresses normal output; the return status indicates whether + the OPTNAME is set or unset. If multiple OPTNAME arguments + are given with '-q', the return status is zero if all OPTNAMES + are enabled; non-zero otherwise. + + '-o' + Restricts the values of OPTNAME to be those defined for the + '-o' option to the 'set' builtin (*note The Set Builtin::). + + If either '-s' or '-u' is used with no OPTNAME arguments, 'shopt' + shows only those options which are set or unset, respectively. + + Unless otherwise noted, the 'shopt' options are disabled (off) by + default. + + The return status when listing options is zero if all OPTNAMES are + enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting options, + the return status is zero unless an OPTNAME is not a valid shell + option. + + The list of 'shopt' options is: + + 'autocd' + If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is + executed as if it were the argument to the 'cd' command. This + option is only used by interactive shells. + + 'cdable_vars' + If this is set, an argument to the 'cd' builtin command that + is not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable + whose value is the directory to change to. + + 'cdspell' + If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component + in a 'cd' command will be corrected. The errors checked for + are transposed characters, a missing character, and a + character too many. If a correction is found, the corrected + path is printed, and the command proceeds. This option is + only used by interactive shells. + + 'checkhash' + If this is set, Bash checks that a command found in the hash + table exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed command + no longer exists, a normal path search is performed. + + 'checkjobs' + If set, Bash lists the status of any stopped and running jobs + before exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs are running, + this causes the exit to be deferred until a second exit is + attempted without an intervening command (*note Job + Control::). The shell always postpones exiting if any jobs + are stopped. + + 'checkwinsize' + If set, Bash checks the window size after each command and, if + necessary, updates the values of 'LINES' and 'COLUMNS'. + + 'cmdhist' + If set, Bash attempts to save all lines of a multiple-line + command in the same history entry. This allows easy + re-editing of multi-line commands. + + 'compat31' + If set, Bash changes its behavior to that of version 3.1 with + respect to quoted arguments to the conditional command's '=~' + operator and with respect to locale-specific string comparison + when using the '[[' conditional command's '<' and '>' + operators. Bash versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII + collation and strcmp(3); bash-4.1 and later use the current + locale's collation sequence and strcoll(3). + + 'compat32' + If set, Bash changes its behavior to that of version 3.2 with + respect to locale-specific string comparison when using the + '[[' conditional command's '<' and '>' operators (see previous + item) and the effect of interrupting a command list. Bash + versions 3.2 and earlier continue with the next command in the + list after one terminates due to an interrupt. + + 'compat40' + If set, Bash changes its behavior to that of version 4.0 with + respect to locale-specific string comparison when using the + '[[' conditional command's '<' and '>' operators (see + description of 'compat31') and the effect of interrupting a + command list. Bash versions 4.0 and later interrupt the list + as if the shell received the interrupt; previous versions + continue with the next command in the list. + + 'compat41' + If set, Bash, when in POSIX mode, treats a single quote in a + double-quoted parameter expansion as a special character. The + single quotes must match (an even number) and the characters + between the single quotes are considered quoted. This is the + behavior of POSIX mode through version 4.1. The default Bash + behavior remains as in previous versions. + + 'compat42' + If set, Bash does not process the replacement string in the + pattern substitution word expansion using quote removal. + + 'compat43' + If set, Bash does not print a warning message if an attempt is + made to use a quoted compound array assignment as an argument + to 'declare', makes word expansion errors non-fatal errors + that cause the current command to fail (the default behavior + is to make them fatal errors that cause the shell to exit), + and does not reset the loop state when a shell function is + executed (this allows 'break' or 'continue' in a shell + function to affect loops in the caller's context). + + 'complete_fullquote' + If set, Bash quotes all shell metacharacters in filenames and + directory names when performing completion. If not set, Bash + removes metacharacters such as the dollar sign from the set of + characters that will be quoted in completed filenames when + these metacharacters appear in shell variable references in + words to be completed. This means that dollar signs in + variable names that expand to directories will not be quoted; + however, any dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be + quoted, either. This is active only when bash is using + backslashes to quote completed filenames. This variable is + set by default, which is the default Bash behavior in versions + through 4.2. + + 'direxpand' + If set, Bash replaces directory names with the results of word + expansion when performing filename completion. This changes + the contents of the readline editing buffer. If not set, Bash + attempts to preserve what the user typed. + + 'dirspell' + If set, Bash attempts spelling correction on directory names + during word completion if the directory name initially + supplied does not exist. + + 'dotglob' + If set, Bash includes filenames beginning with a '.' in the + results of filename expansion. + + 'execfail' + If this is set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it + cannot execute the file specified as an argument to the 'exec' + builtin command. An interactive shell does not exit if 'exec' + fails. + + 'expand_aliases' + If set, aliases are expanded as described below under Aliases, + *note Aliases::. This option is enabled by default for + interactive shells. + + 'extdebug' + If set at shell invocation, arrange to execute the debugger + profile before the shell starts, identical to the '--debugger' + option. If set after invocation, behavior intended for use by + debuggers is enabled: + + 1. The '-F' option to the 'declare' builtin (*note Bash + Builtins::) displays the source file name and line number + corresponding to each function name supplied as an + argument. + + 2. If the command run by the 'DEBUG' trap returns a non-zero + value, the next command is skipped and not executed. + + 3. If the command run by the 'DEBUG' trap returns a value of + 2, and the shell is executing in a subroutine (a shell + function or a shell script executed by the '.' or + 'source' builtins), the shell simulates a call to + 'return'. + + 4. 'BASH_ARGC' and 'BASH_ARGV' are updated as described in + their descriptions (*note Bash Variables::). + + 5. Function tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell + functions, and subshells invoked with '( COMMAND )' + inherit the 'DEBUG' and 'RETURN' traps. + + 6. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell + functions, and subshells invoked with '( COMMAND )' + inherit the 'ERR' trap. + + 'extglob' + If set, the extended pattern matching features described above + (*note Pattern Matching::) are enabled. + + 'extquote' + If set, '$'STRING'' and '$"STRING"' quoting is performed + within '${PARAMETER}' expansions enclosed in double quotes. + This option is enabled by default. + + 'failglob' + If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during filename + expansion result in an expansion error. + + 'force_fignore' + If set, the suffixes specified by the 'FIGNORE' shell variable + cause words to be ignored when performing word completion even + if the ignored words are the only possible completions. *Note + Bash Variables::, for a description of 'FIGNORE'. This option + is enabled by default. + + 'globasciiranges' + If set, range expressions used in pattern matching bracket + expressions (*note Pattern Matching::) behave as if in the + traditional C locale when performing comparisons. That is, + the current locale's collating sequence is not taken into + account, so 'b' will not collate between 'A' and 'B', and + upper-case and lower-case ASCII characters will collate + together. + + 'globstar' + If set, the pattern '**' used in a filename expansion context + will match all files and zero or more directories and + subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by a '/', only + directories and subdirectories match. + + 'gnu_errfmt' + If set, shell error messages are written in the standard GNU + error message format. + + 'histappend' + If set, the history list is appended to the file named by the + value of the 'HISTFILE' variable when the shell exits, rather + than overwriting the file. + + 'histreedit' + If set, and Readline is being used, a user is given the + opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitution. + + 'histverify' + If set, and Readline is being used, the results of history + substitution are not immediately passed to the shell parser. + Instead, the resulting line is loaded into the Readline + editing buffer, allowing further modification. + + 'hostcomplete' + If set, and Readline is being used, Bash will attempt to + perform hostname completion when a word containing a '@' is + being completed (*note Commands For Completion::). This + option is enabled by default. + + 'huponexit' + If set, Bash will send 'SIGHUP' to all jobs when an + interactive login shell exits (*note Signals::). + + 'inherit_errexit' + If set, command substitution inherits the value of the + 'errexit' option, instead of unsetting it in the subshell + environment. This option is enabled when POSIX mode is + enabled. + + 'interactive_comments' + Allow a word beginning with '#' to cause that word and all + remaining characters on that line to be ignored in an + interactive shell. This option is enabled by default. + + 'lastpipe' + If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs the last + command of a pipeline not executed in the background in the + current shell environment. + + 'lithist' + If enabled, and the 'cmdhist' option is enabled, multi-line + commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines + rather than using semicolon separators where possible. + + 'login_shell' + The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell + (*note Invoking Bash::). The value may not be changed. + + 'mailwarn' + If set, and a file that Bash is checking for mail has been + accessed since the last time it was checked, the message '"The + mail in MAILFILE has been read"' is displayed. + + 'no_empty_cmd_completion' + If set, and Readline is being used, Bash will not attempt to + search the 'PATH' for possible completions when completion is + attempted on an empty line. + + 'nocaseglob' + If set, Bash matches filenames in a case-insensitive fashion + when performing filename expansion. + + 'nocasematch' + If set, Bash matches patterns in a case-insensitive fashion + when performing matching while executing 'case' or '[[' + conditional commands, when performing pattern substitution + word expansions, or when filtering possible completions as + part of programmable completion. + + 'nullglob' + If set, Bash allows filename patterns which match no files to + expand to a null string, rather than themselves. + + 'progcomp' + If set, the programmable completion facilities (*note + Programmable Completion::) are enabled. This option is + enabled by default. + + 'promptvars' + If set, prompt strings undergo parameter expansion, command + substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal after + being expanded as described below (*note Controlling the + Prompt::). This option is enabled by default. + + 'restricted_shell' + The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode + (*note The Restricted Shell::). The value may not be changed. + This is not reset when the startup files are executed, + allowing the startup files to discover whether or not a shell + is restricted. + + 'shift_verbose' + If this is set, the 'shift' builtin prints an error message + when the shift count exceeds the number of positional + parameters. + + 'sourcepath' + If set, the 'source' builtin uses the value of 'PATH' to find + the directory containing the file supplied as an argument. + This option is enabled by default. + + 'xpg_echo' + If set, the 'echo' builtin expands backslash-escape sequences + by default. + + The return status when listing options is zero if all OPTNAMES are + enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting options, + the return status is zero unless an OPTNAME is not a valid shell + option. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Special Builtins, Prev: Modifying Shell Behavior, Up: Shell Builtin Commands + +4.4 Special Builtins +==================== + +For historical reasons, the POSIX standard has classified several +builtin commands as _special_. When Bash is executing in POSIX mode, +the special builtins differ from other builtin commands in three +respects: + + 1. Special builtins are found before shell functions during command + lookup. + + 2. If a special builtin returns an error status, a non-interactive + shell exits. + + 3. Assignment statements preceding the command stay in effect in the + shell environment after the command completes. + + When Bash is not executing in POSIX mode, these builtins behave no +differently than the rest of the Bash builtin commands. The Bash POSIX +mode is described in *note Bash POSIX Mode::. + + These are the POSIX special builtins: + break : . continue eval exec exit export readonly return set + shift trap unset + + +File: bash.info, Node: Shell Variables, Next: Bash Features, Prev: Shell Builtin Commands, Up: Top + +5 Shell Variables +***************** + +* Menu: + +* Bourne Shell Variables:: Variables which Bash uses in the same way + as the Bourne Shell. +* Bash Variables:: List of variables that exist in Bash. + +This chapter describes the shell variables that Bash uses. Bash +automatically assigns default values to a number of variables. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Bourne Shell Variables, Next: Bash Variables, Up: Shell Variables + +5.1 Bourne Shell Variables +========================== + +Bash uses certain shell variables in the same way as the Bourne shell. +In some cases, Bash assigns a default value to the variable. + +'CDPATH' + A colon-separated list of directories used as a search path for the + 'cd' builtin command. + +'HOME' + The current user's home directory; the default for the 'cd' builtin + command. The value of this variable is also used by tilde + expansion (*note Tilde Expansion::). + +'IFS' + A list of characters that separate fields; used when the shell + splits words as part of expansion. + +'MAIL' + If this parameter is set to a filename or directory name and the + 'MAILPATH' variable is not set, Bash informs the user of the + arrival of mail in the specified file or Maildir-format directory. + +'MAILPATH' + A colon-separated list of filenames which the shell periodically + checks for new mail. Each list entry can specify the message that + is printed when new mail arrives in the mail file by separating the + filename from the message with a '?'. When used in the text of the + message, '$_' expands to the name of the current mail file. + +'OPTARG' + The value of the last option argument processed by the 'getopts' + builtin. + +'OPTIND' + The index of the last option argument processed by the 'getopts' + builtin. + +'PATH' + A colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks for + commands. A zero-length (null) directory name in the value of + 'PATH' indicates the current directory. A null directory name may + appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial or trailing colon. + +'PS1' + The primary prompt string. The default value is '\s-\v\$ '. *Note + Controlling the Prompt::, for the complete list of escape sequences + that are expanded before 'PS1' is displayed. + +'PS2' + The secondary prompt string. The default value is '> '. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Bash Variables, Prev: Bourne Shell Variables, Up: Shell Variables + +5.2 Bash Variables +================== + +These variables are set or used by Bash, but other shells do not +normally treat them specially. + + A few variables used by Bash are described in different chapters: +variables for controlling the job control facilities (*note Job Control +Variables::). + +'BASH' + The full pathname used to execute the current instance of Bash. + +'BASHOPTS' + A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in the + list is a valid argument for the '-s' option to the 'shopt' builtin + command (*note The Shopt Builtin::). The options appearing in + 'BASHOPTS' are those reported as 'on' by 'shopt'. If this variable + is in the environment when Bash starts up, each shell option in the + list will be enabled before reading any startup files. This + variable is readonly. + +'BASHPID' + Expands to the process ID of the current Bash process. This + differs from '$$' under certain circumstances, such as subshells + that do not require Bash to be re-initialized. + +'BASH_ALIASES' + An associative array variable whose members correspond to the + internal list of aliases as maintained by the 'alias' builtin. + (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). Elements added to this array + appear in the alias list; however, unsetting array elements + currently does not cause aliases to be removed from the alias list. + If 'BASH_ALIASES' is unset, it loses its special properties, even + if it is subsequently reset. + +'BASH_ARGC' + An array variable whose values are the number of parameters in each + frame of the current bash execution call stack. The number of + parameters to the current subroutine (shell function or script + executed with '.' or 'source') is at the top of the stack. When a + subroutine is executed, the number of parameters passed is pushed + onto 'BASH_ARGC'. The shell sets 'BASH_ARGC' only when in extended + debugging mode (see *note The Shopt Builtin:: for a description of + the 'extdebug' option to the 'shopt' builtin). + +'BASH_ARGV' + An array variable containing all of the parameters in the current + bash execution call stack. The final parameter of the last + subroutine call is at the top of the stack; the first parameter of + the initial call is at the bottom. When a subroutine is executed, + the parameters supplied are pushed onto 'BASH_ARGV'. The shell + sets 'BASH_ARGV' only when in extended debugging mode (see *note + The Shopt Builtin:: for a description of the 'extdebug' option to + the 'shopt' builtin). + +'BASH_CMDS' + An associative array variable whose members correspond to the + internal hash table of commands as maintained by the 'hash' builtin + (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). Elements added to this array + appear in the hash table; however, unsetting array elements + currently does not cause command names to be removed from the hash + table. If 'BASH_CMDS' is unset, it loses its special properties, + even if it is subsequently reset. + +'BASH_COMMAND' + The command currently being executed or about to be executed, + unless the shell is executing a command as the result of a trap, in + which case it is the command executing at the time of the trap. + +'BASH_COMPAT' + The value is used to set the shell's compatibility level. *Note + The Shopt Builtin::, for a description of the various compatibility + levels and their effects. The value may be a decimal number (e.g., + 4.2) or an integer (e.g., 42) corresponding to the desired + compatibility level. If 'BASH_COMPAT' is unset or set to the empty + string, the compatibility level is set to the default for the + current version. If 'BASH_COMPAT' is set to a value that is not + one of the valid compatibility levels, the shell prints an error + message and sets the compatibility level to the default for the + current version. The valid compatibility levels correspond to the + compatibility options accepted by the 'shopt' builtin described + above (for example, COMPAT42 means that 4.2 and 42 are valid + values). The current version is also a valid value. + +'BASH_ENV' + If this variable is set when Bash is invoked to execute a shell + script, its value is expanded and used as the name of a startup + file to read before executing the script. *Note Bash Startup + Files::. + +'BASH_EXECUTION_STRING' + The command argument to the '-c' invocation option. + +'BASH_LINENO' + An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source + files where each corresponding member of FUNCNAME was invoked. + '${BASH_LINENO[$i]}' is the line number in the source file + ('${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]}') where '${FUNCNAME[$i]}' was called (or + '${BASH_LINENO[$i-1]}' if referenced within another shell + function). Use 'LINENO' to obtain the current line number. + +'BASH_LOADABLES_PATH' + A colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks for + dynamically loadable builtins specified by the 'enable' command. + +'BASH_REMATCH' + An array variable whose members are assigned by the '=~' binary + operator to the '[[' conditional command (*note Conditional + Constructs::). The element with index 0 is the portion of the + string matching the entire regular expression. The element with + index N is the portion of the string matching the Nth parenthesized + subexpression. This variable is read-only. + +'BASH_SOURCE' + An array variable whose members are the source filenames where the + corresponding shell function names in the 'FUNCNAME' array variable + are defined. The shell function '${FUNCNAME[$i]}' is defined in + the file '${BASH_SOURCE[$i]}' and called from + '${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]}' + +'BASH_SUBSHELL' + Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell environment + when the shell begins executing in that environment. The initial + value is 0. + +'BASH_VERSINFO' + A readonly array variable (*note Arrays::) whose members hold + version information for this instance of Bash. The values assigned + to the array members are as follows: + + 'BASH_VERSINFO[0]' + The major version number (the RELEASE). + + 'BASH_VERSINFO[1]' + The minor version number (the VERSION). + + 'BASH_VERSINFO[2]' + The patch level. + + 'BASH_VERSINFO[3]' + The build version. + + 'BASH_VERSINFO[4]' + The release status (e.g., BETA1). + + 'BASH_VERSINFO[5]' + The value of 'MACHTYPE'. + +'BASH_VERSION' + The version number of the current instance of Bash. + +'BASH_XTRACEFD' + If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor, Bash + will write the trace output generated when 'set -x' is enabled to + that file descriptor. This allows tracing output to be separated + from diagnostic and error messages. The file descriptor is closed + when 'BASH_XTRACEFD' is unset or assigned a new value. Unsetting + 'BASH_XTRACEFD' or assigning it the empty string causes the trace + output to be sent to the standard error. Note that setting + 'BASH_XTRACEFD' to 2 (the standard error file descriptor) and then + unsetting it will result in the standard error being closed. + +'CHILD_MAX' + Set the number of exited child status values for the shell to + remember. Bash will not allow this value to be decreased below a + POSIX-mandated minimum, and there is a maximum value (currently + 8192) that this may not exceed. The minimum value is + system-dependent. + +'COLUMNS' + Used by the 'select' command to determine the terminal width when + printing selection lists. Automatically set if the 'checkwinsize' + option is enabled (*note The Shopt Builtin::), or in an interactive + shell upon receipt of a 'SIGWINCH'. + +'COMP_CWORD' + An index into '${COMP_WORDS}' of the word containing the current + cursor position. This variable is available only in shell + functions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (*note + Programmable Completion::). + +'COMP_LINE' + The current command line. This variable is available only in shell + functions and external commands invoked by the programmable + completion facilities (*note Programmable Completion::). + +'COMP_POINT' + The index of the current cursor position relative to the beginning + of the current command. If the current cursor position is at the + end of the current command, the value of this variable is equal to + '${#COMP_LINE}'. This variable is available only in shell + functions and external commands invoked by the programmable + completion facilities (*note Programmable Completion::). + +'COMP_TYPE' + Set to an integer value corresponding to the type of completion + attempted that caused a completion function to be called: TAB, for + normal completion, '?', for listing completions after successive + tabs, '!', for listing alternatives on partial word completion, + '@', to list completions if the word is not unmodified, or '%', for + menu completion. This variable is available only in shell + functions and external commands invoked by the programmable + completion facilities (*note Programmable Completion::). + +'COMP_KEY' + The key (or final key of a key sequence) used to invoke the current + completion function. + +'COMP_WORDBREAKS' + The set of characters that the Readline library treats as word + separators when performing word completion. If 'COMP_WORDBREAKS' + is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is + subsequently reset. + +'COMP_WORDS' + An array variable consisting of the individual words in the current + command line. The line is split into words as Readline would split + it, using 'COMP_WORDBREAKS' as described above. This variable is + available only in shell functions invoked by the programmable + completion facilities (*note Programmable Completion::). + +'COMPREPLY' + An array variable from which Bash reads the possible completions + generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable + completion facility (*note Programmable Completion::). Each array + element contains one possible completion. + +'COPROC' + An array variable created to hold the file descriptors for output + from and input to an unnamed coprocess (*note Coprocesses::). + +'DIRSTACK' + An array variable containing the current contents of the directory + stack. Directories appear in the stack in the order they are + displayed by the 'dirs' builtin. Assigning to members of this + array variable may be used to modify directories already in the + stack, but the 'pushd' and 'popd' builtins must be used to add and + remove directories. Assignment to this variable will not change + the current directory. If 'DIRSTACK' is unset, it loses its + special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. + +'EMACS' + If Bash finds this variable in the environment when the shell + starts with value 't', it assumes that the shell is running in an + Emacs shell buffer and disables line editing. + +'ENV' + Similar to 'BASH_ENV'; used when the shell is invoked in POSIX Mode + (*note Bash POSIX Mode::). + +'EUID' + The numeric effective user id of the current user. This variable + is readonly. + +'EXECIGNORE' + A colon-separated list of shell patterns (*note Pattern Matching::) + defining the list of filenames to be ignored by command search + using 'PATH'. Files whose full pathnames match one of these + patterns are not considered executable files for the purposes of + completion and command execution via 'PATH' lookup. This does not + affect the behavior of the '[', 'test', and '[[' commands. Full + pathnames in the command hash table are not subject to + 'EXECIGNORE'. Use this variable to ignore shared library files + that have the executable bit set, but are not executable files. + The pattern matching honors the setting of the 'extglob' shell + option. + +'FCEDIT' + The editor used as a default by the '-e' option to the 'fc' builtin + command. + +'FIGNORE' + A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing + filename completion. A filename whose suffix matches one of the + entries in 'FIGNORE' is excluded from the list of matched + filenames. A sample value is '.o:~' + +'FUNCNAME' + An array variable containing the names of all shell functions + currently in the execution call stack. The element with index 0 is + the name of any currently-executing shell function. The + bottom-most element (the one with the highest index) is '"main"'. + This variable exists only when a shell function is executing. + Assignments to 'FUNCNAME' have no effect. If 'FUNCNAME' is unset, + it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. + + This variable can be used with 'BASH_LINENO' and 'BASH_SOURCE'. + Each element of 'FUNCNAME' has corresponding elements in + 'BASH_LINENO' and 'BASH_SOURCE' to describe the call stack. For + instance, '${FUNCNAME[$i]}' was called from the file + '${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]}' at line number '${BASH_LINENO[$i]}'. The + 'caller' builtin displays the current call stack using this + information. + +'FUNCNEST' + If set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a maximum + function nesting level. Function invocations that exceed this + nesting level will cause the current command to abort. + +'GLOBIGNORE' + A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of filenames to + be ignored by filename expansion. If a filename matched by a + filename expansion pattern also matches one of the patterns in + 'GLOBIGNORE', it is removed from the list of matches. The pattern + matching honors the setting of the 'extglob' shell option. + +'GROUPS' + An array variable containing the list of groups of which the + current user is a member. Assignments to 'GROUPS' have no effect. + If 'GROUPS' is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it + is subsequently reset. + +'histchars' + Up to three characters which control history expansion, quick + substitution, and tokenization (*note History Interaction::). The + first character is the HISTORY EXPANSION character, that is, the + character which signifies the start of a history expansion, + normally '!'. The second character is the character which + signifies 'quick substitution' when seen as the first character on + a line, normally '^'. The optional third character is the + character which indicates that the remainder of the line is a + comment when found as the first character of a word, usually '#'. + The history comment character causes history substitution to be + skipped for the remaining words on the line. It does not + necessarily cause the shell parser to treat the rest of the line as + a comment. + +'HISTCMD' + The history number, or index in the history list, of the current + command. If 'HISTCMD' is unset, it loses its special properties, + even if it is subsequently reset. + +'HISTCONTROL' + A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are saved + on the history list. If the list of values includes 'ignorespace', + lines which begin with a space character are not saved in the + history list. A value of 'ignoredups' causes lines which match the + previous history entry to not be saved. A value of 'ignoreboth' is + shorthand for 'ignorespace' and 'ignoredups'. A value of + 'erasedups' causes all previous lines matching the current line to + be removed from the history list before that line is saved. Any + value not in the above list is ignored. If 'HISTCONTROL' is unset, + or does not include a valid value, all lines read by the shell + parser are saved on the history list, subject to the value of + 'HISTIGNORE'. The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line + compound command are not tested, and are added to the history + regardless of the value of 'HISTCONTROL'. + +'HISTFILE' + The name of the file to which the command history is saved. The + default value is '~/.bash_history'. + +'HISTFILESIZE' + The maximum number of lines contained in the history file. When + this variable is assigned a value, the history file is truncated, + if necessary, to contain no more than that number of lines by + removing the oldest entries. The history file is also truncated to + this size after writing it when a shell exits. If the value is 0, + the history file is truncated to zero size. Non-numeric values and + numeric values less than zero inhibit truncation. The shell sets + the default value to the value of 'HISTSIZE' after reading any + startup files. + +'HISTIGNORE' + A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command + lines should be saved on the history list. Each pattern is + anchored at the beginning of the line and must match the complete + line (no implicit '*' is appended). Each pattern is tested against + the line after the checks specified by 'HISTCONTROL' are applied. + In addition to the normal shell pattern matching characters, '&' + matches the previous history line. '&' may be escaped using a + backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match. The + second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are + not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of + 'HISTIGNORE'. The pattern matching honors the setting of the + 'extglob' shell option. + + 'HISTIGNORE' subsumes the function of 'HISTCONTROL'. A pattern of + '&' is identical to 'ignoredups', and a pattern of '[ ]*' is + identical to 'ignorespace'. Combining these two patterns, + separating them with a colon, provides the functionality of + 'ignoreboth'. + +'HISTSIZE' + The maximum number of commands to remember on the history list. If + the value is 0, commands are not saved in the history list. + Numeric values less than zero result in every command being saved + on the history list (there is no limit). The shell sets the + default value to 500 after reading any startup files. + +'HISTTIMEFORMAT' + If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a format + string for STRFTIME to print the time stamp associated with each + history entry displayed by the 'history' builtin. If this variable + is set, time stamps are written to the history file so they may be + preserved across shell sessions. This uses the history comment + character to distinguish timestamps from other history lines. + +'HOSTFILE' + Contains the name of a file in the same format as '/etc/hosts' that + should be read when the shell needs to complete a hostname. The + list of possible hostname completions may be changed while the + shell is running; the next time hostname completion is attempted + after the value is changed, Bash adds the contents of the new file + to the existing list. If 'HOSTFILE' is set, but has no value, or + does not name a readable file, Bash attempts to read '/etc/hosts' + to obtain the list of possible hostname completions. When + 'HOSTFILE' is unset, the hostname list is cleared. + +'HOSTNAME' + The name of the current host. + +'HOSTTYPE' + A string describing the machine Bash is running on. + +'IGNOREEOF' + Controls the action of the shell on receipt of an 'EOF' character + as the sole input. If set, the value denotes the number of + consecutive 'EOF' characters that can be read as the first + character on an input line before the shell will exit. If the + variable exists but does not have a numeric value (or has no value) + then the default is 10. If the variable does not exist, then 'EOF' + signifies the end of input to the shell. This is only in effect + for interactive shells. + +'INPUTRC' + The name of the Readline initialization file, overriding the + default of '~/.inputrc'. + +'LANG' + Used to determine the locale category for any category not + specifically selected with a variable starting with 'LC_'. + +'LC_ALL' + This variable overrides the value of 'LANG' and any other 'LC_' + variable specifying a locale category. + +'LC_COLLATE' + This variable determines the collation order used when sorting the + results of filename expansion, and determines the behavior of range + expressions, equivalence classes, and collating sequences within + filename expansion and pattern matching (*note Filename + Expansion::). + +'LC_CTYPE' + This variable determines the interpretation of characters and the + behavior of character classes within filename expansion and pattern + matching (*note Filename Expansion::). + +'LC_MESSAGES' + This variable determines the locale used to translate double-quoted + strings preceded by a '$' (*note Locale Translation::). + +'LC_NUMERIC' + This variable determines the locale category used for number + formatting. + +'LC_TIME' + This variable determines the locale category used for data and time + formatting. + +'LINENO' + The line number in the script or shell function currently + executing. + +'LINES' + Used by the 'select' command to determine the column length for + printing selection lists. Automatically set if the 'checkwinsize' + option is enabled (*note The Shopt Builtin::), or in an interactive + shell upon receipt of a 'SIGWINCH'. + +'MACHTYPE' + A string that fully describes the system type on which Bash is + executing, in the standard GNU CPU-COMPANY-SYSTEM format. + +'MAILCHECK' + How often (in seconds) that the shell should check for mail in the + files specified in the 'MAILPATH' or 'MAIL' variables. The default + is 60 seconds. When it is time to check for mail, the shell does + so before displaying the primary prompt. If this variable is + unset, or set to a value that is not a number greater than or equal + to zero, the shell disables mail checking. + +'MAPFILE' + An array variable created to hold the text read by the 'mapfile' + builtin when no variable name is supplied. + +'OLDPWD' + The previous working directory as set by the 'cd' builtin. + +'OPTERR' + If set to the value 1, Bash displays error messages generated by + the 'getopts' builtin command. + +'OSTYPE' + A string describing the operating system Bash is running on. + +'PIPESTATUS' + An array variable (*note Arrays::) containing a list of exit status + values from the processes in the most-recently-executed foreground + pipeline (which may contain only a single command). + +'POSIXLY_CORRECT' + If this variable is in the environment when Bash starts, the shell + enters POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::) before reading the + startup files, as if the '--posix' invocation option had been + supplied. If it is set while the shell is running, Bash enables + POSIX mode, as if the command + set -o posix + had been executed. + +'PPID' + The process ID of the shell's parent process. This variable is + readonly. + +'PROMPT_COMMAND' + If set, the value is interpreted as a command to execute before the + printing of each primary prompt ('$PS1'). + +'PROMPT_DIRTRIM' + If set to a number greater than zero, the value is used as the + number of trailing directory components to retain when expanding + the '\w' and '\W' prompt string escapes (*note Controlling the + Prompt::). Characters removed are replaced with an ellipsis. + +'PS0' + The value of this parameter is expanded like PS1 and displayed by + interactive shells after reading a command and before the command + is executed. + +'PS3' + The value of this variable is used as the prompt for the 'select' + command. If this variable is not set, the 'select' command prompts + with '#? ' + +'PS4' + The value is the prompt printed before the command line is echoed + when the '-x' option is set (*note The Set Builtin::). The first + character of 'PS4' is replicated multiple times, as necessary, to + indicate multiple levels of indirection. The default is '+ '. + +'PWD' + The current working directory as set by the 'cd' builtin. + +'RANDOM' + Each time this parameter is referenced, a random integer between 0 + and 32767 is generated. Assigning a value to this variable seeds + the random number generator. + +'READLINE_LINE' + The contents of the Readline line buffer, for use with 'bind -x' + (*note Bash Builtins::). + +'READLINE_POINT' + The position of the insertion point in the Readline line buffer, + for use with 'bind -x' (*note Bash Builtins::). + +'REPLY' + The default variable for the 'read' builtin. + +'SECONDS' + This variable expands to the number of seconds since the shell was + started. Assignment to this variable resets the count to the value + assigned, and the expanded value becomes the value assigned plus + the number of seconds since the assignment. + +'SHELL' + The full pathname to the shell is kept in this environment + variable. If it is not set when the shell starts, Bash assigns to + it the full pathname of the current user's login shell. + +'SHELLOPTS' + A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in the + list is a valid argument for the '-o' option to the 'set' builtin + command (*note The Set Builtin::). The options appearing in + 'SHELLOPTS' are those reported as 'on' by 'set -o'. If this + variable is in the environment when Bash starts up, each shell + option in the list will be enabled before reading any startup + files. This variable is readonly. + +'SHLVL' + Incremented by one each time a new instance of Bash is started. + This is intended to be a count of how deeply your Bash shells are + nested. + +'TIMEFORMAT' + The value of this parameter is used as a format string specifying + how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the 'time' + reserved word should be displayed. The '%' character introduces an + escape sequence that is expanded to a time value or other + information. The escape sequences and their meanings are as + follows; the braces denote optional portions. + + '%%' + A literal '%'. + + '%[P][l]R' + The elapsed time in seconds. + + '%[P][l]U' + The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode. + + '%[P][l]S' + The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode. + + '%P' + The CPU percentage, computed as (%U + %S) / %R. + + The optional P is a digit specifying the precision, the number of + fractional digits after a decimal point. A value of 0 causes no + decimal point or fraction to be output. At most three places after + the decimal point may be specified; values of P greater than 3 are + changed to 3. If P is not specified, the value 3 is used. + + The optional 'l' specifies a longer format, including minutes, of + the form MMmSS.FFs. The value of P determines whether or not the + fraction is included. + + If this variable is not set, Bash acts as if it had the value + $'\nreal\t%3lR\nuser\t%3lU\nsys\t%3lS' + If the value is null, no timing information is displayed. A + trailing newline is added when the format string is displayed. + +'TMOUT' + If set to a value greater than zero, 'TMOUT' is treated as the + default timeout for the 'read' builtin (*note Bash Builtins::). + The 'select' command (*note Conditional Constructs::) terminates if + input does not arrive after 'TMOUT' seconds when input is coming + from a terminal. + + In an interactive shell, the value is interpreted as the number of + seconds to wait for a line of input after issuing the primary + prompt. Bash terminates after waiting for that number of seconds + if a complete line of input does not arrive. + +'TMPDIR' + If set, Bash uses its value as the name of a directory in which + Bash creates temporary files for the shell's use. + +'UID' + The numeric real user id of the current user. This variable is + readonly. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Bash Features, Next: Job Control, Prev: Shell Variables, Up: Top + +6 Bash Features +*************** + +This chapter describes features unique to Bash. + +* Menu: + +* Invoking Bash:: Command line options that you can give + to Bash. +* Bash Startup Files:: When and how Bash executes scripts. +* Interactive Shells:: What an interactive shell is. +* Bash Conditional Expressions:: Primitives used in composing expressions for + the 'test' builtin. +* Shell Arithmetic:: Arithmetic on shell variables. +* Aliases:: Substituting one command for another. +* Arrays:: Array Variables. +* The Directory Stack:: History of visited directories. +* Controlling the Prompt:: Customizing the various prompt strings. +* The Restricted Shell:: A more controlled mode of shell execution. +* Bash POSIX Mode:: Making Bash behave more closely to what + the POSIX standard specifies. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Invoking Bash, Next: Bash Startup Files, Up: Bash Features + +6.1 Invoking Bash +================= + + bash [long-opt] [-ir] [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o OPTION] [-O SHOPT_OPTION] [ARGUMENT ...] + bash [long-opt] [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o OPTION] [-O SHOPT_OPTION] -c STRING [ARGUMENT ...] + bash [long-opt] -s [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o OPTION] [-O SHOPT_OPTION] [ARGUMENT ...] + + All of the single-character options used with the 'set' builtin +(*note The Set Builtin::) can be used as options when the shell is +invoked. In addition, there are several multi-character options that +you can use. These options must appear on the command line before the +single-character options to be recognized. + +'--debugger' + Arrange for the debugger profile to be executed before the shell + starts. Turns on extended debugging mode (see *note The Shopt + Builtin:: for a description of the 'extdebug' option to the 'shopt' + builtin). + +'--dump-po-strings' + A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by '$' is printed on + the standard output in the GNU 'gettext' PO (portable object) file + format. Equivalent to '-D' except for the output format. + +'--dump-strings' + Equivalent to '-D'. + +'--help' + Display a usage message on standard output and exit successfully. + +'--init-file FILENAME' +'--rcfile FILENAME' + Execute commands from FILENAME (instead of '~/.bashrc') in an + interactive shell. + +'--login' + Equivalent to '-l'. + +'--noediting' + Do not use the GNU Readline library (*note Command Line Editing::) + to read command lines when the shell is interactive. + +'--noprofile' + Don't load the system-wide startup file '/etc/profile' or any of + the personal initialization files '~/.bash_profile', + '~/.bash_login', or '~/.profile' when Bash is invoked as a login + shell. + +'--norc' + Don't read the '~/.bashrc' initialization file in an interactive + shell. This is on by default if the shell is invoked as 'sh'. + +'--posix' + Change the behavior of Bash where the default operation differs + from the POSIX standard to match the standard. This is intended to + make Bash behave as a strict superset of that standard. *Note Bash + POSIX Mode::, for a description of the Bash POSIX mode. + +'--restricted' + Make the shell a restricted shell (*note The Restricted Shell::). + +'--verbose' + Equivalent to '-v'. Print shell input lines as they're read. + +'--version' + Show version information for this instance of Bash on the standard + output and exit successfully. + + There are several single-character options that may be supplied at +invocation which are not available with the 'set' builtin. + +'-c' + Read and execute commands from the first non-option argument + COMMAND_STRING, then exit. If there are arguments after the + COMMAND_STRING, the first argument is assigned to '$0' and any + remaining arguments are assigned to the positional parameters. The + assignment to '$0' sets the name of the shell, which is used in + warning and error messages. + +'-i' + Force the shell to run interactively. Interactive shells are + described in *note Interactive Shells::. + +'-l' + Make this shell act as if it had been directly invoked by login. + When the shell is interactive, this is equivalent to starting a + login shell with 'exec -l bash'. When the shell is not + interactive, the login shell startup files will be executed. 'exec + bash -l' or 'exec bash --login' will replace the current shell with + a Bash login shell. *Note Bash Startup Files::, for a description + of the special behavior of a login shell. + +'-r' + Make the shell a restricted shell (*note The Restricted Shell::). + +'-s' + If this option is present, or if no arguments remain after option + processing, then commands are read from the standard input. This + option allows the positional parameters to be set when invoking an + interactive shell. + +'-D' + A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by '$' is printed on + the standard output. These are the strings that are subject to + language translation when the current locale is not 'C' or 'POSIX' + (*note Locale Translation::). This implies the '-n' option; no + commands will be executed. + +'[-+]O [SHOPT_OPTION]' + SHOPT_OPTION is one of the shell options accepted by the 'shopt' + builtin (*note The Shopt Builtin::). If SHOPT_OPTION is present, + '-O' sets the value of that option; '+O' unsets it. If + SHOPT_OPTION is not supplied, the names and values of the shell + options accepted by 'shopt' are printed on the standard output. If + the invocation option is '+O', the output is displayed in a format + that may be reused as input. + +'--' + A '--' signals the end of options and disables further option + processing. Any arguments after the '--' are treated as filenames + and arguments. + + A _login_ shell is one whose first character of argument zero is '-', +or one invoked with the '--login' option. + + An _interactive_ shell is one started without non-option arguments, +unless '-s' is specified, without specifying the '-c' option, and whose +input and output are both connected to terminals (as determined by +'isatty(3)'), or one started with the '-i' option. *Note Interactive +Shells::, for more information. + + If arguments remain after option processing, and neither the '-c' nor +the '-s' option has been supplied, the first argument is assumed to be +the name of a file containing shell commands (*note Shell Scripts::). +When Bash is invoked in this fashion, '$0' is set to the name of the +file, and the positional parameters are set to the remaining arguments. +Bash reads and executes commands from this file, then exits. Bash's +exit status is the exit status of the last command executed in the +script. If no commands are executed, the exit status is 0. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Bash Startup Files, Next: Interactive Shells, Prev: Invoking Bash, Up: Bash Features + +6.2 Bash Startup Files +====================== + +This section describes how Bash executes its startup files. If any of +the files exist but cannot be read, Bash reports an error. Tildes are +expanded in filenames as described above under Tilde Expansion (*note +Tilde Expansion::). + + Interactive shells are described in *note Interactive Shells::. + +Invoked as an interactive login shell, or with '--login' +........................................................ + +When Bash is invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a +non-interactive shell with the '--login' option, it first reads and +executes commands from the file '/etc/profile', if that file exists. +After reading that file, it looks for '~/.bash_profile', +'~/.bash_login', and '~/.profile', in that order, and reads and executes +commands from the first one that exists and is readable. The +'--noprofile' option may be used when the shell is started to inhibit +this behavior. + + When an interactive login shell exits, or a non-interactive login +shell executes the 'exit' builtin command, Bash reads and executes +commands from the file '~/.bash_logout', if it exists. + +Invoked as an interactive non-login shell +......................................... + +When an interactive shell that is not a login shell is started, Bash +reads and executes commands from '~/.bashrc', if that file exists. This +may be inhibited by using the '--norc' option. The '--rcfile FILE' +option will force Bash to read and execute commands from FILE instead of +'~/.bashrc'. + + So, typically, your '~/.bash_profile' contains the line + if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then . ~/.bashrc; fi +after (or before) any login-specific initializations. + +Invoked non-interactively +......................... + +When Bash is started non-interactively, to run a shell script, for +example, it looks for the variable 'BASH_ENV' in the environment, +expands its value if it appears there, and uses the expanded value as +the name of a file to read and execute. Bash behaves as if the +following command were executed: + if [ -n "$BASH_ENV" ]; then . "$BASH_ENV"; fi +but the value of the 'PATH' variable is not used to search for the +filename. + + As noted above, if a non-interactive shell is invoked with the +'--login' option, Bash attempts to read and execute commands from the +login shell startup files. + +Invoked with name 'sh' +...................... + +If Bash is invoked with the name 'sh', it tries to mimic the startup +behavior of historical versions of 'sh' as closely as possible, while +conforming to the POSIX standard as well. + + When invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-interactive +shell with the '--login' option, it first attempts to read and execute +commands from '/etc/profile' and '~/.profile', in that order. The +'--noprofile' option may be used to inhibit this behavior. When invoked +as an interactive shell with the name 'sh', Bash looks for the variable +'ENV', expands its value if it is defined, and uses the expanded value +as the name of a file to read and execute. Since a shell invoked as +'sh' does not attempt to read and execute commands from any other +startup files, the '--rcfile' option has no effect. A non-interactive +shell invoked with the name 'sh' does not attempt to read any other +startup files. + + When invoked as 'sh', Bash enters POSIX mode after the startup files +are read. + +Invoked in POSIX mode +..................... + +When Bash is started in POSIX mode, as with the '--posix' command line +option, it follows the POSIX standard for startup files. In this mode, +interactive shells expand the 'ENV' variable and commands are read and +executed from the file whose name is the expanded value. No other +startup files are read. + +Invoked by remote shell daemon +.............................. + +Bash attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard input +connected to a network connection, as when executed by the remote shell +daemon, usually 'rshd', or the secure shell daemon 'sshd'. If Bash +determines it is being run in this fashion, it reads and executes +commands from '~/.bashrc', if that file exists and is readable. It will +not do this if invoked as 'sh'. The '--norc' option may be used to +inhibit this behavior, and the '--rcfile' option may be used to force +another file to be read, but neither 'rshd' nor 'sshd' generally invoke +the shell with those options or allow them to be specified. + +Invoked with unequal effective and real UID/GIDs +................................................ + +If Bash is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the +real user (group) id, and the '-p' option is not supplied, no startup +files are read, shell functions are not inherited from the environment, +the 'SHELLOPTS', 'BASHOPTS', 'CDPATH', and 'GLOBIGNORE' variables, if +they appear in the environment, are ignored, and the effective user id +is set to the real user id. If the '-p' option is supplied at +invocation, the startup behavior is the same, but the effective user id +is not reset. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Interactive Shells, Next: Bash Conditional Expressions, Prev: Bash Startup Files, Up: Bash Features + +6.3 Interactive Shells +====================== + +* Menu: + +* What is an Interactive Shell?:: What determines whether a shell is Interactive. +* Is this Shell Interactive?:: How to tell if a shell is interactive. +* Interactive Shell Behavior:: What changes in a interactive shell? + + +File: bash.info, Node: What is an Interactive Shell?, Next: Is this Shell Interactive?, Up: Interactive Shells + +6.3.1 What is an Interactive Shell? +----------------------------------- + +An interactive shell is one started without non-option arguments, unless +'-s' is specified, without specifying the '-c' option, and whose input +and error output are both connected to terminals (as determined by +'isatty(3)'), or one started with the '-i' option. + + An interactive shell generally reads from and writes to a user's +terminal. + + The '-s' invocation option may be used to set the positional +parameters when an interactive shell is started. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Is this Shell Interactive?, Next: Interactive Shell Behavior, Prev: What is an Interactive Shell?, Up: Interactive Shells + +6.3.2 Is this Shell Interactive? +-------------------------------- + +To determine within a startup script whether or not Bash is running +interactively, test the value of the '-' special parameter. It contains +'i' when the shell is interactive. For example: + + case "$-" in + *i*) echo This shell is interactive ;; + *) echo This shell is not interactive ;; + esac + + Alternatively, startup scripts may examine the variable 'PS1'; it is +unset in non-interactive shells, and set in interactive shells. Thus: + + if [ -z "$PS1" ]; then + echo This shell is not interactive + else + echo This shell is interactive + fi + + +File: bash.info, Node: Interactive Shell Behavior, Prev: Is this Shell Interactive?, Up: Interactive Shells + +6.3.3 Interactive Shell Behavior +-------------------------------- + +When the shell is running interactively, it changes its behavior in +several ways. + + 1. Startup files are read and executed as described in *note Bash + Startup Files::. + + 2. Job Control (*note Job Control::) is enabled by default. When job + control is in effect, Bash ignores the keyboard-generated job + control signals 'SIGTTIN', 'SIGTTOU', and 'SIGTSTP'. + + 3. Bash expands and displays 'PS1' before reading the first line of a + command, and expands and displays 'PS2' before reading the second + and subsequent lines of a multi-line command. Bash displays 'PS0' + after it reads a command but before executing it. + + 4. Bash executes the value of the 'PROMPT_COMMAND' variable as a + command before printing the primary prompt, '$PS1' (*note Bash + Variables::). + + 5. Readline (*note Command Line Editing::) is used to read commands + from the user's terminal. + + 6. Bash inspects the value of the 'ignoreeof' option to 'set -o' + instead of exiting immediately when it receives an 'EOF' on its + standard input when reading a command (*note The Set Builtin::). + + 7. Command history (*note Bash History Facilities::) and history + expansion (*note History Interaction::) are enabled by default. + Bash will save the command history to the file named by '$HISTFILE' + when a shell with history enabled exits. + + 8. Alias expansion (*note Aliases::) is performed by default. + + 9. In the absence of any traps, Bash ignores 'SIGTERM' (*note + Signals::). + + 10. In the absence of any traps, 'SIGINT' is caught and handled + ((*note Signals::). 'SIGINT' will interrupt some shell builtins. + + 11. An interactive login shell sends a 'SIGHUP' to all jobs on exit if + the 'huponexit' shell option has been enabled (*note Signals::). + + 12. The '-n' invocation option is ignored, and 'set -n' has no effect + (*note The Set Builtin::). + + 13. Bash will check for mail periodically, depending on the values of + the 'MAIL', 'MAILPATH', and 'MAILCHECK' shell variables (*note Bash + Variables::). + + 14. Expansion errors due to references to unbound shell variables + after 'set -u' has been enabled will not cause the shell to exit + (*note The Set Builtin::). + + 15. The shell will not exit on expansion errors caused by VAR being + unset or null in '${VAR:?WORD}' expansions (*note Shell Parameter + Expansion::). + + 16. Redirection errors encountered by shell builtins will not cause + the shell to exit. + + 17. When running in POSIX mode, a special builtin returning an error + status will not cause the shell to exit (*note Bash POSIX Mode::). + + 18. A failed 'exec' will not cause the shell to exit (*note Bourne + Shell Builtins::). + + 19. Parser syntax errors will not cause the shell to exit. + + 20. Simple spelling correction for directory arguments to the 'cd' + builtin is enabled by default (see the description of the 'cdspell' + option to the 'shopt' builtin in *note The Shopt Builtin::). + + 21. The shell will check the value of the 'TMOUT' variable and exit if + a command is not read within the specified number of seconds after + printing '$PS1' (*note Bash Variables::). + + +File: bash.info, Node: Bash Conditional Expressions, Next: Shell Arithmetic, Prev: Interactive Shells, Up: Bash Features + +6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions +================================ + +Conditional expressions are used by the '[[' compound command and the +'test' and '[' builtin commands. + + Expressions may be unary or binary. Unary expressions are often used +to examine the status of a file. There are string operators and numeric +comparison operators as well. Bash handles several filenames specially +when they are used in expressions. If the operating system on which +Bash is running provides these special files, Bash will use them; +otherwise it will emulate them internally with this behavior: If the +FILE argument to one of the primaries is of the form '/dev/fd/N', then +file descriptor N is checked. If the FILE argument to one of the +primaries is one of '/dev/stdin', '/dev/stdout', or '/dev/stderr', file +descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively, is checked. + + When used with '[[', the '<' and '>' operators sort lexicographically +using the current locale. The 'test' command uses ASCII ordering. + + Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow +symbolic links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the +link itself. + +'-a FILE' + True if FILE exists. + +'-b FILE' + True if FILE exists and is a block special file. + +'-c FILE' + True if FILE exists and is a character special file. + +'-d FILE' + True if FILE exists and is a directory. + +'-e FILE' + True if FILE exists. + +'-f FILE' + True if FILE exists and is a regular file. + +'-g FILE' + True if FILE exists and its set-group-id bit is set. + +'-h FILE' + True if FILE exists and is a symbolic link. + +'-k FILE' + True if FILE exists and its "sticky" bit is set. + +'-p FILE' + True if FILE exists and is a named pipe (FIFO). + +'-r FILE' + True if FILE exists and is readable. + +'-s FILE' + True if FILE exists and has a size greater than zero. + +'-t FD' + True if file descriptor FD is open and refers to a terminal. + +'-u FILE' + True if FILE exists and its set-user-id bit is set. + +'-w FILE' + True if FILE exists and is writable. + +'-x FILE' + True if FILE exists and is executable. + +'-G FILE' + True if FILE exists and is owned by the effective group id. + +'-L FILE' + True if FILE exists and is a symbolic link. + +'-N FILE' + True if FILE exists and has been modified since it was last read. + +'-O FILE' + True if FILE exists and is owned by the effective user id. + +'-S FILE' + True if FILE exists and is a socket. + +'FILE1 -ef FILE2' + True if FILE1 and FILE2 refer to the same device and inode numbers. + +'FILE1 -nt FILE2' + True if FILE1 is newer (according to modification date) than FILE2, + or if FILE1 exists and FILE2 does not. + +'FILE1 -ot FILE2' + True if FILE1 is older than FILE2, or if FILE2 exists and FILE1 + does not. + +'-o OPTNAME' + True if the shell option OPTNAME is enabled. The list of options + appears in the description of the '-o' option to the 'set' builtin + (*note The Set Builtin::). + +'-v VARNAME' + True if the shell variable VARNAME is set (has been assigned a + value). + +'-R VARNAME' + True if the shell variable VARNAME is set and is a name reference. + +'-z STRING' + True if the length of STRING is zero. + +'-n STRING' +'STRING' + True if the length of STRING is non-zero. + +'STRING1 == STRING2' +'STRING1 = STRING2' + True if the strings are equal. When used with the '[[' command, + this performs pattern matching as described above (*note + Conditional Constructs::). + + '=' should be used with the 'test' command for POSIX conformance. + +'STRING1 != STRING2' + True if the strings are not equal. + +'STRING1 < STRING2' + True if STRING1 sorts before STRING2 lexicographically. + +'STRING1 > STRING2' + True if STRING1 sorts after STRING2 lexicographically. + +'ARG1 OP ARG2' + 'OP' is one of '-eq', '-ne', '-lt', '-le', '-gt', or '-ge'. These + arithmetic binary operators return true if ARG1 is equal to, not + equal to, less than, less than or equal to, greater than, or + greater than or equal to ARG2, respectively. ARG1 and ARG2 may be + positive or negative integers. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Shell Arithmetic, Next: Aliases, Prev: Bash Conditional Expressions, Up: Bash Features + +6.5 Shell Arithmetic +==================== + +The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, as one of the +shell expansions or by using the '((' compound command, the 'let' +builtin, or the '-i' option to the 'declare' builtin. + + Evaluation is done in fixed-width integers with no check for +overflow, though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as an error. The +operators and their precedence, associativity, and values are the same +as in the C language. The following list of operators is grouped into +levels of equal-precedence operators. The levels are listed in order of +decreasing precedence. + +'ID++ ID--' + variable post-increment and post-decrement + +'++ID --ID' + variable pre-increment and pre-decrement + +'- +' + unary minus and plus + +'! ~' + logical and bitwise negation + +'**' + exponentiation + +'* / %' + multiplication, division, remainder + +'+ -' + addition, subtraction + +'<< >>' + left and right bitwise shifts + +'<= >= < >' + comparison + +'== !=' + equality and inequality + +'&' + bitwise AND + +'^' + bitwise exclusive OR + +'|' + bitwise OR + +'&&' + logical AND + +'||' + logical OR + +'expr ? expr : expr' + conditional operator + +'= *= /= %= += -= <<= >>= &= ^= |=' + assignment + +'expr1 , expr2' + comma + + Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is +performed before the expression is evaluated. Within an expression, +shell variables may also be referenced by name without using the +parameter expansion syntax. A shell variable that is null or unset +evaluates to 0 when referenced by name without using the parameter +expansion syntax. The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic +expression when it is referenced, or when a variable which has been +given the INTEGER attribute using 'declare -i' is assigned a value. A +null value evaluates to 0. A shell variable need not have its INTEGER +attribute turned on to be used in an expression. + + Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers. A +leading '0x' or '0X' denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, numbers take the +form [BASE'#']N, where the optional BASE is a decimal number between 2 +and 64 representing the arithmetic base, and N is a number in that base. +If BASE'#' is omitted, then base 10 is used. When specifying N, the +digits greater than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters, the +uppercase letters, '@', and '_', in that order. If BASE is less than or +equal to 36, lowercase and uppercase letters may be used interchangeably +to represent numbers between 10 and 35. + + Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in +parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence rules +above. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Aliases, Next: Arrays, Prev: Shell Arithmetic, Up: Bash Features + +6.6 Aliases +=========== + +ALIASES allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used as +the first word of a simple command. The shell maintains a list of +aliases that may be set and unset with the 'alias' and 'unalias' builtin +commands. + + The first word of each simple command, if unquoted, is checked to see +if it has an alias. If so, that word is replaced by the text of the +alias. The characters '/', '$', '`', '=' and any of the shell +metacharacters or quoting characters listed above may not appear in an +alias name. The replacement text may contain any valid shell input, +including shell metacharacters. The first word of the replacement text +is tested for aliases, but a word that is identical to an alias being +expanded is not expanded a second time. This means that one may alias +'ls' to '"ls -F"', for instance, and Bash does not try to recursively +expand the replacement text. If the last character of the alias value +is a BLANK, then the next command word following the alias is also +checked for alias expansion. + + Aliases are created and listed with the 'alias' command, and removed +with the 'unalias' command. + + There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text, as +in 'csh'. If arguments are needed, a shell function should be used +(*note Shell Functions::). + + Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless +the 'expand_aliases' shell option is set using 'shopt' (*note The Shopt +Builtin::). + + The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are somewhat +confusing. Bash always reads at least one complete line of input before +executing any of the commands on that line. Aliases are expanded when a +command is read, not when it is executed. Therefore, an alias +definition appearing on the same line as another command does not take +effect until the next line of input is read. The commands following the +alias definition on that line are not affected by the new alias. This +behavior is also an issue when functions are executed. Aliases are +expanded when a function definition is read, not when the function is +executed, because a function definition is itself a command. As a +consequence, aliases defined in a function are not available until after +that function is executed. To be safe, always put alias definitions on +a separate line, and do not use 'alias' in compound commands. + + For almost every purpose, shell functions are preferred over aliases. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Arrays, Next: The Directory Stack, Prev: Aliases, Up: Bash Features + +6.7 Arrays +========== + +Bash provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables. +Any variable may be used as an indexed array; the 'declare' builtin will +explicitly declare an array. There is no maximum limit on the size of +an array, nor any requirement that members be indexed or assigned +contiguously. Indexed arrays are referenced using integers (including +arithmetic expressions (*note Shell Arithmetic::)) and are zero-based; +associative arrays use arbitrary strings. Unless otherwise noted, +indexed array indices must be non-negative integers. + + An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned +to using the syntax + NAME[SUBSCRIPT]=VALUE + +The SUBSCRIPT is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate +to a number. To explicitly declare an array, use + declare -a NAME +The syntax + declare -a NAME[SUBSCRIPT] +is also accepted; the SUBSCRIPT is ignored. + +Associative arrays are created using + declare -A NAME. + + Attributes may be specified for an array variable using the 'declare' +and 'readonly' builtins. Each attribute applies to all members of an +array. + + Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form + NAME=(VALUE1 VALUE2 ... ) +where each VALUE is of the form '[SUBSCRIPT]='STRING. Indexed array +assignments do not require anything but STRING. When assigning to +indexed arrays, if the optional subscript is supplied, that index is +assigned to; otherwise the index of the element assigned is the last +index assigned to by the statement plus one. Indexing starts at zero. + + When assigning to an associative array, the subscript is required. + + This syntax is also accepted by the 'declare' builtin. Individual +array elements may be assigned to using the 'NAME[SUBSCRIPT]=VALUE' +syntax introduced above. + + When assigning to an indexed array, if NAME is subscripted by a +negative number, that number is interpreted as relative to one greater +than the maximum index of NAME, so negative indices count back from the +end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last element. + + Any element of an array may be referenced using '${NAME[SUBSCRIPT]}'. +The braces are required to avoid conflicts with the shell's filename +expansion operators. If the SUBSCRIPT is '@' or '*', the word expands +to all members of the array NAME. These subscripts differ only when the +word appears within double quotes. If the word is double-quoted, +'${NAME[*]}' expands to a single word with the value of each array +member separated by the first character of the 'IFS' variable, and +'${NAME[@]}' expands each element of NAME to a separate word. When +there are no array members, '${NAME[@]}' expands to nothing. If the +double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of the first +parameter is joined with the beginning part of the original word, and +the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last part of the +original word. This is analogous to the expansion of the special +parameters '@' and '*'. '${#NAME[SUBSCRIPT]}' expands to the length of +'${NAME[SUBSCRIPT]}'. If SUBSCRIPT is '@' or '*', the expansion is the +number of elements in the array. If the SUBSCRIPT used to reference an +element of an indexed array evaluates to a number less than zero, it is +interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of the +array, so negative indices count back from the end of the array, and an +index of -1 refers to the last element. + + Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to +referencing with a subscript of 0. Any reference to a variable using a +valid subscript is legal, and 'bash' will create an array if necessary. + + An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned +a value. The null string is a valid value. + + It is possible to obtain the keys (indices) of an array as well as +the values. ${!NAME[@]} and ${!NAME[*]} expand to the indices assigned +in array variable NAME. The treatment when in double quotes is similar +to the expansion of the special parameters '@' and '*' within double +quotes. + + The 'unset' builtin is used to destroy arrays. 'unset +NAME[SUBSCRIPT]' destroys the array element at index SUBSCRIPT. +Negative subscripts to indexed arrays are interpreted as described +above. Care must be taken to avoid unwanted side effects caused by +filename expansion. 'unset NAME', where NAME is an array, removes the +entire array. A subscript of '*' or '@' also removes the entire array. + + The 'declare', 'local', and 'readonly' builtins each accept a '-a' +option to specify an indexed array and a '-A' option to specify an +associative array. If both options are supplied, '-A' takes precedence. +The 'read' builtin accepts a '-a' option to assign a list of words read +from the standard input to an array, and can read values from the +standard input into individual array elements. The 'set' and 'declare' +builtins display array values in a way that allows them to be reused as +input. + + +File: bash.info, Node: The Directory Stack, Next: Controlling the Prompt, Prev: Arrays, Up: Bash Features + +6.8 The Directory Stack +======================= + +* Menu: + +* Directory Stack Builtins:: Bash builtin commands to manipulate + the directory stack. + +The directory stack is a list of recently-visited directories. The +'pushd' builtin adds directories to the stack as it changes the current +directory, and the 'popd' builtin removes specified directories from the +stack and changes the current directory to the directory removed. The +'dirs' builtin displays the contents of the directory stack. The +current directory is always the "top" of the directory stack. + + The contents of the directory stack are also visible as the value of +the 'DIRSTACK' shell variable. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Directory Stack Builtins, Up: The Directory Stack + +6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins +------------------------------ + +'dirs' + dirs [-clpv] [+N | -N] + + Display the list of currently remembered directories. Directories + are added to the list with the 'pushd' command; the 'popd' command + removes directories from the list. The current directory is always + the first directory in the stack. + + '-c' + Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the elements. + '-l' + Produces a listing using full pathnames; the default listing + format uses a tilde to denote the home directory. + '-p' + Causes 'dirs' to print the directory stack with one entry per + line. + '-v' + Causes 'dirs' to print the directory stack with one entry per + line, prefixing each entry with its index in the stack. + '+N' + Displays the Nth directory (counting from the left of the list + printed by 'dirs' when invoked without options), starting with + zero. + '-N' + Displays the Nth directory (counting from the right of the + list printed by 'dirs' when invoked without options), starting + with zero. + +'popd' + popd [-n] [+N | -N] + + When no arguments are given, 'popd' removes the top directory from + the stack and performs a 'cd' to the new top directory. The + elements are numbered from 0 starting at the first directory listed + with 'dirs'; that is, 'popd' is equivalent to 'popd +0'. + + '-n' + Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing + directories from the stack, so that only the stack is + manipulated. + '+N' + Removes the Nth directory (counting from the left of the list + printed by 'dirs'), starting with zero. + '-N' + Removes the Nth directory (counting from the right of the list + printed by 'dirs'), starting with zero. + +'pushd' + pushd [-n] [+N | -N | DIR] + + Save the current directory on the top of the directory stack and + then 'cd' to DIR. With no arguments, 'pushd' exchanges the top two + directories and makes the new top the current directory. + + '-n' + Suppresses the normal change of directory when rotating or + adding directories to the stack, so that only the stack is + manipulated. + '+N' + Brings the Nth directory (counting from the left of the list + printed by 'dirs', starting with zero) to the top of the list + by rotating the stack. + '-N' + Brings the Nth directory (counting from the right of the list + printed by 'dirs', starting with zero) to the top of the list + by rotating the stack. + 'DIR' + Makes DIR be the top of the stack, making it the new current + directory as if it had been supplied as an argument to the + 'cd' builtin. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Controlling the Prompt, Next: The Restricted Shell, Prev: The Directory Stack, Up: Bash Features + +6.9 Controlling the Prompt +========================== + +The value of the variable 'PROMPT_COMMAND' is examined just before Bash +prints each primary prompt. If 'PROMPT_COMMAND' is set and has a +non-null value, then the value is executed just as if it had been typed +on the command line. + + In addition, the following table describes the special characters +which can appear in the prompt variables 'PS1' to 'PS4': + +'\a' + A bell character. +'\d' + The date, in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May 26"). +'\D{FORMAT}' + The FORMAT is passed to 'strftime'(3) and the result is inserted + into the prompt string; an empty FORMAT results in a + locale-specific time representation. The braces are required. +'\e' + An escape character. +'\h' + The hostname, up to the first '.'. +'\H' + The hostname. +'\j' + The number of jobs currently managed by the shell. +'\l' + The basename of the shell's terminal device name. +'\n' + A newline. +'\r' + A carriage return. +'\s' + The name of the shell, the basename of '$0' (the portion following + the final slash). +'\t' + The time, in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format. +'\T' + The time, in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format. +'\@' + The time, in 12-hour am/pm format. +'\A' + The time, in 24-hour HH:MM format. +'\u' + The username of the current user. +'\v' + The version of Bash (e.g., 2.00) +'\V' + The release of Bash, version + patchlevel (e.g., 2.00.0) +'\w' + The current working directory, with '$HOME' abbreviated with a + tilde (uses the '$PROMPT_DIRTRIM' variable). +'\W' + The basename of '$PWD', with '$HOME' abbreviated with a tilde. +'\!' + The history number of this command. +'\#' + The command number of this command. +'\$' + If the effective uid is 0, '#', otherwise '$'. +'\NNN' + The character whose ASCII code is the octal value NNN. +'\\' + A backslash. +'\[' + Begin a sequence of non-printing characters. This could be used to + embed a terminal control sequence into the prompt. +'\]' + End a sequence of non-printing characters. + + The command number and the history number are usually different: the +history number of a command is its position in the history list, which +may include commands restored from the history file (*note Bash History +Facilities::), while the command number is the position in the sequence +of commands executed during the current shell session. + + After the string is decoded, it is expanded via parameter expansion, +command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal, subject +to the value of the 'promptvars' shell option (*note Bash Builtins::). + + +File: bash.info, Node: The Restricted Shell, Next: Bash POSIX Mode, Prev: Controlling the Prompt, Up: Bash Features + +6.10 The Restricted Shell +========================= + +If Bash is started with the name 'rbash', or the '--restricted' or '-r' +option is supplied at invocation, the shell becomes restricted. A +restricted shell is used to set up an environment more controlled than +the standard shell. A restricted shell behaves identically to 'bash' +with the exception that the following are disallowed or not performed: + + * Changing directories with the 'cd' builtin. + * Setting or unsetting the values of the 'SHELL', 'PATH', 'ENV', or + 'BASH_ENV' variables. + * Specifying command names containing slashes. + * Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the '.' + builtin command. + * Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the '-p' + option to the 'hash' builtin command. + * Importing function definitions from the shell environment at + startup. + * Parsing the value of 'SHELLOPTS' from the shell environment at + startup. + * Redirecting output using the '>', '>|', '<>', '>&', '&>', and '>>' + redirection operators. + * Using the 'exec' builtin to replace the shell with another command. + * Adding or deleting builtin commands with the '-f' and '-d' options + to the 'enable' builtin. + * Using the 'enable' builtin command to enable disabled shell + builtins. + * Specifying the '-p' option to the 'command' builtin. + * Turning off restricted mode with 'set +r' or 'set +o restricted'. + + These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read. + + When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed (*note +Shell Scripts::), 'rbash' turns off any restrictions in the shell +spawned to execute the script. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Bash POSIX Mode, Prev: The Restricted Shell, Up: Bash Features + +6.11 Bash POSIX Mode +==================== + +Starting Bash with the '--posix' command-line option or executing 'set +-o posix' while Bash is running will cause Bash to conform more closely +to the POSIX standard by changing the behavior to match that specified +by POSIX in areas where the Bash default differs. + + When invoked as 'sh', Bash enters POSIX mode after reading the +startup files. + + The following list is what's changed when 'POSIX mode' is in effect: + + 1. When a command in the hash table no longer exists, Bash will + re-search '$PATH' to find the new location. This is also available + with 'shopt -s checkhash'. + + 2. The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job + exits with a non-zero status is 'Done(status)'. + + 3. The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job + is stopped is 'Stopped(SIGNAME)', where SIGNAME is, for example, + 'SIGTSTP'. + + 4. Alias expansion is always enabled, even in non-interactive shells. + + 5. Reserved words appearing in a context where reserved words are + recognized do not undergo alias expansion. + + 6. The POSIX 'PS1' and 'PS2' expansions of '!' to the history number + and '!!' to '!' are enabled, and parameter expansion is performed + on the values of 'PS1' and 'PS2' regardless of the setting of the + 'promptvars' option. + + 7. The POSIX startup files are executed ('$ENV') rather than the + normal Bash files. + + 8. Tilde expansion is only performed on assignments preceding a + command name, rather than on all assignment statements on the line. + + 9. The default history file is '~/.sh_history' (this is the default + value of '$HISTFILE'). + + 10. Redirection operators do not perform filename expansion on the + word in the redirection unless the shell is interactive. + + 11. Redirection operators do not perform word splitting on the word in + the redirection. + + 12. Function names must be valid shell 'name's. That is, they may not + contain characters other than letters, digits, and underscores, and + may not start with a digit. Declaring a function with an invalid + name causes a fatal syntax error in non-interactive shells. + + 13. Function names may not be the same as one of the POSIX special + builtins. + + 14. POSIX special builtins are found before shell functions during + command lookup. + + 15. When printing shell function definitions (e.g., by 'type'), Bash + does not print the 'function' keyword. + + 16. Literal tildes that appear as the first character in elements of + the 'PATH' variable are not expanded as described above under *note + Tilde Expansion::. + + 17. The 'time' reserved word may be used by itself as a command. When + used in this way, it displays timing statistics for the shell and + its completed children. The 'TIMEFORMAT' variable controls the + format of the timing information. + + 18. When parsing and expanding a ${...} expansion that appears within + double quotes, single quotes are no longer special and cannot be + used to quote a closing brace or other special character, unless + the operator is one of those defined to perform pattern removal. + In this case, they do not have to appear as matched pairs. + + 19. The parser does not recognize 'time' as a reserved word if the + next token begins with a '-'. + + 20. The '!' character does not introduce history expansion within a + double-quoted string, even if the 'histexpand' option is enabled. + + 21. If a POSIX special builtin returns an error status, a + non-interactive shell exits. The fatal errors are those listed in + the POSIX standard, and include things like passing incorrect + options, redirection errors, variable assignment errors for + assignments preceding the command name, and so on. + + 22. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable + assignment error occurs when no command name follows the assignment + statements. A variable assignment error occurs, for example, when + trying to assign a value to a readonly variable. + + 23. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable + assignment error occurs in an assignment statement preceding a + special builtin, but not with any other simple command. + + 24. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if the + iteration variable in a 'for' statement or the selection variable + in a 'select' statement is a readonly variable. + + 25. Non-interactive shells exit if FILENAME in '.' FILENAME is not + found. + + 26. Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic + expansion results in an invalid expression. + + 27. Non-interactive shells exit if a parameter expansion error occurs. + + 28. Non-interactive shells exit if there is a syntax error in a script + read with the '.' or 'source' builtins, or in a string processed by + the 'eval' builtin. + + 29. Process substitution is not available. + + 30. While variable indirection is available, it may not be applied to + the '#' and '?' special parameters. + + 31. When expanding the '*' special parameter in a pattern context + where the expansion is double-quoted does not treat the '$*' as if + it were double-quoted. + + 32. Assignment statements preceding POSIX special builtins persist in + the shell environment after the builtin completes. + + 33. Assignment statements preceding shell function calls persist in + the shell environment after the function returns, as if a POSIX + special builtin command had been executed. + + 34. The 'command' builtin does not prevent builtins that take + assignment statements as arguments from expanding them as + assignment statements; when not in POSIX mode, assignment builtins + lose their assignment statement expansion properties when preceded + by 'command'. + + 35. The 'bg' builtin uses the required format to describe each job + placed in the background, which does not include an indication of + whether the job is the current or previous job. + + 36. The output of 'kill -l' prints all the signal names on a single + line, separated by spaces, without the 'SIG' prefix. + + 37. The 'kill' builtin does not accept signal names with a 'SIG' + prefix. + + 38. The 'export' and 'readonly' builtin commands display their output + in the format required by POSIX. + + 39. The 'trap' builtin displays signal names without the leading + 'SIG'. + + 40. The 'trap' builtin doesn't check the first argument for a possible + signal specification and revert the signal handling to the original + disposition if it is, unless that argument consists solely of + digits and is a valid signal number. If users want to reset the + handler for a given signal to the original disposition, they should + use '-' as the first argument. + + 41. The '.' and 'source' builtins do not search the current directory + for the filename argument if it is not found by searching 'PATH'. + + 42. Enabling POSIX mode has the effect of setting the + 'inherit_errexit' option, so subshells spawned to execute command + substitutions inherit the value of the '-e' option from the parent + shell. When the 'inherit_errexit' option is not enabled, Bash + clears the '-e' option in such subshells. + + 43. When the 'alias' builtin displays alias definitions, it does not + display them with a leading 'alias ' unless the '-p' option is + supplied. + + 44. When the 'set' builtin is invoked without options, it does not + display shell function names and definitions. + + 45. When the 'set' builtin is invoked without options, it displays + variable values without quotes, unless they contain shell + metacharacters, even if the result contains nonprinting characters. + + 46. When the 'cd' builtin is invoked in LOGICAL mode, and the pathname + constructed from '$PWD' and the directory name supplied as an + argument does not refer to an existing directory, 'cd' will fail + instead of falling back to PHYSICAL mode. + + 47. The 'pwd' builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as + the current directory, even if it is not asked to check the file + system with the '-P' option. + + 48. When listing the history, the 'fc' builtin does not include an + indication of whether or not a history entry has been modified. + + 49. The default editor used by 'fc' is 'ed'. + + 50. The 'type' and 'command' builtins will not report a non-executable + file as having been found, though the shell will attempt to execute + such a file if it is the only so-named file found in '$PATH'. + + 51. The 'vi' editing mode will invoke the 'vi' editor directly when + the 'v' command is run, instead of checking '$VISUAL' and + '$EDITOR'. + + 52. When the 'xpg_echo' option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to + interpret any arguments to 'echo' as options. Each argument is + displayed, after escape characters are converted. + + 53. The 'ulimit' builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the '-c' + and '-f' options. + + 54. The arrival of 'SIGCHLD' when a trap is set on 'SIGCHLD' does not + interrupt the 'wait' builtin and cause it to return immediately. + The trap command is run once for each child that exits. + + 55. The 'read' builtin may be interrupted by a signal for which a trap + has been set. If Bash receives a trapped signal while executing + 'read', the trap handler executes and 'read' returns an exit status + greater than 128. + + 56. Bash removes an exited background process's status from the list + of such statuses after the 'wait' builtin is used to obtain it. + + There is other POSIX behavior that Bash does not implement by default +even when in POSIX mode. Specifically: + + 1. The 'fc' builtin checks '$EDITOR' as a program to edit history + entries if 'FCEDIT' is unset, rather than defaulting directly to + 'ed'. 'fc' uses 'ed' if 'EDITOR' is unset. + + 2. As noted above, Bash requires the 'xpg_echo' option to be enabled + for the 'echo' builtin to be fully conformant. + + Bash can be configured to be POSIX-conformant by default, by +specifying the '--enable-strict-posix-default' to 'configure' when +building (*note Optional Features::). + + +File: bash.info, Node: Job Control, Next: Command Line Editing, Prev: Bash Features, Up: Top + +7 Job Control +************* + +This chapter discusses what job control is, how it works, and how Bash +allows you to access its facilities. + +* Menu: + +* Job Control Basics:: How job control works. +* Job Control Builtins:: Bash builtin commands used to interact + with job control. +* Job Control Variables:: Variables Bash uses to customize job + control. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Job Control Basics, Next: Job Control Builtins, Up: Job Control + +7.1 Job Control Basics +====================== + +Job control refers to the ability to selectively stop (suspend) the +execution of processes and continue (resume) their execution at a later +point. A user typically employs this facility via an interactive +interface supplied jointly by the operating system kernel's terminal +driver and Bash. + + The shell associates a JOB with each pipeline. It keeps a table of +currently executing jobs, which may be listed with the 'jobs' command. +When Bash starts a job asynchronously, it prints a line that looks like: + [1] 25647 +indicating that this job is job number 1 and that the process ID of the +last process in the pipeline associated with this job is 25647. All of +the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job. Bash +uses the JOB abstraction as the basis for job control. + + To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job +control, the operating system maintains the notion of a current terminal +process group ID. Members of this process group (processes whose +process group ID is equal to the current terminal process group ID) +receive keyboard-generated signals such as 'SIGINT'. These processes +are said to be in the foreground. Background processes are those whose +process group ID differs from the terminal's; such processes are immune +to keyboard-generated signals. Only foreground processes are allowed to +read from or, if the user so specifies with 'stty tostop', write to the +terminal. Background processes which attempt to read from (write to +when 'stty tostop' is in effect) the terminal are sent a 'SIGTTIN' +('SIGTTOU') signal by the kernel's terminal driver, which, unless +caught, suspends the process. + + If the operating system on which Bash is running supports job +control, Bash contains facilities to use it. Typing the SUSPEND +character (typically '^Z', Control-Z) while a process is running causes +that process to be stopped and returns control to Bash. Typing the +DELAYED SUSPEND character (typically '^Y', Control-Y) causes the process +to be stopped when it attempts to read input from the terminal, and +control to be returned to Bash. The user then manipulates the state of +this job, using the 'bg' command to continue it in the background, the +'fg' command to continue it in the foreground, or the 'kill' command to +kill it. A '^Z' takes effect immediately, and has the additional side +effect of causing pending output and typeahead to be discarded. + + There are a number of ways to refer to a job in the shell. The +character '%' introduces a job specification (JOBSPEC). + + Job number 'n' may be referred to as '%n'. The symbols '%%' and '%+' +refer to the shell's notion of the current job, which is the last job +stopped while it was in the foreground or started in the background. A +single '%' (with no accompanying job specification) also refers to the +current job. The previous job may be referenced using '%-'. If there +is only a single job, '%+' and '%-' can both be used to refer to that +job. In output pertaining to jobs (e.g., the output of the 'jobs' +command), the current job is always flagged with a '+', and the previous +job with a '-'. + + A job may also be referred to using a prefix of the name used to +start it, or using a substring that appears in its command line. For +example, '%ce' refers to a stopped 'ce' job. Using '%?ce', on the other +hand, refers to any job containing the string 'ce' in its command line. +If the prefix or substring matches more than one job, Bash reports an +error. + + Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground: '%1' +is a synonym for 'fg %1', bringing job 1 from the background into the +foreground. Similarly, '%1 &' resumes job 1 in the background, +equivalent to 'bg %1' + + The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state. Normally, +Bash waits until it is about to print a prompt before reporting changes +in a job's status so as to not interrupt any other output. If the '-b' +option to the 'set' builtin is enabled, Bash reports such changes +immediately (*note The Set Builtin::). Any trap on 'SIGCHLD' is +executed for each child process that exits. + + If an attempt to exit Bash is made while jobs are stopped, (or +running, if the 'checkjobs' option is enabled - see *note The Shopt +Builtin::), the shell prints a warning message, and if the 'checkjobs' +option is enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses. The 'jobs' +command may then be used to inspect their status. If a second attempt +to exit is made without an intervening command, Bash does not print +another warning, and any stopped jobs are terminated. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Job Control Builtins, Next: Job Control Variables, Prev: Job Control Basics, Up: Job Control + +7.2 Job Control Builtins +======================== + +'bg' + bg [JOBSPEC ...] + + Resume each suspended job JOBSPEC in the background, as if it had + been started with '&'. If JOBSPEC is not supplied, the current job + is used. The return status is zero unless it is run when job + control is not enabled, or, when run with job control enabled, any + JOBSPEC was not found or specifies a job that was started without + job control. + +'fg' + fg [JOBSPEC] + + Resume the job JOBSPEC in the foreground and make it the current + job. If JOBSPEC is not supplied, the current job is used. The + return status is that of the command placed into the foreground, or + non-zero if run when job control is disabled or, when run with job + control enabled, JOBSPEC does not specify a valid job or JOBSPEC + specifies a job that was started without job control. + +'jobs' + jobs [-lnprs] [JOBSPEC] + jobs -x COMMAND [ARGUMENTS] + + The first form lists the active jobs. The options have the + following meanings: + + '-l' + List process IDs in addition to the normal information. + + '-n' + Display information only about jobs that have changed status + since the user was last notified of their status. + + '-p' + List only the process ID of the job's process group leader. + + '-r' + Display only running jobs. + + '-s' + Display only stopped jobs. + + If JOBSPEC is given, output is restricted to information about that + job. If JOBSPEC is not supplied, the status of all jobs is listed. + + If the '-x' option is supplied, 'jobs' replaces any JOBSPEC found + in COMMAND or ARGUMENTS with the corresponding process group ID, + and executes COMMAND, passing it ARGUMENTs, returning its exit + status. + +'kill' + kill [-s SIGSPEC] [-n SIGNUM] [-SIGSPEC] JOBSPEC or PID + kill -l|-L [EXIT_STATUS] + + Send a signal specified by SIGSPEC or SIGNUM to the process named + by job specification JOBSPEC or process ID PID. SIGSPEC is either + a case-insensitive signal name such as 'SIGINT' (with or without + the 'SIG' prefix) or a signal number; SIGNUM is a signal number. + If SIGSPEC and SIGNUM are not present, 'SIGTERM' is used. The '-l' + option lists the signal names. If any arguments are supplied when + '-l' is given, the names of the signals corresponding to the + arguments are listed, and the return status is zero. EXIT_STATUS + is a number specifying a signal number or the exit status of a + process terminated by a signal. The '-L' option is equivalent to + '-l'. The return status is zero if at least one signal was + successfully sent, or non-zero if an error occurs or an invalid + option is encountered. + +'wait' + wait [-n] [JOBSPEC or PID ...] + + Wait until the child process specified by each process ID PID or + job specification JOBSPEC exits and return the exit status of the + last command waited for. If a job spec is given, all processes in + the job are waited for. If no arguments are given, all currently + active child processes are waited for, and the return status is + zero. If the '-n' option is supplied, 'wait' waits for any job to + terminate and returns its exit status. If neither JOBSPEC nor PID + specifies an active child process of the shell, the return status + is 127. + +'disown' + disown [-ar] [-h] [JOBSPEC ... | PID ... ] + + Without options, remove each JOBSPEC from the table of active jobs. + If the '-h' option is given, the job is not removed from the table, + but is marked so that 'SIGHUP' is not sent to the job if the shell + receives a 'SIGHUP'. If JOBSPEC is not present, and neither the + '-a' nor the '-r' option is supplied, the current job is used. If + no JOBSPEC is supplied, the '-a' option means to remove or mark all + jobs; the '-r' option without a JOBSPEC argument restricts + operation to running jobs. + +'suspend' + suspend [-f] + + Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a 'SIGCONT' + signal. A login shell cannot be suspended; the '-f' option can be + used to override this and force the suspension. + + When job control is not active, the 'kill' and 'wait' builtins do not +accept JOBSPEC arguments. They must be supplied process IDs. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Job Control Variables, Prev: Job Control Builtins, Up: Job Control + +7.3 Job Control Variables +========================= + +'auto_resume' + This variable controls how the shell interacts with the user and + job control. If this variable exists then single word simple + commands without redirections are treated as candidates for + resumption of an existing job. There is no ambiguity allowed; if + there is more than one job beginning with the string typed, then + the most recently accessed job will be selected. The name of a + stopped job, in this context, is the command line used to start it. + If this variable is set to the value 'exact', the string supplied + must match the name of a stopped job exactly; if set to + 'substring', the string supplied needs to match a substring of the + name of a stopped job. The 'substring' value provides + functionality analogous to the '%?' job ID (*note Job Control + Basics::). If set to any other value, the supplied string must be + a prefix of a stopped job's name; this provides functionality + analogous to the '%' job ID. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Command Line Editing, Next: Using History Interactively, Prev: Job Control, Up: Top + +8 Command Line Editing +********************** + +This chapter describes the basic features of the GNU command line +editing interface. Command line editing is provided by the Readline +library, which is used by several different programs, including Bash. +Command line editing is enabled by default when using an interactive +shell, unless the '--noediting' option is supplied at shell invocation. +Line editing is also used when using the '-e' option to the 'read' +builtin command (*note Bash Builtins::). By default, the line editing +commands are similar to those of Emacs. A vi-style line editing +interface is also available. Line editing can be enabled at any time +using the '-o emacs' or '-o vi' options to the 'set' builtin command +(*note The Set Builtin::), or disabled using the '+o emacs' or '+o vi' +options to 'set'. + +* Menu: + +* Introduction and Notation:: Notation used in this text. +* Readline Interaction:: The minimum set of commands for editing a line. +* Readline Init File:: Customizing Readline from a user's view. +* Bindable Readline Commands:: A description of most of the Readline commands + available for binding +* Readline vi Mode:: A short description of how to make Readline + behave like the vi editor. +* Programmable Completion:: How to specify the possible completions for + a specific command. +* Programmable Completion Builtins:: Builtin commands to specify how to + complete arguments for a particular command. +* A Programmable Completion Example:: An example shell function for + generating possible completions. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Introduction and Notation, Next: Readline Interaction, Up: Command Line Editing + +8.1 Introduction to Line Editing +================================ + +The following paragraphs describe the notation used to represent +keystrokes. + + The text 'C-k' is read as 'Control-K' and describes the character +produced when the key is pressed while the Control key is depressed. + + The text 'M-k' is read as 'Meta-K' and describes the character +produced when the Meta key (if you have one) is depressed, and the +key is pressed. The Meta key is labeled on many keyboards. On +keyboards with two keys labeled (usually to either side of the +space bar), the on the left side is generally set to work as a +Meta key. The key on the right may also be configured to work as +a Meta key or may be configured as some other modifier, such as a +Compose key for typing accented characters. + + If you do not have a Meta or key, or another key working as a +Meta key, the identical keystroke can be generated by typing +_first_, and then typing . Either process is known as "metafying" +the key. + + The text 'M-C-k' is read as 'Meta-Control-k' and describes the +character produced by "metafying" 'C-k'. + + In addition, several keys have their own names. Specifically, , +, , , , and all stand for themselves when seen +in this text, or in an init file (*note Readline Init File::). If your +keyboard lacks a key, typing will produce the desired +character. The key may be labeled or on some +keyboards. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Readline Interaction, Next: Readline Init File, Prev: Introduction and Notation, Up: Command Line Editing + +8.2 Readline Interaction +======================== + +Often during an interactive session you type in a long line of text, +only to notice that the first word on the line is misspelled. The +Readline library gives you a set of commands for manipulating the text +as you type it in, allowing you to just fix your typo, and not forcing +you to retype the majority of the line. Using these editing commands, +you move the cursor to the place that needs correction, and delete or +insert the text of the corrections. Then, when you are satisfied with +the line, you simply press . You do not have to be at the end of +the line to press ; the entire line is accepted regardless of the +location of the cursor within the line. + +* Menu: + +* Readline Bare Essentials:: The least you need to know about Readline. +* Readline Movement Commands:: Moving about the input line. +* Readline Killing Commands:: How to delete text, and how to get it back! +* Readline Arguments:: Giving numeric arguments to commands. +* Searching:: Searching through previous lines. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Readline Bare Essentials, Next: Readline Movement Commands, Up: Readline Interaction + +8.2.1 Readline Bare Essentials +------------------------------ + +In order to enter characters into the line, simply type them. The typed +character appears where the cursor was, and then the cursor moves one +space to the right. If you mistype a character, you can use your erase +character to back up and delete the mistyped character. + + Sometimes you may mistype a character, and not notice the error until +you have typed several other characters. In that case, you can type +'C-b' to move the cursor to the left, and then correct your mistake. +Afterwards, you can move the cursor to the right with 'C-f'. + + When you add text in the middle of a line, you will notice that +characters to the right of the cursor are 'pushed over' to make room for +the text that you have inserted. Likewise, when you delete text behind +the cursor, characters to the right of the cursor are 'pulled back' to +fill in the blank space created by the removal of the text. A list of +the bare essentials for editing the text of an input line follows. + +'C-b' + Move back one character. +'C-f' + Move forward one character. + or + Delete the character to the left of the cursor. +'C-d' + Delete the character underneath the cursor. +Printing characters + Insert the character into the line at the cursor. +'C-_' or 'C-x C-u' + Undo the last editing command. You can undo all the way back to an + empty line. + +(Depending on your configuration, the key be set to delete +the character to the left of the cursor and the key set to delete +the character underneath the cursor, like 'C-d', rather than the +character to the left of the cursor.) + + +File: bash.info, Node: Readline Movement Commands, Next: Readline Killing Commands, Prev: Readline Bare Essentials, Up: Readline Interaction + +8.2.2 Readline Movement Commands +-------------------------------- + +The above table describes the most basic keystrokes that you need in +order to do editing of the input line. For your convenience, many other +commands have been added in addition to 'C-b', 'C-f', 'C-d', and . +Here are some commands for moving more rapidly about the line. + +'C-a' + Move to the start of the line. +'C-e' + Move to the end of the line. +'M-f' + Move forward a word, where a word is composed of letters and + digits. +'M-b' + Move backward a word. +'C-l' + Clear the screen, reprinting the current line at the top. + + Notice how 'C-f' moves forward a character, while 'M-f' moves forward +a word. It is a loose convention that control keystrokes operate on +characters while meta keystrokes operate on words. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Readline Killing Commands, Next: Readline Arguments, Prev: Readline Movement Commands, Up: Readline Interaction + +8.2.3 Readline Killing Commands +------------------------------- + +"Killing" text means to delete the text from the line, but to save it +away for later use, usually by "yanking" (re-inserting) it back into the +line. ('Cut' and 'paste' are more recent jargon for 'kill' and 'yank'.) + + If the description for a command says that it 'kills' text, then you +can be sure that you can get the text back in a different (or the same) +place later. + + When you use a kill command, the text is saved in a "kill-ring". Any +number of consecutive kills save all of the killed text together, so +that when you yank it back, you get it all. The kill ring is not line +specific; the text that you killed on a previously typed line is +available to be yanked back later, when you are typing another line. + + Here is the list of commands for killing text. + +'C-k' + Kill the text from the current cursor position to the end of the + line. + +'M-d' + Kill from the cursor to the end of the current word, or, if between + words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the same + as those used by 'M-f'. + +'M-' + Kill from the cursor the start of the current word, or, if between + words, to the start of the previous word. Word boundaries are the + same as those used by 'M-b'. + +'C-w' + Kill from the cursor to the previous whitespace. This is different + than 'M-' because the word boundaries differ. + + Here is how to "yank" the text back into the line. Yanking means to +copy the most-recently-killed text from the kill buffer. + +'C-y' + Yank the most recently killed text back into the buffer at the + cursor. + +'M-y' + Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top. You can only do this + if the prior command is 'C-y' or 'M-y'. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Readline Arguments, Next: Searching, Prev: Readline Killing Commands, Up: Readline Interaction + +8.2.4 Readline Arguments +------------------------ + +You can pass numeric arguments to Readline commands. Sometimes the +argument acts as a repeat count, other times it is the sign of the +argument that is significant. If you pass a negative argument to a +command which normally acts in a forward direction, that command will +act in a backward direction. For example, to kill text back to the +start of the line, you might type 'M-- C-k'. + + The general way to pass numeric arguments to a command is to type +meta digits before the command. If the first 'digit' typed is a minus +sign ('-'), then the sign of the argument will be negative. Once you +have typed one meta digit to get the argument started, you can type the +remainder of the digits, and then the command. For example, to give the +'C-d' command an argument of 10, you could type 'M-1 0 C-d', which will +delete the next ten characters on the input line. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Searching, Prev: Readline Arguments, Up: Readline Interaction + +8.2.5 Searching for Commands in the History +------------------------------------------- + +Readline provides commands for searching through the command history +(*note Bash History Facilities::) for lines containing a specified +string. There are two search modes: "incremental" and +"non-incremental". + + Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the +search string. As each character of the search string is typed, +Readline displays the next entry from the history matching the string +typed so far. An incremental search requires only as many characters as +needed to find the desired history entry. To search backward in the +history for a particular string, type 'C-r'. Typing 'C-s' searches +forward through the history. The characters present in the value of the +'isearch-terminators' variable are used to terminate an incremental +search. If that variable has not been assigned a value, the and +'C-J' characters will terminate an incremental search. 'C-g' will abort +an incremental search and restore the original line. When the search is +terminated, the history entry containing the search string becomes the +current line. + + To find other matching entries in the history list, type 'C-r' or +'C-s' as appropriate. This will search backward or forward in the +history for the next entry matching the search string typed so far. Any +other key sequence bound to a Readline command will terminate the search +and execute that command. For instance, a will terminate the +search and accept the line, thereby executing the command from the +history list. A movement command will terminate the search, make the +last line found the current line, and begin editing. + + Readline remembers the last incremental search string. If two 'C-r's +are typed without any intervening characters defining a new search +string, any remembered search string is used. + + Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before +starting to search for matching history lines. The search string may be +typed by the user or be part of the contents of the current line. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Readline Init File, Next: Bindable Readline Commands, Prev: Readline Interaction, Up: Command Line Editing + +8.3 Readline Init File +====================== + +Although the Readline library comes with a set of Emacs-like keybindings +installed by default, it is possible to use a different set of +keybindings. Any user can customize programs that use Readline by +putting commands in an "inputrc" file, conventionally in his home +directory. The name of this file is taken from the value of the shell +variable 'INPUTRC'. If that variable is unset, the default is +'~/.inputrc'. If that file does not exist or cannot be read, the +ultimate default is '/etc/inputrc'. + + When a program which uses the Readline library starts up, the init +file is read, and the key bindings are set. + + In addition, the 'C-x C-r' command re-reads this init file, thus +incorporating any changes that you might have made to it. + +* Menu: + +* Readline Init File Syntax:: Syntax for the commands in the inputrc file. + +* Conditional Init Constructs:: Conditional key bindings in the inputrc file. + +* Sample Init File:: An example inputrc file. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Readline Init File Syntax, Next: Conditional Init Constructs, Up: Readline Init File + +8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax +------------------------------- + +There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the Readline init file. +Blank lines are ignored. Lines beginning with a '#' are comments. +Lines beginning with a '$' indicate conditional constructs (*note +Conditional Init Constructs::). Other lines denote variable settings +and key bindings. + +Variable Settings + You can modify the run-time behavior of Readline by altering the + values of variables in Readline using the 'set' command within the + init file. The syntax is simple: + + set VARIABLE VALUE + + Here, for example, is how to change from the default Emacs-like key + binding to use 'vi' line editing commands: + + set editing-mode vi + + Variable names and values, where appropriate, are recognized + without regard to case. Unrecognized variable names are ignored. + + Boolean variables (those that can be set to on or off) are set to + on if the value is null or empty, ON (case-insensitive), or 1. Any + other value results in the variable being set to off. + + The 'bind -V' command lists the current Readline variable names and + values. *Note Bash Builtins::. + + A great deal of run-time behavior is changeable with the following + variables. + + 'bell-style' + Controls what happens when Readline wants to ring the terminal + bell. If set to 'none', Readline never rings the bell. If + set to 'visible', Readline uses a visible bell if one is + available. If set to 'audible' (the default), Readline + attempts to ring the terminal's bell. + + 'bind-tty-special-chars' + If set to 'on' (the default), Readline attempts to bind the + control characters treated specially by the kernel's terminal + driver to their Readline equivalents. + + 'blink-matching-paren' + If set to 'on', Readline attempts to briefly move the cursor + to an opening parenthesis when a closing parenthesis is + inserted. The default is 'off'. + + 'colored-completion-prefix' + If set to 'on', when listing completions, Readline displays + the common prefix of the set of possible completions using a + different color. The color definitions are taken from the + value of the 'LS_COLORS' environment variable. The default is + 'off'. + + 'colored-stats' + If set to 'on', Readline displays possible completions using + different colors to indicate their file type. The color + definitions are taken from the value of the 'LS_COLORS' + environment variable. The default is 'off'. + + 'comment-begin' + The string to insert at the beginning of the line when the + 'insert-comment' command is executed. The default value is + '"#"'. + + 'completion-display-width' + The number of screen columns used to display possible matches + when performing completion. The value is ignored if it is + less than 0 or greater than the terminal screen width. A + value of 0 will cause matches to be displayed one per line. + The default value is -1. + + 'completion-ignore-case' + If set to 'on', Readline performs filename matching and + completion in a case-insensitive fashion. The default value + is 'off'. + + 'completion-map-case' + If set to 'on', and COMPLETION-IGNORE-CASE is enabled, + Readline treats hyphens ('-') and underscores ('_') as + equivalent when performing case-insensitive filename matching + and completion. + + 'completion-prefix-display-length' + The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of + possible completions that is displayed without modification. + When set to a value greater than zero, common prefixes longer + than this value are replaced with an ellipsis when displaying + possible completions. + + 'completion-query-items' + The number of possible completions that determines when the + user is asked whether the list of possibilities should be + displayed. If the number of possible completions is greater + than this value, Readline will ask the user whether or not he + wishes to view them; otherwise, they are simply listed. This + variable must be set to an integer value greater than or equal + to 0. A negative value means Readline should never ask. The + default limit is '100'. + + 'convert-meta' + If set to 'on', Readline will convert characters with the + eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by stripping the + eighth bit and prefixing an character, converting them + to a meta-prefixed key sequence. The default value is 'on', + but will be set to 'off' if the locale is one that contains + eight-bit characters. + + 'disable-completion' + If set to 'On', Readline will inhibit word completion. + Completion characters will be inserted into the line as if + they had been mapped to 'self-insert'. The default is 'off'. + + 'echo-control-characters' + When set to 'on', on operating systems that indicate they + support it, readline echoes a character corresponding to a + signal generated from the keyboard. The default is 'on'. + + 'editing-mode' + The 'editing-mode' variable controls which default set of key + bindings is used. By default, Readline starts up in Emacs + editing mode, where the keystrokes are most similar to Emacs. + This variable can be set to either 'emacs' or 'vi'. + + 'emacs-mode-string' + This string is displayed immediately before the last line of + the primary prompt when emacs editing mode is active. The + value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of + meta- and control prefixes and backslash escape sequences is + available. Use the '\1' and '\2' escapes to begin and end + sequences of non-printing characters, which can be used to + embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string. The + default is '@'. + + 'enable-bracketed-paste' + When set to 'On', Readline will configure the terminal in a + way that will enable it to insert each paste into the editing + buffer as a single string of characters, instead of treating + each character as if it had been read from the keyboard. This + can prevent pasted characters from being interpreted as + editing commands. The default is 'off'. + + 'enable-keypad' + When set to 'on', Readline will try to enable the application + keypad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable + the arrow keys. The default is 'off'. + + 'enable-meta-key' + When set to 'on', Readline will try to enable any meta + modifier key the terminal claims to support when it is called. + On many terminals, the meta key is used to send eight-bit + characters. The default is 'on'. + + 'expand-tilde' + If set to 'on', tilde expansion is performed when Readline + attempts word completion. The default is 'off'. + + 'history-preserve-point' + If set to 'on', the history code attempts to place the point + (the current cursor position) at the same location on each + history line retrieved with 'previous-history' or + 'next-history'. The default is 'off'. + + 'history-size' + Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history + list. If set to zero, any existing history entries are + deleted and no new entries are saved. If set to a value less + than zero, the number of history entries is not limited. By + default, the number of history entries is not limited. If an + attempt is made to set HISTORY-SIZE to a non-numeric value, + the maximum number of history entries will be set to 500. + + 'horizontal-scroll-mode' + This variable can be set to either 'on' or 'off'. Setting it + to 'on' means that the text of the lines being edited will + scroll horizontally on a single screen line when they are + longer than the width of the screen, instead of wrapping onto + a new screen line. By default, this variable is set to 'off'. + + 'input-meta' + If set to 'on', Readline will enable eight-bit input (it will + not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads), + regardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The + default value is 'off', but Readline will set it to 'on' if + the locale contains eight-bit characters. The name + 'meta-flag' is a synonym for this variable. + + 'isearch-terminators' + The string of characters that should terminate an incremental + search without subsequently executing the character as a + command (*note Searching::). If this variable has not been + given a value, the characters and 'C-J' will terminate + an incremental search. + + 'keymap' + Sets Readline's idea of the current keymap for key binding + commands. Acceptable 'keymap' names are 'emacs', + 'emacs-standard', 'emacs-meta', 'emacs-ctlx', 'vi', 'vi-move', + 'vi-command', and 'vi-insert'. 'vi' is equivalent to + 'vi-command' ('vi-move' is also a synonym); 'emacs' is + equivalent to 'emacs-standard'. The default value is 'emacs'. + The value of the 'editing-mode' variable also affects the + default keymap. + + 'keyseq-timeout' + Specifies the duration Readline will wait for a character when + reading an ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a + complete key sequence using the input read so far, or can take + additional input to complete a longer key sequence). If no + input is received within the timeout, Readline will use the + shorter but complete key sequence. Readline uses this value + to determine whether or not input is available on the current + input source ('rl_instream' by default). The value is + specified in milliseconds, so a value of 1000 means that + Readline will wait one second for additional input. If this + variable is set to a value less than or equal to zero, or to a + non-numeric value, Readline will wait until another key is + pressed to decide which key sequence to complete. The default + value is '500'. + + 'mark-directories' + If set to 'on', completed directory names have a slash + appended. The default is 'on'. + + 'mark-modified-lines' + This variable, when set to 'on', causes Readline to display an + asterisk ('*') at the start of history lines which have been + modified. This variable is 'off' by default. + + 'mark-symlinked-directories' + If set to 'on', completed names which are symbolic links to + directories have a slash appended (subject to the value of + 'mark-directories'). The default is 'off'. + + 'match-hidden-files' + This variable, when set to 'on', causes Readline to match + files whose names begin with a '.' (hidden files) when + performing filename completion. If set to 'off', the leading + '.' must be supplied by the user in the filename to be + completed. This variable is 'on' by default. + + 'menu-complete-display-prefix' + If set to 'on', menu completion displays the common prefix of + the list of possible completions (which may be empty) before + cycling through the list. The default is 'off'. + + 'output-meta' + If set to 'on', Readline will display characters with the + eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape + sequence. The default is 'off', but Readline will set it to + 'on' if the locale contains eight-bit characters. + + 'page-completions' + If set to 'on', Readline uses an internal 'more'-like pager to + display a screenful of possible completions at a time. This + variable is 'on' by default. + + 'print-completions-horizontally' + If set to 'on', Readline will display completions with matches + sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down + the screen. The default is 'off'. + + 'revert-all-at-newline' + If set to 'on', Readline will undo all changes to history + lines before returning when 'accept-line' is executed. By + default, history lines may be modified and retain individual + undo lists across calls to 'readline'. The default is 'off'. + + 'show-all-if-ambiguous' + This alters the default behavior of the completion functions. + If set to 'on', words which have more than one possible + completion cause the matches to be listed immediately instead + of ringing the bell. The default value is 'off'. + + 'show-all-if-unmodified' + This alters the default behavior of the completion functions + in a fashion similar to SHOW-ALL-IF-AMBIGUOUS. If set to + 'on', words which have more than one possible completion + without any possible partial completion (the possible + completions don't share a common prefix) cause the matches to + be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell. The + default value is 'off'. + + 'show-mode-in-prompt' + If set to 'on', add a character to the beginning of the prompt + indicating the editing mode: emacs, vi command, or vi + insertion. The mode strings are user-settable. The default + value is 'off'. + + 'skip-completed-text' + If set to 'on', this alters the default completion behavior + when inserting a single match into the line. It's only active + when performing completion in the middle of a word. If + enabled, readline does not insert characters from the + completion that match characters after point in the word being + completed, so portions of the word following the cursor are + not duplicated. For instance, if this is enabled, attempting + completion when the cursor is after the 'e' in 'Makefile' will + result in 'Makefile' rather than 'Makefilefile', assuming + there is a single possible completion. The default value is + 'off'. + + 'vi-cmd-mode-string' + This string is displayed immediately before the last line of + the primary prompt when vi editing mode is active and in + command mode. The value is expanded like a key binding, so + the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and backslash + escape sequences is available. Use the '\1' and '\2' escapes + to begin and end sequences of non-printing characters, which + can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode + string. The default is '(cmd)'. + + 'vi-ins-mode-string' + This string is displayed immediately before the last line of + the primary prompt when vi editing mode is active and in + insertion mode. The value is expanded like a key binding, so + the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and backslash + escape sequences is available. Use the '\1' and '\2' escapes + to begin and end sequences of non-printing characters, which + can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode + string. The default is '(ins)'. + + 'visible-stats' + If set to 'on', a character denoting a file's type is appended + to the filename when listing possible completions. The + default is 'off'. + +Key Bindings + The syntax for controlling key bindings in the init file is simple. + First you need to find the name of the command that you want to + change. The following sections contain tables of the command name, + the default keybinding, if any, and a short description of what the + command does. + + Once you know the name of the command, simply place on a line in + the init file the name of the key you wish to bind the command to, + a colon, and then the name of the command. There can be no space + between the key name and the colon - that will be interpreted as + part of the key name. The name of the key can be expressed in + different ways, depending on what you find most comfortable. + + In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound to a + string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a MACRO). + + The 'bind -p' command displays Readline function names and bindings + in a format that can put directly into an initialization file. + *Note Bash Builtins::. + + KEYNAME: FUNCTION-NAME or MACRO + KEYNAME is the name of a key spelled out in English. For + example: + Control-u: universal-argument + Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word + Control-o: "> output" + + In the above example, 'C-u' is bound to the function + 'universal-argument', 'M-DEL' is bound to the function + 'backward-kill-word', and 'C-o' is bound to run the macro + expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the text + '> output' into the line). + + A number of symbolic character names are recognized while + processing this key binding syntax: DEL, ESC, ESCAPE, LFD, + NEWLINE, RET, RETURN, RUBOUT, SPACE, SPC, and TAB. + + "KEYSEQ": FUNCTION-NAME or MACRO + KEYSEQ differs from KEYNAME above in that strings denoting an + entire key sequence can be specified, by placing the key + sequence in double quotes. Some GNU Emacs style key escapes + can be used, as in the following example, but the special + character names are not recognized. + + "\C-u": universal-argument + "\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file + "\e[11~": "Function Key 1" + + In the above example, 'C-u' is again bound to the function + 'universal-argument' (just as it was in the first example), + ''C-x' 'C-r'' is bound to the function 're-read-init-file', + and ' <[> <1> <1> <~>' is bound to insert the text + 'Function Key 1'. + + The following GNU Emacs style escape sequences are available when + specifying key sequences: + + '\C-' + control prefix + '\M-' + meta prefix + '\e' + an escape character + '\\' + backslash + '\"' + <">, a double quotation mark + '\'' + <'>, a single quote or apostrophe + + In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set + of backslash escapes is available: + + '\a' + alert (bell) + '\b' + backspace + '\d' + delete + '\f' + form feed + '\n' + newline + '\r' + carriage return + '\t' + horizontal tab + '\v' + vertical tab + '\NNN' + the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value NNN + (one to three digits) + '\xHH' + the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value + HH (one or two hex digits) + + When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must be + used to indicate a macro definition. Unquoted text is assumed to + be a function name. In the macro body, the backslash escapes + described above are expanded. Backslash will quote any other + character in the macro text, including '"' and '''. For example, + the following binding will make ''C-x' \' insert a single '\' into + the line: + "\C-x\\": "\\" + + +File: bash.info, Node: Conditional Init Constructs, Next: Sample Init File, Prev: Readline Init File Syntax, Up: Readline Init File + +8.3.2 Conditional Init Constructs +--------------------------------- + +Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional +compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings and +variable settings to be performed as the result of tests. There are +four parser directives used. + +'$if' + The '$if' construct allows bindings to be made based on the editing + mode, the terminal being used, or the application using Readline. + The text of the test extends to the end of the line; no characters + are required to isolate it. + + 'mode' + The 'mode=' form of the '$if' directive is used to test + whether Readline is in 'emacs' or 'vi' mode. This may be used + in conjunction with the 'set keymap' command, for instance, to + set bindings in the 'emacs-standard' and 'emacs-ctlx' keymaps + only if Readline is starting out in 'emacs' mode. + + 'term' + The 'term=' form may be used to include terminal-specific key + bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by the + terminal's function keys. The word on the right side of the + '=' is tested against both the full name of the terminal and + the portion of the terminal name before the first '-'. This + allows 'sun' to match both 'sun' and 'sun-cmd', for instance. + + 'application' + The APPLICATION construct is used to include + application-specific settings. Each program using the + Readline library sets the APPLICATION NAME, and you can test + for a particular value. This could be used to bind key + sequences to functions useful for a specific program. For + instance, the following command adds a key sequence that + quotes the current or previous word in Bash: + $if Bash + # Quote the current or previous word + "\C-xq": "\eb\"\ef\"" + $endif + +'$endif' + This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an '$if' + command. + +'$else' + Commands in this branch of the '$if' directive are executed if the + test fails. + +'$include' + This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads + commands and bindings from that file. For example, the following + directive reads from '/etc/inputrc': + $include /etc/inputrc + + +File: bash.info, Node: Sample Init File, Prev: Conditional Init Constructs, Up: Readline Init File + +8.3.3 Sample Init File +---------------------- + +Here is an example of an INPUTRC file. This illustrates key binding, +variable assignment, and conditional syntax. + + # This file controls the behaviour of line input editing for + # programs that use the GNU Readline library. Existing + # programs include FTP, Bash, and GDB. + # + # You can re-read the inputrc file with C-x C-r. + # Lines beginning with '#' are comments. + # + # First, include any system-wide bindings and variable + # assignments from /etc/Inputrc + $include /etc/Inputrc + + # + # Set various bindings for emacs mode. + + set editing-mode emacs + + $if mode=emacs + + Meta-Control-h: backward-kill-word Text after the function name is ignored + + # + # Arrow keys in keypad mode + # + #"\M-OD": backward-char + #"\M-OC": forward-char + #"\M-OA": previous-history + #"\M-OB": next-history + # + # Arrow keys in ANSI mode + # + "\M-[D": backward-char + "\M-[C": forward-char + "\M-[A": previous-history + "\M-[B": next-history + # + # Arrow keys in 8 bit keypad mode + # + #"\M-\C-OD": backward-char + #"\M-\C-OC": forward-char + #"\M-\C-OA": previous-history + #"\M-\C-OB": next-history + # + # Arrow keys in 8 bit ANSI mode + # + #"\M-\C-[D": backward-char + #"\M-\C-[C": forward-char + #"\M-\C-[A": previous-history + #"\M-\C-[B": next-history + + C-q: quoted-insert + + $endif + + # An old-style binding. This happens to be the default. + TAB: complete + + # Macros that are convenient for shell interaction + $if Bash + # edit the path + "\C-xp": "PATH=${PATH}\e\C-e\C-a\ef\C-f" + # prepare to type a quoted word -- + # insert open and close double quotes + # and move to just after the open quote + "\C-x\"": "\"\"\C-b" + # insert a backslash (testing backslash escapes + # in sequences and macros) + "\C-x\\": "\\" + # Quote the current or previous word + "\C-xq": "\eb\"\ef\"" + # Add a binding to refresh the line, which is unbound + "\C-xr": redraw-current-line + # Edit variable on current line. + "\M-\C-v": "\C-a\C-k$\C-y\M-\C-e\C-a\C-y=" + $endif + + # use a visible bell if one is available + set bell-style visible + + # don't strip characters to 7 bits when reading + set input-meta on + + # allow iso-latin1 characters to be inserted rather + # than converted to prefix-meta sequences + set convert-meta off + + # display characters with the eighth bit set directly + # rather than as meta-prefixed characters + set output-meta on + + # if there are more than 150 possible completions for + # a word, ask the user if he wants to see all of them + set completion-query-items 150 + + # For FTP + $if Ftp + "\C-xg": "get \M-?" + "\C-xt": "put \M-?" + "\M-.": yank-last-arg + $endif + + +File: bash.info, Node: Bindable Readline Commands, Next: Readline vi Mode, Prev: Readline Init File, Up: Command Line Editing + +8.4 Bindable Readline Commands +============================== + +* Menu: + +* Commands For Moving:: Moving about the line. +* Commands For History:: Getting at previous lines. +* Commands For Text:: Commands for changing text. +* Commands For Killing:: Commands for killing and yanking. +* Numeric Arguments:: Specifying numeric arguments, repeat counts. +* Commands For Completion:: Getting Readline to do the typing for you. +* Keyboard Macros:: Saving and re-executing typed characters +* Miscellaneous Commands:: Other miscellaneous commands. + +This section describes Readline commands that may be bound to key +sequences. You can list your key bindings by executing 'bind -P' or, +for a more terse format, suitable for an INPUTRC file, 'bind -p'. +(*Note Bash Builtins::.) Command names without an accompanying key +sequence are unbound by default. + + In the following descriptions, "point" refers to the current cursor +position, and "mark" refers to a cursor position saved by the 'set-mark' +command. The text between the point and mark is referred to as the +"region". + + +File: bash.info, Node: Commands For Moving, Next: Commands For History, Up: Bindable Readline Commands + +8.4.1 Commands For Moving +------------------------- + +'beginning-of-line (C-a)' + Move to the start of the current line. + +'end-of-line (C-e)' + Move to the end of the line. + +'forward-char (C-f)' + Move forward a character. + +'backward-char (C-b)' + Move back a character. + +'forward-word (M-f)' + Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are composed of + letters and digits. + +'backward-word (M-b)' + Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words are + composed of letters and digits. + +'shell-forward-word ()' + Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are delimited by + non-quoted shell metacharacters. + +'shell-backward-word ()' + Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words are + delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters. + +'clear-screen (C-l)' + Clear the screen and redraw the current line, leaving the current + line at the top of the screen. + +'redraw-current-line ()' + Refresh the current line. By default, this is unbound. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Commands For History, Next: Commands For Text, Prev: Commands For Moving, Up: Bindable Readline Commands + +8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History +------------------------------------------- + +'accept-line (Newline or Return)' + Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is. If this line is + non-empty, add it to the history list according to the setting of + the 'HISTCONTROL' and 'HISTIGNORE' variables. If this line is a + modified history line, then restore the history line to its + original state. + +'previous-history (C-p)' + Move 'back' through the history list, fetching the previous + command. + +'next-history (C-n)' + Move 'forward' through the history list, fetching the next command. + +'beginning-of-history (M-<)' + Move to the first line in the history. + +'end-of-history (M->)' + Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently + being entered. + +'reverse-search-history (C-r)' + Search backward starting at the current line and moving 'up' + through the history as necessary. This is an incremental search. + +'forward-search-history (C-s)' + Search forward starting at the current line and moving 'down' + through the history as necessary. This is an incremental search. + +'non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)' + Search backward starting at the current line and moving 'up' + through the history as necessary using a non-incremental search for + a string supplied by the user. The search string may match + anywhere in a history line. + +'non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)' + Search forward starting at the current line and moving 'down' + through the history as necessary using a non-incremental search for + a string supplied by the user. The search string may match + anywhere in a history line. + +'history-search-forward ()' + Search forward through the history for the string of characters + between the start of the current line and the point. The search + string must match at the beginning of a history line. This is a + non-incremental search. By default, this command is unbound. + +'history-search-backward ()' + Search backward through the history for the string of characters + between the start of the current line and the point. The search + string must match at the beginning of a history line. This is a + non-incremental search. By default, this command is unbound. + +'history-substr-search-forward ()' + Search forward through the history for the string of characters + between the start of the current line and the point. The search + string may match anywhere in a history line. This is a + non-incremental search. By default, this command is unbound. + +'history-substr-search-backward ()' + Search backward through the history for the string of characters + between the start of the current line and the point. The search + string may match anywhere in a history line. This is a + non-incremental search. By default, this command is unbound. + +'yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)' + Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually the + second word on the previous line) at point. With an argument N, + insert the Nth word from the previous command (the words in the + previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument inserts + the Nth word from the end of the previous command. Once the + argument N is computed, the argument is extracted as if the '!N' + history expansion had been specified. + +'yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)' + Insert last argument to the previous command (the last word of the + previous history entry). With a numeric argument, behave exactly + like 'yank-nth-arg'. Successive calls to 'yank-last-arg' move back + through the history list, inserting the last word (or the word + specified by the argument to the first call) of each line in turn. + Any numeric argument supplied to these successive calls determines + the direction to move through the history. A negative argument + switches the direction through the history (back or forward). The + history expansion facilities are used to extract the last argument, + as if the '!$' history expansion had been specified. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Commands For Text, Next: Commands For Killing, Prev: Commands For History, Up: Bindable Readline Commands + +8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text +-------------------------------- + +'end-of-file (usually C-d)' + The character indicating end-of-file as set, for example, by + 'stty'. If this character is read when there are no characters on + the line, and point is at the beginning of the line, Readline + interprets it as the end of input and returns EOF. + +'delete-char (C-d)' + Delete the character at point. If this function is bound to the + same character as the tty EOF character, as 'C-d' commonly is, see + above for the effects. + +'backward-delete-char (Rubout)' + Delete the character behind the cursor. A numeric argument means + to kill the characters instead of deleting them. + +'forward-backward-delete-char ()' + Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at the + end of the line, in which case the character behind the cursor is + deleted. By default, this is not bound to a key. + +'quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)' + Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is how to + insert key sequences like 'C-q', for example. + +'self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...)' + Insert yourself. + +'bracketed-paste-begin ()' + This function is intended to be bound to the "bracketed paste" + escape sequence sent by some terminals, and such a binding is + assigned by default. It allows Readline to insert the pasted text + as a single unit without treating each character as if it had been + read from the keyboard. The characters are inserted as if each one + was bound to 'self-insert') instead of executing any editing + commands. + +'transpose-chars (C-t)' + Drag the character before the cursor forward over the character at + the cursor, moving the cursor forward as well. If the insertion + point is at the end of the line, then this transposes the last two + characters of the line. Negative arguments have no effect. + +'transpose-words (M-t)' + Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving point + past that word as well. If the insertion point is at the end of + the line, this transposes the last two words on the line. + +'upcase-word (M-u)' + Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative + argument, uppercase the previous word, but do not move the cursor. + +'downcase-word (M-l)' + Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative + argument, lowercase the previous word, but do not move the cursor. + +'capitalize-word (M-c)' + Capitalize the current (or following) word. With a negative + argument, capitalize the previous word, but do not move the cursor. + +'overwrite-mode ()' + Toggle overwrite mode. With an explicit positive numeric argument, + switches to overwrite mode. With an explicit non-positive numeric + argument, switches to insert mode. This command affects only + 'emacs' mode; 'vi' mode does overwrite differently. Each call to + 'readline()' starts in insert mode. + + In overwrite mode, characters bound to 'self-insert' replace the + text at point rather than pushing the text to the right. + Characters bound to 'backward-delete-char' replace the character + before point with a space. + + By default, this command is unbound. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Commands For Killing, Next: Numeric Arguments, Prev: Commands For Text, Up: Bindable Readline Commands + +8.4.4 Killing And Yanking +------------------------- + +'kill-line (C-k)' + Kill the text from point to the end of the line. + +'backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)' + Kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the current line. + +'unix-line-discard (C-u)' + Kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the current line. + +'kill-whole-line ()' + Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is. + By default, this is unbound. + +'kill-word (M-d)' + Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between + words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the same + as 'forward-word'. + +'backward-kill-word (M-)' + Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as + 'backward-word'. + +'shell-kill-word ()' + Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between + words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the same + as 'shell-forward-word'. + +'shell-backward-kill-word ()' + Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as + 'shell-backward-word'. + +'unix-word-rubout (C-w)' + Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary. + The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. + +'unix-filename-rubout ()' + Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash + character as the word boundaries. The killed text is saved on the + kill-ring. + +'delete-horizontal-space ()' + Delete all spaces and tabs around point. By default, this is + unbound. + +'kill-region ()' + Kill the text in the current region. By default, this command is + unbound. + +'copy-region-as-kill ()' + Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer, so it can be yanked + right away. By default, this command is unbound. + +'copy-backward-word ()' + Copy the word before point to the kill buffer. The word boundaries + are the same as 'backward-word'. By default, this command is + unbound. + +'copy-forward-word ()' + Copy the word following point to the kill buffer. The word + boundaries are the same as 'forward-word'. By default, this + command is unbound. + +'yank (C-y)' + Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point. + +'yank-pop (M-y)' + Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top. You can only do this + if the prior command is 'yank' or 'yank-pop'. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Numeric Arguments, Next: Commands For Completion, Prev: Commands For Killing, Up: Bindable Readline Commands + +8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments +---------------------------------- + +'digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ... M--)' + Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a new + argument. 'M--' starts a negative argument. + +'universal-argument ()' + This is another way to specify an argument. If this command is + followed by one or more digits, optionally with a leading minus + sign, those digits define the argument. If the command is followed + by digits, executing 'universal-argument' again ends the numeric + argument, but is otherwise ignored. As a special case, if this + command is immediately followed by a character that is neither a + digit nor minus sign, the argument count for the next command is + multiplied by four. The argument count is initially one, so + executing this function the first time makes the argument count + four, a second time makes the argument count sixteen, and so on. + By default, this is not bound to a key. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Commands For Completion, Next: Keyboard Macros, Prev: Numeric Arguments, Up: Bindable Readline Commands + +8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You +----------------------------------- + +'complete ()' + Attempt to perform completion on the text before point. The actual + completion performed is application-specific. Bash attempts + completion treating the text as a variable (if the text begins with + '$'), username (if the text begins with '~'), hostname (if the text + begins with '@'), or command (including aliases and functions) in + turn. If none of these produces a match, filename completion is + attempted. + +'possible-completions (M-?)' + List the possible completions of the text before point. When + displaying completions, Readline sets the number of columns used + for display to the value of 'completion-display-width', the value + of the environment variable 'COLUMNS', or the screen width, in that + order. + +'insert-completions (M-*)' + Insert all completions of the text before point that would have + been generated by 'possible-completions'. + +'menu-complete ()' + Similar to 'complete', but replaces the word to be completed with a + single match from the list of possible completions. Repeated + execution of 'menu-complete' steps through the list of possible + completions, inserting each match in turn. At the end of the list + of completions, the bell is rung (subject to the setting of + 'bell-style') and the original text is restored. An argument of N + moves N positions forward in the list of matches; a negative + argument may be used to move backward through the list. This + command is intended to be bound to , but is unbound by + default. + +'menu-complete-backward ()' + Identical to 'menu-complete', but moves backward through the list + of possible completions, as if 'menu-complete' had been given a + negative argument. + +'delete-char-or-list ()' + Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning or + end of the line (like 'delete-char'). If at the end of the line, + behaves identically to 'possible-completions'. This command is + unbound by default. + +'complete-filename (M-/)' + Attempt filename completion on the text before point. + +'possible-filename-completions (C-x /)' + List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it + as a filename. + +'complete-username (M-~)' + Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a + username. + +'possible-username-completions (C-x ~)' + List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it + as a username. + +'complete-variable (M-$)' + Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a shell + variable. + +'possible-variable-completions (C-x $)' + List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it + as a shell variable. + +'complete-hostname (M-@)' + Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a + hostname. + +'possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)' + List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it + as a hostname. + +'complete-command (M-!)' + Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a + command name. Command completion attempts to match the text + against aliases, reserved words, shell functions, shell builtins, + and finally executable filenames, in that order. + +'possible-command-completions (C-x !)' + List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it + as a command name. + +'dynamic-complete-history (M-)' + Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing the text + against lines from the history list for possible completion + matches. + +'dabbrev-expand ()' + Attempt menu completion on the text before point, comparing the + text against lines from the history list for possible completion + matches. + +'complete-into-braces (M-{)' + Perform filename completion and insert the list of possible + completions enclosed within braces so the list is available to the + shell (*note Brace Expansion::). + + +File: bash.info, Node: Keyboard Macros, Next: Miscellaneous Commands, Prev: Commands For Completion, Up: Bindable Readline Commands + +8.4.7 Keyboard Macros +--------------------- + +'start-kbd-macro (C-x ()' + Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro. + +'end-kbd-macro (C-x ))' + Stop saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro + and save the definition. + +'call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)' + Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the + characters in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard. + +'print-last-kbd-macro ()' + Print the last keboard macro defined in a format suitable for the + INPUTRC file. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Miscellaneous Commands, Prev: Keyboard Macros, Up: Bindable Readline Commands + +8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands +--------------------------------- + +'re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)' + Read in the contents of the INPUTRC file, and incorporate any + bindings or variable assignments found there. + +'abort (C-g)' + Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal's bell + (subject to the setting of 'bell-style'). + +'do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-X, ...)' + If the metafied character X is lowercase, run the command that is + bound to the corresponding uppercase character. + +'prefix-meta ()' + Metafy the next character typed. This is for keyboards without a + meta key. Typing ' f' is equivalent to typing 'M-f'. + +'undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)' + Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line. + +'revert-line (M-r)' + Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the + 'undo' command enough times to get back to the beginning. + +'tilde-expand (M-&)' + Perform tilde expansion on the current word. + +'set-mark (C-@)' + Set the mark to the point. If a numeric argument is supplied, the + mark is set to that position. + +'exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)' + Swap the point with the mark. The current cursor position is set + to the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved as the + mark. + +'character-search (C-])' + A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of + that character. A negative count searches for previous + occurrences. + +'character-search-backward (M-C-])' + A character is read and point is moved to the previous occurrence + of that character. A negative count searches for subsequent + occurrences. + +'skip-csi-sequence ()' + Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as + those defined for keys like Home and End. Such sequences begin + with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[. If this + sequence is bound to "\e[", keys producing such sequences will have + no effect unless explicitly bound to a readline command, instead of + inserting stray characters into the editing buffer. This is + unbound by default, but usually bound to ESC-[. + +'insert-comment (M-#)' + Without a numeric argument, the value of the 'comment-begin' + variable is inserted at the beginning of the current line. If a + numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if the + characters at the beginning of the line do not match the value of + 'comment-begin', the value is inserted, otherwise the characters in + 'comment-begin' are deleted from the beginning of the line. In + either case, the line is accepted as if a newline had been typed. + The default value of 'comment-begin' causes this command to make + the current line a shell comment. If a numeric argument causes the + comment character to be removed, the line will be executed by the + shell. + +'dump-functions ()' + Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the Readline + output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, the output is + formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an INPUTRC + file. This command is unbound by default. + +'dump-variables ()' + Print all of the settable variables and their values to the + Readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, the + output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an + INPUTRC file. This command is unbound by default. + +'dump-macros ()' + Print all of the Readline key sequences bound to macros and the + strings they output. If a numeric argument is supplied, the output + is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an INPUTRC + file. This command is unbound by default. + +'glob-complete-word (M-g)' + The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname + expansion, with an asterisk implicitly appended. This pattern is + used to generate a list of matching file names for possible + completions. + +'glob-expand-word (C-x *)' + The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname + expansion, and the list of matching file names is inserted, + replacing the word. If a numeric argument is supplied, a '*' is + appended before pathname expansion. + +'glob-list-expansions (C-x g)' + The list of expansions that would have been generated by + 'glob-expand-word' is displayed, and the line is redrawn. If a + numeric argument is supplied, a '*' is appended before pathname + expansion. + +'display-shell-version (C-x C-v)' + Display version information about the current instance of Bash. + +'shell-expand-line (M-C-e)' + Expand the line as the shell does. This performs alias and history + expansion as well as all of the shell word expansions (*note Shell + Expansions::). + +'history-expand-line (M-^)' + Perform history expansion on the current line. + +'magic-space ()' + Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a space + (*note History Interaction::). + +'alias-expand-line ()' + Perform alias expansion on the current line (*note Aliases::). + +'history-and-alias-expand-line ()' + Perform history and alias expansion on the current line. + +'insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)' + A synonym for 'yank-last-arg'. + +'operate-and-get-next (C-o)' + Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line + relative to the current line from the history for editing. Any + argument is ignored. + +'edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e)' + Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the + result as shell commands. Bash attempts to invoke '$VISUAL', + '$EDITOR', and 'emacs' as the editor, in that order. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Readline vi Mode, Next: Programmable Completion, Prev: Bindable Readline Commands, Up: Command Line Editing + +8.5 Readline vi Mode +==================== + +While the Readline library does not have a full set of 'vi' editing +functions, it does contain enough to allow simple editing of the line. +The Readline 'vi' mode behaves as specified in the POSIX standard. + + In order to switch interactively between 'emacs' and 'vi' editing +modes, use the 'set -o emacs' and 'set -o vi' commands (*note The Set +Builtin::). The Readline default is 'emacs' mode. + + When you enter a line in 'vi' mode, you are already placed in +'insertion' mode, as if you had typed an 'i'. Pressing switches +you into 'command' mode, where you can edit the text of the line with +the standard 'vi' movement keys, move to previous history lines with 'k' +and subsequent lines with 'j', and so forth. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Programmable Completion, Next: Programmable Completion Builtins, Prev: Readline vi Mode, Up: Command Line Editing + +8.6 Programmable Completion +=========================== + +When word completion is attempted for an argument to a command for which +a completion specification (a COMPSPEC) has been defined using the +'complete' builtin (*note Programmable Completion Builtins::), the +programmable completion facilities are invoked. + + First, the command name is identified. If a compspec has been +defined for that command, the compspec is used to generate the list of +possible completions for the word. If the command word is the empty +string (completion attempted at the beginning of an empty line), any +compspec defined with the '-E' option to 'complete' is used. If the +command word is a full pathname, a compspec for the full pathname is +searched for first. If no compspec is found for the full pathname, an +attempt is made to find a compspec for the portion following the final +slash. If those searches do not result in a compspec, any compspec +defined with the '-D' option to 'complete' is used as the default. + + Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of +matching words. If a compspec is not found, the default Bash completion +described above (*note Commands For Completion::) is performed. + + First, the actions specified by the compspec are used. Only matches +which are prefixed by the word being completed are returned. When the +'-f' or '-d' option is used for filename or directory name completion, +the shell variable 'FIGNORE' is used to filter the matches. *Note Bash +Variables::, for a description of 'FIGNORE'. + + Any completions specified by a filename expansion pattern to the '-G' +option are generated next. The words generated by the pattern need not +match the word being completed. The 'GLOBIGNORE' shell variable is not +used to filter the matches, but the 'FIGNORE' shell variable is used. + + Next, the string specified as the argument to the '-W' option is +considered. The string is first split using the characters in the 'IFS' +special variable as delimiters. Shell quoting is honored. Each word is +then expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and +variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, as +described above (*note Shell Expansions::). The results are split using +the rules described above (*note Word Splitting::). The results of the +expansion are prefix-matched against the word being completed, and the +matching words become the possible completions. + + After these matches have been generated, any shell function or +command specified with the '-F' and '-C' options is invoked. When the +command or function is invoked, the 'COMP_LINE', 'COMP_POINT', +'COMP_KEY', and 'COMP_TYPE' variables are assigned values as described +above (*note Bash Variables::). If a shell function is being invoked, +the 'COMP_WORDS' and 'COMP_CWORD' variables are also set. When the +function or command is invoked, the first argument ($1) is the name of +the command whose arguments are being completed, the second argument +($2) is the word being completed, and the third argument ($3) is the +word preceding the word being completed on the current command line. No +filtering of the generated completions against the word being completed +is performed; the function or command has complete freedom in generating +the matches. + + Any function specified with '-F' is invoked first. The function may +use any of the shell facilities, including the 'compgen' and 'compopt' +builtins described below (*note Programmable Completion Builtins::), to +generate the matches. It must put the possible completions in the +'COMPREPLY' array variable, one per array element. + + Next, any command specified with the '-C' option is invoked in an +environment equivalent to command substitution. It should print a list +of completions, one per line, to the standard output. Backslash may be +used to escape a newline, if necessary. + + After all of the possible completions are generated, any filter +specified with the '-X' option is applied to the list. The filter is a +pattern as used for pathname expansion; a '&' in the pattern is replaced +with the text of the word being completed. A literal '&' may be escaped +with a backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match. +Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list. +A leading '!' negates the pattern; in this case any completion not +matching the pattern will be removed. If the 'nocasematch' shell option +(see the description of 'shopt' in *note The Shopt Builtin::) is +enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic +characters. + + Finally, any prefix and suffix specified with the '-P' and '-S' +options are added to each member of the completion list, and the result +is returned to the Readline completion code as the list of possible +completions. + + If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and +the '-o dirnames' option was supplied to 'complete' when the compspec +was defined, directory name completion is attempted. + + If the '-o plusdirs' option was supplied to 'complete' when the +compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted and any +matches are added to the results of the other actions. + + By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned +to the completion code as the full set of possible completions. The +default Bash completions are not attempted, and the Readline default of +filename completion is disabled. If the '-o bashdefault' option was +supplied to 'complete' when the compspec was defined, the default Bash +completions are attempted if the compspec generates no matches. If the +'-o default' option was supplied to 'complete' when the compspec was +defined, Readline's default completion will be performed if the compspec +(and, if attempted, the default Bash completions) generate no matches. + + When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired, +the programmable completion functions force Readline to append a slash +to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to +the value of the MARK-DIRECTORIES Readline variable, regardless of the +setting of the MARK-SYMLINKED-DIRECTORIES Readline variable. + + There is some support for dynamically modifying completions. This is +most useful when used in combination with a default completion specified +with '-D'. It's possible for shell functions executed as completion +handlers to indicate that completion should be retried by returning an +exit status of 124. If a shell function returns 124, and changes the +compspec associated with the command on which completion is being +attempted (supplied as the first argument when the function is +executed), programmable completion restarts from the beginning, with an +attempt to find a new compspec for that command. This allows a set of +completions to be built dynamically as completion is attempted, rather +than being loaded all at once. + + For instance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each +kept in a file corresponding to the name of the command, the following +default completion function would load completions dynamically: + + _completion_loader() + { + . "/etc/bash_completion.d/$1.sh" >/dev/null 2>&1 && return 124 + } + complete -D -F _completion_loader -o bashdefault -o default + + +File: bash.info, Node: Programmable Completion Builtins, Next: A Programmable Completion Example, Prev: Programmable Completion, Up: Command Line Editing + +8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins +==================================== + +Three builtin commands are available to manipulate the programmable +completion facilities: one to specify how the arguments to a particular +command are to be completed, and two to modify the completion as it is +happening. + +'compgen' + compgen [OPTION] [WORD] + + Generate possible completion matches for WORD according to the + OPTIONs, which may be any option accepted by the 'complete' builtin + with the exception of '-p' and '-r', and write the matches to the + standard output. When using the '-F' or '-C' options, the various + shell variables set by the programmable completion facilities, + while available, will not have useful values. + + The matches will be generated in the same way as if the + programmable completion code had generated them directly from a + completion specification with the same flags. If WORD is + specified, only those completions matching WORD will be displayed. + + The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, or + no matches were generated. + +'complete' + complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o COMP-OPTION] [-DE] [-A ACTION] [-G GLOBPAT] [-W WORDLIST] + [-F FUNCTION] [-C COMMAND] [-X FILTERPAT] + [-P PREFIX] [-S SUFFIX] NAME [NAME ...] + complete -pr [-DE] [NAME ...] + + Specify how arguments to each NAME should be completed. If the + '-p' option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing + completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them to + be reused as input. The '-r' option removes a completion + specification for each NAME, or, if no NAMEs are supplied, all + completion specifications. The '-D' option indicates that the + remaining options and actions should apply to the "default" command + completion; that is, completion attempted on a command for which no + completion has previously been defined. The '-E' option indicates + that the remaining options and actions should apply to "empty" + command completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line. + + The process of applying these completion specifications when word + completion is attempted is described above (*note Programmable + Completion::). The '-D' option takes precedence over '-E'. + + Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The + arguments to the '-G', '-W', and '-X' options (and, if necessary, + the '-P' and '-S' options) should be quoted to protect them from + expansion before the 'complete' builtin is invoked. + + '-o COMP-OPTION' + The COMP-OPTION controls several aspects of the compspec's + behavior beyond the simple generation of completions. + COMP-OPTION may be one of: + + 'bashdefault' + Perform the rest of the default Bash completions if the + compspec generates no matches. + + 'default' + Use Readline's default filename completion if the + compspec generates no matches. + + 'dirnames' + Perform directory name completion if the compspec + generates no matches. + + 'filenames' + Tell Readline that the compspec generates filenames, so + it can perform any filename-specific processing (like + adding a slash to directory names quoting special + characters, or suppressing trailing spaces). This option + is intended to be used with shell functions specified + with '-F'. + + 'noquote' + Tell Readline not to quote the completed words if they + are filenames (quoting filenames is the default). + + 'nosort' + Tell Readline not to sort the list of possible + completions alphabetically. + + 'nospace' + Tell Readline not to append a space (the default) to + words completed at the end of the line. + + 'plusdirs' + After any matches defined by the compspec are generated, + directory name completion is attempted and any matches + are added to the results of the other actions. + + '-A ACTION' + The ACTION may be one of the following to generate a list of + possible completions: + + 'alias' + Alias names. May also be specified as '-a'. + + 'arrayvar' + Array variable names. + + 'binding' + Readline key binding names (*note Bindable Readline + Commands::). + + 'builtin' + Names of shell builtin commands. May also be specified + as '-b'. + + 'command' + Command names. May also be specified as '-c'. + + 'directory' + Directory names. May also be specified as '-d'. + + 'disabled' + Names of disabled shell builtins. + + 'enabled' + Names of enabled shell builtins. + + 'export' + Names of exported shell variables. May also be specified + as '-e'. + + 'file' + File names. May also be specified as '-f'. + + 'function' + Names of shell functions. + + 'group' + Group names. May also be specified as '-g'. + + 'helptopic' + Help topics as accepted by the 'help' builtin (*note Bash + Builtins::). + + 'hostname' + Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by the + 'HOSTFILE' shell variable (*note Bash Variables::). + + 'job' + Job names, if job control is active. May also be + specified as '-j'. + + 'keyword' + Shell reserved words. May also be specified as '-k'. + + 'running' + Names of running jobs, if job control is active. + + 'service' + Service names. May also be specified as '-s'. + + 'setopt' + Valid arguments for the '-o' option to the 'set' builtin + (*note The Set Builtin::). + + 'shopt' + Shell option names as accepted by the 'shopt' builtin + (*note Bash Builtins::). + + 'signal' + Signal names. + + 'stopped' + Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active. + + 'user' + User names. May also be specified as '-u'. + + 'variable' + Names of all shell variables. May also be specified as + '-v'. + + '-C COMMAND' + COMMAND is executed in a subshell environment, and its output + is used as the possible completions. + + '-F FUNCTION' + The shell function FUNCTION is executed in the current shell + environment. When it is executed, $1 is the name of the + command whose arguments are being completed, $2 is the word + being completed, and $3 is the word preceding the word being + completed, as described above (*note Programmable + Completion::). When it finishes, the possible completions are + retrieved from the value of the 'COMPREPLY' array variable. + + '-G GLOBPAT' + The filename expansion pattern GLOBPAT is expanded to generate + the possible completions. + + '-P PREFIX' + PREFIX is added at the beginning of each possible completion + after all other options have been applied. + + '-S SUFFIX' + SUFFIX is appended to each possible completion after all other + options have been applied. + + '-W WORDLIST' + The WORDLIST is split using the characters in the 'IFS' + special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word is + expanded. The possible completions are the members of the + resultant list which match the word being completed. + + '-X FILTERPAT' + FILTERPAT is a pattern as used for filename expansion. It is + applied to the list of possible completions generated by the + preceding options and arguments, and each completion matching + FILTERPAT is removed from the list. A leading '!' in + FILTERPAT negates the pattern; in this case, any completion + not matching FILTERPAT is removed. + + The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an + option other than '-p' or '-r' is supplied without a NAME argument, + an attempt is made to remove a completion specification for a NAME + for which no specification exists, or an error occurs adding a + completion specification. + +'compopt' + compopt [-o OPTION] [-DE] [+o OPTION] [NAME] + Modify completion options for each NAME according to the OPTIONs, + or for the currently-executing completion if no NAMEs are supplied. + If no OPTIONs are given, display the completion options for each + NAME or the current completion. The possible values of OPTION are + those valid for the 'complete' builtin described above. The '-D' + option indicates that the remaining options should apply to the + "default" command completion; that is, completion attempted on a + command for which no completion has previously been defined. The + '-E' option indicates that the remaining options should apply to + "empty" command completion; that is, completion attempted on a + blank line. + + The '-D' option takes precedence over '-E'. + + The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an + attempt is made to modify the options for a NAME for which no + completion specification exists, or an output error occurs. + + +File: bash.info, Node: A Programmable Completion Example, Prev: Programmable Completion Builtins, Up: Command Line Editing + +8.8 A Programmable Completion Example +===================================== + +The most common way to obtain additional completion functionality beyond +the default actions 'complete' and 'compgen' provide is to use a shell +function and bind it to a particular command using 'complete -F'. + + The following function provides completions for the 'cd' builtin. It +is a reasonably good example of what shell functions must do when used +for completion. This function uses the word passsed as '$2' to +determine the directory name to complete. You can also use the +'COMP_WORDS' array variable; the current word is indexed by the +'COMP_CWORD' variable. + + The function relies on the 'complete' and 'compgen' builtins to do +much of the work, adding only the things that the Bash 'cd' does beyond +accepting basic directory names: tilde expansion (*note Tilde +Expansion::), searching directories in $CDPATH, which is described above +(*note Bourne Shell Builtins::), and basic support for the 'cdable_vars' +shell option (*note The Shopt Builtin::). '_comp_cd' modifies the value +of IFS so that it contains only a newline to accommodate file names +containing spaces and tabs - 'compgen' prints the possible completions +it generates one per line. + + Possible completions go into the COMPREPLY array variable, one +completion per array element. The programmable completion system +retrieves the completions from there when the function returns. + + # A completion function for the cd builtin + # based on the cd completion function from the bash_completion package + _comp_cd() + { + local IFS=$' \t\n' # normalize IFS + local cur _skipdot _cdpath + local i j k + + # Tilde expansion, with side effect of expanding tilde to full pathname + case "$2" in + \~*) eval cur="$2" ;; + *) cur=$2 ;; + esac + + # no cdpath or absolute pathname -- straight directory completion + if [[ -z "${CDPATH:-}" ]] || [[ "$cur" == @(./*|../*|/*) ]]; then + # compgen prints paths one per line; could also use while loop + IFS=$'\n' + COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -d -- "$cur") ) + IFS=$' \t\n' + # CDPATH+directories in the current directory if not in CDPATH + else + IFS=$'\n' + _skipdot=false + # preprocess CDPATH to convert null directory names to . + _cdpath=${CDPATH/#:/.:} + _cdpath=${_cdpath//::/:.:} + _cdpath=${_cdpath/%:/:.} + for i in ${_cdpath//:/$'\n'}; do + if [[ $i -ef . ]]; then _skipdot=true; fi + k="${#COMPREPLY[@]}" + for j in $( compgen -d -- "$i/$cur" ); do + COMPREPLY[k++]=${j#$i/} # cut off directory + done + done + $_skipdot || COMPREPLY+=( $(compgen -d -- "$cur") ) + IFS=$' \t\n' + fi + + # variable names if appropriate shell option set and no completions + if shopt -q cdable_vars && [[ ${#COMPREPLY[@]} -eq 0 ]]; then + COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -v -- "$cur") ) + fi + + return 0 + } + + We install the completion function using the '-F' option to +'complete': + + # Tell readline to quote appropriate and append slashes to directories; + # use the bash default completion for other arguments + complete -o filenames -o nospace -o bashdefault -F _comp_cd cd + +Since we'd like Bash and Readline to take care of some of the other +details for us, we use several other options to tell Bash and Readline +what to do. The '-o filenames' option tells Readline that the possible +completions should be treated as filenames, and quoted appropriately. +That option will also cause Readline to append a slash to filenames it +can determine are directories (which is why we might want to extend +'_comp_cd' to append a slash if we're using directories found via +CDPATH: Readline can't tell those completions are directories). The '-o +nospace' option tells Readline to not append a space character to the +directory name, in case we want to append to it. The '-o bashdefault' +option brings in the rest of the "Bash default" completions - possible +completion that Bash adds to the default Readline set. These include +things like command name completion, variable completion for words +beginning with '{', completions containing pathname expansion patterns +(*note Filename Expansion::), and so on. + + Once installed using 'complete', '_comp_cd' will be called every time +we attempt word completion for a 'cd' command. + + Many more examples - an extensive collection of completions for most +of the common GNU, Unix, and Linux commands - are available as part of +the bash_completion project. This is installed by default on many +GNU/Linux distributions. Originally written by Ian Macdonald, the +project now lives at . There +are ports for other systems such as Solaris and Mac OS X. + + An older version of the bash_completion package is distributed with +bash in the 'examples/complete' subdirectory. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Using History Interactively, Next: Installing Bash, Prev: Command Line Editing, Up: Top + +9 Using History Interactively +***************************** + +This chapter describes how to use the GNU History Library interactively, +from a user's standpoint. It should be considered a user's guide. For +information on using the GNU History Library in other programs, see the +GNU Readline Library Manual. + +* Menu: + +* Bash History Facilities:: How Bash lets you manipulate your command + history. +* Bash History Builtins:: The Bash builtin commands that manipulate + the command history. +* History Interaction:: What it feels like using History as a user. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Bash History Facilities, Next: Bash History Builtins, Up: Using History Interactively + +9.1 Bash History Facilities +=========================== + +When the '-o history' option to the 'set' builtin is enabled (*note The +Set Builtin::), the shell provides access to the "command history", the +list of commands previously typed. The value of the 'HISTSIZE' shell +variable is used as the number of commands to save in a history list. +The text of the last '$HISTSIZE' commands (default 500) is saved. The +shell stores each command in the history list prior to parameter and +variable expansion but after history expansion is performed, subject to +the values of the shell variables 'HISTIGNORE' and 'HISTCONTROL'. + + When the shell starts up, the history is initialized from the file +named by the 'HISTFILE' variable (default '~/.bash_history'). The file +named by the value of 'HISTFILE' is truncated, if necessary, to contain +no more than the number of lines specified by the value of the +'HISTFILESIZE' variable. When a shell with history enabled exits, the +last '$HISTSIZE' lines are copied from the history list to the file +named by '$HISTFILE'. If the 'histappend' shell option is set (*note +Bash Builtins::), the lines are appended to the history file, otherwise +the history file is overwritten. If 'HISTFILE' is unset, or if the +history file is unwritable, the history is not saved. After saving the +history, the history file is truncated to contain no more than +'$HISTFILESIZE' lines. If 'HISTFILESIZE' is unset, or set to null, a +non-numeric value, or a numeric value less than zero, the history file +is not truncated. + + If the 'HISTTIMEFORMAT' is set, the time stamp information associated +with each history entry is written to the history file, marked with the +history comment character. When the history file is read, lines +beginning with the history comment character followed immediately by a +digit are interpreted as timestamps for the following history entry. + + The builtin command 'fc' may be used to list or edit and re-execute a +portion of the history list. The 'history' builtin may be used to +display or modify the history list and manipulate the history file. +When using command-line editing, search commands are available in each +editing mode that provide access to the history list (*note Commands For +History::). + + The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history +list. The 'HISTCONTROL' and 'HISTIGNORE' variables may be set to cause +the shell to save only a subset of the commands entered. The 'cmdhist' +shell option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each line +of a multi-line command in the same history entry, adding semicolons +where necessary to preserve syntactic correctness. The 'lithist' shell +option causes the shell to save the command with embedded newlines +instead of semicolons. The 'shopt' builtin is used to set these +options. *Note Bash Builtins::, for a description of 'shopt'. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Bash History Builtins, Next: History Interaction, Prev: Bash History Facilities, Up: Using History Interactively + +9.2 Bash History Builtins +========================= + +Bash provides two builtin commands which manipulate the history list and +history file. + +'fc' + fc [-e ENAME] [-lnr] [FIRST] [LAST] + fc -s [PAT=REP] [COMMAND] + + The first form selects a range of commands from FIRST to LAST from + the history list and displays or edits and re-executes them. Both + FIRST and LAST may be specified as a string (to locate the most + recent command beginning with that string) or as a number (an index + into the history list, where a negative number is used as an offset + from the current command number). If LAST is not specified it is + set to FIRST. If FIRST is not specified it is set to the previous + command for editing and -16 for listing. If the '-l' flag is + given, the commands are listed on standard output. The '-n' flag + suppresses the command numbers when listing. The '-r' flag + reverses the order of the listing. Otherwise, the editor given by + ENAME is invoked on a file containing those commands. If ENAME is + not given, the value of the following variable expansion is used: + '${FCEDIT:-${EDITOR:-vi}}'. This says to use the value of the + 'FCEDIT' variable if set, or the value of the 'EDITOR' variable if + that is set, or 'vi' if neither is set. When editing is complete, + the edited commands are echoed and executed. + + In the second form, COMMAND is re-executed after each instance of + PAT in the selected command is replaced by REP. COMMAND is + intepreted the same as FIRST above. + + A useful alias to use with the 'fc' command is 'r='fc -s'', so that + typing 'r cc' runs the last command beginning with 'cc' and typing + 'r' re-executes the last command (*note Aliases::). + +'history' + history [N] + history -c + history -d OFFSET + history [-anrw] [FILENAME] + history -ps ARG + + With no options, display the history list with line numbers. Lines + prefixed with a '*' have been modified. An argument of N lists + only the last N lines. If the shell variable 'HISTTIMEFORMAT' is + set and not null, it is used as a format string for STRFTIME to + display the time stamp associated with each displayed history + entry. No intervening blank is printed between the formatted time + stamp and the history line. + + Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: + + '-c' + Clear the history list. This may be combined with the other + options to replace the history list completely. + + '-d OFFSET' + Delete the history entry at position OFFSET. OFFSET should be + specified as it appears when the history is displayed. + + '-a' + Append the new history lines to the history file. These are + history lines entered since the beginning of the current Bash + session, but not already appended to the history file. + + '-n' + Append the history lines not already read from the history + file to the current history list. These are lines appended to + the history file since the beginning of the current Bash + session. + + '-r' + Read the history file and append its contents to the history + list. + + '-w' + Write out the current history list to the history file. + + '-p' + Perform history substitution on the ARGs and display the + result on the standard output, without storing the results in + the history list. + + '-s' + The ARGs are added to the end of the history list as a single + entry. + + When any of the '-w', '-r', '-a', or '-n' options is used, if + FILENAME is given, then it is used as the history file. If not, + then the value of the 'HISTFILE' variable is used. + + +File: bash.info, Node: History Interaction, Prev: Bash History Builtins, Up: Using History Interactively + +9.3 History Expansion +===================== + +The History library provides a history expansion feature that is similar +to the history expansion provided by 'csh'. This section describes the +syntax used to manipulate the history information. + + History expansions introduce words from the history list into the +input stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the arguments to +a previous command into the current input line, or fix errors in +previous commands quickly. + + History expansion is performed immediately after a complete line is +read, before the shell breaks it into words. + + History expansion takes place in two parts. The first is to +determine which line from the history list should be used during +substitution. The second is to select portions of that line for +inclusion into the current one. The line selected from the history is +called the "event", and the portions of that line that are acted upon +are called "words". Various "modifiers" are available to manipulate the +selected words. The line is broken into words in the same fashion that +Bash does, so that several words surrounded by quotes are considered one +word. History expansions are introduced by the appearance of the +history expansion character, which is '!' by default. Only '\' and ''' +may be used to escape the history expansion character, but the history +expansion character is also treated as quoted if it immediately precedes +the closing double quote in a double-quoted string. + + Several shell options settable with the 'shopt' builtin (*note Bash +Builtins::) may be used to tailor the behavior of history expansion. If +the 'histverify' shell option is enabled, and Readline is being used, +history substitutions are not immediately passed to the shell parser. +Instead, the expanded line is reloaded into the Readline editing buffer +for further modification. If Readline is being used, and the +'histreedit' shell option is enabled, a failed history expansion will be +reloaded into the Readline editing buffer for correction. The '-p' +option to the 'history' builtin command may be used to see what a +history expansion will do before using it. The '-s' option to the +'history' builtin may be used to add commands to the end of the history +list without actually executing them, so that they are available for +subsequent recall. This is most useful in conjunction with Readline. + + The shell allows control of the various characters used by the +history expansion mechanism with the 'histchars' variable, as explained +above (*note Bash Variables::). The shell uses the history comment +character to mark history timestamps when writing the history file. + +* Menu: + +* Event Designators:: How to specify which history line to use. +* Word Designators:: Specifying which words are of interest. +* Modifiers:: Modifying the results of substitution. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Event Designators, Next: Word Designators, Up: History Interaction + +9.3.1 Event Designators +----------------------- + +An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the +history list. Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to +the current position in the history list. + +'!' + Start a history substitution, except when followed by a space, tab, + the end of the line, '=' or '(' (when the 'extglob' shell option is + enabled using the 'shopt' builtin). + +'!N' + Refer to command line N. + +'!-N' + Refer to the command N lines back. + +'!!' + Refer to the previous command. This is a synonym for '!-1'. + +'!STRING' + Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position in + the history list starting with STRING. + +'!?STRING[?]' + Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position in + the history list containing STRING. The trailing '?' may be + omitted if the STRING is followed immediately by a newline. + +'^STRING1^STRING2^' + Quick Substitution. Repeat the last command, replacing STRING1 + with STRING2. Equivalent to '!!:s/STRING1/STRING2/'. + +'!#' + The entire command line typed so far. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Word Designators, Next: Modifiers, Prev: Event Designators, Up: History Interaction + +9.3.2 Word Designators +---------------------- + +Word designators are used to select desired words from the event. A ':' +separates the event specification from the word designator. It may be +omitted if the word designator begins with a '^', '$', '*', '-', or '%'. +Words are numbered from the beginning of the line, with the first word +being denoted by 0 (zero). Words are inserted into the current line +separated by single spaces. + + For example, + +'!!' + designates the preceding command. When you type this, the + preceding command is repeated in toto. + +'!!:$' + designates the last argument of the preceding command. This may be + shortened to '!$'. + +'!fi:2' + designates the second argument of the most recent command starting + with the letters 'fi'. + + Here are the word designators: + +'0 (zero)' + The '0'th word. For many applications, this is the command word. + +'N' + The Nth word. + +'^' + The first argument; that is, word 1. + +'$' + The last argument. + +'%' + The word matched by the most recent '?STRING?' search. + +'X-Y' + A range of words; '-Y' abbreviates '0-Y'. + +'*' + All of the words, except the '0'th. This is a synonym for '1-$'. + It is not an error to use '*' if there is just one word in the + event; the empty string is returned in that case. + +'X*' + Abbreviates 'X-$' + +'X-' + Abbreviates 'X-$' like 'X*', but omits the last word. + + If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the +previous command is used as the event. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Modifiers, Prev: Word Designators, Up: History Interaction + +9.3.3 Modifiers +--------------- + +After the optional word designator, you can add a sequence of one or +more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a ':'. + +'h' + Remove a trailing pathname component, leaving only the head. + +'t' + Remove all leading pathname components, leaving the tail. + +'r' + Remove a trailing suffix of the form '.SUFFIX', leaving the + basename. + +'e' + Remove all but the trailing suffix. + +'p' + Print the new command but do not execute it. + +'q' + Quote the substituted words, escaping further substitutions. + +'x' + Quote the substituted words as with 'q', but break into words at + spaces, tabs, and newlines. + +'s/OLD/NEW/' + Substitute NEW for the first occurrence of OLD in the event line. + Any delimiter may be used in place of '/'. The delimiter may be + quoted in OLD and NEW with a single backslash. If '&' appears in + NEW, it is replaced by OLD. A single backslash will quote the '&'. + The final delimiter is optional if it is the last character on the + input line. + +'&' + Repeat the previous substitution. + +'g' +'a' + Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line. Used in + conjunction with 's', as in 'gs/OLD/NEW/', or with '&'. + +'G' + Apply the following 's' modifier once to each word in the event. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Installing Bash, Next: Reporting Bugs, Prev: Using History Interactively, Up: Top + +10 Installing Bash +****************** + +This chapter provides basic instructions for installing Bash on the +various supported platforms. The distribution supports the GNU +operating systems, nearly every version of Unix, and several non-Unix +systems such as BeOS and Interix. Other independent ports exist for +MS-DOS, OS/2, and Windows platforms. + +* Menu: + +* Basic Installation:: Installation instructions. +* Compilers and Options:: How to set special options for various + systems. +* Compiling For Multiple Architectures:: How to compile Bash for more + than one kind of system from + the same source tree. +* Installation Names:: How to set the various paths used by the installation. +* Specifying the System Type:: How to configure Bash for a particular system. +* Sharing Defaults:: How to share default configuration values among GNU + programs. +* Operation Controls:: Options recognized by the configuration program. +* Optional Features:: How to enable and disable optional features when + building Bash. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Basic Installation, Next: Compilers and Options, Up: Installing Bash + +10.1 Basic Installation +======================= + +These are installation instructions for Bash. + + The simplest way to compile Bash is: + + 1. 'cd' to the directory containing the source code and type + './configure' to configure Bash for your system. If you're using + 'csh' on an old version of System V, you might need to type 'sh + ./configure' instead to prevent 'csh' from trying to execute + 'configure' itself. + + Running 'configure' takes some time. While running, it prints + messages telling which features it is checking for. + + 2. Type 'make' to compile Bash and build the 'bashbug' bug reporting + script. + + 3. Optionally, type 'make tests' to run the Bash test suite. + + 4. Type 'make install' to install 'bash' and 'bashbug'. This will + also install the manual pages and Info file. + + The 'configure' shell script attempts to guess correct values for +various system-dependent variables used during compilation. It uses +those values to create a 'Makefile' in each directory of the package +(the top directory, the 'builtins', 'doc', and 'support' directories, +each directory under 'lib', and several others). It also creates a +'config.h' file containing system-dependent definitions. Finally, it +creates a shell script named 'config.status' that you can run in the +future to recreate the current configuration, a file 'config.cache' that +saves the results of its tests to speed up reconfiguring, and a file +'config.log' containing compiler output (useful mainly for debugging +'configure'). If at some point 'config.cache' contains results you +don't want to keep, you may remove or edit it. + + To find out more about the options and arguments that the 'configure' +script understands, type + + bash-2.04$ ./configure --help + +at the Bash prompt in your Bash source directory. + + If you need to do unusual things to compile Bash, please try to +figure out how 'configure' could check whether or not to do them, and +mail diffs or instructions to so they can be +considered for the next release. + + The file 'configure.ac' is used to create 'configure' by a program +called Autoconf. You only need 'configure.ac' if you want to change it +or regenerate 'configure' using a newer version of Autoconf. If you do +this, make sure you are using Autoconf version 2.50 or newer. + + You can remove the program binaries and object files from the source +code directory by typing 'make clean'. To also remove the files that +'configure' created (so you can compile Bash for a different kind of +computer), type 'make distclean'. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Compilers and Options, Next: Compiling For Multiple Architectures, Prev: Basic Installation, Up: Installing Bash + +10.2 Compilers and Options +========================== + +Some systems require unusual options for compilation or linking that the +'configure' script does not know about. You can give 'configure' +initial values for variables by setting them in the environment. Using +a Bourne-compatible shell, you can do that on the command line like +this: + + CC=c89 CFLAGS=-O2 LIBS=-lposix ./configure + + On systems that have the 'env' program, you can do it like this: + + env CPPFLAGS=-I/usr/local/include LDFLAGS=-s ./configure + + The configuration process uses GCC to build Bash if it is available. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures, Next: Installation Names, Prev: Compilers and Options, Up: Installing Bash + +10.3 Compiling For Multiple Architectures +========================================= + +You can compile Bash for more than one kind of computer at the same +time, by placing the object files for each architecture in their own +directory. To do this, you must use a version of 'make' that supports +the 'VPATH' variable, such as GNU 'make'. 'cd' to the directory where +you want the object files and executables to go and run the 'configure' +script from the source directory. You may need to supply the +'--srcdir=PATH' argument to tell 'configure' where the source files are. +'configure' automatically checks for the source code in the directory +that 'configure' is in and in '..'. + + If you have to use a 'make' that does not supports the 'VPATH' +variable, you can compile Bash for one architecture at a time in the +source code directory. After you have installed Bash for one +architecture, use 'make distclean' before reconfiguring for another +architecture. + + Alternatively, if your system supports symbolic links, you can use +the 'support/mkclone' script to create a build tree which has symbolic +links back to each file in the source directory. Here's an example that +creates a build directory in the current directory from a source +directory '/usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0': + + bash /usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0/support/mkclone -s /usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0 . + +The 'mkclone' script requires Bash, so you must have already built Bash +for at least one architecture before you can create build directories +for other architectures. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Installation Names, Next: Specifying the System Type, Prev: Compiling For Multiple Architectures, Up: Installing Bash + +10.4 Installation Names +======================= + +By default, 'make install' will install into '/usr/local/bin', +'/usr/local/man', etc. You can specify an installation prefix other +than '/usr/local' by giving 'configure' the option '--prefix=PATH', or +by specifying a value for the 'DESTDIR' 'make' variable when running +'make install'. + + You can specify separate installation prefixes for +architecture-specific files and architecture-independent files. If you +give 'configure' the option '--exec-prefix=PATH', 'make install' will +use PATH as the prefix for installing programs and libraries. +Documentation and other data files will still use the regular prefix. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Specifying the System Type, Next: Sharing Defaults, Prev: Installation Names, Up: Installing Bash + +10.5 Specifying the System Type +=============================== + +There may be some features 'configure' can not figure out automatically, +but need to determine by the type of host Bash will run on. Usually +'configure' can figure that out, but if it prints a message saying it +can not guess the host type, give it the '--host=TYPE' option. 'TYPE' +can either be a short name for the system type, such as 'sun4', or a +canonical name with three fields: 'CPU-COMPANY-SYSTEM' (e.g., +'i386-unknown-freebsd4.2'). + + See the file 'support/config.sub' for the possible values of each +field. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Sharing Defaults, Next: Operation Controls, Prev: Specifying the System Type, Up: Installing Bash + +10.6 Sharing Defaults +===================== + +If you want to set default values for 'configure' scripts to share, you +can create a site shell script called 'config.site' that gives default +values for variables like 'CC', 'cache_file', and 'prefix'. 'configure' +looks for 'PREFIX/share/config.site' if it exists, then +'PREFIX/etc/config.site' if it exists. Or, you can set the +'CONFIG_SITE' environment variable to the location of the site script. +A warning: the Bash 'configure' looks for a site script, but not all +'configure' scripts do. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Operation Controls, Next: Optional Features, Prev: Sharing Defaults, Up: Installing Bash + +10.7 Operation Controls +======================= + +'configure' recognizes the following options to control how it operates. + +'--cache-file=FILE' + Use and save the results of the tests in FILE instead of + './config.cache'. Set FILE to '/dev/null' to disable caching, for + debugging 'configure'. + +'--help' + Print a summary of the options to 'configure', and exit. + +'--quiet' +'--silent' +'-q' + Do not print messages saying which checks are being made. + +'--srcdir=DIR' + Look for the Bash source code in directory DIR. Usually + 'configure' can determine that directory automatically. + +'--version' + Print the version of Autoconf used to generate the 'configure' + script, and exit. + + 'configure' also accepts some other, not widely used, boilerplate +options. 'configure --help' prints the complete list. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Optional Features, Prev: Operation Controls, Up: Installing Bash + +10.8 Optional Features +====================== + +The Bash 'configure' has a number of '--enable-FEATURE' options, where +FEATURE indicates an optional part of Bash. There are also several +'--with-PACKAGE' options, where PACKAGE is something like 'bash-malloc' +or 'purify'. To turn off the default use of a package, use +'--without-PACKAGE'. To configure Bash without a feature that is +enabled by default, use '--disable-FEATURE'. + + Here is a complete list of the '--enable-' and '--with-' options that +the Bash 'configure' recognizes. + +'--with-afs' + Define if you are using the Andrew File System from Transarc. + +'--with-bash-malloc' + Use the Bash version of 'malloc' in the directory 'lib/malloc'. + This is not the same 'malloc' that appears in GNU libc, but an + older version originally derived from the 4.2 BSD 'malloc'. This + 'malloc' is very fast, but wastes some space on each allocation. + This option is enabled by default. The 'NOTES' file contains a + list of systems for which this should be turned off, and + 'configure' disables this option automatically for a number of + systems. + +'--with-curses' + Use the curses library instead of the termcap library. This should + be supplied if your system has an inadequate or incomplete termcap + database. + +'--with-gnu-malloc' + A synonym for '--with-bash-malloc'. + +'--with-installed-readline[=PREFIX]' + Define this to make Bash link with a locally-installed version of + Readline rather than the version in 'lib/readline'. This works + only with Readline 5.0 and later versions. If PREFIX is 'yes' or + not supplied, 'configure' uses the values of the make variables + 'includedir' and 'libdir', which are subdirectories of 'prefix' by + default, to find the installed version of Readline if it is not in + the standard system include and library directories. If PREFIX is + 'no', Bash links with the version in 'lib/readline'. If PREFIX is + set to any other value, 'configure' treats it as a directory + pathname and looks for the installed version of Readline in + subdirectories of that directory (include files in PREFIX/'include' + and the library in PREFIX/'lib'). + +'--with-purify' + Define this to use the Purify memory allocation checker from + Rational Software. + +'--enable-minimal-config' + This produces a shell with minimal features, close to the + historical Bourne shell. + + There are several '--enable-' options that alter how Bash is compiled +and linked, rather than changing run-time features. + +'--enable-largefile' + Enable support for large files + (http://www.sas.com/standards/large_file/x_open.20Mar96.html) if + the operating system requires special compiler options to build + programs which can access large files. This is enabled by default, + if the operating system provides large file support. + +'--enable-profiling' + This builds a Bash binary that produces profiling information to be + processed by 'gprof' each time it is executed. + +'--enable-static-link' + This causes Bash to be linked statically, if 'gcc' is being used. + This could be used to build a version to use as root's shell. + + The 'minimal-config' option can be used to disable all of the +following options, but it is processed first, so individual options may +be enabled using 'enable-FEATURE'. + + All of the following options except for 'disabled-builtins', +'direxpand-default', and 'xpg-echo-default' are enabled by default, +unless the operating system does not provide the necessary support. + +'--enable-alias' + Allow alias expansion and include the 'alias' and 'unalias' + builtins (*note Aliases::). + +'--enable-arith-for-command' + Include support for the alternate form of the 'for' command that + behaves like the C language 'for' statement (*note Looping + Constructs::). + +'--enable-array-variables' + Include support for one-dimensional array shell variables (*note + Arrays::). + +'--enable-bang-history' + Include support for 'csh'-like history substitution (*note History + Interaction::). + +'--enable-brace-expansion' + Include 'csh'-like brace expansion ( 'b{a,b}c' ==> 'bac bbc' ). + See *note Brace Expansion::, for a complete description. + +'--enable-casemod-attributes' + Include support for case-modifying attributes in the 'declare' + builtin and assignment statements. Variables with the UPPERCASE + attribute, for example, will have their values converted to + uppercase upon assignment. + +'--enable-casemod-expansion' + Include support for case-modifying word expansions. + +'--enable-command-timing' + Include support for recognizing 'time' as a reserved word and for + displaying timing statistics for the pipeline following 'time' + (*note Pipelines::). This allows pipelines as well as shell + builtins and functions to be timed. + +'--enable-cond-command' + Include support for the '[[' conditional command. (*note + Conditional Constructs::). + +'--enable-cond-regexp' + Include support for matching POSIX regular expressions using the + '=~' binary operator in the '[[' conditional command. (*note + Conditional Constructs::). + +'--enable-coprocesses' + Include support for coprocesses and the 'coproc' reserved word + (*note Pipelines::). + +'--enable-debugger' + Include support for the bash debugger (distributed separately). + +'--enable-direxpand-default' + Cause the 'direxpand' shell option (*note The Shopt Builtin::) to + be enabled by default when the shell starts. It is normally + disabled by default. + +'--enable-directory-stack' + Include support for a 'csh'-like directory stack and the 'pushd', + 'popd', and 'dirs' builtins (*note The Directory Stack::). + +'--enable-disabled-builtins' + Allow builtin commands to be invoked via 'builtin xxx' even after + 'xxx' has been disabled using 'enable -n xxx'. See *note Bash + Builtins::, for details of the 'builtin' and 'enable' builtin + commands. + +'--enable-dparen-arithmetic' + Include support for the '((...))' command (*note Conditional + Constructs::). + +'--enable-extended-glob' + Include support for the extended pattern matching features + described above under *note Pattern Matching::. + +'--enable-extended-glob-default' + Set the default value of the EXTGLOB shell option described above + under *note The Shopt Builtin:: to be enabled. + +'--enable-function-import' + Include support for importing function definitions exported by + another instance of the shell from the environment. This option is + enabled by default. + +'--enable-glob-asciirange-default' + Set the default value of the GLOBASCIIRANGES shell option described + above under *note The Shopt Builtin:: to be enabled. This controls + the behavior of character ranges when used in pattern matching + bracket expressions. + +'--enable-help-builtin' + Include the 'help' builtin, which displays help on shell builtins + and variables (*note Bash Builtins::). + +'--enable-history' + Include command history and the 'fc' and 'history' builtin commands + (*note Bash History Facilities::). + +'--enable-job-control' + This enables the job control features (*note Job Control::), if the + operating system supports them. + +'--enable-multibyte' + This enables support for multibyte characters if the operating + system provides the necessary support. + +'--enable-net-redirections' + This enables the special handling of filenames of the form + '/dev/tcp/HOST/PORT' and '/dev/udp/HOST/PORT' when used in + redirections (*note Redirections::). + +'--enable-process-substitution' + This enables process substitution (*note Process Substitution::) if + the operating system provides the necessary support. + +'--enable-progcomp' + Enable the programmable completion facilities (*note Programmable + Completion::). If Readline is not enabled, this option has no + effect. + +'--enable-prompt-string-decoding' + Turn on the interpretation of a number of backslash-escaped + characters in the '$PS1', '$PS2', '$PS3', and '$PS4' prompt + strings. See *note Controlling the Prompt::, for a complete list + of prompt string escape sequences. + +'--enable-readline' + Include support for command-line editing and history with the Bash + version of the Readline library (*note Command Line Editing::). + +'--enable-restricted' + Include support for a "restricted shell". If this is enabled, + Bash, when called as 'rbash', enters a restricted mode. See *note + The Restricted Shell::, for a description of restricted mode. + +'--enable-select' + Include the 'select' compound command, which allows the generation + of simple menus (*note Conditional Constructs::). + +'--enable-separate-helpfiles' + Use external files for the documentation displayed by the 'help' + builtin instead of storing the text internally. + +'--enable-single-help-strings' + Store the text displayed by the 'help' builtin as a single string + for each help topic. This aids in translating the text to + different languages. You may need to disable this if your compiler + cannot handle very long string literals. + +'--enable-strict-posix-default' + Make Bash POSIX-conformant by default (*note Bash POSIX Mode::). + +'--enable-usg-echo-default' + A synonym for '--enable-xpg-echo-default'. + +'--enable-xpg-echo-default' + Make the 'echo' builtin expand backslash-escaped characters by + default, without requiring the '-e' option. This sets the default + value of the 'xpg_echo' shell option to 'on', which makes the Bash + 'echo' behave more like the version specified in the Single Unix + Specification, version 3. *Note Bash Builtins::, for a description + of the escape sequences that 'echo' recognizes. + + The file 'config-top.h' contains C Preprocessor '#define' statements +for options which are not settable from 'configure'. Some of these are +not meant to be changed; beware of the consequences if you do. Read the +comments associated with each definition for more information about its +effect. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Reporting Bugs, Next: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell, Prev: Installing Bash, Up: Top + +Appendix A Reporting Bugs +************************* + +Please report all bugs you find in Bash. But first, you should make +sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest version +of Bash. The latest version of Bash is always available for FTP from +. + + Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the +'bashbug' command to submit a bug report. If you have a fix, you are +encouraged to mail that as well! Suggestions and 'philosophical' bug +reports may be mailed to or posted to the Usenet +newsgroup 'gnu.bash.bug'. + + All bug reports should include: + * The version number of Bash. + * The hardware and operating system. + * The compiler used to compile Bash. + * A description of the bug behaviour. + * A short script or 'recipe' which exercises the bug and may be used + to reproduce it. + +'bashbug' inserts the first three items automatically into the template +it provides for filing a bug report. + + Please send all reports concerning this manual to . + + +File: bash.info, Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell, Next: GNU Free Documentation License, Prev: Reporting Bugs, Up: Top + +Appendix B Major Differences From The Bourne Shell +************************************************** + +Bash implements essentially the same grammar, parameter and variable +expansion, redirection, and quoting as the Bourne Shell. Bash uses the +POSIX standard as the specification of how these features are to be +implemented. There are some differences between the traditional Bourne +shell and Bash; this section quickly details the differences of +significance. A number of these differences are explained in greater +depth in previous sections. This section uses the version of 'sh' +included in SVR4.2 (the last version of the historical Bourne shell) as +the baseline reference. + + * Bash is POSIX-conformant, even where the POSIX specification + differs from traditional 'sh' behavior (*note Bash POSIX Mode::). + + * Bash has multi-character invocation options (*note Invoking + Bash::). + + * Bash has command-line editing (*note Command Line Editing::) and + the 'bind' builtin. + + * Bash provides a programmable word completion mechanism (*note + Programmable Completion::), and builtin commands 'complete', + 'compgen', and 'compopt', to manipulate it. + + * Bash has command history (*note Bash History Facilities::) and the + 'history' and 'fc' builtins to manipulate it. The Bash history + list maintains timestamp information and uses the value of the + 'HISTTIMEFORMAT' variable to display it. + + * Bash implements 'csh'-like history expansion (*note History + Interaction::). + + * Bash has one-dimensional array variables (*note Arrays::), and the + appropriate variable expansions and assignment syntax to use them. + Several of the Bash builtins take options to act on arrays. Bash + provides a number of built-in array variables. + + * The '$'...'' quoting syntax, which expands ANSI-C backslash-escaped + characters in the text between the single quotes, is supported + (*note ANSI-C Quoting::). + + * Bash supports the '$"..."' quoting syntax to do locale-specific + translation of the characters between the double quotes. The '-D', + '--dump-strings', and '--dump-po-strings' invocation options list + the translatable strings found in a script (*note Locale + Translation::). + + * Bash implements the '!' keyword to negate the return value of a + pipeline (*note Pipelines::). Very useful when an 'if' statement + needs to act only if a test fails. The Bash '-o pipefail' option + to 'set' will cause a pipeline to return a failure status if any + command fails. + + * Bash has the 'time' reserved word and command timing (*note + Pipelines::). The display of the timing statistics may be + controlled with the 'TIMEFORMAT' variable. + + * Bash implements the 'for (( EXPR1 ; EXPR2 ; EXPR3 ))' arithmetic + for command, similar to the C language (*note Looping + Constructs::). + + * Bash includes the 'select' compound command, which allows the + generation of simple menus (*note Conditional Constructs::). + + * Bash includes the '[[' compound command, which makes conditional + testing part of the shell grammar (*note Conditional Constructs::), + including optional regular expression matching. + + * Bash provides optional case-insensitive matching for the 'case' and + '[[' constructs. + + * Bash includes brace expansion (*note Brace Expansion::) and tilde + expansion (*note Tilde Expansion::). + + * Bash implements command aliases and the 'alias' and 'unalias' + builtins (*note Aliases::). + + * Bash provides shell arithmetic, the '((' compound command (*note + Conditional Constructs::), and arithmetic expansion (*note Shell + Arithmetic::). + + * Variables present in the shell's initial environment are + automatically exported to child processes. The Bourne shell does + not normally do this unless the variables are explicitly marked + using the 'export' command. + + * Bash supports the '+=' assignment operator, which appends to the + value of the variable named on the left hand side. + + * Bash includes the POSIX pattern removal '%', '#', '%%' and '##' + expansions to remove leading or trailing substrings from variable + values (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::). + + * The expansion '${#xx}', which returns the length of '${xx}', is + supported (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::). + + * The expansion '${var:'OFFSET'[:'LENGTH']}', which expands to the + substring of 'var''s value of length LENGTH, beginning at OFFSET, + is present (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::). + + * The expansion '${var/[/]'PATTERN'[/'REPLACEMENT']}', which matches + PATTERN and replaces it with REPLACEMENT in the value of 'var', is + available (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::). + + * The expansion '${!PREFIX*}' expansion, which expands to the names + of all shell variables whose names begin with PREFIX, is available + (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::). + + * Bash has INDIRECT variable expansion using '${!word}' (*note Shell + Parameter Expansion::). + + * Bash can expand positional parameters beyond '$9' using '${NUM}'. + + * The POSIX '$()' form of command substitution is implemented (*note + Command Substitution::), and preferred to the Bourne shell's '``' + (which is also implemented for backwards compatibility). + + * Bash has process substitution (*note Process Substitution::). + + * Bash automatically assigns variables that provide information about + the current user ('UID', 'EUID', and 'GROUPS'), the current host + ('HOSTTYPE', 'OSTYPE', 'MACHTYPE', and 'HOSTNAME'), and the + instance of Bash that is running ('BASH', 'BASH_VERSION', and + 'BASH_VERSINFO'). *Note Bash Variables::, for details. + + * The 'IFS' variable is used to split only the results of expansion, + not all words (*note Word Splitting::). This closes a longstanding + shell security hole. + + * The filename expansion bracket expression code uses '!' and '^' to + negate the set of characters between the brackets. The Bourne + shell uses only '!'. + + * Bash implements the full set of POSIX filename expansion operators, + including CHARACTER CLASSES, EQUIVALENCE CLASSES, and COLLATING + SYMBOLS (*note Filename Expansion::). + + * Bash implements extended pattern matching features when the + 'extglob' shell option is enabled (*note Pattern Matching::). + + * It is possible to have a variable and a function with the same + name; 'sh' does not separate the two name spaces. + + * Bash functions are permitted to have local variables using the + 'local' builtin, and thus useful recursive functions may be written + (*note Bash Builtins::). + + * Variable assignments preceding commands affect only that command, + even builtins and functions (*note Environment::). In 'sh', all + variable assignments preceding commands are global unless the + command is executed from the file system. + + * Bash performs filename expansion on filenames specified as operands + to input and output redirection operators (*note Redirections::). + + * Bash contains the '<>' redirection operator, allowing a file to be + opened for both reading and writing, and the '&>' redirection + operator, for directing standard output and standard error to the + same file (*note Redirections::). + + * Bash includes the '<<<' redirection operator, allowing a string to + be used as the standard input to a command. + + * Bash implements the '[n]<&WORD' and '[n]>&WORD' redirection + operators, which move one file descriptor to another. + + * Bash treats a number of filenames specially when they are used in + redirection operators (*note Redirections::). + + * Bash can open network connections to arbitrary machines and + services with the redirection operators (*note Redirections::). + + * The 'noclobber' option is available to avoid overwriting existing + files with output redirection (*note The Set Builtin::). The '>|' + redirection operator may be used to override 'noclobber'. + + * The Bash 'cd' and 'pwd' builtins (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) + each take '-L' and '-P' options to switch between logical and + physical modes. + + * Bash allows a function to override a builtin with the same name, + and provides access to that builtin's functionality within the + function via the 'builtin' and 'command' builtins (*note Bash + Builtins::). + + * The 'command' builtin allows selective disabling of functions when + command lookup is performed (*note Bash Builtins::). + + * Individual builtins may be enabled or disabled using the 'enable' + builtin (*note Bash Builtins::). + + * The Bash 'exec' builtin takes additional options that allow users + to control the contents of the environment passed to the executed + command, and what the zeroth argument to the command is to be + (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). + + * Shell functions may be exported to children via the environment + using 'export -f' (*note Shell Functions::). + + * The Bash 'export', 'readonly', and 'declare' builtins can take a + '-f' option to act on shell functions, a '-p' option to display + variables with various attributes set in a format that can be used + as shell input, a '-n' option to remove various variable + attributes, and 'name=value' arguments to set variable attributes + and values simultaneously. + + * The Bash 'hash' builtin allows a name to be associated with an + arbitrary filename, even when that filename cannot be found by + searching the '$PATH', using 'hash -p' (*note Bourne Shell + Builtins::). + + * Bash includes a 'help' builtin for quick reference to shell + facilities (*note Bash Builtins::). + + * The 'printf' builtin is available to display formatted output + (*note Bash Builtins::). + + * The Bash 'read' builtin (*note Bash Builtins::) will read a line + ending in '\' with the '-r' option, and will use the 'REPLY' + variable as a default if no non-option arguments are supplied. The + Bash 'read' builtin also accepts a prompt string with the '-p' + option and will use Readline to obtain the line when given the '-e' + option. The 'read' builtin also has additional options to control + input: the '-s' option will turn off echoing of input characters as + they are read, the '-t' option will allow 'read' to time out if + input does not arrive within a specified number of seconds, the + '-n' option will allow reading only a specified number of + characters rather than a full line, and the '-d' option will read + until a particular character rather than newline. + + * The 'return' builtin may be used to abort execution of scripts + executed with the '.' or 'source' builtins (*note Bourne Shell + Builtins::). + + * Bash includes the 'shopt' builtin, for finer control of shell + optional capabilities (*note The Shopt Builtin::), and allows these + options to be set and unset at shell invocation (*note Invoking + Bash::). + + * Bash has much more optional behavior controllable with the 'set' + builtin (*note The Set Builtin::). + + * The '-x' ('xtrace') option displays commands other than simple + commands when performing an execution trace (*note The Set + Builtin::). + + * The 'test' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) is slightly + different, as it implements the POSIX algorithm, which specifies + the behavior based on the number of arguments. + + * Bash includes the 'caller' builtin, which displays the context of + any active subroutine call (a shell function or a script executed + with the '.' or 'source' builtins). This supports the bash + debugger. + + * The 'trap' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) allows a 'DEBUG' + pseudo-signal specification, similar to 'EXIT'. Commands specified + with a 'DEBUG' trap are executed before every simple command, 'for' + command, 'case' command, 'select' command, every arithmetic 'for' + command, and before the first command executes in a shell function. + The 'DEBUG' trap is not inherited by shell functions unless the + function has been given the 'trace' attribute or the 'functrace' + option has been enabled using the 'shopt' builtin. The 'extdebug' + shell option has additional effects on the 'DEBUG' trap. + + The 'trap' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) allows an 'ERR' + pseudo-signal specification, similar to 'EXIT' and 'DEBUG'. + Commands specified with an 'ERR' trap are executed after a simple + command fails, with a few exceptions. The 'ERR' trap is not + inherited by shell functions unless the '-o errtrace' option to the + 'set' builtin is enabled. + + The 'trap' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) allows a + 'RETURN' pseudo-signal specification, similar to 'EXIT' and + 'DEBUG'. Commands specified with an 'RETURN' trap are executed + before execution resumes after a shell function or a shell script + executed with '.' or 'source' returns. The 'RETURN' trap is not + inherited by shell functions unless the function has been given the + 'trace' attribute or the 'functrace' option has been enabled using + the 'shopt' builtin. + + * The Bash 'type' builtin is more extensive and gives more + information about the names it finds (*note Bash Builtins::). + + * The Bash 'umask' builtin permits a '-p' option to cause the output + to be displayed in the form of a 'umask' command that may be reused + as input (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). + + * Bash implements a 'csh'-like directory stack, and provides the + 'pushd', 'popd', and 'dirs' builtins to manipulate it (*note The + Directory Stack::). Bash also makes the directory stack visible as + the value of the 'DIRSTACK' shell variable. + + * Bash interprets special backslash-escaped characters in the prompt + strings when interactive (*note Controlling the Prompt::). + + * The Bash restricted mode is more useful (*note The Restricted + Shell::); the SVR4.2 shell restricted mode is too limited. + + * The 'disown' builtin can remove a job from the internal shell job + table (*note Job Control Builtins::) or suppress the sending of + 'SIGHUP' to a job when the shell exits as the result of a 'SIGHUP'. + + * Bash includes a number of features to support a separate debugger + for shell scripts. + + * The SVR4.2 shell has two privilege-related builtins ('mldmode' and + 'priv') not present in Bash. + + * Bash does not have the 'stop' or 'newgrp' builtins. + + * Bash does not use the 'SHACCT' variable or perform shell + accounting. + + * The SVR4.2 'sh' uses a 'TIMEOUT' variable like Bash uses 'TMOUT'. + +More features unique to Bash may be found in *note Bash Features::. + +B.1 Implementation Differences From The SVR4.2 Shell +==================================================== + +Since Bash is a completely new implementation, it does not suffer from +many of the limitations of the SVR4.2 shell. For instance: + + * Bash does not fork a subshell when redirecting into or out of a + shell control structure such as an 'if' or 'while' statement. + + * Bash does not allow unbalanced quotes. The SVR4.2 shell will + silently insert a needed closing quote at 'EOF' under certain + circumstances. This can be the cause of some hard-to-find errors. + + * The SVR4.2 shell uses a baroque memory management scheme based on + trapping 'SIGSEGV'. If the shell is started from a process with + 'SIGSEGV' blocked (e.g., by using the 'system()' C library function + call), it misbehaves badly. + + * In a questionable attempt at security, the SVR4.2 shell, when + invoked without the '-p' option, will alter its real and effective + UID and GID if they are less than some magic threshold value, + commonly 100. This can lead to unexpected results. + + * The SVR4.2 shell does not allow users to trap 'SIGSEGV', 'SIGALRM', + or 'SIGCHLD'. + + * The SVR4.2 shell does not allow the 'IFS', 'MAILCHECK', 'PATH', + 'PS1', or 'PS2' variables to be unset. + + * The SVR4.2 shell treats '^' as the undocumented equivalent of '|'. + + * Bash allows multiple option arguments when it is invoked ('-x -v'); + the SVR4.2 shell allows only one option argument ('-xv'). In fact, + some versions of the shell dump core if the second argument begins + with a '-'. + + * The SVR4.2 shell exits a script if any builtin fails; Bash exits a + script only if one of the POSIX special builtins fails, and only + for certain failures, as enumerated in the POSIX standard. + + * The SVR4.2 shell behaves differently when invoked as 'jsh' (it + turns on job control). + + +File: bash.info, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Next: Indexes, Prev: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell, Up: Top + +Appendix C GNU Free Documentation License +***************************************** + + Version 1.3, 3 November 2008 + + Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + + + Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies + of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. + + 0. PREAMBLE + + The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other + functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to + assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, + with or without modifying it, either commercially or + noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the + author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not + being considered responsible for modifications made by others. + + This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative + works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. + It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft + license designed for free software. + + We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for + free software, because free software needs free documentation: a + free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms + that the software does. But this License is not limited to + software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless + of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. We + recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is + instruction or reference. + + 1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS + + This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, + that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can + be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice + grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, + to use that work under the conditions stated herein. The + "Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member + of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you". 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In addition, you must do these things in + the Modified Version: + + A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title + distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous + versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the + History section of the Document). You may use the same title + as a previous version if the original publisher of that + version gives permission. + + B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or + entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in + the Modified Version, together with at least five of the + principal authors of the Document (all of its principal + authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you + from this requirement. + + C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the + Modified Version, as the publisher. + + D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document. + + E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications + adjacent to the other copyright notices. + + F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license + notice giving the public permission to use the Modified + Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in + the Addendum below. + + G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant + Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's + license notice. + + H. Include an unaltered copy of this License. + + I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, + and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new + authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the + Title Page. If there is no section Entitled "History" in the + Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and + publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add + an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the + previous sentence. + + J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document + for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and + likewise the network locations given in the Document for + previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the + "History" section. You may omit a network location for a work + that was published at least four years before the Document + itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers + to gives permission. + + K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", + Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section + all the substance and tone of each of the contributor + acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein. + + L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered + in their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the + equivalent are not considered part of the section titles. + + M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section + may not be included in the Modified Version. + + N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled + "Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant + Section. + + O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers. + + If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or + appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no + material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate + some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their + titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's + license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other + section titles. + + You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains + nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various + parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text + has been approved by an organization as the authoritative + definition of a standard. + + You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, + and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of + the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage + of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or + through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document + already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added + by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on + behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old + one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added + the old one. + + The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this + License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to + assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version. + + 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS + + You may combine the Document with other documents released under + this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for + modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all + of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, + unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your + combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all + their Warranty Disclaimers. + + The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and + multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single + copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name + but different contents, make the title of each such section unique + by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the + original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a + unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in + the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the + combined work. + + In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled + "History" in the various original documents, forming one section + Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled + "Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You + must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements." + + 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS + + You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other + documents released under this License, and replace the individual + copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy + that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the + rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents + in all other respects. + + You may extract a single document from such a collection, and + distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert + a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this + License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that + document. + + 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS + + A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other + separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a + storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the + copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the + legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual + works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this + License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which + are not themselves derivative works of the Document. + + If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these + copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half + of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed + on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the + electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic + form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket + the whole aggregate. + + 8. TRANSLATION + + Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may + distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section + 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special + permission from their copyright holders, but you may include + translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the + original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a + translation of this License, and all the license notices in the + Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also + include the original English version of this License and the + original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a + disagreement between the translation and the original version of + this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will + prevail. + + If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements", + "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to + Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the + actual title. + + 9. TERMINATION + + You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document + except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt + otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, + and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. + + However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your + license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) + provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and + finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the + copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some + reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation. + + Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is + reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the + violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have + received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from + that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days + after your receipt of the notice. + + Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate + the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you + under this License. If your rights have been terminated and not + permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the + same material does not give you any rights to use it. + + 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE + + The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of + the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new + versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may + differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See + . + + Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version + number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered + version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you + have the option of following the terms and conditions either of + that specified version or of any later version that has been + published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the + Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may + choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free + Software Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy can + decide which future versions of this License can be used, that + proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently + authorizes you to choose that version for the Document. + + 11. RELICENSING + + "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any + World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also + provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A + public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. + A "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the + site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC + site. + + "CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 + license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit + corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco, + California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license + published by that same organization. + + "Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or + in part, as part of another Document. + + An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this + License, and if all works that were first published under this + License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently + incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover + texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior + to November 1, 2008. + + The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the + site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, + 2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing. + +ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents +==================================================== + +To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of +the License in the document and put the following copyright and license +notices just after the title page: + + Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME. + Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document + under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 + or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; + with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover + Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU + Free Documentation License''. + + If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover +Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this: + + with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with + the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts + being LIST. + + If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other +combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the +situation. + + If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we +recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free +software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit +their use in free software. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Indexes, Prev: GNU Free Documentation License, Up: Top + +Appendix D Indexes +****************** + +* Menu: + +* Builtin Index:: Index of Bash builtin commands. +* Reserved Word Index:: Index of Bash reserved words. +* Variable Index:: Quick reference helps you find the + variable you want. +* Function Index:: Index of bindable Readline functions. +* Concept Index:: General index for concepts described in + this manual. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Builtin Index, Next: Reserved Word Index, Up: Indexes + +D.1 Index of Shell Builtin Commands +=================================== + +[index] +* Menu: + +* .: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 17) +* :: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 11) +* [: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 268) +* alias: Bash Builtins. (line 11) +* bg: Job Control Builtins. + (line 7) +* bind: Bash Builtins. (line 21) +* break: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 36) +* builtin: Bash Builtins. (line 102) +* caller: Bash Builtins. (line 111) +* cd: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 44) +* command: Bash Builtins. (line 128) +* compgen: Programmable Completion Builtins. + (line 12) +* complete: Programmable Completion Builtins. + (line 30) +* compopt: Programmable Completion Builtins. + (line 229) +* continue: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 85) +* declare: Bash Builtins. (line 148) +* dirs: Directory Stack Builtins. + (line 7) +* disown: Job Control Builtins. + (line 89) +* echo: Bash Builtins. (line 245) +* enable: Bash Builtins. (line 294) +* eval: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 94) +* exec: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 102) +* exit: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 119) +* export: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 126) +* fc: Bash History Builtins. + (line 10) +* fg: Job Control Builtins. + (line 17) +* getopts: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 142) +* hash: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 185) +* help: Bash Builtins. (line 323) +* history: Bash History Builtins. + (line 40) +* jobs: Job Control Builtins. + (line 27) +* kill: Job Control Builtins. + (line 58) +* let: Bash Builtins. (line 342) +* local: Bash Builtins. (line 350) +* logout: Bash Builtins. (line 364) +* mapfile: Bash Builtins. (line 369) +* popd: Directory Stack Builtins. + (line 35) +* printf: Bash Builtins. (line 414) +* pushd: Directory Stack Builtins. + (line 53) +* pwd: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 205) +* read: Bash Builtins. (line 458) +* readarray: Bash Builtins. (line 550) +* readonly: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 215) +* return: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 234) +* set: The Set Builtin. (line 11) +* shift: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 255) +* shopt: The Shopt Builtin. (line 9) +* source: Bash Builtins. (line 559) +* suspend: Job Control Builtins. + (line 101) +* test: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 268) +* times: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 343) +* trap: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 349) +* type: Bash Builtins. (line 564) +* typeset: Bash Builtins. (line 596) +* ulimit: Bash Builtins. (line 602) +* umask: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 398) +* unalias: Bash Builtins. (line 701) +* unset: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 416) +* wait: Job Control Builtins. + (line 76) + + +File: bash.info, Node: Reserved Word Index, Next: Variable Index, Prev: Builtin Index, Up: Indexes + +D.2 Index of Shell Reserved Words +================================= + +[index] +* Menu: + +* !: Pipelines. (line 9) +* [[: Conditional Constructs. + (line 121) +* ]]: Conditional Constructs. + (line 121) +* {: Command Grouping. (line 21) +* }: Command Grouping. (line 21) +* case: Conditional Constructs. + (line 28) +* do: Looping Constructs. (line 12) +* done: Looping Constructs. (line 12) +* elif: Conditional Constructs. + (line 7) +* else: Conditional Constructs. + (line 7) +* esac: Conditional Constructs. + (line 28) +* fi: Conditional Constructs. + (line 7) +* for: Looping Constructs. (line 32) +* function: Shell Functions. (line 13) +* if: Conditional Constructs. + (line 7) +* in: Conditional Constructs. + (line 28) +* select: Conditional Constructs. + (line 79) +* then: Conditional Constructs. + (line 7) +* time: Pipelines. (line 9) +* until: Looping Constructs. (line 12) +* while: Looping Constructs. (line 22) + + +File: bash.info, Node: Variable Index, Next: Function Index, Prev: Reserved Word Index, Up: Indexes + +D.3 Parameter and Variable Index +================================ + +[index] +* Menu: + +* !: Special Parameters. (line 50) +* #: Special Parameters. (line 33) +* $: Special Parameters. (line 45) +* $!: Special Parameters. (line 51) +* $#: Special Parameters. (line 34) +* $$: Special Parameters. (line 46) +* $*: Special Parameters. (line 10) +* $-: Special Parameters. (line 41) +* $0: Special Parameters. (line 56) +* $?: Special Parameters. (line 37) +* $@: Special Parameters. (line 23) +* $_: Special Parameters. (line 65) +* *: Special Parameters. (line 9) +* -: Special Parameters. (line 40) +* 0: Special Parameters. (line 55) +* ?: Special Parameters. (line 36) +* @: Special Parameters. (line 22) +* _: Special Parameters. (line 64) +* auto_resume: Job Control Variables. + (line 6) +* BASH: Bash Variables. (line 13) +* BASHOPTS: Bash Variables. (line 16) +* BASHPID: Bash Variables. (line 25) +* BASH_ALIASES: Bash Variables. (line 30) +* BASH_ARGC: Bash Variables. (line 39) +* BASH_ARGV: Bash Variables. (line 49) +* BASH_CMDS: Bash Variables. (line 59) +* BASH_COMMAND: Bash Variables. (line 68) +* BASH_COMPAT: Bash Variables. (line 73) +* BASH_ENV: Bash Variables. (line 88) +* BASH_EXECUTION_STRING: Bash Variables. (line 94) +* BASH_LINENO: Bash Variables. (line 97) +* BASH_LOADABLES_PATH: Bash Variables. (line 105) +* BASH_REMATCH: Bash Variables. (line 109) +* BASH_SOURCE: Bash Variables. (line 117) +* BASH_SUBSHELL: Bash Variables. (line 124) +* BASH_VERSINFO: Bash Variables. (line 129) +* BASH_VERSION: Bash Variables. (line 152) +* BASH_XTRACEFD: Bash Variables. (line 155) +* bell-style: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 38) +* bind-tty-special-chars: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 45) +* blink-matching-paren: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 50) +* CDPATH: Bourne Shell Variables. + (line 9) +* CHILD_MAX: Bash Variables. (line 166) +* colored-completion-prefix: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 55) +* colored-stats: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 62) +* COLUMNS: Bash Variables. (line 173) +* comment-begin: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 68) +* completion-display-width: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 73) +* completion-ignore-case: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 80) +* completion-map-case: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 85) +* completion-prefix-display-length: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 91) +* completion-query-items: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 98) +* COMPREPLY: Bash Variables. (line 225) +* COMP_CWORD: Bash Variables. (line 179) +* COMP_KEY: Bash Variables. (line 208) +* COMP_LINE: Bash Variables. (line 185) +* COMP_POINT: Bash Variables. (line 190) +* COMP_TYPE: Bash Variables. (line 198) +* COMP_WORDBREAKS: Bash Variables. (line 212) +* COMP_WORDS: Bash Variables. (line 218) +* convert-meta: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 108) +* COPROC: Bash Variables. (line 231) +* DIRSTACK: Bash Variables. (line 235) +* disable-completion: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 116) +* echo-control-characters: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 121) +* editing-mode: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 126) +* EMACS: Bash Variables. (line 245) +* emacs-mode-string: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 132) +* enable-bracketed-paste: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 142) +* enable-keypad: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 150) +* ENV: Bash Variables. (line 250) +* EUID: Bash Variables. (line 254) +* EXECIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 258) +* expand-tilde: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 161) +* FCEDIT: Bash Variables. (line 271) +* FIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 275) +* FUNCNAME: Bash Variables. (line 281) +* FUNCNEST: Bash Variables. (line 298) +* GLOBIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 303) +* GROUPS: Bash Variables. (line 310) +* histchars: Bash Variables. (line 316) +* HISTCMD: Bash Variables. (line 331) +* HISTCONTROL: Bash Variables. (line 336) +* HISTFILE: Bash Variables. (line 352) +* HISTFILESIZE: Bash Variables. (line 356) +* HISTIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 367) +* history-preserve-point: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 165) +* history-size: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 171) +* HISTSIZE: Bash Variables. (line 387) +* HISTTIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 394) +* HOME: Bourne Shell Variables. + (line 13) +* horizontal-scroll-mode: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 180) +* HOSTFILE: Bash Variables. (line 402) +* HOSTNAME: Bash Variables. (line 413) +* HOSTTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 416) +* IFS: Bourne Shell Variables. + (line 18) +* IGNOREEOF: Bash Variables. (line 419) +* input-meta: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 187) +* INPUTRC: Bash Variables. (line 429) +* isearch-terminators: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 195) +* keymap: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 202) +* LANG: Bash Variables. (line 433) +* LC_ALL: Bash Variables. (line 437) +* LC_COLLATE: Bash Variables. (line 441) +* LC_CTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 448) +* LC_MESSAGES: Locale Translation. (line 11) +* LC_MESSAGES <1>: Bash Variables. (line 453) +* LC_NUMERIC: Bash Variables. (line 457) +* LC_TIME: Bash Variables. (line 461) +* LINENO: Bash Variables. (line 465) +* LINES: Bash Variables. (line 469) +* MACHTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 475) +* MAIL: Bourne Shell Variables. + (line 22) +* MAILCHECK: Bash Variables. (line 479) +* MAILPATH: Bourne Shell Variables. + (line 27) +* MAPFILE: Bash Variables. (line 487) +* mark-modified-lines: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 232) +* mark-symlinked-directories: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 237) +* match-hidden-files: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 242) +* menu-complete-display-prefix: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 249) +* meta-flag: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 187) +* OLDPWD: Bash Variables. (line 491) +* OPTARG: Bourne Shell Variables. + (line 34) +* OPTERR: Bash Variables. (line 494) +* OPTIND: Bourne Shell Variables. + (line 38) +* OSTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 498) +* output-meta: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 254) +* page-completions: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 260) +* PATH: Bourne Shell Variables. + (line 42) +* PIPESTATUS: Bash Variables. (line 501) +* POSIXLY_CORRECT: Bash Variables. (line 506) +* PPID: Bash Variables. (line 515) +* PROMPT_COMMAND: Bash Variables. (line 519) +* PROMPT_DIRTRIM: Bash Variables. (line 523) +* PS0: Bash Variables. (line 529) +* PS1: Bourne Shell Variables. + (line 48) +* PS2: Bourne Shell Variables. + (line 53) +* PS3: Bash Variables. (line 534) +* PS4: Bash Variables. (line 539) +* PWD: Bash Variables. (line 545) +* RANDOM: Bash Variables. (line 548) +* READLINE_LINE: Bash Variables. (line 553) +* READLINE_POINT: Bash Variables. (line 557) +* REPLY: Bash Variables. (line 561) +* revert-all-at-newline: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 270) +* SECONDS: Bash Variables. (line 564) +* SHELL: Bash Variables. (line 570) +* SHELLOPTS: Bash Variables. (line 575) +* SHLVL: Bash Variables. (line 584) +* show-all-if-ambiguous: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 276) +* show-all-if-unmodified: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 282) +* show-mode-in-prompt: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 291) +* skip-completed-text: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 297) +* TEXTDOMAIN: Locale Translation. (line 11) +* TEXTDOMAINDIR: Locale Translation. (line 11) +* TIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 589) +* TMOUT: Bash Variables. (line 627) +* TMPDIR: Bash Variables. (line 639) +* UID: Bash Variables. (line 643) +* vi-cmd-mode-string: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 310) +* vi-ins-mode-string: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 320) +* visible-stats: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 330) + + +File: bash.info, Node: Function Index, Next: Concept Index, Prev: Variable Index, Up: Indexes + +D.4 Function Index +================== + +[index] +* Menu: + +* abort (C-g): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 10) +* accept-line (Newline or Return): Commands For History. + (line 6) +* alias-expand-line (): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 124) +* backward-char (C-b): Commands For Moving. (line 15) +* backward-delete-char (Rubout): Commands For Text. (line 17) +* backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout): Commands For Killing. + (line 9) +* backward-kill-word (M-): Commands For Killing. + (line 24) +* backward-word (M-b): Commands For Moving. (line 22) +* beginning-of-history (M-<): Commands For History. + (line 20) +* beginning-of-line (C-a): Commands For Moving. (line 6) +* bracketed-paste-begin (): Commands For Text. (line 33) +* call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e): Keyboard Macros. (line 13) +* capitalize-word (M-c): Commands For Text. (line 61) +* character-search (C-]): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 41) +* character-search-backward (M-C-]): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 46) +* clear-screen (C-l): Commands For Moving. (line 34) +* complete (): Commands For Completion. + (line 6) +* complete-command (M-!): Commands For Completion. + (line 80) +* complete-filename (M-/): Commands For Completion. + (line 49) +* complete-hostname (M-@): Commands For Completion. + (line 72) +* complete-into-braces (M-{): Commands For Completion. + (line 100) +* complete-username (M-~): Commands For Completion. + (line 56) +* complete-variable (M-$): Commands For Completion. + (line 64) +* copy-backward-word (): Commands For Killing. + (line 58) +* copy-forward-word (): Commands For Killing. + (line 63) +* copy-region-as-kill (): Commands For Killing. + (line 54) +* dabbrev-expand (): Commands For Completion. + (line 95) +* delete-char (C-d): Commands For Text. (line 12) +* delete-char-or-list (): Commands For Completion. + (line 43) +* delete-horizontal-space (): Commands For Killing. + (line 46) +* digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ... M--): Numeric Arguments. (line 6) +* display-shell-version (C-x C-v): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 109) +* do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-X, ...): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 14) +* downcase-word (M-l): Commands For Text. (line 57) +* dump-functions (): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 73) +* dump-macros (): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 85) +* dump-variables (): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 79) +* dynamic-complete-history (M-): Commands For Completion. + (line 90) +* edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 138) +* end-kbd-macro (C-x )): Keyboard Macros. (line 9) +* end-of-file (usually C-d): Commands For Text. (line 6) +* end-of-history (M->): Commands For History. + (line 23) +* end-of-line (C-e): Commands For Moving. (line 9) +* exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 36) +* forward-backward-delete-char (): Commands For Text. (line 21) +* forward-char (C-f): Commands For Moving. (line 12) +* forward-search-history (C-s): Commands For History. + (line 31) +* forward-word (M-f): Commands For Moving. (line 18) +* glob-complete-word (M-g): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 91) +* glob-expand-word (C-x *): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 97) +* glob-list-expansions (C-x g): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 103) +* history-and-alias-expand-line (): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 127) +* history-expand-line (M-^): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 117) +* history-search-backward (): Commands For History. + (line 53) +* history-search-forward (): Commands For History. + (line 47) +* history-substr-search-backward (): Commands For History. + (line 65) +* history-substr-search-forward (): Commands For History. + (line 59) +* insert-comment (M-#): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 60) +* insert-completions (M-*): Commands For Completion. + (line 22) +* insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 130) +* kill-line (C-k): Commands For Killing. + (line 6) +* kill-region (): Commands For Killing. + (line 50) +* kill-whole-line (): Commands For Killing. + (line 15) +* kill-word (M-d): Commands For Killing. + (line 19) +* magic-space (): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 120) +* menu-complete (): Commands For Completion. + (line 26) +* menu-complete-backward (): Commands For Completion. + (line 38) +* next-history (C-n): Commands For History. + (line 17) +* non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n): Commands For History. + (line 41) +* non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p): Commands For History. + (line 35) +* operate-and-get-next (C-o): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 133) +* overwrite-mode (): Commands For Text. (line 65) +* possible-command-completions (C-x !): Commands For Completion. + (line 86) +* possible-completions (M-?): Commands For Completion. + (line 15) +* possible-filename-completions (C-x /): Commands For Completion. + (line 52) +* possible-hostname-completions (C-x @): Commands For Completion. + (line 76) +* possible-username-completions (C-x ~): Commands For Completion. + (line 60) +* possible-variable-completions (C-x $): Commands For Completion. + (line 68) +* prefix-meta (): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 18) +* previous-history (C-p): Commands For History. + (line 13) +* print-last-kbd-macro (): Keyboard Macros. (line 17) +* quoted-insert (C-q or C-v): Commands For Text. (line 26) +* re-read-init-file (C-x C-r): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 6) +* redraw-current-line (): Commands For Moving. (line 38) +* reverse-search-history (C-r): Commands For History. + (line 27) +* revert-line (M-r): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 25) +* self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...): Commands For Text. (line 30) +* set-mark (C-@): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 32) +* shell-backward-kill-word (): Commands For Killing. + (line 33) +* shell-backward-word (): Commands For Moving. (line 30) +* shell-expand-line (M-C-e): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 112) +* shell-forward-word (): Commands For Moving. (line 26) +* shell-kill-word (): Commands For Killing. + (line 28) +* skip-csi-sequence (): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 51) +* start-kbd-macro (C-x (): Keyboard Macros. (line 6) +* tilde-expand (M-&): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 29) +* transpose-chars (C-t): Commands For Text. (line 42) +* transpose-words (M-t): Commands For Text. (line 48) +* undo (C-_ or C-x C-u): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 22) +* universal-argument (): Numeric Arguments. (line 10) +* unix-filename-rubout (): Commands For Killing. + (line 41) +* unix-line-discard (C-u): Commands For Killing. + (line 12) +* unix-word-rubout (C-w): Commands For Killing. + (line 37) +* upcase-word (M-u): Commands For Text. (line 53) +* yank (C-y): Commands For Killing. + (line 68) +* yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_): Commands For History. + (line 80) +* yank-nth-arg (M-C-y): Commands For History. + (line 71) +* yank-pop (M-y): Commands For Killing. + (line 71) + + +File: bash.info, Node: Concept Index, Prev: Function Index, Up: Indexes + +D.5 Concept Index +================= + +[index] +* Menu: + +* alias expansion: Aliases. (line 6) +* arithmetic evaluation: Shell Arithmetic. (line 6) +* arithmetic expansion: Arithmetic Expansion. + (line 6) +* arithmetic, shell: Shell Arithmetic. (line 6) +* arrays: Arrays. (line 6) +* background: Job Control Basics. (line 6) +* Bash configuration: Basic Installation. (line 6) +* Bash installation: Basic Installation. (line 6) +* Bourne shell: Basic Shell Features. + (line 6) +* brace expansion: Brace Expansion. (line 6) +* builtin: Definitions. (line 17) +* command editing: Readline Bare Essentials. + (line 6) +* command execution: Command Search and Execution. + (line 6) +* command expansion: Simple Command Expansion. + (line 6) +* command history: Bash History Facilities. + (line 6) +* command search: Command Search and Execution. + (line 6) +* command substitution: Command Substitution. + (line 6) +* command timing: Pipelines. (line 9) +* commands, compound: Compound Commands. (line 6) +* commands, conditional: Conditional Constructs. + (line 6) +* commands, grouping: Command Grouping. (line 6) +* commands, lists: Lists. (line 6) +* commands, looping: Looping Constructs. (line 6) +* commands, pipelines: Pipelines. (line 6) +* commands, shell: Shell Commands. (line 6) +* commands, simple: Simple Commands. (line 6) +* comments, shell: Comments. (line 6) +* completion builtins: Programmable Completion Builtins. + (line 6) +* configuration: Basic Installation. (line 6) +* control operator: Definitions. (line 21) +* coprocess: Coprocesses. (line 6) +* directory stack: The Directory Stack. (line 6) +* editing command lines: Readline Bare Essentials. + (line 6) +* environment: Environment. (line 6) +* evaluation, arithmetic: Shell Arithmetic. (line 6) +* event designators: Event Designators. (line 6) +* execution environment: Command Execution Environment. + (line 6) +* exit status: Definitions. (line 26) +* exit status <1>: Exit Status. (line 6) +* expansion: Shell Expansions. (line 6) +* expansion, arithmetic: Arithmetic Expansion. + (line 6) +* expansion, brace: Brace Expansion. (line 6) +* expansion, filename: Filename Expansion. (line 9) +* expansion, parameter: Shell Parameter Expansion. + (line 6) +* expansion, pathname: Filename Expansion. (line 9) +* expansion, tilde: Tilde Expansion. (line 6) +* expressions, arithmetic: Shell Arithmetic. (line 6) +* expressions, conditional: Bash Conditional Expressions. + (line 6) +* field: Definitions. (line 30) +* filename: Definitions. (line 35) +* filename expansion: Filename Expansion. (line 9) +* foreground: Job Control Basics. (line 6) +* functions, shell: Shell Functions. (line 6) +* history builtins: Bash History Builtins. + (line 6) +* history events: Event Designators. (line 8) +* history expansion: History Interaction. (line 6) +* history list: Bash History Facilities. + (line 6) +* History, how to use: A Programmable Completion Example. + (line 114) +* identifier: Definitions. (line 51) +* initialization file, readline: Readline Init File. (line 6) +* installation: Basic Installation. (line 6) +* interaction, readline: Readline Interaction. + (line 6) +* interactive shell: Invoking Bash. (line 128) +* interactive shell <1>: Interactive Shells. (line 6) +* internationalization: Locale Translation. (line 6) +* job: Definitions. (line 38) +* job control: Definitions. (line 42) +* job control <1>: Job Control Basics. (line 6) +* kill ring: Readline Killing Commands. + (line 18) +* killing text: Readline Killing Commands. + (line 6) +* localization: Locale Translation. (line 6) +* login shell: Invoking Bash. (line 125) +* matching, pattern: Pattern Matching. (line 6) +* metacharacter: Definitions. (line 46) +* name: Definitions. (line 51) +* native languages: Locale Translation. (line 6) +* notation, readline: Readline Bare Essentials. + (line 6) +* operator, shell: Definitions. (line 57) +* parameter expansion: Shell Parameter Expansion. + (line 6) +* parameters: Shell Parameters. (line 6) +* parameters, positional: Positional Parameters. + (line 6) +* parameters, special: Special Parameters. (line 6) +* pathname expansion: Filename Expansion. (line 9) +* pattern matching: Pattern Matching. (line 6) +* pipeline: Pipelines. (line 6) +* POSIX: Definitions. (line 9) +* POSIX Mode: Bash POSIX Mode. (line 6) +* process group: Definitions. (line 62) +* process group ID: Definitions. (line 66) +* process substitution: Process Substitution. + (line 6) +* programmable completion: Programmable Completion. + (line 6) +* prompting: Controlling the Prompt. + (line 6) +* quoting: Quoting. (line 6) +* quoting, ANSI: ANSI-C Quoting. (line 6) +* Readline, how to use: Job Control Variables. + (line 23) +* redirection: Redirections. (line 6) +* reserved word: Definitions. (line 70) +* restricted shell: The Restricted Shell. + (line 6) +* return status: Definitions. (line 75) +* shell arithmetic: Shell Arithmetic. (line 6) +* shell function: Shell Functions. (line 6) +* shell script: Shell Scripts. (line 6) +* shell variable: Shell Parameters. (line 6) +* shell, interactive: Interactive Shells. (line 6) +* signal: Definitions. (line 78) +* signal handling: Signals. (line 6) +* special builtin: Definitions. (line 82) +* special builtin <1>: Special Builtins. (line 6) +* startup files: Bash Startup Files. (line 6) +* suspending jobs: Job Control Basics. (line 6) +* tilde expansion: Tilde Expansion. (line 6) +* token: Definitions. (line 86) +* translation, native languages: Locale Translation. (line 6) +* variable, shell: Shell Parameters. (line 6) +* variables, readline: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 37) +* word: Definitions. (line 90) +* word splitting: Word Splitting. (line 6) +* yanking text: Readline Killing Commands. + (line 6) + + + +Tag Table: +Node: Top897 +Node: Introduction2817 +Node: What is Bash?3033 +Node: What is a shell?4147 +Node: Definitions6685 +Node: Basic Shell Features9636 +Node: Shell Syntax10855 +Node: Shell Operation11881 +Node: Quoting13174 +Node: Escape Character14474 +Node: Single Quotes14959 +Node: Double Quotes15307 +Node: ANSI-C Quoting16585 +Node: Locale Translation17838 +Node: Comments18734 +Node: Shell Commands19352 +Node: Simple Commands20224 +Node: Pipelines20855 +Node: Lists23598 +Node: Compound Commands25327 +Node: Looping Constructs26330 +Node: Conditional Constructs28793 +Node: Command Grouping39715 +Node: Coprocesses41194 +Node: GNU Parallel43026 +Node: Shell Functions46999 +Node: Shell Parameters52205 +Node: Positional Parameters56618 +Node: Special Parameters57518 +Node: Shell Expansions60855 +Node: Brace Expansion62949 +Node: Tilde Expansion65730 +Node: Shell Parameter Expansion68078 +Node: Command Substitution82210 +Node: Arithmetic Expansion83565 +Node: Process Substitution84497 +Node: Word Splitting85617 +Node: Filename Expansion87561 +Node: Pattern Matching89845 +Node: Quote Removal93543 +Node: Redirections93838 +Node: Executing Commands103258 +Node: Simple Command Expansion103928 +Node: Command Search and Execution105858 +Node: Command Execution Environment108194 +Node: Environment111178 +Node: Exit Status112837 +Node: Signals114507 +Node: Shell Scripts116474 +Node: Shell Builtin Commands118989 +Node: Bourne Shell Builtins121023 +Node: Bash Builtins141623 +Node: Modifying Shell Behavior170268 +Node: The Set Builtin170613 +Node: The Shopt Builtin181026 +Node: Special Builtins196825 +Node: Shell Variables197804 +Node: Bourne Shell Variables198241 +Node: Bash Variables200272 +Node: Bash Features228652 +Node: Invoking Bash229551 +Node: Bash Startup Files235500 +Node: Interactive Shells240603 +Node: What is an Interactive Shell?241013 +Node: Is this Shell Interactive?241662 +Node: Interactive Shell Behavior242477 +Node: Bash Conditional Expressions245852 +Node: Shell Arithmetic250092 +Node: Aliases252909 +Node: Arrays255457 +Node: The Directory Stack260541 +Node: Directory Stack Builtins261325 +Node: Controlling the Prompt264293 +Node: The Restricted Shell267039 +Node: Bash POSIX Mode268864 +Node: Job Control279215 +Node: Job Control Basics279675 +Node: Job Control Builtins284394 +Node: Job Control Variables288924 +Node: Command Line Editing290080 +Node: Introduction and Notation291751 +Node: Readline Interaction293374 +Node: Readline Bare Essentials294565 +Node: Readline Movement Commands296348 +Node: Readline Killing Commands297308 +Node: Readline Arguments299226 +Node: Searching300270 +Node: Readline Init File302456 +Node: Readline Init File Syntax303603 +Node: Conditional Init Constructs323790 +Node: Sample Init File326315 +Node: Bindable Readline Commands329432 +Node: Commands For Moving330636 +Node: Commands For History331779 +Node: Commands For Text336068 +Node: Commands For Killing339457 +Node: Numeric Arguments341938 +Node: Commands For Completion343077 +Node: Keyboard Macros347268 +Node: Miscellaneous Commands347955 +Node: Readline vi Mode353759 +Node: Programmable Completion354666 +Node: Programmable Completion Builtins362127 +Node: A Programmable Completion Example372013 +Node: Using History Interactively377265 +Node: Bash History Facilities377949 +Node: Bash History Builtins380950 +Node: History Interaction384947 +Node: Event Designators387911 +Node: Word Designators389130 +Node: Modifiers390767 +Node: Installing Bash392169 +Node: Basic Installation393306 +Node: Compilers and Options395997 +Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures396738 +Node: Installation Names398401 +Node: Specifying the System Type399219 +Node: Sharing Defaults399935 +Node: Operation Controls400608 +Node: Optional Features401566 +Node: Reporting Bugs411823 +Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell413017 +Node: GNU Free Documentation 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Bash Reference Manual

+ + + + + + + + + + + +

Table of Contents

+ +
+ + +
+ + + +
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: (dir)   [Contents][Index]

+
+ +

Bash Features

+ +

This text is a brief description of the features that are present in +the Bash shell (version 4.4, 7 September 2016). +The Bash home page is http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/. +

+

This is Edition 4.4, last updated 7 September 2016, +of The GNU Bash Reference Manual, +for Bash, Version 4.4. +

+

Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some features that only appear in Bash. Some of the shells that Bash has -borrowed concepts from are the Bourne Shell (`sh'), the Korn Shell -(`ksh'), and the C-shell (`csh' and its successor, -`tcsh'). The following menu breaks the features up into +borrowed concepts from are the Bourne Shell (sh), the Korn Shell +(ksh), and the C-shell (csh and its successor, +tcsh). The following menu breaks the features up into categories, noting which features were inspired by other shells and which are specific to Bash. -

- -This manual is meant as a brief introduction to features found in +

+

This manual is meant as a brief introduction to features found in Bash. The Bash manual page should be used as the definitive reference on shell behavior. -

- -

- - - - - - - - - - - - + + +
1. Introduction  An introduction to the shell.
2. Definitions  Some definitions used in the rest of this - manual.
3. Basic Shell Features  The shell "building blocks".
4. Shell Builtin Commands  Commands that are a part of the shell.
5. Shell Variables  Variables used or set by Bash.
6. Bash Features  Features found only in Bash.
7. Job Control  What job control is and how Bash allows you - to use it.
8. Command Line Editing  Chapter describing the command line - editing features.
9. Using History Interactively  Command History Expansion
10. Installing Bash  How to build and install Bash on your system.
A. Reporting Bugs  How to report bugs in Bash.
B. Major Differences From The Bourne Shell  A terse list of the differences +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + - - -
• Introduction:  An introduction to the shell. +
• Definitions:  Some definitions used in the rest of this + manual. +
• Basic Shell Features:  The shell "building blocks". +
• Shell Builtin Commands:  Commands that are a part of the shell. +
• Shell Variables:  Variables used or set by Bash. +
• Bash Features:  Features found only in Bash. +
• Job Control:  What job control is and how Bash allows you + to use it. +
• Command Line Editing:  Chapter describing the command line + editing features. +
• Using History Interactively:  Command History Expansion +
• Installing Bash:  How to build and install Bash on your system. +
• Reporting Bugs:  How to report bugs in Bash. +
• Major Differences From The Bourne Shell:  A terse list of the differences between Bash and historical - versions of /bin/sh.
C. GNU Free Documentation License  Copying and sharing this documentation.
D. Indexes  Various indexes for this manual.
-

- -

- - - - - - - - - - - -
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
- -

1. Introduction

- -
- - -
1.1 What is Bash?  A short description of Bash.
1.2 What is a shell?  A brief introduction to shells.
-

- - -

- - - - - - - - - - - -
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
-

1.1 What is Bash?

- -

- -Bash is the shell, or command language interpreter, -for the GNU operating system. -The name is an acronym for the `Bourne-Again SHell', + versions of /bin/sh. +

• GNU Free Documentation License:  Copying and sharing this documentation. +
• Indexes:  Various indexes for this manual. +
+ +
+ +
+

+Next: , Up: Top   [Contents][Index]

+
+ +

1 Introduction

+ + + +
• What is Bash?:  A short description of Bash. +
• What is a shell?:  A brief introduction to shells. +
+ +
+ +
+

+Next: , Up: Introduction   [Contents][Index]

+
+ +

1.1 What is Bash?

+ +

Bash is the shell, or command language interpreter, +for the GNU operating system. +The name is an acronym for the ‘Bourne-Again SHell’, a pun on Stephen Bourne, the author of the direct ancestor of -the current Unix shell sh, +the current Unix shell sh, which appeared in the Seventh Edition Bell Labs Research version of Unix. -

- -Bash is largely compatible with sh and incorporates useful -features from the Korn shell ksh and the C shell csh. -It is intended to be a conformant implementation of the IEEE -POSIX Shell and Tools portion of the IEEE POSIX -specification (IEEE Standard 1003.1). -It offers functional improvements over sh for both interactive and +

+

Bash is largely compatible with sh and incorporates useful +features from the Korn shell ksh and the C shell csh. +It is intended to be a conformant implementation of the IEEE +POSIX Shell and Tools portion of the IEEE POSIX +specification (IEEE Standard 1003.1). +It offers functional improvements over sh for both interactive and programming use. -

- -While the GNU operating system provides other shells, including -a version of csh, Bash is the default shell. -Like other GNU software, Bash is quite portable. It currently runs +

+

While the GNU operating system provides other shells, including +a version of csh, Bash is the default shell. +Like other GNU software, Bash is quite portable. It currently runs on nearly every version of Unix and a few other operating systems - -independently-supported ports exist for MS-DOS, OS/2, +independently-supported ports exist for MS-DOS, OS/2, and Windows platforms. -

- - -

- - - - - - - - - - - -
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
-

1.2 What is a shell?

- -

- -At its base, a shell is simply a macro processor that executes +

+
+ +
+

+Previous: , Up: Introduction   [Contents][Index]

+
+ +

1.2 What is a shell?

+ +

At its base, a shell is simply a macro processor that executes commands. The term macro processor means functionality where text and symbols are expanded to create larger expressions. -

- -A Unix shell is both a command interpreter and a programming +

+

A Unix shell is both a command interpreter and a programming language. As a command interpreter, the shell provides the user -interface to the rich set of GNU utilities. The programming +interface to the rich set of GNU utilities. The programming language features allow these utilities to be combined. Files containing commands can be created, and become commands themselves. These new commands have the same status as -system commands in directories such as `/bin', allowing users +system commands in directories such as /bin, allowing users or groups to establish custom environments to automate their common tasks. -

- -Shells may be used interactively or non-interactively. In +

+

Shells may be used interactively or non-interactively. In interactive mode, they accept input typed from the keyboard. When executing non-interactively, shells execute commands read from a file. -

- -A shell allows execution of GNU commands, both synchronously and +

+

A shell allows execution of GNU commands, both synchronously and asynchronously. The shell waits for synchronous commands to complete before accepting more input; asynchronous commands continue to execute in parallel with the shell while it reads and executes additional commands. -The redirection constructs permit +The redirection constructs permit fine-grained control of the input and output of those commands. -Moreover, the shell allows control over the contents of commands' +Moreover, the shell allows control over the contents of commands’ environments. -

- -Shells also provide a small set of built-in -commands (builtins) implementing functionality impossible +

+

Shells also provide a small set of built-in +commands (builtins) implementing functionality impossible or inconvenient to obtain via separate utilities. -For example, cd, break, continue, and -exec cannot be implemented outside of the shell because +For example, cd, break, continue, and +exec cannot be implemented outside of the shell because they directly manipulate the shell itself. -The history, getopts, kill, or pwd +The history, getopts, kill, or pwd builtins, among others, could be implemented in separate utilities, but they are more convenient to use as builtin commands. All of the shell builtins are described in subsequent sections. -

- -While executing commands is essential, most of the power (and +

+

While executing commands is essential, most of the power (and complexity) of shells is due to their embedded programming languages. Like any high-level language, the shell provides variables, flow control constructs, quoting, and functions. -

- -Shells offer features geared specifically for +

+

Shells offer features geared specifically for interactive use rather than to augment the programming language. These interactive features include job control, command line editing, command history and aliases. Each of these features is described in this manual. -

- - -

- - - - - - - - - - - -
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
-

2. Definitions

- -These definitions are used throughout the remainder of this manual. -

- -

- -
POSIX -
-A family of open system standards based on Unix. Bash +

+
+ +
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Top   [Contents][Index]

+
+ +

2 Definitions

+

These definitions are used throughout the remainder of this manual. +

+
+
POSIX
+
+

A family of open system standards based on Unix. Bash is primarily concerned with the Shell and Utilities portion of the -POSIX 1003.1 standard. -

- -

blank -
A space or tab character. -

- -

builtin -
-A command that is implemented internally by the shell itself, rather +POSIX 1003.1 standard. +

+
+
blank
+

A space or tab character. +

+
+
builtin
+
+

A command that is implemented internally by the shell itself, rather than by an executable program somewhere in the file system. -

- -

control operator -
-A token that performs a control function. It is a newline +

+
+
control operator
+
+

A token that performs a control function. It is a newline or one of the following: -`||', `&&', `&', `;', `;;', -`|', `|&', `(', or `)'. -

- -

exit status -
-The value returned by a command to its caller. The value is restricted +‘||’, ‘&&’, ‘&’, ‘;’, ‘;;’, ‘;&’, ‘;;&’, +‘|’, ‘|&’, ‘(’, or ‘)’. +

+
+
exit status
+
+

The value returned by a command to its caller. The value is restricted to eight bits, so the maximum value is 255. -

- -

field -
-A unit of text that is the result of one of the shell expansions. After +

+
+
field
+
+

A unit of text that is the result of one of the shell expansions. After expansion, when executing a command, the resulting fields are used as the command name and arguments. -

- -

filename -
-A string of characters used to identify a file. -

- -

job -
-A set of processes comprising a pipeline, and any processes descended +

+
+
filename
+
+

A string of characters used to identify a file. +

+
+
job
+
+

A set of processes comprising a pipeline, and any processes descended from it, that are all in the same process group. -

- -

job control -
-A mechanism by which users can selectively stop (suspend) and restart +

+
+
job control
+
+

A mechanism by which users can selectively stop (suspend) and restart (resume) execution of processes. -

- -

metacharacter -
-A character that, when unquoted, separates words. A metacharacter is -a blank or one of the following characters: -`|', `&', `;', `(', `)', `<', or -`>'. -

- -

name -
- -A word consisting solely of letters, numbers, and underscores, -and beginning with a letter or underscore. Names are used as +

+
+
metacharacter
+
+

A character that, when unquoted, separates words. A metacharacter is +a space, tab, newline, or one of the following characters: +‘|’, ‘&’, ‘;’, ‘(’, ‘)’, ‘<’, or +‘>’. +

+
+
name
+
+ +

A word consisting solely of letters, numbers, and underscores, +and beginning with a letter or underscore. Names are used as shell variable and function names. -Also referred to as an identifier. -

- -

operator -
-A control operator or a redirection operator. -See section 3.6 Redirections, for a list of redirection operators. -Operators contain at least one unquoted metacharacter. -

- -

process group -
-A collection of related processes each having the same process -group ID. -

- -

process group ID -
-A unique identifier that represents a process group +Also referred to as an identifier. +

+
+
operator
+
+

A control operator or a redirection operator. +See Redirections, for a list of redirection operators. +Operators contain at least one unquoted metacharacter. +

+
+
process group
+
+

A collection of related processes each having the same process +group ID. +

+
+
process group ID
+
+

A unique identifier that represents a process group during its lifetime. -

- -

reserved word -
-A word that has a special meaning to the shell. Most reserved -words introduce shell flow control constructs, such as for and -while. -

- -

return status -
-A synonym for exit status. -

- -

signal -
-A mechanism by which a process may be notified by the kernel +

+
+
reserved word
+
+

A word that has a special meaning to the shell. Most reserved +words introduce shell flow control constructs, such as for and +while. +

+
+
return status
+
+

A synonym for exit status. +

+
+
signal
+
+

A mechanism by which a process may be notified by the kernel of an event occurring in the system. -

- -

special builtin -
-A shell builtin command that has been classified as special by the -POSIX standard. -

- -

token -
-A sequence of characters considered a single unit by the shell. -It is either a word or an operator. -

- -

word -
-A sequence of characters treated as a unit by the shell. -Words may not include unquoted metacharacters. -
-

- - -

- - - - - - - - - - - -
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
-

3. Basic Shell Features

- -

- -Bash is an acronym for `Bourne-Again SHell'. +

+
+
special builtin
+
+

A shell builtin command that has been classified as special by the +POSIX standard. +

+
+
token
+
+

A sequence of characters considered a single unit by the shell. +It is either a word or an operator. +

+
+
word
+
+

A sequence of characters treated as a unit by the shell. +Words may not include unquoted metacharacters. +

+
+ +
+ +
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Top   [Contents][Index]

+
+ +

3 Basic Shell Features

+ + +

Bash is an acronym for ‘Bourne-Again SHell’. The Bourne shell is the traditional Unix shell originally written by Stephen Bourne. All of the Bourne shell builtin commands are available in Bash, -The rules for evaluation and quoting are taken from the POSIX -specification for the `standard' Unix shell. -

- -This chapter briefly summarizes the shell's `building blocks': -commands, control structures, shell functions, shell parameters, +The rules for evaluation and quoting are taken from the POSIX +specification for the ‘standard’ Unix shell. +

+

This chapter briefly summarizes the shell’s ‘building blocks’: +commands, control structures, shell functions, shell parameters, shell expansions, -redirections, which are a way to direct input and output from +redirections, which are a way to direct input and output from and to named files, and how the shell executes commands. -

- -

- - - - - - - - -
3.1 Shell Syntax  What your input means to the shell.
3.2 Shell Commands  The types of commands you can use.
3.3 Shell Functions  Grouping commands by name.
3.4 Shell Parameters  How the shell stores values.
3.5 Shell Expansions  How Bash expands parameters and the various - expansions available.
3.6 Redirections  A way to control where input and output go.
3.7 Executing Commands  What happens when you run a command.
3.8 Shell Scripts  Executing files of shell commands.
-

- - -

- - - - - - - - - - - -
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
-

3.1 Shell Syntax

- -
- - - -
3.1.1 Shell Operation  The basic operation of the shell.
3.1.2 Quoting  How to remove the special meaning from characters.
3.1.3 Comments  How to specify comments.
-

- -When the shell reads input, it proceeds through a +

+ + + + + + + + + +
• Shell Syntax:  What your input means to the shell. +
• Shell Commands:  The types of commands you can use. +
• Shell Functions:  Grouping commands by name. +
• Shell Parameters:  How the shell stores values. +
• Shell Expansions:  How Bash expands parameters and the various + expansions available. +
• Redirections:  A way to control where input and output go. +
• Executing Commands:  What happens when you run a command. +
• Shell Scripts:  Executing files of shell commands. +
+ +
+ +
+

+Next: , Up: Basic Shell Features   [Contents][Index]

+
+ +

3.1 Shell Syntax

+ + + + +
• Shell Operation:  The basic operation of the shell. +
• Quoting:  How to remove the special meaning from characters. +
• Comments:  How to specify comments. +
+ +

When the shell reads input, it proceeds through a sequence of operations. If the input indicates the beginning of a -comment, the shell ignores the comment symbol (`#'), and the rest +comment, the shell ignores the comment symbol (‘#’), and the rest of that line. - -Otherwise, roughly speaking, the shell reads its input and +

+

Otherwise, roughly speaking, the shell reads its input and divides the input into words and operators, employing the quoting rules to select which meanings to assign various words and characters. -

- -The shell then parses these tokens into commands and other constructs, +

+

The shell then parses these tokens into commands and other constructs, removes the special meaning of certain words or characters, expands others, redirects input and output as needed, executes the specified -command, waits for the command's exit status, and makes that exit status +command, waits for the command’s exit status, and makes that exit status available for further inspection or processing. -

- - -

- - - - - - - - - - - -
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
-

3.1.1 Shell Operation

- -

- -The following is a brief description of the shell's operation when it +

+
+ +
+

+Next: , Up: Shell Syntax   [Contents][Index]

+
+ +

3.1.1 Shell Operation

+ +

The following is a brief description of the shell’s operation when it reads and executes a command. Basically, the shell does the following: -

- -

    -
  1. -Reads its input from a file (see section 3.8 Shell Scripts), from a string -supplied as an argument to the `-c' invocation option -(see section 6.1 Invoking Bash), or from the user's terminal. -

    - -

  2. -Breaks the input into words and operators, obeying the quoting rules -described in 3.1.2 Quoting. These tokens are separated by -metacharacters. Alias expansion is performed by this step -(see section 6.6 Aliases). -

    - -

  3. -Parses the tokens into simple and compound commands -(see section 3.2 Shell Commands). -

    - -

  4. -Performs the various shell expansions (see section 3.5 Shell Expansions), breaking -the expanded tokens into lists of filenames (see section 3.5.8 Filename Expansion) +

    +
      +
    1. Reads its input from a file (see Shell Scripts), from a string +supplied as an argument to the -c invocation option +(see Invoking Bash), or from the user’s terminal. + +
    2. Breaks the input into words and operators, obeying the quoting rules +described in Quoting. These tokens are separated by +metacharacters. Alias expansion is performed by this step +(see Aliases). + +
    3. Parses the tokens into simple and compound commands +(see Shell Commands). + +
    4. Performs the various shell expansions (see Shell Expansions), breaking +the expanded tokens into lists of filenames (see Filename Expansion) and commands and arguments. -

      -

    5. -Performs any necessary redirections (see section 3.6 Redirections) and removes +
    6. Performs any necessary redirections (see Redirections) and removes the redirection operators and their operands from the argument list. -

      - -

    7. -Executes the command (see section 3.7 Executing Commands). -

      - -

    8. -Optionally waits for the command to complete and collects its exit -status (see section 3.7.5 Exit Status). -

      - -

    -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    3.1.2 Quoting

    - -
    - - - - - -
    3.1.2.1 Escape Character  How to remove the special meaning from a single - character.
    3.1.2.2 Single Quotes  How to inhibit all interpretation of a sequence - of characters.
    3.1.2.3 Double Quotes  How to suppress most of the interpretation of a - sequence of characters.
    3.1.2.4 ANSI-C Quoting  How to expand ANSI-C sequences in quoted strings.
    3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation  How to translate strings into different languages.
    -

    - -Quoting is used to remove the special meaning of certain + +

  5. Executes the command (see Executing Commands). + +
  6. Optionally waits for the command to complete and collects its exit +status (see Exit Status). + +
+ +
+ +
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Shell Syntax   [Contents][Index]

+
+ +

3.1.2 Quoting

+ + + + + + + +
• Escape Character:  How to remove the special meaning from a single + character. +
• Single Quotes:  How to inhibit all interpretation of a sequence + of characters. +
• Double Quotes:  How to suppress most of the interpretation of a + sequence of characters. +
• ANSI-C Quoting:  How to expand ANSI-C sequences in quoted strings. +
• Locale Translation:  How to translate strings into different languages. +
+ +

Quoting is used to remove the special meaning of certain characters or words to the shell. Quoting can be used to disable special treatment for special characters, to prevent reserved words from being recognized as such, and to prevent parameter expansion. -

- -Each of the shell metacharacters (see section 2. Definitions) +

+

Each of the shell metacharacters (see Definitions) has special meaning to the shell and must be quoted if it is to represent itself. When the command history expansion facilities are being used -(see section 9.3 History Expansion), the -history expansion character, usually `!', must be quoted -to prevent history expansion. See section 9.1 Bash History Facilities, for +(see History Interaction), the +history expansion character, usually ‘!’, must be quoted +to prevent history expansion. See Bash History Facilities, for more details concerning history expansion. -

- -There are three quoting mechanisms: the -escape character, single quotes, and double quotes. -

- - -

- - - - - - - - - - - -
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-

3.1.2.1 Escape Character

- -A non-quoted backslash `\' is the Bash escape character. +

+

There are three quoting mechanisms: the +escape character, single quotes, and double quotes. +

+
+ +
+

+Next: , Up: Quoting   [Contents][Index]

+
+ +

3.1.2.1 Escape Character

+

A non-quoted backslash ‘\’ is the Bash escape character. It preserves the literal value of the next character that follows, -with the exception of newline. If a \newline pair -appears, and the backslash itself is not quoted, the \newline +with the exception of newline. If a \newline pair +appears, and the backslash itself is not quoted, the \newline is treated as a line continuation (that is, it is removed from the input stream and effectively ignored). -

- - -

- - - - - - - - - - - -
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-

3.1.2.2 Single Quotes

- -

- -Enclosing characters in single quotes (`'') preserves the literal value +

+
+ +
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Quoting   [Contents][Index]

+
+ +

3.1.2.2 Single Quotes

+ +

Enclosing characters in single quotes (‘'’) preserves the literal value of each character within the quotes. A single quote may not occur between single quotes, even when preceded by a backslash. -

- - -

- - - - - - - - - - - -
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-

3.1.2.3 Double Quotes

- -

- -Enclosing characters in double quotes (`"') preserves the literal value +

+
+ +
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Quoting   [Contents][Index]

+
+ +

3.1.2.3 Double Quotes

+ +

Enclosing characters in double quotes (‘"’) preserves the literal value of all characters within the quotes, with the exception of -`$', ``', `\', -and, when history expansion is enabled, `!'. -The characters `$' and ``' -retain their special meaning within double quotes (see section 3.5 Shell Expansions). +‘$’, ‘`’, ‘\’, +and, when history expansion is enabled, ‘!’. +When the shell is in +POSIX mode (see Bash POSIX Mode), +the ‘!’ has no special meaning +within double quotes, even when history expansion is enabled. +The characters ‘$’ and ‘`’ +retain their special meaning within double quotes (see Shell Expansions). The backslash retains its special meaning only when followed by one of the following characters: -`$', ``', `"', `\', or newline. +‘$’, ‘`’, ‘"’, ‘\’, or newline. Within double quotes, backslashes that are followed by one of these characters are removed. Backslashes preceding characters without a special meaning are left unmodified. A double quote may be quoted within double quotes by preceding it with a backslash. -If enabled, history expansion will be performed unless an `!' +If enabled, history expansion will be performed unless an ‘!’ appearing in double quotes is escaped using a backslash. -The backslash preceding the `!' is not removed. -

- -The special parameters `*' and `@' have special meaning -when in double quotes (see section 3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion). -

- - -

- - - - - - - - - - - -
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
-

3.1.2.4 ANSI-C Quoting

- -

- -Words of the form $'string' are treated specially. The -word expands to string, with backslash-escaped characters replaced +The backslash preceding the ‘!’ is not removed. +

+

The special parameters ‘*’ and ‘@’ have special meaning +when in double quotes (see Shell Parameter Expansion). +

+
+ +
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Quoting   [Contents][Index]

+
+ +

3.1.2.4 ANSI-C Quoting

+ + +

Words of the form $'string' are treated specially. The +word expands to string, with backslash-escaped characters replaced as specified by the ANSI C standard. Backslash escape sequences, if present, are decoded as follows: -

- -

-
\a -
alert (bell) -
\b -
backspace -
\e -
\E -
an escape character (not ANSI C) -
\f -
form feed -
\n -
newline -
\r -
carriage return -
\t -
horizontal tab -
\v -
vertical tab -
\\ -
backslash -
\' -
single quote -
\" -
double quote -
\nnn -
the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value nnn +

+
+
\a
+

alert (bell) +

+
\b
+

backspace +

+
\e
+
\E
+

an escape character (not ANSI C) +

+
\f
+

form feed +

+
\n
+

newline +

+
\r
+

carriage return +

+
\t
+

horizontal tab +

+
\v
+

vertical tab +

+
\\
+

backslash +

+
\'
+

single quote +

+
\"
+

double quote +

+
\?
+

question mark +

+
\nnn
+

the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value nnn (one to three digits) -

\xHH -
the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value HH +

+
\xHH
+

the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value HH (one or two hex digits) -

\uHHHH -
the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value -HHHH (one to four hex digits) -
\UHHHHHHHH -
the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value -HHHHHHHH (one to eight hex digits) -
\cx -
a control-x character -
-

- -The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not +

+
\uHHHH
+

the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value +HHHH (one to four hex digits) +

+
\UHHHHHHHH
+

the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value +HHHHHHHH (one to eight hex digits) +

+
\cx
+

a control-x character +

+
+ +

The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not been present. -

- - -

- - - - - - - - - - - -
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
-

3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation

- -

- -A double-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign (`$') will cause +

+
+ +
+

+Previous: , Up: Quoting   [Contents][Index]

+
+ +

3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation

+ + + + + +

A double-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign (‘$’) will cause the string to be translated according to the current locale. -If the current locale is C or POSIX, the dollar sign +If the current locale is C or POSIX, the dollar sign is ignored. If the string is translated and replaced, the replacement is double-quoted. -

- - - - -Some systems use the message catalog selected by the LC_MESSAGES +

+ + + +

Some systems use the message catalog selected by the LC_MESSAGES shell variable. Others create the name of the message catalog from the -value of the TEXTDOMAIN shell variable, possibly adding a -suffix of `.mo'. If you use the TEXTDOMAIN variable, you -may need to set the TEXTDOMAINDIR variable to the location of +value of the TEXTDOMAIN shell variable, possibly adding a +suffix of ‘.mo’. If you use the TEXTDOMAIN variable, you +may need to set the TEXTDOMAINDIR variable to the location of the message catalog files. Still others use both variables in this fashion: -TEXTDOMAINDIR/LC_MESSAGES/LC_MESSAGES/TEXTDOMAIN.mo. -

- - -

- - - - - - - - - - - -
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
-

3.1.3 Comments

- -

- -In a non-interactive shell, or an interactive shell in which the -interactive_comments option to the shopt -builtin is enabled (see section 4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin), -a word beginning with `#' +TEXTDOMAINDIR/LC_MESSAGES/LC_MESSAGES/TEXTDOMAIN.mo. +

+
+ +
+

+Previous: , Up: Shell Syntax   [Contents][Index]

+
+ +

3.1.3 Comments

+ + +

In a non-interactive shell, or an interactive shell in which the +interactive_comments option to the shopt +builtin is enabled (see The Shopt Builtin), +a word beginning with ‘#’ causes that word and all remaining characters on that line to -be ignored. An interactive shell without the interactive_comments -option enabled does not allow comments. The interactive_comments +be ignored. An interactive shell without the interactive_comments +option enabled does not allow comments. The interactive_comments option is on by default in interactive shells. -See section 6.3 Interactive Shells, for a description of what makes +See Interactive Shells, for a description of what makes a shell interactive. -

- - -

- - - - - - - - - - - -
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
-

3.2 Shell Commands

- -

- -A simple shell command such as echo a b c consists of the command +

+
+ +
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Basic Shell Features   [Contents][Index]

+
+ +

3.2 Shell Commands

+ + +

A simple shell command such as echo a b c consists of the command itself followed by arguments, separated by spaces. -

- -More complex shell commands are composed of simple commands arranged together +

+

More complex shell commands are composed of simple commands arranged together in a variety of ways: in a pipeline in which the output of one command becomes the input of a second, in a loop or conditional construct, or in some other grouping. -

- -

- - - - - - -
3.2.1 Simple Commands  The most common type of command.
3.2.2 Pipelines  Connecting the input and output of several - commands.
3.2.3 Lists of Commands  How to execute commands sequentially.
3.2.4 Compound Commands  Shell commands for control flow.
3.2.5 Coprocesses  Two-way communication between commands.
3.2.6 GNU Parallel  Running commands in parallel.
-

- - -

- - - - - - - - - - - -
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
-

3.2.1 Simple Commands

- -

- -A simple command is the kind of command encountered most often. -It's just a sequence of words separated by blanks, terminated -by one of the shell's control operators (see section 2. Definitions). The +

+ + + + + + + +
• Simple Commands:  The most common type of command. +
• Pipelines:  Connecting the input and output of several + commands. +
• Lists:  How to execute commands sequentially. +
• Compound Commands:  Shell commands for control flow. +
• Coprocesses:  Two-way communication between commands. +
• GNU Parallel:  Running commands in parallel. +
+ +
+ +
+

+Next: , Up: Shell Commands   [Contents][Index]

+
+ +

3.2.1 Simple Commands

+ + +

A simple command is the kind of command encountered most often. +It’s just a sequence of words separated by blanks, terminated +by one of the shell’s control operators (see Definitions). The first word generally specifies a command to be executed, with the -rest of the words being that command's arguments. -

- -The return status (see section 3.7.5 Exit Status) of a simple command is +rest of the words being that command’s arguments. +

+

The return status (see Exit Status) of a simple command is its exit status as provided -by the POSIX 1003.1 waitpid function, or 128+n if -the command was terminated by signal n. -

- - -

- - - - - - - - - - - -
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
-

3.2.2 Pipelines

- -

- -A pipeline is a sequence of simple commands separated by one of -the control operators `|' or `|&'. -

- - - - -The format for a pipeline is -
 
[time [-p]] [!] command1 [ | or |& command2 ] ...
-

- -The output of each command in the pipeline is connected via a pipe +by the POSIX 1003.1 waitpid function, or 128+n if +the command was terminated by signal n. +

+
+ +
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Shell Commands   [Contents][Index]

+
+ +

3.2.2 Pipelines

+ + + +

A pipeline is a sequence of one or more commands separated by +one of the control operators ‘|’ or ‘|&’. +

+ + + +

The format for a pipeline is +

+
[time [-p]] [!] command1 [ | or |& command2 ] …
+
+ +

The output of each command in the pipeline is connected via a pipe to the input of the next command. -That is, each command reads the previous command's output. This +That is, each command reads the previous command’s output. This connection is performed before any redirections specified by the command. -

- -If `|&' is used, command1's standard error, in addition to +

+

If ‘|&’ is used, command1’s standard error, in addition to its standard output, is connected to -command2's standard input through the pipe; -it is shorthand for 2>&1 |. +command2’s standard input through the pipe; +it is shorthand for 2>&1 |. This implicit redirection of the standard error to the standard output is performed after any redirections specified by the command. -

- -The reserved word time causes timing statistics +

+

The reserved word time causes timing statistics to be printed for the pipeline once it finishes. The statistics currently consist of elapsed (wall-clock) time and -user and system time consumed by the command's execution. -The `-p' option changes the output format to that specified -by POSIX. -When the shell is in POSIX mode (see section 6.11 Bash POSIX Mode), -it does not recognize time as a reserved word if the next -token begins with a `-'. -The TIMEFORMAT variable may be set to a format string that +user and system time consumed by the command’s execution. +The -p option changes the output format to that specified +by POSIX. +When the shell is in POSIX mode (see Bash POSIX Mode), +it does not recognize time as a reserved word if the next +token begins with a ‘-’. +The TIMEFORMAT variable may be set to a format string that specifies how the timing information should be displayed. -See section 5.2 Bash Variables, for a description of the available formats. -The use of time as a reserved word permits the timing of +See Bash Variables, for a description of the available formats. +The use of time as a reserved word permits the timing of shell builtins, shell functions, and pipelines. An external -time command cannot time these easily. -

- -When the shell is in POSIX mode (see section 6.11 Bash POSIX Mode), time +time command cannot time these easily. +

+

When the shell is in POSIX mode (see Bash POSIX Mode), time may be followed by a newline. In this case, the shell displays the total user and system time consumed by the shell and its children. -The TIMEFORMAT variable may be used to specify the format of +The TIMEFORMAT variable may be used to specify the format of the time information. -

- -If the pipeline is not executed asynchronously (see section 3.2.3 Lists of Commands), the +

+

If the pipeline is not executed asynchronously (see Lists), the shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to complete. -

- -Each command in a pipeline is executed in its own subshell -(see section 3.7.3 Command Execution Environment). The exit +

+

Each command in a pipeline is executed in its own subshell +(see Command Execution Environment). The exit status of a pipeline is the exit status of the last command in the -pipeline, unless the pipefail option is enabled -(see section 4.3.1 The Set Builtin). -If pipefail is enabled, the pipeline's return status is the +pipeline, unless the pipefail option is enabled +(see The Set Builtin). +If pipefail is enabled, the pipeline’s return status is the value of the last (rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands exit successfully. -If the reserved word `!' precedes the pipeline, the +If the reserved word ‘!’ precedes the pipeline, the exit status is the logical negation of the exit status as described above. The shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to terminate before returning a value. -

- - -

- - - - - - - - - - - -
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
-

3.2.3 Lists of Commands

- -

- -A list is a sequence of one or more pipelines separated by one -of the operators `;', `&', `&&', or `||', -and optionally terminated by one of `;', `&', or a -newline. -

- -Of these list operators, `&&' and `||' -have equal precedence, followed by `;' and `&', +

+
+ +
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Shell Commands   [Contents][Index]

+
+ +

3.2.3 Lists of Commands

+ + +

A list is a sequence of one or more pipelines separated by one +of the operators ‘;’, ‘&’, ‘&&’, or ‘||’, +and optionally terminated by one of ‘;’, ‘&’, or a +newline. +

+

Of these list operators, ‘&&’ and ‘||’ +have equal precedence, followed by ‘;’ and ‘&’, which have equal precedence. -

- -A sequence of one or more newlines may appear in a list +

+

A sequence of one or more newlines may appear in a list to delimit commands, equivalent to a semicolon. -

- -If a command is terminated by the control operator `&', +

+

If a command is terminated by the control operator ‘&’, the shell executes the command asynchronously in a subshell. -This is known as executing the command in the background. +This is known as executing the command in the background. The shell does not wait for the command to finish, and the return status is 0 (true). -When job control is not active (see section 7. Job Control), +When job control is not active (see Job Control), the standard input for asynchronous commands, in the absence of any -explicit redirections, is redirected from /dev/null. -

- -Commands separated by a `;' are executed sequentially; the shell +explicit redirections, is redirected from /dev/null. +

+

Commands separated by a ‘;’ are executed sequentially; the shell waits for each command to terminate in turn. The return status is the exit status of the last command executed. -

- -AND and OR lists are sequences of one or more pipelines -separated by the control operators `&&' and `||', -respectively. AND and OR lists are executed with left +

+

AND and OR lists are sequences of one or more pipelines +separated by the control operators ‘&&’ and ‘||’, +respectively. AND and OR lists are executed with left associativity. -

- -An AND list has the form -
 
command1 && command2
-

+

+

An AND list has the form +

+
command1 && command2
+
-command2 is executed if, and only if, command1 +

command2 is executed if, and only if, command1 returns an exit status of zero. -

+

+

An OR list has the form +

+
command1 || command2
+
-An OR list has the form -
 
command1 || command2
-

- -command2 is executed if, and only if, command1 +

command2 is executed if, and only if, command1 returns a non-zero exit status. -

- -The return status of -AND and OR lists is the exit status of the last command +

+

The return status of +AND and OR lists is the exit status of the last command executed in the list. -

- - -

- - - - - - - - - - - -
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
-

3.2.4 Compound Commands

- -

- -

- - - -
3.2.4.1 Looping Constructs  Shell commands for iterative action.
3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs  Shell commands for conditional execution.
3.2.4.3 Grouping Commands  Ways to group commands.
-

- -Compound commands are the shell programming constructs. +

+
+ +
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Shell Commands   [Contents][Index]

+
+ +

3.2.4 Compound Commands

+ + + + + + +
• Looping Constructs:  Shell commands for iterative action. +
• Conditional Constructs:  Shell commands for conditional execution. +
• Command Grouping:  Ways to group commands. +
+ +

Compound commands are the shell programming constructs. Each construct begins with a reserved word or control operator and is terminated by a corresponding reserved word or operator. -Any redirections (see section 3.6 Redirections) associated with a compound command +Any redirections (see Redirections) associated with a compound command apply to all commands within that compound command unless explicitly overridden. -

- -In most cases a list of commands in a compound command's description may be +

+

In most cases a list of commands in a compound command’s description may be separated from the rest of the command by one or more newlines, and may be followed by a newline in place of a semicolon. -

- -Bash provides looping constructs, conditional commands, and mechanisms +

+

Bash provides looping constructs, conditional commands, and mechanisms to group commands and execute them as a unit. -

- - -

- - - - - - - - - - - -
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
-

3.2.4.1 Looping Constructs

- -

- -Bash supports the following looping constructs. -

- -Note that wherever a `;' appears in the description of a -command's syntax, it may be replaced with one or more newlines. -

- -

-
until -
- - -The syntax of the until command is: -

- -
 
until test-commands; do consequent-commands; done
-

- -Execute consequent-commands as long as -test-commands has an exit status which is not zero. +

+
+ +
+

+Next: , Up: Compound Commands   [Contents][Index]

+
+ +

3.2.4.1 Looping Constructs

+ + +

Bash supports the following looping constructs. +

+

Note that wherever a ‘;’ appears in the description of a +command’s syntax, it may be replaced with one or more newlines. +

+
+
until
+
+ + +

The syntax of the until command is: +

+
+
until test-commands; do consequent-commands; done
+
+ +

Execute consequent-commands as long as +test-commands has an exit status which is not zero. The return status is the exit status of the last command executed -in consequent-commands, or zero if none was executed. -

- -

while -
-The syntax of the while command is: -

- -
 
while test-commands; do consequent-commands; done
-

- -Execute consequent-commands as long as -test-commands has an exit status of zero. +in consequent-commands, or zero if none was executed. +

+
+
while
+
+

The syntax of the while command is: +

+
+
while test-commands; do consequent-commands; done
+
+ +

Execute consequent-commands as long as +test-commands has an exit status of zero. The return status is the exit status of the last command executed -in consequent-commands, or zero if none was executed. -

- -

for -
-The syntax of the for command is: -

- -
 
for name [ [in [words ...] ] ; ] do commands; done
-

- -Expand words, and execute commands once for each member -in the resultant list, with name bound to the current member. -If `in words' is not present, the for command -executes the commands once for each positional parameter that is -set, as if `in "$@"' had been specified -(see section 3.4.2 Special Parameters). +in consequent-commands, or zero if none was executed. +

+
+
for
+
+

The syntax of the for command is: +

+
+
for name [ [in [words …] ] ; ] do commands; done
+
+ +

Expand words, and execute commands once for each member +in the resultant list, with name bound to the current member. +If ‘in words’ is not present, the for command +executes the commands once for each positional parameter that is +set, as if ‘in "$@"’ had been specified +(see Special Parameters). The return status is the exit status of the last command that executes. -If there are no items in the expansion of words, no commands are +If there are no items in the expansion of words, no commands are executed, and the return status is zero. -

- -An alternate form of the for command is also supported: -

- -
 
for (( expr1 ; expr2 ; expr3 )) ; do commands ; done
-

- -First, the arithmetic expression expr1 is evaluated according -to the rules described below (see section 6.5 Shell Arithmetic). -The arithmetic expression expr2 is then evaluated repeatedly +

+

An alternate form of the for command is also supported: +

+
+
for (( expr1 ; expr2 ; expr3 )) ; do commands ; done
+
+ +

First, the arithmetic expression expr1 is evaluated according +to the rules described below (see Shell Arithmetic). +The arithmetic expression expr2 is then evaluated repeatedly until it evaluates to zero. -Each time expr2 evaluates to a non-zero value, commands are -executed and the arithmetic expression expr3 is evaluated. +Each time expr2 evaluates to a non-zero value, commands are +executed and the arithmetic expression expr3 is evaluated. If any expression is omitted, it behaves as if it evaluates to 1. -The return value is the exit status of the last command in commands +The return value is the exit status of the last command in commands that is executed, or false if any of the expressions is invalid. -

-

+

+
-The break and continue builtins (see section 4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins) +

The break and continue builtins (see Bourne Shell Builtins) may be used to control loop execution. -

- - -

- - - - - - - - - - - -
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
-

3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs

- -

- -

-
if -
- - - - -The syntax of the if command is: -

- -
 
if test-commands; then
-  consequent-commands;
-[elif more-test-commands; then
-  more-consequents;]
-[else alternate-consequents;]
+

+

+
+

+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Compound Commands   [Contents][Index]

+

+
+
3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs

+
+
+

+
if

+

+
+
+
+
+
The syntax of the if command is:
+

+

+
if test-commands; then
+  consequent-commands;
+[elif more-test-commands; then
+  more-consequents;]
+[else alternate-consequents;]
 fi
-

+ -The test-commands list is executed, and if its return status is zero, -the consequent-commands list is executed. -If test-commands returns a non-zero status, each elif list +

The test-commands list is executed, and if its return status is zero, +the consequent-commands list is executed. +If test-commands returns a non-zero status, each elif list is executed in turn, and if its exit status is zero, -the corresponding more-consequents is executed and the +the corresponding more-consequents is executed and the command completes. -If `else alternate-consequents' is present, and -the final command in the final if or elif clause -has a non-zero exit status, then alternate-consequents is executed. +If ‘else alternate-consequents’ is present, and +the final command in the final if or elif clause +has a non-zero exit status, then alternate-consequents is executed. The return status is the exit status of the last command executed, or zero if no condition tested true. -

- -

case -
- - -The syntax of the case command is: -

- -
 
case word in [ [(] pattern [| pattern]...) command-list ;;]... esac
-

- -case will selectively execute the command-list corresponding to -the first pattern that matches word. -If the shell option nocasematch -(see the description of shopt in 4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin) +

+
+
case
+
+ + +

The syntax of the case command is: +

+
+
case word in [ [(] pattern [| pattern]…) command-list ;;]… esac
+
+ +

case will selectively execute the command-list corresponding to +the first pattern that matches word. +If the nocasematch shell option +(see the description of shopt in The Shopt Builtin) is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. -The `|' is used to separate multiple patterns, and the `)' +The ‘|’ is used to separate multiple patterns, and the ‘)’ operator terminates a pattern list. A list of patterns and an associated command-list is known -as a clause. -

- -Each clause must be terminated with `;;', `;&', or `;;&'. -The word undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command +as a clause. +

+

Each clause must be terminated with ‘;;’, ‘;&’, or ‘;;&’. +The word undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal before matching is -attempted. Each pattern undergoes tilde expansion, parameter +attempted. Each pattern undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. -

- -There may be an arbitrary number of case clauses, each terminated -by a `;;', `;&', or `;;&'. +

+

There may be an arbitrary number of case clauses, each terminated +by a ‘;;’, ‘;&’, or ‘;;&’. The first pattern that matches determines the command-list that is executed. -It's a common idiom to use `*' as the final pattern to define the +It’s a common idiom to use ‘*’ as the final pattern to define the default case, since that pattern will always match. -

- -Here is an example using case in a script that could be used to +

+

Here is an example using case in a script that could be used to describe one interesting feature of an animal: -

- -
 
echo -n "Enter the name of an animal: "
+

+

+
echo -n "Enter the name of an animal: "
 read ANIMAL
-echo -n "The $ANIMAL has "
+echo -n "The $ANIMAL has "
 case $ANIMAL in
-  horse | dog | cat) echo -n "four";;
-  man | kangaroo ) echo -n "two";;
-  *) echo -n "an unknown number of";;
+  horse | dog | cat) echo -n "four";;
+  man | kangaroo ) echo -n "two";;
+  *) echo -n "an unknown number of";;
 esac
-echo " legs."
-

+echo " legs." + -

-If the `;;' operator is used, no subsequent matches are attempted after +

If the ‘;;’ operator is used, no subsequent matches are attempted after the first pattern match. -Using `;&' in place of `;;' causes execution to continue with -the command-list associated with the next clause, if any. -Using `;;&' in place of `;;' causes the shell to test the patterns -in the next clause, if any, and execute any associated command-list +Using ‘;&’ in place of ‘;;’ causes execution to continue with +the command-list associated with the next clause, if any. +Using ‘;;&’ in place of ‘;;’ causes the shell to test the patterns +in the next clause, if any, and execute any associated command-list on a successful match. -

- -The return status is zero if no pattern is matched. Otherwise, the -return status is the exit status of the command-list executed. -

- -

select -
-

- -The select construct allows the easy generation of menus. -It has almost the same syntax as the for command: -

- -
 
select name [in words ...]; do commands; done
-

- -The list of words following in is expanded, generating a list +

+

The return status is zero if no pattern is matched. Otherwise, the +return status is the exit status of the command-list executed. +

+
+
select
+
+ +

The select construct allows the easy generation of menus. +It has almost the same syntax as the for command: +

+
+
select name [in words …]; do commands; done
+
+ +

The list of words following in is expanded, generating a list of items. The set of expanded words is printed on the standard error output stream, each preceded by a number. If the -`in words' is omitted, the positional parameters are printed, -as if `in "$@"' had been specified. -The PS3 prompt is then displayed and a line is read from the +‘in words’ is omitted, the positional parameters are printed, +as if ‘in "$@"’ had been specified. +The PS3 prompt is then displayed and a line is read from the standard input. If the line consists of a number corresponding to one of the displayed -words, then the value of name is set to that word. +words, then the value of name is set to that word. If the line is empty, the words and prompt are displayed again. -If EOF is read, the select command completes. -Any other value read causes name to be set to null. -The line read is saved in the variable REPLY. -

- -The commands are executed after each selection until a -break command is executed, at which -point the select command completes. -

- -Here is an example that allows the user to pick a filename from the +If EOF is read, the select command completes. +Any other value read causes name to be set to null. +The line read is saved in the variable REPLY. +

+

The commands are executed after each selection until a +break command is executed, at which +point the select command completes. +

+

Here is an example that allows the user to pick a filename from the current directory, and displays the name and index of the file selected. -

- -
 
select fname in *;
+

+

+
select fname in *;
 do
 	echo you picked $fname \($REPLY\)
 	break;
 done
-

+ -

((...)) -
 
(( expression ))
-

+

+
((…))
+
+
(( expression ))
+
-The arithmetic expression is evaluated according to the rules -described below (see section 6.5 Shell Arithmetic). +

The arithmetic expression is evaluated according to the rules +described below (see Shell Arithmetic). If the value of the expression is non-zero, the return status is 0; otherwise the return status is 1. This is exactly equivalent to -
 
let "expression"
-
See section 4.2 Bash Builtin Commands, for a full description of the let builtin. -

- -

[[...]] -
- -
 
[[ expression ]]
-

- -Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of -the conditional expression expression. +

+
let "expression"
+
+

See Bash Builtins, for a full description of the let builtin. +

+
+
[[…]]
+
+ +
+
[[ expression ]]
+
+ +

Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of +the conditional expression expression. Expressions are composed of the primaries described below in -6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions. +Bash Conditional Expressions. Word splitting and filename expansion are not performed on the words -between the [[ and ]]; tilde expansion, parameter and +between the [[ and ]]; tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command substitution, process substitution, and quote removal are performed. -Conditional operators such as `-f' must be unquoted to be recognized +Conditional operators such as ‘-f’ must be unquoted to be recognized as primaries. -

- -When used with [[, the `<' and `>' operators sort +

+

When used with [[, the ‘<’ and ‘>’ operators sort lexicographically using the current locale. -

- -When the `==' and `!=' operators are used, the string to the +

+

When the ‘==’ and ‘!=’ operators are used, the string to the right of the operator is considered a pattern and matched according -to the rules described below in 3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching, -as if the extglob shell option were enabled. -The `=' operator is identical to `=='. -If the shell option nocasematch -(see the description of shopt in 4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin) +to the rules described below in Pattern Matching, +as if the extglob shell option were enabled. +The ‘=’ operator is identical to ‘==’. +If the nocasematch shell option +(see the description of shopt in The Shopt Builtin) is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. -The return value is 0 if the string matches (`==') or does not -match (`!=')the pattern, and 1 otherwise. +The return value is 0 if the string matches (‘==’) or does not +match (‘!=’)the pattern, and 1 otherwise. Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force the quoted portion to be matched as a string. -

- -An additional binary operator, `=~', is available, with the same -precedence as `==' and `!='. +

+

An additional binary operator, ‘=~’, is available, with the same +precedence as ‘==’ and ‘!=’. When it is used, the string to the right of the operator is considered -an extended regular expression and matched accordingly (as in regex3)). +an extended regular expression and matched accordingly (as in regex3)). The return value is 0 if the string matches the pattern, and 1 otherwise. If the regular expression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional -expression's return value is 2. -If the shell option nocasematch -(see the description of shopt in 4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin) +expression’s return value is 2. +If the nocasematch shell option +(see the description of shopt in The Shopt Builtin) is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force the quoted portion @@ -1394,748 +1455,683 @@ since normal quoting characters lose their meanings between brackets. If the pattern is stored in a shell variable, quoting the variable expansion forces the entire pattern to be matched as a string. Substrings matched by parenthesized subexpressions within the regular -expression are saved in the array variable BASH_REMATCH. -The element of BASH_REMATCH with index 0 is the portion of the string +expression are saved in the array variable BASH_REMATCH. +The element of BASH_REMATCH with index 0 is the portion of the string matching the entire regular expression. -The element of BASH_REMATCH with index n is the portion of the -string matching the nth parenthesized subexpression. -

- -For example, the following will match a line -(stored in the shell variable line) +The element of BASH_REMATCH with index n is the portion of the +string matching the nth parenthesized subexpression. +

+

For example, the following will match a line +(stored in the shell variable line) if there is a sequence of characters in the value consisting of any number, including zero, of -space characters, zero or one instances of `a', then a `b': -
 
[[ $line =~ [[:space:]]*(a)?b ]]
-

- -That means values like `aab' and ` aaaaaab' will match, as -will a line containing a `b' anywhere in its value. -

- -Storing the regular expression in a shell variable is often a useful +space characters, zero or one instances of ‘a’, then a ‘b’: +

+
[[ $line =~ [[:space:]]*(a)?b ]]
+
+ +

That means values like ‘aab’ and ‘ aaaaaab’ will match, as +will a line containing a ‘b’ anywhere in its value. +

+

Storing the regular expression in a shell variable is often a useful way to avoid problems with quoting characters that are special to the shell. It is sometimes difficult to specify a regular expression literally without using quotes, or to keep track of the quoting used by regular -expressions while paying attention to the shell's quote removal. +expressions while paying attention to the shell’s quote removal. Using a shell variable to store the pattern decreases these problems. For example, the following is equivalent to the above: -
 
pattern='[[:space:]]*(a)?b'
+

+
pattern='[[:space:]]*(a)?b'
 [[ $line =~ $pattern ]]
-

+ -If you want to match a character that's special to the regular expression +

If you want to match a character that’s special to the regular expression grammar, it has to be quoted to remove its special meaning. -This means that in the pattern `xxx.txt', the `.' matches any +This means that in the pattern ‘xxx.txt’, the ‘.’ matches any character in the string (its usual regular expression meaning), but in the -pattern `"xxx.txt"' it can only match a literal `.'. +pattern ‘"xxx.txt"’ it can only match a literal ‘.’. Shell programmers should take special care with backslashes, since backslashes are used both by the shell and regular expressions to remove the special meaning from the following character. -The following two sets of commands are not equivalent: -
 
pattern='\.'
+The following two sets of commands are not equivalent:
+

+
pattern='\.'
 
 [[ . =~ $pattern ]]
 [[ . =~ \. ]]
 
-[[ . =~ "$pattern" ]]
+[[ . =~ "$pattern" ]]
 [[ . =~ '\.' ]]
-

+ -The first two matches will succeed, but the second two will not, because +

The first two matches will succeed, but the second two will not, because in the second two the backslash will be part of the pattern to be matched. In the first two examples, the backslash removes the special meaning from -`.', so the literal `.' matches. -If the string in the first examples were anything other than `.', say -`a', the pattern would not match, because the quoted `.' in the +‘.’, so the literal ‘.’ matches. +If the string in the first examples were anything other than ‘.’, say +‘a’, the pattern would not match, because the quoted ‘.’ in the pattern loses its special meaning of matching any single character. -

- -Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed +

+

Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed in decreasing order of precedence: -

- -

-
( expression ) -
Returns the value of expression. +

+
+
( expression )
+

Returns the value of expression. This may be used to override the normal precedence of operators. -

- -

! expression -
True if expression is false. -

- -

expression1 && expression2 -
True if both expression1 and expression2 are true. -

- -

expression1 || expression2 -
True if either expression1 or expression2 is true. -
-

- -The && and || operators do not evaluate expression2 if the -value of expression1 is sufficient to determine the return +

+
+
! expression
+

True if expression is false. +

+
+
expression1 && expression2
+

True if both expression1 and expression2 are true. +

+
+
expression1 || expression2
+

True if either expression1 or expression2 is true. +

+
+ +

The && and || operators do not evaluate expression2 if the +value of expression1 is sufficient to determine the return value of the entire conditional expression. -

-

- - -

- - - - - - - - - - - -
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3.2.4.3 Grouping Commands

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- -Bash provides two ways to group a list of commands to be executed +

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"$BASH_ENV"; fi)144 114 Q F0 -.2(bu) +108 132 S 2.5(tt).2 G(he v)-2.5 E(alue of the)-.25 E F1 -.666(PA)2.5 G +(TH)-.189 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G +(riable is not used to search for the \214lename.).25 E(If)108 148.8 Q +F2(bash)3.417 E F0 .917(is in)3.417 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.417(dw) +.1 G .917(ith the name)-3.417 F F2(sh)3.417 E F0 3.417(,i)C 3.417(tt) -3.417 G .917(ries to mimic the startup beha)-3.417 F .917 -(vior of historical v)-.2 F .917(ersions of)-.15 F F1(sh)3.417 E F0(as) +(vior of historical v)-.2 F .917(ersions of)-.15 F F2(sh)3.417 E F0(as) 3.417 E .145 (closely as possible, while conforming to the POSIX standard as well.) -108 148.8 R .145(When in)5.145 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.645(da).1 G +108 160.8 R .145(When in)5.145 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.645(da).1 G 2.645(sa)-2.645 G 2.645(ni)-2.645 G(nteracti)-2.645 E .445 -.15(ve l) --.25 H(ogin).15 E 1.264(shell, or a non-interacti)108 160.8 R 1.564 -.15 -(ve s)-.25 H 1.264(hell with the).15 F F1(\255\255login)3.764 E F0 1.264 +-.25 H(ogin).15 E 1.264(shell, or a non-interacti)108 172.8 R 1.564 -.15 +(ve s)-.25 H 1.264(hell with the).15 F F2(\255\255login)3.764 E F0 1.264 (option, it \214rst attempts to read and e)3.764 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.263 -(cute commands).15 F(from)108 172.8 Q/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(/etc/pr) +(cute commands).15 F(from)108 184.8 Q/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(/etc/pr) 4.142 E(o\214le)-.45 E F0(and)3.172 E F4(~/.pr)2.992 E(o\214le)-.45 E F0 2.992(,i).18 G 2.992(nt)-2.992 G .492(hat order)-2.992 F 5.492(.T)-.55 G -(he)-5.492 E F1(\255\255nopr)2.992 E(o\214le)-.18 E F0 .493 +(he)-5.492 E F2(\255\255nopr)2.992 E(o\214le)-.18 E F0 .493 (option may be used to inhibit this beha)2.993 F(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E -.418(When in)108 184.8 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.918(da).1 G 2.918 +.418(When in)108 196.8 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.918(da).1 G 2.918 (sa)-2.918 G 2.918(ni)-2.918 G(nteracti)-2.918 E .718 -.15(ve s)-.25 H -.418(hell with the name).15 F F1(sh)2.918 E F0(,)A F1(bash)2.918 E F0 -.418(looks for the v)2.918 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(ENV)2.918 E/F5 9 +.418(hell with the name).15 F F2(sh)2.918 E F0(,)A F2(bash)2.918 E F0 +.418(looks for the v)2.918 F(ariable)-.25 E F1(ENV)2.918 E/F5 9 /Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 -.15(ex)2.667 G .417(pands its v).15 F(alue) --.25 E .171(if it is de\214ned, and uses the e)108 196.8 R .171 +-.25 E .171(if it is de\214ned, and uses the e)108 208.8 R .171 (xpanded v)-.15 F .171(alue as the name of a \214le to read and e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.671(cute. Since).15 F 2.671(as)2.671 G .171(hell in) --2.671 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E(as)108 208.8 Q F1(sh)3.081 E F0 +-2.671 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E(as)108 220.8 Q F2(sh)3.081 E F0 .581(does not attempt to read and e)3.081 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .581 (cute commands from an).15 F 3.08(yo)-.15 G .58 -(ther startup \214les, the)-3.08 F F13.08 E(c\214le)-.18 E F0 -.58(option has)3.08 F .182(no ef)108 220.8 R 2.682(fect. A)-.25 F +(ther startup \214les, the)-3.08 F F23.08 E(c\214le)-.18 E F0 +.58(option has)3.08 F .182(no ef)108 232.8 R 2.682(fect. A)-.25 F (non-interacti)2.682 E .482 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .182(hell in).15 F -.2(vo) --.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.682(dw).1 G .182(ith the name)-2.682 F F1(sh)2.682 E +-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.682(dw).1 G .182(ith the name)-2.682 F F2(sh)2.682 E F0 .182(does not attempt to read an)2.682 F 2.683(yo)-.15 G .183 -(ther startup \214les.)-2.683 F(When in)108 232.8 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke) -.2 G 2.5(da).1 G(s)-2.5 E F1(sh)2.5 E F0(,)A F1(bash)2.5 E F0(enters)2.5 +(ther startup \214les.)-2.683 F(When in)108 244.8 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke) +.2 G 2.5(da).1 G(s)-2.5 E F2(sh)2.5 E F0(,)A F2(bash)2.5 E F0(enters)2.5 E F4(posix)3.75 E F0(mode after the startup \214les are read.)3.03 E -(When)108 249.6 Q F1(bash)2.727 E F0 .226(is started in)2.727 F F4 -(posix)3.976 E F0 .226(mode, as with the)3.256 F F1(\255\255posix)2.726 +(When)108 261.6 Q F2(bash)2.727 E F0 .226(is started in)2.727 F F4 +(posix)3.976 E F0 .226(mode, as with the)3.256 F F2(\255\255posix)2.726 E F0 .226(command line option, it follo)2.726 F .226(ws the POSIX stan-) --.25 F .341(dard for startup \214les.)108 261.6 R .341 +-.25 F .341(dard for startup \214les.)108 273.6 R .341 (In this mode, interacti)5.341 F .641 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .341(hells e).15 -F .341(xpand the)-.15 F F3(ENV)2.841 E F0 -.25(va)2.591 G .342 -(riable and commands are read and).25 F -.15(exe)108 273.6 S +F .341(xpand the)-.15 F F1(ENV)2.841 E F0 -.25(va)2.591 G .342 +(riable and commands are read and).25 F -.15(exe)108 285.6 S (cuted from the \214le whose name is the e).15 E(xpanded v)-.15 E 2.5 -(alue. No)-.25 F(other startup \214les are read.)2.5 E F1(Bash)108 290.4 +(alue. No)-.25 F(other startup \214les are read.)2.5 E F2(Bash)108 302.4 Q F0 .224(attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard \ input connected to a netw)2.724 F .223(ork connection,)-.1 F .025 -(as when e)108 302.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .025 +(as when e)108 314.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .025 (cuted by the remote shell daemon, usually).15 F F4 -.1(rs)2.525 G(hd).1 E F0 2.525(,o)C 2.525(rt)-2.525 G .025(he secure shell daemon)-2.525 F -F4(sshd)2.525 E F0 5.025(.I)C(f)-5.025 E F1(bash)2.525 E F0(deter)2.525 -E(-)-.2 E .134(mines it is being run in this f)108 314.4 R .134 +F4(sshd)2.525 E F0 5.025(.I)C(f)-5.025 E F2(bash)2.525 E F0(deter)2.525 +E(-)-.2 E .134(mines it is being run in this f)108 326.4 R .134 (ashion, it reads and e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .133(cutes commands from) .15 F F4(~/.bashr)2.633 E(c)-.37 E F0 2.633(,i)C 2.633(ft)-2.633 G .133 (hat \214le e)-2.633 F .133(xists and is)-.15 F 2.869(readable. It)108 -326.4 R .369(will not do this if in)2.869 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G -2.869(da).1 G(s)-2.869 E F1(sh)2.869 E F0 5.369(.T)C(he)-5.369 E F1 +338.4 R .369(will not do this if in)2.869 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G +2.869(da).1 G(s)-2.869 E F2(sh)2.869 E F0 5.369(.T)C(he)-5.369 E F2 2.869 E(c)-.18 E F0 .369 (option may be used to inhibit this beha)2.869 F(vior)-.2 E 2.869(,a)-.4 -G(nd)-2.869 E(the)108 338.4 Q F12.919 E(c\214le)-.18 E F0 .419 +G(nd)-2.869 E(the)108 350.4 Q F22.919 E(c\214le)-.18 E F0 .419 (option may be used to force another \214le to be read, b)2.919 F .419 (ut neither)-.2 F F4 -.1(rs)2.919 G(hd).1 E F0(nor)2.919 E F4(sshd)2.919 E F0 .418(generally in)2.919 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G -(the shell with those options or allo)108 350.4 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G +(the shell with those options or allo)108 362.4 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G (hem to be speci\214ed.)-2.5 E 1.207 -(If the shell is started with the ef)108 367.2 R(fecti)-.25 E 1.507 -.15 +(If the shell is started with the ef)108 379.2 R(fecti)-.25 E 1.507 -.15 (ve u)-.25 H 1.208 (ser \(group\) id not equal to the real user \(group\) id, and the).15 F -F13.708 E F0 .536(option is not supplied, no startup \214les are \ -read, shell functions are not inherited from the en)108 379.2 R .535 -(vironment, the)-.4 F F3(SHELLOPTS)108 391.2 Q F5(,)A F3 -.27(BA)2.959 G -(SHOPTS).27 E F5(,)A F3(CDP)2.959 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F5(,)A F0 -(and)2.959 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.209 E F0 -.25(va)2.959 G .709 +F23.708 E F0 .536(option is not supplied, no startup \214les are \ +read, shell functions are not inherited from the en)108 391.2 R .535 +(vironment, the)-.4 F F1(SHELLOPTS)108 403.2 Q F5(,)A F1 -.27(BA)2.959 G +(SHOPTS).27 E F5(,)A F1(CDP)2.959 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F5(,)A F0 +(and)2.959 E F1(GLOBIGNORE)3.209 E F0 -.25(va)2.959 G .709 (riables, if the).25 F 3.209(ya)-.15 G .71(ppear in the en)-3.209 F .71 -(vironment, are)-.4 F .905(ignored, and the ef)108 403.2 R(fecti)-.25 E +(vironment, are)-.4 F .905(ignored, and the ef)108 415.2 R(fecti)-.25 E 1.205 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .904(ser id is set to the real user id.).15 F -.904(If the)5.904 F F13.404 E F0 .904(option is supplied at in) -3.404 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .904(cation, the).2 F(startup beha)108 415.2 Q +.904(If the)5.904 F F23.404 E F0 .904(option is supplied at in) +3.404 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .904(cation, the).2 F(startup beha)108 427.2 Q (vior is the same, b)-.2 E(ut the ef)-.2 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve u) -.25 H(ser id is not reset.).15 E/F6 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(DEFINITIONS) -72 432 Q F0(The follo)108 444 Q +72 444 Q F0(The follo)108 456 Q (wing de\214nitions are used throughout the rest of this document.)-.25 -E F1(blank)108 456 Q F0 2.5(As)11.54 G(pace or tab)-2.5 E(.)-.4 E F1 -.1 -(wo)108 468 S(rd).1 E F0 2.5(As)13.88 G +E F2(blank)108 468 Q F0 2.5(As)144 468 S(pace or tab)-2.5 E(.)-.4 E F2 +-.1(wo)108 480 S(rd).1 E F0 2.5(As)144 480 S (equence of characters considered as a single unit by the shell.)-2.5 E -(Also kno)5 E(wn as a)-.25 E F1(tok)2.5 E(en)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(name)108 -480 Q F0(A)12.67 E F4(wor)3.005 E(d)-.37 E F0 .165 +(Also kno)5 E(wn as a)-.25 E F2(tok)2.5 E(en)-.1 E F0(.)A F2(name)108 +492 Q F0(A)144 492 Q F4(wor)3.005 E(d)-.37 E F0 .165 (consisting only of alphanumeric characters and underscores, and be) 3.435 F .166(ginning with an alpha-)-.15 F -(betic character or an underscore.)144 492 Q(Also referred to as an)5 E -F1(identi\214er)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(metacharacter)108 504 Q F0 2.5(Ac)144 -516 S(haracter that, when unquoted, separates w)-2.5 E 2.5(ords. One)-.1 -F(of the follo)2.5 E(wing:)-.25 E F1 5(|&;\(\)<>s)144 528 S 2.5 -(pace tab)-5 F(contr)108 540 Q(ol operator)-.18 E F0(A)144 552 Q F4(tok) -2.5 E(en)-.1 E F0(that performs a control function.)2.5 E -(It is one of the follo)5 E(wing symbols:)-.25 E F1 2.5 -(|| & && ; ;; \( \) | |&)144 564 R()10 E F6(RESER)72 580.8 Q -(VED W)-.602 E(ORDS)-.11 E F4 .307(Reserved wor)108 592.8 R(ds)-.37 E F0 -.307(are w)2.807 F .307(ords that ha)-.1 F .607 -.15(ve a s)-.2 H .306 -(pecial meaning to the shell.).15 F .306(The follo)5.306 F .306(wing w) --.25 F .306(ords are recognized as)-.1 F(reserv)108 604.8 Q .227 -(ed when unquoted and either the \214rst w)-.15 F .227 -(ord of a simple command \(see)-.1 F F3 .227(SHELL GRAMMAR)2.727 F F0 -(belo)2.477 E .227(w\) or)-.25 F(the third w)108 616.8 Q(ord of a)-.1 E -F1(case)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1 -.25(fo)2.5 G(r).25 E F0(command:)2.5 E F1 -11.295(!c)144 633.6 S 8.795(ase copr)-11.295 F 8.795 +(betic character or an underscore.)144 504 Q(Also referred to as an)5 E +F2(identi\214er)2.5 E F0(.)A F2(metacharacter)108 516 Q F0 2.5(Ac)144 +528 S(haracter that, when unquoted, separates w)-2.5 E 2.5(ords. One)-.1 +F(of the follo)2.5 E(wing:)-.25 E F2 5(|&;\(\)<>s)144 540 S 2.5 +(pace tab newline)-5 F(contr)108 552 Q(ol operator)-.18 E F0(A)144 564 Q +F4(tok)2.5 E(en)-.1 E F0(that performs a control function.)2.5 E +(It is one of the follo)5 E(wing symbols:)-.25 E F2 2.5 +(|| & && ; ;; ;& ;;& \( \) | |&)144 576 R()10 E F6(RESER)72 +592.8 Q(VED W)-.602 E(ORDS)-.11 E F4 .307(Reserved wor)108 604.8 R(ds) +-.37 E F0 .307(are w)2.807 F .307(ords that ha)-.1 F .607 -.15(ve a s) +-.2 H .306(pecial meaning to the shell.).15 F .306(The follo)5.306 F +.306(wing w)-.25 F .306(ords are recognized as)-.1 F(reserv)108 616.8 Q +.227(ed when unquoted and either the \214rst w)-.15 F .227 +(ord of a simple command \(see)-.1 F F1 .227(SHELL GRAMMAR)2.727 F F0 +(belo)2.477 E .227(w\) or)-.25 F(the third w)108 628.8 Q(ord of a)-.1 E +F2(case)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F2 -.25(fo)2.5 G(r).25 E F0(command:)2.5 E F2 +11.295(!c)144 645.6 S 8.795(ase copr)-11.295 F 8.795 (oc do done elif else esac \214 f)-.18 F 8.795 (or function if in select then)-.25 F 7.5(until while { } time [[ ]])144 -645.6 R F6(SHELL GRAMMAR)72 662.4 Q F1(Simple Commands)87 674.4 Q F0(A) -108 686.4 Q F4 .388(simple command)2.888 F F0 .388 +657.6 R F6(SHELL GRAMMAR)72 674.4 Q F2(Simple Commands)87 686.4 Q F0(A) +108 698.4 Q F4 .388(simple command)2.888 F F0 .388 (is a sequence of optional v)2.888 F .389(ariable assignments follo)-.25 -F .389(wed by)-.25 F F1(blank)2.889 E F0 .389(-separated w)B .389 -(ords and)-.1 F .816(redirections, and terminated by a)108 698.4 R F4 +F .389(wed by)-.25 F F2(blank)2.889 E F0 .389(-separated w)B .389 +(ords and)-.1 F .816(redirections, and terminated by a)108 710.4 R F4 (contr)3.316 E .815(ol oper)-.45 F(ator)-.15 E F0 5.815(.T)C .815 (he \214rst w)-5.815 F .815(ord speci\214es the command to be e)-.1 F --.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted,).15 E(and is passed as ar)108 710.4 Q +-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted,).15 E(and is passed as ar)108 722.4 Q (gument zero.)-.18 E(The remaining w)5 E(ords are passed as ar)-.1 E (guments to the in)-.18 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dc).1 G(ommand.) --2.5 E .175(The return v)108 727.2 R .175(alue of a)-.25 F F4 .175 -(simple command)2.675 F F0 .175(is its e)2.675 F .175 -(xit status, or 128+)-.15 F F4(n)A F0 .176 -(if the command is terminated by signal)3.508 F F4(n)2.676 E F0(.).24 E -(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(3)195.95 E 0 Cg EP +-2.5 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(3)197.055 E 0 Cg +EP %%Page: 4 4 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Pipelines)87 84 Q F0(A)108 96 Q/F2 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(pipeline)2.996 E F0 .496(is a sequence of one or mor\ -e commands separated by one of the control operators)2.996 F F1(|)2.996 -E F0(or)2.996 E F1(|&)2.996 E F0 5.496(.T)C(he)-5.496 E -(format for a pipeline is:)108 108 Q([)144 124.8 Q F1(time)A F0([)2.5 E -F1A F0(]] [ ! ])A F2(command)2.5 E F0 2.5([[)2.5 G F1(|)-2.5 E/F3 -10/Symbol SFA F1(|&)A F0(])A F2(command2)2.5 E F0(... ])2.5 E .243 -(The standard output of)108 141.6 R F2(command)2.943 E F0 .244 -(is connected via a pipe to the standard input of)3.513 F F2(command2) -2.744 E F0 5.244(.T).02 G .244(his connec-)-5.244 F .643 -(tion is performed before an)108 153.6 R 3.143(yr)-.15 G .642 -(edirections speci\214ed by the command \(see)-3.143 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 -SF(REDIRECTION)3.142 E F0(belo)2.892 E 3.142(w\). If)-.25 F F1(|&)3.142 -E F0(is)3.142 E(used,)108 165.6 Q F2(command)3.647 E F0 2.247 -.55('s s) +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(The return v)108 +84 Q(alue of a)-.25 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(simple command)2.5 E F0 +(is its e)2.5 E(xit status, or 128+)-.15 E F1(n)A F0 +(if the command is terminated by signal)3.333 E F1(n)2.5 E F0(.).24 E/F2 +10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Pipelines)87 100.8 Q F0(A)108 112.8 Q F1(pipeline) +2.996 E F0 .496(is a sequence of one or more commands separated by one \ +of the control operators)2.996 F F2(|)2.996 E F0(or)2.996 E F2(|&)2.996 +E F0 5.496(.T)C(he)-5.496 E(format for a pipeline is:)108 124.8 Q([)144 +141.6 Q F2(time)A F0([)2.5 E F2A F0(]] [ ! ])A F1(command)2.5 E F0 +2.5([[)2.5 G F2(|)-2.5 E/F3 10/Symbol SFA F2(|&)A F0(])A F1 +(command2)2.5 E F0(... ])2.5 E .244(The standard output of)108 158.4 R +F1(command)2.944 E F0 .243 +(is connected via a pipe to the standard input of)3.514 F F1(command2) +2.743 E F0 5.243(.T).02 G .243(his connec-)-5.243 F .642 +(tion is performed before an)108 170.4 R 3.142(yr)-.15 G .642 +(edirections speci\214ed by the command \(see)-3.142 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 +SF(REDIRECTION)3.143 E F0(belo)2.893 E 3.143(w\). 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In)-.25 F 1.053(most cases a)3.553 F F2(list)3.553 E F0 -1.054(in a command')3.554 F 3.554(sd)-.55 G 1.054(escription may be) --3.554 F 1.027(separated from the rest of the command by one or more ne) -108 698.4 R 1.026(wlines, and may be follo)-.25 F 1.026(wed by a ne)-.25 -F 1.026(wline in)-.25 F(place of a semicolon.)108 710.4 Q(GNU Bash 4.3) -72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(4)195.95 E 0 Cg EP +-.15 F .729(The return status of AND)5.729 F(and OR lists is the e)108 +669.6 Q(xit status of the last command e)-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuted in the list.).15 E F2(Compound Commands)87 686.4 Q F0(A)108 698.4 +Q F1 1.054(compound command)3.554 F F0 1.054(is one of the follo)3.554 F +3.553(wing. In)-.25 F 1.053(most cases a)3.553 F F1(list)3.553 E F0 +1.053(in a command')3.553 F 3.553(sd)-.55 G 1.053(escription may be) +-3.553 F 1.026(separated from the rest of the command by one or more ne) +108 710.4 R 1.026(wlines, and may be follo)-.25 F 1.027(wed by a ne)-.25 +F 1.027(wline in)-.25 F(place of a semicolon.)108 722.4 Q(GNU Bash 4.4) +72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(4)197.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 5 5 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E(\()108 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(list)A F0(\))A F1(list)17.11 -E F0 .011(is e)2.511 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .011(cuted in a subshell en).15 F -.011(vironment \(see)-.4 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .011 -(COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIR)2.511 F(ONMENT)-.27 E F0(belo)2.262 E(w\).)-.25 -E -1.11(Va)144 96 S 1.064(riable assignments and b)1.11 F 1.064 -(uiltin commands that af)-.2 F 1.064(fect the shell')-.25 F 3.564(se) --.55 G -.4(nv)-3.564 G 1.064(ironment do not remain in).4 F(ef)144 108 Q +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(\()108 84 Q/F1 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(list)A F0(\))A F1(list)144 84 Q F0 .011(is e)2.512 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G .011(cuted in a subshell en).15 F .011(vironment \(see) +-.4 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .011(COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIR)2.511 F(ONMENT) +-.27 E F0(belo)2.261 E(w\).)-.25 E -1.11(Va)144 96 S 1.063 +(riable assignments and b)1.11 F 1.064(uiltin commands that af)-.2 F +1.064(fect the shell')-.25 F 3.564(se)-.55 G -.4(nv)-3.564 G 1.064 +(ironment do not remain in).4 F(ef)144 108 Q (fect after the command completes.)-.25 E(The return status is the e)5 E (xit status of)-.15 E F1(list)2.5 E F0(.)A({)108 124.8 Q F1(list)2.5 E -F0 2.5(;})C F1(list)3.89 E F0 .401(is simply e)2.901 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.401(cuted in the current shell en).15 F(vironment.)-.4 E F1(list)5.401 -E F0 .402(must be terminated with a ne)2.901 F .402(wline or)-.25 F -3.215(semicolon. This)144 136.8 R .715(is kno)3.215 F .715(wn as a)-.25 -F F1(gr)3.215 E .715(oup command)-.45 F F0 5.715(.T)C .715 -(he return status is the e)-5.715 F .714(xit status of)-.15 F F1(list) -3.214 E F0 5.714(.N)C(ote)-5.714 E .219(that unlik)144 148.8 R 2.719(et) --.1 G .219(he metacharacters)-2.719 F/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(\()2.719 E -F0(and)2.719 E F3(\))2.719 E F0(,)A F3({)2.719 E F0(and)2.719 E F3(}) -2.719 E F0(are)2.719 E F1 -.37(re)2.72 G .22(served wor).37 F(ds)-.37 E -F0 .22(and must occur where a reserv)2.72 F(ed)-.15 E -.1(wo)144 160.8 S -.257(rd is permitted to be recognized.).1 F .257(Since the)5.257 F 2.757 -(yd)-.15 G 2.756(on)-2.757 G .256(ot cause a w)-2.756 F .256 -(ord break, the)-.1 F 2.756(ym)-.15 G .256(ust be separated)-2.756 F +F0 2.5(;})C F1(list)144 124.8 Q F0 .402(is simply e)2.902 F -.15(xe)-.15 +G .401(cuted in the current shell en).15 F(vironment.)-.4 E F1(list) +5.401 E F0 .401(must be terminated with a ne)2.901 F .401(wline or)-.25 +F 3.214(semicolon. This)144 136.8 R .714(is kno)3.214 F .714(wn as a) +-.25 F F1(gr)3.215 E .715(oup command)-.45 F F0 5.715(.T)C .715 +(he return status is the e)-5.715 F .715(xit status of)-.15 F F1(list) +3.215 E F0 5.715(.N)C(ote)-5.715 E .22(that unlik)144 148.8 R 2.72(et) +-.1 G .22(he metacharacters)-2.72 F/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(\()2.72 E F0 +(and)2.72 E F3(\))2.72 E F0(,)A F3({)2.72 E F0(and)2.72 E F3(})2.719 E +F0(are)2.719 E F1 -.37(re)2.719 G .219(served wor).37 F(ds)-.37 E F0 +.219(and must occur where a reserv)2.719 F(ed)-.15 E -.1(wo)144 160.8 S +.256(rd is permitted to be recognized.).1 F .256(Since the)5.256 F 2.756 +(yd)-.15 G 2.756(on)-2.756 G .257(ot cause a w)-2.756 F .257 +(ord break, the)-.1 F 2.757(ym)-.15 G .257(ust be separated)-2.757 F (from)144 172.8 Q F1(list)2.5 E F0 (by whitespace or another shell metacharacter)2.5 E(.)-.55 E(\(\()108 189.6 Q F1 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(\)\))A(The)144 201.6 Q F1 --.2(ex)2.551 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 .051(is e)2.551 F -.25(va)-.25 G -.051(luated according to the rules described belo).25 F 2.552(wu)-.25 G -(nder)-2.552 E F2 .052(ARITHMETIC EV)2.552 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E -(TION)144 213.6 Q/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .411(If the v)4.911 F -.411(alue of the e)-.25 F .411(xpression is non-zero, the return status\ - is 0; otherwise the return status)-.15 F(is 1.)144 225.6 Q(This is e)5 -E(xactly equi)-.15 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F3(let ")2.5 E F1 -.2 +-.2(ex)2.552 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 .052(is e)2.552 F -.25(va)-.25 G +.051(luated according to the rules described belo).25 F 2.551(wu)-.25 G +(nder)-2.551 E F2 .051(ARITHMETIC EV)2.551 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E +(TION)144 213.6 Q/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .411(If the v)4.91 F .411 +(alue of the e)-.25 F .411(xpression is non-zero, the return status is \ +0; otherwise the return status)-.15 F(is 1.)144 225.6 Q(This is e)5 E +(xactly equi)-.15 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F3(let ")2.5 E F1 -.2 (ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F3(")A F0(.)A F3([[)108 242.4 Q F1 -.2(ex) -2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F3(]])2.5 E F0 1.299 +2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F3(]])2.5 E F0 1.3 (Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the e)144 254.4 R -.25(va)-.25 G -1.3(luation of the conditional e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E F1 -.2(ex)3.8 G -(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(.)A 2.274 +1.299(luation of the conditional e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E F1 -.2(ex) +3.799 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(.)A 2.273 (Expressions are composed of the primaries described belo)144 266.4 R -4.773(wu)-.25 G(nder)-4.773 E F2(CONDITION)4.773 E 2.273(AL EXPRES-)-.18 -F(SIONS)144 278.4 Q F4(.)A F0 -.8(Wo)5.632 G 1.133 +4.774(wu)-.25 G(nder)-4.774 E F2(CONDITION)4.774 E 2.274(AL EXPRES-)-.18 +F(SIONS)144 278.4 Q F4(.)A F0 -.8(Wo)5.633 G 1.133 (rd splitting and pathname e).8 F 1.133 (xpansion are not performed on the w)-.15 F 1.133(ords between the)-.1 F -F3([[)3.633 E F0(and)144 290.4 Q F3(]])2.964 E F0 2.964(;t)C .464 -(ilde e)-2.964 F .464(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .464(ariable e) --.25 F .463(xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F .463 +F3([[)3.632 E F0(and)144 290.4 Q F3(]])2.963 E F0 2.963(;t)C .463 +(ilde e)-2.963 F .464(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .464(ariable e) +-.25 F .464(xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F .464 (xpansion, command substi-)-.15 F 1.081 (tution, process substitution, and quote remo)144 302.4 R -.25(va)-.15 G 3.581(la).25 G 1.081(re performed.)-3.581 F 1.081 -(Conditional operators such as)6.081 F F33.581 E F0 +(Conditional operators such as)6.081 F F33.58 E F0 (must be unquoted to be recognized as primaries.)144 314.4 Q (When used with)144 332.4 Q F3([[)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he)-2.5 E F3(<)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F3(>)2.5 E F0(operators sort le)2.5 E -(xicographically using the current locale.)-.15 E .503(When the)144 -350.4 R F3(==)3.003 E F0(and)3.002 E F3(!=)3.002 E F0 .502(operators ar\ +(xicographically using the current locale.)-.15 E .502(When the)144 +350.4 R F3(==)3.002 E F0(and)3.002 E F3(!=)3.002 E F0 .502(operators ar\ e used, the string to the right of the operator is considered a pat-) 3.002 F .81(tern and matched according to the rules described belo)144 362.4 R 3.31(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.31 E F3 -.1(Pa)3.31 G(tter).1 E 3.31(nM) -.15 G(atching)-3.31 E F0 3.31(,a)C 3.31(si)-3.31 G 3.31(ft)-3.31 G(he) --3.31 E F3(ext-)3.31 E(glob)144 374.4 Q F0 1.007 -(shell option were enabled.)3.507 F(The)6.007 E F3(=)3.507 E F0 1.007 -(operator is equi)3.507 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.007(lent to).25 F F3(==)3.507 -E F0 6.007(.I)C 3.507(ft)-6.007 G 1.007(he shell option)-3.507 F F3 -(nocase-)3.506 E(match)144 386.4 Q F0 .198 -(is enabled, the match is performed without re)2.698 F -.05(ga)-.15 G -.198(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 F(The)5.198 E 1.068 +-3.31 E F3(ext-)3.31 E(glob)144 374.4 Q F0 1.389 +(shell option were enabled.)3.889 F(The)6.389 E F3(=)3.889 E F0 1.389 +(operator is equi)3.889 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.389(lent to).25 F F3(==)3.89 +E F0 6.39(.I)C 3.89(ft)-6.39 G(he)-3.89 E F3(nocasematch)3.89 E F0 +(shell)3.89 E .272(option is enabled, the match is performed without re) +144 386.4 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .271 +(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 F(The)5.271 E 1.067 (return v)144 398.4 R 1.068(alue is 0 if the string matches \()-.25 F F3 (==)A F0 3.568(\)o)C 3.568(rd)-3.568 G 1.068(oes not match \()-3.568 F -F3(!=)A F0 3.568(\)t)C 1.067(he pattern, and 1 otherwise.)-3.568 F(An) +F3(!=)A F0 3.568(\)t)C 1.068(he pattern, and 1 otherwise.)-3.568 F(An) 144 410.4 Q 2.5(yp)-.15 G(art of the pattern may be quoted to force the\ quoted portion to be matched as a string.)-2.5 E .243 (An additional binary operator)144 428.4 R(,)-.4 E F3(=~)2.743 E F0 @@ -777,44 +796,44 @@ F3(!=)A F0 3.568(\)t)C 1.067(he pattern, and 1 otherwise.)-3.568 F(An) (ilable, with the same precedence as).25 F F3(==)2.743 E F0(and)2.743 E F3(!=)2.743 E F0 5.243(.W)C .243(hen it is)-5.243 F 1.953 (used, the string to the right of the operator is considered an e)144 -440.4 R 1.953(xtended re)-.15 F 1.953(gular e)-.15 F 1.953 +440.4 R 1.954(xtended re)-.15 F 1.954(gular e)-.15 F 1.954 (xpression and)-.15 F .207(matched accordingly \(as in)144 452.4 R F1 -.37(re)2.707 G -.1(ge)-.03 G(x)-.1 E F0 2.707(\(3\)\). The)B .207 (return v)2.707 F .207 -(alue is 0 if the string matches the pattern, and 1)-.25 F 3.346 -(otherwise. If)144 464.4 R .846(the re)3.346 F .846(gular e)-.15 F .845 +(alue is 0 if the string matches the pattern, and 1)-.25 F 3.345 +(otherwise. If)144 464.4 R .845(the re)3.345 F .845(gular e)-.15 F .846 (xpression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional e)-.15 F -(xpression')-.15 E 3.345(sr)-.55 G(eturn)-3.345 E -.25(va)144 476.4 S -.666(lue is 2.).25 F .667(If the shell option)5.667 F F3(nocasematch) -3.167 E F0 .667(is enabled, the match is performed without re)3.167 F --.05(ga)-.15 G .667(rd to).05 F .593(the case of alphabetic characters.) -144 488.4 R(An)5.593 E 3.093(yp)-.15 G .592 -(art of the pattern may be quoted to force the quoted por)-3.093 F(-)-.2 +(xpression')-.15 E 3.346(sr)-.55 G(eturn)-3.346 E -.25(va)144 476.4 S +.667(lue is 2.).25 F .667(If the)5.667 F F3(nocasematch)3.167 E F0 .667 +(shell option is enabled, the match is performed without re)3.167 F -.05 +(ga)-.15 G .666(rd to).05 F .592(the case of alphabetic characters.)144 +488.4 R(An)5.592 E 3.092(yp)-.15 G .593 +(art of the pattern may be quoted to force the quoted por)-3.092 F(-)-.2 E 1.016(tion to be matched as a string.)144 500.4 R(Brack)6.016 E 1.016 (et e)-.1 F 1.016(xpressions in re)-.15 F 1.016(gular e)-.15 F 1.016 -(xpressions must be treated care-)-.15 F(fully)144 512.4 Q 4.436(,s)-.65 -G 1.936 -(ince normal quoting characters lose their meanings between brack)-4.436 -F 4.435(ets. If)-.1 F 1.935(the pattern is)4.435 F .264 -(stored in a shell v)144 524.4 R .264(ariable, quoting the v)-.25 F .264 -(ariable e)-.25 F .265 -(xpansion forces the entire pattern to be matched as)-.15 F 3.774(as)144 -536.4 S 3.774(tring. Substrings)-3.774 F 1.274 -(matched by parenthesized sube)3.774 F 1.273(xpressions within the re) --.15 F 1.273(gular e)-.15 F 1.273(xpression are)-.15 F(sa)144 548.4 Q --.15(ve)-.2 G 3.096(di).15 G 3.097(nt)-3.096 G .597(he array v)-3.097 F +(xpressions must be treated care-)-.15 F(fully)144 512.4 Q 4.435(,s)-.65 +G 1.935 +(ince normal quoting characters lose their meanings between brack)-4.435 +F 4.436(ets. If)-.1 F 1.936(the pattern is)4.436 F .265 +(stored in a shell v)144 524.4 R .265(ariable, quoting the v)-.25 F .264 +(ariable e)-.25 F .264 +(xpansion forces the entire pattern to be matched as)-.15 F 3.773(as)144 +536.4 S 3.773(tring. 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The)-.15 F .05(element of)2.55 F F2 +-.27(BA)2.55 G(SH_REMA).27 E(TCH)-.855 E F0(with inde)144 572.4 Q(x)-.15 +E F1(n)2.5 E F0(is the portion of the string matching the)2.5 E F1(n)2.5 +E F0(th parenthesized sube)A(xpression.)-.15 E .786 +(Expressions may be combined using the follo)144 590.4 R .785 (wing operators, listed in decreasing order of prece-)-.25 F(dence:)144 602.4 Q F3(\()144 620.4 Q F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F3(\)) -2.5 E F0 .523(Returns the v)180 632.4 R .522(alue of)-.25 F F1 -.2(ex) +2.5 E F0 .522(Returns the v)180 632.4 R .522(alue of)-.25 F F1 -.2(ex) 3.022 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 5.522(.T)C .522(his may be used to o) -5.522 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .522(rride the normal precedence of).15 F (operators.)180 644.4 Q F3(!)144 656.4 Q F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession) @@ -826,145 +845,146 @@ F0 .597(with inde)2.847 F 3.097(x0i)-.15 G(s)-3.097 E .049 2.52 E F1 -.2(ex)144 704.4 S(pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E F3(||)2.5 E F1 -.2 (ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 716.4 S(ue if either).35 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E F0(or)2.5 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr) -.2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0(is true.)2.52 E(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q -(2014 February 2)141.79 E(5)195.95 E 0 Cg EP +.2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0(is true.)2.52 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q +(2016 August 26)142.895 E(5)197.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 6 6 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E(The)144 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(&&)3.64 E F0(and)3.64 E F1(||) -3.64 E F0 1.14(operators do not e)3.64 F -.25(va)-.25 G(luate).25 E/F2 -10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)3.641 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0 1.141 -(if the v)3.641 F 1.141(alue of)-.25 F F2 -.2(ex)3.641 G(pr).2 E -(ession1)-.37 E F0 1.141(is suf)3.641 F 1.141(\214cient to)-.25 F +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(The)144 84 Q/F1 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(&&)3.641 E F0(and)3.641 E F1(||)3.641 E F0 1.141 +(operators do not e)3.641 F -.25(va)-.25 G(luate).25 E/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)3.641 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0 1.141 +(if the v)3.641 F 1.14(alue of)-.25 F F2 -.2(ex)3.64 G(pr).2 E(ession1) +-.37 E F0 1.14(is suf)3.64 F 1.14(\214cient to)-.25 F (determine the return v)144 96 Q(alue of the entire conditional e)-.25 E (xpression.)-.15 E F1 -.25(fo)108 112.8 S(r).25 E F2(name)2.5 E F0 2.5 ([[)2.5 G F1(in)A F0([)2.5 E F2(wor)2.5 E 2.5(d.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0 2.5 -(]];])2.5 G F1(do)A F2(list)2.5 E F0(;)2.5 E F1(done)2.5 E F0 .424 -(The list of w)144 124.8 R .424(ords follo)-.1 F(wing)-.25 E F1(in)2.924 -E F0 .423(is e)2.924 F .423(xpanded, generating a list of items.)-.15 F -.423(The v)5.423 F(ariable)-.25 E F2(name)2.923 E F0 .423(is set to) -2.923 F .653(each element of this list in turn, and)144 136.8 R F2(list) +(]];])2.5 G F1(do)A F2(list)2.5 E F0(;)2.5 E F1(done)2.5 E F0 .423 +(The list of w)144 124.8 R .423(ords follo)-.1 F(wing)-.25 E F1(in)2.923 +E F0 .423(is e)2.923 F .423(xpanded, generating a list of items.)-.15 F +.424(The v)5.424 F(ariable)-.25 E F2(name)2.924 E F0 .424(is set to) +2.924 F .653(each element of this list in turn, and)144 136.8 R F2(list) 3.153 E F0 .653(is e)3.153 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .653(cuted each time.).15 F .653(If the)5.653 F F1(in)3.153 E F2(wor)3.153 E(d)-.37 E F0 .653 -(is omitted, the)3.153 F F1 -.25(fo)3.153 G(r).25 E F0 .649(command e) -144 148.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F2(list)3.149 E F0 .648 +(is omitted, the)3.153 F F1 -.25(fo)3.153 G(r).25 E F0 .648(command e) +144 148.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F2(list)3.148 E F0 .648 (once for each positional parameter that is set \(see)3.148 F/F3 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.148 G(RAMETERS).666 E F0(belo)2.898 E(w\).) --.25 E .153(The return status is the e)144 160.8 R .153 -(xit status of the last command that e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.654 -(cutes. If).15 F .154(the e)2.654 F .154(xpansion of the items)-.15 F +/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.149 G(RAMETERS).666 E F0(belo)2.899 E(w\).) +-.25 E .154(The return status is the e)144 160.8 R .153 +(xit status of the last command that e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.653 +(cutes. If).15 F .153(the e)2.653 F .153(xpansion of the items)-.15 F (follo)144 172.8 Q(wing)-.25 E F1(in)2.5 E F0 (results in an empty list, no commands are e)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G (cuted, and the return status is 0.).15 E F1 -.25(fo)108 189.6 S(r).25 E F0(\(\()2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(;)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(;)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr3).2 E F0(\)\) ;)2.5 E F1(do)2.5 E F2 -(list)2.5 E F0(;)2.5 E F1(done)2.5 E F0 1.236(First, the arithmetic e) -144 201.6 R(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)3.736 G(pr1).2 E F0 1.235(is e) -3.736 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.235 -(luated according to the rules described belo).25 F 3.735(wu)-.25 G -(nder)-3.735 E F3 .561(ARITHMETIC EV)144 213.6 R(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT) --.54 G(ION).855 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .561(The arithmetic e) -5.061 F(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)3.061 G(pr2).2 E F0 .562(is then e) -3.062 F -.25(va)-.25 G .562(luated repeatedly until).25 F .592(it e)144 -225.6 R -.25(va)-.25 G .592(luates to zero.).25 F .592(Each time)5.592 F +(list)2.5 E F0(;)2.5 E F1(done)2.5 E F0 1.235(First, the arithmetic e) +144 201.6 R(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)3.735 G(pr1).2 E F0 1.235(is e) +3.735 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.236 +(luated according to the rules described belo).25 F 3.736(wu)-.25 G +(nder)-3.736 E F3 .562(ARITHMETIC EV)144 213.6 R(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT) +-.54 G(ION).855 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .562(The arithmetic e) +5.062 F(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)3.062 G(pr2).2 E F0 .561(is then e) +3.061 F -.25(va)-.25 G .561(luated repeatedly until).25 F .591(it e)144 +225.6 R -.25(va)-.25 G .591(luates to zero.).25 F .592(Each time)5.591 F F2 -.2(ex)3.092 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.25(eva)3.092 G .592 -(luates to a non-zero v).25 F(alue,)-.25 E F2(list)3.092 E F0 .591(is e) -3.092 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .591(cuted and the arith-).15 F .228(metic e)144 -237.6 R(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)2.728 G(pr3).2 E F0 .229(is e)2.728 F +(luates to a non-zero v).25 F(alue,)-.25 E F2(list)3.092 E F0 .592(is e) +3.092 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .592(cuted and the arith-).15 F .229(metic e)144 +237.6 R(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)2.729 G(pr3).2 E F0 .229(is e)2.729 F -.25(va)-.25 G 2.729(luated. If).25 F(an)2.729 E 2.729(ye)-.15 G .229 (xpression is omitted, it beha)-2.879 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.729(sa).15 G -2.729(si)-2.729 G 2.729(fi)-2.729 G 2.729(te)-2.729 G -.25(va)-2.979 G -.229(luates to 1.).25 F .228(The return v)144 249.6 R .228 -(alue is the e)-.25 F .228(xit status of the last command in)-.15 F F2 -(list)2.728 E F0 .227(that is e)2.728 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .227(cuted, or f) -.15 F .227(alse if an)-.1 F 2.727(yo)-.15 G 2.727(ft)-2.727 G(he)-2.727 +2.729(si)-2.729 G 2.729(fi)-2.729 G 2.728(te)-2.729 G -.25(va)-2.978 G +.228(luates to 1.).25 F .227(The return v)144 249.6 R .227 +(alue is the e)-.25 F .227(xit status of the last command in)-.15 F F2 +(list)2.728 E F0 .228(that is e)2.728 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .228(cuted, or f) +.15 F .228(alse if an)-.1 F 2.728(yo)-.15 G 2.728(ft)-2.728 G(he)-2.728 E -.15(ex)144 261.6 S(pressions is in).15 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid.).25 E F1 (select)108 278.4 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(in)2.5 E F2(wor)2.5 E(d) -.37 E F0 2.5(];)2.5 G F1(do)A F2(list)2.5 E F0(;)2.5 E F1(done)2.5 E F0 -.432(The list of w)144 290.4 R .432(ords follo)-.1 F(wing)-.25 E F1(in) -2.932 E F0 .432(is e)2.932 F .432(xpanded, generating a list of items.) --.15 F .433(The set of e)5.433 F .433(xpanded w)-.15 F(ords)-.1 E .843 +.433(The list of w)144 290.4 R .433(ords follo)-.1 F(wing)-.25 E F1(in) +2.933 E F0 .432(is e)2.933 F .432(xpanded, generating a list of items.) +-.15 F .432(The set of e)5.432 F .432(xpanded w)-.15 F(ords)-.1 E .842 (is printed on the standard error)144 302.4 R 3.342(,e)-.4 G .842 (ach preceded by a number)-3.342 F 5.842(.I)-.55 G 3.342(ft)-5.842 G(he) --3.342 E F1(in)3.342 E F2(wor)3.342 E(d)-.37 E F0 .842 -(is omitted, the posi-)3.342 F .201(tional parameters are printed \(see) +-3.342 E F1(in)3.342 E F2(wor)3.342 E(d)-.37 E F0 .843 +(is omitted, the posi-)3.343 F .201(tional parameters are printed \(see) 144 314.4 R F3 -.666(PA)2.701 G(RAMETERS).666 E F0(belo)2.451 E 2.701 (w\). The)-.25 F F3(PS3)2.701 E F0 .201(prompt is then displayed and a) -2.451 F .214(line read from the standard input.)144 326.4 R .213 -(If the line consists of a number corresponding to one of the dis-)5.214 -F 1.537(played w)144 338.4 R 1.537(ords, then the v)-.1 F 1.537(alue of) --.25 F F2(name)4.397 E F0 1.537(is set to that w)4.217 F 4.037(ord. If) --.1 F 1.538(the line is empty)4.038 F 4.038(,t)-.65 G 1.538(he w)-4.038 -F 1.538(ords and)-.1 F .066(prompt are displayed ag)144 350.4 R 2.566 -(ain. If)-.05 F .065(EOF is read, the command completes.)2.566 F(An) -5.065 E 2.565(yo)-.15 G .065(ther v)-2.565 F .065(alue read causes)-.25 -F F2(name)144 362.4 Q F0 .972(to be set to null.)3.652 F .972 -(The line read is sa)5.972 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.473(di).15 G 3.473(nt) --3.473 G .973(he v)-3.473 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(REPL)3.473 E(Y)-.828 E F4 -(.)A F0(The)5.473 E F2(list)3.563 E F0 .973(is e)4.153 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.973(cuted after).15 F .072(each selection until a)144 374.4 R F1(br) +2.451 F .213(line read from the standard input.)144 326.4 R .213 +(If the line consists of a number corresponding to one of the dis-)5.213 +F 1.538(played w)144 338.4 R 1.538(ords, then the v)-.1 F 1.538(alue of) +-.25 F F2(name)4.398 E F0 1.537(is set to that w)4.218 F 4.037(ord. If) +-.1 F 1.537(the line is empty)4.037 F 4.037(,t)-.65 G 1.537(he w)-4.037 +F 1.537(ords and)-.1 F .065(prompt are displayed ag)144 350.4 R 2.565 +(ain. If)-.05 F .065(EOF is read, the command completes.)2.565 F(An) +5.066 E 2.566(yo)-.15 G .066(ther v)-2.566 F .066(alue read causes)-.25 +F F2(name)144.36 362.4 Q F0 .954(to be set to null.)3.634 F .954 +(The line read is sa)5.954 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.453(di).15 G 3.453(nt) +-3.453 G .953(he v)-3.453 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(REPL)3.453 E(Y)-.828 E F4 +(.)A F0(The)5.453 E F2(list)3.543 E F0 .953(is e)4.133 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +.953(cuted after).15 F .071(each selection until a)144 374.4 R F1(br) 2.571 E(eak)-.18 E F0 .071(command is e)2.571 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.571 (cuted. The).15 F -.15(ex)2.571 G .071(it status of).15 F F1(select) -2.571 E F0 .071(is the e)2.571 F .071(xit status of the)-.15 F +2.571 E F0 .071(is the e)2.571 F .072(xit status of the)-.15 F (last command e)144 386.4 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted in).15 E F2(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o).68 G 2.5(rz)-2.5 G(ero if no commands were e)-2.5 E -.15(xe) -.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(case)108 403.2 Q F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F1(in)2.5 E F0 2.5([[)2.5 G(\(])-2.5 E F2(pattern)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(|)2.5 E F2 (pattern)2.5 E F0 2.5(].)2.5 G(.. \))-2.5 E F2(list)2.5 E F0(;; ] ...) -2.5 E F1(esac)2.5 E F0(A)144 415.2 Q F1(case)3.264 E F0 .764 -(command \214rst e)3.264 F(xpands)-.15 E F2(wor)3.264 E(d)-.37 E F0 +2.5 E F1(esac)2.5 E F0(A)144 415.2 Q F1(case)3.265 E F0 .764 +(command \214rst e)3.265 F(xpands)-.15 E F2(wor)3.264 E(d)-.37 E F0 3.264(,a)C .764(nd tries to match it ag)-3.264 F .764(ainst each)-.05 F -F2(pattern)3.264 E F0 .765(in turn, using the)3.264 F .596 +F2(pattern)3.264 E F0 .764(in turn, using the)3.264 F .595 (same matching rules as for pathname e)144 427.2 R .595(xpansion \(see) --.15 F F1 -.1(Pa)3.095 G .595(thname Expansion).1 F F0(belo)3.095 E -3.095(w\). The)-.25 F F2(wor)3.095 E(d)-.37 E F0(is)3.095 E -.15(ex)144 -439.2 S 1.092(panded using tilde e).15 F 1.092 -(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F 1.092(ariable e)-.25 F 1.092 -(xpansion, arithmetic substitution, com-)-.15 F 1.268 +-.15 F F1 -.1(Pa)3.095 G .596(thname Expansion).1 F F0(belo)3.096 E +3.096(w\). The)-.25 F F2(wor)3.096 E(d)-.37 E F0(is)3.096 E -.15(ex)144 +439.2 S 1.72(panded using tilde e).15 F 1.72(xpansion, parameter and v) +-.15 F 1.72(ariable e)-.25 F 1.72(xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.72 +(xpansion, com-)-.15 F 1.268 (mand substitution, process substitution and quote remo)144 451.2 R -.25 (va)-.15 G 3.768(l. Each).25 F F2(pattern)3.768 E F0 -.15(ex)3.768 G -1.268(amined is e).15 F(xpanded)-.15 E .353(using tilde e)144 463.2 R -.353(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .353(ariable e)-.25 F .353 -(xpansion, arithmetic substitution, command substi-)-.15 F 1.517 -(tution, and process substitution.)144 475.2 R 1.517 -(If the shell option)6.517 F F1(nocasematch)4.016 E F0 1.516 -(is enabled, the match is per)4.016 F(-)-.2 E 1.346(formed without re) -144 487.2 R -.05(ga)-.15 G 1.346 -(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 F 1.347 -(When a match is found, the corre-)6.347 F(sponding)144 499.2 Q F2(list) -2.777 E F0 .277(is e)2.777 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.777(cuted. If).15 F(the) -2.777 E F1(;;)2.777 E F0 .277 -(operator is used, no subsequent matches are attempted after the)2.777 F -.848(\214rst pattern match.)144 511.2 R(Using)5.848 E F1(;&)3.348 E F0 -.849(in place of)3.349 F F1(;;)3.349 E F0 .849(causes e)3.349 F -.15(xe) --.15 G .849(cution to continue with the).15 F F2(list)3.349 E F0 -(associated)3.349 E .078(with the ne)144 523.2 R .078 -(xt set of patterns.)-.15 F(Using)5.078 E F1(;;&)2.578 E F0 .078 -(in place of)2.578 F F1(;;)2.578 E F0 .077 -(causes the shell to test the ne)2.578 F .077(xt pattern list in)-.15 F -.227(the statement, if an)144 535.2 R 1.527 -.65(y, a)-.15 H .227(nd e) -.65 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .227(cute an).15 F 2.727(ya)-.15 G(ssociated)-2.727 -E F2(list)2.727 E F0 .227(on a successful match.)2.727 F .227(The e) -5.227 F .227(xit status is zero)-.15 F(if no pattern matches.)144 547.2 -Q(Otherwise, it is the e)5 E(xit status of the last command e)-.15 E --.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted in).15 E F2(list)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(if)108 564 Q F2 -(list)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(then)2.5 E F2(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(;[)C F1(elif)A F2 -(list)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(then)2.5 E F2(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(;].)C(.. [)-2.5 E -F1(else)2.5 E F2(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(;])C F1<8c>A F0(The)144 576 Q F1(if) -2.978 E F2(list)3.068 E F0 .478(is e)3.658 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.978 +1.269(amined is e).15 F(xpanded)-.15 E .203(using tilde e)144 463.2 R +.203(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .203(ariable e)-.25 F .203 +(xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F .203(xpansion, command substitu-)-.15 F +.232(tion, and process substitution.)144 475.2 R .233(If the)5.233 F F1 +(nocasematch)2.733 E F0 .233 +(shell option is enabled, the match is performed)2.733 F .234 +(without re)144 487.2 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .234 +(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 F .234 +(When a match is found, the corresponding)5.234 F F2(list)2.734 E F0 +.625(is e)144 499.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.125(cuted. If).15 F(the)3.125 E +F1(;;)3.125 E F0 .625(operator is used, no subsequent matches are attem\ +pted after the \214rst pattern)3.125 F 2.932(match. Using)144 511.2 R F1 +(;&)2.932 E F0 .432(in place of)2.932 F F1(;;)2.932 E F0 .432(causes e) +2.932 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .432(cution to continue with the).15 F F2(list) +2.932 E F0 .431(associated with the ne)2.931 F(xt)-.15 E .866 +(set of patterns.)144 523.2 R(Using)5.866 E F1(;;&)3.366 E F0 .866 +(in place of)3.366 F F1(;;)3.366 E F0 .866 +(causes the shell to test the ne)3.366 F .866 +(xt pattern list in the state-)-.15 F .878(ment, if an)144 535.2 R 2.178 +-.65(y, a)-.15 H .878(nd e).65 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .878(cute an).15 F 3.378 +(ya)-.15 G(ssociated)-3.378 E F2(list)3.378 E F0 .878 +(on a successful match.)3.378 F .878(The e)5.878 F .877 +(xit status is zero if no)-.15 F(pattern matches.)144 547.2 Q +(Otherwise, it is the e)5 E(xit status of the last command e)-.15 E -.15 +(xe)-.15 G(cuted in).15 E F2(list)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(if)108 564 Q F2(list) +2.5 E F0(;)A F1(then)2.5 E F2(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(;[)C F1(elif)A F2(list) +2.5 E F0(;)A F1(then)2.5 E F2(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(;].)C(.. [)-2.5 E F1 +(else)2.5 E F2(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(;])C F1<8c>A F0(The)144 576 Q F1(if) +2.977 E F2(list)3.067 E F0 .478(is e)3.658 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.978 (cuted. If).15 F .478(its e)2.978 F .478(xit status is zero, the)-.15 F F1(then)2.978 E F2(list)2.978 E F0 .478(is e)2.978 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -2.978(cuted. Otherwise,).15 F(each)2.978 E F1(elif)2.977 E F2(list)2.977 -E F0 1.087(is e)144 588 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.087 +2.978(cuted. Otherwise,).15 F(each)2.978 E F1(elif)2.978 E F2(list)2.978 +E F0 1.088(is e)144 588 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.088 (cuted in turn, and if its e).15 F 1.087 (xit status is zero, the corresponding)-.15 F F1(then)3.587 E F2(list) -3.587 E F0 1.088(is e)3.588 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.088(cuted and the).15 F -.104(command completes.)144 600 R .103(Otherwise, the)5.104 F F1(else) +3.587 E F0 1.087(is e)3.587 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.087(cuted and the).15 F +.103(command completes.)144 600 R .103(Otherwise, the)5.103 F F1(else) 2.603 E F2(list)2.603 E F0 .103(is e)2.603 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .103 (cuted, if present.).15 F .103(The e)5.103 F .103(xit status is the e) --.15 F .103(xit sta-)-.15 F(tus of the last command e)144 612 Q -.15(xe) +-.15 F .104(xit sta-)-.15 F(tus of the last command e)144 612 Q -.15(xe) -.15 G(cuted, or zero if no condition tested true.).15 E F1(while)108 628.8 Q F2(list-1)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(do)2.5 E F2(list-2)2.5 E F0(;)A F1 (done)2.5 E(until)108 640.8 Q F2(list-1)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(do)2.5 E F2 @@ -974,89 +994,90 @@ F F2(list-2)3.45 E F0 .95(as long as the last command in the list)3.45 F F2(list-1)144 664.8 Q F0 .205(returns an e)2.705 F .205 (xit status of zero.)-.15 F(The)5.205 E F1(until)2.705 E F0 .205 (command is identical to the)2.705 F F1(while)2.705 E F0 .205 -(command, e)2.705 F(xcept)-.15 E .599(that the test is ne)144 676.8 R --.05(ga)-.15 G(ted;).05 E F2(list-2)3.189 E F0 .599(is e)3.119 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G .6(cuted as long as the last command in).15 F F2(list-1)3.19 -E F0 .6(returns a non-zero)3.1 F -.15(ex)144 688.8 S .205(it status.).15 -F .205(The e)5.205 F .205(xit status of the)-.15 F F1(while)2.705 E F0 -(and)2.705 E F1(until)2.704 E F0 .204(commands is the e)2.704 F .204 +(command, e)2.705 F(xcept)-.15 E .6(that the test is ne)144 676.8 R -.05 +(ga)-.15 G(ted:).05 E F2(list-2)3.19 E F0 .6(is e)3.12 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +.599(cuted as long as the last command in).15 F F2(list-1)3.189 E F0 +.599(returns a non-zero)3.099 F -.15(ex)144 688.8 S .204(it status.).15 +F .204(The e)5.204 F .204(xit status of the)-.15 F F1(while)2.704 E F0 +(and)2.704 E F1(until)2.704 E F0 .205(commands is the e)2.704 F .205 (xit status of the last command)-.15 F -.15(exe)144 700.8 S(cuted in).15 E F2(list-2)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(rz)-2.5 G(ero if none w)-2.5 E(as e) --.1 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2) -141.79 E(6)195.95 E 0 Cg EP +-.1 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26) +142.895 E(6)197.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 7 7 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Copr)87 84 Q(ocesses)-.18 E F0(A)108 96 Q -/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(copr)3.712 E(ocess)-.45 E F0 1.212 -(is a shell command preceded by the)3.712 F F1(copr)3.713 E(oc)-.18 E F0 -(reserv)3.713 E 1.213(ed w)-.15 F 3.713(ord. A)-.1 F 1.213 -(coprocess is e)3.713 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.213(cuted asyn-).15 F .575(chr\ -onously in a subshell, as if the command had been terminated with the) -108 108 R F1(&)3.074 E F0 .574(control operator)3.074 F 3.074(,w)-.4 G -.574(ith a tw)-3.074 F(o-)-.1 E -.1(wa)108 120 S 2.5(yp).1 G -(ipe established between the e)-2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuting shell and the coprocess.).15 E(The format for a coprocess is:) -108 136.8 Q F1(copr)144 153.6 Q(oc)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F2 -.27(NA)C(ME).27 -E F0(])A F2(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2 -.37(re)C(dir).37 E(ections)-.37 -E F0(])A .708(This creates a coprocess named)108 170.4 R F2 -.27(NA) -3.208 G(ME).27 E F0 5.708(.I)C(f)-5.708 E F2 -.27(NA)3.208 G(ME).27 E F0 -.708(is not supplied, the def)3.208 F .708(ault name is)-.1 F F1(COPR) -3.209 E(OC)-.3 E F0(.)A F2 -.27(NA)5.709 G(ME).27 E F0 .64 +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(Copr)87 84 Q(ocesses)-.18 E F0(A)108 96 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +(copr)3.713 E(ocess)-.45 E F0 1.213(is a shell command preceded by the) +3.713 F F1(copr)3.712 E(oc)-.18 E F0(reserv)3.712 E 1.212(ed w)-.15 F +3.712(ord. A)-.1 F 1.212(coprocess is e)3.712 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.212 +(cuted asyn-).15 F .574(chronously in a subshell, as if the command had\ + been terminated with the)108 108 R F1(&)3.075 E F0 .575 +(control operator)3.075 F 3.075(,w)-.4 G .575(ith a tw)-3.075 F(o-)-.1 E +-.1(wa)108 120 S 2.5(yp).1 G(ipe established between the e)-2.5 E -.15 +(xe)-.15 G(cuting shell and the coprocess.).15 E +(The format for a coprocess is:)108 136.8 Q F1(copr)144 153.6 Q(oc)-.18 +E F0([)2.5 E F2 -.27(NA)C(ME).27 E F0(])A F2(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2 +-.37(re)C(dir).37 E(ections)-.37 E F0(])A .709 +(This creates a coprocess named)108 170.4 R F2 -.27(NA)3.208 G(ME).27 E +F0 5.708(.I)C(f)-5.708 E F2 -.27(NA)3.208 G(ME).27 E F0 .708 +(is not supplied, the def)3.208 F .708(ault name is)-.1 F F1(COPR)3.208 +E(OC)-.3 E F0(.)A F2 -.27(NA)5.708 G(ME).27 E F0 .64 (must not be supplied if)108 182.4 R F2(command)3.14 E F0 .64(is a)3.14 F F2 .64(simple command)3.14 F F0 .64(\(see abo)3.14 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .64(\); otherwise, it is interpreted as the \214rst).15 F -.1(wo)108 194.4 S 1.44(rd of the simple command.).1 F 1.44 (When the coprocess is e)6.44 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.44 (cuted, the shell creates an array v).15 F 1.44(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1 -(Arrays)108 206.4 Q F0(belo)3.671 E 1.171(w\) named)-.25 F F2 -.27(NA) -3.671 G(ME).27 E F0 1.171(in the conte)3.671 F 1.171(xt of the e)-.15 F --.15(xe)-.15 G 1.171(cuting shell.).15 F 1.17(The standard output of) -6.17 F F2(command)3.87 E F0(is)4.44 E 2.029 +(Arrays)108 206.4 Q F0(belo)3.67 E 1.17(w\) named)-.25 F F2 -.27(NA)3.67 +G(ME).27 E F0 1.17(in the conte)3.67 F 1.171(xt of the e)-.15 F -.15(xe) +-.15 G 1.171(cuting shell.).15 F 1.171(The standard output of)6.171 F F2 +(command)3.871 E F0(is)4.441 E 2.029 (connected via a pipe to a \214le descriptor in the e)108 218.4 R -.15 (xe)-.15 G 2.029 (cuting shell, and that \214le descriptor is assigned to).15 F F2 -.27 -(NA)108 230.4 S(ME).27 E F0 3.857([0]. The)B 1.357(standard input of) -3.857 F F2(command)4.057 E F0 1.356 -(is connected via a pipe to a \214le descriptor in the e)4.627 F -.15 +(NA)108 230.4 S(ME).27 E F0 3.856([0]. The)B 1.356(standard input of) +3.856 F F2(command)4.056 E F0 1.357 +(is connected via a pipe to a \214le descriptor in the e)4.626 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E .103 (shell, and that \214le descriptor is assigned to)108 242.4 R F2 -.27 (NA)2.603 G(ME).27 E F0 2.603([1]. This)B .103 -(pipe is established before an)2.603 F 2.604(yr)-.15 G .104 -(edirections spec-)-2.604 F 1.272(i\214ed by the command \(see)108 254.4 +(pipe is established before an)2.603 F 2.603(yr)-.15 G .103 +(edirections spec-)-2.603 F 1.271(i\214ed by the command \(see)108 254.4 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(REDIRECTION)3.771 E F0(belo)3.521 E 3.771 (w\). The)-.25 F 1.271(\214le descriptors can be utilized as ar)3.771 F -1.271(guments to)-.18 F .515 +1.272(guments to)-.18 F .515 (shell commands and redirections using standard w)108 266.4 R .515 (ord e)-.1 F 3.015(xpansions. The)-.15 F .515 (\214le descriptors are not a)3.015 F -.25(va)-.2 G .515(ilable in).25 F -3.637(subshells. The)108 278.4 R 1.137(process ID of the shell spa)3.637 +3.636(subshells. The)108 278.4 R 1.136(process ID of the shell spa)3.636 F 1.137(wned to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.137(cute the coprocess is a) -.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.136(ilable as the v).25 F 1.136(alue of the)-.25 F +.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.137(ilable as the v).25 F 1.137(alue of the)-.25 F -.25(va)108 290.4 S(riable).25 E F2 -.27(NA)2.5 G(ME).27 E F0 2.5 (_PID. The)B F1(wait)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G (iltin command may be used to w).2 E (ait for the coprocess to terminate.)-.1 E .336 (Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command, the)108 -307.2 R F1(copr)2.836 E(oc)-.18 E F0 .336(command al)2.836 F -.1(wa)-.1 -G .336(ys returns success.).1 F +307.2 R F1(copr)2.836 E(oc)-.18 E F0 .335(command al)2.835 F -.1(wa)-.1 +G .335(ys returns success.).1 F (The return status of a coprocess is the e)108 319.2 Q(xit status of) -.15 E F2(command)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(Shell Function De\214nitions)87 336 Q -F0 2.698(As)108 348 S .198 -(hell function is an object that is called lik)-2.698 F 2.698(eas)-.1 G -.198(imple command and e)-2.698 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .197 +F0 2.697(As)108 348 S .198 +(hell function is an object that is called lik)-2.697 F 2.698(eas)-.1 G +.198(imple command and e)-2.698 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .198 (cutes a compound command with).15 F 2.5(an)108 360 S .5 -.25(ew s)-2.5 H(et of positional parameters.).25 E (Shell functions are declared as follo)5 E(ws:)-.25 E F2(name)108 376.8 Q F0(\(\))2.5 E F2(compound\255command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2 -.37(re)C (dir).37 E(ection)-.37 E F0(])A F1(function)108 388.8 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0 ([\(\)])2.5 E F2(compound\255command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2 -.37(re)C(dir) -.37 E(ection)-.37 E F0(])A 1.402(This de\214nes a function named)144 +.37 E(ection)-.37 E F0(])A 1.403(This de\214nes a function named)144 400.8 R F2(name)3.902 E F0 6.402(.T)C 1.402(he reserv)-6.402 F 1.402 (ed w)-.15 F(ord)-.1 E F1(function)3.902 E F0 1.402(is optional.)3.902 F -1.403(If the)6.402 F F1(function)3.903 E F0(reserv)144 412.8 Q .162 +1.402(If the)6.402 F F1(function)3.902 E F0(reserv)144 412.8 Q .162 (ed w)-.15 F .162(ord is supplied, the parentheses are optional.)-.1 F (The)5.162 E F2(body)2.662 E F0 .162(of the function is the compound) 2.662 F(command)144 424.8 Q F2(compound\255command)2.784 E F0(\(see) @@ -1064,7851 +1085,8257 @@ Q F0(\(\))2.5 E F2(compound\255command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2 -.37(re)C 2.584(\). That).15 F .084(command is usually a)2.584 F F2(list)144 436.8 Q F0 .044(of commands between { and }, b)2.544 F .044(ut may be an)-.2 F 2.544(yc)-.15 G .044(ommand listed under)-2.544 F F1 .044 -(Compound Commands)2.544 F F0(abo)144 448.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E F2 -(compound\255command)6.67 E F0 1.67(is e)4.17 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.671 -(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E F2(name)4.171 E F0 1.671 -(is speci\214ed as the name of a simple)4.171 F 2.753(command. When)144 -460.8 R(in)2.753 E F2 .253(posix mode)2.753 F F0(,)A F2(name)2.753 E F0 -.253(may not be the name of one of the POSIX)2.753 F F2 .252(special b) -2.753 F(uiltins)-.2 E F0(.)A(An)144 472.8 Q 3.241(yr)-.15 G .741 -(edirections \(see)-3.241 F F3(REDIRECTION)3.241 E F0(belo)2.991 E .742 -(w\) speci\214ed when a function is de\214ned are performed)-.25 F .171 -(when the function is e)144 484.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.671(cuted. The).15 -F -.15(ex)2.671 G .17 -(it status of a function de\214nition is zero unless a syntax error).15 -F .704(occurs or a readonly function with the same name already e)144 -496.8 R 3.205(xists. When)-.15 F -.15(exe)3.205 G .705(cuted, the e).15 -F .705(xit status)-.15 F 1.822(of a function is the e)144 508.8 R 1.821 -(xit status of the last command e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.821 -(cuted in the body).15 F 6.821(.\()-.65 G(See)-6.821 E F3(FUNCTIONS) -4.321 E F0(belo)144 520.8 Q -.65(w.)-.25 G(\)).65 E/F4 10.95 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMMENTS)72 537.6 Q F0 .982(In a non-interacti)108 -549.6 R 1.282 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .982(hell, or an interacti).15 F 1.282 --.15(ve s)-.25 H .982(hell in which the).15 F F1(interacti)3.482 E -.1 -(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1 E F0 .982(option to the)3.482 F F1(shopt)3.482 E -F0 -.2(bu)108 561.6 S .952(iltin is enabled \(see).2 F F3 .952(SHELL B) -3.452 F(UIL)-.09 E .952(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.202 E .952 -(w\), a w)-.25 F .952(ord be)-.1 F .952(ginning with)-.15 F F1(#)3.451 E -F0 .951(causes that w)3.451 F(ord)-.1 E .604 -(and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored.)108 573.6 R +(Compound Commands)2.544 F F0(abo)144 448.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.902(,w) +.15 G .402(ith one e)-2.902 F .402(xception: If the)-.15 F F1(function) +2.901 E F0(reserv)2.901 E .401(ed w)-.15 F .401(ord is used, b)-.1 F +.401(ut the parentheses are not sup-)-.2 F .047 +(plied, the braces are required.)144 460.8 R F2(compound\255command) +5.047 E F0 .047(is e)2.547 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .047(cuted whene).15 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E F2(name)2.547 E F0 .047(is speci\214ed as the)2.547 F +1.68(name of a simple command.)144 472.8 R 1.68(When in)6.68 F F2 1.68 +(posix mode)4.18 F F0(,)A F2(name)4.179 E F0 1.679 +(may not be the name of one of the)4.179 F(POSIX)144 484.8 Q F2 .014 +(special b)2.513 F(uiltins)-.2 E F0 5.014(.A)C .314 -.15(ny r)-5.014 H +.014(edirections \(see).15 F F3(REDIRECTION)2.514 E F0(belo)2.264 E .014 +(w\) speci\214ed when a function is)-.25 F 1.12 +(de\214ned are performed when the function is e)144 496.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 +G 3.619(cuted. The).15 F -.15(ex)3.619 G 1.119 +(it status of a function de\214nition is).15 F .217(zero unless a synta\ +x error occurs or a readonly function with the same name already e)144 +508.8 R 2.717(xists. When)-.15 F -.15(exe)144 520.8 S .546(cuted, the e) +.15 F .546(xit status of a function is the e)-.15 F .545 +(xit status of the last command e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .545 +(cuted in the body).15 F(.)-.65 E(\(See)144 532.8 Q F3(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E +F0(belo)2.25 E -.65(w.)-.25 G(\)).65 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF +(COMMENTS)72 549.6 Q F0 .982(In a non-interacti)108 561.6 R 1.282 -.15 +(ve s)-.25 H .982(hell, or an interacti).15 F 1.282 -.15(ve s)-.25 H +.982(hell in which the).15 F F1(interacti)3.482 E -.1(ve)-.1 G +(_comments).1 E F0 .982(option to the)3.482 F F1(shopt)3.482 E F0 -.2 +(bu)108 573.6 S .952(iltin is enabled \(see).2 F F3 .952(SHELL B)3.452 F +(UIL)-.09 E .952(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.202 E .952(w\), a w)-.25 +F .952(ord be)-.1 F .952(ginning with)-.15 F F1(#)3.451 E F0 .951 +(causes that w)3.451 F(ord)-.1 E .604 +(and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored.)108 585.6 R .605(An interacti)5.605 F .905 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .605(hell without the) -.15 F F1(interacti)3.105 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(_com-).1 E(ments)108 585.6 Q F0 +.15 F F1(interacti)3.105 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(_com-).1 E(ments)108 597.6 Q F0 1.337(option enabled does not allo)3.837 F 3.837(wc)-.25 G 3.836 (omments. 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Once)-.25 F 2.754(av)2.754 G .254(ariable is set, it)-3.004 +F(may be unset only by using the)108 727.2 Q F2(unset)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu) 2.5 G(iltin command \(see).2 E F3(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS) --.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E(A)108 703.2 Q F2(variable)2.79 E F0 -(may be assigned to by a statement of the form)2.68 E F2(name)144 720 Q -F0(=[)A F2(value)A F0(])A(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E -(8)195.95 E 0 Cg EP +-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26) +142.895 E(8)197.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 9 9 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E(If)108 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(value)3.023 E F0 .233 -(is not gi)2.913 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .233(n, the v).15 F .232 -(ariable is assigned the null string.)-.25 F(All)5.232 E F1(values)3.022 -E F0(under)3.002 E .232(go tilde e)-.18 F .232(xpansion, parameter)-.15 -F .515(and v)108 96 R .515(ariable e)-.25 F .515 +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(A)108 84 Q/F1 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(variable)2.79 E F0 +(may be assigned to by a statement of the form)2.68 E F1(name)144 100.8 +Q F0(=[)A F1(value)A F0(])A(If)108 117.6 Q F1(value)3.022 E F0 .232 +(is not gi)2.912 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .232(n, the v).15 F .232 +(ariable is assigned the null string.)-.25 F(All)5.233 E F1(values)3.023 +E F0(under)3.003 E .233(go tilde e)-.18 F .233(xpansion, parameter)-.15 +F .515(and v)108 129.6 R .515(ariable e)-.25 F .515 (xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic e)-.15 F .515 (xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 3.015(l\().25 G(see) --3.015 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXP)3.015 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)108 108 -Q 2.699(w\). If)-.25 F .199(the v)2.699 F .199(ariable has its)-.25 F/F3 -10/Times-Bold@0 SF(integer)2.698 E F0(attrib)2.698 E .198(ute set, then) --.2 F F1(value)2.988 E F0 .198(is e)2.878 F -.25(va)-.25 G .198 -(luated as an arithmetic e).25 F .198(xpression e)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -(n).15 E .901(if the $\(\(...\)\) e)108 120 R .901 +-3.015 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXP)3.015 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)108 +141.6 Q 2.698(w\). If)-.25 F .198(the v)2.698 F .198(ariable has its) +-.25 F/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(integer)2.698 E F0(attrib)2.698 E .198 +(ute set, then)-.2 F F1(value)2.988 E F0 .198(is e)2.878 F -.25(va)-.25 +G .199(luated as an arithmetic e).25 F .199(xpression e)-.15 F -.15(ve) +-.25 G(n).15 E .902(if the $\(\(...\)\) e)108 153.6 R .902 (xpansion is not used \(see)-.15 F F3 .901(Arithmetic Expansion)3.401 F -F0(belo)3.401 E 3.402(w\). W)-.25 F .902 -(ord splitting is not performed,)-.8 F 1.179(with the e)108 132 R 1.179 -(xception of)-.15 F F3("$@")3.679 E F0 1.179(as e)3.679 F 1.179 -(xplained belo)-.15 F 3.679(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.679 E F3 1.178(Special P) -3.678 F(arameters)-.1 E F0 6.178(.P)C 1.178(athname e)-6.328 F 1.178 -(xpansion is not)-.15 F 3.648(performed. Assignment)108 144 R 1.148 -(statements may also appear as ar)3.648 F 1.149(guments to the)-.18 F F3 -(alias)3.649 E F0(,)A F3(declar)3.649 E(e)-.18 E F0(,)A F3(typeset)3.649 -E F0(,)A F3(export)3.649 E F0(,)A F3 -.18(re)108 156 S(adonly).18 E F0 -2.63(,a)C(nd)-2.63 E F3(local)2.63 E F0 -.2(bu)2.63 G .13 -(iltin commands.).2 F .13(When in)5.13 F F1 .129(posix mode)2.629 F F0 -2.629(,t)C .129(hese b)-2.629 F .129 -(uiltins may appear in a command after)-.2 F -(one or more instances of the)108 168 Q F3(command)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G -(iltin and retain these assignment statement properties.).2 E .376 -(In the conte)108 184.8 R .376 +F0(belo)3.401 E 3.401(w\). W)-.25 F .901 +(ord splitting is not performed,)-.8 F 1.178(with the e)108 165.6 R +1.178(xception of)-.15 F F3("$@")3.678 E F0 1.178(as e)3.678 F 1.179 +(xplained belo)-.15 F 3.679(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.679 E F3 1.179(Special P) +3.679 F(arameters)-.1 E F0 6.179(.P)C 1.179(athname e)-6.329 F 1.179 +(xpansion is not)-.15 F 3.649(performed. Assignment)108 177.6 R 1.149 +(statements may also appear as ar)3.649 F 1.148(guments to the)-.18 F F3 +(alias)3.648 E F0(,)A F3(declar)3.648 E(e)-.18 E F0(,)A F3(typeset)3.648 +E F0(,)A F3(export)3.648 E F0(,)A F3 -.18(re)108 189.6 S(adonly).18 E F0 +3.288(,a)C(nd)-3.288 E F3(local)3.288 E F0 -.2(bu)3.288 G .788 +(iltin commands \().2 F F1(declar)A(ation)-.15 E F0 3.288 +(commands\). When)3.288 F(in)3.289 E F1 .789(posix mode)3.289 F F0 3.289 +(,t)C .789(hese b)-3.289 F .789(uiltins may)-.2 F 1.496 +(appear in a command after one or more instances of the)108 201.6 R F3 +(command)3.996 E F0 -.2(bu)3.996 G 1.496 +(iltin and retain these assignment).2 F(statement properties.)108 213.6 +Q .376(In the conte)108 230.4 R .376 (xt where an assignment statement is assigning a v)-.15 F .376 (alue to a shell v)-.25 F .377(ariable or array inde)-.25 F .377 -(x, the +=)-.15 F .257 -(operator can be used to append to or add to the v)108 196.8 R(ariable') --.25 E 2.757(sp)-.55 G(re)-2.757 E .257(vious v)-.25 F 2.757(alue. When) --.25 F .257(+= is applied to a v)2.757 F(ariable)-.25 E .36 -(for which the)108 208.8 R F1(inte)2.86 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F0(attrib) -2.86 E .36(ute has been set,)-.2 F F1(value)2.86 E F0 .361(is e)2.861 F --.25(va)-.25 G .361(luated as an arithmetic e).25 F .361 -(xpression and added to the)-.15 F -.25(va)108 220.8 S(riable').25 E -2.889(sc)-.55 G .389(urrent v)-2.889 F .389(alue, which is also e)-.25 F --.25(va)-.25 G 2.889(luated. When).25 F .389 -(+= is applied to an array v)2.889 F .388(ariable using compound)-.25 F -.185(assignment \(see)108 232.8 R F3(Arrays)2.685 E F0(belo)2.685 E .185 -(w\), the v)-.25 F(ariable')-.25 E 2.685(sv)-.55 G .185 -(alue is not unset \(as it is when using =\), and ne)-2.935 F 2.686(wv) --.25 G .186(alues are)-2.936 F 1.385(appended to the array be)108 244.8 -R 1.384(ginning at one greater than the array')-.15 F 3.884(sm)-.55 G -1.384(aximum inde)-3.884 F 3.884(x\()-.15 G 1.384(for inde)-3.884 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G 3.884(da).15 G 1.384(rrays\) or)-3.884 F .122 -(added as additional k)108 256.8 R -.15(ey)-.1 G.15 E .122 -(alue pairs in an associati)-.25 F .423 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 E -5.123(.W)-.65 G .123(hen applied to a string-v)-5.123 F .123(alued v) --.25 F(ariable,)-.25 E F1(value)2.623 E F0(is e)108 268.8 Q +(x, the +=)-.15 F 1.631 +(operator can be used to append to or add to the v)108 242.4 R(ariable') +-.25 E 4.13(sp)-.55 G(re)-4.13 E 1.63(vious v)-.25 F 4.13(alue. This) +-.25 F 1.63(includes ar)4.13 F 1.63(guments to)-.18 F -.2(bu)108 254.4 S +.163(iltin commands such as).2 F F3(declar)2.664 E(e)-.18 E F0 .164 +(that accept assignment statements \()2.664 F F1(declar)A(ation)-.15 E +F0 2.664(commands\). When)2.664 F .164(+= is)2.664 F .252 +(applied to a v)108 266.4 R .252(ariable for which the)-.25 F F1(inte) +2.752 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F0(attrib)2.752 E .252(ute has been set,)-.2 +F F1(value)2.752 E F0 .251(is e)2.751 F -.25(va)-.25 G .251 +(luated as an arithmetic e).25 F(xpres-)-.15 E .05 +(sion and added to the v)108 278.4 R(ariable')-.25 E 2.55(sc)-.55 G .05 +(urrent v)-2.55 F .05(alue, which is also e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G 2.55 +(luated. When).25 F .05(+= is applied to an array v)2.55 F(ari-)-.25 E +.459(able using compound assignment \(see)108 290.4 R F3(Arrays)2.959 E +F0(belo)2.959 E .459(w\), the v)-.25 F(ariable')-.25 E 2.959(sv)-.55 G +.459(alue is not unset \(as it is when using)-3.209 F .265(=\), and ne) +108 302.4 R 2.765(wv)-.25 G .265(alues are appended to the array be) +-3.015 F .265(ginning at one greater than the array')-.15 F 2.765(sm) +-.55 G .265(aximum inde)-2.765 F 2.765(x\()-.15 G(for)-2.765 E(inde)108 +314.4 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.402(da).15 G .902 +(rrays\) or added as additional k)-3.402 F -.15(ey)-.1 G.15 E .901 +(alue pairs in an associati)-.25 F 1.201 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 E +5.901(.W)-.65 G .901(hen applied to a string-)-5.901 F -.25(va)108 326.4 +S(lued v).25 E(ariable,)-.25 E F1(value)2.5 E F0(is e)2.5 E (xpanded and appended to the v)-.15 E(ariable')-.25 E 2.5(sv)-.55 G -(alue.)-2.75 E 3.383(Av)108 285.6 S .883(ariable can be assigned the) --3.633 F F1(namer)3.382 E(ef)-.37 E F0(attrib)3.382 E .882 +(alue.)-2.75 E 3.382(Av)108 343.2 S .882(ariable can be assigned the) +-3.632 F F1(namer)3.382 E(ef)-.37 E F0(attrib)3.382 E .882 (ute using the)-.2 F F33.382 E F0 .882(option to the)3.382 F F3 -(declar)3.382 E(e)-.18 E F0(or)3.382 E F3(local)3.382 E F0 -.2(bu)3.382 -G .882(iltin com-).2 F .315(mands \(see the descriptions of)108 297.6 R -F3(declar)2.815 E(e)-.18 E F0(and)2.815 E F3(local)2.815 E F0(belo)2.815 -E .316(w\) to create a)-.25 F F1(namer)2.816 E(ef)-.37 E F0 2.816(,o)C -2.816(rar)-2.816 G .316(eference to another v)-2.816 F(ari-)-.25 E 3.335 -(able. This)108 309.6 R(allo)3.335 E .835(ws v)-.25 F .835 -(ariables to be manipulated indirectly)-.25 F 5.835(.W)-.65 G(hene) --5.835 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.335(rt).15 G .835(he nameref v)-3.335 F .835 -(ariable is referenced or)-.25 F .021 -(assigned to, the operation is actually performed on the v)108 321.6 R -.021(ariable speci\214ed by the nameref v)-.25 F(ariable')-.25 E 2.522 -(sv)-.55 G 2.522(alue. A)-2.772 F .819 -(nameref is commonly used within shell functions to refer to a v)108 -333.6 R .818(ariable whose name is passed as an ar)-.25 F(gu-)-.18 E -.131(ment to the function.)108 345.6 R -.15(Fo)5.131 G 2.631(ri).15 G -.131(nstance, if a v)-2.631 F .132 -(ariable name is passed to a shell function as its \214rst ar)-.25 F -.132(gument, run-)-.18 F(ning)108 357.6 Q/F4 10/Courier@0 SF -(declare -n ref=$1)144 375.6 Q F0 .303 -(inside the function creates a nameref v)108 393.6 R(ariable)-.25 E F3 --.18(re)2.803 G(f).18 E F0 .303(whose v)2.803 F .303(alue is the v)-.25 -F .302(ariable name passed as the \214rst ar)-.25 F(gu-)-.18 E 3.318 -(ment. References)108 405.6 R .818(and assignments to)3.318 F F3 -.18 -(re)3.318 G(f).18 E F0 .818 -(are treated as references and assignments to the v)3.318 F .818 -(ariable whose)-.25 F .275(name w)108 417.6 R .275(as passed as)-.1 F F3 -($1)2.775 E F0 5.275(.I)C 2.775(ft)-5.275 G .275(he control v)-2.775 F -.275(ariable in a)-.25 F F3 -.25(fo)2.775 G(r).25 E F0 .275 -(loop has the nameref attrib)2.775 F .274(ute, the list of w)-.2 F .274 -(ords can)-.1 F .354(be a list of shell v)108 429.6 R .354 -(ariables, and a name reference will be established for each w)-.25 F -.355(ord in the list, in turn, when)-.1 F .086(the loop is e)108 441.6 R --.15(xe)-.15 G 2.586(cuted. Array).15 F -.25(va)2.586 G .086 -(riables cannot be gi).25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.586(nt).15 G(he)-2.586 E F3 -2.586 E F0(attrib)2.585 E 2.585(ute. Ho)-.2 F(we)-.25 E -.15(ve) --.25 G .885 -.4(r, n).15 H .085(ameref v).4 F .085(ariables can ref-) --.25 F .883(erence array v)108 453.6 R .883 -(ariables and subscripted array v)-.25 F 3.383(ariables. Namerefs)-.25 F -.883(can be unset using the)3.383 F F33.383 E F0 .884 -(option to the)3.383 F F3(unset)108 465.6 Q F0 -.2(bu)2.558 G 2.558 -(iltin. Otherwise,).2 F(if)2.558 E F3(unset)2.558 E F0 .058(is e)2.558 F --.15(xe)-.15 G .058(cuted with the name of a nameref v).15 F .057 -(ariable as an ar)-.25 F .057(gument, the v)-.18 F(ari-)-.25 E -(able referenced by the nameref v)108 477.6 Q(ariable will be unset.) --.25 E F3 -.2(Po)87 494.4 S(sitional P).2 E(arameters)-.1 E F0(A)108 -506.4 Q F1 .705(positional par)4.455 F(ameter)-.15 E F0 .706(is a param\ -eter denoted by one or more digits, other than the single digit 0.)3.935 -F(Posi-)5.706 E .445(tional parameters are assigned from the shell')108 -518.4 R 2.944(sa)-.55 G -.18(rg)-2.944 G .444(uments when it is in).18 F --.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .444(d, and may be reassigned using).1 F(the) -108 530.4 Q F3(set)3.333 E F0 -.2(bu)3.333 G .833(iltin command.).2 F -.834(Positional parameters may not be assigned to with assignment state\ -ments.)5.833 F(The)5.834 E .334(positional parameters are temporarily r\ -eplaced when a shell function is e)108 542.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .333 -(cuted \(see).15 F F2(FUNCTIONS)2.833 E F0(belo)2.583 E(w\).)-.25 E -1.403(When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single digi\ -t is e)108 559.2 R 1.404(xpanded, it must be enclosed in)-.15 F -(braces \(see)108 571.2 Q F2(EXP)2.5 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)2.25 E -(w\).)-.25 E F3(Special P)87 588 Q(arameters)-.1 E F0 1.675 -(The shell treats se)108 600 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.675 -(ral parameters specially).15 F 6.675(.T)-.65 G 1.674 +(declar)3.382 E(e)-.18 E F0(or)3.383 E F3(local)3.383 E F0 -.2(bu)3.383 +G .883(iltin com-).2 F .316(mands \(see the descriptions of)108 355.2 R +F3(declar)2.816 E(e)-.18 E F0(and)2.816 E F3(local)2.816 E F0(belo)2.816 +E .316(w\) to create a)-.25 F F1(namer)2.815 E(ef)-.37 E F0 2.815(,o)C +2.815(rar)-2.815 G .315(eference to another v)-2.815 F(ari-)-.25 E 4.04 +(able. This)108 367.2 R(allo)4.04 E 1.54(ws v)-.25 F 1.54 +(ariables to be manipulated indirectly)-.25 F 6.54(.W)-.65 G(hene)-6.54 +E -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.04(rt).15 G 1.54(he nameref v)-4.04 F 1.54 +(ariable is referenced,)-.25 F .54 +(assigned to, unset, or has its attrib)108 379.2 R .54 +(utes modi\214ed \(other than using or changing the)-.2 F F1(namer)3.04 +E(ef)-.37 E F0(attrib)3.04 E .54(ute itself\),)-.2 F .352 +(the operation is actually performed on the v)108 391.2 R .352 +(ariable speci\214ed by the nameref v)-.25 F(ariable')-.25 E 2.852(sv) +-.55 G 2.852(alue. A)-3.102 F .352(nameref is)2.852 F .972 +(commonly used within shell functions to refer to a v)108 403.2 R .971 +(ariable whose name is passed as an ar)-.25 F .971(gument to the)-.18 F +2.5(function. F)108 415.2 R(or instance, if a v)-.15 E +(ariable name is passed to a shell function as its \214rst ar)-.25 E +(gument, running)-.18 E/F4 10/Courier@0 SF(declare -n ref=$1)144 433.2 Q +F0 .302(inside the function creates a nameref v)108 451.2 R(ariable)-.25 +E F3 -.18(re)2.803 G(f).18 E F0 .303(whose v)2.803 F .303(alue is the v) +-.25 F .303(ariable name passed as the \214rst ar)-.25 F(gu-)-.18 E +3.592(ment. References)108 463.2 R 1.092(and assignments to)3.592 F F3 +-.18(re)3.592 G(f).18 E F0 3.592(,a)C 1.092(nd changes to its attrib) +-3.592 F 1.092(utes, are treated as references, assign-)-.2 F .143 +(ments, and attrib)108 475.2 R .144(ute modi\214cations to the v)-.2 F +.144(ariable whose name w)-.25 F .144(as passed as)-.1 F F3($1)2.644 E +F0 5.144(.I)C 2.644(ft)-5.144 G .144(he control v)-2.644 F .144 +(ariable in a)-.25 F F3 -.25(fo)108 487.2 S(r).25 E F0 .868 +(loop has the nameref attrib)3.368 F .868(ute, the list of w)-.2 F .867 +(ords can be a list of shell v)-.1 F .867 +(ariables, and a name reference)-.25 F .509 +(will be established for each w)108 499.2 R .509 +(ord in the list, in turn, when the loop is e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.009 +(cuted. Array).15 F -.25(va)3.009 G .509(riables cannot be).25 F(gi)108 +511.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.193(nt).15 G(he)-4.193 E F3(namer)4.193 E(ef) +-.18 E F0(attrib)4.193 E 4.193(ute. Ho)-.2 F(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +2.493 -.4(r, n).15 H 1.693(ameref v).4 F 1.692 +(ariables can reference array v)-.25 F 1.692(ariables and subscripted) +-.25 F .101(array v)108 523.2 R 2.601(ariables. Namerefs)-.25 F .101 +(can be unset using the)2.601 F F32.602 E F0 .102(option to the) +2.602 F F3(unset)2.602 E F0 -.2(bu)2.602 G 2.602(iltin. Otherwise,).2 F +(if)2.602 E F3(unset)2.602 E F0 .102(is e)2.602 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E +.443(cuted with the name of a nameref v)108 535.2 R .442 +(ariable as an ar)-.25 F .442(gument, the v)-.18 F .442 +(ariable referenced by the nameref v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E +(will be unset.)108 547.2 Q F3 -.2(Po)87 564 S(sitional P).2 E +(arameters)-.1 E F0(A)108 576 Q F1 .705(positional par)4.455 F(ameter) +-.15 E F0 .706(is a parameter denoted by one or more digits, other than\ + the single digit 0.)3.935 F(Posi-)5.706 E .445 +(tional parameters are assigned from the shell')108 588 R 2.944(sa)-.55 +G -.18(rg)-2.944 G .444(uments when it is in).18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke) +.2 G .444(d, and may be reassigned using).1 F(the)108 600 Q F3(set)3.333 +E F0 -.2(bu)3.333 G .833(iltin command.).2 F .834(Positional parameters\ + may not be assigned to with assignment statements.)5.833 F(The)5.834 E +(positional parameters are temporarily replaced when a shell function i\ +s e)108 612 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted \(see).15 E F2(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E F0 +(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E 1.404(When a positional parameter consisting o\ +f more than a single digit is e)108 628.8 R 1.403 +(xpanded, it must be enclosed in)-.15 F(braces \(see)108 640.8 Q F2(EXP) +2.5 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F3(Special P)87 657.6 Q +(arameters)-.1 E F0 1.674(The shell treats se)108 669.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G +1.674(ral parameters specially).15 F 6.675(.T)-.65 G 1.675 (hese parameters may only be referenced; assignment to)-6.675 F -(them is not allo)108 612 Q(wed.)-.25 E F3(*)108 624 Q F0 .223 -(Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.)31 F .224 -(When the e)5.224 F .224(xpansion is not within double)-.15 F .663 -(quotes, each positional parameter e)144 636 R .662 +(them is not allo)108 681.6 Q(wed.)-.25 E F3(*)108 693.6 Q F0 .224 +(Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.)144 693.6 R +.223(When the e)5.224 F .223(xpansion is not within double)-.15 F .662 +(quotes, each positional parameter e)144 705.6 R .662 (xpands to a separate w)-.15 F 3.162(ord. In)-.1 F(conte)3.162 E .662 -(xts where it is performed,)-.15 F 1.081(those w)144 648 R 1.081 -(ords are subject to further w)-.1 F 1.082(ord splitting and pathname e) --.1 F 3.582(xpansion. When)-.15 F 1.082(the e)3.582 F(xpansion)-.15 E -.915(occurs within double quotes, it e)144 660 R .914 -(xpands to a single w)-.15 F .914(ord with the v)-.1 F .914 -(alue of each parameter sepa-)-.25 F .89 -(rated by the \214rst character of the)144 672 R F2(IFS)3.39 E F0 .89 -(special v)3.14 F 3.39(ariable. That)-.25 F .891(is, ")3.391 F F3($*)A -F0 3.391("i)C 3.391(se)-3.391 G(qui)-3.391 E -.25(va)-.25 G .891 -(lent to ").25 F F3($1)A F1(c)A F3($2)A F1(c)A F3(...)A F0(",)A(where) -144 684 Q F1(c)3.533 E F0 .832(is the \214rst character of the v)3.643 F -.832(alue of the)-.25 F F2(IFS)3.332 E F0 -.25(va)3.082 G 3.332 -(riable. If).25 F F2(IFS)3.332 E F0 .832(is unset, the parameters are) -3.082 F(separated by spaces.)144 696 Q(If)5 E F2(IFS)2.5 E F0 -(is null, the parameters are joined without interv)2.25 E -(ening separators.)-.15 E F3(@)108 708 Q F0 .605 -(Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.)26.7 F .606 -(When the e)5.605 F .606(xpansion occurs within dou-)-.15 F .114 -(ble quotes, each parameter e)144 720 R .114(xpands to a separate w)-.15 -F 2.614(ord. That)-.1 F .113(is, ")2.613 F F3($@)A F0 2.613("i)C 2.613 -(se)-2.613 G(qui)-2.613 E -.25(va)-.25 G .113(lent to ").25 F F3($1)A F0 -2.613("")C F3($2)-2.613 E F0 2.613(".)C(..)-2.613 E(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 -Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(9)195.95 E 0 Cg EP +(xts where it is performed,)-.15 F 1.082(those w)144 717.6 R 1.082 +(ords are subject to further w)-.1 F 1.081(ord splitting and pathname e) +-.1 F 3.581(xpansion. When)-.15 F 1.081(the e)3.581 F(xpansion)-.15 E +2.548(occurs within double quotes, it e)144 729.6 R 2.549 +(xpands to a single w)-.15 F 2.549(ord with the v)-.1 F 2.549 +(alue of each parameter)-.25 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26) +142.895 E(9)197.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 10 10 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E .134(If the double-quoted e)144 84 R .134 -(xpansion occurs within a w)-.15 F .135(ord, the e)-.1 F .135 -(xpansion of the \214rst parameter is joined)-.15 F .151(with the be)144 -96 R .151(ginning part of the original w)-.15 F .151(ord, and the e)-.1 -F .15(xpansion of the last parameter is joined with)-.15 F .337 -(the last part of the original w)144 108 R 2.837(ord. When)-.1 F .338 -(there are no positional parameters, ")2.837 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF($@) -A F0 2.838("a)C(nd)-2.838 E F1($@)2.838 E F0 -.15(ex)2.838 G(pand).15 E -(to nothing \(i.e., the)144 120 Q 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re remo)-2.5 E -.15(ve) --.15 G(d\).).15 E F1(#)108 132 Q F0 -(Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal.)31 E F1(?) -108 144 Q F0(Expands to the e)31 E(xit status of the most recently e) --.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted fore).15 E(ground pipeline.)-.15 E F1108 -156 Q F0 .882 -(Expands to the current option \215ags as speci\214ed upon in)30.3 F -.2 -(vo)-.4 G .881(cation, by the).2 F F1(set)3.381 E F0 -.2(bu)3.381 G .881 -(iltin command, or).2 F(those set by the shell itself \(such as the)144 -168 Q F12.5 E F0(option\).)2.5 E F1($)108 180 Q F0 .214 -(Expands to the process ID of the shell.)31 F .214 +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 3.068 +(separated by the \214rst character of the)144 84 R/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +(IFS)5.568 E F0 3.068(special v)5.318 F 5.568(ariable. 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The)-.25 F(options)3.898 E .477(appearing in)144 -417.6 R F2 -.27(BA)2.977 G(SHOPTS).27 E F0 .477(are those reported as) -2.727 F/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(on)3.207 E F0(by)3.217 E F1(shopt)2.977 -E F0 5.476(.I)C 2.976(ft)-5.476 G .476(his v)-2.976 F .476 -(ariable is in the en)-.25 F(vironment)-.4 E(when)144 429.6 Q F1(bash) -3.141 E F0 .642(starts up, each shell option in the list will be enable\ -d before reading an)3.141 F 3.142(ys)-.15 G .642(tartup \214les.)-3.142 -F(This v)144 441.6 Q(ariable is read-only)-.25 E(.)-.65 E F1 -.3(BA)108 -453.6 S(SHPID).3 E F0 .188(Expands to the process ID of the current)144 -465.6 R F1(bash)2.688 E F0 2.687(process. This)2.687 F(dif)2.687 E .187 -(fers from)-.25 F F1($$)2.687 E F0 .187(under certain circum-)2.687 F -(stances, such as subshells that do not require)144 477.6 Q F1(bash)2.5 -E F0(to be re-initialized.)2.5 E F1 -.3(BA)108 489.6 S(SH_ALIASES).3 E -F0 1.195(An associati)144 501.6 R 1.495 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 1.195(rray v) +489.6 R F1 -.27(BA)2.977 G(SHOPTS).27 E F0 .477(are those reported as) +2.727 F F3(on)3.207 E F0(by)3.217 E F2(shopt)2.977 E F0 5.476(.I)C 2.976 +(ft)-5.476 G .476(his v)-2.976 F .476(ariable is in the en)-.25 F +(vironment)-.4 E(when)144 501.6 Q F2(bash)3.141 E F0 .642(starts up, ea\ +ch shell option in the list will be enabled before reading an)3.141 F +3.142(ys)-.15 G .642(tartup \214les.)-3.142 F(This v)144 513.6 Q +(ariable is read-only)-.25 E(.)-.65 E F2 -.3(BA)108 525.6 S(SHPID).3 E +F0 .188(Expands to the process ID of the current)144 537.6 R F2(bash) +2.688 E F0 2.687(process. This)2.687 F(dif)2.687 E .187(fers from)-.25 F +F2($$)2.687 E F0 .187(under certain circum-)2.687 F +(stances, such as subshells that do not require)144 549.6 Q F2(bash)2.5 +E F0(to be re-initialized.)2.5 E F2 -.3(BA)108 561.6 S(SH_ALIASES).3 E +F0 1.195(An associati)144 573.6 R 1.495 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 1.195(rray v) .15 F 1.195(ariable whose members correspond to the internal list of al\ -iases as main-)-.25 F .025(tained by the)144 513.6 R F1(alias)2.524 E F0 --.2(bu)2.524 G 2.524(iltin. Elements).2 F .024 -(added to this array appear in the alias list; unsetting array ele-) -2.524 F(ments cause aliases to be remo)144 525.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5 -(df).15 G(rom the alias list.)-2.5 E F1 -.3(BA)108 537.6 S(SH_ARGC).3 E -F0 .934(An array v)144 549.6 R .934(ariable whose v)-.25 F .934 +iases as main-)-.25 F .16(tained by the)144 585.6 R F2(alias)2.66 E F0 +-.2(bu)2.66 G 2.66(iltin. Elements).2 F .16 +(added to this array appear in the alias list; ho)2.66 F(we)-.25 E -.15 +(ve)-.25 G .96 -.4(r, u).15 H(nsetting).4 E 4.503 +(array elements currently does not cause aliases to be remo)144 597.6 R +-.15(ve)-.15 G 7.003(df).15 G 4.503(rom the alias list.)-7.003 F(If) +9.503 E F2 -.3(BA)144 609.6 S(SH_ALIASES).3 E F0 +(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 +(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.) +-2.5 E F2 -.3(BA)108 621.6 S(SH_ARGC).3 E F0 .935(An array v)144 633.6 R +.935(ariable whose v)-.25 F .934 (alues are the number of parameters in each frame of the current)-.25 F -F1(bash)3.435 E F0 -.15(exe)144 561.6 S .535(cution call stack.).15 F +F2(bash)3.434 E F0 -.15(exe)144 645.6 S .535(cution call stack.).15 F .535(The number of parameters to the current subroutine \(shell functio\ -n or script)5.535 F -.15(exe)144 573.6 S .141(cuted with).15 F F1(.) -2.641 E F0(or)2.641 E F1(sour)2.641 E(ce)-.18 E F0 2.641(\)i)C 2.641(sa) --2.641 G 2.641(tt)-2.641 G .142(he top of the stack.)-2.641 F .142 -(When a subroutine is e)5.142 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .142 -(cuted, the number of).15 F 2.631(parameters passed is pushed onto)144 -585.6 R F2 -.27(BA)5.13 G(SH_ARGC).27 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 -2.63(The shell sets)7.13 F F2 -.27(BA)5.13 G(SH_ARGC).27 E F0 2.63 -(only when in)4.88 F -.15(ex)144 597.6 S(tended deb).15 E -(ugging mode \(see the description of the)-.2 E F1(extdeb)2.5 E(ug)-.2 E -F0(option to the)2.5 E F1(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin belo).2 E -(w\))-.25 E F1 -.3(BA)108 609.6 S(SH_ARGV).3 E F0 .979(An array v)144 -621.6 R .979(ariable containing all of the parameters in the current) --.25 F F1(bash)3.48 E F0 -.15(exe)3.48 G .98(cution call stack.).15 F -(The)5.98 E .275(\214nal parameter of the last subroutine call is at th\ -e top of the stack; the \214rst parameter of the initial)144 633.6 R -1.424(call is at the bottom.)144 645.6 R 1.424(When a subroutine is e) +n or script)5.535 F -.15(exe)144 657.6 S .142(cuted with).15 F F2(.) +2.642 E F0(or)2.642 E F2(sour)2.642 E(ce)-.18 E F0 2.642(\)i)C 2.642(sa) +-2.642 G 2.642(tt)-2.642 G .142(he top of the stack.)-2.642 F .141 +(When a subroutine is e)5.141 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .141 +(cuted, the number of).15 F 2.63(parameters passed is pushed onto)144 +669.6 R F1 -.27(BA)5.13 G(SH_ARGC).27 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 +2.63(The shell sets)7.13 F F1 -.27(BA)5.131 G(SH_ARGC).27 E F0 2.631 +(only when in)4.881 F -.15(ex)144 681.6 S(tended deb).15 E +(ugging mode \(see the description of the)-.2 E F2(extdeb)2.5 E(ug)-.2 E +F0(option to the)2.5 E F2(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin belo).2 E +(w\))-.25 E F2 -.3(BA)108 693.6 S(SH_ARGV).3 E F0 .98(An array v)144 +705.6 R .979(ariable containing all of the parameters in the current) +-.25 F F2(bash)3.479 E F0 -.15(exe)3.479 G .979(cution call stack.).15 F +(The)5.979 E .275(\214nal parameter of the last subroutine call is at t\ +he top of the stack; the \214rst parameter of the initial)144 717.6 R +1.424(call is at the bottom.)144 729.6 R 1.424(When a subroutine is e) 6.424 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.424 -(cuted, the parameters supplied are pushed onto).15 F F2 -.27(BA)144 -657.6 S(SH_ARGV).27 E F4(.)A F0 2.197(The shell sets)6.697 F F2 -.27(BA) -4.697 G(SH_ARGV).27 E F0 2.197(only when in e)4.447 F 2.197(xtended deb) --.15 F 2.197(ugging mode \(see the)-.2 F(description of the)144 669.6 Q -F1(extdeb)2.5 E(ug)-.2 E F0(option to the)2.5 E F1(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2 -(bu)2.5 G(iltin belo).2 E(w\))-.25 E F1 -.3(BA)108 681.6 S(SH_CMDS).3 E -F0 .667(An associati)144 693.6 R .967 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .667(rray v).15 F -.668(ariable whose members correspond to the internal hash table of com\ -mands)-.25 F .147(as maintained by the)144 705.6 R F1(hash)2.647 E F0 --.2(bu)2.646 G 2.646(iltin. Elements).2 F .146 -(added to this array appear in the hash table; unsetting)2.646 F -(array elements cause commands to be remo)144 717.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5 -(df).15 G(rom the hash table.)-2.5 E(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q -(2014 February 2)141.79 E(10)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +(cuted, the parameters supplied are pushed onto).15 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 +768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(10)192.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 11 11 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.3(BA)108 84 S(SH_COMMAND).3 E F0 1.242 -(The command currently being e)144 96 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.243 +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 +SF -.27(BA)144 84 S(SH_ARGV).27 E/F2 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 2.197 +(The shell sets)6.697 F F1 -.27(BA)4.697 G(SH_ARGV).27 E F0 2.197 +(only when in e)4.447 F 2.197(xtended deb)-.15 F 2.197 +(ugging mode \(see the)-.2 F(description of the)144 96 Q/F3 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(extdeb)2.5 E(ug)-.2 E F0(option to the)2.5 E F3(shopt) +2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin belo).2 E(w\))-.25 E F3 -.3(BA)108 108 S +(SH_CMDS).3 E F0 .668(An associati)144 120 R .968 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .668 +(rray v).15 F .668(ariable whose members correspond to the internal has\ +h table of commands)-.25 F .195(as maintained by the)144 132 R F3(hash) +2.695 E F0 -.2(bu)2.695 G 2.695(iltin. Elements).2 F .196 +(added to this array appear in the hash table; ho)2.696 F(we)-.25 E -.15 +(ve)-.25 G -.4(r,).15 G .852(unsetting array elements currently does no\ +t cause command names to be remo)144 144 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.352(df).15 G +.852(rom the hash)-3.352 F 2.5(table. If)144 156 R F3 -.3(BA)2.5 G +(SH_CMDS).3 E F0(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.5 E -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G +(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F3 -.3(BA)108 168 S(SH_COMMAND).3 E F0 1.242 +(The command currently being e)144 180 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.243 (cuted or about to be e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.243 (cuted, unless the shell is e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.243(cuting a).15 F (command as the result of a trap, in which case it is the command e)144 -108 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting at the time of the trap.).15 E F1 -.3(BA)108 -120 S(SH_EXECUTION_STRING).3 E F0(The command ar)144 132 Q -(gument to the)-.18 E F12.5 E F0(in)2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -(cation option.).2 E F1 -.3(BA)108 144 S(SH_LINENO).3 E F0 .693 -(An array v)144 156 R .692(ariable whose members are the line numbers i\ -n source \214les where each corresponding)-.25 F .969(member of)144 168 -R/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(FUNCN)3.469 E(AME)-.18 E F0 -.1(wa)3.219 G 3.469 -(si).1 G -1.9 -.4(nv o)-3.469 H -.1(ke).4 G(d.).1 E F1(${B)5.969 E -(ASH_LINENO[)-.3 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF($i)A F1(]})A F0 .97 -(is the line number in the source)3.469 F 14.672(\214le \()144 180 R F1 -(${B)A(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F3($i+1)A F1(]})A F0 17.172(\)w)C(here)-17.172 -E F1(${FUNCN)17.172 E(AME[)-.2 E F3($i)A F1(]})A F0 -.1(wa)17.172 G -17.171(sc).1 G 14.671(alled \(or)-17.171 F F1(${B)144 192 Q(ASH_LINENO[) --.3 E F3($i-1)A F1(]})A F0 .115 -(if referenced within another shell function\).)2.615 F(Use)5.115 E F2 +192 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting at the time of the trap.).15 E F3 -.3(BA)108 +204 S(SH_EXECUTION_STRING).3 E F0(The command ar)144 216 Q +(gument to the)-.18 E F32.5 E F0(in)2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G +(cation option.).2 E F3 -.3(BA)108 228 S(SH_LINENO).3 E F0 .693 +(An array v)144 240 R .692(ariable whose members are the line numbers i\ +n source \214les where each corresponding)-.25 F .969(member of)144 252 +R F1(FUNCN)3.469 E(AME)-.18 E F0 -.1(wa)3.219 G 3.469(si).1 G -1.9 -.4 +(nv o)-3.469 H -.1(ke).4 G(d.).1 E F3(${B)5.969 E(ASH_LINENO[)-.3 E/F4 +10/Times-Italic@0 SF($i)A F3(]})A F0 .97 +(is the line number in the source)3.469 F 14.672(\214le \()144 264 R F3 +(${B)A(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F4($i+1)A F3(]})A F0 17.172(\)w)C(here)-17.172 +E F3(${FUNCN)17.172 E(AME[)-.2 E F4($i)A F3(]})A F0 -.1(wa)17.172 G +17.171(sc).1 G 14.671(alled \(or)-17.171 F F3(${B)144 276 Q(ASH_LINENO[) +-.3 E F4($i-1)A F3(]})A F0 .115 +(if referenced within another shell function\).)2.615 F(Use)5.115 E F1 (LINENO)2.615 E F0 .115(to obtain the)2.365 F(current line number)144 -204 Q(.)-.55 E F1 -.3(BA)108 216 S(SH_REMA).3 E(TCH)-.95 E F0 .006 -(An array v)144 228 R .006(ariable whose members are assigned by the) --.25 F F1(=~)2.506 E F0 .005(binary operator to the)2.506 F F1([[)2.505 -E F0 .005(conditional com-)2.505 F 2.506(mand. The)144 240 R .007 -(element with inde)2.506 F 2.507(x0i)-.15 G 2.507(st)-2.507 G .007 -(he portion of the string matching the entire re)-2.507 F .007(gular e) --.15 F(xpression.)-.15 E .998(The element with inde)144 252 R(x)-.15 E -F3(n)3.498 E F0 .997(is the portion of the string matching the)3.498 F -F3(n)3.497 E F0 .997(th parenthesized sube)B(xpres-)-.15 E 2.5 -(sion. This)144 264 R -.25(va)2.5 G(riable is read-only).25 E(.)-.65 E -F1 -.3(BA)108 276 S(SH_SOURCE).3 E F0 .125(An array v)144 288 R .125(ar\ +288 Q(.)-.55 E F3 -.3(BA)108 300 S(SH_LO).3 E(AD)-.4 E(ABLES_P)-.35 E +-.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 4.07(Ac)144 312 S 1.57(olon-separated list of\ + directories in which the shell looks for dynamically loadable b)-4.07 F +(uiltins)-.2 E(speci\214ed by the)144 324 Q F3(enable)2.5 E F0(command.) +2.5 E F3 -.3(BA)108 336 S(SH_REMA).3 E(TCH)-.95 E F0 .005(An array v)144 +348 R .005(ariable whose members are assigned by the)-.25 F F3(=~)2.506 +E F0 .006(binary operator to the)2.506 F F3([[)2.506 E F0 .006 +(conditional com-)2.506 F 2.507(mand. The)144 360 R .007 +(element with inde)2.507 F 2.507(x0i)-.15 G 2.507(st)-2.507 G .007 +(he portion of the string matching the entire re)-2.507 F .006(gular e) +-.15 F(xpression.)-.15 E .997(The element with inde)144 372 R(x)-.15 E +F4(n)3.497 E F0 .997(is the portion of the string matching the)3.497 F +F4(n)3.498 E F0 .998(th parenthesized sube)B(xpres-)-.15 E 2.5 +(sion. This)144 384 R -.25(va)2.5 G(riable is read-only).25 E(.)-.65 E +F3 -.3(BA)108 396 S(SH_SOURCE).3 E F0 .126(An array v)144 408 R .125(ar\ iable whose members are the source \214lenames where the corresponding \ -shell function)-.25 F .781(names in the)144 300 R F2(FUNCN)3.28 E(AME) +shell function)-.25 F .78(names in the)144 420 R F1(FUNCN)3.28 E(AME) -.18 E F0 .78(array v)3.03 F .78(ariable are de\214ned.)-.25 F .78 -(The shell function)5.78 F F1(${FUNCN)3.28 E(AME[)-.2 E F3($i)A F1(]})A -F0(is)3.28 E(de\214ned in the \214le)144 312 Q F1(${B)2.5 E(ASH_SOURCE[) --.3 E F3($i)A F1(]})A F0(and called from)2.5 E F1(${B)2.5 E(ASH_SOURCE[) --.3 E F3($i+1)A F1(]})A F0(.)A F1 -.3(BA)108 324 S(SH_SUBSHELL).3 E F0 -.296(Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell en)144 336 R -.296(vironment when the shell be)-.4 F .297(gins e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuting).15 E(in that en)144 348 Q 2.5(vironment. The)-.4 F(initial v) -2.5 E(alue is 0.)-.25 E F1 -.3(BA)108 360 S(SH_VERSINFO).3 E F0 2.645 -(Ar)144 372 S .145(eadonly array v)-2.645 F .144 +(The shell function)5.78 F F3(${FUNCN)3.281 E(AME[)-.2 E F4($i)A F3(]})A +F0(is)3.281 E(de\214ned in the \214le)144 432 Q F3(${B)2.5 E +(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F4($i)A F3(]})A F0(and called from)2.5 E F3(${B)2.5 E +(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F4($i+1)A F3(]})A F0(.)A F3 -.3(BA)108 444 S +(SH_SUBSHELL).3 E F0 .296 +(Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell en)144 456 R .296 +(vironment when the shell be)-.4 F .296(gins e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuting).15 E(in that en)144 468 Q 2.5(vironment. The)-.4 F(initial v) +2.5 E(alue is 0.)-.25 E F3 -.3(BA)108 480 S(SH_VERSINFO).3 E F0 2.644 +(Ar)144 492 S .144(eadonly array v)-2.644 F .144 (ariable whose members hold v)-.25 F .144 -(ersion information for this instance of)-.15 F F1(bash)2.644 E F0 5.144 -(.T)C(he)-5.144 E -.25(va)144 384 S -(lues assigned to the array members are as follo).25 E(ws:)-.25 E F1 -.3 -(BA)144 402 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(0)A F1(])A F0(The major v)24.74 E -(ersion number \(the)-.15 E F3 -.37(re)2.5 G(lease).37 E F0(\).)A F1 -.3 -(BA)144 414 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(1)A F1(])A F0(The minor v)24.74 E -(ersion number \(the)-.15 E F3(ver)2.5 E(sion)-.1 E F0(\).)A F1 -.3(BA) -144 426 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(2)A F1(])A F0(The patch le)24.74 E -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(l.).15 E F1 -.3(BA)144 438 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(3)A F1(])A -F0(The b)24.74 E(uild v)-.2 E(ersion.)-.15 E F1 -.3(BA)144 450 S -(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(4)A F1(])A F0(The release status \(e.g.,)24.74 E -F3(beta1)2.5 E F0(\).)A F1 -.3(BA)144 462 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(5)A F1 -(])A F0(The v)24.74 E(alue of)-.25 E F2(MA)2.5 E(CHTYPE)-.495 E/F4 9 -/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1 -.3(BA)108 474 S(SH_VERSION).3 E F0 -(Expands to a string describing the v)144 486 Q -(ersion of this instance of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(COMP_CW)108 -498 Q(ORD)-.1 E F0 .396(An inde)144 510 R 2.896(xi)-.15 G(nto)-2.896 E -F1(${COMP_W)2.896 E(ORDS})-.1 E F0 .396(of the w)2.896 F .396 -(ord containing the current cursor position.)-.1 F .397(This v)5.397 F -(ari-)-.25 E 1.181(able is a)144 522 R -.25(va)-.2 G 1.181 +(ersion information for this instance of)-.15 F F3(bash)2.645 E F0 5.145 +(.T)C(he)-5.145 E -.25(va)144 504 S +(lues assigned to the array members are as follo).25 E(ws:)-.25 E F3 -.3 +(BA)144 522 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(0)A F3(])A F0(The major v)264 522 Q +(ersion number \(the)-.15 E F4 -.37(re)2.5 G(lease).37 E F0(\).)A F3 -.3 +(BA)144 534 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(1)A F3(])A F0(The minor v)264 534 Q +(ersion number \(the)-.15 E F4(ver)2.5 E(sion)-.1 E F0(\).)A F3 -.3(BA) +144 546 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(2)A F3(])A F0(The patch le)264 546 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(l.).15 E F3 -.3(BA)144 558 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(3)A F3(])A +F0(The b)264 558 Q(uild v)-.2 E(ersion.)-.15 E F3 -.3(BA)144 570 S +(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(4)A F3(])A F0(The release status \(e.g.,)264 570 Q +F4(beta1)2.5 E F0(\).)A F3 -.3(BA)144 582 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(5)A F3 +(])A F0(The v)264 582 Q(alue of)-.25 E F1(MA)2.5 E(CHTYPE)-.495 E F2(.)A +F3 -.3(BA)108 594 S(SH_VERSION).3 E F0 +(Expands to a string describing the v)144 606 Q +(ersion of this instance of)-.15 E F3(bash)2.5 E F0(.)A F3(COMP_CW)108 +618 Q(ORD)-.1 E F0 .397(An inde)144 630 R 2.897(xi)-.15 G(nto)-2.897 E +F3(${COMP_W)2.896 E(ORDS})-.1 E F0 .396(of the w)2.896 F .396 +(ord containing the current cursor position.)-.1 F .396(This v)5.396 F +(ari-)-.25 E 1.18(able is a)144 642 R -.25(va)-.2 G 1.181 (ilable only in shell functions in).25 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.681 -(db).1 G 3.681(yt)-3.681 G 1.18(he programmable completion f)-3.681 F -1.18(acilities \(see)-.1 F F1(Pr)144 534 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E -F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COMP_KEY)108 546 Q F0(The k)144 558 Q .3 +(db).1 G 3.681(yt)-3.681 G 1.181(he programmable completion f)-3.681 F +1.181(acilities \(see)-.1 F F3(Pr)144 654 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E +F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F3(COMP_KEY)108 666 Q F0(The k)144 678 Q .3 -.15(ey \()-.1 H(or \214nal k).15 E .3 -.15(ey o)-.1 H 2.5(fak).15 G .3 -.15(ey s)-2.6 H(equence\) used to in).15 E -.2(vo)-.4 G .2 -.1(ke t).2 -H(he current completion function.).1 E F1(COMP_LINE)108 570 Q F0 1.207 -(The current command line.)144 582 R 1.208(This v)6.208 F 1.208 +H(he current completion function.).1 E F3(COMP_LINE)108 690 Q F0 1.208 +(The current command line.)144 702 R 1.208(This v)6.208 F 1.208 (ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.208 -(ilable only in shell functions and e).25 F 1.208(xternal com-)-.15 F -2.849(mands in)144 594 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 5.349(db).1 G 5.349 +(ilable only in shell functions and e).25 F 1.207(xternal com-)-.15 F +2.848(mands in)144 714 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 5.349(db).1 G 5.349 (yt)-5.349 G 2.849(he programmable completion f)-5.349 F 2.849 -(acilities \(see)-.1 F F1(Pr)5.349 E 2.848(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F -F0(belo)144 606 Q(w\).)-.25 E F1(COMP_POINT)108 618 Q F0 .666(The inde) -144 630 R 3.166(xo)-.15 G 3.166(ft)-3.166 G .666 -(he current cursor position relati)-3.166 F .966 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.166 -(ot).15 G .666(he be)-3.166 F .666(ginning of the current command.)-.15 -F .667(If the)5.667 F .535 -(current cursor position is at the end of the current command, the v)144 -642 R .534(alue of this v)-.25 F .534(ariable is equal to)-.25 F F1 -(${#COMP_LINE})144 654 Q F0 7.005(.T)C 2.005(his v)-7.005 F 2.005 -(ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G 2.006 -(ilable only in shell functions and e).25 F 2.006(xternal commands)-.15 -F(in)144 666 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(db).1 G 2.5(yt)-2.5 G -(he programmable completion f)-2.5 E(acilities 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February 2)141.79 E(11)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +(acilities \(see)-.1 F F3(Pr)5.349 E 2.849(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F +F0(belo)144 726 Q(w\).)-.25 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26) +142.895 E(11)192.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 12 12 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E -.15(ex)144 84 S 2.929(ternal commands in).15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 -(ke).2 G 5.429(db).1 G 5.429(yt)-5.429 G 2.929 -(he programmable completion f)-5.429 F 2.929(acilities \(see)-.1 F/F1 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(Pr)5.428 E(ogrammable)-.18 E(Completion)144 96 Q F0 -(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COMP_W)108 108 Q(ORDBREAKS)-.1 E F0 1.335 -(The set of characters that the)144 120 R F1 -.18(re)3.836 G(adline).18 -E F0 1.336(library treats as w)3.836 F 1.336 -(ord separators when performing w)-.1 F(ord)-.1 E 3.126(completion. 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The)144 300 R 1.832(line is split into w)4.332 F 1.832(ords as)-.1 F F1 -.18(re)4.332 -G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(wo)4.332 G 1.832(uld split it, using).1 F F2 -(COMP_W)4.332 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E F0(as)4.082 E .831(described abo)144 -192 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.831(.T).15 G .831(his v)-5.831 F .831 -(ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G .832 -(ilable only in shell functions in).25 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.332 -(db).1 G 3.332(yt)-3.332 G .832(he programmable)-3.332 F(completion f) -144 204 Q(acilities \(see)-.1 E F1(Pr)2.5 E(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E -F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COPR)108 216 Q(OC)-.3 E F0 .169(An array v) -144 228 R .169(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)2.669 E F0(belo)2.669 E +G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(wo)4.332 G 1.832(uld split it, using).1 F F3 +(COMP_W)4.332 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E F0(as)4.083 E .832(described abo)144 +312 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.832(.T).15 G .832(his v)-5.832 F .832 +(ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G .831 +(ilable only in shell functions in).25 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.331 +(db).1 G 3.331(yt)-3.331 G .831(he programmable)-3.331 F(completion f) +144 324 Q(acilities \(see)-.1 E F1(Pr)2.5 E(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E +F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COPR)108 336 Q(OC)-.3 E F0 .168(An array v) +144 348 R .168(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)2.668 E F0(belo)2.669 E .169 (w\) created to hold the \214le descriptors for output from and input) --.25 F(to an unnamed coprocess \(see)144 240 Q F1(Copr)2.5 E(ocesses) --.18 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(DIRST)108 252 Q -.55(AC) --.9 G(K).55 E F0 2.26(An array v)144 264 R 2.26(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1 +-.25 F(to an unnamed coprocess \(see)144 360 Q F1(Copr)2.5 E(ocesses) +-.18 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(DIRST)108 372 Q -.55(AC) +-.9 G(K).55 E F0 2.26(An array v)144 384 R 2.26(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1 (Arrays)4.76 E F0(belo)4.76 E 2.26 (w\) containing the current contents of the directory stack.)-.25 F -1.095(Directories appear in the stack in the order the)144 276 R 3.594 -(ya)-.15 G 1.094(re displayed by the)-3.594 F F1(dirs)3.594 E F0 -.2(bu) -3.594 G 3.594(iltin. 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Assignments).15 F(to) -2.535 E F2(FUNCN)2.535 E(AME)-.18 E F0(ha)2.285 E .335 -.15(ve n)-.2 H -2.535(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.535 G .035(ect and return an error status.).25 -F(If)5.034 E F2(FUNC-)2.534 E -.18(NA)144 420 S(ME).18 E F0 -(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 -(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.) --2.5 E .11(This v)144 438 R .111(ariable can be used with)-.25 F F1 -.3 -(BA)2.611 G(SH_LINENO).3 E F0(and)2.611 E F1 -.3(BA)2.611 G(SH_SOURCE).3 -E F0 5.111(.E)C .111(ach element of)-5.111 F F1(FUNC-)2.611 E -.2(NA)144 -450 S(ME).2 E F0 1.404(has corresponding elements in)3.904 F F1 -.3(BA) -3.904 G(SH_LINENO).3 E F0(and)3.904 E F1 -.3(BA)3.904 G(SH_SOURCE).3 E -F0 1.404(to describe the)3.904 F .012(call stack.)144 462 R -.15(Fo) -5.012 G 2.512(ri).15 G(nstance,)-2.512 E F1(${FUNCN)2.512 E(AME[)-.2 E -/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF($i)A F1(]})A F0 -.1(wa)2.512 G 2.512(sc).1 G -.012(alled from the \214le)-2.512 F F1(${B)2.512 E(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F4 -($i+1)A F1(]})A F0 1.184(at line number)144 474 R F1(${B)3.684 E -(ASH_LINENO[)-.3 E F4($i)A F1(]})A F0 6.184(.T)C(he)-6.184 E F1(caller) -3.683 E F0 -.2(bu)3.683 G 1.183 -(iltin displays the current call stack using).2 F(this information.)144 -486 Q F1(GR)108 498 Q(OUPS)-.3 E F0 1.228(An array v)144 510 R 1.228(ar\ -iable containing the list of groups of which the current user is a memb\ -er)-.25 F 6.229(.A)-.55 G(ssign-)-6.229 E .597(ments to)144 522 R F2(GR) -3.097 E(OUPS)-.27 E F0(ha)2.847 E .897 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 3.097(oe).15 G --.25(ff)-3.097 G .597(ect and return an error status.).25 F(If)5.597 E -F2(GR)3.097 E(OUPS)-.27 E F0 .597(is unset, it loses its spe-)2.847 F -(cial properties, e)144 534 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G -2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1(HISTCMD)108 546 -Q F0 .355(The history number)144 558 R 2.855(,o)-.4 G 2.855(ri)-2.855 G -(nde)-2.855 E 2.856(xi)-.15 G 2.856(nt)-2.856 G .356 -(he history list, of the current command.)-2.856 F(If)5.356 E F2 -(HISTCMD)2.856 E F0 .356(is unset, it)2.606 F -(loses its special properties, e)144 570 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G +-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .478(cution call stack.).15 F .276 +(The element with inde)144 504 R 2.776(x0i)-.15 G 2.776(st)-2.776 G .276 +(he name of an)-2.776 F 2.777(yc)-.15 G(urrently-e)-2.777 E -.15(xe)-.15 +G .277(cuting shell function.).15 F .277(The bottom-most)5.277 F .385 +(element \(the one with the highest inde)144 516 R .384(x\) is)-.15 F/F4 +10/Courier@0 SF("main")2.884 E F0 5.384(.T)C .384(his v)-5.384 F .384 +(ariable e)-.25 F .384(xists only when a shell func-)-.15 F .075 +(tion is e)144 528 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.575(cuting. 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If).25 F F3 +(GR)3.072 E(OUPS)-.27 E F0 .572 +(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.822 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +3.072(ni).15 G 3.072(fi)-3.072 G 3.072(ti)-3.072 G(s)-3.072 E +(subsequently reset.)144 654 Q F1(HISTCMD)108 666 Q F0 .356 +(The history number)144 678 R 2.856(,o)-.4 G 2.856(ri)-2.856 G(nde) +-2.856 E 2.856(xi)-.15 G 2.856(nt)-2.856 G .356 +(he history list, of the current command.)-2.856 F(If)5.356 E F3 +(HISTCMD)2.855 E F0 .355(is unset, it)2.605 F +(loses its special properties, e)144 690 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1 -(HOSTN)108 582 Q(AME)-.2 E F0 -(Automatically set to the name of the current host.)144 594 Q F1 -(HOSTTYPE)108 606 Q F0 .223(Automatically set to a string that uniquely\ - describes the type of machine on which)144 618 R F1(bash)2.722 E F0 -.222(is e)2.722 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E 2.5(ing. The)144 630 R(def) -2.5 E(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E F1(LINENO)108 642 Q F0 1.408(Each\ - time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes a decimal num\ -ber representing the)144 654 R .078(current sequential line number \(st\ -arting with 1\) within a script or function.)144 666 R .078 -(When not in a script or)5.078 F .306(function, the v)144 678 R .306 -(alue substituted is not guaranteed to be meaningful.)-.25 F(If)5.307 E -F2(LINENO)2.807 E F0 .307(is unset, it loses its)2.557 F -(special properties, e)144 690 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 -G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1(MA)108 702 Q -(CHTYPE)-.55 E F0 .898(Automatically set to a string that fully describ\ -es the system type on which)144 714 R F1(bash)3.398 E F0 .898(is e)3.398 -F -.15(xe)-.15 G .898(cuting, in).15 F(the standard GNU)144 726 Q F4 -(cpu-company-system)2.5 E F0 2.5(format. The)2.5 F(def)2.5 E -(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2) -141.79 E(12)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +(HOSTN)108 702 Q(AME)-.2 E F0 +(Automatically set to the name of the current host.)144 714 Q +(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(12)192.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 13 13 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(MAPFILE)108 84 Q F0 .293(An array v)144 96 -R .293(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)2.793 E F0(belo)2.793 E .293 -(w\) created to hold the te)-.25 F .294(xt read by the)-.15 F F1 -(map\214le)2.794 E F0 -.2(bu)2.794 G .294(iltin when no).2 F -.25(va)144 -108 S(riable name is supplied.).25 E F1(OLDPWD)108 120 Q F0(The pre)144 -132 Q(vious w)-.25 E(orking directory as set by the)-.1 E F1(cd)2.5 E F0 -(command.)2.5 E F1(OPT)108 144 Q(ARG)-.9 E F0 1.627(The v)144 156 R -1.627(alue of the last option ar)-.25 F 1.627(gument processed by the) --.18 F F1(getopts)4.127 E F0 -.2(bu)4.127 G 1.626(iltin command \(see).2 -F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL)4.126 E -.09(BU)144 168 S(IL).09 E -(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(OPTIND)108 180 Q F0 -1.651(The inde)144 192 R 4.151(xo)-.15 G 4.151(ft)-4.151 G 1.651(he ne) --4.151 F 1.651(xt ar)-.15 F 1.652(gument to be processed by the)-.18 F -F1(getopts)4.152 E F0 -.2(bu)4.152 G 1.652(iltin command \(see).2 F F2 -(SHELL)4.152 E -.09(BU)144 204 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo) -2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(OSTYPE)108 216 Q F0 .329(Automatically set to a s\ -tring that describes the operating system on which)144 228 R F1(bash) -2.829 E F0 .329(is e)2.829 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.829(cuting. The).15 F(def) -144 240 Q(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E F1(PIPEST)108 252 Q -.95(AT) --.9 G(US).95 E F0 .61(An array v)144 264 R .61(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1 -(Arrays)3.11 E F0(belo)3.11 E .61(w\) containing a list of e)-.25 F .61 -(xit status v)-.15 F .61(alues from the processes in)-.25 F -(the most-recently-e)144 276 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted fore).15 E +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(HOSTTYPE)108 84 Q F0 .222(Automatically set to a string that uniquel\ +y describes the type of machine on which)144 96 R F1(bash)2.723 E F0 +.223(is e)2.723 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E 2.5(ing. The)144 108 R(def) +2.5 E(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E F1(LINENO)108 120 Q F0 1.408(Each\ + time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes a decimal num\ +ber representing the)144 132 R .078(current sequential line number \(st\ +arting with 1\) within a script or function.)144 144 R .079 +(When not in a script or)5.078 F .307(function, the v)144 156 R .307 +(alue substituted is not guaranteed to be meaningful.)-.25 F(If)5.306 E +/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(LINENO)2.806 E F0 .306(is unset, it loses its) +2.556 F(special properties, e)144 168 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5 +(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1(MA) +108 180 Q(CHTYPE)-.55 E F0 .898(Automatically set to a string that full\ +y describes the system type on which)144 192 R F1(bash)3.398 E F0 .899 +(is e)3.398 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .899(cuting, in).15 F(the standard GNU)144 +204 Q/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(cpu-company-system)2.5 E F0 2.5 +(format. The)2.5 F(def)2.5 E(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E F1(MAPFILE) +108 216 Q F0 .294(An array v)144 228 R .294(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1 +(Arrays)2.794 E F0(belo)2.794 E .294(w\) created to hold the te)-.25 F +.293(xt read by the)-.15 F F1(map\214le)2.793 E F0 -.2(bu)2.793 G .293 +(iltin when no).2 F -.25(va)144 240 S(riable name is supplied.).25 E F1 +(OLDPWD)108 252 Q F0(The pre)144 264 Q(vious w)-.25 E +(orking directory as set by the)-.1 E F1(cd)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E F1 +(OPT)108 276 Q(ARG)-.9 E F0 1.626(The v)144 288 R 1.627 +(alue of the last option ar)-.25 F 1.627(gument processed by the)-.18 F +F1(getopts)4.127 E F0 -.2(bu)4.127 G 1.627(iltin command \(see).2 F F2 +(SHELL)4.127 E -.09(BU)144 300 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo) +2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(OPTIND)108 312 Q F0 1.652(The inde)144 324 R 4.152 +(xo)-.15 G 4.152(ft)-4.152 G 1.652(he ne)-4.152 F 1.652(xt ar)-.15 F +1.652(gument to be processed by the)-.18 F F1(getopts)4.151 E F0 -.2(bu) +4.151 G 1.651(iltin command \(see).2 F F2(SHELL)4.151 E -.09(BU)144 336 +S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(OSTYPE)108 +348 Q F0 .329(Automatically set to a string that describes the operatin\ +g system on which)144 360 R F1(bash)2.83 E F0 .33(is e)2.83 F -.15(xe) +-.15 G 2.83(cuting. The).15 F(def)144 372 Q(ault is system-dependent.) +-.1 E F1(PIPEST)108 384 Q -.95(AT)-.9 G(US).95 E F0 .61(An array v)144 +396 R .61(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)3.11 E F0(belo)3.11 E .61 +(w\) containing a list of e)-.25 F .61(xit status v)-.15 F .61 +(alues from the processes in)-.25 F(the most-recently-e)144 408 Q -.15 +(xe)-.15 G(cuted fore).15 E (ground pipeline \(which may contain only a single command\).)-.15 E F1 -(PPID)108 288 Q F0(The process ID of the shell')12.67 E 2.5(sp)-.55 G +(PPID)108 420 Q F0(The process ID of the shell')144 420 Q 2.5(sp)-.55 G 2.5(arent. This)-2.5 F -.25(va)2.5 G(riable is readonly).25 E(.)-.65 E -F1(PWD)108 300 Q F0(The current w)12.67 E +F1(PWD)108 432 Q F0(The current w)144 432 Q (orking directory as set by the)-.1 E F1(cd)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E F1 -(RANDOM)108 312 Q F0 .566 -(Each time this parameter is referenced, a random inte)144 324 R .565 -(ger between 0 and 32767 is generated.)-.15 F(The)5.565 E .01 -(sequence of random numbers may be initialized by assigning a v)144 336 -R .01(alue to)-.25 F F2(RANDOM)2.51 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If) +(RANDOM)108 444 Q F0 .565 +(Each time this parameter is referenced, a random inte)144 456 R .566 +(ger between 0 and 32767 is generated.)-.15 F(The)5.566 E .01 +(sequence of random numbers may be initialized by assigning a v)144 468 +R .01(alue to)-.25 F F2(RANDOM)2.51 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If) 4.51 E F2(RANDOM)2.51 E F0(is)2.26 E -(unset, it loses its special properties, e)144 348 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 +(unset, it loses its special properties, e)144 480 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 (ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.) --2.5 E F1(READLINE_LINE)108 360 Q F0 1.547(The contents of the)144 372 R +-2.5 E F1(READLINE_LINE)108 492 Q F0 1.546(The contents of the)144 504 R F1 -.18(re)4.047 G(adline).18 E F0 1.547(line b)4.047 F(uf)-.2 E(fer) --.25 E 4.047(,f)-.4 G 1.547(or use with)-4.047 F/F4 10/Courier@0 SF -1.547(bind -x)4.047 F F0(\(see)4.047 E F2 1.546(SHELL B)4.047 F(UIL)-.09 -E 1.546(TIN COM-)-.828 F(MANDS)144 384 Q F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1 -(READLINE_POINT)108 396 Q F0 .313 -(The position of the insertion point in the)144 408 R F1 -.18(re)2.813 G +-.25 E 4.047(,f)-.4 G 1.547(or use with)-4.047 F/F5 10/Courier@0 SF +1.547(bind -x)4.047 F F0(\(see)4.047 E F2 1.547(SHELL B)4.047 F(UIL)-.09 +E 1.547(TIN COM-)-.828 F(MANDS)144 516 Q F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1 +(READLINE_POINT)108 528 Q F0 .314 +(The position of the insertion point in the)144 540 R F1 -.18(re)2.813 G (adline).18 E F0 .313(line b)2.813 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 2.813(,f)-.4 G -.313(or use with)-2.813 F F4 .314(bind -x)2.814 F F0(\(see)2.814 E F2 -(SHELL)2.814 E -.09(BU)144 420 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo) -2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(REPL)108 432 Q(Y)-.92 E F0 -(Set to the line of input read by the)144 444 Q F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 +.313(or use with)-2.813 F F5 .313(bind -x)2.813 F F0(\(see)2.813 E F2 +(SHELL)2.813 E -.09(BU)144 552 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo) +2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(REPL)108 564 Q(Y)-.92 E F0 +(Set to the line of input read by the)144 576 Q F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command when no ar).2 E(guments are supplied.) --.18 E F1(SECONDS)108 456 Q F0 .795(Each time this parameter is referen\ -ced, the number of seconds since shell in)144 468 R -.2(vo)-.4 G .795 -(cation is returned.).2 F .712(If a v)144 480 R .712 -(alue is assigned to)-.25 F F2(SECONDS)3.212 E F3(,)A F0 .712(the v) +-.18 E F1(SECONDS)108 588 Q F0 .795(Each time this parameter is referen\ +ced, the number of seconds since shell in)144 600 R -.2(vo)-.4 G .795 +(cation is returned.).2 F .713(If a v)144 612 R .712 +(alue is assigned to)-.25 F F2(SECONDS)3.212 E F4(,)A F0 .712(the v) 2.962 F .712(alue returned upon subsequent references is the number)-.25 -F .408(of seconds since the assignment plus the v)144 492 R .408 -(alue assigned.)-.25 F(If)5.408 E F2(SECONDS)2.908 E F0 .407 -(is unset, it loses its special)2.658 F(properties, e)144 504 Q -.15(ve) +F .407(of seconds since the assignment plus the v)144 624 R .408 +(alue assigned.)-.25 F(If)5.408 E F2(SECONDS)2.908 E F0 .408 +(is unset, it loses its special)2.658 F(properties, e)144 636 Q -.15(ve) -.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G -(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1(SHELLOPTS)108 516 Q F0 3.262(Ac)144 528 S -.763(olon-separated list of enabled shell options.)-3.262 F .763(Each w) +(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1(SHELLOPTS)108 648 Q F0 3.263(Ac)144 660 S +.763(olon-separated list of enabled shell options.)-3.263 F .763(Each w) 5.763 F .763(ord in the list is a v)-.1 F .763(alid ar)-.25 F .763 -(gument for the)-.18 F F1144 540 Q F0 1.174(option to the)3.674 F -F1(set)3.674 E F0 -.2(bu)3.674 G 1.174(iltin command \(see).2 F F2 1.173 -(SHELL B)3.673 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.173(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.423 E -3.673(w\). The)-.25 F(options)3.673 E .019(appearing in)144 552 R F2 -(SHELLOPTS)2.519 E F0 .019(are those reported as)2.269 F/F5 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(on)2.749 E F0(by)2.759 E F1 .019(set \255o)2.519 F F0 -5.019(.I)C 2.519(ft)-5.019 G .019(his v)-2.519 F .02 -(ariable is in the en)-.25 F(vironment)-.4 E(when)144 564 Q F1(bash) -3.142 E F0 .642(starts up, each shell option in the list will be enable\ -d before reading an)3.142 F 3.141(ys)-.15 G .641(tartup \214les.)-3.141 -F(This v)144 576 Q(ariable is read-only)-.25 E(.)-.65 E F1(SHL)108 588 Q -(VL)-.92 E F0(Incremented by one each time an instance of)144 600 Q F1 -(bash)2.5 E F0(is started.)2.5 E F1(UID)108 612 Q F0 -(Expands to the user ID of the current user)17.67 E 2.5(,i)-.4 G +(gument for the)-.18 F F1144 672 Q F0 1.173(option to the)3.673 F +F1(set)3.673 E F0 -.2(bu)3.673 G 1.173(iltin command \(see).2 F F2 1.174 +(SHELL B)3.674 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.174(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.424 E +3.674(w\). The)-.25 F(options)3.674 E .02(appearing in)144 684 R F2 +(SHELLOPTS)2.52 E F0 .019(are those reported as)2.27 F F3(on)2.749 E F0 +(by)2.759 E F1 .019(set \255o)2.519 F F0 5.019(.I)C 2.519(ft)-5.019 G +.019(his v)-2.519 F .019(ariable is in the en)-.25 F(vironment)-.4 E +(when)144 696 Q F1(bash)3.141 E F0 .642(starts up, each shell option in\ + the list will be enabled before reading an)3.141 F 3.142(ys)-.15 G .642 +(tartup \214les.)-3.142 F(This v)144 708 Q(ariable is read-only)-.25 E +(.)-.65 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(13)192.055 E 0 +Cg EP +%%Page: 14 14 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(SHL)108 84 Q(VL)-.92 E F0 +(Incremented by one each time an instance of)144 96 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 +(is started.)2.5 E F1(UID)108 108 Q F0 +(Expands to the user ID of the current user)144 108 Q 2.5(,i)-.4 G (nitialized at shell startup.)-2.5 E(This v)5 E(ariable is readonly)-.25 -E(.)-.65 E .993(The follo)108 628.8 R .993(wing v)-.25 F .994 +E(.)-.65 E .994(The follo)108 124.8 R .994(wing v)-.25 F .994 (ariables are used by the shell.)-.25 F .994(In some cases,)5.994 F F1 -(bash)3.494 E F0 .994(assigns a def)3.494 F .994(ault v)-.1 F .994 -(alue to a v)-.25 F(ariable;)-.25 E(these cases are noted belo)108 640.8 -Q -.65(w.)-.25 G F1 -.3(BA)108 657.6 S(SH_COMP).3 E -.95(AT)-.74 G F0 -1.193(The v)144 669.6 R 1.193(alue is used to set the shell')-.25 F -3.693(sc)-.55 G 1.192(ompatibility le)-3.693 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.692 -(l. See).15 F 1.192(the description of the)3.692 F F1(shopt)3.692 E F0 --.2(bu)3.692 G(iltin).2 E(belo)144 681.6 Q 2.871(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.871 E -F1 .371(SHELL B)2.871 F(UIL)-.1 E .371(TIN COMMANDS)-.92 F F0 .372 -(for a description of the v)2.872 F .372(arious compatibility le)-.25 F -(v-)-.25 E .361(els and their ef)144 693.6 R 2.861(fects. The)-.25 F --.25(va)2.861 G .361 -(lue may be a decimal number \(e.g., 4.2\) or an inte).25 F .36 -(ger \(e.g., 42\) corre-)-.15 F 1.75 -(sponding to the desired compatibility le)144 705.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G -4.251(l. If).15 F F1 -.3(BA)4.251 G(SH_COMP).3 E -.95(AT)-.74 G F0 1.751 +(bash)3.494 E F0 .994(assigns a def)3.494 F .994(ault v)-.1 F .993 +(alue to a v)-.25 F(ariable;)-.25 E(these cases are noted belo)108 136.8 +Q -.65(w.)-.25 G F1 -.3(BA)108 153.6 S(SH_COMP).3 E -.95(AT)-.74 G F0 +1.192(The v)144 165.6 R 1.192(alue is used to set the shell')-.25 F +3.692(sc)-.55 G 1.193(ompatibility le)-3.692 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.693 +(l. See).15 F 1.193(the description of the)3.693 F F1(shopt)3.693 E F0 +-.2(bu)3.693 G(iltin).2 E(belo)144 177.6 Q 2.872(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.872 E +F1 .372(SHELL B)2.872 F(UIL)-.1 E .372(TIN COMMANDS)-.92 F F0 .372 +(for a description of the v)2.872 F .371(arious compatibility le)-.25 F +(v-)-.25 E .36(els and their ef)144 189.6 R 2.86(fects. The)-.25 F -.25 +(va)2.86 G .361(lue may be a decimal number \(e.g., 4.2\) or an inte).25 +F .361(ger \(e.g., 42\) corre-)-.15 F 1.751 +(sponding to the desired compatibility le)144 201.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G +4.251(l. If).15 F F1 -.3(BA)4.251 G(SH_COMP).3 E -.95(AT)-.74 G F0 1.75 (is unset or set to the empty)5.201 F .578(string, the compatibility le) -144 717.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.078(li).15 G 3.078(ss)-3.078 G .578 +144 213.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.078(li).15 G 3.078(ss)-3.078 G .578 (et to the def)-3.078 F .578(ault for the current v)-.1 F 3.078 (ersion. If)-.15 F F1 -.3(BA)3.078 G(SH_COMP).3 E -.95(AT)-.74 G F0(is) -4.028 E .248(set to a v)144 729.6 R .248(alue that is not one of the v) --.25 F .248(alid compatibility le)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .249 -(ls, the shell prints an error message and).15 F(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q -(2014 February 2)141.79 E(13)190.95 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 14 14 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E 1.12(sets the compatibility le)144 84 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.62(lt) -.15 G 3.619(ot)-3.62 G 1.119(he def)-3.619 F 1.119 -(ault for the current v)-.1 F 3.619(ersion. The)-.15 F -.25(va)3.619 G -1.119(lid compatibility le).25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ls).15 E .575 -(correspond to the compatibility options accepted by the)144 96 R/F1 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(shopt)3.075 E F0 -.2(bu)3.076 G .576 -(iltin described belo).2 F 3.076(w\()-.25 G .576(for e)-3.076 F(xam-) --.15 E(ple,)144 108 Q F1(compat42)2.5 E F0(means that 4.2 and 42 are v) -2.5 E(alid v)-.25 E 2.5(alues\). The)-.25 F(current v)2.5 E -(ersion is also a v)-.15 E(alid v)-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E F1 -.3(BA)108 120 -S(SH_ENV).3 E F0 .506(If this parameter is set when)144 132 R F1(bash) -3.006 E F0 .506(is e)3.006 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .505 -(cuting a shell script, its v).15 F .505 -(alue is interpreted as a \214lename)-.25 F .354 -(containing commands to initialize the shell, as in)144 144 R/F2 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(~/.bashr)2.855 E(c)-.37 E F0 5.355(.T).31 G .355 -(he v)-5.355 F .355(alue of)-.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.27(BA)2.855 G -(SH_ENV).27 E F0 .355(is subjected)2.605 F .525(to parameter e)144 156 R -.525(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F .525 -(xpansion before being interpreted)-.15 F(as a \214lename.)144 168 Q F3 --.666(PA)5 G(TH)-.189 E F0 +4.028 E .249(set to a v)144 225.6 R .249(alue that is not one of the v) +-.25 F .248(alid compatibility le)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .248 +(ls, the shell prints an error message and).15 F 1.119 +(sets the compatibility le)144 237.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.619(lt).15 G +3.619(ot)-3.619 G 1.119(he def)-3.619 F 1.119(ault for the current v)-.1 +F 3.62(ersion. The)-.15 F -.25(va)3.62 G 1.12(lid compatibility le).25 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G(ls).15 E .576 +(correspond to the compatibility options accepted by the)144 249.6 R F1 +(shopt)3.075 E F0 -.2(bu)3.075 G .575(iltin described belo).2 F 3.075 +(w\()-.25 G .575(for e)-3.075 F(xam-)-.15 E(ple,)144 261.6 Q F1 +(compat42)2.5 E F0(means that 4.2 and 42 are v)2.5 E(alid v)-.25 E 2.5 +(alues\). The)-.25 F(current v)2.5 E(ersion is also a v)-.15 E(alid v) +-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E F1 -.3(BA)108 273.6 S(SH_ENV).3 E F0 .505 +(If this parameter is set when)144 285.6 R F1(bash)3.005 E F0 .505(is e) +3.005 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .506(cuting a shell script, its v).15 F .506 +(alue is interpreted as a \214lename)-.25 F .355 +(containing commands to initialize the shell, as in)144 297.6 R/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(~/.bashr)2.855 E(c)-.37 E F0 5.354(.T).31 G .354 +(he v)-5.354 F .354(alue of)-.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.27(BA)2.854 G +(SH_ENV).27 E F0 .354(is subjected)2.604 F .525(to parameter e)144 309.6 +R .525(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F .525 +(xpansion before being interpreted)-.15 F(as a \214lename.)144 321.6 Q +F3 -.666(PA)5 G(TH)-.189 E F0 (is not used to search for the resultant \214lename.)2.25 E F1 -.3(BA) -108 180 S(SH_XTRA).3 E(CEFD)-.55 E F0 .48(If set to an inte)144 192 R -.48(ger corresponding to a v)-.15 F .481(alid \214le descriptor)-.25 F -(,)-.4 E F1(bash)2.981 E F0 .481(will write the trace output gener)2.981 -F(-)-.2 E 3.114(ated when)144 204 R/F4 10/Courier@0 SF 3.114(set -x) +108 333.6 S(SH_XTRA).3 E(CEFD)-.55 E F0 .481(If set to an inte)144 345.6 +R .481(ger corresponding to a v)-.15 F .481(alid \214le descriptor)-.25 +F(,)-.4 E F1(bash)2.98 E F0 .48(will write the trace output gener)2.98 F +(-)-.2 E 3.114(ated when)144 357.6 R/F4 10/Courier@0 SF 3.114(set -x) 5.614 F F0 3.114(is enabled to that \214le descriptor)5.614 F 8.114(.T) -.55 G 3.114(he \214le descriptor is closed when)-8.114 F F3 -.27(BA)144 -216 S(SH_XTRA).27 E(CEFD)-.495 E F0 .138(is unset or assigned a ne)2.388 -F 2.638(wv)-.25 G 2.638(alue. Unsetting)-2.888 F F3 -.27(BA)2.638 G -(SH_XTRA).27 E(CEFD)-.495 E F0 .138(or assigning it)2.388 F 2.531(the e\ -mpty string causes the trace output to be sent to the standard error)144 -228 R 7.53(.N)-.55 G 2.53(ote that setting)-7.53 F F3 -.27(BA)144 240 S -(SH_XTRA).27 E(CEFD)-.495 E F0 .74(to 2 \(the standard error \214le des\ -criptor\) and then unsetting it will result in the)2.99 F -(standard error being closed.)144 252 Q F1(CDP)108 264 Q -.95(AT)-.74 G -(H).95 E F0 1.248(The search path for the)144 276 R F1(cd)3.748 E F0 -3.748(command. This)3.748 F 1.247 -(is a colon-separated list of directories in which the)3.748 F 3.795 -(shell looks for destination directories speci\214ed by the)144 288 R F1 -(cd)6.295 E F0 6.296(command. A)6.296 F 3.796(sample v)6.296 F 3.796 -(alue is)-.25 F F4(".:~:/usr")144 300 Q F0(.)A F1(CHILD_MAX)108 312 Q F0 -.997(Set the number of e)144 324 R .997(xited child status v)-.15 F .997 -(alues for the shell to remember)-.25 F 5.997(.B)-.55 G .997 -(ash will not allo)-5.997 F 3.497(wt)-.25 G(his)-3.497 E -.25(va)144 336 -S 1.077(lue to be decreased belo).25 F 3.577(waP)-.25 G 1.077 -(OSIX-mandated minimum, and there is a maximum v)-3.577 F 1.078 -(alue \(cur)-.25 F(-)-.2 E(rently 8192\) that this may not e)144 348 Q +369.6 S(SH_XTRA).27 E(CEFD)-.495 E F0 .138(is unset or assigned a ne) +2.388 F 2.638(wv)-.25 G 2.638(alue. Unsetting)-2.888 F F3 -.27(BA)2.638 +G(SH_XTRA).27 E(CEFD)-.495 E F0 .138(or assigning it)2.388 F 2.531(the \ +empty string causes the trace output to be sent to the standard error) +144 381.6 R 7.531(.N)-.55 G 2.531(ote that setting)-7.531 F F3 -.27(BA) +144 393.6 S(SH_XTRA).27 E(CEFD)-.495 E F0 .74(to 2 \(the standard error\ + \214le descriptor\) and then unsetting it will result in the)2.991 F +(standard error being closed.)144 405.6 Q F1(CDP)108 417.6 Q -.95(AT) +-.74 G(H).95 E F0 1.247(The search path for the)144 429.6 R F1(cd)3.747 +E F0 3.747(command. This)3.747 F 1.248 +(is a colon-separated list of directories in which the)3.747 F 3.796 +(shell looks for destination directories speci\214ed by the)144 441.6 R +F1(cd)6.295 E F0 6.295(command. A)6.295 F 3.795(sample v)6.295 F 3.795 +(alue is)-.25 F F4(".:~:/usr")144 453.6 Q F0(.)A F1(CHILD_MAX)108 465.6 +Q F0 .997(Set the number of e)144 477.6 R .997(xited child status v)-.15 +F .997(alues for the shell to remember)-.25 F 5.997(.B)-.55 G .997 +(ash will not allo)-5.997 F 3.498(wt)-.25 G(his)-3.498 E -.25(va)144 +489.6 S 1.078(lue to be decreased belo).25 F 3.577(waP)-.25 G 1.077 +(OSIX-mandated minimum, and there is a maximum v)-3.577 F 1.077 +(alue \(cur)-.25 F(-)-.2 E(rently 8192\) that this may not e)144 501.6 Q 2.5(xceed. The)-.15 F(minimum v)2.5 E(alue is system-dependent.)-.25 E -F1(COLUMNS)108 360 Q F0 .829(Used by the)144 372 R F1(select)3.329 E F0 -.828(compound command to determine the terminal width when printing sel\ -ection)3.329 F 4.506(lists. Automatically)144 384 R 2.006(set if the) -4.506 F F1(checkwinsize)4.506 E F0 2.007 -(option is enabled or in an interacti)4.506 F 2.307 -.15(ve s)-.25 H -2.007(hell upon).15 F(receipt of a)144 396 Q F3(SIGWINCH)2.5 E/F5 9 -/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(COMPREPL)108 408 Q(Y)-.92 E F0 .848(An array v) -144 420 R .848(ariable from which)-.25 F F1(bash)3.348 E F0 .848 -(reads the possible completions generated by a shell function)3.348 F -(in)144 432 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.785(db).1 G 2.785(yt)-2.785 G -.285(he programmable completion f)-2.785 F .285(acility \(see)-.1 F F1 -(Pr)2.785 E .285(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F F0(belo)2.785 E 2.785 -(w\). Each)-.25 F(array element contains one possible completion.)144 -444 Q F1(EMA)108 456 Q(CS)-.55 E F0(If)144 468 Q F1(bash)2.536 E F0 .036 -(\214nds this v)2.536 F .036(ariable in the en)-.25 F .036 -(vironment when the shell starts with v)-.4 F(alue)-.25 E F4(t)2.535 E -F0 2.535(,i)C 2.535(ta)-2.535 G .035(ssumes that the)-2.535 F -(shell is running in an Emacs shell b)144 480 Q(uf)-.2 E -(fer and disables line editing.)-.25 E F1(ENV)108 492 Q F0(Similar to) -14.89 E F3 -.27(BA)2.5 G(SH_ENV).27 E F5(;)A F0 +F1(COLUMNS)108 513.6 Q F0 .828(Used by the)144 525.6 R F1(select)3.328 E +F0 .829(compound command to determine the terminal width when printing \ +selection)3.328 F 4.507(lists. Automatically)144 537.6 R 2.007 +(set if the)4.507 F F1(checkwinsize)4.507 E F0 2.006 +(option is enabled or in an interacti)4.507 F 2.306 -.15(ve s)-.25 H +2.006(hell upon).15 F(receipt of a)144 549.6 Q F3(SIGWINCH)2.5 E/F5 9 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(COMPREPL)108 561.6 Q(Y)-.92 E F0 .847 +(An array v)144 573.6 R .848(ariable from which)-.25 F F1(bash)3.348 E +F0 .848(reads the possible completions generated by a shell function) +3.348 F(in)144 585.6 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.785(db).1 G 2.785(yt) +-2.785 G .285(he programmable completion f)-2.785 F .285(acility \(see) +-.1 F F1(Pr)2.785 E .285(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F F0(belo)2.785 E +2.785(w\). Each)-.25 F(array element contains one possible completion.) +144 597.6 Q F1(EMA)108 609.6 Q(CS)-.55 E F0(If)144 621.6 Q F1(bash)2.535 +E F0 .035(\214nds this v)2.535 F .035(ariable in the en)-.25 F .036 +(vironment when the shell starts with v)-.4 F(alue)-.25 E F4(t)2.536 E +F0 2.536(,i)C 2.536(ta)-2.536 G .036(ssumes that the)-2.536 F +(shell is running in an Emacs shell b)144 633.6 Q(uf)-.2 E +(fer and disables line editing.)-.25 E F1(ENV)108 645.6 Q F0(Similar to) +144 645.6 Q F3 -.27(BA)2.5 G(SH_ENV).27 E F5(;)A F0 (used when the shell is in)2.25 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(di).1 G -2.5(nP)-2.5 G(OSIX mode.)-2.5 E F1(FCEDIT)108 504 Q F0(The def)144 516 Q -(ault editor for the)-.1 E F1(fc)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command.).2 -E F1(FIGNORE)108 528 Q F0 2.598(Ac)144 540 S .098 -(olon-separated list of suf)-2.598 F<8c78>-.25 E .098 -(es to ignore when performing \214lename completion \(see)-.15 F F3 -(READLINE)2.599 E F0(belo)144 552 Q 2.705(w\). A)-.25 F .205 -(\214lename whose suf)2.705 F .205(\214x matches one of the entries in) --.25 F F3(FIGNORE)2.705 E F0 .205(is e)2.455 F .204 -(xcluded from the list)-.15 F(of matched \214lenames.)144 564 Q 2.5(As)5 -G(ample v)-2.5 E(alue is)-.25 E F4(".o:~")2.5 E F0(.)A F1(FUNCNEST)108 -576 Q F0 1.78(If set to a numeric v)144 588 R 1.78 -(alue greater than 0, de\214nes a maximum function nesting le)-.25 F --.15(ve)-.25 G 4.28(l. Function).15 F(in)144 600 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -(cations that e).2 E(xceed this nesting le)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(lw) -.15 G(ill cause the current command to abort.)-2.5 E F1(GLOBIGNORE)108 -612 Q F0 3.118(Ac)144 624 S .618(olon-separated list of patterns de\214\ -ning the set of \214lenames to be ignored by pathname e)-3.118 F(xpan-) --.15 E 3.131(sion. If)144 636 R 3.132<618c>3.131 G .632 -(lename matched by a pathname e)-3.132 F .632 -(xpansion pattern also matches one of the patterns in)-.15 F F3 -(GLOBIGNORE)144 648 Q F5(,)A F0(it is remo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(df) -.15 G(rom the list of matches.)-2.5 E F1(HISTCONTR)108 660 Q(OL)-.3 E F0 -2.654(Ac)144 672 S .153(olon-separated list of v)-2.654 F .153 -(alues controlling ho)-.25 F 2.653(wc)-.25 G .153(ommands are sa)-2.653 -F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.653(do).15 G 2.653(nt)-2.653 G .153(he history list.) --2.653 F .153(If the list)5.153 F .49(of v)144 684 R .49(alues includes) --.25 F F2(ignor)2.99 E(espace)-.37 E F0 2.99(,l).18 G .49(ines which be) --2.99 F .491(gin with a)-.15 F F1(space)2.991 E F0 .491 -(character are not sa)2.991 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.991(di).15 G 2.991(nt) --2.991 G .491(he his-)-2.991 F .558(tory list.)144 696 R 3.058(Av)5.558 -G .558(alue of)-3.308 F F2(ignor)3.068 E(edups)-.37 E F0 .558 -(causes lines matching the pre)3.328 F .557 -(vious history entry to not be sa)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.2 G(d.).15 E 2.958 -(Av)144 708 S .458(alue of)-3.208 F F2(ignor)2.968 E(eboth)-.37 E F0 -.458(is shorthand for)3.238 F F2(ignor)2.959 E(espace)-.37 E F0(and) -2.959 E F2(ignor)2.959 E(edups)-.37 E F0 5.459(.A)C -.25(va)-2.5 G .459 -(lue of).25 F F2(er)2.959 E(asedups)-.15 E F0(causes)2.959 E .699 -(all pre)144 720 R .698 -(vious lines matching the current line to be remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G -3.198(df).15 G .698(rom the history list before that line is)-3.198 F -(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(14)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +2.5(nP)-2.5 G(OSIX mode.)-2.5 E F1(EXECIGNORE)108 657.6 Q F0 2.717(Ac) +144 669.6 S .217(olon-separated list of shell patterns \(see)-2.717 F F1 +-.1(Pa)2.717 G(tter).1 E 2.717(nM)-.15 G(atching)-2.717 E F0 2.717(\)d)C +.216(e\214ning the list of \214lenames to be)-2.717 F .116 +(ignored by command search using)144 681.6 R F1 -.74(PA)2.616 G(TH)-.21 +E F0 5.116(.F)C .117 +(iles whose full pathnames match one of these patterns)-5.116 F 1.433 +(are not considered e)144 693.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.432 +(cutable \214les for the purposes of completion and command e).15 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G 1.432(cution via).15 F F1 -.74(PA)144 705.6 S(TH)-.21 E F0 +2.908(lookup. This)2.908 F .408(does not af)2.908 F .408(fect the beha) +-.25 F .408(vior of the)-.2 F F1([)2.908 E F0(,)A F1(test)2.908 E F0 +2.908(,a)C(nd)-2.908 E F1([[)2.908 E F0 2.909(commands. Full)2.908 F +(pathnames)2.909 E .364(in the command hash table are not subject to)144 +717.6 R F1(EXECIGNORE)2.864 E F0 5.364(.U)C .364(se this v)-5.364 F .364 +(ariable to ignore shared)-.25 F 1.37(library \214les that ha)144 729.6 +R 1.67 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.37(he e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.37 +(cutable bit set, b).15 F 1.37(ut are not e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.37 +(cutable \214les.).15 F 1.37(The pattern matching)6.37 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 +768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(14)192.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 15 15 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E(sa)144 84 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.763(d. An).15 F 2.763(yv)-.15 G .263 -(alue not in the abo)-3.013 F .563 -.15(ve l)-.15 H .263 -(ist is ignored.).15 F(If)5.263 E/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTCONTR)2.763 E -(OL)-.27 E F0 .264(is unset, or does not include)2.513 F 2.942(av)144 96 -S .442(alid v)-3.192 F .442 -(alue, all lines read by the shell parser are sa)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.2 G -2.941(do).15 G 2.941(nt)-2.941 G .441(he history list, subject to the v) --2.941 F .441(alue of)-.25 F F1(HISTIGNORE)144 108 Q/F2 9/Times-Roman@0 -SF(.)A F0 1.981(The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compoun\ -d command are not)6.481 F(tested, and are added to the history re)144 -120 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G(rdless of the v).05 E(alue of)-.25 E F1(HISTCONTR) -2.5 E(OL)-.27 E F2(.)A/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTFILE)108 132 Q F0 .181 -(The name of the \214le in which command history is sa)144 144 R -.15 -(ve)-.2 G 2.681(d\().15 G(see)-2.681 E F1(HIST)2.681 E(OR)-.162 E(Y) --.315 E F0(belo)2.431 E 2.681(w\). The)-.25 F(def)2.681 E .181(ault v) --.1 F(alue)-.25 E(is)144 156 Q/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(~/.bash_history) -2.5 E F0 5(.I)C 2.5(fu)-5 G(nset, the command history is not sa)-2.5 E --.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(dw).15 G(hen a shell e)-2.5 E(xits.)-.15 E F3 -(HISTFILESIZE)108 168 Q F0 1.622 -(The maximum number of lines contained in the history \214le.)144 180 R -1.623(When this v)6.623 F 1.623(ariable is assigned a)-.25 F -.25(va)144 -192 S .932(lue, the history \214le is truncated, if necessary).25 F -3.432(,t)-.65 G 3.432(oc)-3.432 G .932 -(ontain no more than that number of lines by)-3.432 F(remo)144 204 Q .87 -(ving the oldest entries.)-.15 F .871(The history \214le is also trunca\ -ted to this size after writing it when a)5.87 F 1.245(shell e)144 216 R -3.745(xits. 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If)144 228 R 3.132<618c>3.132 G .632 +(lename matched by a pathname e)-3.132 F .632 +(xpansion pattern also matches one of the patterns in)-.15 F F2 +(GLOBIGNORE)144 240 Q/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0(it is remo)2.25 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(df).15 G(rom the list of matches.)-2.5 E F1 +(HISTCONTR)108 252 Q(OL)-.3 E F0 2.653(Ac)144 264 S .153 +(olon-separated list of v)-2.653 F .153(alues controlling ho)-.25 F +2.653(wc)-.25 G .153(ommands are sa)-2.653 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.653(do).15 +G 2.653(nt)-2.653 G .153(he history list.)-2.653 F .154(If the list) +5.153 F .491(of v)144 276 R .491(alues includes)-.25 F/F5 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(ignor)2.991 E(espace)-.37 E F0 2.991(,l).18 G .491 +(ines which be)-2.991 F .491(gin with a)-.15 F F1(space)2.991 E F0 .49 +(character are not sa)2.991 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.99(di).15 G 2.99(nt)-2.99 +G .49(he his-)-2.99 F .557(tory list.)144 288 R 3.057(Av)5.557 G .557 +(alue of)-3.307 F F5(ignor)3.067 E(edups)-.37 E F0 .557 +(causes lines matching the pre)3.327 F .558 +(vious history entry to not be sa)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.2 G(d.).15 E 2.959 +(Av)144 300 S .459(alue of)-3.209 F F5(ignor)2.969 E(eboth)-.37 E F0 +.459(is shorthand for)3.239 F F5(ignor)2.959 E(espace)-.37 E F0(and) +2.959 E F5(ignor)2.958 E(edups)-.37 E F0 5.458(.A)C -.25(va)-2.5 G .458 +(lue of).25 F F5(er)2.958 E(asedups)-.15 E F0(causes)2.958 E .698 +(all pre)144 312 R .698 +(vious lines matching the current line to be remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G +3.198(df).15 G .699(rom the history list before that line is)-3.198 F +(sa)144 324 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.764(d. An).15 F 2.764(yv)-.15 G .264 +(alue not in the abo)-3.014 F .563 -.15(ve l)-.15 H .263 +(ist is ignored.).15 F(If)5.263 E F2(HISTCONTR)2.763 E(OL)-.27 E F0 .263 +(is unset, or does not include)2.513 F 2.941(av)144 336 S .441(alid v) +-3.191 F .441(alue, all lines read by the shell parser are sa)-.25 F +-.15(ve)-.2 G 2.942(do).15 G 2.942(nt)-2.942 G .442 +(he history list, subject to the v)-2.942 F .442(alue of)-.25 F F2 +(HISTIGNORE)144 348 Q F4(.)A F0 1.981(The second and subsequent lines o\ +f a multi-line compound command are not)6.482 F +(tested, and are added to the history re)144 360 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G +(rdless of the v).05 E(alue of)-.25 E F2(HISTCONTR)2.5 E(OL)-.27 E F4(.) +A F1(HISTFILE)108 372 Q F0 .181 +(The name of the \214le in which command history is sa)144 384 R -.15 +(ve)-.2 G 2.681(d\().15 G(see)-2.681 E F2(HIST)2.681 E(OR)-.162 E(Y) +-.315 E F0(belo)2.431 E 2.682(w\). The)-.25 F(def)2.682 E .182(ault v) +-.1 F(alue)-.25 E(is)144 396 Q F5(~/.bash_history)2.5 E F0 5(.I)C 2.5 +(fu)-5 G(nset, the command history is not sa)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5 +(dw).15 G(hen a shell e)-2.5 E(xits.)-.15 E F1(HISTFILESIZE)108 408 Q F0 +1.623(The maximum number of lines contained in the history \214le.)144 +420 R 1.622(When this v)6.623 F 1.622(ariable is assigned a)-.25 F -.25 +(va)144 432 S .931(lue, the history \214le is truncated, if necessary) +.25 F 3.432(,t)-.65 G 3.432(oc)-3.432 G .932 +(ontain no more than that number of lines by)-3.432 F(remo)144 444 Q +.871(ving the oldest entries.)-.15 F .87(The history \214le is also tru\ +ncated to this size after writing it when a)5.871 F 1.244(shell e)144 +456 R 3.744(xits. If)-.15 F 1.244(the v)3.744 F 1.244 +(alue is 0, the history \214le is truncated to zero size.)-.25 F 1.245 +(Non-numeric v)6.244 F 1.245(alues and)-.25 F 1.022(numeric v)144 468 R 1.022(alues less than zero inhibit truncation.)-.25 F 1.022 (The shell sets the def)6.022 F 1.022(ault v)-.1 F 1.022(alue to the v) --.25 F 1.022(alue of)-.25 F F3(HISTSIZE)144 240 Q F0(after reading an) -2.5 E 2.5(ys)-.15 G(tartup \214les.)-2.5 E F3(HISTIGNORE)108 252 Q F0 -2.658(Ac)144 264 S .158(olon-separated list of patterns used to decide \ -which command lines should be sa)-2.658 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.657(do).15 G -2.657(nt)-2.657 G .157(he his-)-2.657 F .707(tory list.)144 276 R .707 -(Each pattern is anchored at the be)5.707 F .708 -(ginning of the line and must match the complete line)-.15 F .626 -(\(no implicit `)144 288 R F3(*)A F0 3.126('i)C 3.126(sa)-3.126 G 3.126 -(ppended\). Each)-3.126 F .626(pattern is tested ag)3.126 F .625 -(ainst the line after the checks speci\214ed by)-.05 F F1(HISTCONTR)144 -300 Q(OL)-.27 E F0 1.793(are applied.)4.043 F 1.793 +-.25 F 1.021(alue of)-.25 F F1(HISTSIZE)144 480 Q F0(after reading an) +2.5 E 2.5(ys)-.15 G(tartup \214les.)-2.5 E F1(HISTIGNORE)108 492 Q F0 +2.657(Ac)144 504 S .157(olon-separated list of patterns used to decide \ +which command lines should be sa)-2.657 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.658(do).15 G +2.658(nt)-2.658 G .158(he his-)-2.658 F .708(tory list.)144 516 R .708 +(Each pattern is anchored at the be)5.708 F .707 +(ginning of the line and must match the complete line)-.15 F .625 +(\(no implicit `)144 528 R F1(*)A F0 3.125('i)C 3.125(sa)-3.125 G 3.125 +(ppended\). Each)-3.125 F .626(pattern is tested ag)3.125 F .626 +(ainst the line after the checks speci\214ed by)-.05 F F2(HISTCONTR)144 +540 Q(OL)-.27 E F0 1.793(are applied.)4.043 F 1.793 (In addition to the normal shell pattern matching characters, `)6.793 F -F3(&)A F0(')A 2.515(matches the pre)144 312 R 2.515(vious history line.) --.25 F(`)7.514 E F3(&)A F0 5.014('m)C 2.514 -(ay be escaped using a backslash; the backslash is)-5.014 F(remo)144 324 -Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.352(db).15 G .852(efore attempting a match.)-3.352 F +F1(&)A F0(')A 2.514(matches the pre)144 552 R 2.514(vious history line.) +-.25 F(`)7.514 E F1(&)A F0 5.014('m)C 2.514 +(ay be escaped using a backslash; the backslash is)-5.014 F(remo)144 564 +Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.353(db).15 G .853(efore attempting a match.)-3.353 F .852(The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound)5.852 F -(command are not tested, and are added to the history re)144 336 Q -.05 -(ga)-.15 G(rdless of the v).05 E(alue of)-.25 E F1(HISTIGNORE)2.5 E F2 -(.)A F3(HISTSIZE)108 348 Q F0 1.387 -(The number of commands to remember in the command history \(see)144 360 -R F1(HIST)3.887 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0(belo)3.637 E 3.887(w\). If) --.25 F(the)3.887 E -.25(va)144 372 S 1.32(lue is 0, commands are not sa) +1.269(command are not tested, and are added to the history re)144 576 R +-.05(ga)-.15 G 1.269(rdless of the v).05 F 1.269(alue of)-.25 F F2 +(HISTIGNORE)3.77 E F4(.)A F0 +(The pattern matching honors the setting of the)144 588 Q F1(extglob)2.5 +E F0(shell option.)2.5 E F1(HISTSIZE)108 600 Q F0 1.387 +(The number of commands to remember in the command history \(see)144 612 +R F2(HIST)3.887 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0(belo)3.637 E 3.887(w\). If) +-.25 F(the)3.887 E -.25(va)144 624 S 1.32(lue is 0, commands are not sa) .25 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.82(di).15 G 3.821(nt)-3.82 G 1.321 (he history list.)-3.821 F 1.321(Numeric v)6.321 F 1.321 -(alues less than zero result in)-.25 F -2.15 -.25(ev e)144 384 T .437 +(alues less than zero result in)-.25 F -2.15 -.25(ev e)144 636 T .437 (ry command being sa).25 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.937(do).15 G 2.937(nt)-2.937 G .437(he history list \(there is no limit\).)-2.937 F .436 (The shell sets the def)5.436 F .436(ault v)-.1 F(alue)-.25 E -(to 500 after reading an)144 396 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(tartup \214les.)-2.5 E -F3(HISTTIMEFORMA)108 408 Q(T)-.95 E F0 .951(If this v)144 420 R .951 +(to 500 after reading an)144 648 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(tartup \214les.)-2.5 E +F1(HISTTIMEFORMA)108 660 Q(T)-.95 E F0 .951(If this v)144 672 R .951 (ariable is set and not null, its v)-.25 F .952 -(alue is used as a format string for)-.25 F F4(strftime)3.452 E F0 .952 +(alue is used as a format string for)-.25 F F5(strftime)3.452 E F0 .952 (\(3\) to print the)B .673 -(time stamp associated with each history entry displayed by the)144 432 -R F3(history)3.173 E F0 -.2(bu)3.172 G 3.172(iltin. If).2 F .672(this v) +(time stamp associated with each history entry displayed by the)144 684 +R F1(history)3.173 E F0 -.2(bu)3.172 G 3.172(iltin. If).2 F .672(this v) 3.172 F .672(ariable is)-.25 F .144 -(set, time stamps are written to the history \214le so the)144 444 R +(set, time stamps are written to the history \214le so the)144 696 R 2.644(ym)-.15 G .144(ay be preserv)-2.644 F .144 (ed across shell sessions.)-.15 F(This)5.145 E(uses the history comment\ - character to distinguish timestamps from other history lines.)144 456 Q -F3(HOME)108 468 Q F0 1.27 -(The home directory of the current user; the def)144 480 R 1.27(ault ar) --.1 F 1.27(gument for the)-.18 F F3(cd)3.77 E F0 -.2(bu)3.77 G 1.27 -(iltin command.).2 F(The)6.27 E -.25(va)144 492 S(lue of this v).25 E -(ariable is also used when performing tilde e)-.25 E(xpansion.)-.15 E F3 -(HOSTFILE)108 504 Q F0 1.015 -(Contains the name of a \214le in the same format as)144 516 R F4 -(/etc/hosts)5.181 E F0 1.015(that should be read when the shell)5.181 F -.551(needs to complete a hostname.)144 528 R .551 + character to distinguish timestamps from other history lines.)144 708 Q +(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(15)192.055 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 16 16 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(HOME)108 84 Q F0 1.27 +(The home directory of the current user; the def)144 96 R 1.27(ault ar) +-.1 F 1.27(gument for the)-.18 F F1(cd)3.77 E F0 -.2(bu)3.77 G 1.27 +(iltin command.).2 F(The)6.27 E -.25(va)144 108 S(lue of this v).25 E +(ariable is also used when performing tilde e)-.25 E(xpansion.)-.15 E F1 +(HOSTFILE)108 120 Q F0 1.015 +(Contains the name of a \214le in the same format as)144 132 R/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(/etc/hosts)5.181 E F0 1.015 +(that should be read when the shell)5.181 F .551 +(needs to complete a hostname.)144 144 R .551 (The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while)5.551 F -1.058(the shell is running; the ne)144 540 R 1.059 +1.058(the shell is running; the ne)144 156 R 1.059 (xt time hostname completion is attempted after the v)-.15 F 1.059 -(alue is changed,)-.25 F F3(bash)144 552 Q F0 .138 +(alue is changed,)-.25 F F1(bash)144 168 Q F0 .138 (adds the contents of the ne)2.639 F 2.638<778c>-.25 G .138(le to the e) --2.638 F .138(xisting list.)-.15 F(If)5.138 E F1(HOSTFILE)2.638 E F0 -.138(is set, b)2.388 F .138(ut has no v)-.2 F .138(alue, or)-.25 F .517 -(does not name a readable \214le,)144 564 R F3(bash)3.017 E F0 .517 -(attempts to read)3.017 F F4(/etc/hosts)4.684 E F0 .518 -(to obtain the list of possible host-)4.684 F(name completions.)144 576 -Q(When)5 E F1(HOSTFILE)2.5 E F0(is unset, the hostname list is cleared.) -2.25 E F3(IFS)108 588 Q F0(The)20.44 E F4 .556(Internal F)3.636 F .556 -(ield Separ)-.45 F(ator)-.15 E F0 .556(that is used for w)3.786 F .556 -(ord splitting after e)-.1 F .555(xpansion and to split lines into)-.15 -F -.1(wo)144 600 S(rds with the).1 E F3 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2 -(bu)2.5 G(iltin command.).2 E(The def)5 E(ault v)-.1 E(alue is `)-.25 E -(`')-.25 E('.)-.74 E F3(IGNOREEOF)108 612 Q -F0 .503(Controls the action of an interacti)144 624 R .803 -.15(ve s) --.25 H .503(hell on receipt of an).15 F F1(EOF)3.003 E F0 .503 +-2.638 F .138(xisting list.)-.15 F(If)5.138 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +(HOSTFILE)2.638 E F0 .138(is set, b)2.388 F .138(ut has no v)-.2 F .138 +(alue, or)-.25 F .517(does not name a readable \214le,)144 180 R F1 +(bash)3.017 E F0 .517(attempts to read)3.017 F F2(/etc/hosts)4.684 E F0 +.518(to obtain the list of possible host-)4.684 F(name completions.)144 +192 Q(When)5 E F3(HOSTFILE)2.5 E F0 +(is unset, the hostname list is cleared.)2.25 E F1(IFS)108 204 Q F0(The) +144 204 Q F2 .556(Internal F)3.636 F .556(ield Separ)-.45 F(ator)-.15 E +F0 .556(that is used for w)3.786 F .556(ord splitting after e)-.1 F .555 +(xpansion and to split lines into)-.15 F -.1(wo)144 216 S(rds with the) +.1 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command.).2 E +(The def)5 E(ault v)-.1 E(alue is `)-.25 E(`')-.25 E('.)-.74 E F1(IGNOREEOF)108 228 Q F0 .503 +(Controls the action of an interacti)144 240 R .803 -.15(ve s)-.25 H +.503(hell on receipt of an).15 F F3(EOF)3.003 E F0 .503 (character as the sole input.)2.753 F .504(If set,)5.504 F .426(the v) -144 636 R .426(alue is the number of consecuti)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F1 +144 252 R .426(alue is the number of consecuti)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F3 (EOF)3.076 E F0 .426 (characters which must be typed as the \214rst characters)2.676 F .302 -(on an input line before)144 648 R F3(bash)2.802 E F0 -.15(ex)2.802 G +(on an input line before)144 264 R F1(bash)2.802 E F0 -.15(ex)2.802 G 2.802(its. If).15 F .302(the v)2.802 F .302(ariable e)-.25 F .302 (xists b)-.15 F .302(ut does not ha)-.2 F .602 -.15(ve a n)-.2 H .302 -(umeric v).15 F .303(alue, or has)-.25 F(no v)144 660 Q(alue, the def) +(umeric v).15 F .303(alue, or has)-.25 F(no v)144 276 Q(alue, the def) -.25 E(ault v)-.1 E(alue is 10.)-.25 E(If it does not e)5 E(xist,)-.15 E -F1(EOF)2.5 E F0(signi\214es the end of input to the shell.)2.25 E F3 -(INPUTRC)108 672 Q F0 1.436(The \214lename for the)144 684 R F3 -.18(re) +F3(EOF)2.5 E F0(signi\214es the end of input to the shell.)2.25 E F1 +(INPUTRC)108 288 Q F0 1.436(The \214lename for the)144 300 R F1 -.18(re) 3.936 G(adline).18 E F0 1.436(startup \214le, o)3.936 F -.15(ve)-.15 G -1.436(rriding the def).15 F 1.436(ault of)-.1 F F4(~/.inputr)5.602 E(c) --.37 E F0(\(see)5.601 E F1(READLINE)3.935 E F0(belo)144 696 Q(w\).)-.25 -E F3(LANG)108 708 Q F0 1.239(Used to determine the locale cate)7.11 F +1.436(rriding the def).15 F 1.436(ault of)-.1 F F2(~/.inputr)5.602 E(c) +-.37 E F0(\(see)5.601 E F3(READLINE)3.935 E F0(belo)144 312 Q(w\).)-.25 +E F1(LANG)108 324 Q F0 1.239(Used to determine the locale cate)144 324 R 1.239(gory for an)-.15 F 3.739(yc)-.15 G(ate)-3.739 E 1.24 (gory not speci\214cally selected with a v)-.15 F(ariable)-.25 E -(starting with)144 720 Q F3(LC_)2.5 E F0(.)A(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q -(2014 February 2)141.79 E(15)190.95 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 16 16 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(LC_ALL)108 84 Q F0 .974(This v)144 96 R -.974(ariable o)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .974(rrides the v).15 F .973 -(alue of)-.25 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(LANG)3.473 E F0 .973(and an)3.223 F -3.473(yo)-.15 G(ther)-3.473 E F1(LC_)3.473 E F0 -.25(va)3.473 G .973 -(riable specifying a locale cate-).25 F(gory)144 108 Q(.)-.65 E F1 -(LC_COLLA)108 120 Q(TE)-.95 E F0 .411(This v)144 132 R .412(ariable det\ +(starting with)144 336 Q F1(LC_)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(LC_ALL)108 348 Q F0 .974 +(This v)144 360 R .974(ariable o)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .974 +(rrides the v).15 F .973(alue of)-.25 F F3(LANG)3.473 E F0 .973(and an) +3.223 F 3.473(yo)-.15 G(ther)-3.473 E F1(LC_)3.473 E F0 -.25(va)3.473 G +.973(riable specifying a locale cate-).25 F(gory)144 372 Q(.)-.65 E F1 +(LC_COLLA)108 384 Q(TE)-.95 E F0 .411(This v)144 396 R .412(ariable det\ ermines the collation order used when sorting the results of pathname e) --.25 F(xpansion,)-.15 E 1.465(and determines the beha)144 144 R 1.465 +-.25 F(xpansion,)-.15 E 1.465(and determines the beha)144 408 R 1.465 (vior of range e)-.2 F 1.464(xpressions, equi)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.464(lence classes, and collating sequences).25 F(within pathname e)144 -156 Q(xpansion and pattern matching.)-.15 E F1(LC_CTYPE)108 168 Q F0 -1.935(This v)144 180 R 1.936 +420 Q(xpansion and pattern matching.)-.15 E F1(LC_CTYPE)108 432 Q F0 +1.935(This v)144 444 R 1.936 (ariable determines the interpretation of characters and the beha)-.25 F -1.936(vior of character classes)-.2 F(within pathname e)144 192 Q -(xpansion and pattern matching.)-.15 E F1(LC_MESSA)108 204 Q(GES)-.55 E -F0(This v)144 216 Q(ariable determines the locale used to translate dou\ +1.936(vior of character classes)-.2 F(within pathname e)144 456 Q +(xpansion and pattern matching.)-.15 E F1(LC_MESSA)108 468 Q(GES)-.55 E +F0(This v)144 480 Q(ariable determines the locale used to translate dou\ ble-quoted strings preceded by a)-.25 E F1($)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(LC_NUMERIC) -108 228 Q F0(This v)144 240 Q(ariable determines the locale cate)-.25 E -(gory used for number formatting.)-.15 E F1(LINES)108 252 Q F0 .055 -(Used by the)5.99 F F1(select)2.555 E F0 .054(compound command to deter\ -mine the column length for printing selection lists.)2.555 F .264 -(Automatically set if the)144 264 R F1(checkwinsize)2.764 E F0 .264 +108 492 Q F0(This v)144 504 Q(ariable determines the locale cate)-.25 E +(gory used for number formatting.)-.15 E F1(LC_TIME)108 516 Q F0(This v) +144 528 Q(ariable determines the locale cate)-.25 E +(gory used for data and time formatting.)-.15 E F1(LINES)108 540 Q F0 +.055(Used by the)144 540 R F1(select)2.555 E F0 .054(compound command t\ +o determine the column length for printing selection lists.)2.555 F .264 +(Automatically set if the)144 552 R F1(checkwinsize)2.764 E F0 .264 (option is enabled or in an interacti)2.764 F .565 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .265 -(hell upon receipt of a).15 F F2(SIGWINCH)144 276 Q/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 -SF(.)A F1(MAIL)108 288 Q F0 1.201 -(If this parameter is set to a \214le or directory name and the)8.78 F -F2(MAILP)3.701 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 -.25(va)3.451 G 1.201 +(hell upon receipt of a).15 F F3(SIGWINCH)144 564 Q/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 +SF(.)A F1(MAIL)108 576 Q F0 1.201 +(If this parameter is set to a \214le or directory name and the)144 576 +R F3(MAILP)3.701 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 -.25(va)3.451 G 1.201 (riable is not set,).25 F F1(bash)3.701 E F0 -(informs the user of the arri)144 300 Q -.25(va)-.25 G 2.5(lo).25 G 2.5 +(informs the user of the arri)144 588 Q -.25(va)-.25 G 2.5(lo).25 G 2.5 (fm)-2.5 G(ail in the speci\214ed \214le or Maildir)-2.5 E -(-format directory)-.2 E(.)-.65 E F1(MAILCHECK)108 312 Q F0 .098 -(Speci\214es ho)144 324 R 2.598(wo)-.25 G .098(ften \(in seconds\)) +(-format directory)-.2 E(.)-.65 E F1(MAILCHECK)108 600 Q F0 .098 +(Speci\214es ho)144 612 R 2.598(wo)-.25 G .098(ften \(in seconds\)) -2.598 F F1(bash)2.598 E F0 .098(checks for mail.)2.598 F .098(The def) 5.098 F .098(ault is 60 seconds.)-.1 F .099(When it is time)5.099 F .224 (to check for mail, the shell does so before displaying the primary pro\ -mpt.)144 336 R .223(If this v)5.223 F .223(ariable is unset,)-.25 F .066 -(or set to a v)144 348 R .066(alue that is not a number greater than or\ - equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking.)-.25 F F1(MAILP)108 -360 Q -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 2.99(Ac)144 372 S .49 +mpt.)144 624 R .223(If this v)5.223 F .223(ariable is unset,)-.25 F +(or set to a v)144 636 Q(alue that is not a number greater than or equa\ +l to zero, the shell disables mail checking.)-.25 E F1(MAILP)108 648 Q +-.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 2.99(Ac)144 660 S .49 (olon-separated list of \214lenames to be check)-2.99 F .49 (ed for mail.)-.1 F .49(The message to be printed when mail)5.49 F(arri) -144 384 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.62(si).15 G 2.62(nap)-2.62 G .12(articular \ +144 672 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.62(si).15 G 2.62(nap)-2.62 G .12(articular \ \214le may be speci\214ed by separating the \214lename from the message\ - with a `?'.)-2.62 F(When used in the te)144 396 Q(xt of the message,) + with a `?'.)-2.62 F(When used in the te)144 684 Q(xt of the message,) -.15 E F1($_)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G (pands to the name of the current mail\214le.).15 E(Example:)5 E F1 -(MAILP)144 408 Q -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0(=\010/v)A(ar/mail/bfox?"Y) +(MAILP)144 696 Q -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0(=\010/v)A(ar/mail/bfox?"Y) -.25 E(ou ha)-1.1 E .3 -.15(ve m)-.2 H -(ail":~/shell\255mail?"$_ has mail!"\010).15 E F1(Bash)144 420 Q F0 .389 -(supplies a def)2.889 F .389(ault v)-.1 F .389(alue for this v)-.25 F -.389(ariable, b)-.25 F .388 -(ut the location of the user mail \214les that it uses is)-.2 F -(system dependent \(e.g., /v)144 432 Q(ar/mail/)-.25 E F1($USER)A F0 -(\).)A F1(OPTERR)108 444 Q F0 .389(If set to the v)144 456 R .389 -(alue 1,)-.25 F F1(bash)2.889 E F0 .389 -(displays error messages generated by the)2.889 F F1(getopts)2.89 E F0 --.2(bu)2.89 G .39(iltin command \(see).2 F F2 .36(SHELL B)144 468 R(UIL) --.09 E .36(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)2.61 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(OPTERR) -5.36 E F0 .359(is initialized to 1 each time the shell is in)2.61 F -.2 -(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E(or a shell script is e)144 480 Q -.15(xe) --.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1 -.74(PA)108 492 S(TH)-.21 E F0 .587 -(The search path for commands.)9.91 F .588 +(ail":~/shell\255mail?"$_ has mail!"\010).15 E F1(Bash)144 708 Q F0 .015 +(can be con\214gured to supply a def)2.515 F .015(ault v)-.1 F .015 +(alue for this v)-.25 F .015(ariable \(there is no v)-.25 F .015 +(alue by def)-.25 F .015(ault\), b)-.1 F(ut)-.2 E(the location of the u\ +ser mail \214les that it uses is system dependent \(e.g., /v)144 720 Q +(ar/mail/)-.25 E F1($USER)A F0(\).)A(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q +(2016 August 26)142.895 E(16)192.055 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 17 17 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(OPTERR)108 84 Q F0 .39(If set to the v)144 96 R .39(alue 1,)-.25 F F1 +(bash)2.89 E F0 .389(displays error messages generated by the)2.889 F F1 +(getopts)2.889 E F0 -.2(bu)2.889 G .389(iltin command \(see).2 F/F2 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF .359(SHELL B)144 108 R(UIL)-.09 E .359(TIN COMMANDS) +-.828 F F0(belo)2.609 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(OPTERR)5.359 E F0 .36 +(is initialized to 1 each time the shell is in)2.609 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 +(ke).2 G(d).1 E(or a shell script is e)144 120 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.) +.15 E F1 -.74(PA)108 132 S(TH)-.21 E F0 .588 +(The search path for commands.)144 132 R .587 (It is a colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks) -5.587 F .472(for commands \(see)144 504 R F2 .472(COMMAND EXECUTION) -2.972 F F0(belo)2.722 E 2.972(w\). A)-.25 F .471 -(zero-length \(null\) directory name in the)2.972 F -.25(va)144 516 S -.535(lue of).25 F F2 -.666(PA)3.035 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .535 -(indicates the current directory)2.785 F 5.535(.A)-.65 G .535 -(null directory name may appear as tw)-2.5 F 3.036(oa)-.1 G(djacent) --3.036 E .868(colons, or as an initial or trailing colon.)144 528 R .868 -(The def)5.868 F .867(ault path is system-dependent, and is set by the) --.1 F 26.328(administrator who installs)144 540 R F1(bash)28.828 E F0 -31.329(.A)C 26.329(common v)-2.5 F 26.329(alue is)-.25 F/F4 10/Courier@0 -SF(/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin)144 552 -Q F0(.)A F1(POSIXL)108 564 Q(Y_CORRECT)-.92 E F0 .472(If this v)144 576 -R .472(ariable is in the en)-.25 F .471(vironment when)-.4 F F1(bash) -2.971 E F0 .471(starts, the shell enters)2.971 F/F5 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.471(posix mode)2.971 F F0 .471(before reading)2.971 F .011 -(the startup \214les, as if the)144 588 R F1(\255\255posix)2.511 E F0 +5.588 F .471(for commands \(see)144 144 R F2 .471(COMMAND EXECUTION) +2.971 F F0(belo)2.722 E 2.972(w\). A)-.25 F .472 +(zero-length \(null\) directory name in the)2.972 F -.25(va)144 156 S +.536(lue of).25 F F2 -.666(PA)3.036 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .535 +(indicates the current directory)2.786 F 5.535(.A)-.65 G .535 +(null directory name may appear as tw)-2.5 F 3.035(oa)-.1 G(djacent) +-3.035 E .867(colons, or as an initial or trailing colon.)144 168 R .868 +(The def)5.868 F .868(ault path is system-dependent, and is set by the) +-.1 F(administrator who installs)144 180 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 5(.A)C +(common v)-2.5 E(alue is)-.25 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF +(/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin)144 192 Q +F0(.)A F1(POSIXL)108 204 Q(Y_CORRECT)-.92 E F0 .471(If this v)144 216 R +.471(ariable is in the en)-.25 F .471(vironment when)-.4 F F1(bash)2.971 +E F0 .471(starts, the shell enters)2.971 F/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF .472 +(posix mode)2.972 F F0 .472(before reading)2.972 F .011 +(the startup \214les, as if the)144 228 R F1(\255\255posix)2.511 E F0 (in)2.511 E -.2(vo)-.4 G .011(cation option had been supplied.).2 F .011 -(If it is set while the shell is)5.011 F(running,)144 600 Q F1(bash)2.5 -E F0(enables)2.5 E F5(posix mode)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C 2.5(si)-2.5 G 2.5(ft) --2.5 G(he command)-2.5 E F4(set -o posix)2.5 E F0(had been e)2.5 E -.15 -(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(PR)108 612 Q(OMPT_COMMAND)-.3 E F0 -(If set, the v)144 624 Q(alue is e)-.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G +(If it is set while the shell is)5.011 F(running,)144 240 Q F1(bash)2.5 +E F0(enables)2.5 E F4(posix mode)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C 2.5(si)-2.5 G 2.5(ft) +-2.5 G(he command)-2.5 E F3(set -o posix)2.5 E F0(had been e)2.5 E -.15 +(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(PR)108 252 Q(OMPT_COMMAND)-.3 E F0 +(If set, the v)144 264 Q(alue is e)-.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G (cuted as a command prior to issuing each primary prompt.).15 E F1(PR) -108 636 Q(OMPT_DIR)-.3 E(TRIM)-.4 E F0 .676 -(If set to a number greater than zero, the v)144 648 R .676 +108 276 Q(OMPT_DIR)-.3 E(TRIM)-.4 E F0 .676 +(If set to a number greater than zero, the v)144 288 R .676 (alue is used as the number of trailing directory compo-)-.25 F .923 -(nents to retain when e)144 660 R .923(xpanding the)-.15 F F1(\\w)3.423 +(nents to retain when e)144 300 R .923(xpanding the)-.15 F F1(\\w)3.423 E F0(and)3.423 E F1(\\W)3.423 E F0 .923(prompt string escapes \(see) 3.423 F F2(PR)3.423 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)3.173 E(w\).)-.25 E -(Characters remo)144 672 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G -(re replaced with an ellipsis.)-2.5 E F1(PS1)108 684 Q F0 .065(The v) -19.33 F .065(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .065(xpanded \(see)-.15 -F F2(PR)2.565 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)2.315 E .065 -(w\) and used as the primary prompt)-.25 F 2.5(string. The)144 696 R +(Characters remo)144 312 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G +(re replaced with an ellipsis.)-2.5 E F1(PS0)108 324 Q F0 1.174(The v) +144 324 R 1.174(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F 1.174(xpanded \(see) +-.15 F F2(PR)3.674 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)3.424 E 1.174 +(w\) and displayed by interacti)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +(shells after reading a command and before the command is e)144 336 Q +-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(PS1)108 348 Q F0 .065(The v)144 348 R +.065(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .065(xpanded \(see)-.15 F F2(PR) +2.565 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)2.315 E .065 +(w\) and used as the primary prompt)-.25 F 2.5(string. The)144 360 R (def)2.5 E(ault v)-.1 E(alue is `)-.25 E(`)-.74 E F1(\\s\255\\v\\$)A F0 --.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(PS2)108 708 Q F0 .117(The v)19.33 F .117 +-.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(PS2)108 372 Q F0 .117(The v)144 372 R .117 (alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .117(xpanded as with)-.15 F F2(PS1) 2.617 E F0 .118(and used as the secondary prompt string.)2.368 F(The) -5.118 E(def)144 720 Q(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(>)A F0 -.74('')2.5 G -(.).74 E(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(16)190.95 E 0 Cg -EP -%%Page: 17 17 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(PS3)108 84 Q F0 1.116(The v)19.33 F 1.115 +5.118 E(def)144 384 Q(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(>)A F0 -.74('')2.5 G +(.).74 E F1(PS3)108 396 Q F0 1.116(The v)144 396 R 1.115 (alue of this parameter is used as the prompt for the)-.25 F F1(select) -3.615 E F0 1.115(command \(see)3.615 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.115 -(SHELL GRAM-)3.615 F(MAR)144 96 Q F0(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E -F1(PS4)108 108 Q F0 .1(The v)19.33 F .1(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 -F .1(xpanded as with)-.15 F F2(PS1)2.6 E F0 .101(and the v)2.35 F .101 -(alue is printed before each command)-.25 F F1(bash)144 120 Q F0 .292 +3.615 E F0 1.115(command \(see)3.615 F F2 1.115(SHELL GRAM-)3.615 F(MAR) +144 408 Q F0(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(PS4)108 420 Q F0 .1 +(The v)144 420 R .1(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .1 +(xpanded as with)-.15 F F2(PS1)2.6 E F0 .101(and the v)2.35 F .101 +(alue is printed before each command)-.25 F F1(bash)144 432 Q F0 .292 (displays during an e)2.792 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .292(cution trace.).15 F .292(The \214rst character of)5.292 F F2(PS4)2.792 E F0 .291 -(is replicated multiple times, as)2.542 F(necessary)144 132 Q 2.5(,t) +(is replicated multiple times, as)2.542 F(necessary)144 444 Q 2.5(,t) -.65 G 2.5(oi)-2.5 G(ndicate multiple le)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G (ls of indirection.).15 E(The def)5 E(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(+)A F0 --.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(SHELL)108 144 Q F0 .663 -(The full pathname to the shell is k)144 156 R .664(ept in this en)-.1 F +-.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(SHELL)108 456 Q F0 .663 +(The full pathname to the shell is k)144 468 R .664(ept in this en)-.1 F .664(vironment v)-.4 F 3.164(ariable. If)-.25 F .664 -(it is not set when the shell)3.164 F(starts,)144 168 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 +(it is not set when the shell)3.164 F(starts,)144 480 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 (assigns to it the full pathname of the current user')2.5 E 2.5(sl)-.55 -G(ogin shell.)-2.5 E F1(TIMEFORMA)108 180 Q(T)-.95 E F0 .827(The v)144 -192 R .826 +G(ogin shell.)-2.5 E F1(TIMEFORMA)108 492 Q(T)-.95 E F0 .827(The v)144 +504 R .826 (alue of this parameter is used as a format string specifying ho)-.25 F 3.326(wt)-.25 G .826(he timing information for)-3.326 F .648 -(pipelines pre\214x)144 204 R .648(ed with the)-.15 F F1(time)3.148 E F0 +(pipelines pre\214x)144 516 R .648(ed with the)-.15 F F1(time)3.148 E F0 (reserv)3.148 E .648(ed w)-.15 F .649(ord should be displayed.)-.1 F (The)5.649 E F1(%)3.149 E F0 .649(character introduces)3.149 F .712 -(an escape sequence that is e)144 216 R .711(xpanded to a time v)-.15 F +(an escape sequence that is e)144 528 R .711(xpanded to a time v)-.15 F .711(alue or other information.)-.25 F .711(The escape sequences)5.711 F -(and their meanings are as follo)144 228 Q -(ws; the braces denote optional portions.)-.25 E F1(%%)144 246 Q F0 2.5 -(Al)30 G(iteral)-2.5 E F1(%)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(%[)144 258 Q/F3 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(p)A F1(][l]R)A F0(The elapsed time in seconds.)11.68 -E F1(%[)144 270 Q F3(p)A F1(][l]U)A F0 -(The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode.)11.68 E F1(%[)144 282 Q -F3(p)A F1(][l]S)A F0(The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.) -13.34 E F1(%P)144 294 Q F0 -(The CPU percentage, computed as \(%U + %S\) / %R.)33.89 E .87 -(The optional)144 310.8 R F3(p)3.37 E F0 .87(is a digit specifying the) -3.37 F F3(pr)3.37 E(ecision)-.37 E F0 3.37(,t)C .87 +(and their meanings are as follo)144 540 Q +(ws; the braces denote optional portions.)-.25 E F1(%%)144 558 Q F0 2.5 +(Al)194 558 S(iteral)-2.5 E F1(%)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(%[)144 570 Q F4(p)A F1 +(][l]R)A F0(The elapsed time in seconds.)194 570 Q F1(%[)144 582 Q F4(p) +A F1(][l]U)A F0(The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode.)194 582 Q +F1(%[)144 594 Q F4(p)A F1(][l]S)A F0 +(The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.)194 594 Q F1(%P)144 606 +Q F0(The CPU percentage, computed as \(%U + %S\) / %R.)194 606 Q .87 +(The optional)144 622.8 R F4(p)3.37 E F0 .87(is a digit specifying the) +3.37 F F4(pr)3.37 E(ecision)-.37 E F0 3.37(,t)C .87 (he number of fractional digits after a decimal)-3.37 F 2.526(point. A) -144 322.8 R -.25(va)2.526 G .025 +144 634.8 R -.25(va)2.526 G .025 (lue of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output.).25 F .025 (At most three places after the)5.025 F .537 -(decimal point may be speci\214ed; v)144 334.8 R .537(alues of)-.25 F F3 +(decimal point may be speci\214ed; v)144 646.8 R .537(alues of)-.25 F F4 (p)3.037 E F0 .537(greater than 3 are changed to 3.)3.037 F(If)5.538 E -F3(p)3.038 E F0 .538(is not speci\214ed,)3.038 F(the v)144 346.8 Q -(alue 3 is used.)-.25 E .668(The optional)144 363.6 R F1(l)3.168 E F0 +F4(p)3.038 E F0 .538(is not speci\214ed,)3.038 F(the v)144 658.8 Q +(alue 3 is used.)-.25 E .668(The optional)144 675.6 R F1(l)3.168 E F0 .668(speci\214es a longer format, including minutes, of the form)3.168 F -F3(MM)3.168 E F0(m)A F3(SS)A F0(.)A F3(FF)A F0 3.167(s. The)B -.25(va) -3.167 G(lue).25 E(of)144 375.6 Q F3(p)2.5 E F0 +F4(MM)3.168 E F0(m)A F4(SS)A F0(.)A F4(FF)A F0 3.167(s. The)B -.25(va) +3.167 G(lue).25 E(of)144 687.6 Q F4(p)2.5 E F0 (determines whether or not the fraction is included.)2.5 E 13.364 -(If this v)144 392.4 R 13.364(ariable is not set,)-.25 F F1(bash)15.865 +(If this v)144 704.4 R 13.364(ariable is not set,)-.25 F F1(bash)15.865 E F0 13.365(acts as if it had the v)15.865 F(alue)-.25 E F1($\010\\nr) -144 404.4 Q(eal\\t%3lR\\nuser\\t%3lU\\nsys\\t%3lS\010)-.18 E F0 7.113 +144 716.4 Q(eal\\t%3lR\\nuser\\t%3lU\\nsys\\t%3lS\010)-.18 E F0 7.113 (.I)C 4.613(ft)-7.113 G 2.113(he v)-4.613 F 2.113 (alue is null, no timing information is dis-)-.25 F 2.5(played. A)144 -416.4 R(trailing ne)2.5 E -(wline is added when the format string is displayed.)-.25 E F1(TMOUT)108 -428.4 Q F0 .941(If set to a v)144 440.4 R .941(alue greater than zero,) --.25 F F2(TMOUT)3.441 E F0 .941(is treated as the def)3.191 F .941 -(ault timeout for the)-.1 F F1 -.18(re)3.441 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.441 -G(iltin.).2 E(The)144 452.4 Q F1(select)2.811 E F0 .311 -(command terminates if input does not arri)2.811 F .61 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -(fter).15 E F2(TMOUT)2.81 E F0 .31(seconds when input is com-)2.56 F -.885(ing from a terminal.)144 464.4 R .885(In an interacti)5.885 F 1.185 --.15(ve s)-.25 H .885(hell, the v).15 F .886 -(alue is interpreted as the number of seconds to)-.25 F -.1(wa)144 476.4 -S 1.05(it for a line of input after issuing the primary prompt.).1 F F1 -(Bash)6.05 E F0 1.05(terminates after w)3.55 F 1.05(aiting for that)-.1 -F(number of seconds if a complete line of input does not arri)144 488.4 -Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1(TMPDIR)108 500.4 Q F0 .39(If set,)144 512.4 +728.4 R(trailing ne)2.5 E +(wline is added when the format string is displayed.)-.25 E +(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(17)192.055 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 18 18 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(TMOUT)108 84 Q F0 .941(If set to a v)144 96 R .941 +(alue greater than zero,)-.25 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(TMOUT)3.441 E F0 +.941(is treated as the def)3.191 F .941(ault timeout for the)-.1 F F1 +-.18(re)3.441 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.441 G(iltin.).2 E(The)144 108 Q F1 +(select)2.811 E F0 .311(command terminates if input does not arri)2.811 +F .61 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(fter).15 E F2(TMOUT)2.81 E F0 .31 +(seconds when input is com-)2.56 F .885(ing from a terminal.)144 120 R +.885(In an interacti)5.885 F 1.185 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .885(hell, the v).15 +F .886(alue is interpreted as the number of seconds to)-.25 F -.1(wa)144 +132 S 1.05(it for a line of input after issuing the primary prompt.).1 F +F1(Bash)6.05 E F0 1.05(terminates after w)3.55 F 1.05(aiting for that) +-.1 F(number of seconds if a complete line of input does not arri)144 +144 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1(TMPDIR)108 156 Q F0 .39(If set,)144 168 R F1(bash)2.89 E F0 .39(uses its v)2.89 F .39 (alue as the name of a directory in which)-.25 F F1(bash)2.891 E F0 .391 -(creates temporary \214les for the)2.891 F(shell')144 524.4 Q 2.5(su) --.55 G(se.)-2.5 E F1(auto_r)108 536.4 Q(esume)-.18 E F0 .531(This v)144 -548.4 R .531(ariable controls ho)-.25 F 3.031(wt)-.25 G .531 +(creates temporary \214les for the)2.891 F(shell')144 180 Q 2.5(su)-.55 +G(se.)-2.5 E F1(auto_r)108 192 Q(esume)-.18 E F0 .531(This v)144 204 R +.531(ariable controls ho)-.25 F 3.031(wt)-.25 G .531 (he shell interacts with the user and job control.)-3.031 F .53 -(If this v)5.53 F .53(ariable is set,)-.25 F .538(single w)144 560.4 R +(If this v)5.53 F .53(ariable is set,)-.25 F .538(single w)144 216 R .538(ord simple commands without redirections are treated as candidates\ - for resumption of an)-.1 F -.15(ex)144 572.4 S .367(isting stopped job) + for resumption of an)-.1 F -.15(ex)144 228 S .367(isting stopped job) .15 F 5.367(.T)-.4 G .366(here is no ambiguity allo)-5.367 F .366 (wed; if there is more than one job be)-.25 F .366(ginning with)-.15 F 1.124(the string typed, the job most recently accessed is selected.)144 -584.4 R(The)6.125 E F3(name)3.985 E F0 1.125(of a stopped job, in this) -3.805 F(conte)144 596.4 Q 1.133 +240 R(The)6.125 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)3.985 E F0 1.125 +(of a stopped job, in this)3.805 F(conte)144 252 Q 1.133 (xt, is the command line used to start it.)-.15 F 1.133(If set to the v) 6.133 F(alue)-.25 E F3 -.2(ex)3.633 G(act).2 E F0 3.632(,t).68 G 1.132 (he string supplied must)-3.632 F .624 -(match the name of a stopped job e)144 608.4 R .624(xactly; if set to) --.15 F F3(substring)3.125 E F0 3.125(,t).22 G .625 +(match the name of a stopped job e)144 264 R .624(xactly; if set to)-.15 +F F3(substring)3.125 E F0 3.125(,t).22 G .625 (he string supplied needs to match a)-3.125 F .885 -(substring of the name of a stopped job)144 620.4 R 5.884(.T)-.4 G(he) +(substring of the name of a stopped job)144 276 R 5.884(.T)-.4 G(he) -5.884 E F3(substring)3.724 E F0 -.25(va)3.604 G .884(lue pro).25 F .884 -(vides functionality analogous to)-.15 F(the)144 632.4 Q F1(%?)3.333 E -F0 .833(job identi\214er \(see)5.833 F F2 .834(JOB CONTR)3.334 F(OL)-.27 -E F0(belo)3.084 E 3.334(w\). If)-.25 F .834(set to an)3.334 F 3.334(yo) +(vides functionality analogous to)-.15 F(the)144 288 Q F1(%?)3.333 E F0 +.833(job identi\214er \(see)5.833 F F2 .834(JOB CONTR)3.334 F(OL)-.27 E +F0(belo)3.084 E 3.334(w\). If)-.25 F .834(set to an)3.334 F 3.334(yo) -.15 G .834(ther v)-3.334 F .834(alue, the supplied string)-.25 F .316 -(must be a pre\214x of a stopped job')144 644.4 R 2.816(sn)-.55 G .316 +(must be a pre\214x of a stopped job')144 300 R 2.816(sn)-.55 G .316 (ame; this pro)-2.816 F .315(vides functionality analogous to the)-.15 F -F1(%)2.815 E F3(string)A F0(job)2.815 E(identi\214er)144 656.4 Q(.)-.55 -E F1(histchars)108 668.4 Q F0 2.069(The tw)144 680.4 R 4.57(oo)-.1 G -4.57(rt)-4.57 G 2.07(hree characters which control history e)-4.57 F -2.07(xpansion and tok)-.15 F 2.07(enization \(see)-.1 F F2(HIST)4.57 E -(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E(EXP)144 692.4 Q(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.466 E -3.716(w\). The)-.25 F 1.216(\214rst character is the)3.716 F F3 1.215 +F1(%)2.815 E F3(string)A F0(job)2.815 E(identi\214er)144 312 Q(.)-.55 E +F1(histchars)108 324 Q F0 2.069(The tw)144 336 R 4.57(oo)-.1 G 4.57(rt) +-4.57 G 2.07(hree characters which control history e)-4.57 F 2.07 +(xpansion and tok)-.15 F 2.07(enization \(see)-.1 F F2(HIST)4.57 E(OR) +-.162 E(Y)-.315 E(EXP)144 348 Q(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.466 E 3.716 +(w\). The)-.25 F 1.216(\214rst character is the)3.716 F F3 1.215 (history e)3.715 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(character)3.715 E 3.715(,t)-.4 G 1.215(he character which)-3.715 F .798(signals the start of a history e) -144 704.4 R .798(xpansion, normally `)-.15 F F1(!)A F0 3.298('. The)B -.798(second character is the)3.298 F F3(quic)3.298 E 3.298(ks)-.2 G -(ubstitu-)-3.298 E(tion)144 716.4 Q F0(character)2.74 E 2.74(,w)-.4 G -.239(hich is used as shorthand for re-running the pre)-2.74 F .239 +144 360 R .798(xpansion, normally `)-.15 F F1(!)A F0 3.298('. The)B .798 +(second character is the)3.298 F F3(quic)3.298 E 3.298(ks)-.2 G +(ubstitu-)-3.298 E(tion)144 372 Q F0(character)2.74 E 2.74(,w)-.4 G .239 +(hich is used as shorthand for re-running the pre)-2.74 F .239 (vious command entered, substitut-)-.25 F .575 -(ing one string for another in the command.)144 728.4 R .575(The def) -5.575 F .575(ault is `)-.1 F F1(^)A F0 3.075('. The)B .576 -(optional third character is the)3.076 F(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q -(2014 February 2)141.79 E(17)190.95 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 18 18 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E .223(character which indicates that the remainder of the line is\ - a comment when found as the \214rst char)144 84 R(-)-.2 E 1.293 -(acter of a w)144 96 R 1.293(ord, normally `)-.1 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -(#)A F0 3.793('. The)B 1.294 +(ing one string for another in the command.)144 384 R .575(The def)5.575 +F .575(ault is `)-.1 F F1(^)A F0 3.075('. The)B .576 +(optional third character is the)3.076 F .223(character which indicates\ + that the remainder of the line is a comment when found as the \214rst \ +char)144 396 R(-)-.2 E 1.293(acter of a w)144 408 R 1.293 +(ord, normally `)-.1 F F1(#)A F0 3.793('. The)B 1.294 (history comment character causes history substitution to be)3.794 F .38 -(skipped for the remaining w)144 108 R .38(ords on the line.)-.1 F .379 +(skipped for the remaining w)144 420 R .38(ords on the line.)-.1 F .379 (It does not necessarily cause the shell parser to treat)5.379 F -(the rest of the line as a comment.)144 120 Q F1(Arrays)87 136.8 Q(Bash) -108 148.8 Q F0(pro)3.39 E .89(vides one-dimensional inde)-.15 F -.15(xe) +(the rest of the line as a comment.)144 432 Q F1(Arrays)87 448.8 Q(Bash) +108 460.8 Q F0(pro)3.39 E .89(vides one-dimensional inde)-.15 F -.15(xe) -.15 G 3.39(da).15 G .891(nd associati)-3.39 F 1.191 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .891(rray v).15 F 3.391(ariables. An)-.25 F 3.391(yv)-.15 G .891 -(ariable may be used as an)-3.641 F(inde)108 160.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +(ariable may be used as an)-3.641 F(inde)108 472.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.574(da).15 G .074(rray; the)-2.574 F F1(declar)2.574 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2 (bu)2.574 G .074(iltin will e).2 F .073(xplicitly declare an array)-.15 F 5.073(.T)-.65 G .073(here is no maximum limit on the size of)-5.073 F -.328(an array)108 172.8 R 2.828(,n)-.65 G .328(or an)-2.828 F 2.828(yr) +.328(an array)108 484.8 R 2.828(,n)-.65 G .328(or an)-2.828 F 2.828(yr) -.15 G .329(equirement that members be inde)-2.828 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.829(do).15 G 2.829(ra)-2.829 G .329(ssigned contiguously)-2.829 F 5.329(.I)-.65 G(nde)-5.329 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.829(da).15 G .329 -(rrays are refer)-2.829 F(-)-.2 E 1.387(enced using inte)108 184.8 R -1.387(gers \(including arithmetic e)-.15 F 3.887(xpressions\) and)-.15 F -1.387(are zero-based; associati)3.887 F 1.686 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 1.386 -(rrays are refer).15 F(-)-.2 E .219(enced using arbitrary strings.)108 -196.8 R .219(Unless otherwise noted, inde)5.219 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.719 -(da).15 G .219(rray indices must be non-ne)-2.719 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti) -.05 E .52 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E(gers.)-.15 E 2.463(An inde)108 -213.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 4.963(da).15 G 2.463 -(rray is created automatically if an)-4.963 F 4.963(yv)-.15 G 2.462 -(ariable is assigned to using the syntax)-5.213 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 -SF(name)4.962 E F0([)A F2(sub-)A(script)108 225.6 Q F0(]=)A F2(value)A -F0 6.548(.T)C(he)-6.548 E F2(subscript)4.388 E F0 1.549 -(is treated as an arithmetic e)4.728 F 1.549(xpression that must e)-.15 -F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.549(luate to a number).25 F 6.549(.T)-.55 G(o)-7.349 -E -.15(ex)108 237.6 S 1.98(plicitly declare an inde).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -4.48(da).15 G(rray)-4.48 E 4.48(,u)-.65 G(se)-4.48 E F1(declar)4.48 E -4.48<65ad>-.18 G(a)-4.48 E F2(name)4.48 E F0(\(see)4.48 E/F3 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.979(SHELL B)4.479 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.979(TIN COMMANDS) --.828 F F0(belo)4.229 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(declar)108 249.6 Q 2.5<65ad>-.18 -G(a)-2.5 E F2(name)2.5 E F1([)A F2(subscript)A F1(])A F0 -(is also accepted; the)2.5 E F2(subscript)2.5 E F0(is ignored.)2.5 E -(Associati)108 266.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rrays are created using).15 E -F1(declar)2.5 E 2.5<65ad>-.18 G(A)-2.5 E F2(name)2.5 E F0(.)A(Attrib)108 -283.2 Q .94(utes may be speci\214ed for an array v)-.2 F .941 -(ariable using the)-.25 F F1(declar)3.441 E(e)-.18 E F0(and)3.441 E F1 --.18(re)3.441 G(adonly).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.441 G 3.441(iltins. Each).2 F -(attrib)3.441 E(ute)-.2 E(applies to all members of an array)108 295.2 Q -(.)-.65 E 1.647 -(Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form)108 312 R -F2(name)4.147 E F0(=)A F1(\()A F0 -.25(va)C(lue).25 E F2(1)A F0 1.647 -(... v)4.147 F(alue)-.25 E F2(n)A F1(\))A F0 4.147(,w)C 1.647(here each) --4.147 F F2(value)108 324 Q F0 1.833(is of the form [)4.332 F F2 -(subscript)A F0(]=)A F2(string)A F0 6.833(.I)C(nde)-6.833 E -.15(xe)-.15 -G 4.333(da).15 G 1.833(rray assignments do not require an)-4.333 F 1.833 -(ything b)-.15 F(ut)-.2 E F2(string)4.333 E F0(.)A .164 -(When assigning to inde)108 336 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.663(da).15 G .163 +(rrays are refer)-2.829 F(-)-.2 E 1.595(enced using inte)108 496.8 R +1.595(gers \(including arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.595 +(xpressions\) and are zero-based; associati)-.15 F 1.895 -.15(ve a)-.25 +H 1.595(rrays are refer).15 F(-)-.2 E(enced using arbitrary strings.)108 +508.8 Q(Unless otherwise noted, inde)5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G +(rray indices must be non-ne)-2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .3 -.15 +(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E(gers.)-.15 E 2.462(An inde)108 525.6 R -.15(xe) +-.15 G 4.962(da).15 G 2.462(rray is created automatically if an)-4.962 F +4.963(yv)-.15 G 2.463(ariable is assigned to using the syntax)-5.213 F +F3(name)4.963 E F0([)A F3(sub-)A(script)108 537.6 Q F0(]=)A F3(value)A +F0 6.549(.T)C(he)-6.549 E F3(subscript)4.389 E F0 1.549 +(is treated as an arithmetic e)4.729 F 1.549(xpression that must e)-.15 +F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.548(luate to a number).25 F 6.548(.T)-.55 G(o)-7.348 +E -.15(ex)108 549.6 S 1.979(plicitly declare an inde).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 +G 4.479(da).15 G(rray)-4.479 E 4.48(,u)-.65 G(se)-4.48 E F1(declar)4.48 +E 4.48<65ad>-.18 G(a)-4.48 E F3(name)4.48 E F0(\(see)4.48 E F2 1.98 +(SHELL B)4.48 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.98(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)4.23 E +(w\).)-.25 E F1(declar)108 561.6 Q 2.5<65ad>-.18 G(a)-2.5 E F3(name)2.5 +E F1([)A F3(subscript)A F1(])A F0(is also accepted; the)2.5 E F3 +(subscript)2.5 E F0(is ignored.)2.5 E(Associati)108 578.4 Q .3 -.15 +(ve a)-.25 H(rrays are created using).15 E F1(declar)2.5 E 2.5<65ad>-.18 +G(A)-2.5 E F3(name)2.5 E F0(.)A(Attrib)108 595.2 Q .941 +(utes may be speci\214ed for an array v)-.2 F .941(ariable using the) +-.25 F F1(declar)3.441 E(e)-.18 E F0(and)3.44 E F1 -.18(re)3.44 G +(adonly).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.44 G 3.44(iltins. Each).2 F(attrib)3.44 E(ute) +-.2 E(applies to all members of an array)108 607.2 Q(.)-.65 E 1.647 +(Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form)108 624 R +F3(name)4.147 E F0(=)A F1(\()A F0 -.25(va)C(lue).25 E F3(1)A F0 1.647 +(... v)4.147 F(alue)-.25 E F3(n)A F1(\))A F0 4.148(,w)C 1.648(here each) +-4.148 F F3(value)108 636 Q F0 1.833(is of the form [)4.333 F F3 +(subscript)A F0(]=)A F3(string)A F0 6.833(.I)C(nde)-6.833 E -.15(xe)-.15 +G 4.333(da).15 G 1.833(rray assignments do not require an)-4.333 F 1.832 +(ything b)-.15 F(ut)-.2 E F3(string)4.332 E F0(.)A .163 +(When assigning to inde)108 648 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.663(da).15 G .163 (rrays, if the optional brack)-2.663 F .163 -(ets and subscript are supplied, that inde)-.1 F 2.663(xi)-.15 G 2.663 -(sa)-2.663 G(ssigned)-2.663 E 1.41(to; otherwise the inde)108 348 R 3.91 -(xo)-.15 G 3.91(ft)-3.91 G 1.41(he element assigned is the last inde) --3.91 F 3.911(xa)-.15 G 1.411(ssigned to by the statement plus one.) --3.911 F(Inde)108 360 Q(xing starts at zero.)-.15 E -(When assigning to an associati)108 376.8 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 -E 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he subscript is required.)-2.5 E .24 -(This syntax is also accepted by the)108 393.6 R F1(declar)2.74 E(e)-.18 -E F0 -.2(bu)2.739 G 2.739(iltin. Indi).2 F .239 -(vidual array elements may be assigned to using the)-.25 F F2(name)108 -405.6 Q F0([)A F2(subscript)A F0(]=)A F2(value)A F0 1.917 -(syntax introduced abo)4.416 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 6.917(.W).15 G 1.917 +(ets and subscript are supplied, that inde)-.1 F 2.664(xi)-.15 G 2.664 +(sa)-2.664 G(ssigned)-2.664 E 1.411(to; otherwise the inde)108 660 R +3.911(xo)-.15 G 3.911(ft)-3.911 G 1.411 +(he element assigned is the last inde)-3.911 F 3.91(xa)-.15 G 1.41 +(ssigned to by the statement plus one.)-3.91 F(Inde)108 672 Q +(xing starts at zero.)-.15 E(When assigning to an associati)108 688.8 Q +.3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 E 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he subscript is required.) +-2.5 E .239(This syntax is also accepted by the)108 705.6 R F1(declar) +2.739 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.739 G 2.739(iltin. Indi).2 F .24 +(vidual array elements may be assigned to using the)-.25 F F3(name)108 +717.6 Q F0([)A F3(subscript)A F0(]=)A F3(value)A F0 1.917 +(syntax introduced abo)4.417 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 6.917(.W).15 G 1.917 (hen assigning to an inde)-6.917 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 4.417(da).15 G(rray) --4.417 E 4.417(,i)-.65 G(f)-4.417 E F2(name)4.777 E F0 1.917(is sub-) -4.597 F .116(scripted by a ne)108 417.6 R -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .416 --.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E 2.616(,t)-.4 G .115 -(hat number is interpreted as relati)-2.616 F .415 -.15(ve t)-.25 H -2.615(oo).15 G .115(ne greater than the maximum inde)-2.615 F(x)-.15 E -(of)108 429.6 Q F2(name)3.338 E F0 3.338(,s)C 3.338(on)-3.338 G -2.25 +-4.417 E 4.417(,i)-.65 G(f)-4.417 E F3(name)4.777 E F0 1.916(is sub-) +4.597 F .115(scripted by a ne)108 729.6 R -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .415 +-.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E 2.615(,t)-.4 G .115 +(hat number is interpreted as relati)-2.615 F .415 -.15(ve t)-.25 H +2.615(oo).15 G .116(ne greater than the maximum inde)-2.615 F(x)-.15 E +(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(18)192.055 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 19 19 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(of)108 84 Q/F1 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)3.338 E F0 3.338(,s)C 3.338(on)-3.338 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-3.338 H(ti).15 E 1.138 -.15(ve i)-.25 H .838 (ndices count back from the end of the array).15 F 3.338(,a)-.65 G .838 (nd an inde)-3.338 F 3.338(xo)-.15 G 3.338<66ad>-3.338 G 3.338(1r)-3.338 -G .838(eferences the last)-3.338 F(element.)108 441.6 Q(An)108 458.4 Q -3.576(ye)-.15 G 1.076(lement of an array may be referenced using ${) --3.576 F F2(name)A F0([)A F2(subscript)A F0 3.575(]}. The)B 1.075 -(braces are required to a)3.575 F -.2(vo)-.2 G(id).2 E 1.541 -(con\215icts with pathname e)108 470.4 R 4.041(xpansion. If)-.15 F F2 -(subscript)4.041 E F0(is)4.041 E F1(@)4.041 E F0(or)4.041 E F1(*)4.041 E -F0 4.041(,t)C 1.541(he w)-4.041 F 1.541(ord e)-.1 F 1.541 -(xpands to all members of)-.15 F F2(name)4.042 E F0(.)A 1.057 -(These subscripts dif)108 482.4 R 1.057(fer only when the w)-.25 F 1.057 -(ord appears within double quotes.)-.1 F 1.056(If the w)6.056 F 1.056 -(ord is double-quoted,)-.1 F(${)108 494.4 Q F2(name)A F0 .52([*]} e)B -.52(xpands to a single w)-.15 F .52(ord with the v)-.1 F .521 +G .838(eferences the last)-3.338 F(element.)108 96 Q(An)108 112.8 Q +3.575(ye)-.15 G 1.075(lement of an array may be referenced using ${) +-3.575 F F1(name)A F0([)A F1(subscript)A F0 3.575(]}. The)B 1.076 +(braces are required to a)3.576 F -.2(vo)-.2 G(id).2 E 1.542 +(con\215icts with pathname e)108 124.8 R 4.041(xpansion. If)-.15 F F1 +(subscript)4.041 E F0(is)4.041 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(@)4.041 E F0(or) +4.041 E F2(*)4.041 E F0 4.041(,t)C 1.541(he w)-4.041 F 1.541(ord e)-.1 F +1.541(xpands to all members of)-.15 F F1(name)4.041 E F0(.)A 1.056 +(These subscripts dif)108 136.8 R 1.056(fer only when the w)-.25 F 1.057 +(ord appears within double quotes.)-.1 F 1.057(If the w)6.057 F 1.057 +(ord is double-quoted,)-.1 F(${)108 148.8 Q F1(name)A F0 .521([*]} e)B +.521(xpands to a single w)-.15 F .521(ord with the v)-.1 F .52 (alue of each array member separated by the \214rst character)-.25 F -1.375(of the)108 506.4 R F3(IFS)3.875 E F0 1.375(special v)3.625 F 1.375 -(ariable, and ${)-.25 F F2(name)A F0 1.375([@]} e)B 1.375 -(xpands each element of)-.15 F F2(name)3.875 E F0 1.374(to a separate w) -3.875 F 3.874(ord. When)-.1 F 2.027(there are no array members, ${)108 -518.4 R F2(name)A F0 2.028([@]} e)B 2.028(xpands to nothing.)-.15 F -2.028(If the double-quoted e)7.028 F 2.028(xpansion occurs)-.15 F .759 -(within a w)108 530.4 R .759(ord, the e)-.1 F .759 +1.374(of the)108 160.8 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)3.874 E F0 1.374 +(special v)3.624 F 1.375(ariable, and ${)-.25 F F1(name)A F0 1.375 +([@]} e)B 1.375(xpands each element of)-.15 F F1(name)3.875 E F0 1.375 +(to a separate w)3.875 F 3.875(ord. When)-.1 F 2.028 +(there are no array members, ${)108 172.8 R F1(name)A F0 2.028([@]} e)B +2.028(xpands to nothing.)-.15 F 2.027(If the double-quoted e)7.028 F +2.027(xpansion occurs)-.15 F .758(within a w)108 184.8 R .759 +(ord, the e)-.1 F .759 (xpansion of the \214rst parameter is joined with the be)-.15 F .759 -(ginning part of the original w)-.15 F(ord,)-.1 E .515(and the e)108 -542.4 R .516(xpansion of the last parameter is joined with the last par\ -t of the original w)-.15 F 3.016(ord. This)-.1 F .516(is analogous)3.016 -F .228(to the e)108 554.4 R .228(xpansion of the special parameters)-.15 -F F1(*)2.728 E F0(and)2.728 E F1(@)2.728 E F0(\(see)2.728 E F1 .228 -(Special P)2.728 F(arameters)-.1 E F0(abo)2.727 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.727 -(\). ${#).15 F F2(name)A F0([)A F2(subscript)A F0(]})A -.15(ex)108 566.4 -S .886(pands to the length of ${).15 F F2(name)A F0([)A F2(subscript)A -F0 3.386(]}. If)B F2(subscript)3.386 E F0(is)3.386 E F1(*)3.386 E F0(or) -3.386 E F1(@)3.386 E F0 3.386(,t)C .886(he e)-3.386 F .886 -(xpansion is the number of ele-)-.15 F .463(ments in the array)108 578.4 -R 5.463(.R)-.65 G .463(eferencing an array v)-5.463 F .462 -(ariable without a subscript is equi)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .462 -(lent to referencing the array).25 F .233(with a subscript of 0.)108 -590.4 R .233(If the)5.233 F F2(subscript)3.073 E F0 .233 -(used to reference an element of an inde)3.413 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.733 -(da).15 G .233(rray e)-2.733 F -.25(va)-.25 G .233(luates to a num-).25 -F .617(ber less than zero, it is interpreted as relati)108 602.4 R .917 --.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.117(oo).15 G .616(ne greater than the maximum inde) --3.117 F 3.116(xo)-.15 G 3.116(ft)-3.116 G .616(he array)-3.116 F 3.116 -(,s)-.65 G 3.116(on)-3.116 G -.15(eg)-3.116 G(-).15 E(ati)108 614.4 Q .3 --.15(ve i)-.25 H(ndices count back from the end of the array).15 E 2.5 -(,a)-.65 G(nd an inde)-2.5 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5<66ad>-2.5 G 2.5(1r)-2.5 G -(eferences the last element.)-2.5 E .168(An array v)108 631.2 R .168 -(ariable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a v)-.25 F -2.668(alue. The)-.25 F .168(null string is a v)2.668 F .168(alid v)-.25 -F(alue.)-.25 E .418(It is possible to obtain the k)108 648 R -.15(ey)-.1 -G 2.918(s\().15 G .418(indices\) of an array as well as the v)-2.918 F -2.917(alues. ${)-.25 F F1(!)A F2(name)A F0([)A F2(@)A F0 .417(]} and ${) -B F1(!)A F2(name)A F0([)A F2(*)A F0(]})A -.15(ex)108 660 S .749 -(pand to the indices assigned in array v).15 F(ariable)-.25 E F2(name) +(ginning part of the original w)-.15 F(ord,)-.1 E .516(and the e)108 +196.8 R .516(xpansion of the last parameter is joined with the last par\ +t of the original w)-.15 F 3.015(ord. This)-.1 F .515(is analogous)3.015 +F .227(to the e)108 208.8 R .228(xpansion of the special parameters)-.15 +F F2(*)2.728 E F0(and)2.728 E F2(@)2.728 E F0(\(see)2.728 E F2 .228 +(Special P)2.728 F(arameters)-.1 E F0(abo)2.728 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.728 +(\). ${#).15 F F1(name)A F0([)A F1(subscript)A F0(]})A -.15(ex)108 220.8 +S .886(pands to the length of ${).15 F F1(name)A F0([)A F1(subscript)A +F0 3.386(]}. If)B F1(subscript)3.386 E F0(is)3.386 E F2(*)3.386 E F0(or) +3.386 E F2(@)3.386 E F0 3.386(,t)C .886(he e)-3.386 F .886 +(xpansion is the number of ele-)-.15 F .294(ments in the array)108 232.8 +R 5.294(.I)-.65 G 2.794(ft)-5.294 G(he)-2.794 E F1(subscript)3.135 E F0 +.295(used to reference an element of an inde)3.475 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +2.795(da).15 G .295(rray e)-2.795 F -.25(va)-.25 G .295 +(luates to a number).25 F .629 +(less than zero, it is interpreted as relati)108 244.8 R .929 -.15(ve t) +-.25 H 3.128(oo).15 G .628(ne greater than the maximum inde)-3.128 F +3.128(xo)-.15 G 3.128(ft)-3.128 G .628(he array)-3.128 F 3.128(,s)-.65 G +3.128(on)-3.128 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-3.128 H(ti).15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +(indices count back from the end of the array)108 256.8 Q 2.5(,a)-.65 G +(nd an inde)-2.5 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5<66ad>-2.5 G 2.5(1r)-2.5 G +(eferences the last element.)-2.5 E .595(Referencing an array v)108 +273.6 R .595(ariable without a subscript is equi)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G +.595(lent to referencing the array with a subscript of).25 F 2.5(0. An) +108 285.6 R 2.5(yr)-.15 G(eference to a v)-2.5 E(ariable using a v)-.25 +E(alid subscript is le)-.25 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(l, and).05 E F2(bash)2.5 E +F0(will create an array if necessary)2.5 E(.)-.65 E(An array v)108 302.4 +Q(ariable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a v)-.25 E +2.5(alue. The)-.25 F(null string is a v)2.5 E(alid v)-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E +.418(It is possible to obtain the k)108 319.2 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.918(s\() +.15 G .418(indices\) of an array as well as the v)-2.918 F 2.917 +(alues. ${)-.25 F F2(!)A F1(name)A F0([)A F1(@)A F0 .417(]} and ${)B F2 +(!)A F1(name)A F0([)A F1(*)A F0(]})A -.15(ex)108 331.2 S .749 +(pand to the indices assigned in array v).15 F(ariable)-.25 E F1(name) 3.249 E F0 5.749(.T)C .75 -(he treatment when in double quotes is similar to)-5.749 F(the e)108 672 -Q(xpansion of the special parameters)-.15 E F2(@)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F2 -(*)2.5 E F0(within double quotes.)2.5 E(The)108 688.8 Q F1(unset)2.767 E -F0 -.2(bu)2.767 G .267(iltin is used to destro).2 F 2.767(ya)-.1 G -(rrays.)-2.767 E F1(unset)5.267 E F2(name)2.767 E F0([)A F2(subscript)A +(he treatment when in double quotes is similar to)-5.749 F(the e)108 +343.2 Q(xpansion of the special parameters)-.15 E F1(@)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 +E F1(*)2.5 E F0(within double quotes.)2.5 E(The)108 360 Q F2(unset)2.767 +E F0 -.2(bu)2.767 G .267(iltin is used to destro).2 F 2.767(ya)-.1 G +(rrays.)-2.767 E F2(unset)5.267 E F1(name)2.767 E F0([)A F1(subscript)A F0 2.767(]d)C(estro)-2.767 E .267(ys the array element at inde)-.1 F(x) --.15 E F2(sub-)2.766 E(script)108 700.8 Q F0 6.318(.N)C -2.25 -.15(eg a) +-.15 E F1(sub-)2.766 E(script)108 372 Q F0 6.318(.N)C -2.25 -.15(eg a) -6.318 H(ti).15 E 1.618 -.15(ve s)-.25 H 1.318(ubscripts to inde).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.818(da).15 G 1.319 (rrays are interpreted as described abo)-3.818 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 6.319 (.C).15 G 1.319(are must be tak)-6.319 F 1.319(en to)-.1 F -.2(avo)108 -712.8 S .298(id unw).2 F .298(anted side ef)-.1 F .298 -(fects caused by pathname e)-.25 F(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(unset)5.298 E F2 -(name)2.797 E F0 2.797(,w)C(here)-2.797 E F2(name)2.797 E F0 .297 -(is an array)2.797 F 2.797(,o)-.65 G(r)-2.797 E F1(unset)2.797 E F2 -(name)108 724.8 Q F0([)A F2(subscript)A F0(], where)A F2(subscript)2.5 E -F0(is)2.5 E F1(*)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1(@)2.5 E F0 2.5(,r)C(emo)-2.5 E --.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he entire array)-2.5 E(.)-.65 E -(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(18)190.95 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 19 19 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E(The)108 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(declar)3.573 E(e)-.18 E F0(,)A -F1(local)3.573 E F0 3.573(,a)C(nd)-3.573 E F1 -.18(re)3.573 G(adonly).18 -E F0 -.2(bu)3.573 G 1.073(iltins each accept a).2 F F13.573 E F0 -1.073(option to specify an inde)3.573 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.574(da).15 G -1.074(rray and a)-3.574 F F13.574 E F0 .339 -(option to specify an associati)108 96 R .638 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 -E 5.338(.I)-.65 G 2.838(fb)-5.338 G .338(oth options are supplied,) --2.838 F F12.838 E F0(tak)2.838 E .338(es precedence.)-.1 F(The) -5.338 E F1 -.18(re)2.838 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.838 G(iltin).2 E .44 -(accepts a)108 108 R F12.941 E F0 .441 +384 S .298(id unw).2 F .298(anted side ef)-.1 F .298 +(fects caused by pathname e)-.25 F(xpansion.)-.15 E F2(unset)5.298 E F1 +(name)2.797 E F0 2.797(,w)C(here)-2.797 E F1(name)2.797 E F0 .297 +(is an array)2.797 F 2.797(,o)-.65 G(r)-2.797 E F2(unset)2.797 E F1 +(name)108 396 Q F0([)A F1(subscript)A F0(], where)A F1(subscript)2.5 E +F0(is)2.5 E F2(*)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F2(@)2.5 E F0 2.5(,r)C(emo)-2.5 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he entire array)-2.5 E(.)-.65 E(The)108 +412.8 Q F2(declar)3.573 E(e)-.18 E F0(,)A F2(local)3.573 E F0 3.573(,a)C +(nd)-3.573 E F2 -.18(re)3.573 G(adonly).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.573 G 1.073 +(iltins each accept a).2 F F23.573 E F0 1.073 +(option to specify an inde)3.573 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.574(da).15 G 1.074 +(rray and a)-3.574 F F23.574 E F0 .339 +(option to specify an associati)108 424.8 R .638 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray) +.15 E 5.338(.I)-.65 G 2.838(fb)-5.338 G .338(oth options are supplied,) +-2.838 F F22.838 E F0(tak)2.838 E .338(es precedence.)-.1 F(The) +5.338 E F2 -.18(re)2.838 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.838 G(iltin).2 E .44 +(accepts a)108 436.8 R F22.941 E F0 .441 (option to assign a list of w)2.941 F .441 (ords read from the standard input to an array)-.1 F 5.441(.T)-.65 G(he) --5.441 E F1(set)2.941 E F0(and)2.941 E F1(declar)2.941 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2 -(bu)108 120 S(iltins display array v).2 E(alues in a w)-.25 E -(ay that allo)-.1 E(ws them to be reused as assignments.)-.25 E/F2 10.95 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXP)72 136.8 Q(ANSION)-.81 E F0 .76(Expansion is perfo\ -rmed on the command line after it has been split into w)108 148.8 R 3.26 +-5.441 E F2(set)2.941 E F0(and)2.941 E F2(declar)2.941 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2 +(bu)108 448.8 S(iltins display array v).2 E(alues in a w)-.25 E +(ay that allo)-.1 E(ws them to be reused as assignments.)-.25 E/F4 10.95 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXP)72 465.6 Q(ANSION)-.81 E F0 .76(Expansion is perfo\ +rmed on the command line after it has been split into w)108 477.6 R 3.26 (ords. There)-.1 F .76(are se)3.26 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.26(nk).15 G .76 -(inds of)-3.26 F -.15(ex)108 160.8 S .369(pansion performed:).15 F/F3 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(br)2.869 E .369(ace e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 -E F3 .369(tilde e)2.869 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F3(par)2.869 E .369 -(ameter and variable e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F3 .37 -(command sub-)2.869 F(stitution)108 172.8 Q F0(,).24 E F3(arithmetic e) -2.5 E(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F3(wor)2.5 E 2.5(ds)-.37 G(plitting)-2.5 -E F0 2.5(,a).22 G(nd)-2.5 E F3(pathname e)2.5 E(xpansion)-.2 E F0(.).24 -E .419(The order of e)108 189.6 R .419(xpansions is: brace e)-.15 F .418 +(inds of)-3.26 F -.15(ex)108 489.6 S .369(pansion performed:).15 F F1 +(br)2.869 E .369(ace e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F1 .369(tilde e) +2.869 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F1(par)2.869 E .369 +(ameter and variable e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F1 .37 +(command sub-)2.869 F(stitution)108 501.6 Q F0(,).24 E F1(arithmetic e) +2.5 E(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F1(wor)2.5 E 2.5(ds)-.37 G(plitting)-2.5 +E F0 2.5(,a).22 G(nd)-2.5 E F1(pathname e)2.5 E(xpansion)-.2 E F0(.).24 +E .419(The order of e)108 518.4 R .419(xpansions is: brace e)-.15 F .418 (xpansion; tilde e)-.15 F .418(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .418 -(ariable e)-.25 F .418(xpansion, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)108 201.6 S +(ariable e)-.25 F .418(xpansion, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)108 530.4 S .195(pansion, and command substitution \(done in a left-to-right f).15 F .196(ashion\); w)-.1 F .196(ord splitting; and pathname e)-.1 F(xpan-) --.15 E(sion.)108 213.6 Q .257 -(On systems that can support it, there is an additional e)108 230.4 R -.257(xpansion a)-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable:).25 E F3(pr)2.757 E .257 +-.15 E(sion.)108 542.4 Q .257 +(On systems that can support it, there is an additional e)108 559.2 R +.257(xpansion a)-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable:).25 E F1(pr)2.757 E .257 (ocess substitution)-.45 F F0 5.257(.T)C .256(his is per)-5.257 F(-)-.2 -E(formed at the same time as tilde, parameter)108 242.4 Q 2.5(,v)-.4 G +E(formed at the same time as tilde, parameter)108 571.2 Q 2.5(,v)-.4 G (ariable, and arithmetic e)-2.75 E(xpansion and command substitution.) --.15 E 1.486(Only brace e)108 259.2 R 1.486(xpansion, w)-.15 F 1.486 +-.15 E .002(After these e)108 588 R .003 +(xpansions are performed, quote characters present in the original w) +-.15 F .003(ord are remo)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.503(du).15 G .003 +(nless the)-2.503 F(y)-.15 E(ha)108 600 Q .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H +(een quoted themselv).15 E(es \()-.15 E F1(quote r)A(emo)-.37 E(val)-.1 +E F0(\).)A 1.487(Only brace e)108 616.8 R 1.487(xpansion, w)-.15 F 1.487 (ord splitting, and pathname e)-.1 F 1.487 -(xpansion can change the number of w)-.15 F 1.487(ords of the)-.1 F -.15 -(ex)108 271.2 S 1.165(pansion; other e).15 F 1.165(xpansions e)-.15 F -1.165(xpand a single w)-.15 F 1.165(ord to a single w)-.1 F 3.665 -(ord. The)-.1 F 1.164(only e)3.665 F 1.164(xceptions to this are the) --.15 F -.15(ex)108 283.2 S(pansions of ").15 E F1($@)A F0 2.5("a)C(nd ") --2.5 E F1(${)A F3(name)A F1([@]})A F0 2.5("a)C 2.5(se)-2.5 G -(xplained abo)-2.65 E .3 -.15(ve \()-.15 H(see).15 E/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 -SF -.666(PA)2.5 G(RAMETERS).666 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(\).)A F1 -(Brace Expansion)87 300 Q F3(Br)108.58 312 Q .606(ace e)-.15 F(xpansion) --.2 E F0 .606 +(xpansion can change the number of w)-.15 F 1.486(ords of the)-.1 F -.15 +(ex)108 628.8 S 1.164(pansion; other e).15 F 1.164(xpansions e)-.15 F +1.164(xpand a single w)-.15 F 1.165(ord to a single w)-.1 F 3.665 +(ord. The)-.1 F 1.165(only e)3.665 F 1.165(xceptions to this are the) +-.15 F -.15(ex)108 640.8 S(pansions of ").15 E F2($@)A F0 2.5("a)C(nd ") +-2.5 E F2(${)A F1(name)A F2([@]})A F0 2.5("a)C 2.5(se)-2.5 G +(xplained abo)-2.65 E .3 -.15(ve \()-.15 H(see).15 E F3 -.666(PA)2.5 G +(RAMETERS).666 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(\).)A F2(Brace Expansion)87 657.6 +Q F1(Br)108.58 669.6 Q .606(ace e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 .606 (is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be generated.)3.346 F -.606(This mechanism is similar)5.606 F(to)108 324 Q F3 .415(pathname e) -2.915 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 2.915(,b)C .415 +.606(This mechanism is similar)5.606 F(to)108 681.6 Q F1 .415 +(pathname e)2.915 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 2.915(,b)C .415 (ut the \214lenames generated need not e)-3.115 F 2.915(xist. P)-.15 F .415(atterns to be brace e)-.15 F .415(xpanded tak)-.15 F 2.915(et)-.1 G -(he)-2.915 E .151(form of an optional)108 336 R F3(pr)2.651 E(eamble) +(he)-2.915 E .152(form of an optional)108 693.6 R F1(pr)2.652 E(eamble) -.37 E F0 2.651(,f).18 G(ollo)-2.651 E .151 (wed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a sequence e)-.25 -F(xpres-)-.15 E .563(sion between a pair of braces, follo)108 348 R .563 -(wed by an optional)-.25 F F3(postscript)3.063 E F0 5.563(.T).68 G .563 -(he preamble is pre\214x)-5.563 F .563(ed to each string)-.15 F .659(co\ -ntained within the braces, and the postscript is then appended to each \ -resulting string, e)108 360 R .659(xpanding left to)-.15 F(right.)108 -372 Q .719(Brace e)108 388.8 R .719(xpansions may be nested.)-.15 F .719 -(The results of each e)5.719 F .719 -(xpanded string are not sorted; left to right order is)-.15 F(preserv) -108 400.8 Q 2.5(ed. F)-.15 F(or e)-.15 E(xample, a)-.15 E F1({)A F0 -(d,c,b)A F1(})A F0 2.5(ee)C(xpands into `ade ace abe'.)-2.65 E 3.242(As) -108 417.6 S .742(equence e)-3.242 F .742(xpression tak)-.15 F .742 -(es the form)-.1 F F1({)3.242 E F3(x)A F1(..)A F3(y)A F1([..)A F3(incr)A -F1(]})A F0 3.242(,w)C(here)-3.242 E F3(x)3.242 E F0(and)3.243 E F3(y) -3.243 E F0 .743(are either inte)3.243 F .743(gers or single characters,) --.15 F(and)108 429.6 Q F3(incr)3.032 E F0 3.032(,a)C 3.032(no)-3.032 G -.532(ptional increment, is an inte)-3.032 F(ger)-.15 E 5.532(.W)-.55 G -.532(hen inte)-5.532 F .532(gers are supplied, the e)-.15 F .532 -(xpression e)-.15 F .531(xpands to each)-.15 F .077(number between)108 -441.6 R F3(x)2.577 E F0(and)2.577 E F3(y)2.577 E F0 2.577(,i)C(nclusi) --2.577 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.077(.S).15 G .077(upplied inte)-5.077 F .077 -(gers may be pre\214x)-.15 F .077(ed with)-.15 F F3(0)2.577 E F0 .078 -(to force each term to ha)2.578 F .378 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he).15 E .015 -(same width.)108 453.6 R .015(When either)5.015 F F3(x)2.515 E F0(or) -2.515 E F3(y)2.515 E F0(be)2.515 E .014(gins with a zero, the shell att\ +F(xpres-)-.15 E .563(sion between a pair of braces, follo)108 705.6 R +.563(wed by an optional)-.25 F F1(postscript)3.063 E F0 5.563(.T).68 G +.563(he preamble is pre\214x)-5.563 F .563(ed to each string)-.15 F .659 +(contained within the braces, and the postscript is then appended to ea\ +ch resulting string, e)108 717.6 R .658(xpanding left to)-.15 F(right.) +108 729.6 Q(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(19)192.055 E +0 Cg EP +%%Page: 20 20 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .718(Brace e)108 +84 R .719(xpansions may be nested.)-.15 F .719(The results of each e) +5.719 F .719(xpanded string are not sorted; left to right order is)-.15 +F(preserv)108 96 Q 2.5(ed. F)-.15 F(or e)-.15 E(xample, a)-.15 E/F1 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF({)A F0(d,c,b)A F1(})A F0 2.5(ee)C +(xpands into `ade ace abe'.)-2.65 E 3.243(As)108 112.8 S .743(equence e) +-3.243 F .743(xpression tak)-.15 F .743(es the form)-.1 F F1({)3.243 E +/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(x)A F1(..)A F2(y)A F1([..)A F2(incr)A F1(]})A +F0 3.243(,w)C(here)-3.243 E F2(x)3.243 E F0(and)3.242 E F2(y)3.242 E F0 +.742(are either inte)3.242 F .742(gers or single characters,)-.15 F(and) +108 124.8 Q F2(incr)3.031 E F0 3.031(,a)C 3.032(no)-3.031 G .532 +(ptional increment, is an inte)-3.032 F(ger)-.15 E 5.532(.W)-.55 G .532 +(hen inte)-5.532 F .532(gers are supplied, the e)-.15 F .532 +(xpression e)-.15 F .532(xpands to each)-.15 F .078(number between)108 +136.8 R F2(x)2.578 E F0(and)2.578 E F2(y)2.578 E F0 2.578(,i)C(nclusi) +-2.578 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.078(.S).15 G .078(upplied inte)-5.078 F .077 +(gers may be pre\214x)-.15 F .077(ed with)-.15 F F2(0)2.577 E F0 .077 +(to force each term to ha)2.577 F .377 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he).15 E .014 +(same width.)108 148.8 R .014(When either)5.014 F F2(x)2.514 E F0(or) +2.514 E F2(y)2.514 E F0(be)2.514 E .015(gins with a zero, the shell att\ empts to force all generated terms to contain)-.15 F 1.143 -(the same number of digits, zero-padding where necessary)108 465.6 R +(the same number of digits, zero-padding where necessary)108 160.8 R 6.143(.W)-.65 G 1.143(hen characters are supplied, the e)-6.143 F -(xpression)-.15 E -.15(ex)108 477.6 S 1.064(pands to each character le) -.15 F 1.064(xicographically between)-.15 F F3(x)3.564 E F0(and)3.564 E -F3(y)3.564 E F0 3.564(,i)C(nclusi)-3.564 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.564(,u).15 G -1.064(sing the def)-3.564 F 1.064(ault C locale.)-.1 F(Note)6.064 E .983 -(that both)108 489.6 R F3(x)3.483 E F0(and)3.483 E F3(y)3.483 E F0 .983 -(must be of the same type.)3.483 F .984 +(xpression)-.15 E -.15(ex)108 172.8 S 1.064(pands to each character le) +.15 F 1.064(xicographically between)-.15 F F2(x)3.564 E F0(and)3.564 E +F2(y)3.564 E F0 3.564(,i)C(nclusi)-3.564 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.564(,u).15 G +1.064(sing the def)-3.564 F 1.064(ault C locale.)-.1 F(Note)6.064 E .984 +(that both)108 184.8 R F2(x)3.484 E F0(and)3.484 E F2(y)3.484 E F0 .983 +(must be of the same type.)3.484 F .983 (When the increment is supplied, it is used as the dif)5.983 F(ference) --.25 E(between each term.)108 501.6 Q(The def)5 E -(ault increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate.)-.1 E .582(Brace e)108 518.4 -R .582(xpansion is performed before an)-.15 F 3.082(yo)-.15 G .581 -(ther e)-3.082 F .581(xpansions, and an)-.15 F 3.081(yc)-.15 G .581 -(haracters special to other e)-3.081 F(xpansions)-.15 E .015 -(are preserv)108 530.4 R .015(ed in the result.)-.15 F .015 -(It is strictly te)5.015 F(xtual.)-.15 E F1(Bash)5.016 E F0 .016 -(does not apply an)2.516 F 2.516(ys)-.15 G .016 -(yntactic interpretation to the con-)-2.516 F(te)108 542.4 Q +-.25 E(between each term.)108 196.8 Q(The def)5 E +(ault increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate.)-.1 E .581(Brace e)108 213.6 +R .581(xpansion is performed before an)-.15 F 3.081(yo)-.15 G .581 +(ther e)-3.081 F .581(xpansions, and an)-.15 F 3.082(yc)-.15 G .582 +(haracters special to other e)-3.082 F(xpansions)-.15 E .016 +(are preserv)108 225.6 R .016(ed in the result.)-.15 F .016 +(It is strictly te)5.016 F(xtual.)-.15 E F1(Bash)5.016 E F0 .015 +(does not apply an)2.516 F 2.515(ys)-.15 G .015 +(yntactic interpretation to the con-)-2.515 F(te)108 237.6 Q (xt of the e)-.15 E(xpansion or the te)-.15 E(xt between the braces.) --.15 E 3.633(Ac)108 559.2 S 1.133(orrectly-formed brace e)-3.633 F 1.132 +-.15 E 3.632(Ac)108 254.4 S 1.132(orrectly-formed brace e)-3.632 F 1.132 (xpansion must contain unquoted opening and closing braces, and at leas\ -t one)-.15 F 3.44(unquoted comma or a v)108 571.2 R 3.441 +t one)-.15 F 3.441(unquoted comma or a v)108 266.4 R 3.441 (alid sequence e)-.25 F 5.941(xpression. An)-.15 F 5.941(yi)-.15 G 3.441 -(ncorrectly formed brace e)-5.941 F 3.441(xpansion is left)-.15 F 2.755 -(unchanged. A)108 583.2 R F1({)2.755 E F0(or)2.755 E F1(,)2.755 E F0 +(ncorrectly formed brace e)-5.941 F 3.44(xpansion is left)-.15 F 2.755 +(unchanged. A)108 278.4 R F1({)2.755 E F0(or)2.755 E F1(,)2.755 E F0 .255(may be quoted with a backslash to pre)2.755 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .255 -(nt its being considered part of a brace e).15 F(xpres-)-.15 E 2.91 -(sion. T)108 595.2 R 2.91(oa)-.8 G -.2(vo)-3.11 G .41 +(nt its being considered part of a brace e).15 F(xpres-)-.15 E 2.911 +(sion. T)108 290.4 R 2.911(oa)-.8 G -.2(vo)-3.111 G .411 (id con\215icts with parameter e).2 F .411(xpansion, the string)-.15 F -F1(${)2.911 E F0 .411(is not considered eligible for brace e)2.911 F -(xpan-)-.15 E(sion.)108 607.2 Q 1.476(This construct is typically used \ +F1(${)2.911 E F0 .41(is not considered eligible for brace e)2.911 F +(xpan-)-.15 E(sion.)108 302.4 Q 1.476(This construct is typically used \ as shorthand when the common pre\214x of the strings to be generated is) -108 624 R(longer than in the abo)108 636 Q .3 -.15(ve ex)-.15 H(ample:) -.15 E(mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,ne)144 652.8 Q -.65(w,)-.25 G -(dist,b).65 E(ugs})-.2 E(or)108 664.8 Q(cho)144 676.8 Q +108 319.2 R(longer than in the abo)108 331.2 Q .3 -.15(ve ex)-.15 H +(ample:).15 E(mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,ne)144 348 Q -.65(w,)-.25 G +(dist,b).65 E(ugs})-.2 E(or)108 360 Q(cho)144 372 Q (wn root /usr/{ucb/{e)-.25 E(x,edit},lib/{e)-.15 E(x?.?*,ho)-.15 E(w_e) --.25 E(x}})-.15 E .618(Brace e)108 693.6 R .618 +-.25 E(x}})-.15 E .618(Brace e)108 388.8 R .618 (xpansion introduces a slight incompatibility with historical v)-.15 F .618(ersions of)-.15 F F1(sh)3.118 E F0(.)A F1(sh)5.618 E F0 .618 -(does not treat open-)3.118 F .248 -(ing or closing braces specially when the)108 705.6 R 2.748(ya)-.15 G -.247(ppear as part of a w)-2.748 F .247(ord, and preserv)-.1 F .247 -(es them in the output.)-.15 F F1(Bash)5.247 E F0(remo)108 717.6 Q -.15 +(does not treat open-)3.118 F .247 +(ing or closing braces specially when the)108 400.8 R 2.747(ya)-.15 G +.247(ppear as part of a w)-2.747 F .248(ord, and preserv)-.1 F .248 +(es them in the output.)-.15 F F1(Bash)5.248 E F0(remo)108 412.8 Q -.15 (ve)-.15 G 3.53(sb).15 G 1.03(races from w)-3.53 F 1.03 (ords as a consequence of brace e)-.1 F 3.53(xpansion. F)-.15 F 1.03 (or e)-.15 F 1.03(xample, a w)-.15 F 1.03(ord entered to)-.1 F F1(sh) -3.53 E F0(as)3.53 E F3(\214le{1,2})108 729.6 Q F0 .515 -(appears identically in the output.)3.015 F .515(The same w)5.515 F .515 -(ord is output as)-.1 F F3 .514(\214le1 \214le2)4.925 F F0 .514(after e) -3.034 F .514(xpansion by)-.15 F F1(bash)3.014 E F0(.)A(GNU Bash 4.3)72 -768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(19)190.95 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 20 20 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E .436(If strict compatibility with)108 84 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -(sh)2.936 E F0 .436(is desired, start)2.936 F F1(bash)2.936 E F0 .436 -(with the)2.936 F F1(+B)2.936 E F0 .436(option or disable brace e)2.936 -F .437(xpansion with the)-.15 F F1(+B)108 96 Q F0(option to the)2.5 E F1 -(set)2.5 E F0(command \(see)2.5 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E +3.53 E F0(as)3.53 E F2(\214le{1,2})108 424.8 Q F0 .514 +(appears identically in the output.)3.014 F .515(The same w)5.515 F .515 +(ord is output as)-.1 F F2 .515(\214le1 \214le2)4.925 F F0 .515(after e) +3.035 F .515(xpansion by)-.15 F F1(bash)3.015 E F0(.)A .437 +(If strict compatibility with)108 436.8 R F1(sh)2.936 E F0 .436 +(is desired, start)2.936 F F1(bash)2.936 E F0 .436(with the)2.936 F F1 +(+B)2.936 E F0 .436(option or disable brace e)2.936 F .436 +(xpansion with the)-.15 F F1(+B)108 448.8 Q F0(option to the)2.5 E F1 +(set)2.5 E F0(command \(see)2.5 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E (UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1 -.18(Ti) -87 112.8 S(lde Expansion).18 E F0 1.087(If a w)108 124.8 R 1.087(ord be) --.1 F 1.087(gins with an unquoted tilde character \(`)-.15 F F1(~)A F0 -1.086('\), all of the characters preceding the \214rst unquoted)B .185(\ +87 465.6 S(lde Expansion).18 E F0 1.086(If a w)108 477.6 R 1.086(ord be) +-.1 F 1.086(gins with an unquoted tilde character \(`)-.15 F F1(~)A F0 +1.087('\), all of the characters preceding the \214rst unquoted)B .185(\ slash \(or all characters, if there is no unquoted slash\) are consider\ -ed a)108 136.8 R/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(tilde-pr)2.685 E(e\214x)-.37 E -F0 5.185(.I)C 2.685(fn)-5.185 G .185(one of the characters)-2.685 F .726 -(in the tilde-pre\214x are quoted, the characters in the tilde-pre\214x\ - follo)108 148.8 R .725(wing the tilde are treated as a possible)-.25 F -F3(lo)108 160.8 Q .522(gin name)-.1 F F0 5.522(.I)C 3.022(ft)-5.522 G -.522 +ed a)108 489.6 R F2(tilde-pr)2.685 E(e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.185(.I)C 2.685 +(fn)-5.185 G .185(one of the characters)-2.685 F .725(in the tilde-pre\ +\214x are quoted, the characters in the tilde-pre\214x follo)108 501.6 R +.726(wing the tilde are treated as a possible)-.25 F F2(lo)108 513.6 Q +.523(gin name)-.1 F F0 5.523(.I)C 3.023(ft)-5.523 G .523 (his login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the v) --3.022 F .523(alue of the shell parameter)-.25 F F2(HOME)108 172.8 Q/F4 -9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If)4.787 E F2(HOME)2.787 E F0 .287 -(is unset, the home directory of the user e)2.537 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .286 -(cuting the shell is substituted instead.).15 F(Other)5.286 E(-)-.2 E(w\ +-3.023 F .522(alue of the shell parameter)-.25 F F3(HOME)108 525.6 Q/F4 +9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If)4.786 E F3(HOME)2.786 E F0 .287 +(is unset, the home directory of the user e)2.536 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .287 +(cuting the shell is substituted instead.).15 F(Other)5.287 E(-)-.2 E(w\ ise, the tilde-pre\214x is replaced with the home directory associated \ -with the speci\214ed login name.)108 184.8 Q .092 -(If the tilde-pre\214x is a `~+', the v)108 201.6 R .092 -(alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F2(PWD)2.592 E F0 .092 -(replaces the tilde-pre\214x.)2.342 F .093(If the tilde-pre\214x is) -5.093 F 3.404(a`)108 213.6 S .904(~\255', the v)-3.404 F .904 -(alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F2(OLDPWD)3.404 E F4(,)A F0 -.904(if it is set, is substituted.)3.154 F .903(If the characters follo) -5.903 F .903(wing the)-.25 F 1.641 -(tilde in the tilde-pre\214x consist of a number)108 225.6 R F3(N)4.141 -E F0 4.142(,o)C 1.642(ptionally pre\214x)-4.142 F 1.642 -(ed by a `+' or a `\255', the tilde-pre\214x is)-.15 F 1.438(replaced w\ +with the speci\214ed login name.)108 537.6 Q .093 +(If the tilde-pre\214x is a `~+', the v)108 554.4 R .092 +(alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(PWD)2.592 E F0 .092 +(replaces the tilde-pre\214x.)2.342 F .092(If the tilde-pre\214x is) +5.092 F 3.403(a`)108 566.4 S .903(~\255', the v)-3.403 F .903 +(alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(OLDPWD)3.404 E F4(,)A F0 +.904(if it is set, is substituted.)3.154 F .904(If the characters follo) +5.904 F .904(wing the)-.25 F 1.642 +(tilde in the tilde-pre\214x consist of a number)108 578.4 R F2(N)4.142 +E F0 4.142(,o)C 1.642(ptionally pre\214x)-4.142 F 1.641 +(ed by a `+' or a `\255', the tilde-pre\214x is)-.15 F 1.437(replaced w\ ith the corresponding element from the directory stack, as it w)108 -237.6 R 1.437(ould be displayed by the)-.1 F F1(dirs)3.937 E F0 -.2(bu) -108 249.6 S .454(iltin in).2 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.954(dw).1 G -.454(ith the tilde-pre\214x as an ar)-2.954 F 2.954(gument. If)-.18 F -.454(the characters follo)2.954 F .455 +590.4 R 1.438(ould be displayed by the)-.1 F F1(dirs)3.938 E F0 -.2(bu) +108 602.4 S .455(iltin in).2 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.955(dw).1 G +.455(ith the tilde-pre\214x as an ar)-2.955 F 2.954(gument. If)-.18 F +.454(the characters follo)2.954 F .454 (wing the tilde in the tilde-pre\214x)-.25 F (consist of a number without a leading `+' or `\255', `+' is assumed.) -108 261.6 Q(If the login name is in)108 278.4 Q -.25(va)-.4 G +108 614.4 Q(If the login name is in)108 631.2 Q -.25(va)-.4 G (lid, or the tilde e).25 E(xpansion f)-.15 E(ails, the w)-.1 E -(ord is unchanged.)-.1 E .167(Each v)108 295.2 R .167 +(ord is unchanged.)-.1 E .166(Each v)108 648 R .167 (ariable assignment is check)-.25 F .167(ed for unquoted tilde-pre\214x) -.1 F .167(es immediately follo)-.15 F .167(wing a)-.25 F F1(:)2.667 E -F0 .167(or the \214rst)2.667 F F1(=)2.666 E F0 5.166(.I)C(n)-5.166 E -.467(these cases, tilde e)108 307.2 R .467(xpansion is also performed.) --.15 F(Consequently)5.467 E 2.967(,o)-.65 G .468 -(ne may use \214lenames with tildes in assign-)-2.967 F(ments to)108 -319.2 Q F2 -.666(PA)2.5 G(TH)-.189 E F4(,)A F2(MAILP)2.25 E -.855(AT) --.666 G(H).855 E F4(,)A F0(and)2.25 E F2(CDP)2.5 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H) -.855 E F4(,)A F0(and the shell assigns the e)2.25 E(xpanded v)-.15 E -(alue.)-.25 E F1 -.1(Pa)87 336 S(rameter Expansion).1 E F0 1.606(The `) -108 348 R F1($)A F0 4.106('c)C 1.606(haracter introduces parameter e) --4.106 F 1.605(xpansion, command substitution, or arithmetic e)-.15 F -4.105(xpansion. The)-.15 F .406(parameter name or symbol to be e)108 360 -R .407(xpanded may be enclosed in braces, which are optional b)-.15 F -.407(ut serv)-.2 F 2.907(et)-.15 G 2.907(op)-2.907 G(ro-)-2.907 E .033 -(tect the v)108 372 R .033(ariable to be e)-.25 F .033 -(xpanded from characters immediately follo)-.15 F .032 -(wing it which could be interpreted as part)-.25 F(of the name.)108 384 -Q 1.189 +F0 .167(or the \214rst)2.667 F F1(=)2.667 E F0 5.167(.I)C(n)-5.167 E +.468(these cases, tilde e)108 660 R .468(xpansion is also performed.) +-.15 F(Consequently)5.467 E 2.967(,o)-.65 G .467 +(ne may use \214lenames with tildes in assign-)-2.967 F(ments to)108 672 +Q F3 -.666(PA)2.5 G(TH)-.189 E F4(,)A F3(MAILP)2.25 E -.855(AT)-.666 G +(H).855 E F4(,)A F0(and)2.25 E F3(CDP)2.5 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F4 +(,)A F0(and the shell assigns the e)2.25 E(xpanded v)-.15 E(alue.)-.25 E +F1 -.1(Pa)87 688.8 S(rameter Expansion).1 E F0 1.605(The `)108 700.8 R +F1($)A F0 4.105('c)C 1.605(haracter introduces parameter e)-4.105 F +1.606(xpansion, command substitution, or arithmetic e)-.15 F 4.106 +(xpansion. The)-.15 F .407(parameter name or symbol to be e)108 712.8 R +.407(xpanded may be enclosed in braces, which are optional b)-.15 F .406 +(ut serv)-.2 F 2.906(et)-.15 G 2.906(op)-2.906 G(ro-)-2.906 E .032 +(tect the v)108 724.8 R .032(ariable to be e)-.25 F .032 +(xpanded from characters immediately follo)-.15 F .033 +(wing it which could be interpreted as part)-.25 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q +(2016 August 26)142.895 E(20)192.055 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 21 21 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(of the name.)108 +84 Q 1.19 (When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the \214rst `)108 -400.8 R F1(})A F0 3.69('n)C 1.19(ot escaped by a backslash or within a) --3.69 F 2.15(quoted string, and not within an embedded arithmetic e)108 -412.8 R 2.15(xpansion, command substitution, or parameter)-.15 F -.15 -(ex)108 424.8 S(pansion.).15 E(${)108 441.6 Q F3(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0 -(})A 1.204(The v)144 453.6 R 1.204(alue of)-.25 F F3(par)3.704 E(ameter) --.15 E F0 1.204(is substituted.)3.704 F 1.204 -(The braces are required when)6.204 F F3(par)4.955 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 -1.205(is a positional)4.435 F .264 -(parameter with more than one digit, or when)144 465.6 R F3(par)4.014 E +100.8 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(})A F0 3.689('n)C 1.189 +(ot escaped by a backslash or within a)-3.689 F 2.15 +(quoted string, and not within an embedded arithmetic e)108 112.8 R 2.15 +(xpansion, command substitution, or parameter)-.15 F -.15(ex)108 124.8 S +(pansion.).15 E(${)108 141.6 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(par)A(ameter)-.15 +E F0(})A 1.205(The v)144 153.6 R 1.205(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)3.705 E +(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.204(is substituted.)3.705 F 1.204 +(The braces are required when)6.204 F F2(par)4.954 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 +1.204(is a positional)4.434 F .264 +(parameter with more than one digit, or when)144 165.6 R F2(par)4.014 E (ameter)-.15 E F0 .264(is follo)3.494 F .264 -(wed by a character which is not to)-.25 F 2.676 -(be interpreted as part of its name.)144 477.6 R(The)7.677 E F3(par) -5.177 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 2.677(is a shell parameter as described abo) -5.177 F -.15(ve)-.15 G F1 -.74(PA)144 489.6 S(RAMETERS).74 E F0 2.5(\)o) +(wed by a character which is not to)-.25 F 2.677 +(be interpreted as part of its name.)144 177.6 R(The)7.677 E F2(par) +5.177 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 2.676(is a shell parameter as described abo) +5.177 F -.15(ve)-.15 G F1 -.74(PA)144 189.6 S(RAMETERS).74 E F0 2.5(\)o) C 2.5(ra)-2.5 G 2.5(na)-2.5 G(rray reference \()-2.5 E F1(Arrays)A F0 -(\).)A .816(If the \214rst character of)108 506.4 R F3(par)3.316 E -(ameter)-.15 E F0 .816(is an e)3.316 F .816(xclamation point \()-.15 F -F1(!)A F0 .816(\), it introduces a le)B -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.316(lo).15 G -3.315(fv)-3.316 G .815(ariable indirection.)-3.565 F F1(Bash)108 518.4 Q -F0 .106(uses the v)2.606 F .106(alue of the v)-.25 F .106 -(ariable formed from the rest of)-.25 F F3(par)2.606 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 -.106(as the name of the v)2.606 F .106(ariable; this v)-.25 F(ari-)-.25 -E .352(able is then e)108 530.4 R .352(xpanded and that v)-.15 F .351 -(alue is used in the rest of the substitution, rather than the v)-.25 F -.351(alue of)-.25 F F3(par)2.851 E(ame-)-.15 E(ter)108 542.4 Q F0 2.519 -(itself. This)2.519 F .019(is kno)2.519 F .019(wn as)-.25 F F3(indir) -2.519 E .019(ect e)-.37 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 5.019(.T)C .019(he e)-5.019 -F .02(xceptions to this are the e)-.15 F .02(xpansions of ${)-.15 F F1 -(!)A F3(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F1(*)A F0 2.52(}a)C(nd)-2.52 E(${)108 554.4 Q -F1(!)A F3(name)A F0([)A F3(@)A F0 .763(]} described belo)B 4.563 -.65 -(w. T)-.25 H .763(he e).65 F .763 -(xclamation point must immediately follo)-.15 F 3.263(wt)-.25 G .763 -(he left brace in order to)-3.263 F(introduce indirection.)108 566.4 Q -.334(In each of the cases belo)108 583.2 R -.65(w,)-.25 G F3(wor)3.484 E +(\).)A .346(If the \214rst character of)108 206.4 R F2(par)2.846 E +(ameter)-.15 E F0 .346(is an e)2.846 F .346(xclamation point \()-.15 F +F1(!)A F0 .346(\), and)B F2(par)2.846 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .346(is not a) +2.846 F F2(namer)2.846 E(ef)-.37 E F0 2.847(,i)C 2.847(ti)-2.847 G +(ntroduces)-2.847 E 2.635(al)108 218.4 S -2.15 -.25(ev e)-2.635 H 2.635 +(lo).25 G 2.635(fv)-2.635 G .135(ariable indirection.)-2.885 F F1(Bash) +5.134 E F0 .134(uses the v)2.634 F .134(alue of the v)-.25 F .134 +(ariable formed from the rest of)-.25 F F2(par)2.634 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 +.134(as the)2.634 F 1.003(name of the v)108 230.4 R 1.003 +(ariable; this v)-.25 F 1.003(ariable is then e)-.25 F 1.003 +(xpanded and that v)-.15 F 1.003 +(alue is used in the rest of the substitution,)-.25 F .595 +(rather than the v)108 242.4 R .595(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)3.095 E +(ameter)-.15 E F0 3.095(itself. This)3.095 F .595(is kno)3.095 F .595 +(wn as)-.25 F F2(indir)3.095 E .595(ect e)-.37 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 5.594 +(.I)C(f)-5.594 E F2(par)3.094 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .594(is a nameref,) +3.094 F .477(this e)108 254.4 R .477(xpands to the name of the v)-.15 F +.477(ariable referenced by)-.25 F F2(par)2.978 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .478 +(instead of performing the complete indi-)2.978 F 2.164(rect e)108 266.4 +R 4.663(xpansion. The)-.15 F -.15(ex)4.663 G 2.163 +(ceptions to this are the e).15 F 2.163(xpansions of ${)-.15 F F1(!)A F2 +(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F1(*)A F0 4.663(}a)C 2.163(nd ${)-4.663 F F1(!)A F2 +(name)A F0([)A F2(@)A F0 2.163(]} described)B(belo)108 278.4 Q 3.8 -.65 +(w. T)-.25 H(he e).65 E(xclamation point must immediately follo)-.15 E +2.5(wt)-.25 G(he left brace in order to introduce indirection.)-2.5 E +.334(In each of the cases belo)108 295.2 R -.65(w,)-.25 G F2(wor)3.484 E (d)-.37 E F0 .334(is subject to tilde e)2.834 F .334 (xpansion, parameter e)-.15 F .334(xpansion, command substitution,)-.15 -F(and arithmetic e)108 595.2 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E 1.09 -(When not performing substring e)108 612 R 1.089 +F(and arithmetic e)108 307.2 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E 1.09 +(When not performing substring e)108 324 R 1.089 (xpansion, using the forms documented belo)-.15 F 3.589(w\()-.25 G (e.g.,)-3.589 E F1(:-)3.589 E F0(\),)A F1(bash)3.589 E F0 1.089 -(tests for a)3.589 F(parameter that is unset or null.)108 624 Q(Omittin\ +(tests for a)3.589 F(parameter that is unset or null.)108 336 Q(Omittin\ g the colon results in a test only for a parameter that is unset.)5 E -(${)108 640.8 Q F3(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1<3aad>A F3(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(}) -A F1 .722(Use Default V)144 652.8 R(alues)-.92 E F0 5.722(.I)C(f)-5.722 -E F3(par)4.472 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .723(is unset or null, the e)3.952 F -.723(xpansion of)-.15 F F3(wor)3.563 E(d)-.37 E F0 .723(is substituted.) -3.993 F(Other)5.723 E(-)-.2 E(wise, the v)144 664.8 Q(alue of)-.25 E F3 -(par)3.75 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is substituted.)3.23 E(${)108 676.8 Q F3 -(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(:=)A F3(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F1 2.005 -(Assign Default V)144 688.8 R(alues)-.92 E F0 7.005(.I)C(f)-7.005 E F3 +(${)108 352.8 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1<3aad>A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(}) +A F1 .722(Use Default V)144 364.8 R(alues)-.92 E F0 5.722(.I)C(f)-5.722 +E F2(par)4.472 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .723(is unset or null, the e)3.952 F +.723(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.563 E(d)-.37 E F0 .723(is substituted.) +3.993 F(Other)5.723 E(-)-.2 E(wise, the v)144 376.8 Q(alue of)-.25 E F2 +(par)3.75 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is substituted.)3.23 E(${)108 388.8 Q F2 +(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(:=)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F1 2.005 +(Assign Default V)144 400.8 R(alues)-.92 E F0 7.005(.I)C(f)-7.005 E F2 (par)5.755 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 2.005(is unset or null, the e)5.235 F -2.004(xpansion of)-.15 F F3(wor)4.844 E(d)-.37 E F0 2.004 -(is assigned to)5.274 F F3(par)144 700.8 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.278(.T).73 -G .278(he v)-5.278 F .278(alue of)-.25 F F3(par)4.028 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 +2.004(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)4.844 E(d)-.37 E F0 2.004 +(is assigned to)5.274 F F2(par)144 412.8 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.278(.T).73 +G .278(he v)-5.278 F .278(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)4.028 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .278(is then substituted.)3.508 F .279 (Positional parameters and special param-)5.278 F -(eters may not be assigned to in this w)144 712.8 Q(ay)-.1 E(.)-.65 E -(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(20)190.95 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 21 21 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E(${)108 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(par)A(ameter)-.15 E/F2 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(:?)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2 .535(Display Err)144 -96 R .535(or if Null or Unset)-.18 F F0 5.535(.I)C(f)-5.535 E F1(par) -4.285 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .535(is null or unset, the e)3.765 F .535 -(xpansion of)-.15 F F1(wor)3.035 E(d)-.37 E F0 .535(\(or a mes-)3.035 F -.661(sage to that ef)144 108 R .661(fect if)-.25 F F1(wor)3.501 E(d)-.37 -E F0 .662(is not present\) is written to the standard error and the she\ -ll, if it is not)3.931 F(interacti)144 120 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(,e).15 G -2.5(xits. Otherwise,)-2.65 F(the v)2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E F1(par)2.5 E -(ameter)-.15 E F0(is substituted.)2.5 E(${)108 132 Q F1(par)A(ameter) --.15 E F2(:+)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2 .745(Use Alter)144 144 R .745 -(nate V)-.15 F(alue)-.92 E F0 5.745(.I)C(f)-5.745 E F1(par)4.495 E -(ameter)-.15 E F0 .745 -(is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise the e)3.975 F -(xpan-)-.15 E(sion of)144 156 Q F1(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F0 -(is substituted.)3.27 E(${)108 168 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:)A F1 -(of)A(fset)-.18 E F0(})A(${)108 180 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:)A F1 -(of)A(fset)-.18 E F2(:)A F1(length)A F0(})A F2 .002(Substring Expansion) -144 192 R F0 5.002(.E)C .002(xpands to up to)-5.002 F F1(length)2.502 E -F0 .002(characters of the v)2.502 F .002(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.502 E +(eters may not be assigned to in this w)144 424.8 Q(ay)-.1 E(.)-.65 E +(${)108 436.8 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(:?)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A +F1 .535(Display Err)144 448.8 R .535(or if Null or Unset)-.18 F F0 5.535 +(.I)C(f)-5.535 E F2(par)4.285 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .535 +(is null or unset, the e)3.765 F .535(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.035 E +(d)-.37 E F0 .535(\(or a mes-)3.035 F .661(sage to that ef)144 460.8 R +.661(fect if)-.25 F F2(wor)3.501 E(d)-.37 E F0 .662(is not present\) is\ + written to the standard error and the shell, if it is not)3.931 F +(interacti)144 472.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(,e).15 G 2.5(xits. Otherwise,) +-2.65 F(the v)2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E F2(par)2.5 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 +(is substituted.)2.5 E(${)108 484.8 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(:+)A F2 +(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F1 .745(Use Alter)144 496.8 R .745(nate V)-.15 F +(alue)-.92 E F0 5.745(.I)C(f)-5.745 E F2(par)4.495 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 +.745(is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise the e)3.975 F +(xpan-)-.15 E(sion of)144 508.8 Q F2(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F0 +(is substituted.)3.27 E(${)108 520.8 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(:)A F2 +(of)A(fset)-.18 E F0(})A(${)108 532.8 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(:)A F2 +(of)A(fset)-.18 E F1(:)A F2(length)A F0(})A F1 .002(Substring Expansion) +144 544.8 R F0 5.002(.E)C .002(xpands to up to)-5.002 F F2(length)2.502 +E F0 .002(characters of the v)2.502 F .002(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)2.502 E (ameter)-.15 E F0 .002(starting at the)2.502 F 1.082 -(character speci\214ed by)144 204 R F1(of)3.582 E(fset)-.18 E F0 6.082 -(.I)C(f)-6.082 E F1(par)3.582 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.582 E F2(@)3.582 E +(character speci\214ed by)144 556.8 R F2(of)3.582 E(fset)-.18 E F0 6.082 +(.I)C(f)-6.082 E F2(par)3.582 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.582 E F1(@)3.582 E F0 3.582(,a)C 3.582(ni)-3.582 G(nde)-3.582 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.582(da).15 -G 1.082(rray subscripted by)-3.582 F F2(@)3.582 E F0(or)3.581 E F2(*) -3.581 E F0 3.581(,o)C 3.581(ra)-3.581 G(n)-3.581 E(associati)144 216 Q +G 1.082(rray subscripted by)-3.582 F F1(@)3.582 E F0(or)3.581 E F1(*) +3.581 E F0 3.581(,o)C 3.581(ra)-3.581 G(n)-3.581 E(associati)144 568.8 Q 1.022 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .722(rray name, the results dif).15 F .722 -(fer as described belo)-.25 F 4.522 -.65(w. I)-.25 H(f).65 E F1(length) +(fer as described belo)-.25 F 4.522 -.65(w. I)-.25 H(f).65 E F2(length) 3.222 E F0 .722(is omitted, e)3.222 F .722(xpands to the)-.15 F .043 -(substring of the v)144 228 R .043(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.543 E(ameter) --.15 E F0 .042(starting at the character speci\214ed by)2.543 F F1(of) -2.542 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .042(and e)2.542 F .042(xtending to the)-.15 F -.846(end of the v)144 240 R(alue.)-.25 E F1(length)5.846 E F0(and)3.346 -E F1(of)3.346 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .846(are arithmetic e)3.346 F .847 -(xpressions \(see)-.15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .847(ARITHMETIC EV)3.347 F -(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F0(belo)144 252 Q(w\).)-.25 E -(If)144 276 Q F1(of)3.029 E(fset)-.18 E F0 -.25(eva)3.029 G .529 -(luates to a number less than zero, the v).25 F .529 +(substring of the v)144 580.8 R .043(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)2.543 E +(ameter)-.15 E F0 .042(starting at the character speci\214ed by)2.543 F +F2(of)2.542 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .042(and e)2.542 F .042(xtending to the) +-.15 F .846(end of the v)144 592.8 R(alue.)-.25 E F2(length)5.846 E F0 +(and)3.346 E F2(of)3.346 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .846(are arithmetic e)3.346 F +.847(xpressions \(see)-.15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .847(ARITHMETIC EV) +3.347 F(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F0(belo)144 604.8 Q +(w\).)-.25 E(If)144 628.8 Q F2(of)3.029 E(fset)-.18 E F0 -.25(eva)3.029 +G .529(luates to a number less than zero, the v).25 F .529 (alue is used as an of)-.25 F .529(fset in characters from the)-.25 F -.045(end of the v)144 288 R .045(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.546 E(ameter) --.15 E F0 5.046(.I)C(f)-5.046 E F1(length)2.546 E F0 -.25(eva)2.546 G +.045(end of the v)144 640.8 R .045(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)2.546 E(ameter) +-.15 E F0 5.046(.I)C(f)-5.046 E F2(length)2.546 E F0 -.25(eva)2.546 G .046(luates to a number less than zero, it is interpreted as an).25 F -(of)144 300 Q .203(fset in characters from the end of the v)-.25 F .202 -(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.702 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .202 -(rather than a number of characters, and)2.702 F .557(the e)144 312 R -.557(xpansion is the characters between)-.15 F F1(of)3.057 E(fset)-.18 E +(of)144 652.8 Q .203(fset in characters from the end of the v)-.25 F +.202(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)2.702 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .202 +(rather than a number of characters, and)2.702 F .557(the e)144 664.8 R +.557(xpansion is the characters between)-.15 F F2(of)3.057 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .557(and that result.)3.057 F .558(Note that a ne)5.558 F -.05(ga) -.15 G(ti).05 E .858 -.15(ve o)-.25 H -.25(ff).15 G .558(set must be).25 -F(separated from the colon by at least one space to a)144 324 Q -.2(vo) --.2 G(id being confused with the).2 E F2(:-)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G -(pansion.).15 E(If)144 348 Q F1(par)2.959 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)2.959 E -F2(@)2.959 E F0 2.959(,t)C .459(he result is)-2.959 F F1(length)2.959 E -F0 .459(positional parameters be)2.959 F .458(ginning at)-.15 F F1(of) +F(separated from the colon by at least one space to a)144 676.8 Q -.2 +(vo)-.2 G(id being confused with the).2 E F1(:-)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(pansion.).15 E(If)144 700.8 Q F2(par)2.959 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)2.959 +E F1(@)2.959 E F0 2.959(,t)C .459(he result is)-2.959 F F2(length)2.959 +E F0 .459(positional parameters be)2.959 F .458(ginning at)-.15 F F2(of) 2.958 E(fset)-.18 E F0 5.458(.A)C(ne)-2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15 -(ve)-.25 G F1(of)3.108 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .095(is tak)144 360 R .095 +(ve)-.25 G F2(of)3.108 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .095(is tak)144 712.8 R .095 (en relati)-.1 F .396 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 2.596(oo).15 G .096 (ne greater than the greatest positional parameter)-2.596 F 2.596(,s)-.4 G 2.596(oa)-2.596 G 2.596(no)-2.596 G -.25(ff)-2.596 G .096(set of -1 e) .25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .096(luates to).25 F 1.322 -(the last positional parameter)144 372 R 6.322(.I)-.55 G 3.822(ti)-6.322 -G 3.822(sa)-3.822 G 3.822(ne)-3.822 G 1.322(xpansion error if)-3.972 F -F1(length)3.822 E F0 -.25(eva)3.822 G 1.322 -(luates to a number less than).25 F(zero.)144 384 Q(If)144 408 Q F1(par) -3.013 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .514(is an inde)3.013 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.014 -(da).15 G .514(rray name subscripted by @ or *, the result is the)-3.014 -F F1(length)3.014 E F0 .514(members of)3.014 F 1.082(the array be)144 -420 R 1.082(ginning with ${)-.15 F F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0([)A F1(of)A -(fset)-.18 E F0 3.582(]}. A)B(ne)3.582 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15 -(ve)-.25 G F1(of)3.732 E(fset)-.18 E F0 1.081(is tak)3.581 F 1.081 -(en relati)-.1 F 1.381 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.581(oo).15 G 1.081(ne greater) --3.581 F 1.079(than the maximum inde)144 432 R 3.579(xo)-.15 G 3.579(ft) --3.579 G 1.079(he speci\214ed array)-3.579 F 6.079(.I)-.65 G 3.579(ti) --6.079 G 3.579(sa)-3.579 G 3.58(ne)-3.579 G 1.08(xpansion error if)-3.73 -F F1(length)3.58 E F0 -.25(eva)3.58 G 1.08(luates to a).25 F -(number less than zero.)144 444 Q(Substring e)144 468 Q -(xpansion applied to an associati)-.15 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -(rray produces unde\214ned results.).15 E 1.931(Substring inde)144 492 R -1.931(xing is zero-based unless the positional parameters are used, in \ -which case the)-.15 F(inde)144 504 Q .306(xing starts at 1 by def)-.15 F -2.806(ault. If)-.1 F F1(of)2.807 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .307 -(is 0, and the positional parameters are used,)2.807 F F2($0)2.807 E F0 -.307(is pre\214x)2.807 F(ed)-.15 E(to the list.)144 516 Q(${)108 532.8 Q -F2(!)A F1(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F2(*)A F0(})A(${)108 544.8 Q F2(!)A F1(pr)A -(e\214x)-.37 E F2(@)A F0(})A F2 .085(Names matching pr)144 556.8 R -(e\214x)-.18 E F0 5.085(.E)C .084(xpands to the names of v)-5.085 F .084 -(ariables whose names be)-.25 F .084(gin with)-.15 F F1(pr)2.584 E -(e\214x)-.37 E F0 2.584(,s)C(epa-)-2.584 E .257 -(rated by the \214rst character of the)144 568.8 R F3(IFS)2.757 E F0 -.257(special v)2.507 F 2.757(ariable. When)-.25 F F1(@)2.758 E F0 .258 -(is used and the e)2.758 F .258(xpansion appears)-.15 F -(within double quotes, each v)144 580.8 Q(ariable name e)-.25 E -(xpands to a separate w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E(${)108 597.6 Q F2(!)A F1(name) -A F0([)A F1(@)A F0(]})A(${)108 609.6 Q F2(!)A F1(name)A F0([)A F1(*)A F0 -(]})A F2 2.036(List of array k)144 621.6 R(eys)-.1 E F0 7.036(.I)C(f) --7.036 E F1(name)4.536 E F0 2.036(is an array v)4.536 F 2.036 -(ariable, e)-.25 F 2.036(xpands to the list of array indices \(k)-.15 F --.15(ey)-.1 G(s\)).15 E .595(assigned in)144 633.6 R F1(name)3.095 E F0 -5.595(.I)C(f)-5.595 E F1(name)3.095 E F0 .595(is not an array)3.095 F -3.095(,e)-.65 G .595(xpands to 0 if)-3.245 F F1(name)3.095 E F0 .596 -(is set and null otherwise.)3.095 F(When)5.596 E F1(@)144 645.6 Q F0 +(the last positional parameter)144 724.8 R 6.322(.I)-.55 G 3.822(ti) +-6.322 G 3.822(sa)-3.822 G 3.822(ne)-3.822 G 1.322(xpansion error if) +-3.972 F F2(length)3.822 E F0 -.25(eva)3.822 G 1.322 +(luates to a number less than).25 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q +(2016 August 26)142.895 E(21)192.055 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 22 22 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(zero.)144 84 Q(If) +144 108 Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(par)3.013 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .514 +(is an inde)3.013 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.014(da).15 G .514 +(rray name subscripted by @ or *, the result is the)-3.014 F F1(length) +3.014 E F0 .514(members of)3.014 F 1.082(the array be)144 120 R 1.082 +(ginning with ${)-.15 F F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0([)A F1(of)A(fset)-.18 +E F0 3.582(]}. A)B(ne)3.582 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G F1 +(of)3.732 E(fset)-.18 E F0 1.081(is tak)3.581 F 1.081(en relati)-.1 F +1.381 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.581(oo).15 G 1.081(ne greater)-3.581 F 1.079 +(than the maximum inde)144 132 R 3.579(xo)-.15 G 3.579(ft)-3.579 G 1.079 +(he speci\214ed array)-3.579 F 6.079(.I)-.65 G 3.579(ti)-6.079 G 3.579 +(sa)-3.579 G 3.58(ne)-3.579 G 1.08(xpansion error if)-3.73 F F1(length) +3.58 E F0 -.25(eva)3.58 G 1.08(luates to a).25 F(number less than zero.) +144 144 Q(Substring e)144 168 Q(xpansion applied to an associati)-.15 E +.3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray produces unde\214ned results.).15 E 1.931 +(Substring inde)144 192 R 1.931(xing is zero-based unless the positiona\ +l parameters are used, in which case the)-.15 F(inde)144 204 Q .306 +(xing starts at 1 by def)-.15 F 2.806(ault. If)-.1 F F1(of)2.807 E(fset) +-.18 E F0 .307(is 0, and the positional parameters are used,)2.807 F/F2 +10/Times-Bold@0 SF($0)2.807 E F0 .307(is pre\214x)2.807 F(ed)-.15 E +(to the list.)144 216 Q(${)108 232.8 Q F2(!)A F1(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F2 +(*)A F0(})A(${)108 244.8 Q F2(!)A F1(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F2(@)A F0(})A F2 +.085(Names matching pr)144 256.8 R(e\214x)-.18 E F0 5.085(.E)C .084 +(xpands to the names of v)-5.085 F .084(ariables whose names be)-.25 F +.084(gin with)-.15 F F1(pr)2.584 E(e\214x)-.37 E F0 2.584(,s)C(epa-) +-2.584 E .257(rated by the \214rst character of the)144 268.8 R/F3 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)2.757 E F0 .257(special v)2.507 F 2.757 +(ariable. When)-.25 F F1(@)2.758 E F0 .258(is used and the e)2.758 F +.258(xpansion appears)-.15 F(within double quotes, each v)144 280.8 Q +(ariable name e)-.25 E(xpands to a separate w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E(${)108 +297.6 Q F2(!)A F1(name)A F0([)A F1(@)A F0(]})A(${)108 309.6 Q F2(!)A F1 +(name)A F0([)A F1(*)A F0(]})A F2 2.036(List of array k)144 321.6 R(eys) +-.1 E F0 7.036(.I)C(f)-7.036 E F1(name)4.536 E F0 2.036(is an array v) +4.536 F 2.036(ariable, e)-.25 F 2.036 +(xpands to the list of array indices \(k)-.15 F -.15(ey)-.1 G(s\)).15 E +.595(assigned in)144 333.6 R F1(name)3.095 E F0 5.595(.I)C(f)-5.595 E F1 +(name)3.095 E F0 .595(is not an array)3.095 F 3.095(,e)-.65 G .595 +(xpands to 0 if)-3.245 F F1(name)3.095 E F0 .596 +(is set and null otherwise.)3.095 F(When)5.596 E F1(@)144 345.6 Q F0 (is used and the e)2.5 E(xpansion appears within double quotes, each k) -.15 E .3 -.15(ey ex)-.1 H(pands to a separate w).15 E(ord.)-.1 E(${)108 -662.4 Q F2(#)A F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0(})A F2 -.1(Pa)144 674.4 S .471 +362.4 Q F2(#)A F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0(})A F2 -.1(Pa)144 374.4 S .471 (rameter length).1 F F0 5.471(.T)C .471 (he length in characters of the v)-5.471 F .471(alue of)-.25 F F1(par) 2.971 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .47(is substituted.)2.97 F(If)5.47 E F1(par) -4.22 E(ame-)-.15 E(ter)144 686.4 Q F0(is)4.438 E F2(*)3.708 E F0(or) +4.22 E(ame-)-.15 E(ter)144 386.4 Q F0(is)4.438 E F2(*)3.708 E F0(or) 3.708 E F2(@)3.708 E F0 3.708(,t)C 1.208(he v)-3.708 F 1.208 (alue substituted is the number of positional parameters.)-.25 F(If) 6.209 E F1(par)4.959 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.209(is an)4.439 F .349 -(array name subscripted by)144 698.4 R F2(*)2.849 E F0(or)2.849 E F2(@) +(array name subscripted by)144 398.4 R F2(*)2.849 E F0(or)2.849 E F2(@) 2.849 E F0 2.849(,t)C .349(he v)-2.849 F .349 (alue substituted is the number of elements in the array)-.25 F 5.348 -(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.348 E F1(par)145.25 710.4 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0 .455 +(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.348 E F1(par)145.25 410.4 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0 .455 (is an inde)3.685 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.955(da).15 G .456 (rray name subscripted by a ne)-2.955 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .756 -.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E 2.956(,t)-.4 G .456 -(hat number is interpreted)-2.956 F .973(as relati)144 722.4 R 1.273 +(hat number is interpreted)-2.956 F .973(as relati)144 422.4 R 1.273 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.473(oo).15 G .973(ne greater than the maximum inde) -3.473 F 3.473(xo)-.15 G(f)-3.473 E F1(par)3.473 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 3.472(,s)C 3.472(on)-3.472 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-3.472 H(ti).15 E 1.272 --.15(ve i)-.25 H .972(ndices count back).15 F(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q -(2014 February 2)141.79 E(21)190.95 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 22 22 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E(from the end of the array)144 84 Q 2.5(,a)-.65 G(nd an inde)-2.5 -E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5<66ad>-2.5 G 2.5(1r)-2.5 G -(eferences the last element.)-2.5 E(${)108 100.8 Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 -SF(par)A(ameter)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(#)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(}) -A(${)108 112.8 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(##)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A -F2(Remo)144 124.8 Q 1.396 -.1(ve m)-.1 H 1.196(atching pr).1 F 1.196 -(e\214x patter)-.18 F(n)-.15 E F0 6.196(.T)C(he)-6.196 E F1(wor)4.036 E -(d)-.37 E F0 1.196(is e)4.466 F 1.196 -(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in path-)-.15 F .152(name e)144 -136.8 R 2.652(xpansion. If)-.15 F .152(the pattern matches the be)2.652 -F .152(ginning of the v)-.15 F .152(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.652 E -(ameter)-.15 E F0 2.652(,t).73 G .151(hen the result of)-2.652 F 1.4 -(the e)144 148.8 R 1.4(xpansion is the e)-.15 F 1.4(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.4 -(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)5.15 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.4 -(with the shortest matching pattern \(the `)4.63 F(`)-.74 E F2(#)A F0 --.74('')C .281(case\) or the longest matching pattern \(the `)144 160.8 -R(`)-.74 E F2(##)A F0 1.761 -.74('' c)D .281(ase\) deleted.).74 F(If) -5.281 E F1(par)4.031 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.511 E F2(@)2.781 E F0(or) -2.781 E F2(*)2.781 E F0 2.781(,t)C .281(he pattern)-2.781 F(remo)144 -172.8 Q -.25(va)-.15 G 3.274(lo).25 G .774 +-.15(ve i)-.25 H .972(ndices count back).15 F(from the end of the array) +144 434.4 Q 2.5(,a)-.65 G(nd an inde)-2.5 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5<66ad>-2.5 +G 2.5(1r)-2.5 G(eferences the last element.)-2.5 E(${)108 451.2 Q F1 +(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(#)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A(${)108 463.2 Q F1 +(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(##)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2(Remo)144 475.2 +Q 1.396 -.1(ve m)-.1 H 1.196(atching pr).1 F 1.196(e\214x patter)-.18 F +(n)-.15 E F0 6.196(.T)C(he)-6.196 E F1(wor)4.036 E(d)-.37 E F0 1.196 +(is e)4.466 F 1.196(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in path-)-.15 F +.152(name e)144 487.2 R 2.652(xpansion. If)-.15 F .152 +(the pattern matches the be)2.652 F .152(ginning of the v)-.15 F .152 +(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.652 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 2.652(,t).73 G .151 +(hen the result of)-2.652 F 1.4(the e)144 499.2 R 1.4(xpansion is the e) +-.15 F 1.4(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.4(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)5.15 E(ameter)-.15 +E F0 1.4(with the shortest matching pattern \(the `)4.63 F(`)-.74 E F2 +(#)A F0 -.74('')C .281(case\) or the longest matching pattern \(the `) +144 511.2 R(`)-.74 E F2(##)A F0 1.761 -.74('' c)D .281(ase\) deleted.) +.74 F(If)5.281 E F1(par)4.031 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.511 E F2(@)2.781 E +F0(or)2.781 E F2(*)2.781 E F0 2.781(,t)C .281(he pattern)-2.781 F(remo) +144 523.2 Q -.25(va)-.15 G 3.274(lo).25 G .774 (peration is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the e) --3.274 F .774(xpansion is the resul-)-.15 F .402(tant list.)144 184.8 R +-3.274 F .774(xpansion is the resul-)-.15 F .402(tant list.)144 535.2 R (If)5.402 E F1(par)4.152 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .401(is an array v)3.632 F .401(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)2.901 E F0(or)2.901 E F2(*) 2.901 E F0 2.901(,t)C .401(he pattern remo)-2.901 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.901 (lo).25 G(peration)-2.901 E -(is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 196.8 Q -(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E(${)108 213.6 Q F1(par)A(ameter) --.15 E F2(%)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A(${)108 225.6 Q F1(par)A(ameter) --.15 E F2(%%)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2(Remo)144 237.6 Q .346 -.1 -(ve m)-.1 H .146(atching suf\214x patter).1 F(n)-.15 E F0 5.146(.T)C(he) --5.146 E F1(wor)2.646 E(d)-.37 E F0 .147(is e)2.647 F .147 -(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname)-.15 F -.15(ex)144 -249.6 S 3.088(pansion. If).15 F .588 +(is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 547.2 Q +(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E(${)108 564 Q F1(par)A(ameter) +-.15 E F2(%)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A(${)108 576 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 +E F2(%%)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2(Remo)144 588 Q .346 -.1(ve m)-.1 H +.146(atching suf\214x patter).1 F(n)-.15 E F0 5.146(.T)C(he)-5.146 E F1 +(wor)2.646 E(d)-.37 E F0 .147(is e)2.647 F .147 +(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname)-.15 F -.15(ex)144 600 +S 3.088(pansion. If).15 F .588 (the pattern matches a trailing portion of the e)3.088 F .588(xpanded v) -.15 F .588(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)3.088 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 3.088(,t).73 -G .588(hen the)-3.088 F .226(result of the e)144 261.6 R .226 +G .588(hen the)-3.088 F .226(result of the e)144 612 R .226 (xpansion is the e)-.15 F .226(xpanded v)-.15 F .226(alue of)-.25 F F1 (par)3.976 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .226 -(with the shortest matching pattern \(the)3.456 F -.74(``)144 273.6 S F2 +(with the shortest matching pattern \(the)3.456 F -.74(``)144 624 S F2 (%).74 E F0 1.522 -.74('' c)D .042 (ase\) or the longest matching pattern \(the `).74 F(`)-.74 E F2(%%)A F0 1.522 -.74('' c)D .042(ase\) deleted.).74 F(If)5.042 E F1(par)3.792 E (ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.272 E F2(@)2.541 E F0(or)2.541 E F2(*)2.541 E F0 -2.541(,t)C(he)-2.541 E .44(pattern remo)144 285.6 R -.25(va)-.15 G 2.94 +2.541(,t)C(he)-2.541 E .44(pattern remo)144 636 R -.25(va)-.15 G 2.94 (lo).25 G .441 (peration is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the e) --2.94 F .441(xpansion is the)-.15 F .241(resultant list.)144 297.6 R(If) +-2.94 F .441(xpansion is the)-.15 F .241(resultant list.)144 648 R(If) 5.241 E F1(par)3.991 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .241(is an array v)3.471 F .241 (ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)2.741 E F0(or)2.74 E F2(*)2.74 E F0 2.74(,t)C .24(he pattern remo)-2.74 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.74(lo).25 G (per)-2.74 E(-)-.2 E -(ation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 -309.6 Q(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E(${)108 326.4 Q F1(par)A -(ameter)-.15 E F2(/)A F1(pattern)A F2(/)A F1(string)A F0(})A F2 -.1(Pa) -144 338.4 S(tter).1 E 3.606(ns)-.15 G(ubstitution)-3.606 E F0 6.106(.T)C -(he)-6.106 E F1(pattern)3.606 E F0 1.106(is e)3.606 F 1.107 +(ation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 660 +Q(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E(${)108 676.8 Q F1(par)A(ameter) +-.15 E F2(/)A F1(pattern)A F2(/)A F1(string)A F0(})A F2 -.1(Pa)144 688.8 +S(tter).1 E 3.606(ns)-.15 G(ubstitution)-3.606 E F0 6.106(.T)C(he)-6.106 +E F1(pattern)3.606 E F0 1.106(is e)3.606 F 1.107 (xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname e)-.15 F(xpan-)-.15 E -(sion.)144 350.4 Q F1 -.8(Pa)6.034 G -.15(ra).8 G(meter).15 E F0 1.034 +(sion.)144 700.8 Q F1 -.8(Pa)6.034 G -.15(ra).8 G(meter).15 E F0 1.034 (is e)3.534 F 1.033(xpanded and the longest match of)-.15 F F1(pattern) 3.533 E F0(ag)3.533 E 1.033(ainst its v)-.05 F 1.033 -(alue is replaced with)-.25 F F1(string)144 362.4 Q F0 5.16(.I)C(f)-5.16 +(alue is replaced with)-.25 F F1(string)144 712.8 Q F0 5.16(.I)C(f)-5.16 E F1(pattern)2.66 E F0(be)2.66 E .16(gins with)-.15 F F2(/)2.66 E F0 2.66(,a)C .161(ll matches of)-2.66 F F1(pattern)2.661 E F0 .161 (are replaced with)2.661 F F1(string)2.661 E F0 5.161(.N)C .161 -(ormally only the)-5.161 F .807(\214rst match is replaced.)144 374.4 R +(ormally only the)-5.161 F .807(\214rst match is replaced.)144 724.8 R (If)5.807 E F1(pattern)3.307 E F0(be)3.307 E .807(gins with)-.15 F F2(#) 3.307 E F0 3.306(,i)C 3.306(tm)-3.306 G .806(ust match at the be)-3.306 -F .806(ginning of the e)-.15 F(xpanded)-.15 E -.25(va)144 386.4 S .62 -(lue of).25 F F1(par)3.12 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.62(.I)C(f)-5.62 E F1 -(pattern)3.12 E F0(be)3.12 E .62(gins with)-.15 F F2(%)3.12 E F0 3.12 -(,i)C 3.121(tm)-3.12 G .621(ust match at the end of the e)-3.121 F .621 -(xpanded v)-.15 F .621(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)144 398.4 Q(ameter)-.15 E -F0 6.254(.I)C(f)-6.254 E F1(string)3.754 E F0 1.253(is null, matches of) -3.753 F F1(pattern)3.753 E F0 1.253(are deleted and the)3.753 F F2(/) -3.753 E F0(follo)3.753 E(wing)-.25 E F1(pattern)3.753 E F0 1.253(may be) -3.753 F 2.678(omitted. If)144 410.4 R F1(par)3.928 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 -(is)3.408 E F2(@)2.678 E F0(or)2.678 E F2(*)2.679 E F0 2.679(,t)C .179 -(he substitution operation is applied to each positional parameter) --2.679 F .619(in turn, and the e)144 422.4 R .619 -(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 F(If)5.619 E F1(par)4.369 E -(ameter)-.15 E F0 .618(is an array v)3.849 F .618 -(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)144 434.4 Q F0(or)3.223 E F2(*) -3.223 E F0 3.223(,t)C .723(he substitution operation is applied to each\ - member of the array in turn, and the e)-3.223 F(xpan-)-.15 E -(sion is the resultant list.)144 446.4 Q(${)108 463.2 Q F1(par)A(ameter) --.15 E F2(^)A F1(pattern)A F0(})A(${)108 475.2 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E -F2(^^)A F1(pattern)A F0(})A(${)108 487.2 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(,)A -F1(pattern)A F0(})A(${)108 499.2 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(,,)A F1 -(pattern)A F0(})A F2 .438(Case modi\214cation)144 511.2 R F0 5.438(.T)C -.438(his e)-5.438 F .437 +F .806(ginning of the e)-.15 F(xpanded)-.15 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q +(2016 August 26)142.895 E(22)192.055 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 23 23 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -.25(va)144 84 S +.62(lue of).25 F/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(par)3.12 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 +5.62(.I)C(f)-5.62 E F1(pattern)3.12 E F0(be)3.12 E .62(gins with)-.15 F +/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(%)3.12 E F0 3.12(,i)C 3.121(tm)-3.12 G .621 +(ust match at the end of the e)-3.121 F .621(xpanded v)-.15 F .621 +(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)144 96 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0 6.254(.I)C(f)-6.254 E +F1(string)3.754 E F0 1.253(is null, matches of)3.753 F F1(pattern)3.753 +E F0 1.253(are deleted and the)3.753 F F2(/)3.753 E F0(follo)3.753 E +(wing)-.25 E F1(pattern)3.753 E F0 1.253(may be)3.753 F 2.731 +(omitted. If)144 108 R(the)2.731 E F2(nocasematch)2.731 E F0 .231 +(shell option is enabled, the match is performed without re)2.731 F -.05 +(ga)-.15 G .232(rd to the).05 F .188(case of alphabetic characters.)144 +120 R(If)5.188 E F1(par)3.938 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.418 E F2(@)2.688 E +F0(or)2.688 E F2(*)2.687 E F0 2.687(,t)C .187 +(he substitution operation is applied to each)-2.687 F .445 +(positional parameter in turn, and the e)144 132 R .446 +(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 F(If)5.446 E F1(par)4.196 E +(ameter)-.15 E F0 .446(is an array v)3.676 F(ari-)-.25 E .463 +(able subscripted with)144 144 R F2(@)2.963 E F0(or)2.963 E F2(*)2.963 E +F0 2.963(,t)C .462 +(he substitution operation is applied to each member of the array in) +-2.963 F(turn, and the e)144 156 Q(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 +E(${)108 172.8 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(^)A F1(pattern)A F0(})A(${) +108 184.8 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(^^)A F1(pattern)A F0(})A(${)108 +196.8 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(,)A F1(pattern)A F0(})A(${)108 208.8 Q +F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(,,)A F1(pattern)A F0(})A F2 .437 +(Case modi\214cation)144 220.8 R F0 5.437(.T)C .437(his e)-5.437 F .438 (xpansion modi\214es the case of alphabetic characters in)-.15 F F1(par) -2.937 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.437(.T)C(he)-5.437 E F1(pattern)144 523.2 Q -F0 1.406(is e)3.906 F 1.407 -(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname e)-.15 F 3.907 -(xpansion. Each)-.15 F 1.407(character in the)3.907 F -.15(ex)144 535.2 -S 1.232(panded v).15 F 1.232(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)3.732 E(ameter)-.15 E +2.938 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.438(.T)C(he)-5.438 E F1(pattern)144 232.8 Q +F0 1.407(is e)3.907 F 1.407 +(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname e)-.15 F 3.906 +(xpansion. Each)-.15 F 1.406(character in the)3.906 F -.15(ex)144 244.8 +S 1.231(panded v).15 F 1.231(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)3.732 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.232(is tested ag)3.732 F(ainst)-.05 E F1(pattern)3.732 E F0 3.732 (,a)C 1.232(nd, if it matches the pattern, its case is)-3.732 F(con)144 -547.2 Q -.15(ve)-.4 G 2.924(rted. The).15 F .424 +256.8 Q -.15(ve)-.4 G 2.924(rted. The).15 F .424 (pattern should not attempt to match more than one character)2.924 F 5.424(.T)-.55 G(he)-5.424 E F2(^)2.924 E F0 .424(operator con-)2.924 F --.15(ve)144 559.2 S .61(rts lo).15 F .61(wercase letters matching)-.25 F +-.15(ve)144 268.8 S .61(rts lo).15 F .61(wercase letters matching)-.25 F F1(pattern)3.11 E F0 .61(to uppercase; the)3.11 F F2(,)3.11 E F0 .61 (operator con)3.11 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .61(rts matching uppercase).15 F -1.547(letters to lo)144 571.2 R 4.047(wercase. The)-.25 F F2(^^)4.047 E +1.548(letters to lo)144 280.8 R 4.047(wercase. The)-.25 F F2(^^)4.047 E F0(and)4.047 E F2(,,)4.047 E F0 -.15(ex)4.047 G 1.547(pansions con).15 F -.15(ve)-.4 G 1.547(rt each matched character in the e).15 F(xpanded) --.15 E -.25(va)144 583.2 S .634(lue; the).25 F F2(^)3.134 E F0(and)3.134 -E F2(,)3.134 E F0 -.15(ex)3.134 G .634(pansions match and con).15 F -.15 -(ve)-.4 G .633(rt only the \214rst character in the e).15 F .633 -(xpanded v)-.15 F 3.133(alue. If)-.25 F F1(pattern)144 595.2 Q F0 .78 +-.15 E -.25(va)144 292.8 S .633(lue; the).25 F F2(^)3.133 E F0(and)3.133 +E F2(,)3.133 E F0 -.15(ex)3.133 G .633(pansions match and con).15 F -.15 +(ve)-.4 G .634(rt only the \214rst character in the e).15 F .634 +(xpanded v)-.15 F 3.134(alue. If)-.25 F F1(pattern)144 304.8 Q F0 .78 (is omitted, it is treated lik)3.28 F 3.28(ea)-.1 G F2(?)A F0 3.28(,w)C .78(hich matches e)-3.28 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .78(ry character).15 F 5.78 (.I)-.55 G(f)-5.78 E F1(par)4.53 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)4.01 E F2(@)3.28 E F0(or)3.28 E F2(*)3.28 E F0(,)A .582(the case modi\214cation operatio\ -n is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the e)144 607.2 R -(xpansion)-.15 E .468(is the resultant list.)144 619.2 R(If)5.468 E F1 +n is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the e)144 316.8 R +(xpansion)-.15 E .469(is the resultant list.)144 328.8 R(If)5.469 E F1 (par)4.218 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .468(is an array v)3.698 F .468 -(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)2.968 E F0(or)2.968 E F2(*)2.969 E -F0 2.969(,t)C .469(he case modi\214ca-)-2.969 F .005(tion operation is \ -applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 631.2 R .005 -(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 F F2(Command Substitution)87 648 Q -F1 1.697(Command substitution)108 660 R F0(allo)4.197 E 1.697 +(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)2.968 E F0(or)2.968 E F2(*)2.968 E +F0 2.968(,t)C .468(he case modi\214ca-)-2.968 F(tion operation is appli\ +ed to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 340.8 Q +(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E(${)108 357.6 Q F1(par)A(ameter) +-.15 E F2(@)A F1(oper)A(ator)-.15 E F0(})A F2 -.1(Pa)144 369.6 S .86 +(rameter transf).1 F(ormation)-.25 E F0 5.86(.T)C .86(he e)-5.86 F .86 +(xpansion is either a transformation of the v)-.15 F .86(alue of)-.25 F +F1(par)3.36 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .154(or information about)144 381.6 R F1 +(par)2.654 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .153(itself, depending on the v)2.654 F +.153(alue of)-.25 F F1(oper)2.653 E(ator)-.15 E F0 5.153(.E)C(ach)-5.153 +E F1(oper)2.653 E(ator)-.15 E F0 .153(is a sin-)2.653 F(gle letter:)144 +393.6 Q F2(Q)144 417.6 Q F0 1.064(The e)180 417.6 R 1.064 +(xpansion is a string that is the v)-.15 F 1.065(alue of)-.25 F F1(par) +3.565 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.065(quoted in a format that can be)3.565 F +(reused as input.)180 429.6 Q F2(E)144 441.6 Q F0 .441(The e)180 441.6 R +.441(xpansion is a string that is the v)-.15 F .441(alue of)-.25 F F1 +(par)2.941 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .44(with backslash escape sequences)2.94 F +-.15(ex)180 453.6 S(panded as with the).15 E F2($'...)2.5 E(')-.55 E F0 +(quoting mechansim.)2.5 E F2(P)144 465.6 Q F0 1.072(The e)180 465.6 R +1.073(xpansion is a string that is the result of e)-.15 F 1.073 +(xpanding the v)-.15 F 1.073(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)3.573 E(ameter)-.15 E +F0 1.073(as if it)3.573 F(were a prompt string \(see)180 477.6 Q F2(PR) +2.5 E(OMPTING)-.3 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(A)144 489.6 Q F0 1.138 +(The e)180 489.6 R 1.138 +(xpansion is a string in the form of an assignment statement or)-.15 F +F2(declar)3.637 E(e)-.18 E F0(command)3.637 E(that, if e)180 501.6 Q +-.25(va)-.25 G(luated, will recreate).25 E F1(par)2.5 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 +(with its attrib)2.5 E(utes and v)-.2 E(alue.)-.25 E F2(a)144 513.6 Q F0 +(The e)180 513.6 Q(xpansion is a string consisting of \215ag v)-.15 E +(alues representing)-.25 E F1(par)2.5 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.1 -.55('s a)D +(ttrib).55 E(utes.)-.2 E(If)144 530.4 Q F1(par)5.33 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 +(is)4.81 E F2(@)4.08 E F0(or)4.08 E F2(*)4.08 E F0 4.08(,t)C 1.581 +(he operation is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the) +-4.08 F -.15(ex)144 542.4 S .347(pansion is the resultant list.).15 F +(If)5.347 E F1(par)4.097 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .346(is an array v)3.577 F +.346(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)2.846 E F0(or)2.846 E F2(*) +2.846 E F0 2.846(,t)C .346(he case)-2.846 F 1.204(modi\214cation operat\ +ion is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 554.4 +R 1.204(xpansion is the)-.15 F(resultant list.)144 566.4 Q 1.85 +(The result of the e)144 590.4 R 1.849(xpansion is subject to w)-.15 F +1.849(ord splitting and pathname e)-.1 F 1.849(xpansion as described) +-.15 F(belo)144 602.4 Q -.65(w.)-.25 G F2(Command Substitution)87 619.2 +Q F1 1.697(Command substitution)108 631.2 R F0(allo)4.197 E 1.697 (ws the output of a command to replace the command name.)-.25 F 1.698 -(There are tw)6.698 F(o)-.1 E(forms:)108 672 Q F2($\()144 688.8 Q F1 -(command)A F2(\))1.666 E F0(or)108 700.8 Q F2<92>144 712.8 Q F1(command) -A F2<92>A(Bash)108 729.6 Q F0 1.709(performs the e)4.209 F 1.709 -(xpansion by e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(command)4.209 E F0 -1.708(and replacing the command substitution with the)4.208 F -(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(22)190.95 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 23 23 +(There are tw)6.698 F(o)-.1 E(forms:)108 643.2 Q F2($\()144 660 Q F1 +(command)A F2(\))1.666 E F0(or)108 672 Q F2<92>144 684 Q F1(command)A F2 +<92>A(Bash)108 700.8 Q F0 .089(performs the e)2.589 F .089 +(xpansion by e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(command)2.589 E F0 +.088(in a subshell en)2.589 F .088(vironment and replacing the command) +-.4 F .41(substitution with the standard output of the command, with an) +108 712.8 R 2.91(yt)-.15 G .41(railing ne)-2.91 F .41(wlines deleted.) +-.25 F .41(Embedded ne)5.41 F(w-)-.25 E .192(lines are not deleted, b) +108 724.8 R .192(ut the)-.2 F 2.692(ym)-.15 G .192(ay be remo)-2.692 F +-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.692(dd).15 G .192(uring w)-2.692 F .192(ord splitting.) +-.1 F .192(The command substitution)5.192 F F2($\(cat)2.691 E F1(\214le) +2.691 E F2(\))A F0(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(23) +192.055 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 24 24 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E .749(standard output of the command, with an)108 84 R 3.249(yt) --.15 G .749(railing ne)-3.249 F .749(wlines deleted.)-.25 F .75 -(Embedded ne)5.749 F .75(wlines are not deleted,)-.25 F -.2(bu)108 96 S -3.197(tt).2 G(he)-3.197 E 3.197(ym)-.15 G .697(ay be remo)-3.197 F -.15 -(ve)-.15 G 3.196(dd).15 G .696(uring w)-3.196 F .696(ord splitting.)-.1 -F .696(The command substitution)5.696 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF($\(cat) -3.196 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(\214le)3.196 E F1(\))A F0 .696 -(can be replaced by)3.196 F(the equi)108 108 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent b).25 -E(ut f)-.2 E(aster)-.1 E F1($\(<)2.5 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F1(\))A F0(.)A -1.724(When the old-style backquote form of substitution is used, backsl\ -ash retains its literal meaning e)108 124.8 R(xcept)-.15 E .315 -(when follo)108 136.8 R .315(wed by)-.25 F F1($)2.815 E F0(,)A F1<92> -2.815 E F0 2.815(,o)C(r)-2.815 E F1(\\)2.815 E F0 5.315(.T)C .314(he \ -\214rst backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the command su\ -b-)-5.315 F 3.886(stitution. When)108 148.8 R 1.386(using the $\()3.886 -F F2(command).833 E F0 3.886(\)f)1.666 G 1.387 +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E +(can be replaced by the equi)108 84 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent b).25 E(ut f) +-.2 E(aster)-.1 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF($\(<)2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 +SF(\214le)2.5 E F1(\))A F0(.)A 1.724(When the old-style backquote form \ +of substitution is used, backslash retains its literal meaning e)108 +100.8 R(xcept)-.15 E .315(when follo)108 112.8 R .315(wed by)-.25 F F1 +($)2.815 E F0(,)A F1<92>2.815 E F0 2.815(,o)C(r)-2.815 E F1(\\)2.815 E +F0 5.315(.T)C .314(he \214rst backquote not preceded by a backslash ter\ +minates the command sub-)-5.315 F 3.886(stitution. When)108 124.8 R +1.386(using the $\()3.886 F F2(command).833 E F0 3.886(\)f)1.666 G 1.387 (orm, all characters between the parentheses mak)-3.886 F 3.887(eu)-.1 G 3.887(pt)-3.887 G 1.387(he com-)-3.887 F -(mand; none are treated specially)108 160.8 Q(.)-.65 E .894 -(Command substitutions may be nested.)108 177.6 R 2.494 -.8(To n)5.894 H +(mand; none are treated specially)108 136.8 Q(.)-.65 E .894 +(Command substitutions may be nested.)108 153.6 R 2.494 -.8(To n)5.894 H .894(est when using the backquoted form, escape the inner back-).8 F -(quotes with backslashes.)108 189.6 Q .422 -(If the substitution appears within double quotes, w)108 206.4 R .422 +(quotes with backslashes.)108 165.6 Q .422 +(If the substitution appears within double quotes, w)108 182.4 R .422 (ord splitting and pathname e)-.1 F .423(xpansion are not performed)-.15 -F(on the results.)108 218.4 Q F1(Arithmetic Expansion)87 235.2 Q F0 -1.035(Arithmetic e)108 247.2 R 1.035(xpansion allo)-.15 F 1.035 +F(on the results.)108 194.4 Q F1(Arithmetic Expansion)87 211.2 Q F0 +1.035(Arithmetic e)108 223.2 R 1.035(xpansion allo)-.15 F 1.035 (ws the e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.034(luation of an arithmetic e).25 F 1.034(xpression and the substitution of the result.)-.15 F -(The format for arithmetic e)108 259.2 Q(xpansion is:)-.15 E F1($\(\() -144 276 Q F2 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1(\)\))A F0(The)108 292.8 Q +(The format for arithmetic e)108 235.2 Q(xpansion is:)-.15 E F1($\(\() +144 252 Q F2 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1(\)\))A F0(The)108 268.8 Q F2 -.2(ex)2.665 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 .165 (is treated as if it were within double quotes, b)2.905 F .166 (ut a double quote inside the parentheses is not)-.2 F .231 -(treated specially)108 304.8 R 5.231(.A)-.65 G .231(ll tok)-5.231 F .231 +(treated specially)108 280.8 R 5.231(.A)-.65 G .231(ll tok)-5.231 F .231 (ens in the e)-.1 F .231(xpression under)-.15 F .231(go parameter and v) -.18 F .23(ariable e)-.25 F .23(xpansion, command substi-)-.15 F 1.059 -(tution, and quote remo)108 316.8 R -.25(va)-.15 G 3.559(l. The).25 F +(tution, and quote remo)108 292.8 R -.25(va)-.15 G 3.559(l. The).25 F 1.059(result is treated as the arithmetic e)3.559 F 1.06 (xpression to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 3.56(luated. Arithmetic).25 F --.15(ex)108 328.8 S(pansions may be nested.).15 E 1.379(The e)108 345.6 +-.15(ex)108 304.8 S(pansions may be nested.).15 E 1.379(The e)108 321.6 R -.25(va)-.25 G 1.378 (luation is performed according to the rules listed belo).25 F 3.878(wu) -.25 G(nder)-3.878 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.378(ARITHMETIC EV)3.878 F (ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 -(If)5.878 E F2 -.2(ex)108 357.6 S(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(is in)2.74 E +(If)5.878 E F2 -.2(ex)108 333.6 S(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(is in)2.74 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid,).25 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(prints a message indicating f) -2.5 E(ailure and no substitution occurs.)-.1 E F1(Pr)87 374.4 Q -(ocess Substitution)-.18 E F2(Pr)108 386.4 Q .97(ocess substitution)-.45 -F F0 .971(is supported on systems that support named pipes \()3.47 F F2 -(FIFOs)A F0 3.471(\)o)C 3.471(rt)-3.471 G(he)-3.471 E F1(/de)3.471 E -(v/fd)-.15 E F0 .971(method of)3.471 F .022(naming open \214les.)108 -398.4 R .021(It tak)5.022 F .021(es the form of)-.1 F F1(<\()2.521 E F2 -(list)A F1(\)).833 E F0(or)2.521 E F1(>\()2.521 E F2(list)A F1(\)).833 E -F0 5.021(.T)C .021(he process)-5.021 F F2(list)2.521 E F0 .021 -(is run with its input or output con-)2.521 F .058(nected to a)108 410.4 -R F2(FIFO)2.558 E F0 .058(or some \214le in)2.558 F F1(/de)2.558 E(v/fd) --.15 E F0 5.058(.T)C .058(he name of this \214le is passed as an ar) --5.058 F .059(gument to the current com-)-.18 F .131 -(mand as the result of the e)108 422.4 R 2.631(xpansion. If)-.15 F(the) -2.63 E F1(>\()2.63 E F2(list)A F1(\)).833 E F0 .13 -(form is used, writing to the \214le will pro)2.63 F .13(vide input for) --.15 F F2(list)2.63 E F0(.)A(If the)108 434.4 Q F1(<\()2.5 E F2(list)A -F1(\)).833 E F0(form is used, the \214le passed as an ar)2.5 E -(gument should be read to obtain the output of)-.18 E F2(list)2.5 E F0 -(.)A .896(When a)108 451.2 R -.25(va)-.2 G .896(ilable, process substit\ -ution is performed simultaneously with parameter and v).25 F .897 -(ariable e)-.25 F(xpansion,)-.15 E -(command substitution, and arithmetic e)108 463.2 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1 --.75(Wo)87 480 S(rd Splitting).75 E F0 1.143 -(The shell scans the results of parameter e)108 492 R 1.142 -(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.142 -(xpansion that)-.15 F(did not occur within double quotes for)108 504 Q +2.5 E(ailure and no substitution occurs.)-.1 E F1(Pr)87 350.4 Q +(ocess Substitution)-.18 E F2(Pr)108 362.4 Q .405(ocess substitution) +-.45 F F0(allo)2.905 E .405(ws a process')-.25 F 2.905(si)-.55 G .405 +(nput or output to be referred to using a \214lename.)-2.905 F .405 +(It tak)5.405 F .405(es the form)-.1 F(of)108 374.4 Q F1(<\()3.251 E F2 +(list)A F1(\)).833 E F0(or)3.251 E F1(>\()3.251 E F2(list)A F1(\)).833 E +F0 5.751(.T)C .751(he process)-5.751 F F2(list)3.251 E F0 .751 +(is run asynchronously)3.251 F 3.251(,a)-.65 G .751 +(nd its input or output appears as a \214lename.)-3.251 F .147 +(This \214lename is passed as an ar)108 386.4 R .148 +(gument to the current command as the result of the e)-.18 F 2.648 +(xpansion. If)-.15 F(the)2.648 E F1(>\()2.648 E F2(list)A F1(\)).833 E +F0 .56(form is used, writing to the \214le will pro)108 398.4 R .56 +(vide input for)-.15 F F2(list)3.059 E F0 5.559(.I)C 3.059(ft)-5.559 G +(he)-3.059 E F1(<\()3.059 E F2(list)A F1(\)).833 E F0 .559 +(form is used, the \214le passed as an)3.059 F(ar)108 410.4 Q .308 +(gument should be read to obtain the output of)-.18 F F2(list)2.808 E F0 +5.308(.P)C .309(rocess substitution is supported on systems that sup-) +-5.308 F(port named pipes \()108 422.4 Q F2(FIFOs)A F0 2.5(\)o)C 2.5(rt) +-2.5 G(he)-2.5 E F1(/de)2.5 E(v/fd)-.15 E F0 +(method of naming open \214les.)2.5 E .897(When a)108 439.2 R -.25(va) +-.2 G .896(ilable, process substitution is performed simultaneously wit\ +h parameter and v).25 F .896(ariable e)-.25 F(xpansion,)-.15 E +(command substitution, and arithmetic e)108 451.2 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1 +-.75(Wo)87 468 S(rd Splitting).75 E F0 1.142 +(The shell scans the results of parameter e)108 480 R 1.143 +(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.143 +(xpansion that)-.15 F(did not occur within double quotes for)108 492 Q F2(wor)2.5 E 2.5(ds)-.37 G(plitting)-2.5 E F0(.).22 E .063 -(The shell treats each character of)108 520.8 R F3(IFS)2.563 E F0 .063 +(The shell treats each character of)108 508.8 R F3(IFS)2.563 E F0 .063 (as a delimiter)2.313 F 2.563(,a)-.4 G .063 (nd splits the results of the other e)-2.563 F .063(xpansions into w) -.15 F(ords)-.1 E .207(using these characters as \214eld terminators.) -108 532.8 R(If)5.207 E F3(IFS)2.707 E F0 .207(is unset, or its v)2.457 F -.207(alue is e)-.25 F(xactly)-.15 E F1()2.707 E F0 -(,)A .836(the def)108 544.8 R .836(ault, then sequences of)-.1 F F1 -()3.336 E F0(,)A F1()3.336 E F0 3.336(,a)C(nd)-3.336 E F1 -()3.336 E F0 .837(at the be)3.336 F .837 -(ginning and end of the results of)-.15 F .346(the pre)108 556.8 R .345 +108 520.8 R(If)5.207 E F3(IFS)2.707 E F0 .207(is unset, or its v)2.457 F +.207(alue is e)-.25 F(xactly)-.15 E F1()2.708 E F0 +(,)A .837(the def)108 532.8 R .837(ault, then sequences of)-.1 F F1 +()3.337 E F0(,)A F1()3.337 E F0 3.337(,a)C(nd)-3.337 E F1 +()3.337 E F0 .836(at the be)3.336 F .836 +(ginning and end of the results of)-.15 F .345(the pre)108 544.8 R .345 (vious e)-.25 F .345(xpansions are ignored, and an)-.15 F 2.845(ys)-.15 G .345(equence of)-2.845 F F3(IFS)2.845 E F0 .345 (characters not at the be)2.595 F .345(ginning or end serv)-.15 F(es) --.15 E 1.236(to delimit w)108 568.8 R 3.736(ords. If)-.1 F F3(IFS)3.736 -E F0 1.236(has a v)3.486 F 1.236(alue other than the def)-.25 F 1.237 +-.15 E 1.237(to delimit w)108 556.8 R 3.737(ords. If)-.1 F F3(IFS)3.737 +E F0 1.236(has a v)3.486 F 1.236(alue other than the def)-.25 F 1.236 (ault, then sequences of the whitespace characters)-.1 F F1(space)108 -580.8 Q F0(and)3.187 E F1(tab)3.187 E F0 .687(are ignored at the be) -3.187 F .687(ginning and end of the w)-.15 F .686 -(ord, as long as the whitespace character is in)-.1 F .276(the v)108 -592.8 R .276(alue of)-.25 F F3(IFS)2.777 E F0(\(an)2.527 E F3(IFS)2.777 -E F0 .277(whitespace character\).)2.527 F(An)5.277 E 2.777(yc)-.15 G -.277(haracter in)-2.777 F F3(IFS)2.777 E F0 .277(that is not)2.527 F F3 -(IFS)2.777 E F0 .277(whitespace, along with)2.527 F(an)108 604.8 Q 3.336 -(ya)-.15 G(djacent)-3.336 E F3(IFS)3.336 E F0 .836 -(whitespace characters, delimits a \214eld.)3.086 F 3.335(As)5.835 G -.835(equence of)-3.335 F F3(IFS)3.335 E F0 .835 -(whitespace characters is also)3.085 F(treated as a delimiter)108 616.8 -Q 5(.I)-.55 G 2.5(ft)-5 G(he v)-2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E F3(IFS)2.5 E F0 -(is null, no w)2.25 E(ord splitting occurs.)-.1 E 1.878 -(Explicit null ar)108 633.6 R 1.878(guments \()-.18 F F1 .833("").833 G -F0(or)3.545 E F1 .833<0808>5.211 G F0 4.378(\)a)C 1.878(re retained.) --4.378 F 1.878(Unquoted implicit null ar)6.878 F 1.879 -(guments, resulting from the)-.18 F -.15(ex)108 645.6 S .177 -(pansion of parameters that ha).15 F .477 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.677(ov).15 G -.177(alues, are remo)-2.927 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.676(d. If).15 F 2.676(ap) -2.676 G .176(arameter with no v)-2.676 F .176(alue is e)-.25 F .176 -(xpanded within)-.15 F(double quotes, a null ar)108 657.6 Q -(gument results and is retained.)-.18 E(Note that if no e)108 674.4 Q -(xpansion occurs, no splitting is performed.)-.15 E F1 -.1(Pa)87 691.2 S -(thname Expansion).1 E F0 .37(After w)108 703.2 R .37 +568.8 Q F0(,)A F1(tab)2.506 E F0 2.506(,a)C(nd)-2.506 E F1(newline)2.506 +E F0 .006(are ignored at the be)2.506 F .006(ginning and end of the w) +-.15 F .007(ord, as long as the whitespace charac-)-.1 F .921 +(ter is in the v)108 580.8 R .92(alue of)-.25 F F3(IFS)3.42 E F0(\(an) +3.17 E F3(IFS)3.42 E F0 .92(whitespace character\).)3.17 F(An)5.92 E +3.42(yc)-.15 G .92(haracter in)-3.42 F F3(IFS)3.42 E F0 .92(that is not) +3.17 F F3(IFS)3.42 E F0(whitespace,)3.17 E .428(along with an)108 592.8 +R 2.928(ya)-.15 G(djacent)-2.928 E F3(IFS)2.928 E F0 .428 +(whitespace characters, delimits a \214eld.)2.678 F 2.928(As)5.428 G +.428(equence of)-2.928 F F3(IFS)2.928 E F0 .429(whitespace charac-)2.679 +F(ters is also treated as a delimiter)108 604.8 Q 5(.I)-.55 G 2.5(ft)-5 +G(he v)-2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E F3(IFS)2.5 E F0(is null, no w)2.25 E +(ord splitting occurs.)-.1 E 1.927(Explicit null ar)108 621.6 R 1.927 +(guments \()-.18 F F1 .833("").833 G F0(or)3.594 E F1 .833<0808>5.26 G +F0 4.427(\)a)C 1.927 +(re retained and passed to commands as empty strings.)-4.427 F(Unquoted) +6.927 E .484(implicit null ar)108 633.6 R .484 +(guments, resulting from the e)-.18 F .484 +(xpansion of parameters that ha)-.15 F .785 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.985(ov).15 +G .485(alues, are remo)-3.235 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.985(d. If).15 F(a)2.985 +E 1.572(parameter with no v)108 645.6 R 1.572(alue is e)-.25 F 1.571 +(xpanded within double quotes, a null ar)-.15 F 1.571 +(gument results and is retained and)-.18 F .723 +(passed to a command as an empty string.)108 657.6 R .724 +(When a quoted null ar)5.724 F .724(gument appears as part of a w)-.18 F +.724(ord whose)-.1 F -.15(ex)108 669.6 S .176 +(pansion is non-null, the null ar).15 F .176(gument is remo)-.18 F -.15 +(ve)-.15 G 2.676(d. That).15 F .176(is, the w)2.676 F(ord)-.1 E/F5 10 +/Courier@0 SF -5.1672.676 F F0(becomes)2.675 E F52.675 +E F0 .175(after w)2.675 F .175(ord split-)-.1 F(ting and null ar)108 +681.6 Q(gument remo)-.18 E -.25(va)-.15 G(l.).25 E(Note that if no e)108 +698.4 Q(xpansion occurs, no splitting is performed.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 4.4) +72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(24)192.055 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 25 25 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF -.1(Pa)87 84 S(thname Expansion).1 E F0 .37(After w)108 96 R .37 (ord splitting, unless the)-.1 F F12.87 E F0 .37 (option has been set,)2.87 F F1(bash)2.87 E F0 .371(scans each w)2.871 F .371(ord for the characters)-.1 F F1(*)2.871 E F0(,)A F1(?)2.871 E F0 2.871(,a)C(nd)-2.871 E F1([)2.871 E F0(.)A .678 -(If one of these characters appears, then the w)108 715.2 R .677 -(ord is re)-.1 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .677(rded as a).05 F F2(pattern)3.177 E -F0 3.177(,a).24 G .677(nd replaced with an alphabeti-)-3.177 F .562 -(cally sorted list of \214lenames matching the pattern \(see)108 727.2 R -F3 -.09(Pa)3.062 G(tter).09 E 2.812(nM)-.135 G(atching)-2.812 E F0(belo) -2.812 E 3.062(w\). If)-.25 F .562(no matching \214lenames)3.062 F -(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(23)190.95 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 24 24 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E .009(are found, and the shell option)108 84 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(nullglob)2.509 E F0 .008(is not enabled, the w)2.509 F .008 +(If one of these characters appears, then the w)108 108 R .677 +(ord is re)-.1 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .677(rded as a).05 F/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(pattern)3.177 E F0 3.177(,a).24 G .677 +(nd replaced with an alphabeti-)-3.177 F .562 +(cally sorted list of \214lenames matching the pattern \(see)108 120 R +/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.09(Pa)3.062 G(tter).09 E 2.812(nM)-.135 G +(atching)-2.812 E F0(belo)2.812 E 3.062(w\). If)-.25 F .562 +(no matching \214lenames)3.062 F .009(are found, and the shell option) +108 132 R F1(nullglob)2.509 E F0 .008(is not enabled, the w)2.509 F .008 (ord is left unchanged.)-.1 F .008(If the)5.008 F F1(nullglob)2.508 E F0 -.008(option is)2.508 F .442(set, and no matches are found, the w)108 96 +.008(option is)2.508 F .442(set, and no matches are found, the w)108 144 R .442(ord is remo)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.942(d. If).15 F(the)2.943 E F1 (failglob)2.943 E F0 .443(shell option is set, and no matches are)2.943 F 1.38(found, an error message is printed and the command is not e)108 -108 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.88(cuted. If).15 F 1.38(the shell option)3.88 F +156 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.88(cuted. If).15 F 1.38(the shell option)3.88 F F1(nocaseglob)3.88 E F0(is)3.88 E .103 -(enabled, the match is performed without re)108 120 R -.05(ga)-.15 G +(enabled, the match is performed without re)108 168 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .104(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 F .104 -(When a pattern is used)5.104 F .378(for pathname e)108 132 R .378 +(When a pattern is used)5.104 F .378(for pathname e)108 180 R .378 (xpansion, the character)-.15 F F1 -.63(``)2.878 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 .378(at the start of a name or immediately follo)5.378 F .377 -(wing a slash must be)-.25 F .578(matched e)108 144 R(xplicitly)-.15 E +(wing a slash must be)-.25 F .578(matched e)108 192 R(xplicitly)-.15 E 3.078(,u)-.65 G .578(nless the shell option)-3.078 F F1(dotglob)3.079 E F0 .579(is set.)3.079 F .579 (When matching a pathname, the slash character)5.579 F 1.789(must al)108 -156 R -.1(wa)-.1 G 1.788(ys be matched e).1 F(xplicitly)-.15 E 6.788(.I) +204 R -.1(wa)-.1 G 1.788(ys be matched e).1 F(xplicitly)-.15 E 6.788(.I) -.65 G 4.288(no)-6.788 G 1.788(ther cases, the)-4.288 F F1 -.63(``)4.288 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 1.788(character is not treated specially) 6.788 F 6.788(.S)-.65 G 1.788(ee the)-6.788 F .165(description of)108 -168 R F1(shopt)2.665 E F0(belo)2.665 E 2.665(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.665 E/F2 -9/Times-Bold@0 SF .165(SHELL B)2.665 F(UIL)-.09 E .165(TIN COMMANDS) --.828 F F0 .166(for a description of the)2.415 F F1(nocaseglob)2.666 E -F0(,)A F1(null-)2.666 E(glob)108 180 Q F0(,)A F1(failglob)2.5 E F0 2.5 -(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F1(dotglob)2.5 E F0(shell options.)2.5 E(The)108 196.8 Q -F2(GLOBIGNORE)2.786 E F0 .286(shell v)2.536 F .285 +216 R F1(shopt)2.665 E F0(belo)2.665 E 2.665(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.665 E F3 +.165(SHELL B)2.665 F(UIL)-.09 E .165(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0 .166 +(for a description of the)2.415 F F1(nocaseglob)2.666 E F0(,)A F1(null-) +2.666 E(glob)108 228 Q F0(,)A F1(failglob)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F1 +(dotglob)2.5 E F0(shell options.)2.5 E(The)108 244.8 Q F3(GLOBIGNORE) +2.786 E F0 .286(shell v)2.536 F .285 (ariable may be used to restrict the set of \214lenames matching a)-.25 -F/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(pattern)2.785 E F0 5.285(.I).24 G(f)-5.285 E -F2(GLO-)2.785 E(BIGNORE)108 208.8 Q F0 2.316(is set, each matching \214\ -lename that also matches one of the patterns in)4.565 F F2(GLOBIGNORE) -4.816 E F0(is)4.566 E(remo)108 220.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.66(df).15 G .16 -(rom the list of matches.)-2.66 F .16(The \214lenames)5.16 F F1 -.63(``) -2.66 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0(and)5.16 E F1 -.63(``)2.66 G(..).63 E --.63('')-.55 G F0 .16(are al)5.79 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .159(ys ignored when).1 -F F2(GLOBIGNORE)2.659 E F0(is)2.409 E .045(set and not null.)108 232.8 R -(Ho)5.045 E(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .845 -.4(r, s).15 H(etting).4 E F2 -(GLOBIGNORE)2.545 E F0 .046(to a non-null v)2.296 F .046 -(alue has the ef)-.25 F .046(fect of enabling the)-.25 F F1(dotglob) -2.546 E F0 .787(shell option, so all other \214lenames be)108 244.8 R -.787(ginning with a)-.15 F F1 -.63(``)3.287 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 -.787(will match.)5.787 F 2.386 -.8(To g)5.787 H .786(et the old beha).8 -F .786(vior of ignoring)-.2 F .641(\214lenames be)108 256.8 R .641 -(ginning with a)-.15 F F1 -.63(``)3.141 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 -3.141(,m)C(ak)-3.141 E(e)-.1 E F1 -.63(``)3.141 G(.*').63 E(')-.63 E F0 -.642(one of the patterns in)5.642 F F2(GLOBIGNORE)3.142 E/F4 9 -/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(The)5.142 E F1(dotglob)3.142 E F0 .642 -(option is)3.142 F(disabled when)108 268.8 Q F2(GLOBIGNORE)2.5 E F0 -(is unset.)2.25 E F1 -.1(Pa)108 285.6 S(tter).1 E 2.5(nM)-.15 G(atching) --2.5 E F0(An)108 302.4 Q 3.138(yc)-.15 G .638(haracter that appears in \ -a pattern, other than the special pattern characters described belo) --3.138 F 1.938 -.65(w, m)-.25 H(atches).65 E 3.62(itself. The)108 314.4 -R 1.12(NUL character may not occur in a pattern.)3.62 F 3.62(Ab)6.12 G -1.12(ackslash escapes the follo)-3.62 F 1.12(wing character; the)-.25 F -.576(escaping backslash is discarded when matching.)108 326.4 R .576 +F F2(pattern)2.785 E F0 5.285(.I).24 G(f)-5.285 E F3(GLO-)2.785 E +(BIGNORE)108 256.8 Q F0 2.316(is set, each matching \214lename that als\ +o matches one of the patterns in)4.565 F F3(GLOBIGNORE)4.816 E F0(is) +4.566 E(remo)108 268.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.915(df).15 G 1.415 +(rom the list of matches.)-3.915 F 1.415(If the)6.415 F F1(nocaseglob) +3.915 E F0 1.415(option is set, the matching ag)3.915 F 1.414 +(ainst the patterns in)-.05 F F3(GLOBIGNORE)108 280.8 Q F0 .146 +(is performed without re)2.396 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .146(rd to case.).05 F +.146(The \214lenames)5.146 F F1 -.63(``)2.646 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E +F0(and)5.147 E F1 -.63(``)2.647 G(..).63 E -.63('')-.55 G F0 .147 +(are al)5.777 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .147(ys ignored when).1 F F3(GLOBIGNORE)108 +292.8 Q F0 .827(is set and not null.)3.077 F(Ho)5.827 E(we)-.25 E -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 1.627 -.4(r, s).15 H(etting).4 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.327 E F0 +.827(to a non-null v)3.077 F .827(alue has the ef)-.25 F .827(fect of) +-.25 F .682(enabling the)108 304.8 R F1(dotglob)3.182 E F0 .682 +(shell option, so all other \214lenames be)3.182 F .682(ginning with a) +-.15 F F1 -.63(``)3.182 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 .682(will match.) +5.682 F 2.283 -.8(To g)5.683 H .683(et the old).8 F(beha)108 316.8 Q +1.185(vior of ignoring \214lenames be)-.2 F 1.185(ginning with a)-.15 F +F1 -.63(``)3.684 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 3.684(,m)C(ak)-3.684 E(e) +-.1 E F1 -.63(``)3.684 G(.*').63 E(')-.63 E F0 1.184 +(one of the patterns in)6.184 F F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.684 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 +SF(.)A F0(The)108 328.8 Q F1(dotglob)3.131 E F0 .631 +(option is disabled when)3.131 F F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.132 E F0 .632 +(is unset.)2.882 F .632(The pattern matching honors the setting of)5.632 +F(the)108 340.8 Q F1(extglob)2.5 E F0(shell option.)2.5 E F1 -.1(Pa)108 +357.6 S(tter).1 E 2.5(nM)-.15 G(atching)-2.5 E F0(An)108 374.4 Q 3.138 +(yc)-.15 G .638(haracter that appears in a pattern, other than the spec\ +ial pattern characters described belo)-3.138 F 1.938 -.65(w, m)-.25 H +(atches).65 E 3.62(itself. The)108 386.4 R 1.12 +(NUL character may not occur in a pattern.)3.62 F 3.62(Ab)6.12 G 1.12 +(ackslash escapes the follo)-3.62 F 1.12(wing character; the)-.25 F .576 +(escaping backslash is discarded when matching.)108 398.4 R .576 (The special pattern characters must be quoted if the)5.576 F 3.076(ya) --.15 G(re)-3.076 E(to be matched literally)108 338.4 Q(.)-.65 E -(The special pattern characters ha)108 355.2 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H -(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1(*)144 372 Q F0 .376(Matches an) -31 F 2.876(ys)-.15 G .376(tring, including the null string.)-2.876 F -.376(When the)5.376 F F1(globstar)2.876 E F0 .377 -(shell option is enabled,)2.876 F(and)180 384 Q F1(*)3.275 E F0 .775 +-.15 G(re)-3.076 E(to be matched literally)108 410.4 Q(.)-.65 E +(The special pattern characters ha)108 427.2 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H +(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1(*)144 444 Q F0 .376(Matches an) +180 444 R 2.876(ys)-.15 G .376(tring, including the null string.)-2.876 +F .376(When the)5.376 F F1(globstar)2.876 E F0 .377 +(shell option is enabled,)2.876 F(and)180 456 Q F1(*)3.275 E F0 .775 (is used in a pathname e)3.275 F .775(xpansion conte)-.15 F .775(xt, tw) -.15 F 3.275(oa)-.1 G(djacent)-3.275 E F1(*)3.275 E F0 3.275(su)C .775 (sed as a single pattern)-3.275 F 1.058(will match all \214les and zero\ - or more directories and subdirectories.)180 396 R 1.058(If follo)6.058 -F 1.058(wed by a)-.25 F F1(/)3.558 E F0(,)A(tw)180 408 Q 2.5(oa)-.1 G + or more directories and subdirectories.)180 468 R 1.058(If follo)6.058 +F 1.058(wed by a)-.25 F F1(/)3.558 E F0(,)A(tw)180 480 Q 2.5(oa)-.1 G (djacent)-2.5 E F1(*)2.5 E F0 2.5(sw)C -(ill match only directories and subdirectories.)-2.5 E F1(?)144 420 Q F0 -(Matches an)31 E 2.5(ys)-.15 G(ingle character)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1([...]) -144 432 Q F0 .579(Matches an)21.84 F 3.079(yo)-.15 G .579 +(ill match only directories and subdirectories.)-2.5 E F1(?)144 492 Q F0 +(Matches an)180 492 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(ingle character)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1 +([...])144 504 Q F0 .579(Matches an)180 504 R 3.079(yo)-.15 G .579 (ne of the enclosed characters.)-3.079 F 3.079(Ap)5.579 G .578 (air of characters separated by a h)-3.079 F(yphen)-.05 E .684 -(denotes a)180 444 R F3 -.15(ra)3.184 G(ng).15 E 3.184(ee)-.1 G(xpr) +(denotes a)180 516 R F2 -.15(ra)3.184 G(ng).15 E 3.184(ee)-.1 G(xpr) -3.384 E(ession)-.37 E F0 3.184(;a)C .984 -.15(ny c)-3.184 H .684 (haracter that f).15 F .684(alls between those tw)-.1 F 3.185(oc)-.1 G -.685(haracters, inclu-)-3.185 F(si)180 456 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.713(,u).15 +.685(haracters, inclu-)-3.185 F(si)180 528 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.713(,u).15 G 1.213(sing the current locale')-3.713 F 3.712(sc)-.55 G 1.212 (ollating sequence and character set, is matched.)-3.712 F 1.212(If the) -6.212 F 1.123(\214rst character follo)180 468 R 1.123(wing the)-.25 F F1 +6.212 F 1.123(\214rst character follo)180 540 R 1.123(wing the)-.25 F F1 ([)3.623 E F0 1.123(is a)3.623 F F1(!)3.623 E F0 1.124(or a)6.123 F F1 (^)3.624 E F0 1.124(then an)3.624 F 3.624(yc)-.15 G 1.124 (haracter not enclosed is matched.)-3.624 F .895 -(The sorting order of characters in range e)180 480 R .894 +(The sorting order of characters in range e)180 552 R .894 (xpressions is determined by the current locale)-.15 F .375(and the v) -180 492 R .375(alues of the)-.25 F F2(LC_COLLA)2.875 E(TE)-.855 E F0(or) -2.625 E F2(LC_ALL)2.875 E F0 .375(shell v)2.625 F .375 +180 564 R .375(alues of the)-.25 F F3(LC_COLLA)2.875 E(TE)-.855 E F0(or) +2.625 E F3(LC_ALL)2.875 E F0 .375(shell v)2.625 F .375 (ariables, if set.)-.25 F 1.976 -.8(To o)5.376 H .376(btain the tra-).8 -F .068(ditional interpretation of range e)180 504 R .068 +F .068(ditional interpretation of range e)180 576 R .068 (xpressions, where)-.15 F F1([a\255d])2.568 E F0 .067(is equi)2.567 F -.25(va)-.25 G .067(lent to).25 F F1([abcd])2.567 E F0 2.567(,s)C .067 -(et v)-2.567 F(alue)-.25 E .156(of the)180 516 R F1(LC_ALL)2.656 E F0 +(et v)-2.567 F(alue)-.25 E .156(of the)180 588 R F1(LC_ALL)2.656 E F0 .156(shell v)2.656 F .156(ariable to)-.25 F F1(C)2.657 E F0 2.657(,o)C 2.657(re)-2.657 G .157(nable the)-2.657 F F1(globasciiranges)2.657 E F0 .157(shell option.)2.657 F(A)5.157 E F12.657 E F0(may)2.657 E .193(\ be matched by including it as the \214rst or last character in the set.) -180 528 R(A)5.193 E F1(])2.693 E F0 .193(may be matched by)2.693 F -(including it as the \214rst character in the set.)180 540 Q -.4(Wi)180 -558 S(thin).4 E F1([)3.07 E F0(and)3.07 E F1(])3.07 E F0(,)A F3 -.15(ch) +180 600 R(A)5.193 E F1(])2.693 E F0 .193(may be matched by)2.693 F +(including it as the \214rst character in the set.)180 612 Q -.4(Wi)180 +630 S(thin).4 E F1([)3.07 E F0(and)3.07 E F1(])3.07 E F0(,)A F2 -.15(ch) 3.07 G(ar).15 E .571(acter classes)-.15 F F0 .571 -(can be speci\214ed using the syntax)3.071 F F1([:)3.071 E F3(class)A F1 -(:])A F0 3.071(,w)C(here)-3.071 E F3(class)3.071 E F0 -(is one of the follo)180 570 Q +(can be speci\214ed using the syntax)3.071 F F1([:)3.071 E F2(class)A F1 +(:])A F0 3.071(,w)C(here)-3.071 E F2(class)3.071 E F0 +(is one of the follo)180 642 Q (wing classes de\214ned in the POSIX standard:)-.25 E F1 8.173 -(alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lo)180 582 R 8.173 -(wer print punct space)-.1 F 5(upper w)180 594 R 5(ord xdigit)-.1 F F0 -4.289(Ac)180 606 S 1.789(haracter class matches an)-4.289 F 4.289(yc) +(alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lo)180 654 R 8.173 +(wer print punct space)-.1 F 5(upper w)180 666 R 5(ord xdigit)-.1 F F0 +4.289(Ac)180 678 S 1.789(haracter class matches an)-4.289 F 4.289(yc) -.15 G 1.789(haracter belonging to that class.)-4.289 F(The)6.789 E F1 -.1(wo)4.29 G(rd).1 E F0(character)4.29 E -(class matches letters, digits, and the character _.)180 618 Q -.4(Wi) -180 636 S(thin).4 E F1([)4.537 E F0(and)4.537 E F1(])4.537 E F0 4.537 -(,a)C(n)-4.537 E F3 2.037(equivalence class)4.537 F F0 2.036 -(can be speci\214ed using the syntax)4.536 F F1([=)4.536 E F3(c)A F1(=]) +(class matches letters, digits, and the character _.)180 690 Q -.4(Wi) +180 708 S(thin).4 E F1([)4.537 E F0(and)4.537 E F1(])4.537 E F0 4.537 +(,a)C(n)-4.537 E F2 2.037(equivalence class)4.537 F F0 2.036 +(can be speci\214ed using the syntax)4.536 F F1([=)4.536 E F2(c)A F1(=]) A F0 4.536(,w)C(hich)-4.536 E .125(matches all characters with the same\ - collation weight \(as de\214ned by the current locale\) as)180 648 R -(the character)180 660 Q F3(c)2.5 E F0(.)A -.4(Wi)180 678 S(thin).4 E F1 -([)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(])2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he syntax)-2.5 E F1([.)2.5 -E F3(symbol)A F1(.])A F0(matches the collating symbol)2.5 E F3(symbol) -2.5 E F0(.)A .705(If the)108 694.8 R F1(extglob)3.205 E F0 .705 -(shell option is enabled using the)3.205 F F1(shopt)3.205 E F0 -.2(bu) + collation weight \(as de\214ned by the current locale\) as)180 720 R +(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(25)192.055 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 26 26 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(the character)180 +84 Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(c)2.5 E F0(.)A -.4(Wi)180 102 S(thin).4 E +/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF([)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F2(])2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C +(he syntax)-2.5 E F2([.)2.5 E F1(symbol)A F2(.])A F0 +(matches the collating symbol)2.5 E F1(symbol)2.5 E F0(.)A .705(If the) +108 118.8 R F2(extglob)3.205 E F0 .705 +(shell option is enabled using the)3.205 F F2(shopt)3.205 E F0 -.2(bu) 3.205 G .704(iltin, se).2 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .704(ral e).15 F .704 (xtended pattern matching operators)-.15 F .255(are recognized.)108 -706.8 R .255(In the follo)5.255 F .255(wing description, a)-.25 F F3 +130.8 R .255(In the follo)5.255 F .255(wing description, a)-.25 F F1 (pattern-list)2.755 E F0 .255 -(is a list of one or more patterns separated by a)2.755 F F1(|)2.756 E +(is a list of one or more patterns separated by a)2.755 F F2(|)2.756 E F0(.)A(Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the follo) -108 718.8 Q(wing sub-patterns:)-.25 E(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q -(2014 February 2)141.79 E(24)190.95 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 25 25 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(?\()144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -(pattern-list).833 E F1(\)).833 E F0 -(Matches zero or one occurrence of the gi)180 96 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 -(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(*\()144 108 Q F2(pattern-list).833 E F1(\)) -.833 E F0(Matches zero or more occurrences of the gi)180 120 Q -.15(ve) --.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(+\()144 132 Q F2(pattern-list).833 -E F1(\)).833 E F0(Matches one or more occurrences of the gi)180 144 Q --.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(@\()144 156 Q F2 -(pattern-list).833 E F1(\)).833 E F0(Matches one of the gi)180 168 Q --.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(!\()144 180 Q F2 -(pattern-list).833 E F1(\)).833 E F0(Matches an)180 192 Q(ything e)-.15 -E(xcept one of the gi)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E -F1(Quote Remo)87 208.8 Q -.1(va)-.1 G(l).1 E F0 1.113 -(After the preceding e)108 220.8 R 1.113 -(xpansions, all unquoted occurrences of the characters)-.15 F F1(\\) -3.613 E F0(,)A F1<08>3.612 E F0 3.612(,a)C(nd)-3.612 E F1(")4.445 E F0 -1.112(that did not result)4.445 F(from one of the abo)108 232.8 Q .3 +108 142.8 Q(wing sub-patterns:)-.25 E F2(?\()144 166.8 Q F1 +(pattern-list).833 E F2(\)).833 E F0 +(Matches zero or one occurrence of the gi)180 178.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 +(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F2(*\()144 190.8 Q F1(pattern-list).833 E F2 +(\)).833 E F0(Matches zero or more occurrences of the gi)180 202.8 Q +-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F2(+\()144 214.8 Q F1 +(pattern-list).833 E F2(\)).833 E F0 +(Matches one or more occurrences of the gi)180 226.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G +2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F2(@\()144 238.8 Q F1(pattern-list).833 E F2 +(\)).833 E F0(Matches one of the gi)180 250.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np) +.15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F2(!\()144 262.8 Q F1(pattern-list).833 E F2(\)) +.833 E F0(Matches an)180 274.8 Q(ything e)-.15 E(xcept one of the gi) +-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F2(Quote Remo)87 291.6 +Q -.1(va)-.1 G(l).1 E F0 1.113(After the preceding e)108 303.6 R 1.113 +(xpansions, all unquoted occurrences of the characters)-.15 F F2(\\) +3.613 E F0(,)A F2<08>3.612 E F0 3.612(,a)C(nd)-3.612 E F2(")4.445 E F0 +1.112(that did not result)4.445 F(from one of the abo)108 315.6 Q .3 -.15(ve ex)-.15 H(pansions are remo).15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E/F3 -10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(REDIRECTION)72 249.6 Q F0 .545 -(Before a command is e)108 261.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .545 -(cuted, its input and output may be).15 F F2 -.37(re)3.045 G(dir).37 E +10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(REDIRECTION)72 332.4 Q F0 .545 +(Before a command is e)108 344.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .545 +(cuted, its input and output may be).15 F F1 -.37(re)3.045 G(dir).37 E (ected)-.37 E F0 .545(using a special notation interpreted)3.815 F .405 -(by the shell.)108 273.6 R .405(Redirection allo)5.405 F .405(ws comman\ +(by the shell.)108 356.4 R .405(Redirection allo)5.405 F .405(ws comman\ ds' \214le handles to be duplicated, opened, closed, made to refer to) --.25 F(dif)108 285.6 Q 1.019(ferent \214les, and can change the \214les\ +-.25 F(dif)108 368.4 Q 1.019(ferent \214les, and can change the \214les\ the command reads from and writes to.)-.25 F 1.02 (Redirection may also be)6.02 F .215 -(used to modify \214le handles in the current shell e)108 297.6 R -.15 +(used to modify \214le handles in the current shell e)108 380.4 R -.15 (xe)-.15 G .215(cution en).15 F 2.715(vironment. The)-.4 F(follo)2.715 E .215(wing redirection operators)-.25 F .875(may precede or appear an)108 -309.6 R .875(ywhere within a)-.15 F F2 .875(simple command)3.715 F F0 -.875(or may follo)4.145 F 3.376(wa)-.25 G F2(command)A F0 5.876(.R).77 G -.876(edirections are)-5.876 F(processed in the order the)108 321.6 Q 2.5 +392.4 R .875(ywhere within a)-.15 F F1 .875(simple command)3.715 F F0 +.875(or may follo)4.145 F 3.376(wa)-.25 G F1(command)A F0 5.876(.R).77 G +.876(edirections are)-5.876 F(processed in the order the)108 404.4 Q 2.5 (ya)-.15 G(ppear)-2.5 E 2.5(,f)-.4 G(rom left to right.)-2.5 E .771(Eac\ h redirection that may be preceded by a \214le descriptor number may in\ -stead be preceded by a w)108 338.4 R .771(ord of)-.1 F .292(the form {) -108 350.4 R F2(varname)A F0 2.793(}. In)B .293 +stead be preceded by a w)108 421.2 R .771(ord of)-.1 F .292(the form {) +108 433.2 R F1(varname)A F0 2.793(}. In)B .293 (this case, for each redirection operator e)2.793 F .293 -(xcept >&- and <&-, the shell will allocate)-.15 F 3.18<618c>108 362.4 S +(xcept >&- and <&-, the shell will allocate)-.15 F 3.18<618c>108 445.2 S .679(le descriptor greater than or equal to 10 and assign it to)-3.18 F -F2(varname)3.179 E F0 5.679(.I)C 3.179(f>)-5.679 G .679 -(&- or <&- is preceded by {)-3.179 F F2(var)A(-)-.2 E(name)108 374.4 Q -F0(}, the v)A(alue of)-.25 E F2(varname)2.5 E F0 +F1(varname)3.179 E F0 5.679(.I)C 3.179(f>)-5.679 G .679 +(&- or <&- is preceded by {)-3.179 F F1(var)A(-)-.2 E(name)108 457.2 Q +F0(}, the v)A(alue of)-.25 E F1(varname)2.5 E F0 (de\214nes the \214le descriptor to close.)2.5 E .283(In the follo)108 -391.2 R .284(wing descriptions, if the \214le descriptor number is omit\ -ted, and the \214rst character of the redirect-)-.25 F .513 -(ion operator is)108 403.2 R F1(<)3.012 E F0 3.012(,t)C .512 +474 R .284(wing descriptions, if the \214le descriptor number is omitte\ +d, and the \214rst character of the redirect-)-.25 F .513 +(ion operator is)108 486 R F2(<)3.012 E F0 3.012(,t)C .512 (he redirection refers to the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\).) -3.012 F .512(If the \214rst character of the)5.512 F -(redirection operator is)108 415.2 Q F1(>)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C +(redirection operator is)108 498 Q F2(>)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C (he redirection refers to the standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\).) --2.5 E .824(The w)108 432 R .824(ord follo)-.1 F .824 +-2.5 E .824(The w)108 514.8 R .824(ord follo)-.1 F .824 (wing the redirection operator in the follo)-.25 F .825 (wing descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is sub-)-.25 F .463 -(jected to brace e)108 444 R .463(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .462 +(jected to brace e)108 526.8 R .463(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .462 (xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .462(ariable e)-.25 F .462 -(xpansion, command substitution, arith-)-.15 F .866(metic e)108 456 R +(xpansion, command substitution, arith-)-.15 F .866(metic e)108 538.8 R .866(xpansion, quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G .866(l, pathname e).25 F .867(xpansion, and w)-.15 F .867(ord splitting.)-.1 F .867(If it e)5.867 -F .867(xpands to more than one)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 468 S(rd,).1 E F1(bash) -2.5 E F0(reports an error)2.5 E(.)-.55 E -(Note that the order of redirections is signi\214cant.)108 484.8 Q -.15 -(Fo)5 G 2.5(re).15 G(xample, the command)-2.65 E(ls)144 501.6 Q F1(>)2.5 -E F0(dirlist 2)2.5 E F1(>&)A F0(1)A -(directs both standard output and standard error to the \214le)108 518.4 -Q F2(dirlist)2.5 E F0 2.5(,w).68 G(hile the command)-2.5 E(ls 2)144 -535.2 Q F1(>&)A F0(1)A F1(>)2.5 E F0(dirlist)2.5 E .527 -(directs only the standard output to \214le)108 552 R F2(dirlist)3.027 E -F0 3.027(,b).68 G .527(ecause the standard error w)-3.027 F .527 +F .867(xpands to more than one)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 550.8 S(rd,).1 E F2 +(bash)2.5 E F0(reports an error)2.5 E(.)-.55 E +(Note that the order of redirections is signi\214cant.)108 567.6 Q -.15 +(Fo)5 G 2.5(re).15 G(xample, the command)-2.65 E(ls)144 584.4 Q F2(>)2.5 +E F0(dirlist 2)2.5 E F2(>&)A F0(1)A +(directs both standard output and standard error to the \214le)108 601.2 +Q F1(dirlist)2.5 E F0 2.5(,w).68 G(hile the command)-2.5 E(ls 2)144 618 +Q F2(>&)A F0(1)A F2(>)2.5 E F0(dirlist)2.5 E .527 +(directs only the standard output to \214le)108 634.8 R F1(dirlist)3.027 +E F0 3.027(,b).68 G .527(ecause the standard error w)-3.027 F .527 (as duplicated from the standard)-.1 F -(output before the standard output w)108 564 Q(as redirected to)-.1 E F2 -(dirlist)2.5 E F0(.).68 E F1(Bash)108 580.8 Q F0 .598(handles se)3.098 F --.15(ve)-.25 G .598(ral \214lenames specially when the).15 F 3.099(ya) +(output before the standard output w)108 646.8 Q(as redirected to)-.1 E +F1(dirlist)2.5 E F0(.).68 E F2(Bash)108 663.6 Q F0 .598(handles se)3.098 +F -.15(ve)-.25 G .598(ral \214lenames specially when the).15 F 3.099(ya) -.15 G .599(re used in redirections, as described in the follo)-3.099 F -(wing)-.25 E(table:)108 592.8 Q F1(/de)144 609.6 Q(v/fd/)-.15 E F2(fd)A -F0(If)180 621.6 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0(is a v)2.5 E(alid inte)-.25 E(ger)-.15 -E 2.5<2c8c>-.4 G(le descriptor)-2.5 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0(is duplicated.)2.5 -E F1(/de)144 633.6 Q(v/stdin)-.15 E F0(File descriptor 0 is duplicated.) -180 645.6 Q F1(/de)144 657.6 Q(v/stdout)-.15 E F0 -(File descriptor 1 is duplicated.)180 669.6 Q F1(/de)144 681.6 Q -(v/stderr)-.15 E F0(File descriptor 2 is duplicated.)180 693.6 Q F1(/de) -144 705.6 Q(v/tcp/)-.15 E F2(host)A F1(/)A F2(port)A F0(If)180 717.6 Q -F2(host)2.997 E F0 .497(is a v)2.997 F .497 -(alid hostname or Internet address, and)-.25 F F2(port)2.996 E F0 .496 -(is an inte)2.996 F .496(ger port number or ser)-.15 F(-)-.2 E -(vice name,)180 729.6 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 -(attempts to open the corresponding TCP sock)2.5 E(et.)-.1 E -(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(25)190.95 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 26 26 +(wing)-.25 E 3.478(table. If)108 675.6 R .978 +(the operating system on which)3.478 F F2(bash)3.478 E F0 .978 +(is running pro)3.478 F .977 +(vides these special \214les, bash will use them;)-.15 F +(otherwise it will emulate them internally with the beha)108 687.6 Q +(vior described belo)-.2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F2(/de)144 704.4 Q(v/fd/)-.15 +E F1(fd)A F0(If)180 716.4 Q F1(fd)2.5 E F0(is a v)2.5 E(alid inte)-.25 E +(ger)-.15 E 2.5<2c8c>-.4 G(le descriptor)-2.5 E F1(fd)2.5 E F0 +(is duplicated.)2.5 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(26) +192.055 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 27 27 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(/de)144 84 Q(v/udp/)-.15 E/F2 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(host)A F1(/)A F2(port)A F0(If)180 96 Q F2(host)2.996 -E F0 .496(is a v)2.996 F .496(alid hostname or Internet address, and) --.25 F F2(port)2.997 E F0 .497(is an inte)2.997 F .497 -(ger port number or ser)-.15 F(-)-.2 E(vice name,)180 108 Q F1(bash)2.5 -E F0(attempts to open the corresponding UDP sock)2.5 E(et.)-.1 E 2.5(Af) -108 124.8 S -(ailure to open or create a \214le causes the redirection to f)-2.6 E -(ail.)-.1 E .947(Redirections using \214le descriptors greater than 9 s\ -hould be used with care, as the)108 141.6 R 3.446(ym)-.15 G .946 -(ay con\215ict with \214le)-3.446 F -(descriptors the shell uses internally)108 153.6 Q(.)-.65 E F1(Redir)87 -170.4 Q(ecting Input)-.18 E F0 .391 +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(/de)144 84 Q(v/stdin)-.15 E F0(File descriptor 0 is duplicated.)180 +96 Q F1(/de)144 108 Q(v/stdout)-.15 E F0 +(File descriptor 1 is duplicated.)180 120 Q F1(/de)144 132 Q(v/stderr) +-.15 E F0(File descriptor 2 is duplicated.)180 144 Q F1(/de)144 156 Q +(v/tcp/)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(host)A F1(/)A F2(port)A F0(If)180 +168 Q F2(host)2.996 E F0 .496(is a v)2.996 F .496 +(alid hostname or Internet address, and)-.25 F F2(port)2.997 E F0 .497 +(is an inte)2.997 F .497(ger port number or ser)-.15 F(-)-.2 E +(vice name,)180 180 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 +(attempts to open the corresponding TCP sock)2.5 E(et.)-.1 E F1(/de)144 +192 Q(v/udp/)-.15 E F2(host)A F1(/)A F2(port)A F0(If)180 204 Q F2(host) +2.997 E F0 .497(is a v)2.997 F .497 +(alid hostname or Internet address, and)-.25 F F2(port)2.996 E F0 .496 +(is an inte)2.996 F .496(ger port number or ser)-.15 F(-)-.2 E +(vice name,)180 216 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 +(attempts to open the corresponding UDP sock)2.5 E(et.)-.1 E 2.5(Af)108 +232.8 S(ailure to open or create a \214le causes the redirection to f) +-2.6 E(ail.)-.1 E .946(Redirections using \214le descriptors greater th\ +an 9 should be used with care, as the)108 249.6 R 3.447(ym)-.15 G .947 +(ay con\215ict with \214le)-3.447 F +(descriptors the shell uses internally)108 261.6 Q(.)-.65 E F1(Redir)87 +278.4 Q(ecting Input)-.18 E F0 .391 (Redirection of input causes the \214le whose name results from the e) -108 182.4 R .391(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.231 E(d)-.37 E F0 .391 -(to be opened for read-)3.661 F(ing on \214le descriptor)108 194.4 Q F2 +108 290.4 R .391(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.231 E(d)-.37 E F0 .391 +(to be opened for read-)3.661 F(ing on \214le descriptor)108 302.4 Q F2 (n)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o).24 G 2.5(rt)-2.5 G (he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-2.5 E F2(n)2.86 E F0 (is not speci\214ed.)2.74 E -(The general format for redirecting input is:)108 211.2 Q([)144 228 Q F2 -(n)A F0(])A F1(<)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(Redir)87 244.8 Q(ecting Output) --.18 E F0 .175 +(The general format for redirecting input is:)108 319.2 Q([)144 336 Q F2 +(n)A F0(])A F1(<)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(Redir)87 352.8 Q(ecting Output) +-.18 E F0 .174 (Redirection of output causes the \214le whose name results from the e) -108 256.8 R .174(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.014 E(d)-.37 E F0 .174 -(to be opened for writ-)3.444 F .824(ing on \214le descriptor)108 268.8 -R F2(n)3.324 E F0 3.324(,o).24 G 3.324(rt)-3.324 G .824 -(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-3.324 F F2(n)3.684 E F0 -.824(is not speci\214ed.)3.564 F .825(If the \214le does not)5.825 F --.15(ex)108 280.8 S(ist it is created; if it does e).15 E +108 364.8 R .175(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.015 E(d)-.37 E F0 .175 +(to be opened for writ-)3.445 F .825(ing on \214le descriptor)108 376.8 +R F2(n)3.325 E F0 3.325(,o).24 G 3.325(rt)-3.325 G .824 +(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-3.325 F F2(n)3.684 E F0 +.824(is not speci\214ed.)3.564 F .824(If the \214le does not)5.824 F +-.15(ex)108 388.8 S(ist it is created; if it does e).15 E (xist it is truncated to zero size.)-.15 E -(The general format for redirecting output is:)108 297.6 Q([)144 314.4 Q -F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .155 -(If the redirection operator is)108 331.2 R F1(>)2.655 E F0 2.655(,a)C -.155(nd the)-2.655 F F1(noclob)2.655 E(ber)-.1 E F0 .154(option to the) -2.654 F F1(set)2.654 E F0 -.2(bu)2.654 G .154 -(iltin has been enabled, the redirection).2 F .657(will f)108 343.2 R -.657(ail if the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .658 -(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.158 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.158 G .658 -(ists and is a re).15 F .658(gular \214le.)-.15 F .658(If the redi-) -5.658 F .409(rection operator is)108 355.2 R F1(>|)2.909 E F0 2.909(,o)C +(The general format for redirecting output is:)108 405.6 Q([)144 422.4 Q +F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .154 +(If the redirection operator is)108 439.2 R F1(>)2.654 E F0 2.654(,a)C +.154(nd the)-2.654 F F1(noclob)2.654 E(ber)-.1 E F0 .154(option to the) +2.654 F F1(set)2.655 E F0 -.2(bu)2.655 G .155 +(iltin has been enabled, the redirection).2 F .658(will f)108 451.2 R +.658(ail if the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .658 +(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.158 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.158 G .657 +(ists and is a re).15 F .657(gular \214le.)-.15 F .657(If the redi-) +5.657 F .408(rection operator is)108 463.2 R F1(>|)2.909 E F0 2.909(,o)C 2.909(rt)-2.909 G .409(he redirection operator is)-2.909 F F1(>)2.909 E F0 .409(and the)2.909 F F1(noclob)2.909 E(ber)-.1 E F0 .409 -(option to the)2.909 F F1(set)2.909 E F0 -.2(bu)2.908 G .408 +(option to the)2.909 F F1(set)2.909 E F0 -.2(bu)2.909 G .409 (iltin command).2 F(is not enabled, the redirection is attempted e)108 -367.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he \214le named by) +475.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he \214le named by) -2.5 E F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F1 -.25(Ap)87 -384 S(pending Redir).25 E(ected Output)-.18 E F0 .641 -(Redirection of output in this f)108 396 R .642 -(ashion causes the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .642 -(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.482 E(d)-.37 E F0 .642(to be)3.912 F .474 -(opened for appending on \214le descriptor)108 408 R F2(n)2.974 E F0 +492 S(pending Redir).25 E(ected Output)-.18 E F0 .642 +(Redirection of output in this f)108 504 R .642 +(ashion causes the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .641 +(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.481 E(d)-.37 E F0 .641(to be)3.911 F .473 +(opened for appending on \214le descriptor)108 516 R F2(n)2.973 E F0 2.974(,o).24 G 2.974(rt)-2.974 G .474 -(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.974 F F2(n)3.333 E F0 -.473(is not speci\214ed.)3.213 F(If)5.473 E(the \214le does not e)108 -420 Q(xist it is created.)-.15 E -(The general format for appending output is:)108 436.8 Q([)144 453.6 Q -F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>>)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(Redir)87 475.2 Q -(ecting Standard Output and Standard Err)-.18 E(or)-.18 E F0 .248 -(This construct allo)108 487.2 R .249(ws both the standard output \(\ +(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.974 F F2(n)3.334 E F0 +.474(is not speci\214ed.)3.214 F(If)5.474 E(the \214le does not e)108 +528 Q(xist it is created.)-.15 E +(The general format for appending output is:)108 544.8 Q([)144 561.6 Q +F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>>)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(Redir)87 578.4 Q +(ecting Standard Output and Standard Err)-.18 E(or)-.18 E F0 .249 +(This construct allo)108 590.4 R .249(ws both the standard output \(\ \214le descriptor 1\) and the standard error output \(\214le descrip-) -.25 F(tor 2\) to be redirected to the \214le whose name is the e)108 -499.2 Q(xpansion of)-.15 E F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0(.).77 E -(There are tw)108 516 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G +602.4 Q(xpansion of)-.15 E F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0(.).77 E +(There are tw)108 619.2 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G (ormats for redirecting standard output and standard error:)-2.5 E F1 -(&>)144 532.8 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(and)108 544.8 Q F1(>&)144 556.8 Q -F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(Of the tw)108 573.6 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G +(&>)144 636 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(and)108 648 Q F1(>&)144 660 Q F2(wor) +A(d)-.37 E F0(Of the tw)108 676.8 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G (orms, the \214rst is preferred.)-2.5 E(This is semantically equi)5 E --.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1(>)144 590.4 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(2)2.5 -E F1(>&)A F0(1)A .115(When using the second form,)108 607.2 R F2(wor) +-.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1(>)144 693.6 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(2)2.5 +E F1(>&)A F0(1)A .114(When using the second form,)108 710.4 R F2(wor) 2.614 E(d)-.37 E F0 .114(may not e)2.614 F .114(xpand to a number or) --.15 F F12.614 E F0 5.114(.I)C 2.614(fi)-5.114 G 2.614(td)-2.614 G -.114(oes, other redirection operators)-2.614 F(apply \(see)108 619.2 Q +-.15 F F12.614 E F0 5.114(.I)C 2.614(fi)-5.114 G 2.615(td)-2.614 G +.115(oes, other redirection operators)-2.615 F(apply \(see)108 722.4 Q F1(Duplicating File Descriptors)2.5 E F0(belo)2.5 E -(w\) for compatibility reasons.)-.25 E F1 -.25(Ap)87 636 S -(pending Standard Output and Standard Err).25 E(or)-.18 E F0 .248 -(This construct allo)108 648 R .249(ws both the standard output \(\214l\ -e descriptor 1\) and the standard error output \(\214le descrip-)-.25 F -(tor 2\) to be appended to the \214le whose name is the e)108 660 Q -(xpansion of)-.15 E F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0(.).77 E -(The format for appending standard output and standard error is:)108 -676.8 Q F1(&>>)144 693.6 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 -(This is semantically equi)108 710.4 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1 -(>>)144 727.2 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(2)2.5 E F1(>&)A F0(1)A -(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(26)190.95 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 27 27 +(w\) for compatibility reasons.)-.25 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q +(2016 August 26)142.895 E(27)192.055 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 28 28 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E(\(see)108 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -(Duplicating File Descriptors)2.5 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(Her)87 -100.8 Q 2.5(eD)-.18 G(ocuments)-2.5 E F0 .33(This type of redirection i\ -nstructs the shell to read input from the current source until a line c\ -ontaining only)108 112.8 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(delimiter)108.35 -124.8 Q F0 .614(\(with no trailing blanks\) is seen.)3.844 F .615 +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF -.25(Ap)87 84 S(pending Standard Output and Standard Err).25 E(or) +-.18 E F0 .249(This construct allo)108 96 R .249(ws both the standard o\ +utput \(\214le descriptor 1\) and the standard error output \(\214le de\ +scrip-)-.25 F(tor 2\) to be appended to the \214le whose name is the e) +108 108 Q(xpansion of)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E +F0(.).77 E +(The format for appending standard output and standard error is:)108 +124.8 Q F1(&>>)144 141.6 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 +(This is semantically equi)108 158.4 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1 +(>>)144 175.2 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(2)2.5 E F1(>&)A F0(1)A(\(see)108 +192 Q F1(Duplicating File Descriptors)2.5 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1 +(Her)87 208.8 Q 2.5(eD)-.18 G(ocuments)-2.5 E F0 .33(This type of redir\ +ection instructs the shell to read input from the current source until \ +a line containing only)108 220.8 R F2(delimiter)108.35 232.8 Q F0 .615 +(\(with no trailing blanks\) is seen.)3.845 F .615 (All of the lines read up to that point are then used as the stan-)5.615 -F(dard input for a command.)108 136.8 Q -(The format of here-documents is:)108 153.6 Q F1(<<)144 170.4 Q F0([)A -F1A F0(])A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E(her)164 182.4 Q(e-document)-.37 E -(delimiter)144 194.4 Q F0 .302(No parameter and v)108 211.2 R .302 -(ariable e)-.25 F .302(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic e)-.15 -F .301(xpansion, or pathname e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.15 E .225 -(is performed on)108 223.2 R F2(wor)2.725 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.225(.I).77 G -2.726(fa)-5.225 G .526 -.15(ny c)-2.726 H .226(haracters in).15 F F2 -(wor)3.066 E(d)-.37 E F0 .226(are quoted, the)3.496 F F2(delimiter)3.076 -E F0 .226(is the result of quote remo)3.456 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.726(lo) -.25 G(n)-2.726 E F2(wor)108 235.2 Q(d)-.37 E F0 2.715(,a).77 G .215 -(nd the lines in the here-document are not e)-2.715 F 2.714(xpanded. If) --.15 F F2(wor)2.714 E(d)-.37 E F0 .214 -(is unquoted, all lines of the here-docu-)2.714 F .499 -(ment are subjected to parameter e)108 247.2 R .499 -(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F .5 -(xpansion, the character)-.15 F(sequence)108 259.2 Q F1(\\)2.5 +F(dard input \(or \214le descriptor)108 244.8 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(if)2.5 E +F2(n)2.5 E F0(is speci\214ed\) for a command.)2.5 E +(The format of here-documents is:)108 261.6 Q([)144 278.4 Q F2(n)A F0(]) +A F1(<<)A F0([)A F1A F0(])A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E(her)164 290.4 Q +(e-document)-.37 E(delimiter)144 302.4 Q F0 .301(No parameter and v)108 +319.2 R .302(ariable e)-.25 F .302 +(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic e)-.15 F .302 +(xpansion, or pathname e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.15 E .415(is performed on)108 +331.2 R F2(wor)2.915 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.415(.I).77 G 2.915(fa)-5.415 G .715 +-.15(ny p)-2.915 H .415(art of).15 F F2(wor)3.255 E(d)-.37 E F0 .415 +(is quoted, the)3.685 F F2(delimiter)3.265 E F0 .415 +(is the result of quote remo)3.645 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.915(lo).25 G(n) +-2.915 E F2(wor)2.915 E(d)-.37 E F0(,).77 E .773 +(and the lines in the here-document are not e)108 343.2 R 3.274 +(xpanded. If)-.15 F F2(wor)3.274 E(d)-.37 E F0 .774 +(is unquoted, all lines of the here-document)3.274 F 2.59 +(are subjected to parameter e)108 355.2 R 2.59 +(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F 2.59 +(xpansion, the character)-.15 F(sequence)108 367.2 Q F1(\\)2.5 E F0(is ignored, and)2.5 E F1(\\)2.5 E F0 (must be used to quote the characters)2.5 E F1(\\)2.5 E F0(,)A F1($)2.5 -E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F1<92>2.5 E F0(.)A .602 -(If the redirection operator is)108 276 R F1(<<\255)3.101 E F0 3.101(,t) +E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F1<92>2.5 E F0(.)A .601 +(If the redirection operator is)108 384 R F1(<<\255)3.101 E F0 3.101(,t) C .601(hen all leading tab characters are stripped from input lines and\ - the line)-3.101 F(containing)108 288 Q F2(delimiter)2.5 E F0 5(.T).73 G + the line)-3.101 F(containing)108 396 Q F2(delimiter)2.5 E F0 5(.T).73 G (his allo)-5 E (ws here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural f) --.25 E(ashion.)-.1 E F1(Her)87 304.8 Q 2.5(eS)-.18 G(trings)-2.5 E F0 -2.5(Av)108 316.8 S(ariant of here documents, the format is:)-2.75 E F1 -(<<<)144 333.6 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(The)108 350.4 Q F2(wor)2.893 E(d) --.37 E F0(under)2.893 E .393(goes brace e)-.18 F .393(xpansion, tilde e) --.15 F .393(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .394(ariable e)-.25 F .394 -(xpansion, command substi-)-.15 F 2.148(tution, arithmetic e)108 362.4 R -2.148(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 4.648(l. P).25 F -2.148(athname e)-.15 F 2.148(xpansion and w)-.15 F 2.147 -(ord splitting are not per)-.1 F(-)-.2 E 2.5(formed. The)108 374.4 R(re\ -sult is supplied as a single string to the command on its standard inpu\ -t.)2.5 E F1(Duplicating File Descriptors)87 391.2 Q F0 -(The redirection operator)108 403.2 Q([)144 420 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<&)A -F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .126 -(is used to duplicate input \214le descriptors.)108 436.8 R(If)5.127 E +-.25 E(ashion.)-.1 E F1(Her)87 412.8 Q 2.5(eS)-.18 G(trings)-2.5 E F0 +2.5(Av)108 424.8 S(ariant of here documents, the format is:)-2.75 E([) +144 441.6 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<<<)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(The)108 458.4 Q +F2(wor)2.894 E(d)-.37 E F0(under)2.894 E .394(goes brace e)-.18 F .393 +(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .393(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .393 +(ariable e)-.25 F .393(xpansion, command substi-)-.15 F 2.147 +(tution, arithmetic e)108 470.4 R 2.147(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F +-.25(va)-.15 G 4.648(l. P).25 F 2.148(athname e)-.15 F 2.148 +(xpansion and w)-.15 F 2.148(ord splitting are not per)-.1 F(-)-.2 E +2.813(formed. The)108 482.4 R .313 +(result is supplied as a single string, with a ne)2.813 F .312 +(wline appended, to the command on its standard)-.25 F +(input \(or \214le descriptor)108 494.4 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(if)2.5 E F2(n) +2.5 E F0(is speci\214ed\).)2.5 E F1(Duplicating File Descriptors)87 +511.2 Q F0(The redirection operator)108 523.2 Q([)144 540 Q F2(n)A F0(]) +A F1(<&)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .126 +(is used to duplicate input \214le descriptors.)108 556.8 R(If)5.127 E F2(wor)2.967 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.397 G .127 (pands to one or more digits, the \214le descriptor denoted).15 F(by)108 -448.8 Q F2(n)3.318 E F0 .458(is made to be a cop)3.198 F 2.958(yo)-.1 G +568.8 Q F2(n)3.318 E F0 .458(is made to be a cop)3.198 F 2.958(yo)-.1 G 2.958(ft)-2.958 G .457(hat \214le descriptor)-2.958 F 5.457(.I)-.55 G 2.957(ft)-5.457 G .457(he digits in)-2.957 F F2(wor)3.297 E(d)-.37 E F0 .457(do not specify a \214le descriptor open)3.727 F .149 -(for input, a redirection error occurs.)108 460.8 R(If)5.149 E F2(wor) +(for input, a redirection error occurs.)108 580.8 R(If)5.149 E F2(wor) 2.989 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)3.419 G .149(luates to).25 F F12.649 E F0 2.65<2c8c>C .15(le descriptor)-2.65 F F2(n)3.01 E F0 .15(is closed.) 2.89 F(If)5.15 E F2(n)3.01 E F0 .15(is not speci\214ed,)2.89 F -(the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) is used.)108 472.8 Q -(The operator)108 489.6 Q([)144 506.4 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>&)A F2(wor)A +(the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) is used.)108 592.8 Q +(The operator)108 609.6 Q([)144 626.4 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>&)A F2(wor)A (d)-.37 E F0 .444 -(is used similarly to duplicate output \214le descriptors.)108 523.2 R +(is used similarly to duplicate output \214le descriptors.)108 643.2 R (If)5.444 E F2(n)3.304 E F0 .443 (is not speci\214ed, the standard output \(\214le descrip-)3.183 F 1.357 -(tor 1\) is used.)108 535.2 R 1.357(If the digits in)6.357 F F2(wor) +(tor 1\) is used.)108 655.2 R 1.357(If the digits in)6.357 F F2(wor) 4.197 E(d)-.37 E F0 1.358(do not specify a \214le descriptor open for o\ -utput, a redirection error)4.627 F 2.754(occurs. If)108 547.2 R F2(wor) +utput, a redirection error)4.627 F 2.754(occurs. If)108 667.2 R F2(wor) 3.094 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)3.524 G .254(luates to).25 F F12.754 E F0 2.754<2c8c>C .254(le descriptor)-2.754 F F2(n)3.114 E F0 .254 (is closed.)2.994 F .254(As a special case, if)5.254 F F2(n)2.754 E F0 .253(is omitted, and)2.754 F F2(wor)2.753 E(d)-.37 E F0(does)2.753 E -.965(not e)108 559.2 R .965(xpand to one or more digits or)-.15 F F1 +.965(not e)108 679.2 R .965(xpand to one or more digits or)-.15 F F1 3.465 E F0 3.466(,t)C .966 (he standard output and standard error are redirected as described) --3.466 F(pre)108 571.2 Q(viously)-.25 E(.)-.65 E F1(Mo)87 588 Q -(ving File Descriptors)-.1 E F0(The redirection operator)108 600 Q([)144 -616.8 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<&)A F2(digit)A F1A F0(mo)108 633.6 Q -.15 -(ve)-.15 G 3.036(st).15 G .536(he \214le descriptor)-3.036 F F2(digit) -3.036 E F0 .536(to \214le descriptor)3.036 F F2(n)3.036 E F0 3.036(,o) -.24 G 3.036(rt)-3.036 G .535 -(he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-3.036 F F2(n)3.035 E F0 -.535(is not speci-)3.035 F(\214ed.)108 645.6 Q F2(digit)5 E F0 -(is closed after being duplicated to)2.5 E F2(n)2.5 E F0(.)A(Similarly) -108 662.4 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he redirection operator)-2.5 E([)144 679.2 Q -F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>&)A F2(digit)A F1A F0(mo)108 696 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G -2.785(st).15 G .285(he \214le descriptor)-2.785 F F2(digit)2.785 E F0 -.285(to \214le descriptor)2.785 F F2(n)2.785 E F0 2.785(,o).24 G 2.785 -(rt)-2.785 G .286(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.785 F -F2(n)2.786 E F0 .286(is not speci-)2.786 F(\214ed.)108 708 Q -(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(27)190.95 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 28 28 +-3.466 F(pre)108 691.2 Q(viously)-.25 E(.)-.65 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q +(2016 August 26)142.895 E(28)192.055 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 29 29 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Opening File Descriptors f)87 84 Q -(or Reading and Writing)-.25 E F0(The redirection operator)108 96 Q([) -144 112.8 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0(])A F1(<>)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E -F0 1.349(causes the \214le whose name is the e)108 129.6 R 1.349 -(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)4.189 E(d)-.37 E F0 1.349 +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(Mo)87 84 Q(ving File Descriptors)-.1 E F0(The redirection operator) +108 96 Q([)144 112.8 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0(])A F1(<&)A F2 +(digit)A F1A F0(mo)108 129.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.036(st).15 G .536 +(he \214le descriptor)-3.036 F F2(digit)3.036 E F0 .536 +(to \214le descriptor)3.036 F F2(n)3.036 E F0 3.036(,o).24 G 3.036(rt) +-3.036 G .535(he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-3.036 F F2 +(n)3.035 E F0 .535(is not speci-)3.035 F(\214ed.)108 141.6 Q F2(digit)5 +E F0(is closed after being duplicated to)2.5 E F2(n)2.5 E F0(.)A +(Similarly)108 158.4 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he redirection operator)-2.5 E([) +144 175.2 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>&)A F2(digit)A F1A F0(mo)108 192 Q +-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.785(st).15 G .285(he \214le descriptor)-2.785 F F2 +(digit)2.785 E F0 .285(to \214le descriptor)2.785 F F2(n)2.785 E F0 +2.785(,o).24 G 2.785(rt)-2.785 G .286 +(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.785 F F2(n)2.786 E F0 +.286(is not speci-)2.786 F(\214ed.)108 204 Q F1 +(Opening File Descriptors f)87 220.8 Q(or Reading and Writing)-.25 E F0 +(The redirection operator)108 232.8 Q([)144 249.6 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<>) +A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 1.349(causes the \214le whose name is the e)108 +266.4 R 1.349(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)4.189 E(d)-.37 E F0 1.349 (to be opened for both reading and writing on \214le)4.619 F(descriptor) -108 141.6 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o).24 G 2.5(ro)-2.5 G 2.5<6e8c>-2.5 G +108 278.4 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o).24 G 2.5(ro)-2.5 G 2.5<6e8c>-2.5 G (le descriptor 0 if)-2.5 E F2(n)2.86 E F0(is not speci\214ed.)2.74 E (If the \214le does not e)5 E(xist, it is created.)-.15 E/F3 10.95 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)72 158.4 Q F2(Aliases)108 170.4 Q F0(allo)3.173 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)72 295.2 Q F2(Aliases)108 307.2 Q F0(allo)3.173 E 3.173(was)-.25 G .674(tring to be substituted for a w)-3.173 F .674 (ord when it is used as the \214rst w)-.1 F .674 (ord of a simple command.)-.1 F .394(The shell maintains a list of alia\ -ses that may be set and unset with the)108 182.4 R F1(alias)2.893 E F0 +ses that may be set and unset with the)108 319.2 R F1(alias)2.893 E F0 (and)2.893 E F1(unalias)2.893 E F0 -.2(bu)2.893 G .393(iltin commands).2 -F(\(see)108 194.4 Q/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.979(SHELL B)4.479 F(UIL)-.09 +F(\(see)108 331.2 Q/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.979(SHELL B)4.479 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.979(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)4.229 E 4.48(w\). The)-.25 F 1.98 (\214rst w)4.48 F 1.98(ord of each simple command, if unquoted, is)-.1 F -(check)108 206.4 Q .473(ed to see if it has an alias.)-.1 F .473 +(check)108 343.2 Q .473(ed to see if it has an alias.)-.1 F .473 (If so, that w)5.473 F .472(ord is replaced by the te)-.1 F .472 (xt of the alias.)-.15 F .472(The characters)5.472 F F1(/)2.972 E F0(,)A -F1($)2.972 E F0(,)A F1<92>2.972 E F0(,)A(and)108 218.4 Q F1(=)3.611 E F0 +F1($)2.972 E F0(,)A F1<92>2.972 E F0(,)A(and)108 355.2 Q F1(=)3.611 E F0 1.111(and an)3.611 F 3.611(yo)-.15 G 3.611(ft)-3.611 G 1.111(he shell) -3.611 F F2(metac)3.612 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.112 (or quoting characters listed abo)3.612 F 1.412 -.15(ve m)-.15 H 1.112 -(ay not appear in an alias).15 F 3.62(name. The)108 230.4 R 1.12 +(ay not appear in an alias).15 F 3.62(name. The)108 367.2 R 1.12 (replacement te)3.62 F 1.119(xt may contain an)-.15 F 3.619(yv)-.15 G 1.119(alid shell input, including shell metacharacters.)-3.869 F 1.119 -(The \214rst)6.119 F -.1(wo)108 242.4 S .513(rd of the replacement te).1 +(The \214rst)6.119 F -.1(wo)108 379.2 S .513(rd of the replacement te).1 F .513(xt is tested for aliases, b)-.15 F .513(ut a w)-.2 F .514 (ord that is identical to an alias being e)-.1 F .514(xpanded is)-.15 F -.296(not e)108 254.4 R .296(xpanded a second time.)-.15 F .296 +.296(not e)108 391.2 R .296(xpanded a second time.)-.15 F .296 (This means that one may alias)5.296 F F1(ls)2.796 E F0(to)2.796 E F1 .296(ls \255F)2.796 F F0 2.796(,f)C .295(or instance, and)-2.796 F F1 -(bash)2.795 E F0 .295(does not try)2.795 F .542(to recursi)108 266.4 R +(bash)2.795 E F0 .295(does not try)2.795 F .542(to recursi)108 403.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .542(ly e).15 F .542(xpand the replacement te)-.15 F 3.042(xt. If)-.15 F .543(the last character of the alias v)3.042 F .543 (alue is a)-.25 F F2(blank)3.043 E F0 3.043(,t).67 G .543(hen the ne) --3.043 F(xt)-.15 E(command w)108 278.4 Q(ord follo)-.1 E +-3.043 F(xt)-.15 E(command w)108 415.2 Q(ord follo)-.1 E (wing the alias is also check)-.25 E(ed for alias e)-.1 E(xpansion.)-.15 -E(Aliases are created and listed with the)108 295.2 Q F1(alias)2.5 E F0 +E(Aliases are created and listed with the)108 432 Q F1(alias)2.5 E F0 (command, and remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(dw).15 G(ith the)-2.5 E F1 (unalias)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E .284 -(There is no mechanism for using ar)108 312 R .284 +(There is no mechanism for using ar)108 448.8 R .284 (guments in the replacement te)-.18 F 2.784(xt. If)-.15 F(ar)2.784 E .284(guments are needed, a shell func-)-.18 F(tion should be used \(see) -108 324 Q F4(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E 1.22 -(Aliases are not e)108 340.8 R 1.22 +108 460.8 Q F4(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E 1.22 +(Aliases are not e)108 477.6 R 1.22 (xpanded when the shell is not interacti)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.72(,u) .15 G 1.22(nless the)-3.72 F F1(expand_aliases)3.72 E F0 1.22 -(shell option is set)3.72 F(using)108 352.8 Q F1(shopt)2.5 E F0 +(shell option is set)3.72 F(using)108 489.6 Q F1(shopt)2.5 E F0 (\(see the description of)2.5 E F1(shopt)2.5 E F0(under)2.5 E F4 (SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E .436 (The rules concerning the de\214nition and use of aliases are some)108 -369.6 R .435(what confusing.)-.25 F F1(Bash)5.435 E F0(al)2.935 E -.1 +506.4 R .435(what confusing.)-.25 F F1(Bash)5.435 E F0(al)2.935 E -.1 (wa)-.1 G .435(ys reads at least).1 F .337 -(one complete line of input before e)108 381.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .338 +(one complete line of input before e)108 518.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .338 (cuting an).15 F 2.838(yo)-.15 G 2.838(ft)-2.838 G .338 (he commands on that line.)-2.838 F .338(Aliases are e)5.338 F .338 -(xpanded when)-.15 F 3.404(ac)108 393.6 S .904 +(xpanded when)-.15 F 3.404(ac)108 530.4 S .904 (ommand is read, not when it is e)-3.404 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.404 (cuted. Therefore,).15 F .904 (an alias de\214nition appearing on the same line as)3.404 F 1.161 -(another command does not tak)108 405.6 R 3.662(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.662 +(another command does not tak)108 542.4 R 3.662(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.662 G 1.162(ect until the ne).25 F 1.162(xt line of input is read.)-.15 F 1.162(The commands follo)6.162 F 1.162(wing the)-.25 F .277 -(alias de\214nition on that line are not af)108 417.6 R .277 +(alias de\214nition on that line are not af)108 554.4 R .277 (fected by the ne)-.25 F 2.777(wa)-.25 G 2.777(lias. This)-2.777 F(beha) 2.777 E .277(vior is also an issue when functions)-.2 F .698(are e)108 -429.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.198(cuted. Aliases).15 F .698(are e)3.198 F +566.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.198(cuted. Aliases).15 F .698(are e)3.198 F .699(xpanded when a function de\214nition is read, not when the functio\ -n is e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted,).15 E .495 -(because a function de\214nition is itself a compound command.)108 441.6 -R .494(As a consequence, aliases de\214ned in a func-)5.494 F .084 -(tion are not a)108 453.6 R -.25(va)-.2 G .084 -(ilable until after that function is e).25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.584 -(cuted. T).15 F 2.584(ob)-.8 G 2.584(es)-2.584 G .084(afe, al)-2.584 F --.1(wa)-.1 G .085(ys put alias de\214nitions on a sepa-).1 F -(rate line, and do not use)108 465.6 Q F1(alias)2.5 E F0 -(in compound commands.)2.5 E -.15(Fo)108 482.4 S 2.5(ra).15 G(lmost e) --2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +n is e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted,).15 E .613 +(because a function de\214nition is itself a command.)108 578.4 R .612 +(As a consequence, aliases de\214ned in a function are not)5.612 F -.2 +(av)108 590.4 S .058(ailable until after that function is e)-.05 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G 2.558(cuted. T).15 F 2.558(ob)-.8 G 2.558(es)-2.558 G .058 +(afe, al)-2.558 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .059 +(ys put alias de\214nitions on a separate line, and).1 F(do not use)108 +602.4 Q F1(alias)2.5 E F0(in compound commands.)2.5 E -.15(Fo)108 619.2 +S 2.5(ra).15 G(lmost e)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G (ry purpose, aliases are superseded by shell functions.).15 E F3 -(FUNCTIONS)72 499.2 Q F0 3.468(As)108 511.2 S .968 +(FUNCTIONS)72 636 Q F0 3.468(As)108 648 S .968 (hell function, de\214ned as described abo)-3.468 F 1.267 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F4 .967(SHELL GRAMMAR)3.467 F/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 -.967(stores a series of commands for)3.217 F 1.001(later e)108 523.2 R +.967(stores a series of commands for)3.217 F 1.001(later e)108 660 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.501(cution. When).15 F 1.002(the name of a shell funct\ ion is used as a simple command name, the list of com-)3.501 F .316 -(mands associated with that function name is e)108 535.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 -G 2.816(cuted. Functions).15 F .316(are e)2.816 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .315 +(mands associated with that function name is e)108 672 R -.15(xe)-.15 G +2.816(cuted. Functions).15 F .316(are e)2.816 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .315 (cuted in the conte).15 F .315(xt of the current)-.15 F .035 -(shell; no ne)108 547.2 R 2.535(wp)-.25 G .036 +(shell; no ne)108 684 R 2.535(wp)-.25 G .036 (rocess is created to interpret them \(contrast this with the e)-2.535 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .036(cution of a shell script\).).15 F .036(When a)5.036 -F .64(function is e)108 559.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .64(cuted, the ar).15 F +F .64(function is e)108 696 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .64(cuted, the ar).15 F .639 (guments to the function become the positional parameters during its e) --.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cution.).15 E .532(The special parameter)108 571.2 -R F1(#)3.032 E F0 .532(is updated to re\215ect the change.)3.032 F .532 +-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cution.).15 E .532(The special parameter)108 708 R +F1(#)3.032 E F0 .532(is updated to re\215ect the change.)3.032 F .532 (Special parameter)5.532 F F1(0)3.033 E F0 .533(is unchanged.)3.033 F -.533(The \214rst ele-)5.533 F(ment of the)108 583.2 Q F4(FUNCN)2.5 E -(AME)-.18 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G +.533(The \214rst ele-)5.533 F(ment of the)108 720 Q F4(FUNCN)2.5 E(AME) +-.18 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G (riable is set to the name of the function while the function is e).25 E --.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting.).15 E 1.25(All other aspects of the shell e)108 -600 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.25(cution en).15 F 1.25 +-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting.).15 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26) +142.895 E(29)192.055 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 30 30 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 1.25 +(All other aspects of the shell e)108 84 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.25 +(cution en).15 F 1.25 (vironment are identical between a function and its caller with)-.4 F -1.048(these e)108 612 R 3.548(xceptions: the)-.15 F F4(DEB)3.548 E(UG) --.09 E F0(and)3.298 E F1(RETURN)3.548 E F0 1.048 -(traps \(see the description of the)3.548 F F1(trap)3.548 E F0 -.2(bu) -3.548 G 1.048(iltin under).2 F F4(SHELL)3.549 E -.09(BU)108 624 S(IL).09 -E .479(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)2.729 E .479 +1.214(these e)108 96 R 1.214(xceptions: the)-.15 F/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +(DEB)3.714 E(UG)-.09 E F0(and)3.464 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(RETURN)3.715 +E F0 1.215(traps \(see the description of the)3.715 F F2(trap)3.715 E F0 +-.2(bu)3.715 G 1.215(iltin under).2 F F1(SHELL)3.715 E -.09(BU)108 108 S +(IL).09 E .479(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)2.729 E .479 (w\) are not inherited unless the function has been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve) --.25 G 2.978(nt).15 G(he)-2.978 E F1(trace)2.978 E F0(attrib)2.978 E -.478(ute \(see)-.2 F .42(the description of the)108 636 R F4(declar)2.92 +-.25 G 2.978(nt).15 G(he)-2.978 E F2(trace)2.978 E F0(attrib)2.978 E +.478(ute \(see)-.2 F .42(the description of the)108 120 R F1(declar)2.92 E(e)-.162 E F0 -.2(bu)2.67 G .42(iltin belo).2 F .42(w\) or the)-.25 F -F1 .42(\255o functrace)2.92 F F0 .42 -(shell option has been enabled with the)2.92 F F1(set)2.921 E F0 -.2(bu) -108 648 S .072(iltin \(in which case all functions inherit the).2 F F1 -(DEB)2.572 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.572 E F1(RETURN)2.572 E F0 .072 -(traps\), and the)2.572 F F4(ERR)2.571 E F0 .071(trap is not inher)2.321 -F(-)-.2 E(ited unless the)108 660 Q F1(\255o errtrace)2.5 E F0 -(shell option has been enabled.)2.5 E -1.11(Va)108 676.8 S .655 -(riables local to the function may be declared with the)1.11 F F1(local) +F2 .42(\255o functrace)2.92 F F0 .42 +(shell option has been enabled with the)2.92 F F2(set)2.921 E F0 -.2(bu) +108 132 S .072(iltin \(in which case all functions inherit the).2 F F2 +(DEB)2.572 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.572 E F2(RETURN)2.572 E F0 .072 +(traps\), and the)2.572 F F1(ERR)2.571 E F0 .071(trap is not inher)2.321 +F(-)-.2 E(ited unless the)108 144 Q F2(\255o errtrace)2.5 E F0 +(shell option has been enabled.)2.5 E -1.11(Va)108 160.8 S .655 +(riables local to the function may be declared with the)1.11 F F2(local) 3.155 E F0 -.2(bu)3.156 G .656(iltin command.).2 F(Ordinarily)5.656 E -3.156(,v)-.65 G .656(ariables and)-3.406 F(their v)108 688.8 Q +3.156(,v)-.65 G .656(ariables and)-3.406 F(their v)108 172.8 Q (alues are shared between the function and its caller)-.25 E(.)-.55 E -(The)108 705.6 Q F1(FUNCNEST)3.529 E F0 -.25(va)3.529 G 1.028 +(The)108 189.6 Q F2(FUNCNEST)3.529 E F0 -.25(va)3.529 G 1.028 (riable, if set to a numeric v).25 F 1.028 (alue greater than 0, de\214nes a maximum function nesting)-.25 F(le)108 -717.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(l. Function).15 F(in)2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G +201.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(l. Function).15 F(in)2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G (cations that e).2 E(xceed the limit cause the entire command to abort.) --.15 E(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(28)190.95 E 0 Cg -EP -%%Page: 29 29 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E .043(If the b)108 84 R .043(uiltin command)-.2 F/F1 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF -.18(re)2.543 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .043(is e)2.543 F --.15(xe)-.15 G .043(cuted in a function, the function completes and e) -.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .044(cution resumes with).15 F 1.012(the ne)108 96 -R 1.012(xt command after the function call.)-.15 F(An)6.011 E 3.511(yc) --.15 G 1.011(ommand associated with the)-3.511 F F1(RETURN)3.511 E F0 -1.011(trap is e)3.511 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E .213(before e)108 108 -R -.15(xe)-.15 G .213(cution resumes.).15 F .213 +-.15 E .043(If the b)108 218.4 R .043(uiltin command)-.2 F F2 -.18(re) +2.543 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .043(is e)2.543 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .043 +(cuted in a function, the function completes and e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +.044(cution resumes with).15 F 1.012(the ne)108 230.4 R 1.012 +(xt command after the function call.)-.15 F(An)6.011 E 3.511(yc)-.15 G +1.011(ommand associated with the)-3.511 F F2(RETURN)3.511 E F0 1.011 +(trap is e)3.511 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E .213(before e)108 242.4 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G .213(cution resumes.).15 F .213 (When a function completes, the v)5.213 F .214 (alues of the positional parameters and the spe-)-.25 F(cial parameter) -108 120 Q F1(#)2.5 E F0(are restored to the v)2.5 E(alues the)-.25 E 2.5 -(yh)-.15 G(ad prior to the function')-2.5 E 2.5(se)-.55 G -.15(xe)-2.65 -G(cution.).15 E 1.359 -(Function names and de\214nitions may be listed with the)108 136.8 R F1 -3.858 E F0 1.358(option to the)3.858 F F1(declar)3.858 E(e)-.18 E -F0(or)3.858 E F1(typeset)3.858 E F0 -.2(bu)3.858 G 1.358(iltin com-).2 F -3.39(mands. The)108 148.8 R F13.39 E F0 .89(option to)3.39 F F1 -(declar)3.39 E(e)-.18 E F0(or)3.39 E F1(typeset)3.39 E F0 .89 +108 254.4 Q F2(#)2.5 E F0(are restored to the v)2.5 E(alues the)-.25 E +2.5(yh)-.15 G(ad prior to the function')-2.5 E 2.5(se)-.55 G -.15(xe) +-2.65 G(cution.).15 E 1.359 +(Function names and de\214nitions may be listed with the)108 271.2 R F2 +3.858 E F0 1.358(option to the)3.858 F F2(declar)3.858 E(e)-.18 E +F0(or)3.858 E F2(typeset)3.858 E F0 -.2(bu)3.858 G 1.358(iltin com-).2 F +3.39(mands. The)108 283.2 R F23.39 E F0 .89(option to)3.39 F F2 +(declar)3.39 E(e)-.18 E F0(or)3.39 E F2(typeset)3.39 E F0 .89 (will list the function names only \(and optionally the source)3.39 F -.327(\214le and line number)108 160.8 R 2.827(,i)-.4 G 2.827(ft)-2.827 G -(he)-2.827 E F1(extdeb)2.827 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .326 +.327(\214le and line number)108 295.2 R 2.827(,i)-.4 G 2.827(ft)-2.827 G +(he)-2.827 E F2(extdeb)2.827 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .326 (shell option is enabled\).)2.827 F .326(Functions may be e)5.326 F .326 -(xported so that subshells)-.15 F 1.297(automatically ha)108 172.8 R -1.597 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.297(hem de\214ned with the).15 F F13.797 E -F0 1.297(option to the)3.797 F F1(export)3.798 E F0 -.2(bu)3.798 G 3.798 +(xported so that subshells)-.15 F 1.297(automatically ha)108 307.2 R +1.597 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.297(hem de\214ned with the).15 F F23.797 E +F0 1.297(option to the)3.797 F F2(export)3.798 E F0 -.2(bu)3.798 G 3.798 (iltin. A).2 F 1.298(function de\214nition may be)3.798 F .161 -(deleted using the)108 184.8 R F12.661 E F0 .161(option to the) -2.661 F F1(unset)2.661 E F0 -.2(bu)2.661 G 2.661(iltin. Note).2 F .16 +(deleted using the)108 319.2 R F22.661 E F0 .161(option to the) +2.661 F F2(unset)2.661 E F0 -.2(bu)2.661 G 2.661(iltin. Note).2 F .16 (that shell functions and v)2.661 F .16(ariables with the same name)-.25 F 1.325(may result in multiple identically-named entries in the en)108 -196.8 R 1.325(vironment passed to the shell')-.4 F 3.825(sc)-.55 G 3.825 -(hildren. Care)-3.825 F(should be tak)108 208.8 Q +331.2 R 1.325(vironment passed to the shell')-.4 F 3.825(sc)-.55 G 3.825 +(hildren. Care)-3.825 F(should be tak)108 343.2 Q (en in cases where this may cause a problem.)-.1 E .372 -(Functions may be recursi)108 225.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.371(.T).15 G(he) --5.371 E F1(FUNCNEST)2.871 E F0 -.25(va)2.871 G .371 +(Functions may be recursi)108 360 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.371(.T).15 G(he) +-5.371 E F2(FUNCNEST)2.871 E F0 -.25(va)2.871 G .371 (riable may be used to limit the depth of the function call).25 F 1.141 -(stack and restrict the number of function in)108 237.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G +(stack and restrict the number of function in)108 372 R -.2(vo)-.4 G 3.641(cations. By).2 F(def)3.641 E 1.141 -(ault, no limit is imposed on the number of)-.1 F(recursi)108 249.6 Q .3 --.15(ve c)-.25 H(alls.).15 E/F2 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(ARITHMETIC EV)72 -266.4 Q(ALU)-1.478 E -1.04(AT)-.657 G(ION)1.04 E F0 2.298 -(The shell allo)108 278.4 R 2.297(ws arithmetic e)-.25 F 2.297 +(ault, no limit is imposed on the number of)-.1 F(recursi)108 384 Q .3 +-.15(ve c)-.25 H(alls.).15 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(ARITHMETIC EV)72 +400.8 Q(ALU)-1.478 E -1.04(AT)-.657 G(ION)1.04 E F0 2.298 +(The shell allo)108 412.8 R 2.297(ws arithmetic e)-.25 F 2.297 (xpressions to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 2.297 -(luated, under certain circumstances \(see the).25 F F1(let)4.797 E F0 -(and)4.797 E F1(declar)108 290.4 Q(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.705 G .205 -(iltin commands and).2 F F1 .205(Arithmetic Expansion)2.705 F F0 2.705 -(\). Ev)B .205(aluation is done in \214x)-.25 F .206(ed-width inte)-.15 -F .206(gers with no)-.15 F .429(check for o)108 302.4 R -.15(ve)-.15 G -(r\215o).15 E 1.729 -.65(w, t)-.25 H .429(hough di).65 F .428 -(vision by 0 is trapped and \215agged as an error)-.25 F 5.428(.T)-.55 G -.428(he operators and their prece-)-5.428 F 1.919(dence, associati)108 -314.4 R(vity)-.25 E 4.419(,a)-.65 G 1.919(nd v)-4.419 F 1.919 -(alues are the same as in the C language.)-.25 F 1.92(The follo)6.92 F -1.92(wing list of operators is)-.25 F(grouped into le)108 326.4 Q -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(ls of equal-precedence operators.).15 E(The le)5 E -.15(ve) --.25 G(ls are listed in order of decreasing precedence.).15 E/F3 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(id)108 343.2 Q F1(++)A F3(id)2.5 E F1A F0 -.25 -(va)144 355.2 S(riable post-increment and post-decrement).25 E F1(++)108 -367.2 Q F3(id)A F12.5 E F3(id)A F0 -.25(va)144 379.2 S -(riable pre-increment and pre-decrement).25 E F1 2.5108 391.2 S F0 -(unary minus and plus)19.6 E F1 2.5(!~)108 403.2 S F0 -(logical and bitwise ne)24.34 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(tion).05 E F1(**)108 -415.2 Q F0 -.15(ex)26 G(ponentiation).15 E F1 2.5(*/%)108 427.2 S F0 -(multiplication, di)10.72 E(vision, remainder)-.25 E F1 2.5<2bad>108 -439.2 S F0(addition, subtraction)19.6 E F1(<< >>)108 451.2 Q F0 -(left and right bitwise shifts)10.7 E F1(<= >= < >)108 463.2 Q F0 -(comparison)144 475.2 Q F1(== !=)108 487.2 Q F0(equality and inequality) -13.07 E F1(&)108 499.2 Q F0(bitwise AND)27.67 E F1(^)108 511.2 Q F0 -(bitwise e)32.67 E(xclusi)-.15 E .3 -.15(ve O)-.25 H(R).15 E F1(|)108 -523.2 Q F0(bitwise OR)33.8 E F1(&&)108 535.2 Q F0(logical AND)19.34 E F1 -(||)108 547.2 Q F0(logical OR)31.6 E F3 -.2(ex)108 559.2 S(pr).2 E F1(?) -A F3 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F1(:)A F3 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F0 -(conditional operator)144 571.2 Q F1 2.5(=*)108 583.2 S 2.5(=/)-2.5 G -2.5(=%)-2.5 G 2.5(=+)-2.5 G 2.5<3dad>-2.5 G 2.5(=<)-2.5 G -(<= >>= &= ^= |=)-2.5 E F0(assignment)144 595.2 Q F3 -.2(ex)108 607.2 S -(pr1).2 E F1(,)2.5 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(comma)144 619.2 Q .68 -(Shell v)108 636 R .68(ariables are allo)-.25 F .68 -(wed as operands; parameter e)-.25 F .68 -(xpansion is performed before the e)-.15 F .68(xpression is e)-.15 F --.25(va)-.25 G(lu-).25 E 3.507(ated. W)108 648 R 1.007(ithin an e)-.4 F -1.007(xpression, shell v)-.15 F 1.007 -(ariables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter) --.25 F -.15(ex)108 660 S 1.041(pansion syntax.).15 F 3.541(As)6.041 G -1.041(hell v)-3.541 F 1.041(ariable that is null or unset e)-.25 F -.25 -(va)-.25 G 1.04(luates to 0 when referenced by name without).25 F 1.466 -(using the parameter e)108 672 R 1.466(xpansion syntax.)-.15 F 1.467 -(The v)6.466 F 1.467(alue of a v)-.25 F 1.467(ariable is e)-.25 F -.25 -(va)-.25 G 1.467(luated as an arithmetic e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E 1.39 -(when it is referenced, or when a v)108 684 R 1.389 -(ariable which has been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.889(nt).15 G(he) --3.889 E F3(inte)3.889 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F0(attrib)3.889 E 1.389 -(ute using)-.2 F F1(declar)3.889 E 3.889(e-)-.18 G(i)-3.889 E F0(is) -3.889 E .332(assigned a v)108 696 R 2.832(alue. A)-.25 F .332(null v) -2.832 F .332(alue e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .332(luates to 0.).25 F 2.832 -(As)5.332 G .332(hell v)-2.832 F .332(ariable need not ha)-.25 F .632 --.15(ve i)-.2 H(ts).15 E F3(inte)2.832 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F0(attrib) -2.832 E .333(ute turned on)-.2 F(to be used in an e)108 708 Q -(xpression.)-.15 E 1.406 -(Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers.)108 724.8 -R 3.906(Al)6.406 G 1.406(eading 0x or 0X denotes he)-3.906 F(xadecimal.) --.15 E(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(29)190.95 E 0 Cg -EP -%%Page: 30 30 +(luated, under certain circumstances \(see the).25 F F2(let)4.797 E F0 +(and)4.797 E F2(declar)108 424.8 Q(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.683 G .183 +(iltin commands, the).2 F F2(\(\()2.683 E F0 .183(compound command, and) +2.683 F F2 .183(Arithmetic Expansion)2.683 F F0 2.683(\). Ev)B .183 +(aluation is done in)-.25 F<8c78>108 436.8 Q 1.058(ed-width inte)-.15 F +1.057(gers with no check for o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(r\215o).15 E 2.357 +-.65(w, t)-.25 H 1.057(hough di).65 F 1.057 +(vision by 0 is trapped and \215agged as an error)-.25 F(.)-.55 E .828 +(The operators and their precedence, associati)108 448.8 R(vity)-.25 E +3.329(,a)-.65 G .829(nd v)-3.329 F .829 +(alues are the same as in the C language.)-.25 F .829(The fol-)5.829 F +(lo)108 460.8 Q .44(wing list of operators is grouped into le)-.25 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G .439(ls of equal-precedence operators.).15 F .439(The le) +5.439 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .439(ls are listed in order).15 F +(of decreasing precedence.)108 472.8 Q/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(id)108 +489.6 Q F2(++)A F4(id)2.5 E F2A F0 -.25(va)144 501.6 S +(riable post-increment and post-decrement).25 E F2(++)108 513.6 Q F4(id) +A F22.5 E F4(id)A F0 -.25(va)144 525.6 S +(riable pre-increment and pre-decrement).25 E F2 2.5108 537.6 S F0 +(unary minus and plus)144 537.6 Q F2 2.5(!~)108 549.6 S F0 +(logical and bitwise ne)144 549.6 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G(tion).05 E F2(**)108 +561.6 Q F0 -.15(ex)144 561.6 S(ponentiation).15 E F2 2.5(*/%)108 573.6 S +F0(multiplication, di)144 573.6 Q(vision, remainder)-.25 E F2 2.5<2bad> +108 585.6 S F0(addition, subtraction)144 585.6 Q F2(<< >>)108 597.6 Q F0 +(left and right bitwise shifts)144 597.6 Q F2(<= >= < >)108 609.6 Q F0 +(comparison)144 621.6 Q F2(== !=)108 633.6 Q F0(equality and inequality) +144 633.6 Q F2(&)108 645.6 Q F0(bitwise AND)144 645.6 Q F2(^)108 657.6 Q +F0(bitwise e)144 657.6 Q(xclusi)-.15 E .3 -.15(ve O)-.25 H(R).15 E F2(|) +108 669.6 Q F0(bitwise OR)144 669.6 Q F2(&&)108 681.6 Q F0(logical AND) +144 681.6 Q F2(||)108 693.6 Q F0(logical OR)144 693.6 Q F4 -.2(ex)108 +705.6 S(pr).2 E F2(?)A F4 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F2(:)A F4 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F0 +(conditional operator)144 717.6 Q(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26) +142.895 E(30)192.055 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 31 31 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E .112(Otherwise, numbers tak)108 84 R 2.612(et)-.1 G .112 -(he form [)-2.612 F/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(base#)A F0 .112 -(]n, where the optional)B F1(base)2.612 E F0 .113 -(is a decimal number between 2 and 64)2.612 F .534 -(representing the arithmetic base, and)108 96 R F1(n)3.034 E F0 .534 -(is a number in that base.)3.034 F(If)5.533 E F1(base#)3.033 E F0 .533 -(is omitted, then base 10 is used.)3.033 F .16(When specifying)108 108 R -F1(n)2.66 E F0 2.66(,t)C .16 -(he digits greater< than 9 are represented by the lo)-2.66 F .16 -(wercase letters, the uppercase letters,)-.25 F .943 -(@, and _, in that order)108 120 R 5.943(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.943 E F1(base) -3.443 E F0 .942(is less than or equal to 36, lo)3.443 F .942 +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF 2.5(=*)108 84 S 2.5(=/)-2.5 G 2.5(=%)-2.5 G 2.5(=+)-2.5 G 2.5<3dad> +-2.5 G 2.5(=<)-2.5 G(<= >>= &= ^= |=)-2.5 E F0(assignment)144 96 Q/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)108 108 S(pr1).2 E F1(,)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G +(pr2).2 E F0(comma)144 120 Q .68(Shell v)108 136.8 R .68 +(ariables are allo)-.25 F .68(wed as operands; parameter e)-.25 F .68 +(xpansion is performed before the e)-.15 F .68(xpression is e)-.15 F +-.25(va)-.25 G(lu-).25 E 3.508(ated. W)108 148.8 R 1.008(ithin an e)-.4 +F 1.008(xpression, shell v)-.15 F 1.007 +(ariables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter) +-.25 F -.15(ex)108 160.8 S 1.04(pansion syntax.).15 F 3.54(As)6.04 G +1.04(hell v)-3.54 F 1.04(ariable that is null or unset e)-.25 F -.25(va) +-.25 G 1.041(luates to 0 when referenced by name without).25 F 1.467 +(using the parameter e)108 172.8 R 1.467(xpansion syntax.)-.15 F 1.467 +(The v)6.467 F 1.467(alue of a v)-.25 F 1.467(ariable is e)-.25 F -.25 +(va)-.25 G 1.466(luated as an arithmetic e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E 1.389 +(when it is referenced, or when a v)108 184.8 R 1.389 +(ariable which has been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.89(nt).15 G(he)-3.89 +E F2(inte)3.89 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F0(attrib)3.89 E 1.39(ute using)-.2 +F F1(declar)3.89 E 3.89(e-)-.18 G(i)-3.89 E F0(is)3.89 E .333 +(assigned a v)108 196.8 R 2.832(alue. A)-.25 F .332(null v)2.832 F .332 +(alue e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .332(luates to 0.).25 F 2.832(As)5.332 G +.332(hell v)-2.832 F .332(ariable need not ha)-.25 F .632 -.15(ve i)-.2 +H(ts).15 E F2(inte)2.832 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F0(attrib)2.832 E .332 +(ute turned on)-.2 F(to be used in an e)108 208.8 Q(xpression.)-.15 E +1.406(Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers.)108 +225.6 R 3.906(Al)6.406 G 1.407(eading 0x or 0X denotes he)-3.906 F +(xadecimal.)-.15 E .113(Otherwise, numbers tak)108 237.6 R 2.613(et)-.1 +G .113(he form [)-2.613 F F2(base#)A F0 .112(]n, where the optional)B F2 +(base)2.612 E F0 .112(is a decimal number between 2 and 64)2.612 F .533 +(representing the arithmetic base, and)108 249.6 R F2(n)3.033 E F0 .533 +(is a number in that base.)3.033 F(If)5.534 E F2(base#)3.034 E F0 .534 +(is omitted, then base 10 is used.)3.034 F .513(When specifying)108 +261.6 R F2(n)3.013 E F0 3.013(,t)C .513 +(he digits greater than 9 are represented by the lo)-3.013 F .512 +(wercase letters, the uppercase letters,)-.25 F .942 +(@, and _, in that order)108 273.6 R 5.942(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.942 E F2(base) +3.442 E F0 .942(is less than or equal to 36, lo)3.442 F .943 (wercase and uppercase letters may be used)-.25 F -(interchangeably to represent numbers between 10 and 35.)108 132 Q .234 -(Operators are e)108 148.8 R -.25(va)-.25 G .234 +(interchangeably to represent numbers between 10 and 35.)108 285.6 Q +.235(Operators are e)108 302.4 R -.25(va)-.25 G .235 (luated in order of precedence.).25 F(Sub-e)5.234 E .234 -(xpressions in parentheses are e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .235 -(luated \214rst and may).25 F -.15(ove)108 160.8 S -(rride the precedence rules abo).15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E/F2 10.95 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(CONDITION)72 177.6 Q(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.219 E F0 .256 -(Conditional e)108 189.6 R .256(xpressions are used by the)-.15 F/F3 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF([[)2.755 E F0 .255(compound command and the)2.755 F F3 -(test)2.755 E F0(and)2.755 E F3([)2.755 E F0 -.2(bu)2.755 G .255 -(iltin commands to test).2 F .77(\214le attrib)108 201.6 R .77 +(xpressions in parentheses are e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .234 +(luated \214rst and may).25 F -.15(ove)108 314.4 S +(rride the precedence rules abo).15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E/F3 10.95 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(CONDITION)72 331.2 Q(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.219 E F0 .255 +(Conditional e)108 343.2 R .255(xpressions are used by the)-.15 F F1([[) +2.755 E F0 .255(compound command and the)2.755 F F1(test)2.755 E F0(and) +2.755 E F1([)2.756 E F0 -.2(bu)2.756 G .256(iltin commands to test).2 F +.77(\214le attrib)108 355.2 R .77 (utes and perform string and arithmetic comparisons.)-.2 F .77 -(Expressions are formed from the follo)5.77 F(wing)-.25 E 1.041 -(unary or binary primaries.)108 213.6 R 1.041(If an)6.041 F(y)-.15 E F1 -(\214le)3.541 E F0(ar)3.541 E 1.04 -(gument to one of the primaries is of the form)-.18 F F1(/de)3.54 E -(v/fd/n)-.15 E F0 3.54(,t)C 1.04(hen \214le)-3.54 F(descriptor)108 225.6 -Q F1(n)3.788 E F0 1.289(is check)3.788 F 3.789(ed. If)-.1 F(the)3.789 E -F1(\214le)3.789 E F0(ar)3.789 E 1.289 -(gument to one of the primaries is one of)-.18 F F1(/de)3.789 E(v/stdin) --.15 E F0(,)A F1(/de)3.789 E(v/stdout)-.15 E F0 3.789(,o)C(r)-3.789 E F1 -(/de)108 237.6 Q(v/stderr)-.15 E F0 2.5<2c8c>C +(Expressions are formed from the follo)5.77 F(wing)-.25 E .426 +(unary or binary primaries.)108 367.2 R F1(Bash)5.426 E F0 .426 +(handles se)2.926 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .426 +(ral \214lenames specially when the).15 F 2.926(ya)-.15 G .426 +(re used in e)-2.926 F 2.926(xpressions. If)-.15 F .193 +(the operating system on which)108 379.2 R F1(bash)2.693 E F0 .193 +(is running pro)2.693 F .193 +(vides these special \214les, bash will use them; otherwise it)-.15 F +.589(will emulate them internally with this beha)108 391.2 R .589 +(vior: If an)-.2 F(y)-.15 E F2(\214le)3.089 E F0(ar)3.089 E .589 +(gument to one of the primaries is of the form)-.18 F F2(/de)108 403.2 Q +(v/fd/n)-.15 E F0 2.917(,t)C .417(hen \214le descriptor)-2.917 F F2(n) +2.917 E F0 .417(is check)2.917 F 2.917(ed. If)-.1 F(the)2.917 E F2 +(\214le)2.917 E F0(ar)2.917 E .417 +(gument to one of the primaries is one of)-.18 F F2(/de)2.916 E(v/stdin) +-.15 E F0(,)A F2(/de)108 415.2 Q(v/stdout)-.15 E F0 2.5(,o)C(r)-2.5 E F2 +(/de)2.5 E(v/stderr)-.15 E F0 2.5<2c8c>C (le descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respecti)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 2.5 -(,i)-.65 G 2.5(sc)-2.5 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed.)-.1 E .722 +(,i)-.65 G 2.5(sc)-2.5 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed.)-.1 E .721 (Unless otherwise speci\214ed, primaries that operate on \214les follo) -108 254.4 R 3.221(ws)-.25 G .721(ymbolic links and operate on the tar) --3.221 F(get)-.18 E(of the link, rather than the link itself.)108 266.4 -Q 1.095(When used with)108 284.4 R F3([[)3.595 E F0 3.595(,t)C(he)-3.595 -E F3(<)3.595 E F0(and)3.595 E F3(>)3.595 E F0 1.095(operators sort le) -3.595 F 1.095(xicographically using the current locale.)-.15 F(The)6.096 -E F3(test)3.596 E F0(com-)3.596 E(mand sorts using ASCII ordering.)108 -296.4 Q F3108 320.4 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.58 G(ue if).35 -E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F3108 332.4 Q F1 -(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.02 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex) -2.5 G(ists and is a block special \214le.).15 E F3108 344.4 Q F1 -(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)11.14 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex) -2.5 G(ists and is a character special \214le.).15 E F3108 356.4 Q -F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.02 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 -(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a directory).15 E(.)-.65 E F3108 368.4 Q F1 -(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)11.14 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex) -2.5 G(ists.).15 E F3108 380.4 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)12.25 G -(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a re).15 E -(gular \214le.)-.15 E F3108 392.4 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr) -10.58 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G -(ists and is set-group-id.).15 E F3108 404.4 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 --.35(Tr)10.02 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G -(ists and is a symbolic link.).15 E F3108 416.4 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E -F0 -.35(Tr)10.02 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G +108 432 R 3.221(ws)-.25 G .722(ymbolic links and operate on the tar) +-3.221 F(get)-.18 E(of the link, rather than the link itself.)108 444 Q +1.096(When used with)108 462 R F1([[)3.596 E F0 3.596(,t)C(he)-3.596 E +F1(<)3.596 E F0(and)3.595 E F1(>)3.595 E F0 1.095(operators sort le) +3.595 F 1.095(xicographically using the current locale.)-.15 F(The)6.095 +E F1(test)3.595 E F0(com-)3.595 E(mand sorts using ASCII ordering.)108 +474 Q F1108 498 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 498 S(ue if).35 E +F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F1108 510 Q F2 +(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 510 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 +(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a block special \214le.).15 E F1108 522 Q F2 +(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 522 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 +(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a character special \214le.).15 E F1108 534 +Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 534 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 +-.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a directory).15 E(.)-.65 E F1108 546 Q +F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 546 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 +(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F1108 558 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 +558 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a re).15 +E(gular \214le.)-.15 E F1108 570 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 +570 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(ists and is set-group-id.).15 E F1108 582 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 +-.35(Tr)144 582 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(ists and is a symbolic link.).15 E F1108 594 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 +-.35(Tr)144 594 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G (ists and its `).15 E(`stick)-.74 E(y')-.15 E 2.5('b)-.74 G(it is set.) --2.5 E F3108 428.4 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.02 G(ue if).35 -E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a named pipe \(FIFO\).) -.15 E F3108 440.4 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)11.14 G(ue if).35 E -F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is readable.).15 E F3108 -452.4 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)11.69 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E -F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and has a size greater than zero.).15 E F3 -108 464.4 Q F1(fd)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)16.69 G(ue if \214le descriptor).35 E -F1(fd)4.47 E F0(is open and refers to a terminal.)3.27 E F3108 -476.4 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.02 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E -F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and its set-user).15 E(-id bit is set.)-.2 E F3 -108 488.4 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)8.36 G(ue if).35 E F1 -(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is writable.).15 E F3108 -500.4 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.58 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E -F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutable.).15 E F3 -108 512.4 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)7.8 G(ue if).35 E F1 -(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is o).15 E(wned by the ef)-.25 E -(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve g)-.25 H(roup id.).15 E F3108 524.4 Q F1 -(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)8.91 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex) -2.5 G(ists and is a symbolic link.).15 E F3108 536.4 Q F1(\214le) -2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)8.36 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G -(ists and has been modi\214ed since it w).15 E(as last read.)-.1 E F3 -108 548.4 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)7.8 G(ue if).35 E F1 -(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is o).15 E(wned by the ef)-.25 E -(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.25 H(ser id.).15 E F3108 560.4 Q F1 -(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.02 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex) -2.5 G(ists and is a sock).15 E(et.)-.1 E F1(\214le1)108 572.4 Q F3 -(\255ef)2.5 E F1(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 584.4 S(ue if).35 E F1 -(\214le1)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(\214le2)2.5 E F0(refer to the same de)2.5 -E(vice and inode numbers.)-.25 E F1(\214le1)108 596.4 Q F02.5 E F3 -(nt)A F1(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 608.4 S .039(ue if).35 F F1 -(\214le1)2.539 E F0 .039(is ne)2.539 F .039 -(wer \(according to modi\214cation date\) than)-.25 F F1(\214le2)2.539 E -F0 2.539(,o)C 2.539(ri)-2.539 G(f)-2.539 E F1(\214le1)2.539 E F0 -.15 -(ex)2.539 G .039(ists and).15 F F1(\214le2)2.539 E F0 .038(does not.) -2.538 F F1(\214le1)108 620.4 Q F02.5 E F3(ot)A F1(\214le2)2.5 E F0 --.35(Tr)144 632.4 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le1)2.5 E F0(is older than)2.5 E -F1(\214le2)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(ri)-2.5 G(f)-2.5 E F1(\214le2)2.5 E F0 --.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and).15 E F1(\214le1)2.5 E F0(does not.)2.5 E F3 -108 644.4 Q F1(optname)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 656.4 S .262 -(ue if the shell option).35 F F1(optname)2.992 E F0 .262(is enabled.) -2.942 F .262(See the list of options under the description of the)5.262 -F F32.763 E F0(option to the)144 668.4 Q F3(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu) -2.5 G(iltin belo).2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F3108 680.4 Q F1(varname)2.5 -E F0 -.35(Tr)144 692.4 S(ue if the shell v).35 E(ariable)-.25 E F1 -(varname)2.79 E F0(is set \(has been assigned a v)2.68 E(alue\).)-.25 E -F3108 704.4 Q F1(varname)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 716.4 S -(ue if the shell v).35 E(ariable)-.25 E F1(varname)2.79 E F0 -(is set and is a name reference.)2.68 E(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q -(2014 February 2)141.79 E(30)190.95 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 31 31 +-2.5 E F1108 606 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 606 S(ue if).35 +E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a named pipe \(FIFO\).) +.15 E F1108 618 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 618 S(ue if).35 E +F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is readable.).15 E F1108 +630 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 630 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E +F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and has a size greater than zero.).15 E F1 +108 642 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 642 S(ue if \214le descriptor).35 E +F2(fd)4.47 E F0(is open and refers to a terminal.)3.27 E F1108 654 +Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 654 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 +-.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and its set-user).15 E(-id bit is set.)-.2 E F1 +108 666 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 666 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 +E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is writable.).15 E F1108 678 Q F2 +(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 678 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 +(ex)2.5 G(ists and is e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutable.).15 E F1108 +690 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 690 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E +F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is o).15 E(wned by the ef)-.25 E(fecti)-.25 E +.3 -.15(ve g)-.25 H(roup id.).15 E F1108 702 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 +-.35(Tr)144 702 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(ists and is a symbolic link.).15 E F1108 714 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 +-.35(Tr)144 714 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(ists and has been modi\214ed since it w).15 E(as last read.)-.1 E +(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(31)192.055 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 32 32 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF108 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -(string)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 96 S(ue if the length of).35 E F2(string) -2.5 E F0(is zero.)2.5 E F2(string)108 108 Q F1108 120 Q F2(string) -2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 132 S(ue if the length of).35 E F2(string)2.84 E F0 -(is non-zero.)2.72 E F2(string1)108 148.8 Q F1(==)2.5 E F2(string2)2.5 E -(string1)108 160.8 Q F1(=)2.5 E F2(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 172.8 S -.862(ue if the strings are equal.).35 F F1(=)5.861 E F0 .861 +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF108 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 84 +S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is o).15 E +(wned by the ef)-.25 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.25 H(ser id.).15 E F1 +108 96 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 96 S(ue if).35 E F2 +(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a sock).15 E(et.)-.1 E F2 +(\214le1)108 108 Q F1(\255ef)2.5 E F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 120 S +(ue if).35 E F2(\214le1)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0 +(refer to the same de)2.5 E(vice and inode numbers.)-.25 E F2(\214le1) +108 132 Q F02.5 E F1(nt)A F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 144 S +(ue if).35 E F2(\214le1)2.5 E F0(is ne)2.5 E +(wer \(according to modi\214cation date\) than)-.25 E F2(\214le2)2.5 E +F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(ri)-2.5 G(f)-2.5 E F2(\214le1)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(ists and).15 E F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0(does not.)2.5 E F2(\214le1)108 156 Q +F02.5 E F1(ot)A F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 168 S(ue if).35 E F2 +(\214le1)2.5 E F0(is older than)2.5 E F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5 +(ri)-2.5 G(f)-2.5 E F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and).15 E F2 +(\214le1)2.5 E F0(does not.)2.5 E F1108 180 Q F2(optname)2.5 E F0 +-.35(Tr)144 192 S .262(ue if the shell option).35 F F2(optname)2.992 E +F0 .262(is enabled.)2.942 F .262 +(See the list of options under the description of the)5.262 F F1 +2.763 E F0(option to the)144 204 Q F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G +(iltin belo).2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F1108 216 Q F2(varname)2.5 E F0 +-.35(Tr)144 228 S(ue if the shell v).35 E(ariable)-.25 E F2(varname)2.79 +E F0(is set \(has been assigned a v)2.68 E(alue\).)-.25 E F1108 +240 Q F2(varname)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 252 S(ue if the shell v).35 E +(ariable)-.25 E F2(varname)2.79 E F0(is set and is a name reference.) +2.68 E F1108 264 Q F2(string)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 276 S +(ue if the length of).35 E F2(string)2.5 E F0(is zero.)2.5 E F2(string) +108 288 Q F1108 300 Q F2(string)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 312 S +(ue if the length of).35 E F2(string)2.84 E F0(is non-zero.)2.72 E F2 +(string1)108 328.8 Q F1(==)2.5 E F2(string2)2.5 E(string1)108 340.8 Q F1 +(=)2.5 E F2(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 352.8 S .862 +(ue if the strings are equal.).35 F F1(=)5.861 E F0 .861 (should be used with the)3.361 F F1(test)3.361 E F0 .861 (command for POSIX conformance.)3.361 F .446(When used with the)144 -184.8 R F1([[)2.946 E F0 .446 +364.8 R F1([[)2.946 E F0 .446 (command, this performs pattern matching as described abo)2.946 F .747 --.15(ve \()-.15 H F1(Compound).15 E(Commands)144 196.8 Q F0(\).)A F2 -(string1)108 213.6 Q F1(!=)2.5 E F2(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 225.6 S -(ue if the strings are not equal.).35 E F2(string1)108 242.4 Q F1(<)2.5 -E F2(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 254.4 S(ue if).35 E F2(string1)2.5 E +-.15(ve \()-.15 H F1(Compound).15 E(Commands)144 376.8 Q F0(\).)A F2 +(string1)108 393.6 Q F1(!=)2.5 E F2(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 405.6 S +(ue if the strings are not equal.).35 E F2(string1)108 422.4 Q F1(<)2.5 +E F2(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 434.4 S(ue if).35 E F2(string1)2.5 E F0(sorts before)2.5 E F2(string2)2.5 E F0(le)2.5 E(xicographically)-.15 -E(.)-.65 E F2(string1)108 271.2 Q F1(>)2.5 E F2(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35 -(Tr)144 283.2 S(ue if).35 E F2(string1)2.5 E F0(sorts after)2.5 E F2 +E(.)-.65 E F2(string1)108 451.2 Q F1(>)2.5 E F2(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35 +(Tr)144 463.2 S(ue if).35 E F2(string1)2.5 E F0(sorts after)2.5 E F2 (string2)2.5 E F0(le)2.5 E(xicographically)-.15 E(.)-.65 E F2(ar)108.33 -300 Q(g1)-.37 E F1(OP)2.5 E F2(ar)2.5 E(g2)-.37 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -(OP)144 312 Q F0 .385(is one of)2.635 F F1(\255eq)2.885 E F0(,)A F1 +480 Q(g1)-.37 E F1(OP)2.5 E F2(ar)2.5 E(g2)-.37 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +(OP)144 492 Q F0 .385(is one of)2.635 F F1(\255eq)2.885 E F0(,)A F1 (\255ne)2.885 E F0(,)A F1(\255lt)2.885 E F0(,)A F1(\255le)2.885 E F0(,)A F1(\255gt)2.885 E F0 2.885(,o)C(r)-2.885 E F1(\255ge)2.885 E F0 5.385 (.T)C .385(hese arithmetic binary operators return true if)-5.385 F F2 (ar)2.884 E(g1)-.37 E F0 .845(is equal to, not equal to, less than, les\ -s than or equal to, greater than, or greater than or equal to)144 324 R -F2(ar)144 336 Q(g2)-.37 E F0 2.5(,r)C(especti)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly) +s than or equal to, greater than, or greater than or equal to)144 504 R +F2(ar)144 516 Q(g2)-.37 E F0 2.5(,r)C(especti)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly) .15 E(.)-.65 E F2(Ar)6.01 E(g1)-.37 E F0(and)2.5 E F2(ar)2.83 E(g2)-.37 E F0(may be positi)2.52 E .3 -.15(ve o)-.25 H 2.5(rn).15 G -2.25 -.15 (eg a)-2.5 H(ti).15 E .3 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E(gers.)-.15 E/F4 -10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIMPLE COMMAND EXP)72 352.8 Q(ANSION)-.81 E F0 -.614(When a simple command is e)108 364.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .614 +10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIMPLE COMMAND EXP)72 532.8 Q(ANSION)-.81 E F0 +.614(When a simple command is e)108 544.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .614 (cuted, the shell performs the follo).15 F .613(wing e)-.25 F .613 (xpansions, assignments, and redi-)-.15 F(rections, from left to right.) -108 376.8 Q 26(1. The)108 393.6 R -.1(wo)4.348 G 1.848 -(rds that the parser has mark).1 F 1.848(ed as v)-.1 F 1.849 +108 556.8 Q(1.)108 573.6 Q 1.848(The w)144 573.6 R 1.848 +(ords that the parser has mark)-.1 F 1.848(ed as v)-.1 F 1.849 (ariable assignments \(those preceding the command)-.25 F -(name\) and redirections are sa)144 405.6 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(df).15 G -(or later processing.)-2.5 E 26(2. The)108 422.4 R -.1(wo)3.664 G 1.164 -(rds that are not v).1 F 1.164 +(name\) and redirections are sa)144 585.6 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(df).15 G +(or later processing.)-2.5 E(2.)108 602.4 Q 1.164(The w)144 602.4 R +1.164(ords that are not v)-.1 F 1.164 (ariable assignments or redirections are e)-.25 F 3.663(xpanded. If)-.15 F(an)3.663 E 3.663(yw)-.15 G 1.163(ords remain)-3.763 F .775(after e)144 -434.4 R .775(xpansion, the \214rst w)-.15 F .775(ord is tak)-.1 F .775 +614.4 R .775(xpansion, the \214rst w)-.15 F .775(ord is tak)-.1 F .775 (en to be the name of the command and the remaining w)-.1 F(ords)-.1 E -(are the ar)144 446.4 Q(guments.)-.18 E 26(3. Redirections)108 463.2 R -(are performed as described abo)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3 -(REDIRECTION)2.5 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 26(4. The)108 480 R(te) -3.217 E .717(xt after the)-.15 F F1(=)3.217 E F0 .717(in each v)3.217 F -.717(ariable assignment under)-.25 F .717(goes tilde e)-.18 F .717 -(xpansion, parameter e)-.15 F(xpansion,)-.15 E .339 -(command substitution, arithmetic e)144 492 R .339 +(are the ar)144 626.4 Q(guments.)-.18 E(3.)108 643.2 Q +(Redirections are performed as described abo)144 643.2 Q .3 -.15(ve u) +-.15 H(nder).15 E F3(REDIRECTION)2.5 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(4.) +108 660 Q .717(The te)144 660 R .717(xt after the)-.15 F F1(=)3.217 E F0 +.717(in each v)3.217 F .717(ariable assignment under)-.25 F .717 +(goes tilde e)-.18 F .717(xpansion, parameter e)-.15 F(xpansion,)-.15 E +.339(command substitution, arithmetic e)144 672 R .339 (xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.839(lb).25 G .339 -(efore being assigned to the v)-2.839 F(ari-)-.25 E(able.)144 504 Q .332 -(If no command name results, the v)108 520.8 R .332 +(efore being assigned to the v)-2.839 F(ari-)-.25 E(able.)144 684 Q .332 +(If no command name results, the v)108 700.8 R .332 (ariable assignments af)-.25 F .332(fect the current shell en)-.25 F -2.832(vironment. Otherwise,)-.4 F(the)2.832 E -.25(va)108 532.8 S .757 +2.832(vironment. Otherwise,)-.4 F(the)2.832 E -.25(va)108 712.8 S .757 (riables are added to the en).25 F .757(vironment of the e)-.4 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G .757(cuted command and do not af).15 F .757 -(fect the current shell en)-.25 F(vi-)-.4 E 3.177(ronment. If)108 544.8 +(fect the current shell en)-.25 F(vi-)-.4 E 3.177(ronment. If)108 724.8 R(an)3.177 E 3.177(yo)-.15 G 3.177(ft)-3.177 G .677 (he assignments attempts to assign a v)-3.177 F .677 (alue to a readonly v)-.25 F .676(ariable, an error occurs, and)-.25 F -(the command e)108 556.8 Q(xits with a non-zero status.)-.15 E .149 -(If no command name results, redirections are performed, b)108 573.6 R +(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(32)192.055 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 33 33 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(the command e)108 +84 Q(xits with a non-zero status.)-.15 E .149 +(If no command name results, redirections are performed, b)108 100.8 R .149(ut do not af)-.2 F .15(fect the current shell en)-.25 F 2.65 -(vironment. A)-.4 F(redirection error causes the command to e)108 585.6 +(vironment. A)-.4 F(redirection error causes the command to e)108 112.8 Q(xit with a non-zero status.)-.15 E 1.064 -(If there is a command name left after e)108 602.4 R 1.064(xpansion, e) +(If there is a command name left after e)108 129.6 R 1.064(xpansion, e) -.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.064(cution proceeds as described belo).15 F 4.864 -.65(w. O)-.25 H 1.064(therwise, the).65 F .068(command e)108 -614.4 R 2.568(xits. If)-.15 F .069(one of the e)2.568 F .069 +141.6 R 2.568(xits. If)-.15 F .069(one of the e)2.568 F .069 (xpansions contained a command substitution, the e)-.15 F .069 -(xit status of the command)-.15 F .467(is the e)108 626.4 R .466 +(xit status of the command)-.15 F .467(is the e)108 153.6 R .466 (xit status of the last command substitution performed.)-.15 F .466 -(If there were no command substitutions, the)5.466 F(command e)108 638.4 -Q(xits with a status of zero.)-.15 E F4(COMMAND EXECUTION)72 655.2 Q F0 -.546(After a command has been split into w)108 667.2 R .547 +(If there were no command substitutions, the)5.466 F(command e)108 165.6 +Q(xits with a status of zero.)-.15 E/F1 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF +(COMMAND EXECUTION)72 182.4 Q F0 .546 +(After a command has been split into w)108 194.4 R .547 (ords, if it results in a simple command and an optional list of ar)-.1 -F(gu-)-.18 E(ments, the follo)108 679.2 Q(wing actions are tak)-.25 E +F(gu-)-.18 E(ments, the follo)108 206.4 Q(wing actions are tak)-.25 E (en.)-.1 E .379(If the command name contains no slashes, the shell atte\ -mpts to locate it.)108 696 R .379(If there e)5.379 F .379 +mpts to locate it.)108 223.2 R .379(If there e)5.379 F .379 (xists a shell function by)-.15 F .246(that name, that function is in) -108 708 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.746(da).1 G 2.746(sd)-2.746 G .246 -(escribed abo)-2.746 F .546 -.15(ve i)-.15 H(n).15 E F3(FUNCTIONS)2.746 -E F5(.)A F0 .246(If the name does not match a func-)4.746 F -(tion, the shell searches for it in the list of shell b)108 720 Q 2.5 +108 235.2 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.746(da).1 G 2.746(sd)-2.746 G +.246(escribed abo)-2.746 F .546 -.15(ve i)-.15 H(n).15 E/F2 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(FUNCTIONS)2.746 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .246 +(If the name does not match a func-)4.746 F +(tion, the shell searches for it in the list of shell b)108 247.2 Q 2.5 (uiltins. If)-.2 F 2.5(am)2.5 G(atch is found, that b)-2.5 E -(uiltin is in)-.2 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 -Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(31)190.95 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 32 32 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E .31(If the name is neither a shell function nor a b)108 84 R .309 -(uiltin, and contains no slashes,)-.2 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)2.809 -E F0 .309(searches each element of)2.809 F(the)108 96 Q/F2 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.162 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .662 -(for a directory containing an e)2.912 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .662 -(cutable \214le by that name.).15 F F1(Bash)5.662 E F0 .663 -(uses a hash table to remember)3.162 F 1.915(the full pathnames of e)108 -108 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.915(cutable \214les \(see).15 F F1(hash)4.415 E -F0(under)4.415 E F2 1.915(SHELL B)4.415 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.914(TIN COMMANDS) --.828 F F0(belo)4.164 E 4.414(w\). A)-.25 F(full)4.414 E .719 -(search of the directories in)108 120 R F2 -.666(PA)3.219 G(TH)-.189 E -F0 .72(is performed only if the command is not found in the hash table.) -2.969 F .72(If the)5.72 F .956(search is unsuccessful, the shell search\ -es for a de\214ned shell function named)108 132 R F1(command_not_f)3.455 -E(ound_han-)-.25 E(dle)108 144 Q F0 5.277(.I)C 2.777(ft)-5.277 G .277 +(uiltin is in)-.2 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E .31 +(If the name is neither a shell function nor a b)108 264 R .309 +(uiltin, and contains no slashes,)-.2 F/F4 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)2.809 +E F0 .309(searches each element of)2.809 F(the)108 276 Q F2 -.666(PA) +3.162 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .662(for a directory containing an e)2.912 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G .662(cutable \214le by that name.).15 F F4(Bash)5.662 E F0 +.663(uses a hash table to remember)3.162 F 1.915 +(the full pathnames of e)108 288 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.915 +(cutable \214les \(see).15 F F4(hash)4.415 E F0(under)4.415 E F2 1.915 +(SHELL B)4.415 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.914(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)4.164 E +4.414(w\). A)-.25 F(full)4.414 E .719(search of the directories in)108 +300 R F2 -.666(PA)3.219 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .72 +(is performed only if the command is not found in the hash table.)2.969 +F .72(If the)5.72 F .956(search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for\ + a de\214ned shell function named)108 312 R F4(command_not_f)3.455 E +(ound_han-)-.25 E(dle)108 324 Q F0 5.277(.I)C 2.777(ft)-5.277 G .277 (hat function e)-2.777 F .277(xists, it is in)-.15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 (ke).2 G 2.777(dw).1 G .278 (ith the original command and the original command')-2.777 F 2.778(sa) --.55 G -.18(rg)-2.778 G(uments).18 E .776(as its ar)108 156 R .776 +-.55 G -.18(rg)-2.778 G(uments).18 E .776(as its ar)108 336 R .776 (guments, and the function')-.18 F 3.275(se)-.55 G .775 (xit status becomes the e)-3.425 F .775(xit status of the shell.)-.15 F .775(If that function is not)5.775 F -(de\214ned, the shell prints an error message and returns an e)108 168 Q +(de\214ned, the shell prints an error message and returns an e)108 348 Q (xit status of 127.)-.15 E 1.089(If the search is successful, or if the\ - command name contains one or more slashes, the shell e)108 184.8 R -.15 + command name contains one or more slashes, the shell e)108 364.8 R -.15 (xe)-.15 G 1.09(cutes the).15 F .198(named program in a separate e)108 -196.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .198(cution en).15 F 2.698(vironment. Ar)-.4 F +376.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .198(cution en).15 F 2.698(vironment. Ar)-.4 F .198(gument 0 is set to the name gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .197 -(n, and the remain-).15 F(ing ar)108 208.8 Q +(n, and the remain-).15 F(ing ar)108 388.8 Q (guments to the command are set to the ar)-.18 E(guments gi)-.18 E -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(n, if an).15 E -.65(y.)-.15 G 1.809(If this e)108 225.6 R +(ve)-.25 G(n, if an).15 E -.65(y.)-.15 G 1.809(If this e)108 405.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.809(cution f).15 F 1.809 (ails because the \214le is not in e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.809 (cutable format, and the \214le is not a directory).15 F 4.309(,i)-.65 G -4.309(ti)-4.309 G(s)-4.309 E .678(assumed to be a)108 237.6 R/F3 10 +4.309(ti)-4.309 G(s)-4.309 E .678(assumed to be a)108 417.6 R/F5 10 /Times-Italic@0 SF .678(shell script)3.178 F F0 3.178(,a\214)C .678 (le containing shell commands.)-3.178 F 3.178(As)5.678 G .678 (ubshell is spa)-3.178 F .677(wned to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .677 (cute it.).15 F(This)5.677 E .329 -(subshell reinitializes itself, so that the ef)108 249.6 R .329 +(subshell reinitializes itself, so that the ef)108 429.6 R .329 (fect is as if a ne)-.25 F 2.83(ws)-.25 G .33(hell had been in)-2.83 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.83(dt).1 G 2.83(oh)-2.83 G .33 -(andle the script, with)-2.83 F 1.219(the e)108 261.6 R 1.219 +(andle the script, with)-2.83 F 1.219(the e)108 441.6 R 1.219 (xception that the locations of commands remembered by the parent \(see) --.15 F F1(hash)3.719 E F0(belo)3.719 E 3.719(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.719 E F2 -(SHELL)3.719 E -.09(BU)108 273.6 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E/F4 9 -/Times-Roman@0 SF(\))A F0(are retained by the child.)2.25 E .347 -(If the program is a \214le be)108 290.4 R .347(ginning with)-.15 F F1 -(#!)2.847 E F0 2.847(,t)C .348(he remainder of the \214rst line speci\ -\214es an interpreter for the pro-)-2.847 F 3.178(gram. The)108 302.4 R -.678(shell e)3.178 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .678(cutes the speci\214ed interpre\ -ter on operating systems that do not handle this e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cutable).15 E 1.192(format themselv)108 314.4 R 3.692(es. The)-.15 F -(ar)3.693 E 1.193 +-.15 F F4(hash)3.719 E F0(belo)3.719 E 3.719(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.719 E F2 +(SHELL)3.719 E -.09(BU)108 453.6 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F3(\))A +F0(are retained by the child.)2.25 E .347(If the program is a \214le be) +108 470.4 R .347(ginning with)-.15 F F4(#!)2.847 E F0 2.847(,t)C .348(h\ +e remainder of the \214rst line speci\214es an interpreter for the pro-) +-2.847 F 3.178(gram. The)108 482.4 R .678(shell e)3.178 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +.678(cutes the speci\214ed interpreter on operating systems that do not\ + handle this e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutable).15 E 1.192(format themselv) +108 494.4 R 3.692(es. The)-.15 F(ar)3.693 E 1.193 (guments to the interpreter consist of a single optional ar)-.18 F 1.193 (gument follo)-.18 F 1.193(wing the)-.25 F 1.131 -(interpreter name on the \214rst line of the program, follo)108 326.4 R +(interpreter name on the \214rst line of the program, follo)108 506.4 R 1.13(wed by the name of the program, follo)-.25 F 1.13(wed by the)-.25 F -(command ar)108 338.4 Q(guments, if an)-.18 E -.65(y.)-.15 G/F5 10.95 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIR)72 355.2 Q(ONMENT)-.329 E F0 -(The shell has an)108 367.2 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(ecution en).2 E(vir)-.4 E -(onment)-.45 E F0 2.5(,w)C(hich consists of the follo)-2.5 E(wing:)-.25 -E 32.5<836f>108 384 S 1.405(pen \214les inherited by the shell at in) --32.5 F -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.406 -(cation, as modi\214ed by redirections supplied to the).2 F F1(exec) -3.906 E F0 -.2(bu)144 396 S(iltin).2 E 32.5<8374>108 412.8 S -(he current w)-32.5 E(orking directory as set by)-.1 E F1(cd)2.5 E F0(,) -A F1(pushd)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C(r)-2.5 E F1(popd)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(ri) --2.5 G(nherited by the shell at in)-2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G(cation).2 E 32.5 -<8374>108 429.6 S(he \214le creation mode mask as set by)-32.5 E F1 +(command ar)108 518.4 Q(guments, if an)-.18 E -.65(y.)-.15 G F1 +(COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIR)72 535.2 Q(ONMENT)-.329 E F0(The shell has an) +108 547.2 Q F5 -.2(ex)2.5 G(ecution en).2 E(vir)-.4 E(onment)-.45 E F0 +2.5(,w)C(hich consists of the follo)-2.5 E(wing:)-.25 E<83>108 564 Q +1.405(open \214les inherited by the shell at in)144 564 R -.2(vo)-.4 G +1.406(cation, as modi\214ed by redirections supplied to the).2 F F4 +(exec)3.906 E F0 -.2(bu)144 576 S(iltin).2 E<83>108 592.8 Q +(the current w)144 592.8 Q(orking directory as set by)-.1 E F4(cd)2.5 E +F0(,)A F4(pushd)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C(r)-2.5 E F4(popd)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5 +(ri)-2.5 G(nherited by the shell at in)-2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G(cation).2 E +<83>108 609.6 Q(the \214le creation mode mask as set by)144 609.6 Q F4 (umask)2.5 E F0(or inherited from the shell')2.5 E 2.5(sp)-.55 G(arent) --2.5 E 32.5<8363>108 446.4 S(urrent traps set by)-32.5 E F1(trap)2.5 E -F0 32.5<8373>108 463.2 S .257(hell parameters that are set by v)-32.5 F -.256(ariable assignment or with)-.25 F F1(set)2.756 E F0 .256 +-2.5 E<83>108 626.4 Q(current traps set by)144 626.4 Q F4(trap)2.5 E F0 +<83>108 643.2 Q .257(shell parameters that are set by v)144 643.2 R .256 +(ariable assignment or with)-.25 F F4(set)2.756 E F0 .256 (or inherited from the shell')2.756 F 2.756(sp)-.55 G(arent)-2.756 E -(in the en)144 475.2 Q(vironment)-.4 E 32.5<8373>108 492 S -(hell functions de\214ned during e)-32.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G +(in the en)144 655.2 Q(vironment)-.4 E<83>108 672 Q +(shell functions de\214ned during e)144 672 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G (cution or inherited from the shell').15 E 2.5(sp)-.55 G -(arent in the en)-2.5 E(vironment)-.4 E 32.5<836f>108 508.8 S -(ptions enabled at in)-32.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G(cation \(either by def).2 E -(ault or with command-line ar)-.1 E(guments\) or by)-.18 E F1(set)2.5 E -F0 32.5<836f>108 525.6 S(ptions enabled by)-32.5 E F1(shopt)2.5 E F0 -32.5<8373>108 542.4 S(hell aliases de\214ned with)-32.5 E F1(alias)2.5 E -F0 32.5<8376>108 559.2 S -(arious process IDs, including those of background jobs, the v)-32.75 E +(arent in the en)-2.5 E(vironment)-.4 E<83>108 688.8 Q +(options enabled at in)144 688.8 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G(cation \(either by def) +.2 E(ault or with command-line ar)-.1 E(guments\) or by)-.18 E F4(set) +2.5 E F0<83>108 705.6 Q(options enabled by)144 705.6 Q F4(shopt)2.5 E F0 +(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(33)192.055 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 34 34 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E<83>108 84 Q +(shell aliases de\214ned with)144 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(alias)2.5 E +F0<83>108 100.8 Q -.25(va)144 100.8 S +(rious process IDs, including those of background jobs, the v).25 E (alue of)-.25 E F1($$)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd the v)-2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E -F2(PPID)2.5 E F0 .426(When a simple command other than a b)108 576 R -.427(uiltin or shell function is to be e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .427 +/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(PPID)2.5 E F0 .426 +(When a simple command other than a b)108 117.6 R .427 +(uiltin or shell function is to be e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .427 (cuted, it is in).15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.927(di).1 G 2.927(nas) --2.927 G(eparate)-2.927 E -.15(exe)108 588 S .134(cution en).15 F .134 +-2.927 G(eparate)-2.927 E -.15(exe)108 129.6 S .134(cution en).15 F .134 (vironment that consists of the follo)-.4 F 2.634(wing. Unless)-.25 F .133(otherwise noted, the v)2.634 F .133(alues are inherited from)-.25 F -(the shell.)108 600 Q 32.5<8374>108 616.8 S 1.055(he shell')-32.5 F +(the shell.)108 141.6 Q<83>108 158.4 Q 1.055(the shell')144 158.4 R 3.555(so)-.55 G 1.055(pen \214les, plus an)-3.555 F 3.556(ym)-.15 G 1.056 (odi\214cations and additions speci\214ed by redirections to the com-) --3.556 F(mand)144 628.8 Q 32.5<8374>108 645.6 S(he current w)-32.5 E -(orking directory)-.1 E 32.5<8374>108 662.4 S -(he \214le creation mode mask)-32.5 E 32.5<8373>108 679.2 S .857(hell v) --32.5 F .857(ariables and functions mark)-.25 F .857(ed for e)-.1 F .857 +-3.556 F(mand)144 170.4 Q<83>108 187.2 Q(the current w)144 187.2 Q +(orking directory)-.1 E<83>108 204 Q(the \214le creation mode mask)144 +204 Q<83>108 220.8 Q .857(shell v)144 220.8 R .857 +(ariables and functions mark)-.25 F .857(ed for e)-.1 F .857 (xport, along with v)-.15 F .857(ariables e)-.25 F .857 -(xported for the command,)-.15 F(passed in the en)144 691.2 Q(vironment) --.4 E 32.5<8374>108 708 S .306 -(raps caught by the shell are reset to the v)-32.5 F .307 -(alues inherited from the shell')-.25 F 2.807(sp)-.55 G .307 -(arent, and traps ignored)-2.807 F(by the shell are ignored)144 720 Q -(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(32)190.95 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 33 33 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E 2.5(Ac)108 84 S(ommand in)-2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(di) -.1 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G(his separate en)-2.5 E(vironment cannot af)-.4 E +(xported for the command,)-.15 F(passed in the en)144 232.8 Q(vironment) +-.4 E<83>108 249.6 Q .306(traps caught by the shell are reset to the v) +144 249.6 R .307(alues inherited from the shell')-.25 F 2.807(sp)-.55 G +.307(arent, and traps ignored)-2.807 F(by the shell are ignored)144 +261.6 Q 2.5(Ac)108 278.4 S(ommand in)-2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5 +(di).1 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G(his separate en)-2.5 E(vironment cannot af)-.4 E (fect the shell')-.25 E 2.5(se)-.55 G -.15(xe)-2.65 G(cution en).15 E (vironment.)-.4 E .577(Command substitution, commands grouped with pare\ -ntheses, and asynchronous commands are in)108 100.8 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 -(ke).2 G 3.077(di).1 G(n)-3.077 E 2.744(as)108 112.8 S .244(ubshell en) +ntheses, and asynchronous commands are in)108 295.2 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 +(ke).2 G 3.077(di).1 G(n)-3.077 E 2.744(as)108 307.2 S .244(ubshell en) -2.744 F .244(vironment that is a duplicate of the shell en)-.4 F .245 (vironment, e)-.4 F .245(xcept that traps caught by the shell are)-.15 F -.359(reset to the v)108 124.8 R .358 +.359(reset to the v)108 319.2 R .358 (alues that the shell inherited from its parent at in)-.25 F -.2(vo)-.4 G 2.858(cation. Builtin).2 F .358(commands that are in)2.858 F -.2(vo) --.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E .856(as part of a pipeline are also e)108 136.8 +-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E .856(as part of a pipeline are also e)108 331.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .856(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 3.357 (vironment. Changes)-.4 F .857(made to the subshell en)3.357 F(viron-) --.4 E(ment cannot af)108 148.8 Q(fect the shell')-.25 E 2.5(se)-.55 G +-.4 E(ment cannot af)108 343.2 Q(fect the shell')-.25 E 2.5(se)-.55 G -.15(xe)-2.65 G(cution en).15 E(vironment.)-.4 E 1.377(Subshells spa)108 -165.6 R 1.377(wned to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.377 +360 R 1.377(wned to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.377 (cute command substitutions inherit the v).15 F 1.377(alue of the)-.25 F -/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF3.876 E F0 1.376(option from the parent) -3.876 F 2.5(shell. When)108 177.6 R(not in)2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -(posix)2.5 E F0(mode,)2.5 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(clears the)2.5 E F1 -2.5 E F0(option in such subshells.)2.5 E .404(If a command is follo)108 -194.4 R .404(wed by a)-.25 F F1(&)2.904 E F0 .405 -(and job control is not acti)2.904 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.905(,t).15 G .405 -(he def)-2.905 F .405(ault standard input for the command)-.1 F .198 -(is the empty \214le)108 206.4 R F2(/de)2.698 E(v/null)-.15 E F0 5.198 -(.O)C .198(therwise, the in)-5.198 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.698(dc) -.1 G .197(ommand inherits the \214le descriptors of the calling shell) --2.698 F(as modi\214ed by redirections.)108 218.4 Q/F3 10.95 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(ENVIR)72 235.2 Q(ONMENT)-.329 E F0 2.353 -(When a program is in)108 247.2 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 4.853(di).1 G -4.853(ti)-4.853 G 4.853(sg)-4.853 G -2.15 -.25(iv e)-4.853 H 4.853(na) -.25 G 4.853(na)-4.853 G 2.353(rray of strings called the)-4.853 F F2(en) -4.853 E(vir)-.4 E(onment)-.45 E F0 7.353(.T).68 G 2.354 -(his is a list of)-7.353 F F2(name)108 259.2 Q F0A F2(value)A F0 -(pairs, of the form)2.5 E F2(name)2.5 E F0(=)A F2(value)A F0(.).18 E -1.486(The shell pro)108 276 R 1.486(vides se)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.486 -(ral w).15 F 1.485(ays to manipulate the en)-.1 F 3.985(vironment. On) --.4 F(in)3.985 E -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.485(cation, the shell scans its o).2 F -(wn)-.25 E(en)108 288 Q .144(vironment and creates a parameter for each\ - name found, automatically marking it for)-.4 F F2 -.2(ex)2.644 G(port) -.2 E F0 .144(to child pro-)3.324 F 2.704(cesses. Ex)108 300 R .203 -(ecuted commands inherit the en)-.15 F 2.703(vironment. The)-.4 F F1 -(export)2.703 E F0(and)2.703 E F1(declar)2.703 E 2.703<65ad>-.18 G(x) --2.703 E F0 .203(commands allo)2.703 F 2.703(wp)-.25 G(aram-)-2.703 E -1.153(eters and functions to be added to and deleted from the en)108 312 -R 3.653(vironment. If)-.4 F 1.153(the v)3.653 F 1.154 -(alue of a parameter in the)-.25 F(en)108 324 Q .64 +F13.876 E F0 1.376(option from the parent)3.876 F 2.5(shell. When) +108 372 R(not in)2.5 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(posix)2.5 E F0(mode,)2.5 +E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(clears the)2.5 E F12.5 E F0 +(option in such subshells.)2.5 E .404(If a command is follo)108 388.8 R +.404(wed by a)-.25 F F1(&)2.904 E F0 .405(and job control is not acti) +2.904 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.905(,t).15 G .405(he def)-2.905 F .405 +(ault standard input for the command)-.1 F .198(is the empty \214le)108 +400.8 R F3(/de)2.698 E(v/null)-.15 E F0 5.198(.O)C .198 +(therwise, the in)-5.198 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.698(dc).1 G .197 +(ommand inherits the \214le descriptors of the calling shell)-2.698 F +(as modi\214ed by redirections.)108 412.8 Q/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF +(ENVIR)72 429.6 Q(ONMENT)-.329 E F0 2.353(When a program is in)108 441.6 +R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 4.853(di).1 G 4.853(ti)-4.853 G 4.853(sg) +-4.853 G -2.15 -.25(iv e)-4.853 H 4.853(na).25 G 4.853(na)-4.853 G 2.353 +(rray of strings called the)-4.853 F F3(en)4.853 E(vir)-.4 E(onment)-.45 +E F0 7.353(.T).68 G 2.354(his is a list of)-7.353 F F3(name)108 453.6 Q +F0A F3(value)A F0(pairs, of the form)2.5 E F3(name)2.5 E F0(=)A F3 +(value)A F0(.).18 E 1.486(The shell pro)108 470.4 R 1.486(vides se)-.15 +F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.486(ral w).15 F 1.485(ays to manipulate the en)-.1 F +3.985(vironment. On)-.4 F(in)3.985 E -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.485 +(cation, the shell scans its o).2 F(wn)-.25 E(en)108 482.4 Q .144(viron\ +ment and creates a parameter for each name found, automatically marking\ + it for)-.4 F F3 -.2(ex)2.644 G(port).2 E F0 .144(to child pro-)3.324 F +2.704(cesses. Ex)108 494.4 R .203(ecuted commands inherit the en)-.15 F +2.703(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(export)2.703 E F0(and)2.703 E F1(declar) +2.703 E 2.703<65ad>-.18 G(x)-2.703 E F0 .203(commands allo)2.703 F 2.703 +(wp)-.25 G(aram-)-2.703 E 1.153 +(eters and functions to be added to and deleted from the en)108 506.4 R +3.653(vironment. If)-.4 F 1.153(the v)3.653 F 1.154 +(alue of a parameter in the)-.25 F(en)108 518.4 Q .64 (vironment is modi\214ed, the ne)-.4 F 3.14(wv)-.25 G .64 (alue becomes part of the en)-3.39 F .64(vironment, replacing the old.) --.4 F .64(The en)5.64 F(viron-)-.4 E .58(ment inherited by an)108 336 R -3.08(ye)-.15 G -.15(xe)-3.23 G .58(cuted command consists of the shell') -.15 F 3.08(si)-.55 G .58(nitial en)-3.08 F .58(vironment, whose v)-.4 F -.58(alues may be)-.25 F .301(modi\214ed in the shell, less an)108 348 R -2.801(yp)-.15 G .301(airs remo)-2.801 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.801(db).15 G -2.801(yt)-2.801 G(he)-2.801 E F1(unset)2.801 E F0 .3(command, plus an) -2.8 F 2.8(ya)-.15 G .3(dditions via the)-2.8 F F1(export)2.8 E F0(and) -2.8 E F1(declar)108 360 Q 2.5<65ad>-.18 G(x)-2.5 E F0(commands.)2.5 E -.562(The en)108 376.8 R .562(vironment for an)-.4 F(y)-.15 E F2 .562 -(simple command)3.402 F F0 .563 +-.4 F .64(The en)5.64 F(viron-)-.4 E .58(ment inherited by an)108 530.4 +R 3.08(ye)-.15 G -.15(xe)-3.23 G .58 +(cuted command consists of the shell').15 F 3.08(si)-.55 G .58 +(nitial en)-3.08 F .58(vironment, whose v)-.4 F .58(alues may be)-.25 F +.301(modi\214ed in the shell, less an)108 542.4 R 2.801(yp)-.15 G .301 +(airs remo)-2.801 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.801(db).15 G 2.801(yt)-2.801 G(he) +-2.801 E F1(unset)2.801 E F0 .3(command, plus an)2.8 F 2.8(ya)-.15 G .3 +(dditions via the)-2.8 F F1(export)2.8 E F0(and)2.8 E F1(declar)108 +554.4 Q 2.5<65ad>-.18 G(x)-2.5 E F0(commands.)2.5 E .562(The en)108 +571.2 R .562(vironment for an)-.4 F(y)-.15 E F3 .562(simple command) +3.402 F F0 .563 (or function may be augmented temporarily by pre\214xing it with)3.833 F -.203(parameter assignments, as described abo)108 388.8 R .502 -.15(ve i) --.15 H(n).15 E/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)2.702 G(RAMETERS).666 E/F5 -9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .202(These assignment statements af)4.702 F -.202(fect only the)-.25 F(en)108 400.8 Q -(vironment seen by that command.)-.4 E .81(If the)108 417.6 R F1 -3.31 E F0 .81(option is set \(see the)3.31 F F1(set)3.31 E F0 -.2(bu) -3.31 G .81(iltin command belo).2 F .81(w\), then)-.25 F F2(all)3.64 E F0 -.81(parameter assignments are placed in)3.82 F(the en)108 429.6 Q +.203(parameter assignments, as described abo)108 583.2 R .502 -.15(ve i) +-.15 H(n).15 E F2 -.666(PA)2.702 G(RAMETERS).666 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF +(.)A F0 .202(These assignment statements af)4.702 F .202(fect only the) +-.25 F(en)108 595.2 Q(vironment seen by that command.)-.4 E .81(If the) +108 612 R F13.31 E F0 .81(option is set \(see the)3.31 F F1(set) +3.31 E F0 -.2(bu)3.31 G .81(iltin command belo).2 F .81(w\), then)-.25 F +F3(all)3.64 E F0 .81(parameter assignments are placed in)3.82 F(the en) +108 624 Q (vironment for a command, not just those that precede the command name.) --.4 E(When)108 446.4 Q F1(bash)3.586 E F0(in)3.586 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 +-.4 E(When)108 640.8 Q F1(bash)3.586 E F0(in)3.586 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 (ke).2 G 3.586(sa).1 G 3.586(ne)-3.586 G 1.086(xternal command, the v) -3.736 F(ariable)-.25 E F1(_)3.586 E F0 1.085 (is set to the full \214lename of the command and)3.586 F -(passed to that command in its en)108 458.4 Q(vironment.)-.4 E F3 -(EXIT ST)72 475.2 Q -1.04(AT)-.986 G(US)1.04 E F0 .15(The e)108 487.2 R +(passed to that command in its en)108 652.8 Q(vironment.)-.4 E F4 +(EXIT ST)72 669.6 Q -1.04(AT)-.986 G(US)1.04 E F0 .15(The e)108 681.6 R .15(xit status of an e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .15(cuted command is the v) -.15 F .151(alue returned by the)-.25 F F2(waitpid)2.651 E F0 .151 +.15 F .151(alue returned by the)-.25 F F3(waitpid)2.651 E F0 .151 (system call or equi)2.651 F -.25(va)-.25 G .151(lent func-).25 F 2.848 -(tion. Exit)108 499.2 R .348(statuses f)2.848 F .347 +(tion. Exit)108 693.6 R .348(statuses f)2.848 F .347 (all between 0 and 255, though, as e)-.1 F .347(xplained belo)-.15 F 1.647 -.65(w, t)-.25 H .347(he shell may use v).65 F .347(alues abo)-.25 -F .647 -.15(ve 1)-.15 H(25).15 E(specially)108 511.2 Q 5.673(.E)-.65 G -.673(xit statuses from shell b)-5.673 F .673 -(uiltins and compound commands are also limited to this range. Under)-.2 -F(certain circumstances, the shell will use special v)108 523.2 Q -(alues to indicate speci\214c f)-.25 E(ailure modes.)-.1 E -.15(Fo)108 -540 S 3.373(rt).15 G .873(he shell')-3.373 F 3.373(sp)-.55 G .873 +F .647 -.15(ve 1)-.15 H(25).15 E(specially)108 705.6 Q 5.506(.E)-.65 G +.506(xit statuses from shell b)-5.506 F .507 +(uiltins and compound commands are also limited to this range.)-.2 F +(Under)5.507 E(certain circumstances, the shell will use special v)108 +717.6 Q(alues to indicate speci\214c f)-.25 E(ailure modes.)-.1 E +(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(34)192.055 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 35 35 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -.15(Fo)108 84 S +3.373(rt).15 G .873(he shell')-3.373 F 3.373(sp)-.55 G .873 (urposes, a command which e)-3.373 F .873(xits with a zero e)-.15 F .873 (xit status has succeeded.)-.15 F .872(An e)5.872 F .872(xit status of) --.15 F .048(zero indicates success.)108 552 R 2.548(An)5.048 G .049 +-.15 F .048(zero indicates success.)108 96 R 2.548(An)5.048 G .049 (on-zero e)-2.548 F .049(xit status indicates f)-.15 F 2.549 (ailure. When)-.1 F 2.549(ac)2.549 G .049(ommand terminates on a f) --2.549 F .049(atal sig-)-.1 F(nal)108 564 Q F2(N)2.5 E F0(,)A F1(bash) -2.5 E F0(uses the v)2.5 E(alue of 128+)-.25 E F2(N)A F0(as the e)2.5 E -(xit status.)-.15 E .405 -(If a command is not found, the child process created to e)108 580.8 R +-2.549 F .049(atal sig-)-.1 F(nal)108 108 Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(N) +2.5 E F0(,)A/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)2.5 E F0(uses the v)2.5 E +(alue of 128+)-.25 E F1(N)A F0(as the e)2.5 E(xit status.)-.15 E .405 +(If a command is not found, the child process created to e)108 124.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .404(cute it returns a status of 127.).15 F .404 -(If a command is)5.404 F(found b)108 592.8 Q(ut is not e)-.2 E -.15(xe) --.15 G(cutable, the return status is 126.).15 E(If a command f)108 609.6 +(If a command is)5.404 F(found b)108 136.8 Q(ut is not e)-.2 E -.15(xe) +-.15 G(cutable, the return status is 126.).15 E(If a command f)108 153.6 Q(ails because of an error during e)-.1 E (xpansion or redirection, the e)-.15 E(xit status is greater than zero.) --.15 E .08(Shell b)108 626.4 R .08 -(uiltin commands return a status of 0 \()-.2 F F2(true)A F0 2.581(\)i)C -2.581(fs)-2.581 G .081(uccessful, and non-zero \()-2.581 F F2(false)A F0 +-.15 E .08(Shell b)108 170.4 R .08 +(uiltin commands return a status of 0 \()-.2 F F1(true)A F0 2.581(\)i)C +2.581(fs)-2.581 G .081(uccessful, and non-zero \()-2.581 F F1(false)A F0 2.581(\)i)C 2.581(fa)-2.581 G 2.581(ne)-2.581 G .081(rror occurs while) --2.581 F(the)108 638.4 Q 2.5(ye)-.15 G -.15(xe)-2.65 G 2.5(cute. All).15 -F -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltins return an e).2 E -(xit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage.)-.15 E F1(Bash)108 655.2 Q -F0 .202(itself returns the e)2.702 F .202 -(xit status of the last command e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .201 -(cuted, unless a syntax error occurs, in which case).15 F(it e)108 667.2 -Q(xits with a non-zero v)-.15 E 2.5(alue. See)-.25 F(also the)2.5 E F1 -(exit)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command belo).2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F3 -(SIGN)72 684 Q(ALS)-.219 E F0(When)108 696 Q F1(bash)3.182 E F0 .682 -(is interacti)3.182 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.182(,i).15 G 3.182(nt)-3.182 G -.682(he absence of an)-3.182 F 3.183(yt)-.15 G .683(raps, it ignores) --3.183 F F4(SIGTERM)3.183 E F0 .683(\(so that)2.933 F F1 .683(kill 0) -3.183 F F0 .683(does not kill an)3.183 F(interacti)108 708 Q .758 -.15 -(ve s)-.25 H .458(hell\), and).15 F F4(SIGINT)2.958 E F0 .458 -(is caught and handled \(so that the)2.708 F F1(wait)2.958 E F0 -.2(bu) -2.958 G .457(iltin is interruptible\).).2 F .457(In all cases,)5.457 F -F1(bash)108 720 Q F0(ignores)2.5 E F4(SIGQ)2.5 E(UIT)-.09 E F5(.)A F0 -(If job control is in ef)4.5 E(fect,)-.25 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(ignores)2.5 -E F4(SIGTTIN)2.5 E F5(,)A F4(SIGTT)2.25 E(OU)-.162 E F5(,)A F0(and)2.25 -E F4(SIGTSTP)2.5 E F5(.)A F0(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2) -141.79 E(33)190.95 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 34 34 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E(Non-b)108 84 Q 1.064(uiltin commands run by)-.2 F/F1 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)3.564 E F0(ha)3.564 E 1.365 -.15(ve s)-.2 H 1.065 -(ignal handlers set to the v).15 F 1.065 -(alues inherited by the shell from its)-.25 F 3.248(parent. When)108 96 -R .748(job control is not in ef)3.248 F .747 -(fect, asynchronous commands ignore)-.25 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGINT) -3.247 E F0(and)2.997 E F2(SIGQ)3.247 E(UIT)-.09 E F0 .747(in addi-)2.997 -F .652(tion to these inherited handlers.)108 108 R .653 -(Commands run as a result of command substitution ignore the k)5.652 F --.15(ey)-.1 G(board-).15 E(generated job control signals)108 120 Q F2 -(SIGTTIN)2.5 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F2(SIGTT)2.25 E(OU)-.162 E F3 -(,)A F0(and)2.25 E F2(SIGTSTP)2.5 E F3(.)A F0 2.046(The shell e)108 -136.8 R 2.046(xits by def)-.15 F 2.045(ault upon receipt of a)-.1 F F2 -(SIGHUP)4.545 E F3(.)A F0 2.045(Before e)6.545 F 2.045 -(xiting, an interacti)-.15 F 2.345 -.15(ve s)-.25 H 2.045 -(hell resends the).15 F F2(SIGHUP)108 148.8 Q F0 1.004 -(to all jobs, running or stopped.)3.254 F 1.004(Stopped jobs are sent) -6.004 F F2(SIGCONT)3.505 E F0 1.005(to ensure that the)3.255 F 3.505(yr) --.15 G(ecei)-3.505 E 1.305 -.15(ve t)-.25 H(he).15 E F2(SIGHUP)108 160.8 -Q F3(.)A F0 2.53 -.8(To p)5.43 H(re).8 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .93(nt the shel\ -l from sending the signal to a particular job, it should be remo).15 F --.15(ve)-.15 G 3.429(df).15 G .929(rom the)-3.429 F 1.356 -(jobs table with the)108 172.8 R F1(diso)3.856 E(wn)-.1 E F0 -.2(bu) -3.856 G 1.356(iltin \(see).2 F F2 1.356(SHELL B)3.856 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.356 -(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.607 E 1.357(w\) or mark)-.25 F 1.357 -(ed to not recei)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F2(SIGHUP)108 184.8 Q F0(using) -2.25 E F1(diso)2.5 E(wn \255h)-.1 E F0(.)A .166(If the)108 201.6 R F1 -(huponexit)2.666 E F0 .166(shell option has been set with)2.666 F F1 -(shopt)2.666 E F0(,)A F1(bash)2.666 E F0 .166(sends a)2.666 F F2(SIGHUP) -2.666 E F0 .166(to all jobs when an interacti)2.416 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -(login shell e)108 213.6 Q(xits.)-.15 E(If)108 230.4 Q F1(bash)3.046 E -F0 .546(is w)3.046 F .546(aiting for a command to complete and recei)-.1 -F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.046(sas).15 G .546 -(ignal for which a trap has been set, the trap)-3.046 F .663 -(will not be e)108 242.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .663 -(cuted until the command completes.).15 F(When)5.663 E F1(bash)3.163 E -F0 .662(is w)3.163 F .662(aiting for an asynchronous command)-.1 F .99 -(via the)108 254.4 R F1(wait)3.49 E F0 -.2(bu)3.49 G .99(iltin, the rec\ -eption of a signal for which a trap has been set will cause the).2 F F1 +-2.581 F(the)108 182.4 Q 2.968(ye)-.15 G -.15(xe)-3.118 G 2.968 +(cute. All).15 F -.2(bu)2.968 G .468(iltins return an e).2 F .468 +(xit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage, generally in)-.15 F -.25 +(va)-.4 G .467(lid options or).25 F(missing ar)108 194.4 Q(guments.)-.18 +E F2(Bash)108 211.2 Q F0 .201(itself returns the e)2.701 F .202 +(xit status of the last command e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .202 +(cuted, unless a syntax error occurs, in which case).15 F(it e)108 223.2 +Q(xits with a non-zero v)-.15 E 2.5(alue. See)-.25 F(also the)2.5 E F2 +(exit)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command belo).2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G/F3 +10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGN)72 240 Q(ALS)-.219 E F0(When)108 252 Q F2 +(bash)3.183 E F0 .683(is interacti)3.183 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.183(,i).15 G +3.183(nt)-3.183 G .683(he absence of an)-3.183 F 3.183(yt)-.15 G .683 +(raps, it ignores)-3.183 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGTERM)3.183 E F0 .682 +(\(so that)2.933 F F2 .682(kill 0)3.182 F F0 .682(does not kill an)3.182 +F(interacti)108 264 Q .757 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .457(hell\), and).15 F F4 +(SIGINT)2.957 E F0 .458(is caught and handled \(so that the)2.707 F F2 +(wait)2.958 E F0 -.2(bu)2.958 G .458(iltin is interruptible\).).2 F .458 +(In all cases,)5.458 F F2(bash)108 276 Q F0(ignores)2.5 E F4(SIGQ)2.5 E +(UIT)-.09 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If job control is in ef)4.5 E +(fect,)-.25 E F2(bash)2.5 E F0(ignores)2.5 E F4(SIGTTIN)2.5 E F5(,)A F4 +(SIGTT)2.25 E(OU)-.162 E F5(,)A F0(and)2.25 E F4(SIGTSTP)2.5 E F5(.)A F0 +(Non-b)108 292.8 Q 1.065(uiltin commands run by)-.2 F F2(bash)3.565 E F0 +(ha)3.565 E 1.365 -.15(ve s)-.2 H 1.065(ignal handlers set to the v).15 +F 1.064(alues inherited by the shell from its)-.25 F 3.247(parent. When) +108 304.8 R .747(job control is not in ef)3.247 F .747 +(fect, asynchronous commands ignore)-.25 F F4(SIGINT)3.248 E F0(and) +2.998 E F4(SIGQ)3.248 E(UIT)-.09 E F0 .748(in addi-)2.998 F .653 +(tion to these inherited handlers.)108 316.8 R .653 +(Commands run as a result of command substitution ignore the k)5.653 F +-.15(ey)-.1 G(board-).15 E(generated job control signals)108 328.8 Q F4 +(SIGTTIN)2.5 E F5(,)A F4(SIGTT)2.25 E(OU)-.162 E F5(,)A F0(and)2.25 E F4 +(SIGTSTP)2.5 E F5(.)A F0 2.045(The shell e)108 345.6 R 2.045 +(xits by def)-.15 F 2.045(ault upon receipt of a)-.1 F F4(SIGHUP)4.545 E +F5(.)A F0 2.045(Before e)6.545 F 2.045(xiting, an interacti)-.15 F 2.346 +-.15(ve s)-.25 H 2.046(hell resends the).15 F F4(SIGHUP)108 357.6 Q F0 +1.005(to all jobs, running or stopped.)3.255 F 1.004 +(Stopped jobs are sent)6.005 F F4(SIGCONT)3.504 E F0 1.004 +(to ensure that the)3.254 F 3.504(yr)-.15 G(ecei)-3.504 E 1.304 -.15 +(ve t)-.25 H(he).15 E F4(SIGHUP)108 369.6 Q F5(.)A F0 2.529 -.8(To p) +5.429 H(re).8 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .93(nt the shell from sending the signal\ + to a particular job, it should be remo).15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.43(df).15 +G .93(rom the)-3.43 F 1.357(jobs table with the)108 381.6 R F2(diso) +3.857 E(wn)-.1 E F0 -.2(bu)3.857 G 1.357(iltin \(see).2 F F4 1.356 +(SHELL B)3.856 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.356(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.606 E +1.356(w\) or mark)-.25 F 1.356(ed to not recei)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F4 +(SIGHUP)108 393.6 Q F0(using)2.25 E F2(diso)2.5 E(wn \255h)-.1 E F0(.)A +.166(If the)108 410.4 R F2(huponexit)2.666 E F0 .166 +(shell option has been set with)2.666 F F2(shopt)2.666 E F0(,)A F2(bash) +2.666 E F0 .166(sends a)2.666 F F4(SIGHUP)2.666 E F0 .166 +(to all jobs when an interacti)2.416 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(login shell e)108 +422.4 Q(xits.)-.15 E(If)108 439.2 Q F2(bash)3.047 E F0 .547(is w)3.047 F +.546(aiting for a command to complete and recei)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +3.046(sas).15 G .546(ignal for which a trap has been set, the trap) +-3.046 F .662(will not be e)108 451.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .662 +(cuted until the command completes.).15 F(When)5.663 E F2(bash)3.163 E +F0 .663(is w)3.163 F .663(aiting for an asynchronous command)-.1 F .99 +(via the)108 463.2 R F2(wait)3.49 E F0 -.2(bu)3.49 G .99(iltin, the rec\ +eption of a signal for which a trap has been set will cause the).2 F F2 (wait)3.49 E F0 -.2(bu)3.49 G .99(iltin to).2 F -(return immediately with an e)108 266.4 Q +(return immediately with an e)108 475.2 Q (xit status greater than 128, immediately after which the trap is e)-.15 -E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(JOB CONTR)72 -283.2 Q(OL)-.329 E/F5 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(Jo)108 295.2 S 4.568(bc) -.25 G(ontr)-4.568 E(ol)-.45 E F0 2.068(refers to the ability to selecti) -5.078 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.067(ly stop \().15 F F5(suspend)A F0 4.567(\)t) -C 2.067(he e)-4.567 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.067 -(cution of processes and continue).15 F(\()108 307.2 Q F5 -.37(re)C -(sume).37 E F0 3.201(\)t)C .701(heir e)-3.201 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .702 -(cution at a later point.).15 F 3.202(Au)5.702 G .702 +E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F3(JOB CONTR)72 492 Q(OL)-.329 E F1 -.25 +(Jo)108 504 S 4.567(bc).25 G(ontr)-4.567 E(ol)-.45 E F0 2.067 +(refers to the ability to selecti)5.077 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.067 +(ly stop \().15 F F1(suspend)A F0 4.567(\)t)C 2.068(he e)-4.567 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G 2.068(cution of processes and continue).15 F(\()108 516 Q F1 +-.37(re)C(sume).37 E F0 3.202(\)t)C .702(heir e)-3.202 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +.702(cution at a later point.).15 F 3.202(Au)5.702 G .702 (ser typically emplo)-3.202 F .702(ys this f)-.1 F .702 -(acility via an interacti)-.1 F 1.002 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nterf).15 E(ace) --.1 E(supplied jointly by the operating system k)108 319.2 Q(ernel')-.1 -E 2.5(st)-.55 G(erminal dri)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ra).15 G(nd)-2.5 E -F1(bash)2.5 E F0(.)A .785(The shell associates a)108 336 R F5(job)5.025 -E F0 .785(with each pipeline.)3.515 F .784(It k)5.785 F .784 -(eeps a table of currently e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .784 -(cuting jobs, which may be).15 F .34(listed with the)108 348 R F1(jobs) -2.84 E F0 2.84(command. When)2.84 F F1(bash)2.84 E F0 .341 -(starts a job asynchronously \(in the)2.84 F F5(bac)2.841 E(kgr)-.2 E -(ound)-.45 E F0 .341(\), it prints a line).77 F(that looks lik)108 360 Q -(e:)-.1 E([1] 25647)144 376.8 Q .241(indicating that this job is job nu\ -mber 1 and that the process ID of the last process in the pipeline asso\ -ciated)108 393.6 R .732(with this job is 25647.)108 405.6 R .733 +(acility via an interacti)-.1 F 1.001 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nterf).15 E(ace) +-.1 E(supplied jointly by the operating system k)108 528 Q(ernel')-.1 E +2.5(st)-.55 G(erminal dri)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ra).15 G(nd)-2.5 E +F2(bash)2.5 E F0(.)A .784(The shell associates a)108 544.8 R F1(job) +5.024 E F0 .784(with each pipeline.)3.514 F .784(It k)5.784 F .785 +(eeps a table of currently e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .785 +(cuting jobs, which may be).15 F .341(listed with the)108 556.8 R F2 +(jobs)2.841 E F0 2.841(command. When)2.841 F F2(bash)2.841 E F0 .341 +(starts a job asynchronously \(in the)2.841 F F1(bac)2.84 E(kgr)-.2 E +(ound)-.45 E F0 .34(\), it prints a line).77 F(that looks lik)108 568.8 +Q(e:)-.1 E([1] 25647)144 585.6 Q .241(indicating that this job is job n\ +umber 1 and that the process ID of the last process in the pipeline ass\ +ociated)108 602.4 R .733(with this job is 25647.)108 614.4 R .732 (All of the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job) -5.732 F(.)-.4 E F1(Bash)5.733 E F0(uses)3.233 E(the)108 417.6 Q F5(job) -4.24 E F0(abstraction as the basis for job control.)2.73 E 3.063 -.8 -(To f)108 434.4 T 1.463(acilitate the implementation of the user interf) -.7 F 1.462(ace to job control, the operating system maintains the)-.1 F -.87(notion of a)108 446.4 R F5(curr)3.37 E .87(ent terminal pr)-.37 F -.871(ocess gr)-.45 F .871(oup ID)-.45 F F0 5.871(.M)C .871 +5.733 F(.)-.4 E F2(Bash)5.732 E F0(uses)3.232 E(the)108 626.4 Q F1(job) +4.24 E F0(abstraction as the basis for job control.)2.73 E 3.062 -.8 +(To f)108 643.2 T 1.462(acilitate the implementation of the user interf) +.7 F 1.463(ace to job control, the operating system maintains the)-.1 F +.871(notion of a)108 655.2 R F1(curr)3.371 E .871(ent terminal pr)-.37 F +.871(ocess gr)-.45 F .871(oup ID)-.45 F F0 5.871(.M)C .87 (embers of this process group \(processes whose process)-5.871 F .023 (group ID is equal to the current terminal process group ID\) recei)108 -458.4 R .323 -.15(ve k)-.25 H -.15(ey).05 G .023 -(board-generated signals such as).15 F F2(SIG-)2.522 E(INT)108 470.4 Q -F3(.)A F0 1.346(These processes are said to be in the)5.846 F F5(for) -3.847 E -.4(eg)-.37 G -.45(ro).4 G(und).45 E F0(.).77 E F5(Bac)6.927 E -(kgr)-.2 E(ound)-.45 E F0 1.347(processes are those whose process)4.617 -F .146(group ID dif)108 482.4 R .146(fers from the terminal')-.25 F .146 -(s; such processes are immune to k)-.55 F -.15(ey)-.1 G .145 -(board-generated signals.).15 F .145(Only fore-)5.145 F .16 -(ground processes are allo)108 494.4 R .16(wed to read from or)-.25 F +667.2 R .323 -.15(ve k)-.25 H -.15(ey).05 G .023 +(board-generated signals such as).15 F F4(SIG-)2.523 E(INT)108 679.2 Q +F5(.)A F0 1.347(These processes are said to be in the)5.847 F F1(for) +3.846 E -.4(eg)-.37 G -.45(ro).4 G(und).45 E F0(.).77 E F1(Bac)6.926 E +(kgr)-.2 E(ound)-.45 E F0 1.346(processes are those whose process)4.616 +F .145(group ID dif)108 691.2 R .145(fers from the terminal')-.25 F .146 +(s; such processes are immune to k)-.55 F -.15(ey)-.1 G .146 +(board-generated signals.).15 F .146(Only fore-)5.146 F .16 +(ground processes are allo)108 703.2 R .16(wed to read from or)-.25 F 2.66(,i)-.4 G 2.66(ft)-2.66 G .16(he user so speci\214es with)-2.66 F/F6 10/Courier@0 SF .16(stty tostop)2.66 F F0 2.66(,w)C .16(rite to the ter) --2.66 F(-)-.2 E 3.052(minal. Background)108 506.4 R .551 -(processes which attempt to read from \(write to when)3.052 F F6 .551 -(stty tostop)3.051 F F0 .551(is in ef)3.051 F .551(fect\) the)-.25 F -.717(terminal are sent a)108 518.4 R F2 .717(SIGTTIN \(SIGTT)3.217 F -(OU\))-.162 E F0 .718(signal by the k)2.967 F(ernel')-.1 E 3.218(st)-.55 -G .718(erminal dri)-3.218 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.518 -.4(r, w).15 H .718 -(hich, unless caught, sus-).4 F(pends the process.)108 530.4 Q 1.088 -(If the operating system on which)108 547.2 R F1(bash)3.588 E F0 1.088 -(is running supports job control,)3.588 F F1(bash)3.587 E F0 1.087 -(contains f)3.587 F 1.087(acilities to use it.)-.1 F -.8(Ty)108 559.2 S -.301(ping the).8 F F5(suspend)3.141 E F0 .301(character \(typically) -3.571 F F1(^Z)2.801 E F0 2.801(,C)C .301 +-2.66 F(-)-.2 E 3.051(minal. Background)108 715.2 R .551 +(processes which attempt to read from \(write to when)3.051 F F6 .551 +(stty tostop)3.051 F F0 .552(is in ef)3.052 F .552(fect\) the)-.25 F +2.098(terminal are sent a)108 727.2 R F4 2.098(SIGTTIN \(SIGTT)4.598 F +(OU\))-.162 E F0 2.098(signal by the k)4.348 F(ernel')-.1 E 4.598(st) +-.55 G 2.098(erminal dri)-4.598 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.898 -.4(r, w).15 H +2.098(hich, unless caught,).4 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26) +142.895 E(35)192.055 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 36 36 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E +(suspends the process.)108 84 Q 1.087(If the operating system on which) +108 100.8 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)3.587 E F0 1.088 +(is running supports job control,)3.588 F F1(bash)3.588 E F0 1.088 +(contains f)3.588 F 1.088(acilities to use it.)-.1 F -.8(Ty)108 112.8 S +.302(ping the).8 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(suspend)3.142 E F0 .302 +(character \(typically)3.572 F F1(^Z)2.801 E F0 2.801(,C)C .301 (ontrol-Z\) while a process is running causes that process to be)-2.801 -F 2.143(stopped and returns control to)108 571.2 R F1(bash)4.642 E F0 -7.142(.T)C 2.142(yping the)-7.942 F F5 2.142(delayed suspend)4.992 F F0 -2.142(character \(typically)5.412 F F1(^Y)4.642 E F0 4.642(,C)C -(ontrol-Y\))-4.642 E .021(causes the process to be stopped when it atte\ +F 2.142(stopped and returns control to)108 124.8 R F1(bash)4.642 E F0 +7.142(.T)C 2.142(yping the)-7.942 F F2 2.142(delayed suspend)4.992 F F0 +2.143(character \(typically)5.413 F F1(^Y)4.643 E F0 4.643(,C)C +(ontrol-Y\))-4.643 E .021(causes the process to be stopped when it atte\ mpts to read input from the terminal, and control to be returned)108 -583.2 R(to)108 595.2 Q F1(bash)3.392 E F0 5.892(.T)C .892 +136.8 R(to)108 148.8 Q F1(bash)3.392 E F0 5.892(.T)C .892 (he user may then manipulate the state of this job, using the)-5.892 F -F1(bg)3.392 E F0 .892(command to continue it in the)3.392 F .894 -(background, the)108 607.2 R F1(fg)3.394 E F0 .895 -(command to continue it in the fore)3.394 F .895(ground, or the)-.15 F -F1(kill)3.395 E F0 .895(command to kill it.)3.395 F(A)5.895 E F1(^Z) -3.395 E F0(tak)3.395 E(es)-.1 E(ef)108 619.2 Q .949(fect immediately) --.25 F 3.449(,a)-.65 G .948(nd has the additional side ef)-3.449 F .948 +F1(bg)3.392 E F0 .892(command to continue it in the)3.392 F .895 +(background, the)108 160.8 R F1(fg)3.395 E F0 .895 +(command to continue it in the fore)3.395 F .895(ground, or the)-.15 F +F1(kill)3.395 E F0 .894(command to kill it.)3.395 F(A)5.894 E F1(^Z) +3.394 E F0(tak)3.394 E(es)-.1 E(ef)108 172.8 Q .948(fect immediately) +-.25 F 3.448(,a)-.65 G .948(nd has the additional side ef)-3.448 F .948 (fect of causing pending output and typeahead to be dis-)-.25 F(carded.) -108 631.2 Q .777(There are a number of w)108 648 R .777 +108 184.8 Q .777(There are a number of w)108 201.6 R .777 (ays to refer to a job in the shell.)-.1 F .777(The character)5.777 F F1 -(%)3.277 E F0 .777(introduces a job speci\214cation)3.277 F(\()108 660 Q -F5(jobspec)A F0 3.458(\). Job)B(number)3.458 E F5(n)3.818 E F0 .957 +(%)3.277 E F0 .777(introduces a job speci\214cation)3.277 F(\()108 213.6 +Q F2(jobspec)A F0 3.457(\). Job)B(number)3.457 E F2(n)3.817 E F0 .957 (may be referred to as)3.697 F F1(%n)3.457 E F0 5.957(.A)C .957 (job may also be referred to using a pre\214x of the)-2.5 F .59(name us\ ed to start it, or using a substring that appears in its command line.) -108 672 R -.15(Fo)5.59 G 3.09(re).15 G(xample,)-3.24 E F1(%ce)3.09 E F0 -.59(refers to a)3.09 F(stopped)108 684 Q F1(ce)3.464 E F0(job)3.464 E -5.964(.I)-.4 G 3.463(fap)-5.964 G .963 +108 225.6 R -.15(Fo)5.59 G 3.09(re).15 G(xample,)-3.24 E F1(%ce)3.09 E +F0 .59(refers to a)3.09 F(stopped)108 237.6 Q F1(ce)3.463 E F0(job)3.463 +E 5.963(.I)-.4 G 3.463(fap)-5.963 G .963 (re\214x matches more than one job,)-3.463 F F1(bash)3.463 E F0 .963 (reports an error)3.463 F 5.963(.U)-.55 G(sing)-5.963 E F1(%?ce)3.463 E -F0 3.463(,o)C 3.463(nt)-3.463 G .963(he other)-3.463 F .086 -(hand, refers to an)108 696 R 2.587(yj)-.15 G .087 +F0 3.464(,o)C 3.464(nt)-3.464 G .964(he other)-3.464 F .087 +(hand, refers to an)108 249.6 R 2.587(yj)-.15 G .087 (ob containing the string)-2.587 F F1(ce)2.587 E F0 .087 (in its command line.)2.587 F .087 -(If the substring matches more than one)5.087 F(job,)108 708 Q F1(bash) -2.518 E F0 .018(reports an error)2.518 F 5.018(.T)-.55 G .018 +(If the substring matches more than one)5.087 F(job,)108 261.6 Q F1 +(bash)2.518 E F0 .018(reports an error)2.518 F 5.018(.T)-.55 G .018 (he symbols)-5.018 F F1(%%)2.518 E F0(and)2.518 E F1(%+)2.518 E F0 .018 (refer to the shell')2.518 F 2.518(sn)-.55 G .018(otion of the)-2.518 F -F5(curr)2.518 E .018(ent job)-.37 F F0 2.518(,w).23 G .018(hich is) --2.518 F .494(the last job stopped while it w)108 720 R .495 +F2(curr)2.518 E .018(ent job)-.37 F F0 2.518(,w).23 G .018(hich is) +-2.518 F .495(the last job stopped while it w)108 273.6 R .495 (as in the fore)-.1 F .495(ground or started in the background.)-.15 F -(The)5.495 E F5(pr)4.245 E -.15(ev)-.37 G .495(ious job).15 F F0 .495 -(may be)3.225 F(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(34)190.95 -E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 35 35 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E .788(referenced using)108 84 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<25ad>3.288 E -F0 5.788(.I)C 3.288(ft)-5.788 G .787(here is only a single job,)-3.288 F -F1(%+)3.287 E F0(and)3.287 E F1<25ad>3.287 E F0 .787 -(can both be used to refer to that job)3.287 F 5.787(.I)-.4 G(n)-5.787 E -.256(output pertaining to jobs \(e.g., the output of the)108 96 R F1 +(The)5.494 E F2(pr)4.244 E -.15(ev)-.37 G .494(ious job).15 F F0 .494 +(may be)3.224 F .787(referenced using)108 285.6 R F1<25ad>3.287 E F0 +5.787(.I)C 3.287(ft)-5.787 G .787(here is only a single job,)-3.287 F F1 +(%+)3.287 E F0(and)3.287 E F1<25ad>3.287 E F0 .788 +(can both be used to refer to that job)3.287 F 5.788(.I)-.4 G(n)-5.788 E +.257(output pertaining to jobs \(e.g., the output of the)108 297.6 R F1 (jobs)2.756 E F0 .256(command\), the current job is al)2.756 F -.1(wa) --.1 G .257(ys \215agged with a).1 F F1(+)2.757 E F0(,)A .411 -(and the pre)108 108 R .411(vious job with a)-.25 F F12.911 E F0 -5.411(.A)C .411(single % \(with no accompan)-2.5 F .41 +-.1 G .256(ys \215agged with a).1 F F1(+)2.756 E F0(,)A .41(and the pre) +108 309.6 R .41(vious job with a)-.25 F F12.91 E F0 5.41(.A)C .411 +(single % \(with no accompan)-2.5 F .411 (ying job speci\214cation\) also refers to the cur)-.15 F(-)-.2 E -(rent job)108 120 Q(.)-.4 E .443 -(Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the fore)108 136.8 R -(ground:)-.15 E F1(%1)2.944 E F0 .444(is a synon)2.944 F .444(ym for) --.15 F F1 -.63(``)2.944 G .444(fg %1').63 F(')-.63 E F0 2.944(,b)C -(ringing)-2.944 E 1.473(job 1 from the background into the fore)108 -148.8 R 3.973(ground. Similarly)-.15 F(,)-.65 E F1 -.63(``)3.972 G 1.472 -(%1 &').63 F(')-.63 E F0 1.472(resumes job 1 in the background,)3.972 F -(equi)108 160.8 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1 -.63(``)2.5 G(bg %1') -.63 E(')-.63 E F0(.)A .13(The shell learns immediately whene)108 177.6 R --.15(ve)-.25 G 2.63(raj).15 G .13(ob changes state.)-2.63 F(Normally) -5.131 E(,)-.65 E F1(bash)2.631 E F0 -.1(wa)2.631 G .131 -(its until it is about to print a).1 F .158 -(prompt before reporting changes in a job')108 189.6 R 2.658(ss)-.55 G -.158(tatus so as to not interrupt an)-2.658 F 2.657(yo)-.15 G .157 -(ther output.)-2.657 F .157(If the)5.157 F F12.657 E F0 .157 -(option to)2.657 F(the)108 201.6 Q F1(set)3.951 E F0 -.2(bu)3.951 G -1.451(iltin command is enabled,).2 F F1(bash)3.951 E F0 1.452 -(reports such changes immediately)3.951 F 6.452(.A)-.65 G 1.752 -.15 -(ny t)-6.452 H 1.452(rap on).15 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGCHLD)3.952 E -F0(is)3.702 E -.15(exe)108 213.6 S(cuted for each child that e).15 E -(xits.)-.15 E .033(If an attempt to e)108 230.4 R(xit)-.15 E F1(bash) -2.533 E F0 .033(is made while jobs are stopped \(or)2.533 F 2.532(,i)-.4 -G 2.532(ft)-2.532 G(he)-2.532 E F1(checkjobs)2.532 E F0 .032 -(shell option has been enabled)2.532 F 2.019(using the)108 242.4 R F1 -(shopt)4.519 E F0 -.2(bu)4.519 G 2.019 -(iltin, running\), the shell prints a w).2 F 2.02 -(arning message, and, if the)-.1 F F1(checkjobs)4.52 E F0 2.02 -(option is)4.52 F .459(enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses.)108 -254.4 R(The)5.459 E F1(jobs)2.959 E F0 .458 -(command may then be used to inspect their status.)2.958 F .458(If a) -5.458 F .603(second attempt to e)108 266.4 R .604 +(rent job)108 321.6 Q(.)-.4 E .444 +(Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the fore)108 338.4 R +(ground:)-.15 E F1(%1)2.943 E F0 .443(is a synon)2.943 F .443(ym for) +-.15 F F1 -.63(``)2.943 G .443(fg %1').63 F(')-.63 E F0 2.943(,b)C +(ringing)-2.943 E 1.472(job 1 from the background into the fore)108 +350.4 R 3.972(ground. Similarly)-.15 F(,)-.65 E F1 -.63(``)3.973 G 1.473 +(%1 &').63 F(')-.63 E F0 1.473(resumes job 1 in the background,)3.973 F +(equi)108 362.4 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1 -.63(``)2.5 G(bg %1') +.63 E(')-.63 E F0(.)A .131(The shell learns immediately whene)108 379.2 +R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.631(raj).15 G .131(ob changes state.)-2.631 F +(Normally)5.131 E(,)-.65 E F1(bash)2.631 E F0 -.1(wa)2.63 G .13 +(its until it is about to print a).1 F .157 +(prompt before reporting changes in a job')108 391.2 R 2.657(ss)-.55 G +.157(tatus so as to not interrupt an)-2.657 F 2.658(yo)-.15 G .158 +(ther output.)-2.658 F .158(If the)5.158 F F12.658 E F0 .158 +(option to)2.658 F(the)108 403.2 Q F1(set)2.648 E F0 -.2(bu)2.648 G .148 +(iltin command is enabled,).2 F F1(bash)2.648 E F0 .148 +(reports such changes immediately)2.648 F 5.147(.A)-.65 G .447 -.15 +(ny t)-5.147 H .147(rap on).15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGCHLD)2.647 E F0 +.147(is e)2.397 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E(cuted for each child that e)108 +415.2 Q(xits.)-.15 E .032(If an attempt to e)108 432 R(xit)-.15 E F1 +(bash)2.532 E F0 .032(is made while jobs are stopped \(or)2.532 F 2.533 +(,i)-.4 G 2.533(ft)-2.533 G(he)-2.533 E F1(checkjobs)2.533 E F0 .033 +(shell option has been enabled)2.533 F 2.02(using the)108 444 R F1 +(shopt)4.52 E F0 -.2(bu)4.52 G 2.02 +(iltin, running\), the shell prints a w).2 F 2.019 +(arning message, and, if the)-.1 F F1(checkjobs)4.519 E F0 2.019 +(option is)4.519 F .458(enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses.)108 +456 R(The)5.458 E F1(jobs)2.958 E F0 .459 +(command may then be used to inspect their status.)2.958 F .459(If a) +5.459 F .604(second attempt to e)108 468 R .604 (xit is made without an interv)-.15 F .604 (ening command, the shell does not print another w)-.15 F(arning,)-.1 E -(and an)108 278.4 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(topped jobs are terminated.)-2.5 E/F3 -10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)72 295.2 Q(OMPTING)-.329 E F0 .645(When e)108 -307.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .645(cuting interacti).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 -E(,)-.65 E F1(bash)3.145 E F0 .645(displays the primary prompt)3.145 F -F2(PS1)3.145 E F0 .645(when it is ready to read a command,)2.895 F 1.825 -(and the secondary prompt)108 319.2 R F2(PS2)4.325 E F0 1.825 -(when it needs more input to complete a command.)4.075 F F1(Bash)6.826 E -F0(allo)4.326 E 1.826(ws these)-.25 F 1.499(prompt strings to be custom\ -ized by inserting a number of backslash-escaped special characters that\ - are)108 331.2 R(decoded as follo)108 343.2 Q(ws:)-.25 E F1(\\a)144 -355.2 Q F0(an ASCII bell character \(07\))28.22 E F1(\\d)144 367.2 Q F0 -(the date in "W)27.66 E(eekday Month Date" format \(e.g., "T)-.8 E -(ue May 26"\))-.45 E F1(\\D{)144 379.2 Q/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(format) -A F1(})A F0(the)180 391.2 Q F4(format)3.926 E F0 1.426(is passed to) -3.926 F F4(strftime)3.926 E F0 1.427 +(and an)108 480 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(topped jobs are terminated.)-2.5 E/F4 +10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)72 496.8 Q(OMPTING)-.329 E F0 .644(When e)108 +508.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .644(cuting interacti).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 +E(,)-.65 E F1(bash)3.144 E F0 .645(displays the primary prompt)3.145 F +F3(PS1)3.145 E F0 .645(when it is ready to read a command,)2.895 F .315 +(and the secondary prompt)108 520.8 R F3(PS2)2.815 E F0 .315 +(when it needs more input to complete a command.)2.565 F F1(Bash)5.314 E +F0(displays)2.814 E F1(PS0)2.814 E F0(after)2.814 E .049 +(it reads a command b)108 532.8 R .049(ut before e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +.049(cuting it.).15 F F1(Bash)5.049 E F0(allo)2.549 E .05 +(ws these prompt strings to be customized by inserting)-.25 F 2.5(an)108 +544.8 S(umber of backslash-escaped special characters that are decoded \ +as follo)-2.5 E(ws:)-.25 E F1(\\a)144 556.8 Q F0 +(an ASCII bell character \(07\))180 556.8 Q F1(\\d)144 568.8 Q F0 +(the date in "W)180 568.8 Q(eekday Month Date" format \(e.g., "T)-.8 E +(ue May 26"\))-.45 E F1(\\D{)144 580.8 Q F2(format)A F1(})A F0(the)180 +592.8 Q F2(format)3.927 E F0 1.427(is passed to)3.927 F F2(strftime) +3.927 E F0 1.427 (\(3\) and the result is inserted into the prompt string; an)B(empty)180 -403.2 Q F4(format)2.5 E F0 +604.8 Q F2(format)2.5 E F0 (results in a locale-speci\214c time representation.)2.5 E -(The braces are required)5 E F1(\\e)144 415.2 Q F0 -(an ASCII escape character \(033\))28.78 E F1(\\h)144 427.2 Q F0 -(the hostname up to the \214rst `.)27.66 E(')-.7 E F1(\\H)144 439.2 Q F0 -(the hostname)25.44 E F1(\\j)144 451.2 Q F0 -(the number of jobs currently managed by the shell)29.89 E F1(\\l)144 -463.2 Q F0(the basename of the shell')30.44 E 2.5(st)-.55 G(erminal de) --2.5 E(vice name)-.25 E F1(\\n)144 475.2 Q F0(ne)27.66 E(wline)-.25 E F1 -(\\r)144 487.2 Q F0(carriage return)28.78 E F1(\\s)144 499.2 Q F0 -(the name of the shell, the basename of)29.33 E F1($0)2.5 E F0 -(\(the portion follo)2.5 E(wing the \214nal slash\))-.25 E F1(\\t)144 -511.2 Q F0(the current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format)29.89 E F1(\\T) -144 523.2 Q F0(the current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format)26.55 E F1 -(\\@)144 535.2 Q F0(the current time in 12-hour am/pm format)23.92 E F1 -(\\A)144 547.2 Q F0(the current time in 24-hour HH:MM format)26 E F1 -(\\u)144 559.2 Q F0(the username of the current user)27.66 E F1(\\v)144 -571.2 Q F0(the v)28.22 E(ersion of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0 -(\(e.g., 2.00\))2.5 E F1(\\V)144 583.2 Q F0(the release of)26 E F1(bash) -2.5 E F0 2.5(,v)C(ersion + patch le)-2.65 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(l\().15 G -(e.g., 2.00.0\))-2.5 E F1(\\w)144 595.2 Q F0 .116(the current w)26 F -.116(orking directory)-.1 F 2.616(,w)-.65 G(ith)-2.616 E F2($HOME)2.616 -E F0(abbre)2.366 E .115(viated with a tilde \(uses the v)-.25 F .115 -(alue of the)-.25 F F2(PR)180 607.2 Q(OMPT_DIR)-.27 E(TRIM)-.36 E F0 --.25(va)2.25 G(riable\)).25 E F1(\\W)144 619.2 Q F0 -(the basename of the current w)23.22 E(orking directory)-.1 E 2.5(,w) --.65 G(ith)-2.5 E F2($HOME)2.5 E F0(abbre)2.25 E(viated with a tilde) --.25 E F1(\\!)144 631.2 Q F0(the history number of this command)29.89 E -F1(\\#)144 643.2 Q F0(the command number of this command)28.22 E F1(\\$) -144 655.2 Q F0(if the ef)28.22 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve U)-.25 H -(ID is 0, a).15 E F1(#)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C(therwise a)-2.5 E F1($)2.5 E -(\\)144 667.2 Q F4(nnn)A F0 -(the character corresponding to the octal number)18.22 E F4(nnn)2.5 E F1 -(\\\\)144 679.2 Q F0 2.5(ab)30.44 G(ackslash)-2.5 E F1(\\[)144 691.2 Q -F0(be)29.89 E 1.257(gin a sequence of non-printing characters, which co\ -uld be used to embed a terminal)-.15 F(control sequence into the prompt) -180 703.2 Q F1(\\])144 715.2 Q F0 -(end a sequence of non-printing characters)29.89 E(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q -(2014 February 2)141.79 E(35)190.95 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 36 36 +(The braces are required)5 E F1(\\e)144 616.8 Q F0 +(an ASCII escape character \(033\))180 616.8 Q F1(\\h)144 628.8 Q F0 +(the hostname up to the \214rst `.)180 628.8 Q(')-.7 E F1(\\H)144 640.8 +Q F0(the hostname)180 640.8 Q F1(\\j)144 652.8 Q F0 +(the number of jobs currently managed by the shell)180 652.8 Q F1(\\l) +144 664.8 Q F0(the basename of the shell')180 664.8 Q 2.5(st)-.55 G +(erminal de)-2.5 E(vice name)-.25 E F1(\\n)144 676.8 Q F0(ne)180 676.8 Q +(wline)-.25 E F1(\\r)144 688.8 Q F0(carriage return)180 688.8 Q F1(\\s) +144 700.8 Q F0(the name of the shell, the basename of)180 700.8 Q F1($0) +2.5 E F0(\(the portion follo)2.5 E(wing the \214nal slash\))-.25 E F1 +(\\t)144 712.8 Q F0(the current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format)180 +712.8 Q(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(36)192.055 E 0 Cg +EP +%%Page: 37 37 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E .12(The command number and the history number are usually dif)108 -84 R .119(ferent: the history number of a command is its)-.25 F 1.585(p\ -osition in the history list, which may include commands restored from t\ -he history \214le \(see)108 96 R/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)4.085 E(OR) --.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0(belo)108 108 Q .541(w\), while the command number \ -is the position in the sequence of commands e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .54 -(cuted during the cur).15 F(-)-.2 E .546(rent shell session.)108 120 R +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(\\T)144 84 Q F0(the current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format)180 84 Q +F1(\\@)144 96 Q F0(the current time in 12-hour am/pm format)180 96 Q F1 +(\\A)144 108 Q F0(the current time in 24-hour HH:MM format)180 108 Q F1 +(\\u)144 120 Q F0(the username of the current user)180 120 Q F1(\\v)144 +132 Q F0(the v)180 132 Q(ersion of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0 +(\(e.g., 2.00\))2.5 E F1(\\V)144 144 Q F0(the release of)180 144 Q F1 +(bash)2.5 E F0 2.5(,v)C(ersion + patch le)-2.65 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 +(l\().15 G(e.g., 2.00.0\))-2.5 E F1(\\w)144 156 Q F0 .115(the current w) +180 156 R .115(orking directory)-.1 F 2.615(,w)-.65 G(ith)-2.615 E/F2 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF($HOME)2.615 E F0(abbre)2.365 E .116 +(viated with a tilde \(uses the v)-.25 F .116(alue of the)-.25 F F2(PR) +180 168 Q(OMPT_DIR)-.27 E(TRIM)-.36 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable\)).25 E +F1(\\W)144 180 Q F0(the basename of the current w)180 180 Q +(orking directory)-.1 E 2.5(,w)-.65 G(ith)-2.5 E F2($HOME)2.5 E F0 +(abbre)2.25 E(viated with a tilde)-.25 E F1(\\!)144 192 Q F0 +(the history number of this command)180 192 Q F1(\\#)144 204 Q F0 +(the command number of this command)180 204 Q F1(\\$)144 216 Q F0 +(if the ef)180 216 Q(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve U)-.25 H(ID is 0, a).15 E +F1(#)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C(therwise a)-2.5 E F1($)2.5 E(\\)144 228 Q/F3 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(nnn)A F0 +(the character corresponding to the octal number)180 228 Q F3(nnn)2.5 E +F1(\\\\)144 240 Q F0 2.5(ab)180 240 S(ackslash)-2.5 E F1(\\[)144 252 Q +F0(be)180 252 Q 1.257(gin a sequence of non-printing characters, which \ +could be used to embed a terminal)-.15 F +(control sequence into the prompt)180 264 Q F1(\\])144 276 Q F0 +(end a sequence of non-printing characters)180 276 Q .119 +(The command number and the history number are usually dif)108 292.8 R +.12(ferent: the history number of a command is its)-.25 F 1.585(positio\ +n in the history list, which may include commands restored from the his\ +tory \214le \(see)108 304.8 R F2(HIST)4.084 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0 +(belo)108 316.8 Q .541(w\), while the command number is the position in\ + the sequence of commands e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .541 +(cuted during the cur).15 F(-)-.2 E .546(rent shell session.)108 328.8 R .546(After the string is decoded, it is e)5.546 F .546 (xpanded via parameter e)-.15 F .546(xpansion, command substitu-)-.15 F -.352(tion, arithmetic e)108 132 R .352(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F --.25(va)-.15 G .352(l, subject to the v).25 F .352(alue of the)-.25 F/F2 -10/Times-Bold@0 SF(pr)2.852 E(omptv)-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 .351 -(shell option \(see the)2.852 F(description of the)108 144 Q F2(shopt) -2.5 E F0(command under)2.5 E F1(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS) --.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE)72 -160.8 Q F0 .15 +.351(tion, arithmetic e)108 340.8 R .352(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F +-.25(va)-.15 G .352(l, subject to the v).25 F .352(alue of the)-.25 F F1 +(pr)2.852 E(omptv)-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 .352(shell option \(see the)2.852 +F(description of the)108 352.8 Q F1(shopt)2.5 E F0(command under)2.5 E +F2(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).) +-.25 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE)72 369.6 Q F0 .151 (This is the library that handles reading input when using an interacti) -108 172.8 R .451 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .151(hell, unless the).15 F F2 -(\255\255noediting)2.651 E F0(option)2.651 E 1.209(is gi)108 184.8 R --.15(ve)-.25 G 3.709(na).15 G 3.709(ts)-3.709 G 1.209(hell in)-3.709 F --.2(vo)-.4 G 3.709(cation. Line).2 F 1.208 -(editing is also used when using the)3.709 F F23.708 E F0 1.208 -(option to the)3.708 F F2 -.18(re)3.708 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.708 G -3.708(iltin. By).2 F(def)108 196.8 Q .851 +108 381.6 R .45 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .15(hell, unless the).15 F F1 +(\255\255noediting)2.65 E F0(option)2.65 E 1.208(is gi)108 393.6 R -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 3.708(na).15 G 3.708(ts)-3.708 G 1.208(hell in)-3.708 F -.2 +(vo)-.4 G 3.708(cation. Line).2 F 1.208 +(editing is also used when using the)3.708 F F13.709 E F0 1.209 +(option to the)3.709 F F1 -.18(re)3.709 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.709 G +3.709(iltin. By).2 F(def)108 405.6 Q .851 (ault, the line editing commands are similar to those of Emacs.)-.1 F -3.351(Av)5.851 G .851(i-style line editing interf)-3.351 F .852 -(ace is also)-.1 F -.2(av)108 208.8 S 3.35(ailable. Line)-.05 F .85 +3.351(Av)5.851 G .851(i-style line editing interf)-3.351 F .851 +(ace is also)-.1 F -.2(av)108 417.6 S 3.35(ailable. Line)-.05 F .85 (editing can be enabled at an)3.35 F 3.35(yt)-.15 G .85(ime using the) --3.35 F F2 .85(\255o emacs)3.35 F F0(or)3.35 E F2 .85(\255o vi)3.35 F F0 -.85(options to the)3.35 F F2(set)3.35 E F0 -.2(bu)3.35 G(iltin).2 E -(\(see)108 220.8 Q F1 .762(SHELL B)3.262 F(UIL)-.09 E .762(TIN COMMANDS) --.828 F F0(belo)3.012 E 3.262(w\). T)-.25 F 3.263(ot)-.8 G .763(urn of) +-3.35 F F1 .85(\255o emacs)3.35 F F0(or)3.35 E F1 .85(\255o vi)3.35 F F0 +.85(options to the)3.35 F F1(set)3.35 E F0 -.2(bu)3.35 G(iltin).2 E +(\(see)108 429.6 Q F2 .763(SHELL B)3.263 F(UIL)-.09 E .763(TIN COMMANDS) +-.828 F F0(belo)3.013 E 3.263(w\). T)-.25 F 3.263(ot)-.8 G .763(urn of) -3.263 F 3.263(fl)-.25 G .763 -(ine editing after the shell is running, use the)-3.263 F F2(+o)3.263 E -(emacs)108 232.8 Q F0(or)2.5 E F2(+o vi)2.5 E F0(options to the)2.5 E F2 -(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F2(Readline Notation)87 249.6 Q +(ine editing after the shell is running, use the)-3.263 F F1(+o)3.262 E +(emacs)108 441.6 Q F0(or)2.5 E F1(+o vi)2.5 E F0(options to the)2.5 E F1 +(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(Readline Notation)87 458.4 Q F0 .463(In this section, the Emacs-style notation is used to denote k) -108 261.6 R -.15(ey)-.1 G(strok).15 E 2.963(es. Control)-.1 F -.1(ke) -2.963 G .463(ys are denoted by C\255)-.05 F/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.1 -(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0(,)A 1.152(e.g., C\255n means Control\255N.)108 273.6 R -(Similarly)6.152 E(,)-.65 E F4(meta)4.032 E F0 -.1(ke)3.913 G 1.153 -(ys are denoted by M\255)-.05 F F4 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0 3.653(,s)C 3.653 -(oM)-3.653 G 1.153(\255x means Meta\255X.)-3.653 F(\(On)6.153 E -.1(ke) -108 285.6 S .831(yboards without a)-.05 F F4(meta)3.711 E F0 -.1(ke) -3.591 G 2.131 -.65(y, M)-.05 H.65 E F4(x)A F0 .831(means ESC)3.331 F -F4(x)3.331 E F0 3.331(,i)C .83(.e., press the Escape k)-3.331 F 1.13 --.15(ey t)-.1 H .83(hen the).15 F F4(x)4.1 E F0 -.1(ke)3.86 G 4.63 -.65 -(y. T)-.05 H .83(his mak).65 F(es)-.1 E .599(ESC the)108 297.6 R F4 .599 -(meta pr)3.099 F(e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.599(.T)C .599 -(he combination M\255C\255)-5.599 F F4(x)A F0 .599 -(means ESC\255Control\255)3.099 F F4(x)A F0 3.099(,o)C 3.099(rp)-3.099 G -.6(ress the Escape k)-3.099 F .9 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .6(hen hold).15 F -(the Control k)108 309.6 Q .3 -.15(ey w)-.1 H(hile pressing the).15 E F4 -(x)3.27 E F0 -.1(ke)3.03 G -.65(y.)-.05 G(\)).65 E .62 -(Readline commands may be gi)108 326.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.119(nn).15 G -(umeric)-3.119 E F4(ar)3.119 E(guments)-.37 E F0 3.119(,w).27 G .619 -(hich normally act as a repeat count.)-3.119 F(Sometimes,)5.619 E(ho)108 -338.4 Q(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.418 -.4(r, i).15 H 3.118(ti).4 G -3.119(st)-3.118 G .619(he sign of the ar)-3.119 F .619 +108 470.4 R -.15(ey)-.1 G(strok).15 E 2.963(es. Control)-.1 F -.1(ke) +2.963 G .463(ys are denoted by C\255)-.05 F F3 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0(,)A +1.153(e.g., C\255n means Control\255N.)108 482.4 R(Similarly)6.153 E(,) +-.65 E F3(meta)4.033 E F0 -.1(ke)3.913 G 1.153(ys are denoted by M\255) +-.05 F F3 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0 3.652(,s)C 3.652(oM)-3.652 G 1.152 +(\255x means Meta\255X.)-3.652 F(\(On)6.152 E -.1(ke)108 494.4 S .83 +(yboards without a)-.05 F F3(meta)3.71 E F0 -.1(ke)3.59 G 2.13 -.65 +(y, M)-.05 H.65 E F3(x)A F0 .83(means ESC)3.33 F F3(x)3.33 E F0 3.33 +(,i)C .831(.e., press the Escape k)-3.33 F 1.131 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .831 +(hen the).15 F F3(x)4.101 E F0 -.1(ke)3.861 G 4.631 -.65(y. T)-.05 H +.831(his mak).65 F(es)-.1 E .6(ESC the)108 506.4 R F3 .6(meta pr)3.1 F +(e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.6(.T)C .6(he combination M\255C\255)-5.6 F F3(x)A F0 +.599(means ESC\255Control\255)3.099 F F3(x)A F0 3.099(,o)C 3.099(rp) +-3.099 G .599(ress the Escape k)-3.099 F .899 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .599 +(hen hold).15 F(the Control k)108 518.4 Q .3 -.15(ey w)-.1 H +(hile pressing the).15 E F3(x)3.27 E F0 -.1(ke)3.03 G -.65(y.)-.05 G(\)) +.65 E .619(Readline commands may be gi)108 535.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.119 +(nn).15 G(umeric)-3.119 E F3(ar)3.119 E(guments)-.37 E F0 3.119(,w).27 G +.619(hich normally act as a repeat count.)-3.119 F(Sometimes,)5.62 E(ho) +108 547.2 Q(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.419 -.4(r, i).15 H 3.119(ti).4 G +3.119(st)-3.119 G .619(he sign of the ar)-3.119 F .619 (gument that is signi\214cant.)-.18 F -.15(Pa)5.619 G .619(ssing a ne) .15 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .919 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G .619 -(ument to a command that).18 F 1.019(acts in the forw)108 350.4 R 1.018 -(ard direction \(e.g.,)-.1 F F2(kill\255line)3.518 E F0 3.518(\)c)C -1.018(auses that command to act in a backw)-3.518 F 1.018 -(ard direction.)-.1 F(Com-)6.018 E(mands whose beha)108 362.4 Q +(ument to a command that).18 F 1.018(acts in the forw)108 559.2 R 1.018 +(ard direction \(e.g.,)-.1 F F1(kill\255line)3.518 E F0 3.518(\)c)C +1.018(auses that command to act in a backw)-3.518 F 1.019 +(ard direction.)-.1 F(Com-)6.019 E(mands whose beha)108 571.2 Q (vior with ar)-.2 E(guments de)-.18 E(viates from this are noted belo) --.25 E -.65(w.)-.25 G .811(When a command is described as)108 379.2 R F4 +-.25 E -.65(w.)-.25 G .812(When a command is described as)108 588 R F3 (killing)3.311 E F0(te)3.311 E .811(xt, the te)-.15 F .811 -(xt deleted is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.311(df).15 G .812 -(or possible future retrie)-3.311 F -.25(va)-.25 G 3.312(l\().25 G F4 -(yank-)-3.312 E(ing)108 391.2 Q F0 2.529(\). The)B .029(killed te)2.529 -F .029(xt is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.529(di).15 G 2.529(na)-2.529 G F4 +(xt deleted is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.311(df).15 G .811 +(or possible future retrie)-3.311 F -.25(va)-.25 G 3.311(l\().25 G F3 +(yank-)-3.311 E(ing)108 600 Q F0 2.529(\). The)B .029(killed te)2.529 F +.029(xt is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.529(di).15 G 2.529(na)-2.529 G F3 .029(kill ring)B F0 5.029(.C)C(onsecuti)-5.029 E .329 -.15(ve k)-.25 H .029(ills cause the te).15 F .029(xt to be accumulated into one unit,) --.15 F .567(which can be yank)108 403.2 R .567(ed all at once.)-.1 F -.567(Commands which do not kill te)5.567 F .567 +-.15 F .567(which can be yank)108 612 R .567(ed all at once.)-.1 F .567 +(Commands which do not kill te)5.567 F .567 (xt separate the chunks of te)-.15 F .567(xt on the kill)-.15 F(ring.) -108 415.2 Q F2(Readline Initialization)87 432 Q F0 .091(Readline is cus\ -tomized by putting commands in an initialization \214le \(the)108 444 R -F4(inputr)2.591 E(c)-.37 E F0 2.591(\214le\). The)2.591 F .091 -(name of this \214le)2.591 F .196(is tak)108 456 R .196(en from the v) --.1 F .196(alue of the)-.25 F F1(INPUTRC)2.696 E F0 -.25(va)2.446 G +108 624 Q F1(Readline Initialization)87 640.8 Q F0 .091(Readline is cus\ +tomized by putting commands in an initialization \214le \(the)108 652.8 +R F3(inputr)2.591 E(c)-.37 E F0 2.591(\214le\). The)2.591 F .092 +(name of this \214le)2.591 F .197(is tak)108 664.8 R .196(en from the v) +-.1 F .196(alue of the)-.25 F F2(INPUTRC)2.696 E F0 -.25(va)2.446 G 2.696(riable. If).25 F .196(that v)2.696 F .196 -(ariable is unset, the def)-.25 F .196(ault is)-.1 F F4(~/.inputr)2.696 -E(c)-.37 E F0 5.196(.W).31 G .197(hen a)-5.196 F 1.034(program which us\ +(ariable is unset, the def)-.25 F .196(ault is)-.1 F F3(~/.inputr)2.696 +E(c)-.37 E F0 5.196(.W).31 G .196(hen a)-5.196 F 1.034(program which us\ es the readline library starts up, the initialization \214le is read, a\ -nd the k)108 468 R 1.334 -.15(ey b)-.1 H 1.034(indings and).15 F -.25 -(va)108 480 S 1.149(riables are set.).25 F 1.149(There are only a fe) -6.149 F 3.649(wb)-.25 G 1.149(asic constructs allo)-3.649 F 1.15 -(wed in the readline initialization \214le.)-.25 F(Blank)6.15 E .737 -(lines are ignored.)108 492 R .737(Lines be)5.737 F .737(ginning with a) --.15 F F2(#)3.237 E F0 .737(are comments.)3.237 F .737(Lines be)5.737 F -.737(ginning with a)-.15 F F2($)3.237 E F0 .736(indicate conditional) -3.236 F 2.5(constructs. Other)108 504 R(lines denote k)2.5 E .3 -.15 -(ey b)-.1 H(indings and v).15 E(ariable settings.)-.25 E .986(The def) -108 520.8 R .986(ault k)-.1 F -.15(ey)-.1 G .987 -(-bindings may be changed with an).15 F F4(inputr)3.497 E(c)-.37 E F0 -3.487(\214le. Other)3.797 F .987(programs that use this library may) -3.487 F(add their o)108 532.8 Q(wn commands and bindings.)-.25 E -.15 -(Fo)108 549.6 S 2.5(re).15 G(xample, placing)-2.65 E -(M\255Control\255u: uni)144 566.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E -(gument)-.18 E(or)108 578.4 Q(C\255Meta\255u: uni)144 590.4 Q -.15(ve) --.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E(into the)108 602.4 Q F4(inputr) -2.51 E(c)-.37 E F0 -.1(wo)2.81 G(uld mak).1 E 2.5(eM)-.1 G(\255C\255u e) --2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute the readline command).15 E F4(univer)2.5 E -(sal\255ar)-.1 E(gument)-.37 E F0(.).68 E 1.261(The follo)108 619.2 R -1.261(wing symbolic character names are recognized:)-.25 F F4 -.4(RU) -3.761 G(BOUT).4 E F0(,)1.27 E F4(DEL)3.761 E F0(,).53 E F4(ESC)3.761 E -F0(,).72 E F4(LFD)3.761 E F0(,).28 E F4(NEWLINE)3.76 E F0(,).73 E F4 -(RET)3.76 E F0(,)1.27 E F4(RETURN)108 631.2 Q F0(,)1.1 E F4(SPC)2.5 E F0 -(,).72 E F4(SP)2.5 E -.3(AC)-.9 G(E).3 E F0 2.5(,a).73 G(nd)-2.5 E F4 --.5(TA)2.5 G(B).5 E F0(.).27 E .209 -(In addition to command names, readline allo)108 648 R .209(ws k)-.25 F --.15(ey)-.1 G 2.709(st).15 G 2.709(ob)-2.709 G 2.709(eb)-2.709 G .209 -(ound to a string that is inserted when the k)-2.709 F .509 -.15(ey i) --.1 H(s).15 E(pressed \(a)108 660 Q F4(macr)2.5 E(o)-.45 E F0(\).)A F2 -(Readline K)87 676.8 Q(ey Bindings)-.25 E F0 .366 -(The syntax for controlling k)108 688.8 R .666 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .366 -(indings in the).15 F F4(inputr)2.876 E(c)-.37 E F0 .366 -(\214le is simple.)3.176 F .366(All that is required is the name of the) -5.366 F .382(command or the te)108 700.8 R .383(xt of a macro and a k) --.15 F .683 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .383 -(equence to which it should be bound. The name may be speci-).15 F .853 -(\214ed in one of tw)108 712.8 R 3.353(ow)-.1 G .853 -(ays: as a symbolic k)-3.453 F 1.153 -.15(ey n)-.1 H .853 -(ame, possibly with).15 F F4(Meta\255)3.353 E F0(or)3.353 E F4(Contr) -3.353 E(ol\255)-.45 E F0(pre\214x)3.353 E .853(es, or as a k)-.15 F -.15 -(ey)-.1 G(sequence.)108 724.8 Q(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2) -141.79 E(36)190.95 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 37 37 +nd the k)108 676.8 R 1.335 -.15(ey b)-.1 H 1.035(indings and).15 F -.25 +(va)108 688.8 S 1.15(riables are set.).25 F 1.15(There are only a fe) +6.15 F 3.649(wb)-.25 G 1.149(asic constructs allo)-3.649 F 1.149 +(wed in the readline initialization \214le.)-.25 F(Blank)6.149 E .736 +(lines are ignored.)108 700.8 R .737(Lines be)5.737 F .737 +(ginning with a)-.15 F F1(#)3.237 E F0 .737(are comments.)3.237 F .737 +(Lines be)5.737 F .737(ginning with a)-.15 F F1($)3.237 E F0 .737 +(indicate conditional)3.237 F 2.5(constructs. Other)108 712.8 R +(lines denote k)2.5 E .3 -.15(ey b)-.1 H(indings and v).15 E +(ariable settings.)-.25 E .987(The def)108 729.6 R .987(ault k)-.1 F +-.15(ey)-.1 G .987(-bindings may be changed with an).15 F F3(inputr) +3.497 E(c)-.37 E F0 3.487(\214le. Other)3.797 F .987 +(programs that use this library may)3.487 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q +(2016 August 26)142.895 E(37)192.055 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 38 38 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E 1.541(When using the form)108 84 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.1(ke) -4.041 G(yname).1 E F0(:)A/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(function\255name).833 -E F0(or)4.041 E F2(macr)4.042 E(o)-.45 E F0(,)A F2 -.1(ke)4.042 G(yname) --.2 E F0 1.542(is the name of a k)4.222 F 1.842 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.542 -(pelled out in).15 F 2.5(English. F)108 96 R(or e)-.15 E(xample:)-.15 E -(Control-u: uni)144 120 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E -(Meta-Rubout: backw)144 132 Q(ard-kill-w)-.1 E(ord)-.1 E -(Control-o: "> output")144 144 Q .699(In the abo)108 160.8 R .998 -.15 -(ve ex)-.15 H(ample,).15 E F2(C\255u)3.038 E F0 .698 -(is bound to the function)3.448 F F1(uni)3.198 E -.1(ve)-.1 G -(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(,)A F2(M\255DEL)3.878 E F0 .698 -(is bound to the func-)3.728 F(tion)108 172.8 Q F1 -(backward\255kill\255w)2.758 E(ord)-.1 E F0 2.758(,a)C(nd)-2.758 E F2 -(C\255o)2.598 E F0 .258(is bound to run the macro e)2.938 F .259 +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(add their o)108 84 +Q(wn commands and bindings.)-.25 E -.15(Fo)108 100.8 S 2.5(re).15 G +(xample, placing)-2.65 E(M\255Control\255u: uni)144 117.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 +G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E(or)108 129.6 Q(C\255Meta\255u: uni)144 +141.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E(into the)108 153.6 +Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(inputr)2.51 E(c)-.37 E F0 -.1(wo)2.81 G +(uld mak).1 E 2.5(eM)-.1 G(\255C\255u e)-2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cute the readline command).15 E F1(univer)2.5 E(sal\255ar)-.1 E(gument) +-.37 E F0(.).68 E 1.26(The follo)108 170.4 R 1.261 +(wing symbolic character names are recognized:)-.25 F F1 -.4(RU)3.761 G +(BOUT).4 E F0(,)1.27 E F1(DEL)3.761 E F0(,).53 E F1(ESC)3.761 E F0(,).72 +E F1(LFD)3.761 E F0(,).28 E F1(NEWLINE)3.761 E F0(,).73 E F1(RET)3.761 E +F0(,)1.27 E F1(RETURN)108 182.4 Q F0(,)1.1 E F1(SPC)2.5 E F0(,).72 E F1 +(SP)2.5 E -.3(AC)-.9 G(E).3 E F0 2.5(,a).73 G(nd)-2.5 E F1 -.5(TA)2.5 G +(B).5 E F0(.).27 E .209(In addition to command names, readline allo)108 +199.2 R .209(ws k)-.25 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.709(st).15 G 2.709(ob)-2.709 G +2.709(eb)-2.709 G .209(ound to a string that is inserted when the k) +-2.709 F .509 -.15(ey i)-.1 H(s).15 E(pressed \(a)108 211.2 Q F1(macr) +2.5 E(o)-.45 E F0(\).)A/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Readline K)87 228 Q +(ey Bindings)-.25 E F0 .366(The syntax for controlling k)108 240 R .666 +-.15(ey b)-.1 H .366(indings in the).15 F F1(inputr)2.876 E(c)-.37 E F0 +.366(\214le is simple.)3.176 F .366 +(All that is required is the name of the)5.366 F .264(command or the te) +108 252 R .264(xt of a macro and a k)-.15 F .564 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .264 +(equence to which it should be bound.).15 F .263(The name may be speci-) +5.264 F .853(\214ed in one of tw)108 264 R 3.353(ow)-.1 G .853 +(ays: as a symbolic k)-3.453 F 1.153 -.15(ey n)-.1 H .853 +(ame, possibly with).15 F F1(Meta\255)3.353 E F0(or)3.353 E F1(Contr) +3.353 E(ol\255)-.45 E F0(pre\214x)3.353 E .853(es, or as a k)-.15 F -.15 +(ey)-.1 G(sequence.)108 276 Q .161(When using the form)108 292.8 R F2 +-.1(ke)2.661 G(yname).1 E F0(:)A F1(function\255name).833 E F0(or)2.661 +E F1(macr)2.661 E(o)-.45 E F0(,)A F1 -.1(ke)2.661 G(yname)-.2 E F0 .16 +(is the name of a k)2.84 F .46 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .16(pelled out in Eng-) +.15 F 2.5(lish. F)108 304.8 R(or e)-.15 E(xample:)-.15 E(Control-u: uni) +144 328.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E +(Meta-Rubout: backw)144 340.8 Q(ard-kill-w)-.1 E(ord)-.1 E +(Control-o: "> output")144 352.8 Q .698(In the abo)108 369.6 R .998 -.15 +(ve ex)-.15 H(ample,).15 E F1(C\255u)3.038 E F0 .698 +(is bound to the function)3.448 F F2(uni)3.198 E -.1(ve)-.1 G +(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(,)A F1(M\255DEL)3.878 E F0 .698 +(is bound to the func-)3.728 F(tion)108 381.6 Q F2 +(backward\255kill\255w)2.759 E(ord)-.1 E F0 2.759(,a)C(nd)-2.759 E F1 +(C\255o)2.599 E F0 .258(is bound to run the macro e)2.939 F .258 (xpressed on the right hand side \(that is, to)-.15 F(insert the te)108 -184.8 Q(xt)-.15 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF 6(>o)2.5 G(utput)-6 E F0 -(into the line\).)2.5 E .056(In the second form,)108 201.6 R F1("k)2.556 -E(eyseq")-.1 E F0(:)A F2(function\255name).833 E F0(or)2.556 E F2(macr) -2.556 E(o)-.45 E F0(,)A F1 -.1(ke)2.556 G(yseq).1 E F0(dif)2.555 E .055 -(fers from)-.25 F F1 -.1(ke)2.555 G(yname).1 E F0(abo)2.555 E .355 -.15 -(ve i)-.15 H 2.555(nt).15 G .055(hat strings)-2.555 F 1.284 -(denoting an entire k)108 213.6 R 1.584 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.284(equence m\ +393.6 Q(xt)-.15 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF 6(>o)2.5 G(utput)-6 E F0 +(into the line\).)2.5 E .055(In the second form,)108 410.4 R F2("k)2.555 +E(eyseq")-.1 E F0(:)A F1(function\255name).833 E F0(or)2.555 E F1(macr) +2.555 E(o)-.45 E F0(,)A F2 -.1(ke)2.555 G(yseq).1 E F0(dif)2.556 E .056 +(fers from)-.25 F F2 -.1(ke)2.556 G(yname).1 E F0(abo)2.556 E .356 -.15 +(ve i)-.15 H 2.556(nt).15 G .056(hat strings)-2.556 F 1.284 +(denoting an entire k)108 422.4 R 1.584 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.284(equence m\ ay be speci\214ed by placing the sequence within double quotes.).15 F -(Some)6.284 E .386(GNU Emacs style k)108 225.6 R .686 -.15(ey e)-.1 H -.385(scapes can be used, as in the follo).15 F .385(wing e)-.25 F .385 -(xample, b)-.15 F .385(ut the symbolic character names)-.2 F -(are not recognized.)108 237.6 Q("\\C\255u": uni)144 261.6 Q -.15(ve) +(Some)6.284 E .385(GNU Emacs style k)108 434.4 R .685 -.15(ey e)-.1 H +.385(scapes can be used, as in the follo).15 F .385(wing e)-.25 F .386 +(xample, b)-.15 F .386(ut the symbolic character names)-.2 F +(are not recognized.)108 446.4 Q("\\C\255u": uni)144 470.4 Q -.15(ve) -.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E -("\\C\255x\\C\255r": re\255read\255init\255\214le)144 273.6 Q -("\\e[11~": "Function K)144 285.6 Q .3 -.15(ey 1)-.25 H(").15 E .314 -(In this e)108 302.4 R(xample,)-.15 E F2(C\255u)2.654 E F0 .314(is ag) -3.064 F .315(ain bound to the function)-.05 F F1(uni)2.815 E -.1(ve)-.1 -G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(.)A F2 .315(C\255x C\255r)5.155 F F0 -.315(is bound to the func-)3.545 F(tion)108 314.4 Q F1 -.18(re)2.5 G -.18 E(ead\255init\255\214le)-.18 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F2 +("\\C\255x\\C\255r": re\255read\255init\255\214le)144 482.4 Q +("\\e[11~": "Function K)144 494.4 Q .3 -.15(ey 1)-.25 H(").15 E .315 +(In this e)108 511.2 R(xample,)-.15 E F1(C\255u)2.655 E F0 .315(is ag) +3.065 F .315(ain bound to the function)-.05 F F2(uni)2.815 E -.1(ve)-.1 +G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(.)A F1 .315(C\255x C\255r)5.155 F F0 +.314(is bound to the func-)3.544 F(tion)108 523.2 Q F2 -.18(re)2.5 G +.18 E(ead\255init\255\214le)-.18 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F1 (ESC [ 1 1 ~)3.01 E F0(is bound to insert the te)3.94 E(xt)-.15 E F3 (Function Key 1)2.5 E F0(.)A -(The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences is)108 331.2 Q F1 -<5c43ad>144 343.2 Q F0(control pre\214x)20.3 E F1<5c4dad>144 355.2 Q F0 -(meta pre\214x)18.08 E F1(\\e)144 367.2 Q F0(an escape character)28.78 E -F1(\\\\)144 379.2 Q F0(backslash)30.44 E F1(\\")144 391.2 Q F0 -(literal ")27.67 E F1<5c08>144 403.2 Q F0(literal \010)30.44 E(In addit\ -ion to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set of backslash \ -escapes is a)108 420 Q -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable:).25 E F1(\\a)144 432 Q F0 -(alert \(bell\))28.22 E F1(\\b)144 444 Q F0(backspace)27.66 E F1(\\d)144 -456 Q F0(delete)27.66 E F1(\\f)144 468 Q F0(form feed)29.89 E F1(\\n)144 -480 Q F0(ne)27.66 E(wline)-.25 E F1(\\r)144 492 Q F0(carriage return) -28.78 E F1(\\t)144 504 Q F0(horizontal tab)29.89 E F1(\\v)144 516 Q F0 --.15(ve)28.22 G(rtical tab).15 E F1(\\)144 528 Q F2(nnn)A F0 -(the eight-bit character whose v)18.22 E(alue is the octal v)-.25 E -(alue)-.25 E F2(nnn)2.5 E F0(\(one to three digits\))2.5 E F1(\\x)144 -540 Q F2(HH)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)13.78 E(alue is the he) --.25 E(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F2(HH)2.5 E F0(\(one or tw)2.5 E -2.5(oh)-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E 1.142 -(When entering the te)108 556.8 R 1.141(xt of a macro, single or double\ - quotes must be used to indicate a macro de\214nition.)-.15 F .089 -(Unquoted te)108 568.8 R .089(xt is assumed to be a function name.)-.15 -F .09(In the macro body)5.089 F 2.59(,t)-.65 G .09 -(he backslash escapes described abo)-2.59 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(are e)108 -580.8 Q 2.5(xpanded. Backslash)-.15 F(will quote an)2.5 E 2.5(yo)-.15 G -(ther character in the macro te)-2.5 E(xt, including " and \010.)-.15 E -F1(Bash)108 597.6 Q F0(allo)2.93 E .43(ws the current readline k)-.25 F -.73 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .429(indings to be displayed or modi\214ed with the) -.15 F F1(bind)2.929 E F0 -.2(bu)2.929 G .429(iltin command.).2 F .045 -(The editing mode may be switched during interacti)108 609.6 R .345 -.15 -(ve u)-.25 H .046(se by using the).15 F F12.546 E F0 .046 -(option to the)2.546 F F1(set)2.546 E F0 -.2(bu)2.546 G .046 -(iltin command).2 F(\(see)108 621.6 Q/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E +(The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences is)108 540 Q F2 +<5c43ad>144 552 Q F0(control pre\214x)180 552 Q F2<5c4dad>144 564 Q F0 +(meta pre\214x)180 564 Q F2(\\e)144 576 Q F0(an escape character)180 576 +Q F2(\\\\)144 588 Q F0(backslash)180 588 Q F2(\\")144 600 Q F0 +(literal ")180 600 Q F2<5c08>144 612 Q F0(literal \010)180 612 Q(In add\ +ition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set of backslas\ +h escapes is a)108 628.8 Q -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable:).25 E F2(\\a)144 640.8 +Q F0(alert \(bell\))180 640.8 Q F2(\\b)144 652.8 Q F0(backspace)180 +652.8 Q F2(\\d)144 664.8 Q F0(delete)180 664.8 Q F2(\\f)144 676.8 Q F0 +(form feed)180 676.8 Q F2(\\n)144 688.8 Q F0(ne)180 688.8 Q(wline)-.25 E +F2(\\r)144 700.8 Q F0(carriage return)180 700.8 Q F2(\\t)144 712.8 Q F0 +(horizontal tab)180 712.8 Q(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 +E(38)192.055 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 39 39 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(\\v)144 84 Q F0 -.15(ve)180 84 S(rtical tab).15 E F1(\\)144 96 Q/F2 +10/Times-Italic@0 SF(nnn)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)180 96 Q +(alue is the octal v)-.25 E(alue)-.25 E F2(nnn)2.5 E F0 +(\(one to three digits\))2.5 E F1(\\x)144 108 Q F2(HH)A F0 +(the eight-bit character whose v)180 108 Q(alue is the he)-.25 E +(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F2(HH)2.5 E F0(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh) +-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E 1.141(When entering the te)108 +124.8 R 1.141(xt of a macro, single or double quotes must be used to in\ +dicate a macro de\214nition.)-.15 F .09(Unquoted te)108 136.8 R .09 +(xt is assumed to be a function name.)-.15 F .089(In the macro body) +5.089 F 2.589(,t)-.65 G .089(he backslash escapes described abo)-2.589 F +-.15(ve)-.15 G(are e)108 148.8 Q 2.5(xpanded. Backslash)-.15 F +(will quote an)2.5 E 2.5(yo)-.15 G(ther character in the macro te)-2.5 E +(xt, including " and \010.)-.15 E F1(Bash)108 165.6 Q F0(allo)2.929 E +.429(ws the current readline k)-.25 F .729 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .429 +(indings to be displayed or modi\214ed with the).15 F F1(bind)2.93 E F0 +-.2(bu)2.93 G .43(iltin command.).2 F .046 +(The editing mode may be switched during interacti)108 177.6 R .346 -.15 +(ve u)-.25 H .046(se by using the).15 F F12.545 E F0 .045 +(option to the)2.545 F F1(set)2.545 E F0 -.2(bu)2.545 G .045 +(iltin command).2 F(\(see)108 189.6 Q/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E (UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1 -(Readline V)87 638.4 Q(ariables)-.92 E F0 .044(Readline has v)108 650.4 +(Readline V)87 206.4 Q(ariables)-.92 E F0 .043(Readline has v)108 218.4 R .043(ariables that can be used to further customize its beha)-.25 F (vior)-.2 E 5.043(.A)-.55 G -.25(va)-2.5 G .043 -(riable may be set in the).25 F F2(inpu-)2.553 E(tr)108 662.4 Q(c)-.37 E -F0(\214le with a statement of the form)2.81 E F1(set)144 679.2 Q F2 +(riable may be set in the).25 F F2(inpu-)2.554 E(tr)108 230.4 Q(c)-.37 E +F0(\214le with a statement of the form)2.81 E F1(set)144 247.2 Q F2 (variable\255name value)2.5 E F0 .79(Except where noted, readline v)108 -696 R .79(ariables can tak)-.25 F 3.29(et)-.1 G .79(he v)-3.29 F(alues) +264 R .79(ariables can tak)-.25 F 3.29(et)-.1 G .79(he v)-3.29 F(alues) -.25 E F1(On)3.29 E F0(or)3.29 E F1(Off)3.29 E F0 .79(\(without re)3.29 -F -.05(ga)-.15 G .79(rd to case\).).05 F(Unrecog-)5.79 E .449(nized v) -108 708 R .448(ariable names are ignored.)-.25 F .448(When a v)5.448 F -.448(ariable v)-.25 F .448(alue is read, empty or null v)-.25 F .448 -(alues, "on" \(case-insensi-)-.25 F(ti)108 720 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .467 +F -.05(ga)-.15 G .79(rd to case\).).05 F(Unrecog-)5.79 E .448(nized v) +108 276 R .448(ariable names are ignored.)-.25 F .448(When a v)5.448 F +.448(ariable v)-.25 F .448(alue is read, empty or null v)-.25 F .449 +(alues, "on" \(case-insensi-)-.25 F(ti)108 288 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .468 (\), and "1" are equi).15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .468(lent to).25 F F1(On) 2.968 E F0 5.468(.A)C .468(ll other v)-5.468 F .468(alues are equi)-.25 -F -.25(va)-.25 G .468(lent to).25 F F1(Off)2.968 E F0 5.468(.T)C .468 -(he v)-5.468 F .468(ariables and their def)-.25 F(ault)-.1 E -(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(37)190.95 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 38 38 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E -.25(va)108 84 S(lues are:).25 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -(bell\255style \(audible\))108 100.8 Q F0 .011 -(Controls what happens when readline w)144 112.8 R .011 -(ants to ring the terminal bell.)-.1 F .01(If set to)5.01 F F1(none)2.51 -E F0 2.51(,r)C .01(eadline ne)-2.51 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E .94 -(rings the bell.)144 124.8 R .94(If set to)5.94 F F1(visible)3.44 E F0 -3.44(,r)C .94(eadline uses a visible bell if one is a)-3.44 F -.25(va) --.2 G 3.44(ilable. If).25 F .94(set to)3.44 F F1(audible)3.44 E F0(,)A -(readline attempts to ring the terminal')144 136.8 Q 2.5(sb)-.55 G(ell.) --2.5 E F1(bind\255tty\255special\255chars \(On\))108 148.8 Q F0 .056 -(If set to)144 160.8 R F1(On)2.556 E F0 2.556(,r)C .056(eadline attempt\ -s to bind the control characters treated specially by the k)-2.556 F -(ernel')-.1 E 2.555(st)-.55 G(ermi-)-2.555 E(nal dri)144 172.8 Q -.15 +F -.25(va)-.25 G .468(lent to).25 F F1(Off)2.968 E F0 5.468(.T)C .467 +(he v)-5.468 F .467(ariables and their def)-.25 F(ault)-.1 E -.25(va)108 +300 S(lues are:).25 E F1(bell\255style \(audible\))108 316.8 Q F0 .01 +(Controls what happens when readline w)144 328.8 R .011 +(ants to ring the terminal bell.)-.1 F .011(If set to)5.011 F F1(none) +2.511 E F0 2.511(,r)C .011(eadline ne)-2.511 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E +.94(rings the bell.)144 340.8 R .94(If set to)5.94 F F1(visible)3.44 E +F0 3.44(,r)C .94(eadline uses a visible bell if one is a)-3.44 F -.25 +(va)-.2 G 3.44(ilable. If).25 F .94(set to)3.44 F F1(audible)3.44 E F0 +(,)A(readline attempts to ring the terminal')144 352.8 Q 2.5(sb)-.55 G +(ell.)-2.5 E F1(bind\255tty\255special\255chars \(On\))108 364.8 Q F0 +.055(If set to)144 376.8 R F1(On)2.555 E F0 2.555(,r)C .056(eadline att\ +empts to bind the control characters treated specially by the k)-2.555 F +(ernel')-.1 E 2.556(st)-.55 G(ermi-)-2.556 E(nal dri)144 388.8 Q -.15 (ve)-.25 G 2.5(rt).15 G 2.5(ot)-2.5 G(heir readline equi)-2.5 E -.25(va) --.25 G(lents.).25 E F1(color)108 184.8 Q(ed\255stats \(Off\))-.18 E F0 -1.579(If set to)144 196.8 R F1(On)4.079 E F0 4.079(,r)C 1.579 -(eadline displays possible completions using dif)-4.079 F 1.58 -(ferent colors to indicate their \214le)-.25 F 2.5(type. The)144 208.8 R -(color de\214nitions are tak)2.5 E(en from the v)-.1 E(alue of the)-.25 -E F1(LS_COLORS)2.5 E F0(en)2.5 E(vironment v)-.4 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1 -(comment\255begin \(`)108 220.8 Q(`#')-.63 E('\))-.63 E F0 .885 -(The string that is inserted when the readline)144 232.8 R F1 -(insert\255comment)3.385 E F0 .884(command is e)3.384 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -3.384(cuted. This).15 F(com-)3.384 E(mand is bound to)144 244.8 Q F1 +-.25 G(lents.).25 E F1(blink\255matching\255par)108 400.8 Q(en \(Off\)) +-.18 E F0 .21(If set to)144 412.8 R F1(On)2.71 E F0 2.71(,r)C .21 +(eadline attempts to brie\215y mo)-2.71 F .51 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .21 +(he cursor to an opening parenthesis when a closing).15 F +(parenthesis is inserted.)144 424.8 Q F1(color)108 436.8 Q +(ed\255completion\255pr)-.18 E(e\214x \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .515(If set to) +144 448.8 R F1(On)3.015 E F0 3.015(,w)C .515(hen listing completions, r\ +eadline displays the common pre\214x of the set of possible)-3.015 F +2.936(completions using a dif)144 460.8 R 2.936(ferent color)-.25 F +7.936(.T)-.55 G 2.936(he color de\214nitions are tak)-7.936 F 2.935 +(en from the v)-.1 F 2.935(alue of the)-.25 F F1(LS_COLORS)144 472.8 Q +F0(en)2.5 E(vironment v)-.4 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(color)108 484.8 Q +(ed\255stats \(Off\))-.18 E F0 1.579(If set to)144 496.8 R F1(On)4.079 E +F0 4.079(,r)C 1.579(eadline displays possible completions using dif) +-4.079 F 1.58(ferent colors to indicate their \214le)-.25 F 2.5 +(type. The)144 508.8 R(color de\214nitions are tak)2.5 E(en from the v) +-.1 E(alue of the)-.25 E F1(LS_COLORS)2.5 E F0(en)2.5 E(vironment v)-.4 +E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(comment\255begin \(`)108 520.8 Q(`#')-.63 E('\)) +-.63 E F0 .885(The string that is inserted when the readline)144 532.8 R +F1(insert\255comment)3.385 E F0 .884(command is e)3.384 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +3.384(cuted. This).15 F(com-)3.384 E(mand is bound to)144 544.8 Q F1 (M\255#)2.5 E F0(in emacs mode and to)2.5 E F1(#)2.5 E F0 -(in vi command mode.)2.5 E F1(completion\255ignor)108 256.8 Q -(e\255case \(Off\))-.18 E F0(If set to)144 268.8 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5 +(in vi command mode.)2.5 E F1(completion\255display\255width \(-1\))108 +556.8 Q F0 1.453(The number of screen columns used to display possible \ +matches when performing completion.)144 568.8 R .194(The v)144 580.8 R +.193(alue is ignored if it is less than 0 or greater than the terminal \ +screen width.)-.25 F 2.693(Av)5.193 G .193(alue of 0 will)-2.943 F +(cause matches to be displayed one per line.)144 592.8 Q(The def)5 E +(ault v)-.1 E(alue is -1.)-.25 E F1(completion\255ignor)108 604.8 Q +(e\255case \(Off\))-.18 E F0(If set to)144 616.8 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5 (,r)C(eadline performs \214lename matching and completion in a case\255\ -insensiti)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve f)-.25 H(ashion.).05 E F1(completion\255pr) -108 280.8 Q(e\214x\255display\255length \(0\))-.18 E F0 .829(The length\ - in characters of the common pre\214x of a list of possible completions\ - that is displayed)144 292.8 R 1.275(without modi\214cation.)144 304.8 R -1.275(When set to a v)6.275 F 1.274 -(alue greater than zero, common pre\214x)-.25 F 1.274 -(es longer than this)-.15 F -.25(va)144 316.8 S(lue are replaced with a\ -n ellipsis when displaying possible completions.).25 E F1 -(completion\255query\255items \(100\))108 328.8 Q F0 .529 -(This determines when the user is queried about vie)144 340.8 R .53 -(wing the number of possible completions gen-)-.25 F .561(erated by the) -144 352.8 R F1(possible\255completions)3.061 E F0 3.061(command. It) -3.061 F .561(may be set to an)3.061 F 3.06(yi)-.15 G(nte)-3.06 E .56 -(ger v)-.15 F .56(alue greater than or)-.25 F .782(equal to zero.)144 -364.8 R .783(If the number of possible completions is greater than or e\ -qual to the v)5.782 F .783(alue of this)-.25 F -.25(va)144 376.8 S .237 +insensiti)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve f)-.25 H(ashion.).05 E F1 +(completion\255map\255case \(Off\))108 628.8 Q F0 .093(If set to)144 +640.8 R F1(On)2.593 E F0 2.593(,a)C(nd)-2.593 E F1(completion\255ignor) +2.593 E(e\255case)-.18 E F0 .093(is enabled, readline treats h)2.593 F +.093(yphens \()-.05 F F2A F0 2.593(\)a)C .094(nd underscores)-2.593 +F(\()144 652.8 Q F2(_)A F0 2.5(\)a)C 2.5(se)-2.5 G(qui)-2.5 E -.25(va) +-.25 G(lent when performing case\255insensiti).25 E .3 -.15(ve \214)-.25 +H(lename matching and completion.).15 E F1(completion\255pr)108 664.8 Q +(e\214x\255display\255length \(0\))-.18 E F0 .829(The length in charact\ +ers of the common pre\214x of a list of possible completions that is di\ +splayed)144 676.8 R 1.274(without modi\214cation.)144 688.8 R 1.274 +(When set to a v)6.274 F 1.274(alue greater than zero, common pre\214x) +-.25 F 1.275(es longer than this)-.15 F -.25(va)144 700.8 S(lue are rep\ +laced with an ellipsis when displaying possible completions.).25 E +(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(39)192.055 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 40 40 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(completion\255query\255items \(100\))108 84 Q F0 .53 +(This determines when the user is queried about vie)144 96 R .529 +(wing the number of possible completions gen-)-.25 F .56(erated by the) +144 108 R F1(possible\255completions)3.06 E F0 3.06(command. It)3.06 F +.561(may be set to an)3.061 F 3.061(yi)-.15 G(nte)-3.061 E .561(ger v) +-.15 F .561(alue greater than or)-.25 F .783(equal to zero.)144 120 R +.783(If the number of possible completions is greater than or equal to \ +the v)5.783 F .782(alue of this)-.25 F -.25(va)144 132 S .237 (riable, the user is ask).25 F .237(ed whether or not he wishes to vie) -.1 F 2.737(wt)-.25 G .237(hem; otherwise the)-2.737 F 2.737(ya)-.15 G -.237(re simply listed)-2.737 F(on the terminal.)144 388.8 Q F1(con)108 -400.8 Q -.1(ve)-.4 G(rt\255meta \(On\)).1 E F0 .612(If set to)144 412.8 -R F1(On)3.112 E F0 3.112(,r)C .613(eadline will con)-3.112 F -.15(ve)-.4 -G .613(rt characters with the eighth bit set to an ASCII k).15 F .913 --.15(ey s)-.1 H .613(equence by).15 F .541 +.237(re simply listed)-2.737 F(on the terminal.)144 144 Q F1(con)108 156 +Q -.1(ve)-.4 G(rt\255meta \(On\)).1 E F0 .613(If set to)144 168 R F1(On) +3.113 E F0 3.113(,r)C .613(eadline will con)-3.113 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .613 +(rt characters with the eighth bit set to an ASCII k).15 F .912 -.15 +(ey s)-.1 H .612(equence by).15 F .541 (stripping the eighth bit and pre\214xing an escape character \(in ef) -144 424.8 R .541(fect, using escape as the)-.25 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 -SF .541(meta pr)3.041 F(e-)-.37 E<8c78>144 436.8 Q F0(\).)A F1 -(disable\255completion \(Off\))108 448.8 Q F0 .038(If set to)144 460.8 R +144 180 R .541(fect, using escape as the)-.25 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +.542(meta pr)3.042 F(e-)-.37 E<8c78>144 192 Q F0 2.5(\). The)B(def)2.5 E +(ault is)-.1 E F2(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut readline will set it to)-2.7 E +F2(Of)2.5 E(f)-.18 E F0(if the locale contains eight-bit characters.)2.5 +E F1(disable\255completion \(Off\))108 204 Q F0 .038(If set to)144 216 R F1(On)2.538 E F0 2.538(,r)C .038(eadline will inhibit w)-2.538 F .038 (ord completion.)-.1 F .038 (Completion characters will be inserted into the)5.038 F(line as if the) -144 472.8 Q 2.5(yh)-.15 G(ad been mapped to)-2.5 E F1(self-insert)2.5 E -F0(.)A F1(editing\255mode \(emacs\))108 484.8 Q F0 .142 -(Controls whether readline be)144 496.8 R .141(gins with a set of k)-.15 -F .441 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .141(indings similar to).15 F F2(Emacs)2.641 E F0 -(or)2.641 E F2(vi)2.641 E F0(.)A F1(editing\255mode)5.141 E F0 -(can be set to either)144 508.8 Q F1(emacs)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1(vi)2.5 E -F0(.)A F1(echo\255contr)108 520.8 Q(ol\255characters \(On\))-.18 E F0 -1.21(When set to)144 532.8 R F1(On)3.71 E F0 3.71(,o)C 3.71(no)-3.71 G -1.211(perating systems that indicate the)-3.71 F 3.711(ys)-.15 G 1.211 +144 228 Q 2.5(yh)-.15 G(ad been mapped to)-2.5 E F1(self-insert)2.5 E F0 +(.)A F1(echo\255contr)108 240 Q(ol\255characters \(On\))-.18 E F0 1.21 +(When set to)144 252 R F1(On)3.71 E F0 3.71(,o)C 3.71(no)-3.71 G 1.211 +(perating systems that indicate the)-3.71 F 3.711(ys)-.15 G 1.211 (upport it, readline echoes a character)-3.711 F -(corresponding to a signal generated from the k)144 544.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 -G(board.).15 E F1(enable\255k)108 556.8 Q(eypad \(Off\))-.1 E F0 .893 -(When set to)144 568.8 R F1(On)3.393 E F0 3.393(,r)C .893 +(corresponding to a signal generated from the k)144 264 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G +(board.).15 E F1(editing\255mode \(emacs\))108 276 Q F0 .142 +(Controls whether readline be)144 288 R .141(gins with a set of k)-.15 F +.441 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .141(indings similar to).15 F F2(Emacs)2.641 E F0 +(or)2.641 E F2(vi)2.641 E F0(.)A F1(editing\255mode)5.141 E F0 +(can be set to either)144 300 Q F1(emacs)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1(vi)2.5 E +F0(.)A F1(enable\255brack)108 312 Q(eted\255paste \(Off\))-.1 E F0 1.221 +(When set to)144 324 R F1(On)3.721 E F0 3.721(,r)C 1.221 +(eadline will con\214gure the terminal in a w)-3.721 F 1.221 +(ay that will enable it to insert each)-.1 F .353 +(paste into the editing b)144 336 R(uf)-.2 E .353(fer as a single strin\ +g of characters, instead of treating each character as if)-.25 F .543 +(it had been read from the k)144 348 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 3.043(board. This) +.15 F .543(can pre)3.043 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .544 +(nt pasted characters from being interpreted as).15 F(editing commands.) +144 360 Q F1(enable\255k)108 372 Q(eypad \(Off\))-.1 E F0 .893 +(When set to)144 384 R F1(On)3.393 E F0 3.393(,r)C .893 (eadline will try to enable the application k)-3.393 F -.15(ey)-.1 G .893(pad when it is called.).15 F .892(Some sys-)5.893 F -(tems need this to enable the arro)144 580.8 Q 2.5(wk)-.25 G -.15(ey) --2.6 G(s.).15 E F1(enable\255meta\255k)108 592.8 Q(ey \(On\))-.1 E F0 -.64(When set to)144 604.8 R F1(On)3.14 E F0 3.14(,r)C .64 +(tems need this to enable the arro)144 396 Q 2.5(wk)-.25 G -.15(ey)-2.6 +G(s.).15 E F1(enable\255meta\255k)108 408 Q(ey \(On\))-.1 E F0 .64 +(When set to)144 420 R F1(On)3.14 E F0 3.14(,r)C .64 (eadline will try to enable an)-3.14 F 3.14(ym)-.15 G .64 (eta modi\214er k)-3.14 F .94 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .64 -(he terminal claims to support).15 F(when it is called.)144 616.8 Q +(he terminal claims to support).15 F(when it is called.)144 432 Q (On man)5 E 2.5(yt)-.15 G(erminals, the meta k)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ey i)-.1 H 2.5(su).15 G(sed to send eight-bit characters.)-2.5 E F1 -(expand\255tilde \(Off\))108 628.8 Q F0(If set to)144 640.8 Q F1(On)2.5 -E F0 2.5(,t)C(ilde e)-2.5 E -(xpansion is performed when readline attempts w)-.15 E(ord completion.) --.1 E F1(history\255pr)108 652.8 Q(eser)-.18 E -.1(ve)-.1 G -(\255point \(Off\)).1 E F0 1.339(If set to)144 664.8 R F1(On)3.839 E F0 -3.839(,t)C 1.338(he history code attempts to place point at the same lo\ -cation on each history line)-3.839 F(retrie)144 676.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G -2.5(dw).15 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(pr)2.5 E -.15(ev)-.18 G(ious-history).15 E F0 -(or)2.5 E F1(next-history)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(history\255size \(0\))108 -688.8 Q F0 .948(Set the maximum number of history entries sa)144 700.8 R --.15(ve)-.2 G 3.448(di).15 G 3.448(nt)-3.448 G .948(he history list.) --3.448 F .949(If set to zero, an)5.948 F 3.449(ye)-.15 G(xisting)-3.599 -E .483(history entries are deleted and no ne)144 712.8 R 2.983(we)-.25 G -.483(ntries are sa)-2.983 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.983(d. If).15 F .482 -(set to a v)2.983 F .482(alue less than zero, the num-)-.25 F -(ber of history entries is not limited.)144 724.8 Q(By def)5 E -(ault, the number of history entries is not limited.)-.1 E(GNU Bash 4.3) -72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(38)190.95 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 39 39 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(horizontal\255scr)108 84 Q -(oll\255mode \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .448(When set to)144 96 R F1(On)2.948 E -F0 2.948(,m)C(ak)-2.948 E .448 +(expand\255tilde \(Off\))108 444 Q F0(If set to)144 456 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 +2.5(,t)C(ilde e)-2.5 E(xpansion is performed when readline attempts w) +-.15 E(ord completion.)-.1 E F1(history\255pr)108 468 Q(eser)-.18 E -.1 +(ve)-.1 G(\255point \(Off\)).1 E F0 1.339(If set to)144 480 R F1(On) +3.839 E F0 3.839(,t)C 1.338(he history code attempts to place point at \ +the same location on each history line)-3.839 F(retrie)144 492 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 2.5(dw).15 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(pr)2.5 E -.15(ev)-.18 G +(ious-history).15 E F0(or)2.5 E F1(next-history)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 +(history\255size \(unset\))108 504 Q F0 .948 +(Set the maximum number of history entries sa)144 516 R -.15(ve)-.2 G +3.448(di).15 G 3.448(nt)-3.448 G .948(he history list.)-3.448 F .949 +(If set to zero, an)5.948 F 3.449(ye)-.15 G(xisting)-3.599 E .483 +(history entries are deleted and no ne)144 528 R 2.983(we)-.25 G .483 +(ntries are sa)-2.983 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.983(d. If).15 F .482(set to a v) +2.983 F .482(alue less than zero, the num-)-.25 F .277 +(ber of history entries is not limited.)144 540 R .277(By def)5.277 F +.278(ault, the number of history entries is set to the v)-.1 F .278 +(alue of)-.25 F(the)144 552 Q F1(HISTSIZE)3.411 E F0 .911(shell v)3.411 +F 3.411(ariable. If)-.25 F .911(an attempt is made to set)3.411 F F2 +(history\255size)3.41 E F0 .91(to a non-numeric v)3.41 F(alue,)-.25 E +(the maximum number of history entries will be set to 500.)144 564 Q F1 +(horizontal\255scr)108 576 Q(oll\255mode \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .448 +(When set to)144 588 R F1(On)2.948 E F0 2.948(,m)C(ak)-2.948 E .448 (es readline use a single line for display)-.1 F 2.948(,s)-.65 G .449 (crolling the input horizontally on a)-2.948 F 1.194(single screen line\ when it becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a\ - ne)144 108 R(w)-.25 E(line.)144 120 Q F1(input\255meta \(Off\))108 132 -Q F0 .227(If set to)144 144 R F1(On)2.727 E F0 2.727(,r)C .228(eadline \ -will enable eight-bit input \(that is, it will not strip the high bit f\ -rom the char)-2.727 F(-)-.2 E .957(acters it reads\), re)144 156 R -.05 -(ga)-.15 G .956(rdless of what the terminal claims it can support.).05 F -.956(The name)5.956 F F1(meta\255\215ag)3.456 E F0 .956(is a)3.456 F -(synon)144 168 Q(ym for this v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(isear)108 180 Q -(ch\255terminators \(`)-.18 E(`C\255[C\255J')-.63 E('\))-.63 E F0 .439(\ -The string of characters that should terminate an incremental search wi\ -thout subsequently e)144 192 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E .935 -(ing the character as a command.)144 204 R .935(If this v)5.935 F .935 -(ariable has not been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.434(nav).15 G .934 -(alue, the characters)-3.684 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ESC)3.434 E F0 -(and)144 216 Q F2(C\255J)2.5 E F0(will terminate an incremental search.) -2.5 E F1 -.1(ke)108 228 S(ymap \(emacs\)).1 E F0 2.02 -(Set the current readline k)144 240 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 4.521(map. The).15 F + ne)144 600 R(w)-.25 E(line.)144 612 Q F1(input\255meta \(Off\))108 624 +Q F0 1.061(If set to)144 636 R F1(On)3.561 E F0 3.561(,r)C 1.062(eadlin\ +e will enable eight-bit input \(that is, it will not strip the eighth b\ +it from the)-3.561 F .336(characters it reads\), re)144 648 R -.05(ga) +-.15 G .335(rdless of what the terminal claims it can support.).05 F +.335(The name)5.335 F F1(meta\255\215ag)2.835 E F0(is)2.835 E 2.864(as) +144 660 S(ynon)-2.864 E .364(ym for this v)-.15 F 2.864(ariable. The) +-.25 F(def)2.864 E .364(ault is)-.1 F F2(Of)2.864 E(f)-.18 E F0 2.864 +(,b)C .364(ut readline will set it to)-3.064 F F2(On)2.864 E F0 .365 +(if the locale contains)2.865 F(eight-bit characters.)144 672 Q F1 +(isear)108 684 Q(ch\255terminators \(`)-.18 E(`C\255[C\255J')-.63 E('\)) +-.63 E F0 .439(The string of characters that should terminate an increm\ +ental search without subsequently e)144 696 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E +.934(ing the character as a command.)144 708 R .935(If this v)5.935 F +.935(ariable has not been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.435(nav).15 G .935 +(alue, the characters)-3.685 F F2(ESC)3.435 E F0(and)144 720 Q F2 +(C\255J)2.5 E F0(will terminate an incremental search.)2.5 E +(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(40)192.055 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 41 41 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF -.1(ke)108 84 S(ymap \(emacs\)).1 E F0 2.021 +(Set the current readline k)144 96 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 4.521(map. The).15 F 2.021(set of v)4.521 F 2.021(alid k)-.25 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.021 -(map names is).15 F F2 2.021(emacs, emacs\255standar)4.521 F(d,)-.37 E -.069(emacs\255meta, emacs\255ctlx, vi, vi\255command)144 252 R F0 2.568 -(,a)C(nd)-2.568 E F2(vi\255insert)2.568 E F0(.).68 E F2(vi)5.068 E F0 -.068(is equi)2.568 F -.25(va)-.25 G .068(lent to).25 F F2(vi\255command) -2.568 E F0(;)A F2(emacs)2.568 E F0 1.543(is equi)144 264 R -.25(va)-.25 -G 1.543(lent to).25 F F2(emacs\255standar)4.044 E(d)-.37 E F0 6.544(.T)C +(map names is).15 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF 2.02 +(emacs, emacs\255standar)4.52 F(d,)-.37 E .068 +(emacs\255meta, emacs\255ctlx, vi, vi\255command)144 108 R F0 2.568(,a)C +(nd)-2.568 E F2(vi\255insert)2.568 E F0(.).68 E F2(vi)5.068 E F0 .068 +(is equi)2.568 F -.25(va)-.25 G .068(lent to).25 F F2(vi\255command) +2.569 E F0(;)A F2(emacs)2.569 E F0 1.544(is equi)144 120 R -.25(va)-.25 +G 1.544(lent to).25 F F2(emacs\255standar)4.044 E(d)-.37 E F0 6.544(.T)C 1.544(he def)-6.544 F 1.544(ault v)-.1 F 1.544(alue is)-.25 F F2(emacs) 4.044 E F0 4.044(;t).27 G 1.544(he v)-4.044 F 1.544(alue of)-.25 F F1 -(editing\255mode)4.044 E F0(also)4.044 E(af)144 276 Q(fects the def)-.25 -E(ault k)-.1 E -.15(ey)-.1 G(map.).15 E F1 -.1(ke)108 288 S -(yseq\255timeout \(500\)).1 E F0 .368(Speci\214es the duration)144 300 R -F2 -.37(re)2.867 G(adline).37 E F0 .367(will w)2.867 F .367 -(ait for a character when reading an ambiguous k)-.1 F .667 -.15(ey s) --.1 H(equence).15 E 1.356(\(one that can form a complete k)144 312 R +(editing\255mode)4.043 E F0(also)4.043 E(af)144 132 Q(fects the def)-.25 +E(ault k)-.1 E -.15(ey)-.1 G(map.).15 E F1 +(emacs\255mode\255string \(@\))108 144 Q F0 .051(This string is display\ +ed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt when emacs ed\ +iting)144 156 R .293(mode is acti)144 168 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.293(.T).15 +G .293(he v)-5.293 F .293(alue is e)-.25 F .293(xpanded lik)-.15 F 2.793 +(eak)-.1 G .593 -.15(ey b)-2.893 H .293 +(inding, so the standard set of meta- and control).15 F(pre\214x)144 180 +Q .601(es and backslash escape sequences is a)-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G 3.101 +(ilable. Use).25 F .601(the \\1 and \\2 escapes to be)3.101 F .602 +(gin and end)-.15 F .019(sequences of non-printing characters, which ca\ +n be used to embed a terminal control sequence into)144 192 R +(the mode string.)144 204 Q F1 -.1(ke)108 216 S(yseq\255timeout \(500\)) +.1 E F0 .367(Speci\214es the duration)144 228 R F2 -.37(re)2.867 G +(adline).37 E F0 .367(will w)2.867 F .367 +(ait for a character when reading an ambiguous k)-.1 F .668 -.15(ey s) +-.1 H(equence).15 E 1.356(\(one that can form a complete k)144 240 R 1.656 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.356(equence using the input read so f).15 F(ar) --.1 E 3.856(,o)-.4 G 3.856(rc)-3.856 G 1.356(an tak)-3.856 F 3.856(ea) --.1 G(dditional)-3.856 E .32(input to complete a longer k)144 324 R .62 +-.1 E 3.856(,o)-.4 G 3.856(rc)-3.856 G 1.355(an tak)-3.856 F 3.855(ea) +-.1 G(dditional)-3.855 E .32(input to complete a longer k)144 252 R .62 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 2.82(equence\). If).15 F .32(no input is recei)2.82 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.82(dw).15 G .32(ithin the timeout,)-2.82 F F2 -.37(re) -2.82 G(adline).37 E F0(will)2.82 E .906(use the shorter b)144 336 R .907 +2.82 G(adline).37 E F0(will)2.82 E .907(use the shorter b)144 264 R .907 (ut complete k)-.2 F 1.207 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 3.407(equence. The).15 F -.25 -(va)3.407 G .907(lue is speci\214ed in milliseconds, so a v).25 F .907 -(alue of)-.25 F .05(1000 means that)144 348 R F2 -.37(re)2.55 G(adline) +(va)3.407 G .907(lue is speci\214ed in milliseconds, so a v).25 F .906 +(alue of)-.25 F .05(1000 means that)144 276 R F2 -.37(re)2.55 G(adline) .37 E F0 .05(will w)2.55 F .05(ait one second for additional input.)-.1 F .05(If this v)5.05 F .05(ariable is set to a v)-.25 F(alue)-.25 E .051 -(less than or equal to zero, or to a non-numeric v)144 360 R(alue,)-.25 +(less than or equal to zero, or to a non-numeric v)144 288 R(alue,)-.25 E F2 -.37(re)2.551 G(adline).37 E F0 .051(will w)2.551 F .051 -(ait until another k)-.1 F .352 -.15(ey i)-.1 H 2.552(sp).15 G(ressed) --2.552 E(to decide which k)144 372 Q .3 -.15(ey s)-.1 H -(equence to complete.).15 E F1(mark\255dir)108 384 Q(ectories \(On\)) --.18 E F0(If set to)144 396 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,c)C +(ait until another k)-.1 F .351 -.15(ey i)-.1 H 2.551(sp).15 G(ressed) +-2.551 E(to decide which k)144 300 Q .3 -.15(ey s)-.1 H +(equence to complete.).15 E F1(mark\255dir)108 312 Q(ectories \(On\)) +-.18 E F0(If set to)144 324 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,c)C (ompleted directory names ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a s)-.2 H(lash appended.) -.15 E F1(mark\255modi\214ed\255lines \(Off\))108 408 Q F0(If set to)144 -420 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,h)C(istory lines that ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve b) +.15 E F1(mark\255modi\214ed\255lines \(Off\))108 336 Q F0(If set to)144 +348 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,h)C(istory lines that ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve b) -.2 H(een modi\214ed are displayed with a preceding asterisk \().15 E F1 -(*)A F0(\).)A F1(mark\255symlink)108 432 Q(ed\255dir)-.1 E -(ectories \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .175(If set to)144 444 R F1(On)2.675 E F0 +(*)A F0(\).)A F1(mark\255symlink)108 360 Q(ed\255dir)-.1 E +(ectories \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .175(If set to)144 372 R F1(On)2.675 E F0 2.675(,c)C .175 (ompleted names which are symbolic links to directories ha)-2.675 F .475 --.15(ve a s)-.2 H .175(lash appended \(sub-).15 F(ject to the v)144 456 +-.15(ve a s)-.2 H .175(lash appended \(sub-).15 F(ject to the v)144 384 Q(alue of)-.25 E F1(mark\255dir)2.5 E(ectories)-.18 E F0(\).)A F1 -(match\255hidden\255\214les \(On\))108 468 Q F0 .192(This v)144 480 R -.192(ariable, when set to)-.25 F F1(On)2.692 E F0 2.692(,c)C .192 -(auses readline to match \214les whose names be)-2.692 F .193 -(gin with a `.)-.15 F 2.693('\()-.7 G(hidden)-2.693 E .457 -(\214les\) when performing \214lename completion.)144 492 R .456 +(match\255hidden\255\214les \(On\))108 396 Q F0 .193(This v)144 408 R +.193(ariable, when set to)-.25 F F1(On)2.693 E F0 2.693(,c)C .192 +(auses readline to match \214les whose names be)-2.693 F .192 +(gin with a `.)-.15 F 2.692('\()-.7 G(hidden)-2.692 E .456 +(\214les\) when performing \214lename completion.)144 420 R .456 (If set to)5.456 F F1(Off)2.956 E F0 2.956(,t)C .456(he leading `.) --2.956 F 2.956('m)-.7 G .456(ust be supplied by the)-2.956 F -(user in the \214lename to be completed.)144 504 Q F1 -(menu\255complete\255display\255pr)108 516 Q(e\214x \(Off\))-.18 E F0 -1.585(If set to)144 528 R F1(On)4.085 E F0 4.085(,m)C 1.585(enu complet\ +-2.956 F 2.956('m)-.7 G .457(ust be supplied by the)-2.956 F +(user in the \214lename to be completed.)144 432 Q F1 +(menu\255complete\255display\255pr)108 444 Q(e\214x \(Off\))-.18 E F0 +1.586(If set to)144 456 R F1(On)4.086 E F0 4.086(,m)C 1.585(enu complet\ ion displays the common pre\214x of the list of possible completions) --4.085 F(\(which may be empty\) before c)144 540 Q -(ycling through the list.)-.15 E F1(output\255meta \(Off\))108 552 Q F0 -.507(If set to)144 564 R F1(On)3.007 E F0 3.007(,r)C .507(eadline will \ +-4.086 F(\(which may be empty\) before c)144 468 Q +(ycling through the list.)-.15 E F1(output\255meta \(Off\))108 480 Q F0 +.506(If set to)144 492 R F1(On)3.006 E F0 3.006(,r)C .507(eadline will \ display characters with the eighth bit set directly rather than as a me\ -ta-)-3.007 F(pre\214x)144 576 Q(ed escape sequence.)-.15 E F1 -(page\255completions \(On\))108 588 Q F0 .808(If set to)144 600 R F1(On) +ta-)-3.006 F(pre\214x)144 504 Q .885(ed escape sequence.)-.15 F .884 +(The def)5.884 F .884(ault is)-.1 F F2(Of)3.384 E(f)-.18 E F0 3.384(,b)C +.884(ut readline will set it to)-3.584 F F2(On)3.384 E F0 .884 +(if the locale contains)3.384 F(eight-bit characters.)144 516 Q F1 +(page\255completions \(On\))108 528 Q F0 .808(If set to)144 540 R F1(On) 3.308 E F0 3.308(,r)C .808(eadline uses an internal)-3.308 F F2(mor) 3.308 E(e)-.37 E F0(-lik)A 3.308(ep)-.1 G .808 (ager to display a screenful of possible comple-)-3.308 F -(tions at a time.)144 612 Q F1 -(print\255completions\255horizontally \(Off\))108 624 Q F0 1.319 -(If set to)144 636 R F1(On)3.819 E F0 3.819(,r)C 1.318(eadline will dis\ +(tions at a time.)144 552 Q F1 +(print\255completions\255horizontally \(Off\))108 564 Q F0 1.319 +(If set to)144 576 R F1(On)3.819 E F0 3.819(,r)C 1.318(eadline will dis\ play completions with matches sorted horizontally in alphabetical)-3.819 -F(order)144 648 Q 2.5(,r)-.4 G(ather than do)-2.5 E(wn the screen.)-.25 -E F1 -2.29 -.18(re v)108 660 T(ert\255all\255at\255newline \(Off\)).08 E -F0 .698(If set to)144 672 R F1(On)3.198 E F0 3.198(,r)C .699 +F(order)144 588 Q 2.5(,r)-.4 G(ather than do)-2.5 E(wn the screen.)-.25 +E F1 -2.29 -.18(re v)108 600 T(ert\255all\255at\255newline \(Off\)).08 E +F0 .698(If set to)144 612 R F1(On)3.198 E F0 3.198(,r)C .699 (eadline will undo all changes to history lines before returning when) --3.198 F F1(accept\255line)3.199 E F0(is)3.199 E -.15(exe)144 684 S +-3.198 F F1(accept\255line)3.199 E F0(is)3.199 E -.15(exe)144 624 S 2.686(cuted. By).15 F(def)2.686 E .186 (ault, history lines may be modi\214ed and retain indi)-.1 F .186 -(vidual undo lists across calls to)-.25 F F1 -.18(re)144 696 S(adline) -.18 E F0(.)A(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(39)190.95 E -0 Cg EP -%%Page: 40 40 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(sho)108 84 Q -(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous \(Off\))-.1 E F0 .303(This alters the def) -144 96 R .303(ault beha)-.1 F .304(vior of the completion functions.)-.2 -F .304(If set to)5.304 F F1(On)2.804 E F0 2.804(,w)C .304(ords which ha) --2.904 F .604 -.15(ve m)-.2 H(ore).15 E 1.264(than one possible complet\ -ion cause the matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing the) -144 108 R(bell.)144 120 Q F1(sho)108 132 Q -(w\255all\255if\255unmodi\214ed \(Off\))-.1 E F0 5.345 -(This alters the def)144 144 R 5.345(ault beha)-.1 F 5.345 +(vidual undo lists across calls to)-.25 F F1 -.18(re)144 636 S(adline) +.18 E F0(.)A F1(sho)108 648 Q(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous \(Off\))-.1 E +F0 .303(This alters the def)144 660 R .303(ault beha)-.1 F .304 +(vior of the completion functions.)-.2 F .304(If set to)5.304 F F1(On) +2.804 E F0 2.804(,w)C .304(ords which ha)-2.904 F .604 -.15(ve m)-.2 H +(ore).15 E 1.264(than one possible completion cause the matches to be l\ +isted immediately instead of ringing the)144 672 R(bell.)144 684 Q F1 +(sho)108 696 Q(w\255all\255if\255unmodi\214ed \(Off\))-.1 E F0 5.345 +(This alters the def)144 708 R 5.345(ault beha)-.1 F 5.345 (vior of the completion functions in a f)-.2 F 5.346(ashion similar to) --.1 F F1(sho)144 156 Q(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous)-.1 E F0 6.691(.I)C +-.1 F F1(sho)144 720 Q(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous)-.1 E F0 6.691(.I)C 4.191(fs)-6.691 G 1.691(et to)-4.191 F F1(On)4.191 E F0 4.191(,w)C 1.691 (ords which ha)-4.291 F 1.991 -.15(ve m)-.2 H 1.691 -(ore than one possible completion).15 F 1.039(without an)144 168 R 3.539 -(yp)-.15 G 1.039 +(ore than one possible completion).15 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q +(2016 August 26)142.895 E(41)192.055 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 42 42 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 1.039(without an) +144 84 R 3.539(yp)-.15 G 1.039 (ossible partial completion \(the possible completions don')-3.539 F 3.539(ts)-.18 G 1.04(hare a common pre\214x\))-3.539 F(cause the matche\ -s to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell.)144 180 Q F1 -(sho)108 192 Q(w\255mode\255in\255pr)-.1 E(ompt \(Off\))-.18 E F0 1.019 -(If set to)144 204 R F1(On)3.519 E F0 3.519(,a)C 1.018 +s to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell.)144 96 Q/F1 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(sho)108 108 Q(w\255mode\255in\255pr)-.1 E(ompt \(Off\)) +-.18 E F0 1.019(If set to)144 120 R F1(On)3.519 E F0 3.519(,a)C 1.018 (dd a character to the be)-3.519 F 1.018 (ginning of the prompt indicating the editing mode: emacs)-.15 F -(\(@\), vi command \(:\) or vi insertion \(+\).)144 216 Q F1 -(skip\255completed\255text \(Off\))108 228 Q F0 .094(If set to)144 240 R +(\(@\), vi command \(:\) or vi insertion \(+\).)144 132 Q F1 +(skip\255completed\255text \(Off\))108 144 Q F0 .094(If set to)144 156 R F1(On)2.594 E F0 2.594(,t)C .095(his alters the def)-2.594 F .095 (ault completion beha)-.1 F .095 -(vior when inserting a single match into the line.)-.2 F(It')144 252 Q +(vior when inserting a single match into the line.)-.2 F(It')144 168 Q 2.546(so)-.55 G .046(nly acti)-2.546 F .346 -.15(ve w)-.25 H .046 (hen performing completion in the middle of a w).15 F 2.545(ord. If)-.1 F .045(enabled, readline does not)2.545 F 1.394(insert characters from \ -the completion that match characters after point in the w)144 264 R -1.395(ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted, so portions of the w)144 276 Q +the completion that match characters after point in the w)144 180 R +1.395(ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted, so portions of the w)144 192 Q (ord follo)-.1 E(wing the cursor are not duplicated.)-.25 E F1 -(visible\255stats \(Off\))108 288 Q F0 .847(If set to)144 300 R F1(On) +(vi\255cmd\255mode\255string \(\(cmd\)\))108 204 Q F0 1.198(This string\ + is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt wh\ +en vi editing)144 216 R .521(mode is acti)144 228 R .821 -.15(ve a)-.25 +H .522(nd in command mode.).15 F .522(The v)5.522 F .522(alue is e)-.25 +F .522(xpanded lik)-.15 F 3.022(eak)-.1 G .822 -.15(ey b)-3.122 H .522 +(inding, so the standard).15 F .87(set of meta- and control pre\214x)144 +240 R .869(es and backslash escape sequences is a)-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G +3.369(ilable. Use).25 F .869(the \\1 and \\2)3.369 F .386(escapes to be) +144 252 R .386(gin and end sequences of non-printing characters, which \ +can be used to embed a ter)-.15 F(-)-.2 E +(minal control sequence into the mode string.)144 264 Q F1 +(vi\255ins\255mode\255string \(\(ins\)\))108 276 Q F0 1.198(This string\ + is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt wh\ +en vi editing)144 288 R .782(mode is acti)144 300 R 1.083 -.15(ve a)-.25 +H .783(nd in insertion mode.).15 F .783(The v)5.783 F .783(alue is e) +-.25 F .783(xpanded lik)-.15 F 3.283(eak)-.1 G 1.083 -.15(ey b)-3.383 H +.783(inding, so the standard).15 F .87 +(set of meta- and control pre\214x)144 312 R .869 +(es and backslash escape sequences is a)-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G 3.369 +(ilable. Use).25 F .869(the \\1 and \\2)3.369 F .386(escapes to be)144 +324 R .386(gin and end sequences of non-printing characters, which can \ +be used to embed a ter)-.15 F(-)-.2 E +(minal control sequence into the mode string.)144 336 Q F1 +(visible\255stats \(Off\))108 348 Q F0 .847(If set to)144 360 R F1(On) 3.346 E F0 3.346(,ac)C .846(haracter denoting a \214le')-3.346 F 3.346 (st)-.55 G .846(ype as reported by)-3.346 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF (stat)3.346 E F0 .846(\(2\) is appended to the \214lename)B -(when listing possible completions.)144 312 Q F1 -(Readline Conditional Constructs)87 328.8 Q F0 .05 -(Readline implements a f)108 340.8 R .05(acility similar in spirit to t\ +(when listing possible completions.)144 372 Q F1 +(Readline Conditional Constructs)87 388.8 Q F0 .05 +(Readline implements a f)108 400.8 R .05(acility similar in spirit to t\ he conditional compilation features of the C preprocessor)-.1 F .097 -(which allo)108 352.8 R .097(ws k)-.25 F .396 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .096 +(which allo)108 412.8 R .097(ws k)-.25 F .396 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .096 (indings and v).15 F .096 (ariable settings to be performed as the result of tests.)-.25 F .096 -(There are four parser)5.096 F(directi)108 364.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 -(su).15 G(sed.)-2.5 E F1($if)108 381.6 Q F0(The)24.89 E F1($if)2.962 E -F0 .462(construct allo)2.962 F .463(ws bindings to be made based on the\ - editing mode, the terminal being used,)-.25 F .478 -(or the application using readline.)144 393.6 R .477(The te)5.477 F .477 +(There are four parser)5.096 F(directi)108 424.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 +(su).15 G(sed.)-2.5 E F1($if)108 441.6 Q F0(The)144 441.6 Q F1($if)2.962 +E F0 .462(construct allo)2.962 F .463(ws bindings to be made based on t\ +he editing mode, the terminal being used,)-.25 F .478 +(or the application using readline.)144 453.6 R .477(The te)5.477 F .477 (xt of the test e)-.15 F .477 (xtends to the end of the line; no characters)-.15 F -(are required to isolate it.)144 405.6 Q F1(mode)144 422.4 Q F0(The) -12.67 E F1(mode=)3.711 E F0 1.211(form of the)3.711 F F1($if)3.711 E F0 +(are required to isolate it.)144 465.6 Q F1(mode)144 482.4 Q F0(The)180 +482.4 Q F1(mode=)3.711 E F0 1.211(form of the)3.711 F F1($if)3.711 E F0 (directi)3.711 E 1.511 -.15(ve i)-.25 H 3.711(su).15 G 1.211 (sed to test whether readline is in emacs or vi)-3.711 F 3.065 -(mode. This)180 434.4 R .565(may be used in conjunction with the)3.065 F +(mode. This)180 494.4 R .565(may be used in conjunction with the)3.065 F F1 .565(set k)3.065 F(eymap)-.1 E F0 .565(command, for instance, to) -3.065 F .735(set bindings in the)180 446.4 R F2(emacs\255standar)3.235 E +3.065 F .735(set bindings in the)180 506.4 R F2(emacs\255standar)3.235 E (d)-.37 E F0(and)3.235 E F2(emacs\255ctlx)3.235 E F0 -.1(ke)3.235 G .735 -(ymaps only if readline is starting)-.05 F(out in emacs mode.)180 458.4 -Q F1(term)144 475.2 Q F0(The)15.46 E F1(term=)3.197 E F0 .696 +(ymaps only if readline is starting)-.05 F(out in emacs mode.)180 518.4 +Q F1(term)144 535.2 Q F0(The)180 535.2 Q F1(term=)3.197 E F0 .696 (form may be used to include terminal-speci\214c k)3.197 F .996 -.15 -(ey b)-.1 H .696(indings, perhaps to bind).15 F .654(the k)180 487.2 R +(ey b)-.1 H .696(indings, perhaps to bind).15 F .654(the k)180 547.2 R .954 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .654(equences output by the terminal').15 F 3.154 (sf)-.55 G .654(unction k)-3.154 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 3.154(s. The).15 F -.1 -(wo)3.154 G .654(rd on the right side of).1 F(the)180 499.2 Q F1(=)3.232 -E F0 .732(is tested ag)3.232 F .732(ainst the both full name of the ter\ +(wo)3.154 G .654(rd on the right side of).1 F(the)180 559.2 Q F1(=)3.232 +E F0 .732(is tested ag)3.232 F .732(ainst both the full name of the ter\ minal and the portion of the terminal)-.05 F(name before the \214rst)180 -511.2 Q F12.5 E F0 5(.T)C(his allo)-5 E(ws)-.25 E F2(sun)2.84 E F0 +571.2 Q F12.5 E F0 5(.T)C(his allo)-5 E(ws)-.25 E F2(sun)2.84 E F0 (to match both)2.74 E F2(sun)2.84 E F0(and)2.74 E F2(sun\255cmd)2.5 E F0 -2.5(,f).77 G(or instance.)-2.5 E F1(application)144 528 Q F0(The)180 540 +2.5(,f).77 G(or instance.)-2.5 E F1(application)144 588 Q F0(The)180 600 Q F1(application)3.003 E F0 .503 (construct is used to include application-speci\214c settings.)3.003 F .503(Each program)5.503 F .114(using the readline library sets the)180 -552 R F2 .114(application name)2.614 F F0 2.614(,a)C .114 +612 R F2 .114(application name)2.614 F F0 2.614(,a)C .114 (nd an initialization \214le can test for a)-2.614 F .5(particular v)180 -564 R 3(alue. This)-.25 F .501(could be used to bind k)3 F .801 -.15 +624 R 3(alue. This)-.25 F .501(could be used to bind k)3 F .801 -.15 (ey s)-.1 H .501(equences to functions useful for a spe-).15 F .397 -(ci\214c program.)180 576 R -.15(Fo)5.397 G 2.896(ri).15 G .396 +(ci\214c program.)180 636 R -.15(Fo)5.397 G 2.896(ri).15 G .396 (nstance, the follo)-2.896 F .396(wing command adds a k)-.25 F .696 -.15 -(ey s)-.1 H .396(equence that quotes the).15 F(current or pre)180 588 Q -(vious w)-.25 E(ord in)-.1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(:)A F1($if)180 612 Q F0 -(Bash)2.5 E 2.5(#Q)180 624 S(uote the current or pre)-2.5 E(vious w)-.25 -E(ord)-.1 E("\\C\255xq": "\\eb\\"\\ef\\"")180 636 Q F1($endif)180 648 Q -($endif)108 664.8 Q F0(This command, as seen in the pre)9.33 E(vious e) --.25 E(xample, terminates an)-.15 E F1($if)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E F1 -($else)108 681.6 Q F0(Commands in this branch of the)15.45 E F1($if)2.5 -E F0(directi)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(re e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuted if the test f).15 E(ails.)-.1 E F1($include)108 698.4 Q F0 .356 -(This directi)144 710.4 R .656 -.15(ve t)-.25 H(ak).15 E .356 -(es a single \214lename as an ar)-.1 F .357 -(gument and reads commands and bindings from that)-.18 F 2.5(\214le. F) -144 722.4 R(or e)-.15 E(xample, the follo)-.15 E(wing directi)-.25 E .3 --.15(ve w)-.25 H(ould read).05 E F2(/etc/inputr)2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(:)A -(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(40)190.95 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 41 41 +(ey s)-.1 H .396(equence that quotes the).15 F(current or pre)180 648 Q +(vious w)-.25 E(ord in)-.1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(:)A F1($if)180 672 Q F0 +(Bash)2.5 E 2.5(#Q)180 684 S(uote the current or pre)-2.5 E(vious w)-.25 +E(ord)-.1 E("\\C\255xq": "\\eb\\"\\ef\\"")180 696 Q F1($endif)180 708 Q +F0(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(42)192.055 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 43 43 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF($include)144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -(/etc/inputr)5.833 E(c)-.37 E F1(Sear)87 100.8 Q(ching)-.18 E F0 .835 -(Readline pro)108 112.8 R .835 +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF($endif)108 84 Q F0(This command, as seen in the pre)144 84 Q(vious e) +-.25 E(xample, terminates an)-.15 E F1($if)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E F1 +($else)108 100.8 Q F0(Commands in this branch of the)144 100.8 Q F1($if) +2.5 E F0(directi)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(re e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuted if the test f).15 E(ails.)-.1 E F1($include)108 117.6 Q F0 .356 +(This directi)144 129.6 R .656 -.15(ve t)-.25 H(ak).15 E .356 +(es a single \214lename as an ar)-.1 F .357 +(gument and reads commands and bindings from that)-.18 F 2.5(\214le. F) +144 141.6 R(or e)-.15 E(xample, the follo)-.15 E(wing directi)-.25 E .3 +-.15(ve w)-.25 H(ould read).05 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(/etc/inputr)2.5 +E(c)-.37 E F0(:)A F1($include)144 165.6 Q F2(/etc/inputr)5.833 E(c)-.37 +E F1(Sear)87 182.4 Q(ching)-.18 E F0 .835(Readline pro)108 194.4 R .835 (vides commands for searching through the command history \(see)-.15 F /F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)3.334 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0(belo)3.084 E -.834(w\) for lines)-.25 F(containing a speci\214ed string.)108 124.8 Q +.834(w\) for lines)-.25 F(containing a speci\214ed string.)108 206.4 Q (There are tw)5 E 2.5(os)-.1 G(earch modes:)-2.5 E F2(incr)2.51 E (emental)-.37 E F0(and)3.01 E F2(non-incr)2.5 E(emental)-.37 E F0(.).51 -E .697(Incremental searches be)108 141.6 R .697 +E .697(Incremental searches be)108 223.2 R .697 (gin before the user has \214nished typing the search string.)-.15 F .698(As each character of the)5.698 F .113 -(search string is typed, readline displays the ne)108 153.6 R .112 +(search string is typed, readline displays the ne)108 235.2 R .112 (xt entry from the history matching the string typed so f)-.15 F(ar)-.1 E 5.112(.A)-.55 G(n)-5.112 E .542 -(incremental search requires only as man)108 165.6 R 3.042(yc)-.15 G +(incremental search requires only as man)108 247.2 R 3.042(yc)-.15 G .542(haracters as needed to \214nd the desired history entry)-3.042 F 5.542(.T)-.65 G .542(he char)-5.542 F(-)-.2 E .224 -(acters present in the v)108 177.6 R .224(alue of the)-.25 F F1(isear) +(acters present in the v)108 259.2 R .224(alue of the)-.25 F F1(isear) 2.724 E(ch-terminators)-.18 E F0 -.25(va)2.724 G .224 (riable are used to terminate an incremental search.).25 F .66 -(If that v)108 189.6 R .66(ariable has not been assigned a v)-.25 F .66 +(If that v)108 271.2 R .66(ariable has not been assigned a v)-.25 F .66 (alue the Escape and Control-J characters will terminate an incre-)-.25 -F .097(mental search.)108 201.6 R .096(Control-G will abort an incremen\ +F .097(mental search.)108 283.2 R .096(Control-G will abort an incremen\ tal search and restore the original line.)5.097 F .096 (When the search is)5.096 F(terminated, the history entry containing th\ -e search string becomes the current line.)108 213.6 Q 2.938 -.8(To \214) -108 230.4 T 1.339(nd other matching entries in the history list, type C\ -ontrol-S or Control-R as appropriate.).8 F 1.339(This will)6.339 F .675 -(search backw)108 242.4 R .675(ard or forw)-.1 F .675 +e search string becomes the current line.)108 295.2 Q 2.938 -.8(To \214) +108 312 T 1.339(nd other matching entries in the history list, type Con\ +trol-S or Control-R as appropriate.).8 F 1.339(This will)6.339 F .675 +(search backw)108 324 R .675(ard or forw)-.1 F .675 (ard in the history for the ne)-.1 F .674 (xt entry matching the search string typed so f)-.15 F(ar)-.1 E 5.674 -(.A)-.55 G -.15(ny)-5.674 G .174(other k)108 254.4 R .474 -.15(ey s)-.1 -H .174 +(.A)-.55 G -.15(ny)-5.674 G .174(other k)108 336 R .474 -.15(ey s)-.1 H +.174 (equence bound to a readline command will terminate the search and e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .175(cute that command.).15 F -.15(Fo)5.175 G(r).15 E -.541(instance, a)108 266.4 R F2(ne)3.041 E(wline)-.15 E F0 .541 +.541(instance, a)108 348 R F2(ne)3.041 E(wline)-.15 E F0 .541 (will terminate the search and accept the line, thereby e)3.041 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G .54(cuting the command from the).15 F(history list.)108 278.4 -Q .653(Readline remembers the last incremental search string.)108 295.2 -R .653(If tw)5.653 F 3.153(oC)-.1 G .653(ontrol-Rs are typed without an) +(xe)-.15 G .54(cuting the command from the).15 F(history list.)108 360 Q +.653(Readline remembers the last incremental search string.)108 376.8 R +.653(If tw)5.653 F 3.153(oC)-.1 G .653(ontrol-Rs are typed without an) -3.153 F 3.153(yi)-.15 G(nterv)-3.153 E(en-)-.15 E -(ing characters de\214ning a ne)108 307.2 Q 2.5(ws)-.25 G +(ing characters de\214ning a ne)108 388.8 Q 2.5(ws)-.25 G (earch string, an)-2.5 E 2.5(yr)-.15 G(emembered search string is used.) -2.5 E .567(Non-incremental searches read the entire search string befo\ -re starting to search for matching history lines.)108 324 R(The search \ -string may be typed by the user or be part of the contents of the curre\ -nt line.)108 336 Q F1(Readline Command Names)87 352.8 Q F0 1.391 -(The follo)108 364.8 R 1.391 +re starting to search for matching history lines.)108 405.6 R(The searc\ +h string may be typed by the user or be part of the contents of the cur\ +rent line.)108 417.6 Q F1(Readline Command Names)87 434.4 Q F0 1.391 +(The follo)108 446.4 R 1.391 (wing is a list of the names of the commands and the def)-.25 F 1.391 (ault k)-.1 F 1.691 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.391(equences to which the).15 F -3.892(ya)-.15 G(re)-3.892 E 2.622(bound. Command)108 376.8 R .122 +3.892(ya)-.15 G(re)-3.892 E 2.622(bound. Command)108 458.4 R .122 (names without an accompan)2.622 F .122(ying k)-.15 F .421 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .121(equence are unbound by def).15 F 2.621(ault. In)-.1 F .121 -(the follo)2.621 F(wing)-.25 E(descriptions,)108 388.8 Q F2(point)3.41 E +(the follo)2.621 F(wing)-.25 E(descriptions,)108 470.4 Q F2(point)3.41 E F0 .91(refers to the current cursor position, and)3.41 F F2(mark)3.411 E F0 .911(refers to a cursor position sa)3.411 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.411(db) -.15 G 3.411(yt)-3.411 G(he)-3.411 E F1(set\255mark)108 400.8 Q F0 2.5 +.15 G 3.411(yt)-3.411 G(he)-3.411 E F1(set\255mark)108 482.4 Q F0 2.5 (command. The)2.5 F(te)2.5 E (xt between the point and mark is referred to as the)-.15 E F2 -.37(re) -2.5 G(gion)-.03 E F0(.)A F1(Commands f)87 417.6 Q(or Mo)-.25 E(ving)-.1 -E(beginning\255of\255line \(C\255a\))108 429.6 Q F0(Mo)144 441.6 Q .3 +2.5 G(gion)-.03 E F0(.)A F1(Commands f)87 499.2 Q(or Mo)-.25 E(ving)-.1 +E(beginning\255of\255line \(C\255a\))108 511.2 Q F0(Mo)144 523.2 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he start of the current line.)-2.5 E F1 -(end\255of\255line \(C\255e\))108 453.6 Q F0(Mo)144 465.6 Q .3 -.15 +(end\255of\255line \(C\255e\))108 535.2 Q F0(Mo)144 547.2 Q .3 -.15 (ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he end of the line.)-2.5 E F1 -.25(fo)108 -477.6 S(rward\255char \(C\255f\)).25 E F0(Mo)144 489.6 Q .3 -.15(ve f) +559.2 S(rward\255char \(C\255f\)).25 E F0(Mo)144 571.2 Q .3 -.15(ve f) -.15 H(orw).15 E(ard a character)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F1 -(backward\255char \(C\255b\))108 501.6 Q F0(Mo)144 513.6 Q .3 -.15(ve b) --.15 H(ack a character).15 E(.)-.55 E F1 -.25(fo)108 525.6 S(rward\255w) -.25 E(ord \(M\255f\))-.1 E F0(Mo)144 537.6 Q .823 -.15(ve f)-.15 H(orw) +(backward\255char \(C\255b\))108 583.2 Q F0(Mo)144 595.2 Q .3 -.15(ve b) +-.15 H(ack a character).15 E(.)-.55 E F1 -.25(fo)108 607.2 S(rward\255w) +.25 E(ord \(M\255f\))-.1 E F0(Mo)144 619.2 Q .823 -.15(ve f)-.15 H(orw) .15 E .523(ard to the end of the ne)-.1 F .523(xt w)-.15 F 3.023(ord. W) -.1 F .522(ords are composed of alphanumeric characters \(let-)-.8 F -(ters and digits\).)144 549.6 Q F1(backward\255w)108 561.6 Q -(ord \(M\255b\))-.1 E F0(Mo)144 573.6 Q 1.71 -.15(ve b)-.15 H 1.41 +(ters and digits\).)144 631.2 Q F1(backward\255w)108 643.2 Q +(ord \(M\255b\))-.1 E F0(Mo)144 655.2 Q 1.71 -.15(ve b)-.15 H 1.41 (ack to the start of the current or pre).15 F 1.41(vious w)-.25 F 3.91 (ord. W)-.1 F 1.41(ords are composed of alphanumeric)-.8 F -(characters \(letters and digits\).)144 585.6 Q F1(shell\255f)108 597.6 -Q(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Mo)144 609.6 Q .784 -.15(ve f)-.15 H +(characters \(letters and digits\).)144 667.2 Q F1(shell\255f)108 679.2 +Q(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Mo)144 691.2 Q .784 -.15(ve f)-.15 H (orw).15 E .484(ard to the end of the ne)-.1 F .484(xt w)-.15 F 2.984 (ord. W)-.1 F .484(ords are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharac-) --.8 F(ters.)144 621.6 Q F1(shell\255backward\255w)108 633.6 Q(ord)-.1 E -F0(Mo)144 645.6 Q .908 -.15(ve b)-.15 H .609 -(ack to the start of the current or pre).15 F .609(vious w)-.25 F 3.109 -(ord. W)-.1 F .609(ords are delimited by non-quoted shell)-.8 F -(metacharacters.)144 657.6 Q F1(clear\255scr)108 669.6 Q(een \(C\255l\)) --.18 E F0 .993(Clear the screen lea)144 681.6 R .993 -(ving the current line at the top of the screen.)-.2 F -.4(Wi)5.993 G -.993(th an ar).4 F .993(gument, refresh the)-.18 F -(current line without clearing the screen.)144 693.6 Q F1 -.18(re)108 -705.6 S(draw\255curr).18 E(ent\255line)-.18 E F0 -(Refresh the current line.)144 717.6 Q(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q -(2014 February 2)141.79 E(41)190.95 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 42 42 +-.8 F(ters.)144 703.2 Q(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E +(43)192.055 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 44 44 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Commands f)87 84 Q -(or Manipulating the History)-.25 E(accept\255line \(Newline, Retur)108 -96 Q(n\))-.15 E F0 .158(Accept the line re)144 108 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .158 +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(shell\255backward\255w)108 84 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(Mo)144 96 Q .908 -.15 +(ve b)-.15 H .609(ack to the start of the current or pre).15 F .609 +(vious w)-.25 F 3.109(ord. W)-.1 F .609 +(ords are delimited by non-quoted shell)-.8 F(metacharacters.)144 108 Q +F1(clear\255scr)108 120 Q(een \(C\255l\))-.18 E F0 .993 +(Clear the screen lea)144 132 R .993 +(ving the current line at the top of the screen.)-.2 F -.4(Wi)5.993 G +.993(th an ar).4 F .993(gument, refresh the)-.18 F +(current line without clearing the screen.)144 144 Q F1 -.18(re)108 156 +S(draw\255curr).18 E(ent\255line)-.18 E F0(Refresh the current line.)144 +168 Q F1(Commands f)87 184.8 Q(or Manipulating the History)-.25 E +(accept\255line \(Newline, Retur)108 196.8 Q(n\))-.15 E F0 .158 +(Accept the line re)144 208.8 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .158 (rdless of where the cursor is.).05 F .158(If this line is non-empty) 5.158 F 2.659(,a)-.65 G .159(dd it to the history list)-2.659 F .699 -(according to the state of the)144 120 R/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTCONTR) -3.199 E(OL)-.27 E F0 -.25(va)2.949 G 3.199(riable. If).25 F .699 -(the line is a modi\214ed history line, then)3.199 F -(restore the history line to its original state.)144 132 Q F1(pr)108 144 -Q -.15(ev)-.18 G(ious\255history \(C\255p\)).15 E F0(Fetch the pre)144 -156 Q(vious command from the history list, mo)-.25 E -(ving back in the list.)-.15 E F1(next\255history \(C\255n\))108 168 Q -F0(Fetch the ne)144 180 Q(xt command from the history list, mo)-.15 E -(ving forw)-.15 E(ard in the list.)-.1 E F1 -(beginning\255of\255history \(M\255<\))108 192 Q F0(Mo)144 204 Q .3 -.15 -(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he \214rst line in the history)-2.5 E(.)-.65 E -F1(end\255of\255history \(M\255>\))108 216 Q F0(Mo)144 228 Q .3 -.15 -(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he end of the input history)-2.5 E 2.5(,i)-.65 -G(.e., the line currently being entered.)-2.5 E F1 -2.29 -.18(re v)108 -240 T(erse\255sear).08 E(ch\255history \(C\255r\))-.18 E F0 1.47 -(Search backw)144 252 R 1.471(ard starting at the current line and mo) --.1 F 1.471(ving `up' through the history as necessary)-.15 F(.)-.65 E -(This is an incremental search.)144 264 Q F1 -.25(fo)108 276 S +(according to the state of the)144 220.8 R/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +(HISTCONTR)3.199 E(OL)-.27 E F0 -.25(va)2.949 G 3.199(riable. If).25 F +.699(the line is a modi\214ed history line, then)3.199 F +(restore the history line to its original state.)144 232.8 Q F1(pr)108 +244.8 Q -.15(ev)-.18 G(ious\255history \(C\255p\)).15 E F0 +(Fetch the pre)144 256.8 Q(vious command from the history list, mo)-.25 +E(ving back in the list.)-.15 E F1(next\255history \(C\255n\))108 268.8 +Q F0(Fetch the ne)144 280.8 Q(xt command from the history list, mo)-.15 +E(ving forw)-.15 E(ard in the list.)-.1 E F1 +(beginning\255of\255history \(M\255<\))108 292.8 Q F0(Mo)144 304.8 Q .3 +-.15(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he \214rst line in the history)-2.5 E(.) +-.65 E F1(end\255of\255history \(M\255>\))108 316.8 Q F0(Mo)144 328.8 Q +.3 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he end of the input history)-2.5 E 2.5 +(,i)-.65 G(.e., the line currently being entered.)-2.5 E F1 -2.29 -.18 +(re v)108 340.8 T(erse\255sear).08 E(ch\255history \(C\255r\))-.18 E F0 +1.47(Search backw)144 352.8 R 1.471 +(ard starting at the current line and mo)-.1 F 1.471 +(ving `up' through the history as necessary)-.15 F(.)-.65 E +(This is an incremental search.)144 364.8 Q F1 -.25(fo)108 376.8 S (rward\255sear).25 E(ch\255history \(C\255s\))-.18 E F0 1.132 -(Search forw)144 288 R 1.132(ard starting at the current line and mo)-.1 -F 1.131(ving `do)-.15 F 1.131(wn' through the history as necessary)-.25 -F(.)-.65 E(This is an incremental search.)144 300 Q F1(non\255incr)108 -312 Q(emental\255r)-.18 E -2.3 -.15(ev e)-.18 H(rse\255sear).15 E -(ch\255history \(M\255p\))-.18 E F0 .164(Search backw)144 324 R .164(ar\ -d through the history starting at the current line using a non-incremen\ -tal search for)-.1 F 2.5(as)144 336 S(tring supplied by the user)-2.5 E -(.)-.55 E F1(non\255incr)108 348 Q(emental\255f)-.18 E(orward\255sear) --.25 E(ch\255history \(M\255n\))-.18 E F0 1.354(Search forw)144 360 R -1.354(ard through the history using a non-incremental search for a stri\ -ng supplied by the)-.1 F(user)144 372 Q(.)-.55 E F1(history\255sear)108 -384 Q(ch\255f)-.18 E(orward)-.25 E F0 .248(Search forw)144 396 R .249(a\ -rd through the history for the string of characters between the start o\ -f the current line)-.1 F(and the point.)144 408 Q -(This is a non-incremental search.)5 E F1(history\255sear)108 420 Q -(ch\255backward)-.18 E F0 .951(Search backw)144 432 R .951(ard through \ -the history for the string of characters between the start of the curre\ -nt)-.1 F(line and the point.)144 444 Q -(This is a non-incremental search.)5 E F1(yank\255nth\255ar)108 456 Q -2.5(g\()-.1 G<4dad43ad7929>-2.5 E F0 .622(Insert the \214rst ar)144 468 -R .622(gument to the pre)-.18 F .622 +(Search forw)144 388.8 R 1.132(ard starting at the current line and mo) +-.1 F 1.131(ving `do)-.15 F 1.131(wn' through the history as necessary) +-.25 F(.)-.65 E(This is an incremental search.)144 400.8 Q F1 +(non\255incr)108 412.8 Q(emental\255r)-.18 E -2.3 -.15(ev e)-.18 H +(rse\255sear).15 E(ch\255history \(M\255p\))-.18 E F0 .164(Search backw) +144 424.8 R .164(ard through the history starting at the current line u\ +sing a non-incremental search for)-.1 F 2.5(as)144 436.8 S +(tring supplied by the user)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1(non\255incr)108 448.8 Q +(emental\255f)-.18 E(orward\255sear)-.25 E(ch\255history \(M\255n\))-.18 +E F0 1.354(Search forw)144 460.8 R 1.354(ard through the history using \ +a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the)-.1 F(user)144 +472.8 Q(.)-.55 E F1(history\255sear)108 484.8 Q(ch\255f)-.18 E(orward) +-.25 E F0 .248(Search forw)144 496.8 R .249(ard through the history for\ + the string of characters between the start of the current line)-.1 F +(and the point.)144 508.8 Q(This is a non-incremental search.)5 E F1 +(history\255sear)108 520.8 Q(ch\255backward)-.18 E F0 .951(Search backw) +144 532.8 R .951(ard through the history for the string of characters b\ +etween the start of the current)-.1 F(line and the point.)144 544.8 Q +(This is a non-incremental search.)5 E F1(yank\255nth\255ar)108 556.8 Q +2.5(g\()-.1 G<4dad43ad7929>-2.5 E F0 .622(Insert the \214rst ar)144 +568.8 R .622(gument to the pre)-.18 F .622 (vious command \(usually the second w)-.25 F .622(ord on the pre)-.1 F -.622(vious line\))-.25 F .795(at point.)144 480 R -.4(Wi)5.795 G .794 +.622(vious line\))-.25 F .795(at point.)144 580.8 R -.4(Wi)5.795 G .794 (th an ar).4 F(gument)-.18 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)3.294 E F0 3.294 (,i).24 G .794(nsert the)-3.294 F F3(n)3.294 E F0 .794(th w)B .794 (ord from the pre)-.1 F .794(vious command \(the w)-.25 F .794 -(ords in the)-.1 F(pre)144 492 Q .291(vious command be)-.25 F .291 +(ords in the)-.1 F(pre)144 592.8 Q .291(vious command be)-.25 F .291 (gin with w)-.15 F .291(ord 0\).)-.1 F 2.791(An)5.291 G -2.25 -.15(eg a) -2.791 H(ti).15 E .591 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G .291 (ument inserts the).18 F F3(n)2.791 E F0 .291(th w)B .292 -(ord from the end of)-.1 F .282(the pre)144 504 R .282(vious command.) +(ord from the end of)-.1 F .282(the pre)144 604.8 R .282(vious command.) -.25 F .282(Once the ar)5.282 F(gument)-.18 E F3(n)2.781 E F0 .281 (is computed, the ar)2.781 F .281(gument is e)-.18 F .281 -(xtracted as if the "!)-.15 F F3(n)A F0(")A(history e)144 516 Q -(xpansion had been speci\214ed.)-.15 E F1(yank\255last\255ar)108 528 Q +(xtracted as if the "!)-.15 F F3(n)A F0(")A(history e)144 616.8 Q +(xpansion had been speci\214ed.)-.15 E F1(yank\255last\255ar)108 628.8 Q 2.5(g\()-.1 G -1.667(M\255. ,)-2.5 F -1.667(M\255_ \))2.5 F F0 1.307 -(Insert the last ar)144 540 R 1.307(gument to the pre)-.18 F 1.307 +(Insert the last ar)144 640.8 R 1.307(gument to the pre)-.18 F 1.307 (vious command \(the last w)-.25 F 1.308(ord of the pre)-.1 F 1.308 -(vious history entry\).)-.25 F -.4(Wi)144 552 S .204(th a numeric ar).4 -F .204(gument, beha)-.18 F .504 -.15(ve ex)-.2 H .204(actly lik).15 F(e) --.1 E F1(yank\255nth\255ar)2.704 E(g)-.1 E F0 5.203(.S)C(uccessi)-5.203 -E .503 -.15(ve c)-.25 H .203(alls to).15 F F1(yank\255last\255ar)2.703 E -(g)-.1 E F0(mo)144 564 Q .806 -.15(ve b)-.15 H .507 +(vious history entry\).)-.25 F -.4(Wi)144 652.8 S .204(th a numeric ar) +.4 F .204(gument, beha)-.18 F .504 -.15(ve ex)-.2 H .204(actly lik).15 F +(e)-.1 E F1(yank\255nth\255ar)2.704 E(g)-.1 E F0 5.203(.S)C(uccessi) +-5.203 E .503 -.15(ve c)-.25 H .203(alls to).15 F F1(yank\255last\255ar) +2.703 E(g)-.1 E F0(mo)144 664.8 Q .806 -.15(ve b)-.15 H .507 (ack through the history list, inserting the last w).15 F .507 (ord \(or the w)-.1 F .507(ord speci\214ed by the ar)-.1 F(gument)-.18 E -1.397(to the \214rst call\) of each line in turn.)144 576 R(An)6.396 E +1.397(to the \214rst call\) of each line in turn.)144 676.8 R(An)6.396 E 3.896(yn)-.15 G 1.396(umeric ar)-3.896 F 1.396 (gument supplied to these successi)-.18 F 1.696 -.15(ve c)-.25 H(alls) -.15 E .491(determines the direction to mo)144 588 R .791 -.15(ve t)-.15 -H .491(hrough the history).15 F 5.492(.A)-.65 G(ne)-2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G -(ti).05 E .792 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G .492 +.15 E .491(determines the direction to mo)144 688.8 R .791 -.15(ve t) +-.15 H .491(hrough the history).15 F 5.492(.A)-.65 G(ne)-2.5 E -.05(ga) +-.15 G(ti).05 E .792 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G .492 (ument switches the direction).18 F .494 -(through the history \(back or forw)144 600 R 2.994(ard\). The)-.1 F +(through the history \(back or forw)144 700.8 R 2.994(ard\). The)-.1 F .494(history e)2.994 F .494(xpansion f)-.15 F .494 (acilities are used to e)-.1 F .494(xtract the last)-.15 F -.1(wo)144 -612 S(rd, as if the "!$" history e).1 E(xpansion had been speci\214ed.) --.15 E F1(shell\255expand\255line \(M\255C\255e\))108 624 Q F0 .622 -(Expand the line as the shell does.)144 636 R .622 +712.8 S(rd, as if the "!$" history e).1 E +(xpansion had been speci\214ed.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q +(2016 August 26)142.895 E(44)192.055 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 45 45 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(shell\255expand\255line \(M\255C\255e\))108 84 Q F0 .622 +(Expand the line as the shell does.)144 96 R .622 (This performs alias and history e)5.622 F .623 -(xpansion as well as all of the)-.15 F(shell w)144 648 Q(ord e)-.1 E 2.5 -(xpansions. See)-.15 F F2(HIST)2.5 E(OR)-.162 E 2.25(YE)-.315 G(XP)-2.25 -E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)2.25 E 2.5(wf)-.25 G +(xpansion as well as all of the)-.15 F(shell w)144 108 Q(ord e)-.1 E 2.5 +(xpansions. See)-.15 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)2.5 E(OR)-.162 E 2.25 +(YE)-.315 G(XP)-2.25 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)2.25 E 2.5(wf)-.25 G (or a description of history e)-2.5 E(xpansion.)-.15 E F1 -(history\255expand\255line \(M\255^\))108 660 Q F0 .939 -(Perform history e)144 672 R .939(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F +(history\255expand\255line \(M\255^\))108 120 Q F0 .939 +(Perform history e)144 132 R .939(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F (See)5.939 E F2(HIST)3.439 E(OR)-.162 E 3.189(YE)-.315 G(XP)-3.189 E (ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.189 E 3.438(wf)-.25 G .938(or a descrip-) --3.438 F(tion of history e)144 684 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(magic\255space) -108 696 Q F0 1.626(Perform history e)144 708 R 1.626 +-3.438 F(tion of history e)144 144 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(magic\255space) +108 156 Q F0 1.626(Perform history e)144 168 R 1.626 (xpansion on the current line and insert a space.)-.15 F(See)6.627 E F2 (HIST)4.127 E(OR)-.162 E 3.877(YE)-.315 G(XP)-3.877 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0 -(belo)144 720 Q 2.5(wf)-.25 G(or a description of history e)-2.5 E -(xpansion.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(42) -190.95 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 43 43 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(alias\255expand\255line)108 84 Q F0 .395 -(Perform alias e)144 96 R .395(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F(See) -5.395 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)2.895 E F0(abo)2.645 E .694 -.15 -(ve f)-.15 H .394(or a description of alias e).15 F(xpan-)-.15 E(sion.) -144 108 Q F1(history\255and\255alias\255expand\255line)108 120 Q F0 -(Perform history and alias e)144 132 Q(xpansion on the current line.) --.15 E F1(insert\255last\255ar)108 144 Q(gument \(M\255.)-.1 E 2.5(,M) -.833 G -1.667(\255_ \))-2.5 F F0 2.5(As)144 156 S(ynon)-2.5 E(ym for) +(belo)144 180 Q 2.5(wf)-.25 G(or a description of history e)-2.5 E +(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(alias\255expand\255line)108 192 Q F0 .395 +(Perform alias e)144 204 R .395(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F +(See)5.395 E F2(ALIASES)2.895 E F0(abo)2.645 E .694 -.15(ve f)-.15 H +.394(or a description of alias e).15 F(xpan-)-.15 E(sion.)144 216 Q F1 +(history\255and\255alias\255expand\255line)108 228 Q F0 +(Perform history and alias e)144 240 Q(xpansion on the current line.) +-.15 E F1(insert\255last\255ar)108 252 Q(gument \(M\255.)-.1 E 2.5(,M) +.833 G -1.667(\255_ \))-2.5 F F0 2.5(As)144 264 S(ynon)-2.5 E(ym for) -.15 E F1(yank\255last\255ar)2.5 E(g)-.1 E F0(.)A F1 -(operate\255and\255get\255next \(C\255o\))108 168 Q F0 .947 -(Accept the current line for e)144 180 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .948 +(operate\255and\255get\255next \(C\255o\))108 276 Q F0 .947 +(Accept the current line for e)144 288 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .948 (cution and fetch the ne).15 F .948(xt line relati)-.15 F 1.248 -.15 (ve t)-.25 H 3.448(ot).15 G .948(he current line from the)-3.448 F -(history for editing.)144 192 Q(An)5 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-2.5 G +(history for editing.)144 300 Q(An)5 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-2.5 G (ument is ignored.).18 E F1 -(edit\255and\255execute\255command \(C\255xC\255e\))108 204 Q F0(In)144 -216 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.226 -.1(ke a).2 H 3.526(ne).1 G 1.026 +(edit\255and\255execute\255command \(C\255xC\255e\))108 312 Q F0(In)144 +324 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.226 -.1(ke a).2 H 3.526(ne).1 G 1.026 (ditor on the current command line, and e)-3.526 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.026 (cute the result as shell commands.).15 F F1(Bash)6.026 E F0 -(attempts to in)144 228 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G F2($VISU)2.6 E(AL) +(attempts to in)144 336 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G F2($VISU)2.6 E(AL) -.54 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F2($EDIT)2.25 E(OR)-.162 E F3(,)A F0 (and)2.25 E/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(emacs)2.5 E F0(as the editor)2.5 E 2.5(,i)-.4 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G(hat order)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1(Commands f)87 -244.8 Q(or Changing T)-.25 E(ext)-.92 E F4(end\255of\255\214le)108 256.8 +352.8 Q(or Changing T)-.25 E(ext)-.92 E F4(end\255of\255\214le)108 364.8 Q F1(\(usually C\255d\))2.5 E F0 .798 -(The character indicating end-of-\214le as set, for e)144 268.8 R .799 +(The character indicating end-of-\214le as set, for e)144 376.8 R .799 (xample, by)-.15 F/F5 10/Courier@0 SF(stty)3.299 E F0 5.799(.I)C 3.299 (ft)-5.799 G .799(his character is read when)-3.299 F .592 -(there are no characters on the line, and point is at the be)144 280.8 R +(there are no characters on the line, and point is at the be)144 388.8 R .592(ginning of the line, Readline interprets it)-.15 F -(as the end of input and returns)144 292.8 Q F2(EOF)2.5 E F3(.)A F1 -(delete\255char \(C\255d\))108 304.8 Q F0 .441 -(Delete the character at point.)144 316.8 R .442 +(as the end of input and returns)144 400.8 Q F2(EOF)2.5 E F3(.)A F1 +(delete\255char \(C\255d\))108 412.8 Q F0 .441 +(Delete the character at point.)144 424.8 R .442 (If this function is bound to the same character as the tty)5.441 F F1 -(EOF)2.942 E F0(char)2.942 E(-)-.2 E(acter)144 328.8 Q 2.5(,a)-.4 G(s) +(EOF)2.942 E F0(char)2.942 E(-)-.2 E(acter)144 436.8 Q 2.5(,a)-.4 G(s) -2.5 E F1(C\255d)2.5 E F0(commonly is, see abo)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve f)-.15 H (or the ef).15 E(fects.)-.25 E F1(backward\255delete\255char \(Rubout\)) -108 340.8 Q F0 .553(Delete the character behind the cursor)144 352.8 R +108 448.8 Q F0 .553(Delete the character behind the cursor)144 460.8 R 5.553(.W)-.55 G .553(hen gi)-5.553 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.053(nan).15 G .553 (umeric ar)-3.053 F .552(gument, sa)-.18 F .852 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .552 -(he deleted te).15 F .552(xt on)-.15 F(the kill ring.)144 364.8 Q F1 --.25(fo)108 376.8 S(rward\255backward\255delete\255char).25 E F0 .473 -(Delete the character under the cursor)144 388.8 R 2.973(,u)-.4 G .474 +(he deleted te).15 F .552(xt on)-.15 F(the kill ring.)144 472.8 Q F1 +-.25(fo)108 484.8 S(rward\255backward\255delete\255char).25 E F0 .473 +(Delete the character under the cursor)144 496.8 R 2.973(,u)-.4 G .474 (nless the cursor is at the end of the line, in which case the)-2.973 F -(character behind the cursor is deleted.)144 400.8 Q F1 -(quoted\255insert \(C\255q, C\255v\))108 412.8 Q F0 .779(Add the ne)144 -424.8 R .779(xt character typed to the line v)-.15 F 3.279 +(character behind the cursor is deleted.)144 508.8 Q F1 +(quoted\255insert \(C\255q, C\255v\))108 520.8 Q F0 .779(Add the ne)144 +532.8 R .779(xt character typed to the line v)-.15 F 3.279 (erbatim. This)-.15 F .779(is ho)3.279 F 3.279(wt)-.25 G 3.279(oi)-3.279 G .779(nsert characters lik)-3.279 F(e)-.1 E F1(C\255q)3.278 E F0 3.278 -(,f)C(or)-3.278 E -.15(ex)144 436.8 S(ample.).15 E F1 -(tab\255insert \(C\255v T)108 448.8 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 -(Insert a tab character)144 460.8 Q(.)-.55 E F1 -(self\255insert \(a, b, A, 1, !, ...\))108 472.8 Q F0 -(Insert the character typed.)144 484.8 Q F1 -(transpose\255chars \(C\255t\))108 496.8 Q F0 .321 -(Drag the character before point forw)144 508.8 R .321(ard o)-.1 F -.15 +(,f)C(or)-3.278 E -.15(ex)144 544.8 S(ample.).15 E F1 +(tab\255insert \(C\255v T)108 556.8 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 +(Insert a tab character)144 568.8 Q(.)-.55 E F1 +(self\255insert \(a, b, A, 1, !, ...\))108 580.8 Q F0 +(Insert the character typed.)144 592.8 Q F1 +(transpose\255chars \(C\255t\))108 604.8 Q F0 .321 +(Drag the character before point forw)144 616.8 R .321(ard o)-.1 F -.15 (ve)-.15 G 2.821(rt).15 G .321(he character at point, mo)-2.821 F .322 (ving point forw)-.15 F .322(ard as well.)-.1 F 1.182 (If point is at the end of the line, then this transposes the tw)144 -520.8 R 3.682(oc)-.1 G 1.182(haracters before point.)-3.682 F(Ne)6.182 E --.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ar)144 532.8 Q(guments ha)-.18 E +628.8 R 3.682(oc)-.1 G 1.182(haracters before point.)-3.682 F(Ne)6.182 E +-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ar)144 640.8 Q(guments ha)-.18 E .3 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.5(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.5 G(ect.).25 E F1 -(transpose\255w)108 544.8 Q(ords \(M\255t\))-.1 E F0 .023(Drag the w)144 -556.8 R .023(ord before point past the w)-.1 F .023(ord after point, mo) +(transpose\255w)108 652.8 Q(ords \(M\255t\))-.1 E F0 .023(Drag the w)144 +664.8 R .023(ord before point past the w)-.1 F .023(ord after point, mo) -.1 F .023(ving point o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.524(rt).15 G .024(hat w) -2.524 F .024(ord as well.)-.1 F .024(If point)5.024 F -(is at the end of the line, this transposes the last tw)144 568.8 Q 2.5 -(ow)-.1 G(ords on the line.)-2.6 E F1(upcase\255w)108 580.8 Q +(is at the end of the line, this transposes the last tw)144 676.8 Q 2.5 +(ow)-.1 G(ords on the line.)-2.6 E F1(upcase\255w)108 688.8 Q (ord \(M\255u\))-.1 E F0 1.699(Uppercase the current \(or follo)144 -592.8 R 1.698(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.198(ord. W)-.1 F 1.698(ith a ne)-.4 F +700.8 R 1.698(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.198(ord. W)-.1 F 1.698(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.998 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.698 -(ument, uppercase the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 604.8 S(rd, b).1 -E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(do)108 616.8 Q -(wncase\255w)-.1 E(ord \(M\255l\))-.1 E F0(Lo)144 628.8 Q 1.647 -(wercase the current \(or follo)-.25 F 1.647(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.147 +(ument, uppercase the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 712.8 S(rd, b).1 +E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 +Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(45)192.055 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 46 46 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(do)108 84 Q(wncase\255w)-.1 E(ord \(M\255l\))-.1 E F0(Lo)144 96 Q +1.647(wercase the current \(or follo)-.25 F 1.647(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.147 (ord. W)-.1 F 1.648(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.948 -.15 (ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.648(ument, lo).18 F 1.648(wercase the pre) --.25 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 640.8 S(rd, b).1 E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 --.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(capitalize\255w)108 652.8 Q -(ord \(M\255c\))-.1 E F0 1.975(Capitalize the current \(or follo)144 -664.8 R 1.974(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.474(ord. W)-.1 F 1.974(ith a ne)-.4 F --.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 2.274 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.974 -(ument, capitalize the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 676.8 S(rd, b) -.1 E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1 -.1(ove)108 -688.8 S(rwrite\255mode).1 E F0 -.8(To)144 700.8 S .437(ggle o).8 F -.15 -(ve)-.15 G .437(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4(Wi)5.437 G .437(th an e).4 F .437 +-.25 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 108 S(rd, b).1 E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 +-.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(capitalize\255w)108 120 Q +(ord \(M\255c\))-.1 E F0 1.975(Capitalize the current \(or follo)144 132 +R 1.974(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.474(ord. W)-.1 F 1.974(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga) +-.15 G(ti).05 E 2.274 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.974 +(ument, capitalize the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 144 S(rd, b).1 +E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1 -.1(ove)108 156 +S(rwrite\255mode).1 E F0 -.8(To)144 168 S .437(ggle o).8 F -.15(ve)-.15 +G .437(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4(Wi)5.437 G .437(th an e).4 F .437 (xplicit positi)-.15 F .738 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .438(umeric ar).15 F .438 (gument, switches to o)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .438(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4 -(Wi)144 712.8 S .781(th an e).4 F .781(xplicit non-positi)-.15 F 1.081 +(Wi)144 180 S .781(th an e).4 F .781(xplicit non-positi)-.15 F 1.081 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .781(umeric ar).15 F .781 (gument, switches to insert mode.)-.18 F .78(This command af)5.781 F -(fects)-.25 E(only)144 724.8 Q F1(emacs)4.394 E F0(mode;)4.394 E F1(vi) +(fects)-.25 E(only)144 192 Q F1(emacs)4.394 E F0(mode;)4.394 E F1(vi) 4.394 E F0 1.894(mode does o)4.394 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.894(rwrite dif).15 -F(ferently)-.25 E 6.894(.E)-.65 G 1.894(ach call to)-6.894 F F4 -.37(re) -4.395 G(adline\(\)).37 E F0 1.895(starts in insert)4.395 F(GNU Bash 4.3) -72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(43)190.95 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 44 44 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E 3.969(mode. In)144 84 R -.15(ove)3.969 G 1.469 -(rwrite mode, characters bound to).15 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -(self\255insert)3.969 E F0 1.468(replace the te)3.969 F 1.468 -(xt at point rather than)-.15 F .957(pushing the te)144 96 R .957 -(xt to the right.)-.15 F .958(Characters bound to)5.957 F F1 -(backward\255delete\255char)3.458 E F0 .958(replace the character)3.458 -F(before point with a space.)144 108 Q(By def)5 E -(ault, this command is unbound.)-.1 E F1(Killing and Y)87 124.8 Q -(anking)-.85 E(kill\255line \(C\255k\))108 136.8 Q F0(Kill the te)144 -148.8 Q(xt from point to the end of the line.)-.15 E F1 -(backward\255kill\255line \(C\255x Rubout\))108 160.8 Q F0(Kill backw) -144 172.8 Q(ard to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E F1 -(unix\255line\255discard \(C\255u\))108 184.8 Q F0(Kill backw)144 196.8 +F(ferently)-.25 E 6.894(.E)-.65 G 1.894(ach call to)-6.894 F/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF -.37(re)4.395 G(adline\(\)).37 E F0 1.895 +(starts in insert)4.395 F 3.969(mode. In)144 204 R -.15(ove)3.969 G +1.469(rwrite mode, characters bound to).15 F F1(self\255insert)3.969 E +F0 1.468(replace the te)3.969 F 1.468(xt at point rather than)-.15 F +.957(pushing the te)144 216 R .957(xt to the right.)-.15 F .958 +(Characters bound to)5.957 F F1(backward\255delete\255char)3.458 E F0 +.958(replace the character)3.458 F(before point with a space.)144 228 Q +(By def)5 E(ault, this command is unbound.)-.1 E F1(Killing and Y)87 +244.8 Q(anking)-.85 E(kill\255line \(C\255k\))108 256.8 Q F0 +(Kill the te)144 268.8 Q(xt from point to the end of the line.)-.15 E F1 +(backward\255kill\255line \(C\255x Rubout\))108 280.8 Q F0(Kill backw) +144 292.8 Q(ard to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E F1 +(unix\255line\255discard \(C\255u\))108 304.8 Q F0(Kill backw)144 316.8 Q(ard from point to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E (The killed te)5 E(xt is sa)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5(nt) --2.5 G(he kill-ring.)-2.5 E F1(kill\255whole\255line)108 208.8 Q F0 +-2.5 G(he kill-ring.)-2.5 E F1(kill\255whole\255line)108 328.8 Q F0 (Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is.)144 -220.8 Q F1(kill\255w)108 232.8 Q(ord \(M\255d\))-.1 E F0 .729 -(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 244.8 R .728 +340.8 Q F1(kill\255w)108 352.8 Q(ord \(M\255d\))-.1 E F0 .729 +(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 364.8 R .728 (ord, or if between w)-.1 F .728(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F .728 -(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 256.8 S +(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 376.8 S (rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1 -.25(fo)2.5 G -(rward\255w).25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(backward\255kill\255w)108 268.8 Q -(ord \(M\255Rubout\))-.1 E F0(Kill the w)144 280.8 Q(ord behind point.) +(rward\255w).25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(backward\255kill\255w)108 388.8 Q +(ord \(M\255Rubout\))-.1 E F0(Kill the w)144 400.8 Q(ord behind point.) -.1 E -.8(Wo)5 G(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1 -(backward\255w)2.5 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(shell\255kill\255w)108 292.8 Q -(ord \(M\255d\))-.1 E F0 .728 -(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 304.8 R .729 -(ord, or if between w)-.1 F .729(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F .729 -(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 316.8 S +(backward\255w)2.5 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(shell\255kill\255w)108 412.8 Q +(ord)-.1 E F0 .728(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 424.8 +R .729(ord, or if between w)-.1 F .729(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F +.729(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 436.8 S (rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1(shell\255f)2.5 E (orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(shell\255backward\255kill\255w) -108 328.8 Q(ord \(M\255Rubout\))-.1 E F0 3.025(Kill the w)144 340.8 R -3.025(ord behind point.)-.1 F -.8(Wo)8.025 G 3.025 +108 448.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0 3.025(Kill the w)144 460.8 R 3.025 +(ord behind point.)-.1 F -.8(Wo)8.025 G 3.025 (rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 F F1(shell\255back-) -5.525 E(ward\255w)144 352.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(unix\255w)108 364.8 Q -(ord\255rubout \(C\255w\))-.1 E F0 .364(Kill the w)144 376.8 R .364 +5.525 E(ward\255w)144 472.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(unix\255w)108 484.8 Q +(ord\255rubout \(C\255w\))-.1 E F0 .364(Kill the w)144 496.8 R .364 (ord behind point, using white space as a w)-.1 F .365(ord boundary)-.1 F 5.365(.T)-.65 G .365(he killed te)-5.365 F .365(xt is sa)-.15 F -.15 (ve)-.2 G 2.865(do).15 G 2.865(nt)-2.865 G(he)-2.865 E(kill-ring.)144 -388.8 Q F1(unix\255\214lename\255rubout)108 400.8 Q F0 .167(Kill the w) -144 412.8 R .166 +508.8 Q F1(unix\255\214lename\255rubout)108 520.8 Q F0 .167(Kill the w) +144 532.8 R .166 (ord behind point, using white space and the slash character as the w) --.1 F .166(ord boundaries.)-.1 F(The)5.166 E(killed te)144 424.8 Q +-.1 F .166(ord boundaries.)-.1 F(The)5.166 E(killed te)144 544.8 Q (xt is sa)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G(he kill-ring.) --2.5 E F1(delete\255horizontal\255space \(M\255\\\))108 436.8 Q F0 -(Delete all spaces and tabs around point.)144 448.8 Q F1(kill\255r)108 -460.8 Q(egion)-.18 E F0(Kill the te)144 472.8 Q(xt in the current re) --.15 E(gion.)-.15 E F1(copy\255r)108 484.8 Q(egion\255as\255kill)-.18 E -F0(Cop)144 496.8 Q 2.5(yt)-.1 G(he te)-2.5 E(xt in the re)-.15 E +-2.5 E F1(delete\255horizontal\255space \(M\255\\\))108 556.8 Q F0 +(Delete all spaces and tabs around point.)144 568.8 Q F1(kill\255r)108 +580.8 Q(egion)-.18 E F0(Kill the te)144 592.8 Q(xt in the current re) +-.15 E(gion.)-.15 E F1(copy\255r)108 604.8 Q(egion\255as\255kill)-.18 E +F0(Cop)144 616.8 Q 2.5(yt)-.1 G(he te)-2.5 E(xt in the re)-.15 E (gion to the kill b)-.15 E(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E(.)-.55 E F1 -(copy\255backward\255w)108 508.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(Cop)144 520.8 Q 4.8(yt) +(copy\255backward\255w)108 628.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(Cop)144 640.8 Q 4.8(yt) -.1 G 2.3(he w)-4.8 F 2.3(ord before point to the kill b)-.1 F(uf)-.2 E (fer)-.25 E 7.301(.T)-.55 G 2.301(he w)-7.301 F 2.301 (ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1(back-)4.801 E(ward\255w)144 -532.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(copy\255f)108 544.8 Q(orward\255w)-.25 E -(ord)-.1 E F0(Cop)144 556.8 Q 4.508(yt)-.1 G 2.008(he w)-4.508 F 2.008 +652.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(copy\255f)108 664.8 Q(orward\255w)-.25 E +(ord)-.1 E F0(Cop)144 676.8 Q 4.508(yt)-.1 G 2.008(he w)-4.508 F 2.008 (ord follo)-.1 F 2.008(wing point to the kill b)-.25 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 7.007(.T)-.55 G 2.007(he w)-7.007 F 2.007 (ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1 -.25(fo)4.507 G -.37(r-).25 G -(ward\255w)144 568.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(yank \(C\255y\))108 580.8 Q -F0 -1(Ya)144 592.8 S(nk the top of the kill ring into the b)1 E(uf)-.2 E -(fer at point.)-.25 E F1(yank\255pop \(M\255y\))108 604.8 Q F0 -(Rotate the kill ring, and yank the ne)144 616.8 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G 2.5 +(ward\255w)144 688.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(yank \(C\255y\))108 700.8 Q +F0 -1(Ya)144 712.8 S(nk the top of the kill ring into the b)1 E(uf)-.2 E +(fer at point.)-.25 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(46) +192.055 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 47 47 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(yank\255pop \(M\255y\))108 84 Q F0 +(Rotate the kill ring, and yank the ne)144 96 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G 2.5 (op. Only)-2.5 F -.1(wo)2.5 G(rks follo).1 E(wing)-.25 E F1(yank)2.5 E -F0(or)2.5 E F1(yank\255pop)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(Numeric Ar)87 633.6 Q -(guments)-.1 E(digit\255ar)108 645.6 Q -(gument \(M\2550, M\2551, ..., M\255\255\))-.1 E F0 .641 -(Add this digit to the ar)144 657.6 R .641 -(gument already accumulating, or start a ne)-.18 F 3.141(wa)-.25 G -.18 -(rg)-3.141 G 3.142(ument. M\255\255).18 F .642(starts a ne)3.142 F(g-) --.15 E(ati)144 669.6 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G(ument.).18 E F1 -(uni)108 681.6 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0 .779 -(This is another w)144 693.6 R .779(ay to specify an ar)-.1 F 3.279 -(gument. If)-.18 F .779(this command is follo)3.279 F .778 +F0(or)2.5 E F1(yank\255pop)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(Numeric Ar)87 112.8 Q +(guments)-.1 E(digit\255ar)108 124.8 Q +(gument \(M\2550, M\2551, ..., M\255\255\))-.1 E F0 .367 +(Add this digit to the ar)144 136.8 R .367 +(gument already accumulating, or start a ne)-.18 F 2.867(wa)-.25 G -.18 +(rg)-2.867 G 2.867(ument. M\255\255).18 F .367(starts a ne)2.867 F -.05 +(ga)-.15 G(-).05 E(ti)144 148.8 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G +(ument.).18 E F1(uni)108 160.8 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 +E F0 .779(This is another w)144 172.8 R .779(ay to specify an ar)-.1 F +3.279(gument. If)-.18 F .779(this command is follo)3.279 F .778 (wed by one or more digits,)-.25 F 1.376 (optionally with a leading minus sign, those digits de\214ne the ar)144 -705.6 R 3.876(gument. If)-.18 F 1.376(the command is fol-)3.876 F(lo)144 -717.6 Q 1.17(wed by digits, e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(uni) +184.8 R 3.876(gument. If)-.18 F 1.376(the command is fol-)3.876 F(lo)144 +196.8 Q 1.17(wed by digits, e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(uni) 3.67 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(ag)3.67 E 1.17 (ain ends the numeric ar)-.05 F 1.17(gument, b)-.18 F 1.17(ut is other) --.2 F(-)-.2 E .898(wise ignored.)144 729.6 R .898 +-.2 F(-)-.2 E .898(wise ignored.)144 208.8 R .898 (As a special case, if this command is immediately follo)5.898 F .898 -(wed by a character that is)-.25 F(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q -(2014 February 2)141.79 E(44)190.95 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 45 45 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E .243(neither a digit or minus sign, the ar)144 84 R .243 -(gument count for the ne)-.18 F .243(xt command is multiplied by four) --.15 F 5.242(.T)-.55 G(he)-5.242 E(ar)144 96 Q .378 -(gument count is initially one, so e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .378 -(cuting this function the \214rst time mak).15 F .378(es the ar)-.1 F -.378(gument count)-.18 F(four)144 108 Q 2.5(,as)-.4 G(econd time mak) --2.5 E(es the ar)-.1 E(gument count sixteen, and so on.)-.18 E/F1 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(Completing)87 124.8 Q(complete \(T)108 136.8 Q(AB\))-.9 -E F0 1.137(Attempt to perform completion on the te)144 148.8 R 1.137 +(wed by a character that is)-.25 F 1.23 +(neither a digit nor minus sign, the ar)144 220.8 R 1.23 +(gument count for the ne)-.18 F 1.23(xt command is multiplied by four) +-.15 F(.)-.55 E .822(The ar)144 232.8 R .822 +(gument count is initially one, so e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .823 +(cuting this function the \214rst time mak).15 F .823(es the ar)-.1 F +(gument)-.18 E(count four)144 244.8 Q 2.5(,as)-.4 G(econd time mak)-2.5 +E(es the ar)-.1 E(gument count sixteen, and so on.)-.18 E F1(Completing) +87 261.6 Q(complete \(T)108 273.6 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 1.137 +(Attempt to perform completion on the te)144 285.6 R 1.137 (xt before point.)-.15 F F1(Bash)6.137 E F0 1.137 -(attempts completion treating the)3.637 F(te)144 160.8 Q .532(xt as a v) +(attempts completion treating the)3.637 F(te)144 297.6 Q .532(xt as a v) -.15 F .532(ariable \(if the te)-.25 F .532(xt be)-.15 F .533(gins with) -.15 F F1($)3.033 E F0 .533(\), username \(if the te)B .533(xt be)-.15 F .533(gins with)-.15 F F1(~)3.033 E F0 .533(\), hostname \(if the)B(te) -144 172.8 Q .702(xt be)-.15 F .702(gins with)-.15 F F1(@)3.202 E F0 .701 +144 309.6 Q .702(xt be)-.15 F .702(gins with)-.15 F F1(@)3.202 E F0 .701 (\), or command \(including aliases and functions\) in turn.)B .701 (If none of these pro-)5.701 F -(duces a match, \214lename completion is attempted.)144 184.8 Q F1 -(possible\255completions \(M\255?\))108 196.8 Q F0 -(List the possible completions of the te)144 208.8 Q(xt before point.) --.15 E F1(insert\255completions \(M\255*\))108 220.8 Q F0 .783 -(Insert all completions of the te)144 232.8 R .783 +(duces a match, \214lename completion is attempted.)144 321.6 Q F1 +(possible\255completions \(M\255?\))108 333.6 Q F0 +(List the possible completions of the te)144 345.6 Q(xt before point.) +-.15 E F1(insert\255completions \(M\255*\))108 357.6 Q F0 .783 +(Insert all completions of the te)144 369.6 R .783 (xt before point that w)-.15 F .783(ould ha)-.1 F 1.083 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .783(een generated by).15 F F1(possible\255com-)3.283 E(pletions)144 -244.8 Q F0(.)A F1(menu\255complete)108 256.8 Q F0 .929(Similar to)144 -268.8 R F1(complete)3.429 E F0 3.429(,b)C .929(ut replaces the w)-3.629 +381.6 Q F0(.)A F1(menu\255complete)108 393.6 Q F0 .929(Similar to)144 +405.6 R F1(complete)3.429 E F0 3.429(,b)C .929(ut replaces the w)-3.629 F .929(ord to be completed with a single match from the list of)-.1 F -1.193(possible completions.)144 280.8 R 1.193(Repeated e)6.193 F -.15 +1.193(possible completions.)144 417.6 R 1.193(Repeated e)6.193 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G 1.193(cution of).15 F F1(menu\255complete)3.694 E F0 1.194 (steps through the list of possible)3.694 F .829 -(completions, inserting each match in turn.)144 292.8 R .828 +(completions, inserting each match in turn.)144 429.6 R .828 (At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung)5.828 F .727 -(\(subject to the setting of)144 304.8 R F1(bell\255style)3.227 E F0 +(\(subject to the setting of)144 441.6 R F1(bell\255style)3.227 E F0 3.227(\)a)C .727(nd the original te)-3.227 F .727(xt is restored.)-.15 F .727(An ar)5.727 F .727(gument of)-.18 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)3.227 E F0(mo)3.227 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(s).15 E F2(n)3.228 E F0 1.73 -(positions forw)144 316.8 R 1.73(ard in the list of matches; a ne)-.1 F +(positions forw)144 453.6 R 1.73(ard in the list of matches; a ne)-.1 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 2.03 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.73 (ument may be used to mo).18 F 2.03 -.15(ve b)-.15 H(ackw).15 E(ard)-.1 -E(through the list.)144 328.8 Q(This command is intended to be bound to) +E(through the list.)144 465.6 Q(This command is intended to be bound to) 5 E F1 -.9(TA)2.5 G(B).9 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut is unbound by def)-2.7 E -(ault.)-.1 E F1(menu\255complete\255backward)108 340.8 Q F0 .82 -(Identical to)144 352.8 R F1(menu\255complete)3.32 E F0 3.32(,b)C .82 +(ault.)-.1 E F1(menu\255complete\255backward)108 477.6 Q F0 .82 +(Identical to)144 489.6 R F1(menu\255complete)3.32 E F0 3.32(,b)C .82 (ut mo)-3.52 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.32(sb).15 G(ackw)-3.32 E .82 (ard through the list of possible completions, as if)-.1 F F1 -(menu\255complete)144 364.8 Q F0(had been gi)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 +(menu\255complete)144 501.6 Q F0(had been gi)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 (nan).15 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-2.5 H(ti).15 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg) .15 G 2.5(ument. This).18 F(command is unbound by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E -F1(delete\255char\255or\255list)108 376.8 Q F0 .234 -(Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the be)144 388.8 R +F1(delete\255char\255or\255list)108 513.6 Q F0 .234 +(Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the be)144 525.6 R .234(ginning or end of the line \(lik)-.15 F(e)-.1 E F1(delete\255char) -2.734 E F0(\).)A .425(If at the end of the line, beha)144 400.8 R -.15 +2.734 E F0(\).)A .425(If at the end of the line, beha)144 537.6 R -.15 (ve)-.2 G 2.925(si).15 G .425(dentically to)-2.925 F F1 (possible\255completions)2.925 E F0 5.425(.T)C .425 -(his command is unbound)-5.425 F(by def)144 412.8 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1 -(complete\255\214lename \(M\255/\))108 424.8 Q F0 -(Attempt \214lename completion on the te)144 436.8 Q(xt before point.) --.15 E F1(possible\255\214lename\255completions \(C\255x /\))108 448.8 Q -F0(List the possible completions of the te)144 460.8 Q +(his command is unbound)-5.425 F(by def)144 549.6 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1 +(complete\255\214lename \(M\255/\))108 561.6 Q F0 +(Attempt \214lename completion on the te)144 573.6 Q(xt before point.) +-.15 E F1(possible\255\214lename\255completions \(C\255x /\))108 585.6 Q +F0(List the possible completions of the te)144 597.6 Q (xt before point, treating it as a \214lename.)-.15 E F1 -(complete\255user)108 472.8 Q(name \(M\255~\))-.15 E F0 -(Attempt completion on the te)144 484.8 Q +(complete\255user)108 609.6 Q(name \(M\255~\))-.15 E F0 +(Attempt completion on the te)144 621.6 Q (xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F1(possible\255user) -108 496.8 Q(name\255completions \(C\255x ~\))-.15 E F0 -(List the possible completions of the te)144 508.8 Q +108 633.6 Q(name\255completions \(C\255x ~\))-.15 E F0 +(List the possible completions of the te)144 645.6 Q (xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F1(complete\255v)108 -520.8 Q(ariable \(M\255$\))-.1 E F0(Attempt completion on the te)144 -532.8 Q(xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E -F1(possible\255v)108 544.8 Q(ariable\255completions \(C\255x $\))-.1 E -F0(List the possible completions of the te)144 556.8 Q +657.6 Q(ariable \(M\255$\))-.1 E F0(Attempt completion on the te)144 +669.6 Q(xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E +F1(possible\255v)108 681.6 Q(ariable\255completions \(C\255x $\))-.1 E +F0(List the possible completions of the te)144 693.6 Q (xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1 -(complete\255hostname \(M\255@\))108 568.8 Q F0 -(Attempt completion on the te)144 580.8 Q -(xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E F1 -(possible\255hostname\255completions \(C\255x @\))108 592.8 Q F0 -(List the possible completions of the te)144 604.8 Q +(complete\255hostname \(M\255@\))108 705.6 Q F0 +(Attempt completion on the te)144 717.6 Q +(xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 +Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(47)192.055 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 48 48 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(possible\255hostname\255completions \(C\255x @\))108 84 Q F0 +(List the possible completions of the te)144 96 Q (xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E F1 -(complete\255command \(M\255!\))108 616.8 Q F0 .581 -(Attempt completion on the te)144 628.8 R .581 +(complete\255command \(M\255!\))108 108 Q F0 .581 +(Attempt completion on the te)144 120 R .581 (xt before point, treating it as a command name.)-.15 F .58 -(Command comple-)5.58 F .715(tion attempts to match the te)144 640.8 R +(Command comple-)5.58 F .715(tion attempts to match the te)144 132 R .715(xt ag)-.15 F .715(ainst aliases, reserv)-.05 F .715(ed w)-.15 F .715(ords, shell functions, shell b)-.1 F .715(uiltins, and)-.2 F -(\214nally e)144 652.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +(\214nally e)144 144 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G (cutable \214lenames, in that order).15 E(.)-.55 E F1 -(possible\255command\255completions \(C\255x !\))108 664.8 Q F0 -(List the possible completions of the te)144 676.8 Q +(possible\255command\255completions \(C\255x !\))108 156 Q F0 +(List the possible completions of the te)144 168 Q (xt before point, treating it as a command name.)-.15 E F1 -(dynamic\255complete\255history \(M\255T)108 688.8 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 .425 -(Attempt completion on the te)144 700.8 R .425 +(dynamic\255complete\255history \(M\255T)108 180 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 .425 +(Attempt completion on the te)144 192 R .425 (xt before point, comparing the te)-.15 F .425(xt ag)-.15 F .424 (ainst lines from the history list)-.05 F -(for possible completion matches.)144 712.8 Q(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q -(2014 February 2)141.79 E(45)190.95 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 46 46 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(dab)108 84 Q(br)-.1 E -.15(ev)-.18 G -(\255expand).15 E F0 .61(Attempt menu completion on the te)144 96 R .611 +(for possible completion matches.)144 204 Q F1(dab)108 216 Q(br)-.1 E +-.15(ev)-.18 G(\255expand).15 E F0 .61 +(Attempt menu completion on the te)144 228 R .611 (xt before point, comparing the te)-.15 F .611(xt ag)-.15 F .611 (ainst lines from the his-)-.05 F -(tory list for possible completion matches.)144 108 Q F1 -(complete\255into\255braces \(M\255{\))108 120 Q F0 .4(Perform \214lena\ +(tory list for possible completion matches.)144 240 Q F1 +(complete\255into\255braces \(M\255{\))108 252 Q F0 .4(Perform \214lena\ me completion and insert the list of possible completions enclosed with\ -in braces so)144 132 R(the list is a)144 144 Q -.25(va)-.2 G +in braces so)144 264 R(the list is a)144 276 Q -.25(va)-.2 G (ilable to the shell \(see).25 E F1(Brace Expansion)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E --.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1 -.25(Ke)87 160.8 S(yboard Macr).25 E(os)-.18 -E(start\255kbd\255macr)108 172.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x \()-2.5 E(\)) -.833 E F0(Be)144 184.8 Q(gin sa)-.15 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1 -.25(Ke)87 292.8 S(yboard Macr).25 E(os)-.18 +E(start\255kbd\255macr)108 304.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x \()-2.5 E(\)) +.833 E F0(Be)144 316.8 Q(gin sa)-.15 E (ving the characters typed into the current k)-.2 E -.15(ey)-.1 G -(board macro.).15 E F1(end\255kbd\255macr)108 196.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G -(C\255x \))-2.5 E(\)).833 E F0(Stop sa)144 208.8 Q +(board macro.).15 E F1(end\255kbd\255macr)108 328.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G +(C\255x \))-2.5 E(\)).833 E F0(Stop sa)144 340.8 Q (ving the characters typed into the current k)-.2 E -.15(ey)-.1 G (board macro and store the de\214nition.).15 E F1 -(call\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 220.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x e\))-2.5 -E F0(Re-e)144 232.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G .999(cute the last k).15 F -.15(ey) +(call\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 352.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x e\))-2.5 +E F0(Re-e)144 364.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G .999(cute the last k).15 F -.15(ey) -.1 G .999(board macro de\214ned, by making the characters in the macro\ - appear as if).15 F(typed at the k)144 244.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G(board.).15 -E F1(print\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 256.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(\))-2.5 E -F0(Print the last k)144 268.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G + appear as if).15 F(typed at the k)144 376.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G(board.).15 +E F1(print\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 388.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(\))-2.5 E +F0(Print the last k)144 400.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G (board macro de\214ned in a format suitable for the).15 E/F2 10 /Times-Italic@0 SF(inputr)2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(\214le.)2.5 E F1 -(Miscellaneous)87 285.6 Q -.18(re)108 297.6 S.18 E +(Miscellaneous)87 417.6 Q -.18(re)108 429.6 S.18 E (ead\255init\255\214le \(C\255x C\255r\))-.18 E F0 1.777 -(Read in the contents of the)144 309.6 R F2(inputr)4.277 E(c)-.37 E F0 +(Read in the contents of the)144 441.6 R F2(inputr)4.277 E(c)-.37 E F0 1.776(\214le, and incorporate an)4.276 F 4.276(yb)-.15 G 1.776 (indings or v)-4.276 F 1.776(ariable assignments)-.25 F(found there.)144 -321.6 Q F1(abort \(C\255g\))108 333.6 Q F0 3.248 -(Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal')144 345.6 R +453.6 Q F1(abort \(C\255g\))108 465.6 Q F0 3.248 +(Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal')144 477.6 R 5.749(sb)-.55 G 3.249(ell \(subject to the setting of)-5.749 F F1 -(bell\255style)144 357.6 Q F0(\).)A F1(do\255upper)108 369.6 Q +(bell\255style)144 489.6 Q F0(\).)A F1(do\255upper)108 501.6 Q (case\255v)-.18 E(ersion \(M\255a, M\255b, M\255)-.1 E F2(x)A F1 2.5(,.) -C(..\))-2.5 E F0 1.756(If the meta\214ed character)144 381.6 R F2(x) +C(..\))-2.5 E F0 1.756(If the meta\214ed character)144 513.6 R F2(x) 4.256 E F0 1.755(is lo)4.256 F 1.755 (wercase, run the command that is bound to the corresponding)-.25 F -(uppercase character)144 393.6 Q(.)-.55 E F1(pr)108 405.6 Q -(e\214x\255meta \(ESC\))-.18 E F0(Metafy the ne)144 417.6 Q +(uppercase character)144 525.6 Q(.)-.55 E F1(pr)108 537.6 Q +(e\214x\255meta \(ESC\))-.18 E F0(Metafy the ne)144 549.6 Q (xt character typed.)-.15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(ESC)5 E F1(f)2.25 E F0 (is equi)2.5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1(Meta\255f)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -(undo \(C\255_, C\255x C\255u\))108 429.6 Q F0 -(Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.)144 441.6 Q F1 --2.29 -.18(re v)108 453.6 T(ert\255line \(M\255r\)).08 E F0 1.095 -(Undo all changes made to this line.)144 465.6 R 1.095(This is lik)6.095 +(undo \(C\255_, C\255x C\255u\))108 561.6 Q F0 +(Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.)144 573.6 Q F1 +-2.29 -.18(re v)108 585.6 T(ert\255line \(M\255r\)).08 E F0 1.095 +(Undo all changes made to this line.)144 597.6 R 1.095(This is lik)6.095 F 3.595(ee)-.1 G -.15(xe)-3.745 G 1.095(cuting the).15 F F1(undo)3.595 E F0 1.095(command enough times to)3.595 F -(return the line to its initial state.)144 477.6 Q F1 -(tilde\255expand \(M\255&\))108 489.6 Q F0(Perform tilde e)144 501.6 Q +(return the line to its initial state.)144 609.6 Q F1 +(tilde\255expand \(M\255&\))108 621.6 Q F0(Perform tilde e)144 633.6 Q (xpansion on the current w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E F1 -(set\255mark \(C\255@, M\255\))108 513.6 Q F0 -(Set the mark to the point.)144 525.6 Q(If a numeric ar)5 E +(set\255mark \(C\255@, M\255\))108 645.6 Q F0 +(Set the mark to the point.)144 657.6 Q(If a numeric ar)5 E (gument is supplied, the mark is set to that position.)-.18 E F1 -(exchange\255point\255and\255mark \(C\255x C\255x\))108 537.6 Q F0(Sw) -144 549.6 Q .283(ap the point with the mark.)-.1 F .283 +(exchange\255point\255and\255mark \(C\255x C\255x\))108 669.6 Q F0(Sw) +144 681.6 Q .283(ap the point with the mark.)-.1 F .283 (The current cursor position is set to the sa)5.283 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.782(dp).15 G .282(osition, and the old)-2.782 F(cursor position is sa) -144 561.6 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(da).15 G 2.5(st)-2.5 G(he mark.)-2.5 E F1 -(character\255sear)108 573.6 Q(ch \(C\255]\))-.18 E F0 3.035(Ac)144 -585.6 S .535(haracter is read and point is mo)-3.035 F -.15(ve)-.15 G +144 693.6 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(da).15 G 2.5(st)-2.5 G(he mark.)-2.5 E F1 +(character\255sear)108 705.6 Q(ch \(C\255]\))-.18 E F0 3.035(Ac)144 +717.6 S .535(haracter is read and point is mo)-3.035 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.035(dt).15 G 3.035(ot)-3.035 G .535(he ne)-3.035 F .535 (xt occurrence of that character)-.15 F 5.536(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E -.05 (ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .836 -.15(ve c)-.25 H(ount).15 E(searches for pre) -144 597.6 Q(vious occurrences.)-.25 E F1(character\255sear)108 609.6 Q -(ch\255backward \(M\255C\255]\))-.18 E F0 3.544(Ac)144 621.6 S 1.044 -(haracter is read and point is mo)-3.544 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.544(dt).15 G -3.544(ot)-3.544 G 1.044(he pre)-3.544 F 1.044 -(vious occurrence of that character)-.25 F 6.043(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E --.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -(count searches for subsequent occurrences.)144 633.6 Q F1 -(skip\255csi\255sequence)108 645.6 Q F0 1.826 -(Read enough characters to consume a multi-k)144 657.6 R 2.126 -.15 -(ey s)-.1 H 1.827(equence such as those de\214ned for k).15 F -.15(ey) --.1 G 4.327(sl).15 G(ik)-4.327 E(e)-.1 E .791(Home and End.)144 669.6 R -.791(Such sequences be)5.791 F .791 -(gin with a Control Sequence Indicator \(CSI\), usually ESC\255[.)-.15 F -.331(If this sequence is bound to "\\[", k)144 681.6 R -.15(ey)-.1 G -2.831(sp).15 G .331(roducing such sequences will ha)-2.831 F .632 -.15 -(ve n)-.2 H 2.832(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.832 G .332(ect unless e).25 F -(xplic-)-.15 E .026(itly bound to a readline command, instead of insert\ -ing stray characters into the editing b)144 693.6 R(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E -5.026(.T)-.55 G(his)-5.026 E(is unbound by def)144 705.6 Q(ault, b)-.1 E -(ut usually bound to ESC\255[.)-.2 E(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q -(2014 February 2)141.79 E(46)190.95 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 47 47 +144 729.6 Q(vious occurrences.)-.25 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q +(2016 August 26)142.895 E(48)192.055 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 49 49 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(insert\255comment \(M\255#\))108 84 Q F0 --.4(Wi)144 96 S .48(thout a numeric ar).4 F .48(gument, the v)-.18 F -.481(alue of the readline)-.25 F F1(comment\255begin)2.981 E F0 -.25(va) -2.981 G .481(riable is inserted at the).25 F(be)144 108 Q .098 -(ginning of the current line.)-.15 F .098(If a numeric ar)5.098 F .097 -(gument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle:)-.18 F(if)5.097 E -.321(the characters at the be)144 120 R .321 +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(character\255sear)108 84 Q(ch\255backward \(M\255C\255]\))-.18 E F0 +3.544(Ac)144 96 S 1.044(haracter is read and point is mo)-3.544 F -.15 +(ve)-.15 G 3.544(dt).15 G 3.544(ot)-3.544 G 1.044(he pre)-3.544 F 1.044 +(vious occurrence of that character)-.25 F 6.043(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E +-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +(count searches for subsequent occurrences.)144 108 Q F1 +(skip\255csi\255sequence)108 120 Q F0 1.826 +(Read enough characters to consume a multi-k)144 132 R 2.126 -.15(ey s) +-.1 H 1.827(equence such as those de\214ned for k).15 F -.15(ey)-.1 G +4.327(sl).15 G(ik)-4.327 E(e)-.1 E .791(Home and End.)144 144 R .791 +(Such sequences be)5.791 F .791 +(gin with a Control Sequence Indicator \(CSI\), usually ESC\255[.)-.15 F +.331(If this sequence is bound to "\\[", k)144 156 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.831 +(sp).15 G .331(roducing such sequences will ha)-2.831 F .632 -.15(ve n) +-.2 H 2.832(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.832 G .332(ect unless e).25 F(xplic-) +-.15 E .026(itly bound to a readline command, instead of inserting stra\ +y characters into the editing b)144 168 R(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 5.026(.T) +-.55 G(his)-5.026 E(is unbound by def)144 180 Q(ault, b)-.1 E +(ut usually bound to ESC\255[.)-.2 E F1(insert\255comment \(M\255#\))108 +192 Q F0 -.4(Wi)144 204 S .48(thout a numeric ar).4 F .48(gument, the v) +-.18 F .481(alue of the readline)-.25 F F1(comment\255begin)2.981 E F0 +-.25(va)2.981 G .481(riable is inserted at the).25 F(be)144 216 Q .245 +(ginning of the current line.)-.15 F .245(If a numeric ar)5.245 F .244 +(gument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if)-.18 F .321 +(the characters at the be)144 228 R .321 (ginning of the line do not match the v)-.15 F .321(alue of)-.25 F F1 (comment\255begin)2.821 E F0 2.822(,t)C .322(he v)-2.822 F .322(alue is) --.25 F .832(inserted, otherwise the characters in)144 132 R F1 +-.25 F .832(inserted, otherwise the characters in)144 240 R F1 (comment\255begin)3.332 E F0 .831(are deleted from the be)3.332 F .831 (ginning of the line.)-.15 F 1.468 -(In either case, the line is accepted as if a ne)144 144 R 1.468 +(In either case, the line is accepted as if a ne)144 252 R 1.468 (wline had been typed.)-.25 F 1.469(The def)6.469 F 1.469(ault v)-.1 F -1.469(alue of)-.25 F F1(com-)3.969 E(ment\255begin)144 156 Q F0 .84 +1.469(alue of)-.25 F F1(com-)3.969 E(ment\255begin)144 264 Q F0 .84 (causes this command to mak)3.34 F 3.339(et)-.1 G .839 (he current line a shell comment.)-3.339 F .839(If a numeric ar)5.839 F -(gu-)-.18 E(ment causes the comment character to be remo)144 168 Q -.15 +(gu-)-.18 E(ment causes the comment character to be remo)144 276 Q -.15 (ve)-.15 G(d, the line will be e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuted by the shell.).15 E F1(glob\255complete\255w)108 180 Q -(ord \(M\255g\))-.1 E F0 .791(The w)144 192 R .791 +(cuted by the shell.).15 E F1(glob\255complete\255w)108 288 Q +(ord \(M\255g\))-.1 E F0 .791(The w)144 300 R .791 (ord before point is treated as a pattern for pathname e)-.1 F .792 -(xpansion, with an asterisk implicitly)-.15 F 2.5(appended. This)144 204 +(xpansion, with an asterisk implicitly)-.15 F 2.5(appended. This)144 312 R(pattern is used to generate a list of matching \214lenames for possib\ -le completions.)2.5 E F1(glob\255expand\255w)108 216 Q(ord \(C\255x *\)) --.1 E F0 .176(The w)144 228 R .176 +le completions.)2.5 E F1(glob\255expand\255w)108 324 Q(ord \(C\255x *\)) +-.1 E F0 .176(The w)144 336 R .176 (ord before point is treated as a pattern for pathname e)-.1 F .176 (xpansion, and the list of matching \214le-)-.15 F .516 -(names is inserted, replacing the w)144 240 R 3.016(ord. If)-.1 F 3.016 +(names is inserted, replacing the w)144 348 R 3.016(ord. If)-.1 F 3.016 (an)3.016 G .516(umeric ar)-3.016 F .516 (gument is supplied, an asterisk is appended)-.18 F(before pathname e) -144 252 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(glob\255list\255expansions \(C\255x g\)) -108 264 Q F0 .923(The list of e)144 276 R .923(xpansions that w)-.15 F +144 360 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(glob\255list\255expansions \(C\255x g\)) +108 372 Q F0 .923(The list of e)144 384 R .923(xpansions that w)-.15 F .923(ould ha)-.1 F 1.223 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .923(een generated by).15 F F1 (glob\255expand\255w)3.423 E(ord)-.1 E F0 .923(is displayed, and)3.423 F -.872(the line is redra)144 288 R 3.372(wn. If)-.15 F 3.372(an)3.372 G +.872(the line is redra)144 396 R 3.372(wn. If)-.15 F 3.372(an)3.372 G .872(umeric ar)-3.372 F .872 (gument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before pathname)-.18 F -.15 -(ex)144 300 S(pansion.).15 E F1(dump\255functions)108 312 Q F0 .627 -(Print all of the functions and their k)144 324 R .927 -.15(ey b)-.1 H +(ex)144 408 S(pansion.).15 E F1(dump\255functions)108 420 Q F0 .627 +(Print all of the functions and their k)144 432 R .927 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .626(indings to the readline output stream.).15 F .626(If a numeric ar) 5.626 F(gu-)-.18 E -(ment is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)144 336 Q +(ment is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)144 444 Q (ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(inputr) -2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255v)108 348 Q(ariables)-.1 E F0 -1.799(Print all of the settable readline v)144 360 R 1.799 +2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255v)108 456 Q(ariables)-.1 E F0 +1.799(Print all of the settable readline v)144 468 R 1.799 (ariables and their v)-.25 F 1.8(alues to the readline output stream.) --.25 F 1.8(If a)6.8 F .305(numeric ar)144 372 R .304 +-.25 F 1.8(If a)6.8 F .305(numeric ar)144 480 R .304 (gument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)-.18 F .304 -(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F2(inputr)144 384 Q(c)-.37 E F0 -(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255macr)108 396 Q(os)-.18 E F0 .592 -(Print all of the readline k)144 408 R .892 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .592 +(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F2(inputr)144 492 Q(c)-.37 E F0 +(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255macr)108 504 Q(os)-.18 E F0 .592 +(Print all of the readline k)144 516 R .892 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .592 (equences bound to macros and the strings the).15 F 3.093(yo)-.15 G -3.093(utput. If)-3.093 F 3.093(an)3.093 G(umeric)-3.093 E(ar)144 420 Q +3.093(utput. If)-3.093 F 3.093(an)3.093 G(umeric)-3.093 E(ar)144 528 Q .528(gument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)-.18 F .528 (ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F2(inputr)3.027 E(c)-.37 E F0 -(\214le.)144 432 Q F1(display\255shell\255v)108 444 Q -(ersion \(C\255x C\255v\))-.1 E F0(Display v)144 456 Q +(\214le.)144 540 Q F1(display\255shell\255v)108 552 Q +(ersion \(C\255x C\255v\))-.1 E F0(Display v)144 564 Q (ersion information about the current instance of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E -F0(.)A F1(Pr)87 472.8 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0 .146(When w)108 -484.8 R .147(ord completion is attempted for an ar)-.1 F .147 +F0(.)A F1(Pr)87 580.8 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0 .146(When w)108 +592.8 R .147(ord completion is attempted for an ar)-.1 F .147 (gument to a command for which a completion speci\214cation \(a)-.18 F -F2(compspec)108 496.8 Q F0 3.829(\)h)C 1.329 +F2(compspec)108 604.8 Q F0 3.829(\)h)C 1.329 (as been de\214ned using the)-3.829 F F1(complete)3.829 E F0 -.2(bu) 3.829 G 1.329(iltin \(see).2 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.329(SHELL B)3.829 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.329(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.579 E 1.328(w\), the) --.25 F(programmable completion f)108 508.8 Q(acilities are in)-.1 E -.2 +-.25 F(programmable completion f)108 616.8 Q(acilities are in)-.1 E -.2 (vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E .497 -(First, the command name is identi\214ed.)108 525.6 R .497 +(First, the command name is identi\214ed.)108 633.6 R .497 (If the command w)5.497 F .498 (ord is the empty string \(completion attempted at)-.1 F .234(the be)108 -537.6 R .233(ginning of an empty line\), an)-.15 F 2.733(yc)-.15 G .233 +645.6 R .233(ginning of an empty line\), an)-.15 F 2.733(yc)-.15 G .233 (ompspec de\214ned with the)-2.733 F F12.733 E F0 .233(option to) 2.733 F F1(complete)2.733 E F0 .233(is used.)2.733 F .233(If a comp-) 5.233 F .481(spec has been de\214ned for that command, the compspec is \ -used to generate the list of possible completions)108 549.6 R .823 -(for the w)108 561.6 R 3.323(ord. If)-.1 F .823(the command w)3.323 F +used to generate the list of possible completions)108 657.6 R .823 +(for the w)108 669.6 R 3.323(ord. If)-.1 F .823(the command w)3.323 F .822(ord is a full pathname, a compspec for the full pathname is search\ -ed for)-.1 F 2.866(\214rst. If)108 573.6 R .367(no compspec is found fo\ +ed for)-.1 F 2.866(\214rst. If)108 681.6 R .367(no compspec is found fo\ r the full pathname, an attempt is made to \214nd a compspec for the po\ -rtion)2.866 F(follo)108 585.6 Q .299(wing the \214nal slash.)-.25 F .298 +rtion)2.866 F(follo)108 693.6 Q .299(wing the \214nal slash.)-.25 F .298 (If those searches do not result in a compspec, an)5.299 F 2.798(yc)-.15 G .298(ompspec de\214ned with the)-2.798 F F12.798 E F0(option to) -108 597.6 Q F1(complete)2.5 E F0(is used as the def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E +108 705.6 Q F1(complete)2.5 E F0(is used as the def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E .817(Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of\ - matching w)108 614.4 R 3.317(ords. If)-.1 F 3.317(ac)3.317 G .817 -(ompspec is not)-3.317 F(found, the def)108 626.4 Q(ault)-.1 E F1(bash) -2.5 E F0(completion as described abo)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 -E F1(Completing)2.5 E F0(is performed.)2.5 E .464 -(First, the actions speci\214ed by the compspec are used.)108 643.2 R + matching w)108 722.4 R 3.317(ords. If)-.1 F 3.317(ac)3.317 G .817 +(ompspec is not)-3.317 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E +(49)192.055 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 50 50 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(found, the def)108 +84 Q(ault)-.1 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)2.5 E F0 +(completion as described abo)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 +(Completing)2.5 E F0(is performed.)2.5 E .464 +(First, the actions speci\214ed by the compspec are used.)108 100.8 R .463(Only matches which are pre\214x)5.464 F .463(ed by the w)-.15 F -.463(ord being)-.1 F .595(completed are returned.)108 655.2 R .595 +.463(ord being)-.1 F .595(completed are returned.)108 112.8 R .595 (When the)5.595 F F13.095 E F0(or)3.095 E F13.095 E F0 .596 (option is used for \214lename or directory name completion, the)3.095 F -(shell v)108 667.2 Q(ariable)-.25 E F3(FIGNORE)2.5 E F0 -(is used to \214lter the matches.)2.25 E(An)108 684 Q 4.084(yc)-.15 G -1.584(ompletions speci\214ed by a pathname e)-4.084 F 1.584 +(shell v)108 124.8 Q(ariable)-.25 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(FIGNORE)2.5 E +F0(is used to \214lter the matches.)2.25 E(An)108 141.6 Q 4.084(yc)-.15 +G 1.584(ompletions speci\214ed by a pathname e)-4.084 F 1.584 (xpansion pattern to the)-.15 F F14.084 E F0 1.584 -(option are generated ne)4.084 F 4.084(xt. The)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 696 S +(option are generated ne)4.084 F 4.084(xt. The)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 153.6 S .554(rds generated by the pattern need not match the w).1 F .555 -(ord being completed.)-.1 F(The)5.555 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.055 E F0 .555 +(ord being completed.)-.1 F(The)5.555 E F2(GLOBIGNORE)3.055 E F0 .555 (shell v)2.805 F(ari-)-.25 E -(able is not used to \214lter the matches, b)108 708 Q(ut the)-.2 E F3 -(FIGNORE)2.5 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable is used.).25 E(Ne)108 724.8 Q +(able is not used to \214lter the matches, b)108 165.6 Q(ut the)-.2 E F2 +(FIGNORE)2.5 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable is used.).25 E(Ne)108 182.4 Q .321(xt, the string speci\214ed as the ar)-.15 F .321(gument to the)-.18 F F12.821 E F0 .32(option is considered.)2.821 F .32 -(The string is \214rst split using the)5.32 F(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q -(2014 February 2)141.79 E(47)190.95 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 48 48 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E .412(characters in the)108 84 R/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)2.912 E -F0 .412(special v)2.662 F .412(ariable as delimiters.)-.25 F .412 -(Shell quoting is honored.)5.412 F .413(Each w)5.412 F .413 -(ord is then e)-.1 F(xpanded)-.15 E .092(using brace e)108 96 R .092 -(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .092(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .092 -(ariable e)-.25 F .091(xpansion, command substitution, and arith-)-.15 F -1.396(metic e)108 108 R 1.396(xpansion, as described abo)-.15 F 1.696 --.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1(EXP)3.896 E(ANSION)-.666 E/F2 9 -/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 1.396 -(The results are split using the rules described)5.896 F(abo)108 120 Q -.51 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.75(Wo)2.71 G .21 +(The string is \214rst split using the)5.32 F .412(characters in the)108 +194.4 R F2(IFS)2.912 E F0 .412(special v)2.662 F .412 +(ariable as delimiters.)-.25 F .412(Shell quoting is honored.)5.412 F +.413(Each w)5.412 F .413(ord is then e)-.1 F(xpanded)-.15 E .092 +(using brace e)108 206.4 R .092(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .092 +(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .092(ariable e)-.25 F .091 +(xpansion, command substitution, and arith-)-.15 F 1.396(metic e)108 +218.4 R 1.396(xpansion, as described abo)-.15 F 1.696 -.15(ve u)-.15 H +(nder).15 E F2(EXP)3.896 E(ANSION)-.666 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 +1.396(The results are split using the rules described)5.896 F(abo)108 +230.4 Q .51 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.75(Wo)2.71 G .21 (rd Splitting).75 F F0 5.21(.T)C .209(he results of the e)-5.21 F .209 (xpansion are pre\214x-matched ag)-.15 F .209(ainst the w)-.05 F .209 -(ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted, and the matching w)108 132 Q +(ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted, and the matching w)108 242.4 Q (ords become the possible completions.)-.1 E 1.237 -(After these matches ha)108 148.8 R 1.537 -.15(ve b)-.2 H 1.237 +(After these matches ha)108 259.2 R 1.537 -.15(ve b)-.2 H 1.237 (een generated, an).15 F 3.737(ys)-.15 G 1.238 -(hell function or command speci\214ed with the)-3.737 F F33.738 E -F0(and)3.738 E F33.738 E F0 3.376(options is in)108 160.8 R -.2 +(hell function or command speci\214ed with the)-3.737 F F13.738 E +F0(and)3.738 E F13.738 E F0 3.376(options is in)108 271.2 R -.2 (vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 5.875(d. When).1 F 3.375 (the command or function is in)5.875 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.375 -(d, the).1 F F1(COMP_LINE)5.875 E F2(,)A F1(COMP_POINT)5.625 E F2(,)A F1 -(COMP_KEY)108 172.8 Q F2(,)A F0(and)2.407 E F1(COMP_TYPE)2.657 E F0 -.25 +(d, the).1 F F2(COMP_LINE)5.875 E F3(,)A F2(COMP_POINT)5.625 E F3(,)A F2 +(COMP_KEY)108 283.2 Q F3(,)A F0(and)2.407 E F2(COMP_TYPE)2.657 E F0 -.25 (va)2.407 G .157(riables are assigned v).25 F .157 -(alues as described abo)-.25 F .457 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3 .158 +(alues as described abo)-.25 F .457 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 .158 (Shell V)2.658 F(ariables)-.92 E F0 5.158(.I)C(f)-5.158 E 3.486(as)108 -184.8 S .986(hell function is being in)-3.486 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G -.986(d, the).1 F F1(COMP_W)3.486 E(ORDS)-.09 E F0(and)3.236 E F1 +295.2 S .986(hell function is being in)-3.486 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G +.986(d, the).1 F F2(COMP_W)3.486 E(ORDS)-.09 E F0(and)3.236 E F2 (COMP_CW)3.486 E(ORD)-.09 E F0 -.25(va)3.236 G .986 (riables are also set.).25 F(When)5.985 E .346 -(the function or command is in)108 196.8 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .346 -(d, the \214rst ar).1 F .346(gument \()-.18 F F3($1)A F0 2.847(\)i)C +(the function or command is in)108 307.2 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .346 +(d, the \214rst ar).1 F .346(gument \()-.18 F F1($1)A F0 2.847(\)i)C 2.847(st)-2.847 G .347(he name of the command whose ar)-2.847 F(guments) --.18 E .264(are being completed, the second ar)108 208.8 R .264 -(gument \()-.18 F F3($2)A F0 2.764(\)i)C 2.764(st)-2.764 G .264(he w) +-.18 E .264(are being completed, the second ar)108 319.2 R .264 +(gument \()-.18 F F1($2)A F0 2.764(\)i)C 2.764(st)-2.764 G .264(he w) -2.764 F .263(ord being completed, and the third ar)-.1 F .263 -(gument \()-.18 F F3($3)A F0 2.763(\)i)C(s)-2.763 E .628(the w)108 220.8 +(gument \()-.18 F F1($3)A F0 2.763(\)i)C(s)-2.763 E .628(the w)108 331.2 R .628(ord preceding the w)-.1 F .629 (ord being completed on the current command line.)-.1 F .629 -(No \214ltering of the generated)5.629 F .715(completions ag)108 232.8 R +(No \214ltering of the generated)5.629 F .715(completions ag)108 343.2 R .715(ainst the w)-.05 F .714(ord being completed is performed; the func\ tion or command has complete free-)-.1 F(dom in generating the matches.) -108 244.8 Q(An)108 261.6 Q 2.937(yf)-.15 G .437 -(unction speci\214ed with)-2.937 F F32.937 E F0 .437(is in)2.937 F --.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.937<648c>.1 G 2.937(rst. The)-2.937 F .437 -(function may use an)2.937 F 2.937(yo)-.15 G 2.937(ft)-2.937 G .437 -(he shell f)-2.937 F .438(acilities, including)-.1 F(the)108 273.6 Q F3 -(compgen)2.957 E F0 -.2(bu)2.957 G .457(iltin described belo).2 F 1.756 --.65(w, t)-.25 H 2.956(og).65 G .456(enerate the matches.)-2.956 F .456 -(It must put the possible completions in the)5.456 F F1(COMPREPL)108 -285.6 Q(Y)-.828 E F0(array v)2.25 E(ariable, one per array element.)-.25 -E(Ne)108 302.4 Q .08(xt, an)-.15 F 2.58(yc)-.15 G .08 -(ommand speci\214ed with the)-2.58 F F32.58 E F0 .081 +108 355.2 Q(An)108 372 Q 2.937(yf)-.15 G .437(unction speci\214ed with) +-2.937 F F12.937 E F0 .437(is in)2.937 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G +2.937<648c>.1 G 2.937(rst. The)-2.937 F .437(function may use an)2.937 F +2.937(yo)-.15 G 2.937(ft)-2.937 G .437(he shell f)-2.937 F .438 +(acilities, including)-.1 F(the)108 384 Q F1(compgen)2.957 E F0 -.2(bu) +2.957 G .457(iltin described belo).2 F 1.756 -.65(w, t)-.25 H 2.956(og) +.65 G .456(enerate the matches.)-2.956 F .456 +(It must put the possible completions in the)5.456 F F2(COMPREPL)108 396 +Q(Y)-.828 E F0(array v)2.25 E(ariable, one per array element.)-.25 E(Ne) +108 412.8 Q .08(xt, an)-.15 F 2.58(yc)-.15 G .08 +(ommand speci\214ed with the)-2.58 F F12.58 E F0 .081 (option is in)2.581 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.581(di).1 G 2.581(na) -2.581 G 2.581(ne)-2.581 G -.4(nv)-2.581 G .081(ironment equi).4 F -.25 -(va)-.25 G .081(lent to command sub-).25 F 2.859(stitution. It)108 314.4 +(va)-.25 G .081(lent to command sub-).25 F 2.859(stitution. It)108 424.8 R .359(should print a list of completions, one per line, to the standar\ d output.)2.859 F .358(Backslash may be used)5.359 F(to escape a ne)108 -326.4 Q(wline, if necessary)-.25 E(.)-.65 E .376 -(After all of the possible completions are generated, an)108 343.2 R -2.877<798c>-.15 G .377(lter speci\214ed with the)-2.877 F F32.877 -E F0 .377(option is applied to the)2.877 F 3.182(list. The)108 355.2 R +436.8 Q(wline, if necessary)-.25 E(.)-.65 E .376 +(After all of the possible completions are generated, an)108 453.6 R +2.877<798c>-.15 G .377(lter speci\214ed with the)-2.877 F F12.877 +E F0 .377(option is applied to the)2.877 F 3.182(list. The)108 465.6 R .682(\214lter is a pattern as used for pathname e)3.182 F .681 -(xpansion; a)-.15 F F3(&)3.181 E F0 .681 +(xpansion; a)-.15 F F1(&)3.181 E F0 .681 (in the pattern is replaced with the te)3.181 F .681(xt of)-.15 F .522 -(the w)108 367.2 R .522(ord being completed.)-.1 F 3.022(Al)5.522 G -(iteral)-3.022 E F3(&)3.022 E F0 .523 +(the w)108 477.6 R .522(ord being completed.)-.1 F 3.022(Al)5.522 G +(iteral)-3.022 E F1(&)3.022 E F0 .523 (may be escaped with a backslash; the backslash is remo)3.022 F -.15(ve) --.15 G 3.023(db).15 G(efore)-3.023 E .85(attempting a match.)108 379.2 R +-.15 G 3.023(db).15 G(efore)-3.023 E .85(attempting a match.)108 489.6 R (An)5.85 E 3.35(yc)-.15 G .849 (ompletion that matches the pattern will be remo)-3.35 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.349(df).15 G .849(rom the list.)-3.349 F 3.349(Al)5.849 G(eading) --3.349 E F3(!)3.349 E F0(ne)108 391.2 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G -(tes the pattern; in this case an).05 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G -(ompletion not matching the pattern will be remo)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G -(d.).15 E(Finally)108 408 Q 3.086(,a)-.65 G .886 -.15(ny p)-3.086 H .586 -(re\214x and suf).15 F .587(\214x speci\214ed with the)-.25 F F3 -3.087 E F0(and)3.087 E F33.087 E F0 .587 -(options are added to each member of the com-)3.087 F(pletion list, and\ - the result is returned to the readline completion code as the list of \ -possible completions.)108 420 Q .247(If the pre)108 436.8 R .247 -(viously-applied actions do not generate an)-.25 F 2.747(ym)-.15 G .247 -(atches, and the)-2.747 F F3 .247(\255o dir)2.747 F(names)-.15 E F0 .247 -(option w)2.747 F .246(as supplied to)-.1 F F3(complete)108 448.8 Q F0 -(when the compspec w)2.5 E -(as de\214ned, directory name completion is attempted.)-.1 E .461 -(If the)108 465.6 R F3 .462(\255o plusdirs)2.961 F F0 .462(option w) -2.962 F .462(as supplied to)-.1 F F3(complete)2.962 E F0 .462 +-3.349 E F1(!)3.349 E F0(ne)108 501.6 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G .764 +(tes the pattern; in this case an).05 F 3.264(yc)-.15 G .764 +(ompletion not matching the pattern will be remo)-3.264 F -.15(ve)-.15 G +3.264(d. If).15 F(the)3.265 E F1(nocase-)3.265 E(match)108 513.6 Q F0 +(shell option is enabled, the match is performed without re)2.5 E -.05 +(ga)-.15 G(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 E(Finally)108 +530.4 Q 3.087(,a)-.65 G .887 -.15(ny p)-3.087 H .587(re\214x and suf).15 +F .587(\214x speci\214ed with the)-.25 F F13.087 E F0(and)3.087 E +F13.087 E F0 .587(options are added to each member of the com-) +3.087 F(pletion list, and the result is returned to the readline comple\ +tion code as the list of possible completions.)108 542.4 Q .246 +(If the pre)108 559.2 R .247(viously-applied actions do not generate an) +-.25 F 2.747(ym)-.15 G .247(atches, and the)-2.747 F F1 .247(\255o dir) +2.747 F(names)-.15 E F0 .247(option w)2.747 F .247(as supplied to)-.1 F +F1(complete)108 571.2 Q F0(when the compspec w)2.5 E +(as de\214ned, directory name completion is attempted.)-.1 E .462 +(If the)108 588 R F1 .462(\255o plusdirs)2.962 F F0 .462(option w)2.962 +F .462(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)2.962 E F0 .462 (when the compspec w)2.962 F .462(as de\214ned, directory name com-)-.1 -F(pletion is attempted and an)108 477.6 Q 2.5(ym)-.15 G -(atches are added to the results of the other actions.)-2.5 E .56 -(By def)108 494.4 R .56(ault, if a compspec is found, whate)-.1 F -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 3.06(ri).15 G 3.06(tg)-3.06 G .559 -(enerates is returned to the completion code as the full set)-3.06 F -.631(of possible completions.)108 506.4 R .631(The def)5.631 F(ault)-.1 -E F3(bash)3.131 E F0 .631 -(completions are not attempted, and the readline def)3.131 F .632 -(ault of \214le-)-.1 F .559(name completion is disabled.)108 518.4 R -.559(If the)5.559 F F3 .559(\255o bashdefault)3.059 F F0 .559(option w) -3.059 F .559(as supplied to)-.1 F F3(complete)3.058 E F0 .558 -(when the compspec)3.058 F -.1(wa)108 530.4 S 3.171(sd).1 G .671 -(e\214ned, the)-3.171 F F3(bash)3.171 E F0(def)3.171 E .671 +F(pletion is attempted and an)108 600 Q 2.5(ym)-.15 G +(atches are added to the results of the other actions.)-2.5 E .559 +(By def)108 616.8 R .559(ault, if a compspec is found, whate)-.1 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 3.059(ri).15 G 3.059(tg)-3.059 G .56 +(enerates is returned to the completion code as the full set)-3.059 F +.632(of possible completions.)108 628.8 R .632(The def)5.632 F(ault)-.1 +E F1(bash)3.132 E F0 .631 +(completions are not attempted, and the readline def)3.131 F .631 +(ault of \214le-)-.1 F .558(name completion is disabled.)108 640.8 R +.558(If the)5.558 F F1 .559(\255o bashdefault)3.059 F F0 .559(option w) +3.059 F .559(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)3.059 E F0 .559 +(when the compspec)3.059 F -.1(wa)108 652.8 S 3.172(sd).1 G .672 +(e\214ned, the)-3.172 F F1(bash)3.172 E F0(def)3.172 E .671 (ault completions are attempted if the compspec generates no matches.) --.1 F .672(If the)5.672 F F33.172 E(default)108 542.4 Q F0 1.207 -(option w)3.707 F 1.207(as supplied to)-.1 F F3(complete)3.707 E F0 +-.1 F .671(If the)5.671 F F13.171 E(default)108 664.8 Q F0 1.207 +(option w)3.706 F 1.207(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)3.707 E F0 1.207(when the compspec w)3.707 F 1.207(as de\214ned, readline')-.1 F -3.707(sd)-.55 G(ef)-3.707 E 1.206(ault completion)-.1 F +3.707(sd)-.55 G(ef)-3.707 E 1.207(ault completion)-.1 F (will be performed if the compspec \(and, if attempted, the def)108 -554.4 Q(ault)-.1 E F3(bash)2.5 E F0(completions\) generate no matches.) +676.8 Q(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(completions\) generate no matches.) 2.5 E .245(When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is \ -desired, the programmable completion func-)108 571.2 R .633(tions force\ +desired, the programmable completion func-)108 693.6 R .632(tions force\ readline to append a slash to completed names which are symbolic links\ - to directories, subject)108 583.2 R 2.761(to the v)108 595.2 R 2.761 -(alue of the)-.25 F F3(mark\255dir)5.261 E(ectories)-.18 E F0 2.761 -(readline v)5.261 F 2.761(ariable, re)-.25 F -.05(ga)-.15 G 2.762 -(rdless of the setting of the).05 F F3(mark-sym-)5.262 E(link)108 607.2 + to directories, subject)108 705.6 R 2.762(to the v)108 717.6 R 2.762 +(alue of the)-.25 F F1(mark\255dir)5.262 E(ectories)-.18 E F0 2.761 +(readline v)5.262 F 2.761(ariable, re)-.25 F -.05(ga)-.15 G 2.761 +(rdless of the setting of the).05 F F1(mark-sym-)5.261 E(link)108 729.6 Q(ed\255dir)-.1 E(ectories)-.18 E F0(readline v)2.5 E(ariable.)-.25 E -.191(There is some support for dynamically modifying completions.)108 -624 R .19(This is most useful when used in combina-)5.191 F 1.33 -(tion with a def)108 636 R 1.33(ault completion speci\214ed with)-.1 F -F3 1.33(complete -D)3.83 F F0 6.33(.I)C(t')-6.33 E 3.83(sp)-.55 G 1.33 -(ossible for shell functions e)-3.83 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.33(cuted as).15 -F .93(completion handlers to indicate that completion should be retried\ - by returning an e)108 648 R .93(xit status of 124.)-.15 F .93(If a)5.93 -F .1(shell function returns 124, and changes the compspec associated wi\ -th the command on which completion is)108 660 R .666 -(being attempted \(supplied as the \214rst ar)108 672 R .665 -(gument when the function is e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .665 -(cuted\), programmable completion).15 F .083(restarts from the be)108 -684 R .084(ginning, with an attempt to \214nd a ne)-.15 F 2.584(wc)-.25 -G .084(ompspec for that command.)-2.584 F .084(This allo)5.084 F .084 -(ws a set of)-.25 F(completions to be b)108 696 Q(uilt dynamically as c\ -ompletion is attempted, rather than being loaded all at once.)-.2 E -.15 -(Fo)108 712.8 S 2.637(ri).15 G .137 -(nstance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each k)-2.637 F -.137(ept in a \214le corresponding to the name of)-.1 F -(the command, the follo)108 724.8 Q(wing def)-.25 E -(ault completion function w)-.1 E(ould load completions dynamically:)-.1 -E(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(48)190.95 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 49 49 +(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(50)192.055 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 51 51 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Courier@0 SF(_completion_loader\(\))108 84 Q({)108 96 Q 6 -(.")144 108 S +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .19 +(There is some support for dynamically modifying completions.)108 84 R +.191(This is most useful when used in combina-)5.191 F 1.33 +(tion with a def)108 96 R 1.33(ault completion speci\214ed with)-.1 F/F1 +10/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.33(complete -D)3.83 F F0 6.33(.I)C(t')-6.33 E 3.83 +(sp)-.55 G 1.33(ossible for shell functions e)-3.83 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +1.33(cuted as).15 F .93(completion handlers to indicate that completion\ + should be retried by returning an e)108 108 R .93(xit status of 124.) +-.15 F .93(If a)5.93 F .1(shell function returns 124, and changes the c\ +ompspec associated with the command on which completion is)108 120 R +.665(being attempted \(supplied as the \214rst ar)108 132 R .666 +(gument when the function is e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .666 +(cuted\), programmable completion).15 F .084(restarts from the be)108 +144 R .084(ginning, with an attempt to \214nd a ne)-.15 F 2.584(wc)-.25 +G .084(ompspec for that command.)-2.584 F .083(This allo)5.083 F .083 +(ws a set of)-.25 F(completions to be b)108 156 Q(uilt dynamically as c\ +ompletion is attempted, rather than being loaded all at once.)-.2 E -.15 +(Fo)108 172.8 S 2.636(ri).15 G .137 +(nstance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each k)-2.636 F +.137(ept in a \214le corresponding to the name of)-.1 F +(the command, the follo)108 184.8 Q(wing def)-.25 E +(ault completion function w)-.1 E(ould load completions dynamically:)-.1 +E/F2 10/Courier@0 SF(_completion_loader\(\))108 201.6 Q({)108 213.6 Q 6 +(.")144 225.6 S (/etc/bash_completion.d/$1.sh" >/dev/null 2>&1 && return 124)-6 E(})108 -120 Q(complete -D -F _completion_loader -o bashdefault -o default)108 -132 Q/F2 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)72 160.8 Q(OR)-.197 E(Y)-.383 E F0 -.371(When the)108 172.8 R/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF .371(\255o history)2.871 -F F0 .371(option to the)2.871 F F3(set)2.872 E F0 -.2(bu)2.872 G .372 -(iltin is enabled, the shell pro).2 F .372(vides access to the)-.15 F/F4 -10/Times-Italic@0 SF .372(command history)2.872 F F0(,)A .305 -(the list of commands pre)108 184.8 R .305(viously typed.)-.25 F .305 -(The v)5.305 F .304(alue of the)-.25 F/F5 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTSIZE) -2.804 E F0 -.25(va)2.554 G .304(riable is used as the number of com-).25 -F .429(mands to sa)108 196.8 R .729 -.15(ve i)-.2 H 2.929(nah).15 G .429 -(istory list.)-2.929 F .429(The te)5.429 F .429(xt of the last)-.15 F F5 -(HISTSIZE)2.93 E F0 .43(commands \(def)2.68 F .43(ault 500\) is sa)-.1 F --.15(ve)-.2 G 2.93(d. 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The).15 F(shell)2.929 E .287 (stores each command in the history list prior to parameter and v)108 -208.8 R .287(ariable e)-.25 F .287(xpansion \(see)-.15 F F5(EXP)2.787 E -(ANSION)-.666 E F0(abo)2.537 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\)).15 E -.2(bu)108 220.8 -S 4.065(ta).2 G 1.565(fter history e)-4.065 F 1.565 +326.4 R .287(ariable e)-.25 F .287(xpansion \(see)-.15 F F5(EXP)2.787 E +(ANSION)-.666 E F0(abo)2.537 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\)).15 E -.2(bu)108 338.4 +S 4.066(ta).2 G 1.565(fter history e)-4.066 F 1.565 (xpansion is performed, subject to the v)-.15 F 1.565 (alues of the shell v)-.25 F(ariables)-.25 E F5(HISTIGNORE)4.065 E F0 -(and)3.816 E F5(HISTCONTR)108 232.8 Q(OL)-.27 E/F6 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.) +(and)3.815 E F5(HISTCONTR)108 350.4 Q(OL)-.27 E/F6 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.) A F0 .082 (On startup, the history is initialized from the \214le named by the v) -108 249.6 R(ariable)-.25 E F5(HISTFILE)2.582 E F0(\(def)2.332 E(ault)-.1 -E F4(~/.bash_history)2.582 E F0(\).)A .315(The \214le named by the v)108 -261.6 R .315(alue of)-.25 F F5(HISTFILE)2.815 E F0 .315 +108 367.2 R(ariable)-.25 E F5(HISTFILE)2.583 E F0(\(def)2.333 E(ault)-.1 +E F4(~/.bash_history)2.583 E F0(\).)A .315(The \214le named by the v)108 +379.2 R .315(alue of)-.25 F F5(HISTFILE)2.815 E F0 .315 (is truncated, if necessary)2.565 F 2.815(,t)-.65 G 2.815(oc)-2.815 G -.315(ontain no more than the number of)-2.815 F .659 -(lines speci\214ed by the v)108 273.6 R .659(alue of)-.25 F F5 -(HISTFILESIZE)3.158 E F6(.)A F0(If)5.158 E F3(HISTFILESIZE)3.158 E F0 -.658(is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric)3.158 F -.25(va)108 285.6 S +.315(ontain no more than the number of)-2.815 F .658 +(lines speci\214ed by the v)108 391.2 R .658(alue of)-.25 F F5 +(HISTFILESIZE)3.158 E F6(.)A F0(If)5.158 E F1(HISTFILESIZE)3.158 E F0 +.659(is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric)3.158 F -.25(va)108 403.2 S .142(lue, or a numeric v).25 F .142 (alue less than zero, the history \214le is not truncated.)-.25 F .142 -(When the history \214le is read, lines)5.142 F(be)108 297.6 Q 1.605 +(When the history \214le is read, lines)5.142 F(be)108 415.2 Q 1.604 (ginning with the history comment character follo)-.15 F 1.604 (wed immediately by a digit are interpreted as time-)-.25 F .098 -(stamps for the preceding history line.)108 309.6 R .098 +(stamps for the preceding history line.)108 427.2 R .098 (These timestamps are optionally displayed depending on the v)5.098 F -.098(alue of)-.25 F(the)108 321.6 Q F5(HISTTIMEFORMA)3.559 E(T)-.855 E +.098(alue of)-.25 F(the)108 439.2 Q F5(HISTTIMEFORMA)3.558 E(T)-.855 E F0 -.25(va)3.309 G 3.559(riable. 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If) -.15 F F5(HISTFILE)2.696 E F0 .197(is unset, or if the history \214le is\ - unwritable, the history is not sa)2.446 F -.15(ve)-.2 G(d.).15 E .584 -(If the)108 369.6 R F5(HISTTIMEFORMA)3.084 E(T)-.855 E F0 -.25(va)2.834 +.197(history \214le is o)108 475.2 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.697(rwritten. If) +.15 F F5(HISTFILE)2.697 E F0 .196(is unset, or if the history \214le is\ + unwritable, the history is not sa)2.447 F -.15(ve)-.2 G(d.).15 E .583 +(If the)108 487.2 R F5(HISTTIMEFORMA)3.083 E(T)-.855 E F0 -.25(va)2.834 G .584 (riable is set, time stamps are written to the history \214le, mark).25 -F .583(ed with the his-)-.1 F 1.147(tory comment character)108 381.6 R -3.647(,s)-.4 G 3.647(ot)-3.647 G(he)-3.647 E 3.647(ym)-.15 G 1.147 -(ay be preserv)-3.647 F 1.147(ed across shell sessions.)-.15 F 1.148 -(This uses the history comment)6.148 F 1.377 -(character to distinguish timestamps from other history lines.)108 393.6 -R 1.377(After sa)6.377 F 1.377(ving the history)-.2 F 3.876(,t)-.65 G -1.376(he history \214le is)-3.876 F .756 -(truncated to contain no more than)108 405.6 R F5(HISTFILESIZE)3.257 E +F .584(ed with the his-)-.1 F 1.148(tory comment character)108 499.2 R +3.648(,s)-.4 G 3.648(ot)-3.648 G(he)-3.648 E 3.648(ym)-.15 G 1.147 +(ay be preserv)-3.648 F 1.147(ed across shell sessions.)-.15 F 1.147 +(This uses the history comment)6.147 F 1.376 +(character to distinguish timestamps from other history lines.)108 511.2 +R 1.377(After sa)6.377 F 1.377(ving the history)-.2 F 3.877(,t)-.65 G +1.377(he history \214le is)-3.877 F .757 +(truncated to contain no more than)108 523.2 R F5(HISTFILESIZE)3.257 E F0 3.257(lines. If)3.007 F F5(HISTFILESIZE)3.257 E F0 .757 -(is unset, or set to null, a non-)3.007 F(numeric v)108 417.6 Q +(is unset, or set to null, a non-)3.007 F(numeric v)108 535.2 Q (alue, or a numeric v)-.25 E -(alue less than zero, the history \214le is not truncated.)-.25 E 1.294 -(The b)108 434.4 R 1.294(uiltin command)-.2 F F3(fc)3.794 E F0(\(see) -3.794 E F5 1.293(SHELL B)3.794 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.293(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F -F0(belo)3.543 E 1.293(w\) may be used to list or edit and re-)-.25 F --.15(exe)108 446.4 S .673(cute a portion of the history list.).15 F(The) -5.673 E F3(history)3.173 E F0 -.2(bu)3.173 G .673 -(iltin may be used to display or modify the history list).2 F .28 -(and manipulate the history \214le.)108 458.4 R .279 -(When using command-line editing, search commands are a)5.279 F -.25(va) --.2 G .279(ilable in each).25 F(editing mode that pro)108 470.4 Q -(vide access to the history list.)-.15 E 1.485(The shell allo)108 487.2 -R 1.485(ws control o)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.986(rw).15 G 1.486 +(alue less than zero, the history \214le is not truncated.)-.25 E .298 +(The b)108 552 R .298(uiltin command)-.2 F F1(fc)2.798 E F0(\(see)2.798 +E F5 .298(SHELL B)2.798 F(UIL)-.09 E .298(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo) +2.549 E .299(w\) may be used to list or edit and re-e)-.25 F -.15(xe) +-.15 G(-).15 E .472(cute a portion of the history list.)108 564 R(The) +5.472 E F1(history)2.972 E F0 -.2(bu)2.972 G .471 +(iltin may be used to display or modify the history list and).2 F .001 +(manipulate the history \214le.)108 576 R .001 +(When using command-line editing, search commands are a)5.001 F -.25(va) +-.2 G .002(ilable in each edit-).25 F(ing mode that pro)108 588 Q +(vide access to the history list.)-.15 E 1.486(The shell allo)108 604.8 +R 1.486(ws control o)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.986(rw).15 G 1.486 (hich commands are sa)-3.986 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.986(do).15 G 3.986(nt) --3.986 G 1.486(he history list.)-3.986 F(The)6.486 E F5(HISTCONTR)3.986 -E(OL)-.27 E F0(and)3.736 E F5(HISTIGNORE)108 499.2 Q F0 -.25(va)2.708 G -.458(riables may be set to cause the shell to sa).25 F .757 -.15(ve o) --.2 H .457(nly a subset of the commands entered.).15 F(The)5.457 E F3 -(cmdhist)108 511.2 Q F0 .75 +-3.986 G 1.486(he history list.)-3.986 F(The)6.485 E F5(HISTCONTR)3.985 +E(OL)-.27 E F0(and)3.735 E F5(HISTIGNORE)108 616.8 Q F0 -.25(va)2.707 G +.457(riables may be set to cause the shell to sa).25 F .758 -.15(ve o) +-.2 H .458(nly a subset of the commands entered.).15 F(The)5.458 E F1 +(cmdhist)108 628.8 Q F0 .75 (shell option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to sa)3.25 F 1.05 -.15(ve e)-.2 H .75(ach line of a multi-line command in).15 F 1.077 -(the same history entry)108 523.2 R 3.577(,a)-.65 G 1.077 +(the same history entry)108 640.8 R 3.577(,a)-.65 G 1.077 (dding semicolons where necessary to preserv)-3.577 F 3.577(es)-.15 G -1.077(yntactic correctness.)-3.577 F(The)6.077 E F3(lithist)3.576 E F0 -.373(shell option causes the shell to sa)108 535.2 R .674 -.15(ve t)-.2 -H .374(he command with embedded ne).15 F .374 -(wlines instead of semicolons.)-.25 F .374(See the)5.374 F .319 -(description of the)108 547.2 R F3(shopt)2.819 E F0 -.2(bu)2.819 G .318 +1.077(yntactic correctness.)-3.577 F(The)6.077 E F1(lithist)3.577 E F0 +.374(shell option causes the shell to sa)108 652.8 R .674 -.15(ve t)-.2 +H .374(he command with embedded ne).15 F .373 +(wlines instead of semicolons.)-.25 F .373(See the)5.373 F .318 +(description of the)108 664.8 R F1(shopt)2.818 E F0 -.2(bu)2.818 G .318 (iltin belo).2 F 2.818(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.818 E F5 .318(SHELL B)2.818 F -(UIL)-.09 E .318(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0 .318 +(UIL)-.09 E .318(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0 .319 (for information on setting and)2.568 F(unsetting shell options.)108 -559.2 Q F2(HIST)72 576 Q(OR)-.197 E 2.738(YE)-.383 G(XP)-2.738 E(ANSION) --.81 E F0 .61(The shell supports a history e)108 588 R .611 -(xpansion feature that is similar to the history e)-.15 F .611 -(xpansion in)-.15 F F3(csh.)3.111 E F0 .611(This section)5.611 F .871 -(describes what syntax features are a)108 600 R -.25(va)-.2 G 3.371 -(ilable. This).25 F .871(feature is enabled by def)3.371 F .87 -(ault for interacti)-.1 F 1.17 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .87(hells, and).15 F -2.013(can be disabled using the)108 612 R F3(+H)4.514 E F0 2.014 -(option to the)4.514 F F3(set)4.514 E F0 -.2(bu)4.514 G 2.014 -(iltin command \(see).2 F F5 2.014(SHELL B)4.514 F(UIL)-.09 E 2.014 -(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)108 624 Q 2.5(w\). Non-interacti)-.25 F .3 --.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells do not perform history e).15 E(xpansion by def) --.15 E(ault.)-.1 E 1.306(History e)108 640.8 R 1.306 -(xpansions introduce w)-.15 F 1.306(ords from the history list into the\ - input stream, making it easy to repeat)-.1 F .209 -(commands, insert the ar)108 652.8 R .209(guments to a pre)-.18 F .21 +676.8 Q F3(HIST)72 693.6 Q(OR)-.197 E 2.738(YE)-.383 G(XP)-2.738 E +(ANSION)-.81 E F0 .611(The shell supports a history e)108 705.6 R .611 +(xpansion feature that is similar to the history e)-.15 F .61 +(xpansion in)-.15 F F1(csh.)3.11 E F0 .61(This section)5.61 F .87 +(describes what syntax features are a)108 717.6 R -.25(va)-.2 G 3.371 +(ilable. This).25 F .871(feature is enabled by def)3.371 F .871 +(ault for interacti)-.1 F 1.171 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .871(hells, and).15 F +2.014(can be disabled using the)108 729.6 R F1(+H)4.514 E F0 2.014 +(option to the)4.514 F F1(set)4.514 E F0 -.2(bu)4.514 G 2.014 +(iltin command \(see).2 F F5 2.013(SHELL B)4.513 F(UIL)-.09 E 2.013 +(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E +(51)192.055 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 52 52 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(belo)108 84 Q 2.5 +(w\). Non-interacti)-.25 F .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H +(hells do not perform history e).15 E(xpansion by def)-.15 E(ault.)-.1 E +1.305(History e)108 100.8 R 1.305(xpansions introduce w)-.15 F 1.306(or\ +ds from the history list into the input stream, making it easy to repea\ +t)-.1 F .21(commands, insert the ar)108 112.8 R .21(guments to a pre) +-.18 F .209 (vious command into the current input line, or \214x errors in pre)-.25 -F(vious)-.25 E(commands quickly)108 664.8 Q(.)-.65 E 1.164(History e)108 -681.6 R 1.163(xpansion is performed immediately after a complete line i\ -s read, before the shell breaks it into)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 693.6 S 3.2 +F(vious)-.25 E(commands quickly)108 124.8 Q(.)-.65 E 1.163(History e)108 +141.6 R 1.163(xpansion is performed immediately after a complete line i\ +s read, before the shell breaks it into)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 153.6 S 3.2 (rds. It).1 F(tak)3.2 E .7(es place in tw)-.1 F 3.2(op)-.1 G 3.2 (arts. The)-3.2 F .7 (\214rst is to determine which line from the history list to use during) -3.2 F 4.368(substitution. The)108 705.6 R 1.868(second is to select por\ -tions of that line for inclusion into the current one.)4.368 F 1.867 -(The line)6.867 F .662(selected from the history is the)108 717.6 R F4 --.15(ev)3.162 G(ent).15 E F0 3.162(,a)C .663 -(nd the portions of that line that are acted upon are)-3.162 F F4(wor) -3.163 E(ds)-.37 E F0 5.663(.V)C(arious)-6.773 E F4(modi\214er)108 729.6 -Q(s)-.1 E F0 .227(are a)2.727 F -.25(va)-.2 G .227 -(ilable to manipulate the selected w).25 F 2.727(ords. The)-.1 F .226 -(line is brok)2.726 F .226(en into w)-.1 F .226(ords in the same f)-.1 F -(ashion)-.1 E(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(49)190.95 E -0 Cg EP -%%Page: 50 50 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E .351(as when reading input, so that se)108 84 R -.15(ve)-.25 G -(ral).15 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(metac)2.852 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E -F0 .352(-separated w)B .352(ords surrounded by quotes are considered)-.1 -F .625(one w)108 96 R 3.125(ord. History)-.1 F -.15(ex)3.125 G .624 -(pansions are introduced by the appearance of the history e).15 F .624 -(xpansion character)-.15 F 3.124(,w)-.4 G(hich)-3.124 E(is)108 108 Q/F2 -10/Times-Bold@0 SF(!)3.333 E F0(by def)3.333 E 2.5(ault. Only)-.1 F -(backslash \()2.5 E F2(\\).833 E F0 2.5(\)a).833 G -(nd single quotes can quote the history e)-2.5 E(xpansion character)-.15 -E(.)-.55 E(Se)108 124.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .03 +3.2 F 4.367(substitution. The)108 165.6 R 1.868(second is to select por\ +tions of that line for inclusion into the current one.)4.367 F 1.868 +(The line)6.868 F .663(selected from the history is the)108 177.6 R/F1 +10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.15(ev)3.163 G(ent).15 E F0 3.163(,a)C .663 +(nd the portions of that line that are acted upon are)-3.163 F F1(wor) +3.162 E(ds)-.37 E F0 5.662(.V)C(arious)-6.772 E F1(modi\214er)108 189.6 +Q(s)-.1 E F0 .226(are a)2.726 F -.25(va)-.2 G .226 +(ilable to manipulate the selected w).25 F 2.726(ords. The)-.1 F .227 +(line is brok)2.726 F .227(en into w)-.1 F .227(ords in the same f)-.1 F +(ashion)-.1 E .352(as when reading input, so that se)108 201.6 R -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(ral).15 E F1(metac)2.852 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E F0 .351 +(-separated w)B .351(ords surrounded by quotes are considered)-.1 F .624 +(one w)108 213.6 R 3.124(ord. History)-.1 F -.15(ex)3.124 G .624 +(pansions are introduced by the appearance of the history e).15 F .625 +(xpansion character)-.15 F 3.125(,w)-.4 G(hich)-3.125 E(is)108 225.6 Q +/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(!)3.511 E F0 .178(by def)3.511 F 2.678 +(ault. Only)-.1 F .178(backslash \()2.678 F F2(\\).833 E F0 2.678(\)a) +.833 G .178(nd single quotes can quote the history e)-2.678 F .177 +(xpansion character)-.15 F 2.677(,b)-.4 G .177(ut the his-)-2.877 F .67 +(tory e)108 237.6 R .67(xpansion character is also treated as quoted if\ + it immediately precedes the closing double quote in a)-.15 F +(double-quoted string.)108 249.6 Q(Se)108 266.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .03 (ral characters inhibit history e).15 F .03 (xpansion if found immediately follo)-.15 F .03(wing the history e)-.25 -F .03(xpansion character)-.15 F(,)-.4 E -2.15 -.25(ev e)108 136.8 T -3.163(ni).25 G 3.163(fi)-3.163 G 3.162(ti)-3.163 G 3.162(su)-3.162 G +F .03(xpansion character)-.15 F(,)-.4 E -2.15 -.25(ev e)108 278.4 T +3.162(ni).25 G 3.162(fi)-3.162 G 3.162(ti)-3.162 G 3.162(su)-3.162 G .662(nquoted: space, tab, ne)-3.162 F .662(wline, carriage return, and) -.25 F F2(=)3.162 E F0 5.662(.I)C 3.162(ft)-5.662 G(he)-3.162 E F2 -(extglob)3.162 E F0 .662(shell option is enabled,)3.162 F F2(\()3.162 E -F0(will also inhibit e)108 148.8 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E(Se)108 165.6 Q -.15 -(ve)-.25 G .109(ral shell options settable with the).15 F F2(shopt)2.609 -E F0 -.2(bu)2.609 G .11(iltin may be used to tailor the beha).2 F .11 -(vior of history e)-.2 F(xpansion.)-.15 E 1.143(If the)108 177.6 R F2 +(extglob)3.162 E F0 .662(shell option is enabled,)3.162 F F2(\()3.163 E +F0(will also inhibit e)108 290.4 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E(Se)108 307.2 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G .11(ral shell options settable with the).15 F F2(shopt)2.61 E +F0 -.2(bu)2.61 G .109(iltin may be used to tailor the beha).2 F .109 +(vior of history e)-.2 F(xpansion.)-.15 E 1.142(If the)108 319.2 R F2 (histv)3.643 E(erify)-.1 E F0 1.143 (shell option is enabled \(see the description of the)3.643 F F2(shopt) 3.643 E F0 -.2(bu)3.643 G 1.143(iltin belo).2 F 1.143(w\), and)-.25 F F2 --.18(re)3.643 G(adline).18 E F0(is)3.642 E .461(being used, history sub\ -stitutions are not immediately passed to the shell parser)108 189.6 R -5.461(.I)-.55 G .461(nstead, the e)-5.461 F .461(xpanded line)-.15 F -1.516(is reloaded into the)108 201.6 R F2 -.18(re)4.016 G(adline).18 E -F0 1.516(editing b)4.016 F(uf)-.2 E 1.516 -(fer for further modi\214cation.)-.25 F(If)6.516 E F2 -.18(re)4.015 G -(adline).18 E F0 1.515(is being used, and the)4.015 F F2(histr)108 213.6 -Q(eedit)-.18 E F0 1.202(shell option is enabled, a f)3.702 F 1.202 +-.18(re)3.643 G(adline).18 E F0(is)3.643 E .461(being used, history sub\ +stitutions are not immediately passed to the shell parser)108 331.2 R +5.46(.I)-.55 G .46(nstead, the e)-5.46 F .46(xpanded line)-.15 F 1.515 +(is reloaded into the)108 343.2 R F2 -.18(re)4.015 G(adline).18 E F0 +1.515(editing b)4.015 F(uf)-.2 E 1.516(fer for further modi\214cation.) +-.25 F(If)6.516 E F2 -.18(re)4.016 G(adline).18 E F0 1.516 +(is being used, and the)4.016 F F2(histr)108 355.2 Q(eedit)-.18 E F0 +1.202(shell option is enabled, a f)3.702 F 1.202 (ailed history substitution will be reloaded into the)-.1 F F2 -.18(re) -3.702 G(adline).18 E F0(editing)3.702 E -.2(bu)108 225.6 S -.25(ff).2 G -1.161(er for correction.).25 F(The)6.161 E F23.661 E F0 1.161 -(option to the)3.661 F F2(history)3.661 E F0 -.2(bu)3.661 G 1.16 -(iltin command may be used to see what a history).2 F -.15(ex)108 237.6 -S .055(pansion will do before using it.).15 F(The)5.055 E F22.555 -E F0 .055(option to the)2.555 F F2(history)2.556 E F0 -.2(bu)2.556 G -.056(iltin may be used to add commands to the).2 F -(end of the history list without actually e)108 249.6 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +3.702 G(adline).18 E F0(editing)3.702 E -.2(bu)108 367.2 S -.25(ff).2 G +1.16(er for correction.).25 F(The)6.16 E F23.66 E F0 1.16 +(option to the)3.66 F F2(history)3.66 E F0 -.2(bu)3.661 G 1.161 +(iltin command may be used to see what a history).2 F -.15(ex)108 379.2 +S .056(pansion will do before using it.).15 F(The)5.056 E F22.556 +E F0 .056(option to the)2.556 F F2(history)2.555 E F0 -.2(bu)2.555 G +.055(iltin may be used to add commands to the).2 F +(end of the history list without actually e)108 391.2 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G (cuting them, so that the).15 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re a)-2.5 E -.25(va)-.2 G -(ilable for subsequent recall.).25 E 2.2(The shell allo)108 266.4 R 2.2 +(ilable for subsequent recall.).25 E 2.2(The shell allo)108 408 R 2.2 (ws control of the v)-.25 F 2.2(arious characters used by the history e) --.25 F 2.2(xpansion mechanism \(see the)-.15 F 1.146(description of)108 -278.4 R F2(histchars)3.646 E F0(abo)3.646 E 1.446 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder) -.15 E F2 1.146(Shell V)3.646 F(ariables)-.92 E F0 3.646(\). The)B 1.147 +-.25 F 2.2(xpansion mechanism \(see the)-.15 F 1.147(description of)108 +420 R F2(histchars)3.647 E F0(abo)3.647 E 1.447 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder) +.15 E F2 1.147(Shell V)3.647 F(ariables)-.92 E F0 3.646(\). The)B 1.146 (shell uses the history comment character to)3.646 F -(mark history timestamps when writing the history \214le.)108 290.4 Q F2 -(Ev)87 307.2 Q(ent Designators)-.1 E F0 .205(An e)108 319.2 R -.15(ve) +(mark history timestamps when writing the history \214le.)108 432 Q F2 +(Ev)87 448.8 Q(ent Designators)-.1 E F0 .204(An e)108 460.8 R -.15(ve) -.25 G .204(nt designator is a reference to a command line entry in the\ - history list.).15 F .204(Unless the reference is abso-)5.204 F(lute, e) -108 331.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(nts are relati).15 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 2.5 -(ot).15 G(he current position in the history list.)-2.5 E F2(!)108 348 Q -F0 1.607(Start a history substitution, e)32.67 F 1.607(xcept when follo) --.15 F 1.607(wed by a)-.25 F F2(blank)4.107 E F0 4.107(,n)C -.25(ew) --4.107 G 1.608(line, carriage return, = or \().25 F(\(when the)144 360 Q -F2(extglob)2.5 E F0(shell option is enabled using the)2.5 E F2(shopt)2.5 -E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin\).).2 E F2(!)108 372 Q F1(n)A F0 -(Refer to command line)27.67 E F1(n)2.5 E F0(.).24 E F2<21ad>108 384 Q -F1(n)A F0(Refer to the current command minus)21.97 E F1(n)2.5 E F0(.).24 -E F2(!!)108 396 Q F0(Refer to the pre)29.34 E(vious command.)-.25 E -(This is a synon)5 E(ym for `!\2551'.)-.15 E F2(!)108 408 Q F1(string)A -F0 .865(Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position\ - in the history list starting with)9.33 F F1(string)144 420 Q F0(.).22 E -F2(!?)108 432 Q F1(string)A F2([?])A F0 1.503(Refer to the most recent \ -command preceding the current position in the history list containing) -144 444 R F1(string)144 456 Q F0 5(.T).22 G(he trailing)-5 E F2(?)2.5 E -F0(may be omitted if)2.5 E F1(string)2.84 E F0(is follo)2.72 E -(wed immediately by a ne)-.25 E(wline.)-.25 E/F3 12/Times-Bold@0 SF(^) -108 473 Q F1(string1)-5 I F3(^)5 I F1(string2)-5 I F3(^)5 I F0 .784 -(Quick substitution.)144 480 R .784(Repeat the pre)5.784 F .784 -(vious command, replacing)-.25 F F1(string1)3.624 E F0(with)3.283 E F1 -(string2)3.283 E F0 5.783(.E).02 G(qui)-5.783 E -.25(va)-.25 G .783 -(lent to).25 F -.74(``)144 492 S(!!:s/).74 E F1(string1)A F0(/)A F1 + history list.).15 F .205(Unless the reference is abso-)5.204 F(lute, e) +108 472.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(nts are relati).15 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 2.5 +(ot).15 G(he current position in the history list.)-2.5 E F2(!)108 489.6 +Q F0 1.608(Start a history substitution, e)144 489.6 R 1.608 +(xcept when follo)-.15 F 1.607(wed by a)-.25 F F2(blank)4.107 E F0 4.107 +(,n)C -.25(ew)-4.107 G 1.607(line, carriage return, = or \().25 F +(\(when the)144 501.6 Q F2(extglob)2.5 E F0 +(shell option is enabled using the)2.5 E F2(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G +(iltin\).).2 E F2(!)108 513.6 Q F1(n)A F0(Refer to command line)144 +513.6 Q F1(n)2.5 E F0(.).24 E F2<21ad>108 525.6 Q F1(n)A F0 +(Refer to the current command minus)144 525.6 Q F1(n)2.5 E F0(.).24 E F2 +(!!)108 537.6 Q F0(Refer to the pre)144 537.6 Q(vious command.)-.25 E +(This is a synon)5 E(ym for `!\2551'.)-.15 E F2(!)108 549.6 Q F1(string) +A F0 .865(Refer to the most recent command preceding the current positi\ +on in the history list starting with)144 549.6 R F1(string)144 561.6 Q +F0(.).22 E F2(!?)108 573.6 Q F1(string)A F2([?])A F0 1.503(Refer to the\ + most recent command preceding the current position in the history list\ + containing)144 585.6 R F1(string)144 597.6 Q F0 5(.T).22 G(he trailing) +-5 E F2(?)2.5 E F0(may be omitted if)2.5 E F1(string)2.84 E F0(is follo) +2.72 E(wed immediately by a ne)-.25 E(wline.)-.25 E/F3 12/Times-Bold@0 +SF(^)108 614.6 Q F1(string1)-5 I F3(^)5 I F1(string2)-5 I F3(^)5 I F0 +.783(Quick substitution.)144 621.6 R .783(Repeat the pre)5.783 F .784 +(vious command, replacing)-.25 F F1(string1)3.624 E F0(with)3.284 E F1 +(string2)3.284 E F0 5.784(.E).02 G(qui)-5.784 E -.25(va)-.25 G .784 +(lent to).25 F -.74(``)144 633.6 S(!!:s/).74 E F1(string1)A F0(/)A F1 (string2)A F0(/')A 2.5('\()-.74 G(see)-2.5 E F2(Modi\214ers)2.5 E F0 -(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(!#)108 504 Q F0 -(The entire command line typed so f)27.67 E(ar)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F2 -.75 -(Wo)87 520.8 S(rd Designators).75 E F0 -.8(Wo)108 532.8 S 1.313 +(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(!#)108 645.6 Q F0 +(The entire command line typed so f)144 645.6 Q(ar)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F2 +-.75(Wo)87 662.4 S(rd Designators).75 E F0 -.8(Wo)108 674.4 S 1.314 (rd designators are used to select desired w).8 F 1.314(ords from the e) --.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.814(nt. A).15 F F2(:)3.814 E F0 1.314 -(separates the e)3.814 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.314(nt speci\214cation).15 F -.53(from the w)108 544.8 R .529(ord designator)-.1 F 5.529(.I)-.55 G +-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.814(nt. A).15 F F2(:)3.814 E F0 1.313 +(separates the e)3.813 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.313(nt speci\214cation).15 F +.529(from the w)108 686.4 R .529(ord designator)-.1 F 5.529(.I)-.55 G 3.029(tm)-5.529 G .529(ay be omitted if the w)-3.029 F .529 (ord designator be)-.1 F .529(gins with a)-.15 F F2(^)3.029 E F0(,)A F2 ($)3.029 E F0(,)A F2(*)3.029 E F0(,)A F23.029 E F0 3.029(,o)C(r) --3.029 E F2(%)3.029 E F0 5.529(.W)C(ords)-6.329 E 1.3 -(are numbered from the be)108 556.8 R 1.3 -(ginning of the line, with the \214rst w)-.15 F 1.301 -(ord being denoted by 0 \(zero\).)-.1 F -.8(Wo)6.301 G 1.301(rds are).8 -F(inserted into the current line separated by single spaces.)108 568.8 Q -F2 2.5(0\()108 585.6 S(zer)-2.5 E(o\))-.18 E F0(The zeroth w)144 597.6 Q -2.5(ord. F)-.1 F(or the shell, this is the command w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E -F1(n)108.36 609.6 Q F0(The)30.64 E F1(n)2.5 E F0(th w)A(ord.)-.1 E F2(^) -108 621.6 Q F0(The \214rst ar)32.67 E 2.5(gument. That)-.18 F(is, w)2.5 -E(ord 1.)-.1 E F2($)108 633.6 Q F0 .064(The last w)31 F 2.564(ord. This) --.1 F .064(is usually the last ar)2.564 F .064(gument, b)-.18 F .064 -(ut will e)-.2 F .064(xpand to the zeroth w)-.15 F .063 -(ord if there is only)-.1 F(one w)144 645.6 Q(ord in the line.)-.1 E F2 -(%)108 657.6 Q F0(The w)26 E(ord matched by the most recent `?)-.1 E F1 -(string)A F0(?' search.)A F1(x)108.77 669.6 Q F2A F1(y)A F0 2.5(Ar) -20.65 G(ange of w)-2.5 E(ords; `\255)-.1 E F1(y)A F0 2.5('a)C(bbre)-2.5 -E(viates `0\255)-.25 E F1(y)A F0('.)A F2(*)108 681.6 Q F0 .315 -(All of the w)31 F .315(ords b)-.1 F .315(ut the zeroth.)-.2 F .315 -(This is a synon)5.315 F .315(ym for `)-.15 F F1(1\255$)A F0 2.815 -('. It)B .315(is not an error to use)2.815 F F2(*)2.816 E F0 .316 -(if there is)2.816 F(just one w)144 693.6 Q(ord in the e)-.1 E -.15(ve) --.25 G(nt; the empty string is returned in that case.).15 E F2(x*)108 -705.6 Q F0(Abbre)26 E(viates)-.25 E F1(x\255$)2.5 E F0(.)A F2<78ad>108 -717.6 Q F0(Abbre)25.3 E(viates)-.25 E F1(x\255$)2.5 E F0(lik)2.5 E(e)-.1 -E F2(x*)2.5 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut omits the last w)-2.7 E(ord.)-.1 E -(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(50)190.95 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 51 51 +-3.029 E F2(%)3.029 E F0 5.53(.W)C(ords)-6.33 E 1.301 +(are numbered from the be)108 698.4 R 1.301 +(ginning of the line, with the \214rst w)-.15 F 1.3 +(ord being denoted by 0 \(zero\).)-.1 F -.8(Wo)6.3 G 1.3(rds are).8 F +(inserted into the current line separated by single spaces.)108 710.4 Q +(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(52)192.055 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 53 53 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E(If a w)108 84 Q(ord designator is supplied without an e)-.1 E --.15(ve)-.25 G(nt speci\214cation, the pre).15 E -(vious command is used as the e)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt.).15 E/F1 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(Modi\214ers)87 100.8 Q F0 .184(After the optional w)108 -112.8 R .184(ord designator)-.1 F 2.684(,t)-.4 G .183 -(here may appear a sequence of one or more of the follo)-2.684 F .183 -(wing modi\214ers,)-.25 F(each preceded by a `:'.)108 124.8 Q F1(h)108 -141.6 Q F0(Remo)30.44 E .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF 2.5(0\()108 84 S(zer)-2.5 E(o\))-.18 E F0(The zeroth w)144 96 Q 2.5 +(ord. F)-.1 F(or the shell, this is the command w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E/F2 +10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)108.36 108 Q F0(The)144 108 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(th w) +A(ord.)-.1 E F1(^)108 120 Q F0(The \214rst ar)144 120 Q 2.5 +(gument. That)-.18 F(is, w)2.5 E(ord 1.)-.1 E F1($)108 132 Q F0 .063 +(The last w)144 132 R 2.563(ord. This)-.1 F .063(is usually the last ar) +2.563 F .064(gument, b)-.18 F .064(ut will e)-.2 F .064 +(xpand to the zeroth w)-.15 F .064(ord if there is only)-.1 F(one w)144 +144 Q(ord in the line.)-.1 E F1(%)108 156 Q F0(The w)144 156 Q +(ord matched by the most recent `?)-.1 E F2(string)A F0(?' search.)A F2 +(x)108.77 168 Q F1A F2(y)A F0 2.5(Ar)144 168 S(ange of w)-2.5 E +(ords; `\255)-.1 E F2(y)A F0 2.5('a)C(bbre)-2.5 E(viates `0\255)-.25 E +F2(y)A F0('.)A F1(*)108 180 Q F0 .316(All of the w)144 180 R .316 +(ords b)-.1 F .316(ut the zeroth.)-.2 F .315(This is a synon)5.315 F +.315(ym for `)-.15 F F2(1\255$)A F0 2.815('. It)B .315 +(is not an error to use)2.815 F F1(*)2.815 E F0 .315(if there is)2.815 F +(just one w)144 192 Q(ord in the e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +(nt; the empty string is returned in that case.).15 E F1(x*)108 204 Q F0 +(Abbre)144 204 Q(viates)-.25 E F2(x\255$)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<78ad>108 216 Q +F0(Abbre)144 216 Q(viates)-.25 E F2(x\255$)2.5 E F0(lik)2.5 E(e)-.1 E F1 +(x*)2.5 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut omits the last w)-2.7 E(ord.)-.1 E(If a w)108 +232.8 Q(ord designator is supplied without an e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +(nt speci\214cation, the pre).15 E(vious command is used as the e)-.25 E +-.15(ve)-.25 G(nt.).15 E F1(Modi\214ers)87 249.6 Q F0 .183 +(After the optional w)108 261.6 R .183(ord designator)-.1 F 2.683(,t)-.4 +G .184(here may appear a sequence of one or more of the follo)-2.683 F +.184(wing modi\214ers,)-.25 F(each preceded by a `:'.)108 273.6 Q F1(h) +108 290.4 Q F0(Remo)144 290.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H (railing \214lename component, lea).15 E(ving only the head.)-.2 E F1(t) -108 153.6 Q F0(Remo)32.67 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H +108 302.4 Q F0(Remo)144 302.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H (ll leading \214lename components, lea).15 E(ving the tail.)-.2 E F1(r) -108 165.6 Q F0(Remo)31.56 E .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing suf).15 E -(\214x of the form)-.25 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(.xxx)2.5 E F0 2.5(,l)C -(ea)-2.5 E(ving the basename.)-.2 E F1(e)108 177.6 Q F0(Remo)31.56 E .3 --.15(ve a)-.15 H(ll b).15 E(ut the trailing suf)-.2 E(\214x.)-.25 E F1 -(p)108 189.6 Q F0(Print the ne)30.44 E 2.5(wc)-.25 G(ommand b)-2.5 E -(ut do not e)-.2 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute it.).15 E F1(q)108 201.6 Q F0 -(Quote the substituted w)30.44 E(ords, escaping further substitutions.) --.1 E F1(x)108 213.6 Q F0(Quote the substituted w)31 E(ords as with)-.1 -E F1(q)2.5 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut break into w)-2.7 E(ords at)-.1 E F1(blanks) -2.5 E F0(and ne)2.5 E(wlines.)-.25 E F1(s/)108 225.6 Q F2(old)A F1(/)A -F2(ne)A(w)-.15 E F1(/)A F0(Substitute)144 237.6 Q F2(ne)3.081 E(w)-.15 E -F0 .221(for the \214rst occurrence of)3.031 F F2(old)2.951 E F0 .221 -(in the e)3.491 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .221(nt line.).15 F(An)5.221 E 2.721 -(yd)-.15 G .221(elimiter can be used in place)-2.721 F .617(of /.)144 -249.6 R .617 +108 314.4 Q F0(Remo)144 314.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing suf).15 E +(\214x of the form)-.25 E F2(.xxx)2.5 E F0 2.5(,l)C(ea)-2.5 E +(ving the basename.)-.2 E F1(e)108 326.4 Q F0(Remo)144 326.4 Q .3 -.15 +(ve a)-.15 H(ll b).15 E(ut the trailing suf)-.2 E(\214x.)-.25 E F1(p)108 +338.4 Q F0(Print the ne)144 338.4 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(ommand b)-2.5 E +(ut do not e)-.2 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute it.).15 E F1(q)108 350.4 Q F0 +(Quote the substituted w)144 350.4 Q +(ords, escaping further substitutions.)-.1 E F1(x)108 362.4 Q F0 +(Quote the substituted w)144 362.4 Q(ords as with)-.1 E F1(q)2.5 E F0 +2.5(,b)C(ut break into w)-2.7 E(ords at)-.1 E F1(blanks)2.5 E F0(and ne) +2.5 E(wlines.)-.25 E F1(s/)108 374.4 Q F2(old)A F1(/)A F2(ne)A(w)-.15 E +F1(/)A F0(Substitute)144 386.4 Q F2(ne)3.082 E(w)-.15 E F0 .221 +(for the \214rst occurrence of)3.032 F F2(old)2.951 E F0 .221(in the e) +3.491 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .221(nt line.).15 F(An)5.221 E 2.721(yd)-.15 G +.221(elimiter can be used in place)-2.721 F .616(of /.)144 398.4 R .617 (The \214nal delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the e) -5.617 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .617(nt line.).15 F .616(The delimiter may)5.616 -F .666(be quoted in)144 261.6 R F2(old)3.396 E F0(and)3.936 E F2(ne) +5.616 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .617(nt line.).15 F .617(The delimiter may)5.617 +F .666(be quoted in)144 410.4 R F2(old)3.396 E F0(and)3.936 E F2(ne) 3.526 E(w)-.15 E F0 .666(with a single backslash.)3.476 F .666 (If & appears in)5.666 F F2(ne)3.166 E(w)-.15 E F0 3.166(,i).31 G 3.166 (ti)-3.166 G 3.166(sr)-3.166 G .666(eplaced by)-3.166 F F2(old)3.166 E -F0 5.666(.A).77 G .275(single backslash will quote the &.)144 273.6 R -(If)5.275 E F2(old)3.004 E F0 .274(is null, it is set to the last)3.544 -F F2(old)3.004 E F0 .274(substituted, or)3.544 F 2.774(,i)-.4 G 2.774 -(fn)-2.774 G 2.774(op)-2.774 G(re)-2.774 E(vi-)-.25 E -(ous history substitutions took place, the last)144 285.6 Q F2(string) +F0 5.666(.A).77 G .274(single backslash will quote the &.)144 422.4 R +(If)5.274 E F2(old)3.004 E F0 .274(is null, it is set to the last)3.544 +F F2(old)3.005 E F0 .275(substituted, or)3.545 F 2.775(,i)-.4 G 2.775 +(fn)-2.775 G 2.775(op)-2.775 G(re)-2.775 E(vi-)-.25 E +(ous history substitutions took place, the last)144 434.4 Q F2(string) 2.84 E F0(in a)2.72 E F1(!?)2.5 E F2(string)A F1([?])A F0(search.)5 E F1 -(&)108 297.6 Q F0(Repeat the pre)27.67 E(vious substitution.)-.25 E F1 -(g)108 309.6 Q F0 .397(Cause changes to be applied o)31 F -.15(ve)-.15 G -2.897(rt).15 G .398(he entire e)-2.897 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .398(nt line.) -.15 F .398(This is used in conjunction with `)5.398 F F1(:s)A F0 2.898 -('\()C(e.g.,)-2.898 E(`)144 321.6 Q F1(:gs/)A F2(old)A F1(/)A F2(ne)A(w) --.15 E F1(/)A F0 1.219('\) or `)B F1(:&)A F0 3.719('. If)B 1.219 -(used with `)3.719 F F1(:s)A F0 1.218(', an)B 3.718(yd)-.15 G 1.218 -(elimiter can be used in place of /, and the \214nal)-3.718 F .089 -(delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the e)144 333.6 R --.15(ve)-.25 G .09(nt line.).15 F(An)5.09 E F1(a)2.59 E F0 .09 -(may be used as a synon)2.59 F .09(ym for)-.15 F F1(g)144 345.6 Q F0(.)A -F1(G)108 357.6 Q F0(Apply the follo)28.22 E(wing `)-.25 E F1(s)A F0 2.5 -('m)C(odi\214er once to each w)-2.5 E(ord in the e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -(nt line.).15 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)72 374.4 Q(UIL)-.11 E -(TIN COMMANDS)-1.007 E F0 .063(Unless otherwise noted, each b)108 386.4 -R .062(uiltin command documented in this section as accepting options p\ -receded by)-.2 F F1108 398.4 Q F0(accepts)2.533 E F12.533 E F0 -.034(to signify the end of the options.)2.533 F(The)5.034 E F1(:)2.534 E -F0(,)A F1(true)2.534 E F0(,)A F1(false)2.534 E F0 2.534(,a)C(nd)-2.534 E -F1(test)2.534 E F0 -.2(bu)2.534 G .034(iltins do not accept options and) -.2 F .078(do not treat)108 410.4 R F12.577 E F0(specially)2.577 E -5.077(.T)-.65 G(he)-5.077 E F1(exit)2.577 E F0(,)A F1(logout)2.577 E F0 -(,)A F1(br)2.577 E(eak)-.18 E F0(,)A F1(continue)2.577 E F0(,)A F1(let) -2.577 E F0 2.577(,a)C(nd)-2.577 E F1(shift)2.577 E F0 -.2(bu)2.577 G -.077(iltins accept and process ar).2 F(gu-)-.18 E .319(ments be)108 -422.4 R .319(ginning with)-.15 F F12.819 E F0 .319 -(without requiring)2.819 F F12.819 E F0 5.319(.O)C .319(ther b) --5.319 F .319(uiltins that accept ar)-.2 F .32(guments b)-.18 F .32 -(ut are not speci\214ed as)-.2 F 1.144(accepting options interpret ar) -108 434.4 R 1.144(guments be)-.18 F 1.144(ginning with)-.15 F F1 -3.643 E F0 1.143(as in)3.643 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.143 -(lid options and require).25 F F13.643 E F0 1.143(to pre)3.643 F --.15(ve)-.25 G 1.143(nt this).15 F(interpretation.)108 446.4 Q F1(:)108 -464.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A .451(No ef)144 476.4 R -.451(fect; the command does nothing be)-.25 F .452(yond e)-.15 F -(xpanding)-.15 E F2(ar)3.282 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .452(and performing an) -3.222 F 2.952(ys)-.15 G(peci\214ed)-2.952 E 2.5(redirections. A)144 -488.4 R(zero e)2.5 E(xit code is returned.)-.15 E F1(.)110.5 505.2 Q F2 -(\214lename)6.666 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A F1(sour)108 -517.2 Q(ce)-.18 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E -F0(])A 1.02(Read and e)144 529.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.02 -(cute commands from).15 F F2(\214lename)5.43 E F0 1.02 -(in the current shell en)3.7 F 1.02(vironment and return the e)-.4 F -(xit)-.15 E 1.458(status of the last command e)144 541.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 -G 1.458(cuted from).15 F F2(\214lename)3.958 E F0 6.458(.I).18 G(f) --6.458 E F2(\214lename)5.868 E F0 1.458 -(does not contain a slash, \214le-)4.138 F .608(names in)144 553.2 R/F4 -9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.108 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .608 -(are used to \214nd the directory containing)2.858 F F2(\214lename)3.108 -E F0 5.608(.T).18 G .608(he \214le searched for in)-5.608 F F4 -.666(PA) -3.108 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .832(need not be e)144 565.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G -3.332(cutable. When).15 F F1(bash)3.332 E F0 .832(is not in)3.332 F F2 -.832(posix mode)3.332 F F0 3.332(,t)C .833 -(he current directory is searched if no)-3.332 F .982 -(\214le is found in)144 577.2 R F4 -.666(PA)3.481 G(TH)-.189 E/F5 9 +(&)108 446.4 Q F0(Repeat the pre)144 446.4 Q(vious substitution.)-.25 E +F1(g)108 458.4 Q F0 .398(Cause changes to be applied o)144 458.4 R -.15 +(ve)-.15 G 2.898(rt).15 G .398(he entire e)-2.898 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .398 +(nt line.).15 F .397(This is used in conjunction with `)5.398 F F1(:s)A +F0 2.897('\()C(e.g.,)-2.897 E(`)144 470.4 Q F1(:gs/)A F2(old)A F1(/)A F2 +(ne)A(w)-.15 E F1(/)A F0 1.218('\) or `)B F1(:&)A F0 3.718('. If)B 1.218 +(used with `)3.718 F F1(:s)A F0 1.218(', an)B 3.718(yd)-.15 G 1.219 +(elimiter can be used in place of /, and the \214nal)-3.718 F .09 +(delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the e)144 482.4 R +-.15(ve)-.25 G .089(nt line.).15 F(An)5.089 E F1(a)2.589 E F0 .089 +(may be used as a synon)2.589 F .089(ym for)-.15 F F1(g)144 494.4 Q F0 +(.)A F1(G)108 506.4 Q F0(Apply the follo)144 506.4 Q(wing `)-.25 E F1(s) +A F0 2.5('m)C(odi\214er once to each w)-2.5 E(ord in the e)-.1 E -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(nt line.).15 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)72 523.2 Q +(UIL)-.11 E(TIN COMMANDS)-1.007 E F0 .062 +(Unless otherwise noted, each b)108 535.2 R .062(uiltin command documen\ +ted in this section as accepting options preceded by)-.2 F F1108 +547.2 Q F0(accepts)2.534 E F12.534 E F0 .034 +(to signify the end of the options.)2.534 F(The)5.034 E F1(:)2.534 E F0 +(,)A F1(true)2.534 E F0(,)A F1(false)2.534 E F0 2.534(,a)C(nd)-2.534 E +F1(test)2.534 E F0 -.2(bu)2.534 G .033(iltins do not accept options and) +.2 F 1.548(do not treat)108 559.2 R F14.048 E F0(specially)4.048 E +6.549(.T)-.65 G(he)-6.549 E F1(exit)4.049 E F0(,)A F1(logout)4.049 E F0 +(,)A F1 -.18(re)4.049 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0(,)A F1(br)4.049 E(eak)-.18 +E F0(,)A F1(continue)4.049 E F0(,)A F1(let)4.049 E F0 4.049(,a)C(nd) +-4.049 E F1(shift)4.049 E F0 -.2(bu)4.049 G 1.549(iltins accept and).2 F +.261(process ar)108 571.2 R .261(guments be)-.18 F .261(ginning with) +-.15 F F12.761 E F0 .261(without requiring)2.761 F F12.761 E +F0 5.261(.O)C .261(ther b)-5.261 F .26(uiltins that accept ar)-.2 F .26 +(guments b)-.18 F .26(ut are not)-.2 F 1.154 +(speci\214ed as accepting options interpret ar)108 583.2 R 1.154 +(guments be)-.18 F 1.154(ginning with)-.15 F F13.654 E F0 1.154 +(as in)3.654 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.154(lid options and require).25 F F1 +3.654 E F0(to)3.654 E(pre)108 595.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G +(nt this interpretation.).15 E F1(:)108 613.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A +(guments)-.37 E F0(])A .452(No ef)144 625.2 R .452 +(fect; the command does nothing be)-.25 F .452(yond e)-.15 F(xpanding) +-.15 E F2(ar)3.282 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .451(and performing an)3.221 F +2.951(ys)-.15 G(peci\214ed)-2.951 E 2.5(redirections. The)144 637.2 R +(return status is zero.)2.5 E F1(.)110.5 654 Q F2(\214lename)6.666 E F0 +([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A F1(sour)108 666 Q(ce)-.18 E F2 +(\214lename)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A 1.02 +(Read and e)144 678 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.02(cute commands from).15 F F2 +(\214lename)5.43 E F0 1.02(in the current shell en)3.7 F 1.02 +(vironment and return the e)-.4 F(xit)-.15 E 1.458 +(status of the last command e)144 690 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.458(cuted from) +.15 F F2(\214lename)3.958 E F0 6.458(.I).18 G(f)-6.458 E F2(\214lename) +5.868 E F0 1.458(does not contain a slash, \214le-)4.138 F .608 +(names in)144 702 R/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.108 G(TH)-.189 E F0 +.608(are used to \214nd the directory containing)2.858 F F2(\214lename) +3.108 E F0 5.608(.T).18 G .608(he \214le searched for in)-5.608 F F4 +-.666(PA)3.108 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .833(need not be e)144 714 R -.15(xe)-.15 +G 3.333(cutable. When).15 F F1(bash)3.333 E F0 .832(is not in)3.333 F F2 +.832(posix mode)3.332 F F0 3.332(,t)C .832 +(he current directory is searched if no)-3.332 F .981 +(\214le is found in)144 726 R F4 -.666(PA)3.481 G(TH)-.189 E/F5 9 /Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .981(If the)5.481 F F1(sour)3.481 E(cepath)-.18 E F0 .981(option to the)3.481 F F1(shopt)3.481 E F0 -.2(bu)3.481 G .981 -(iltin command is turned of).2 F .981(f, the)-.25 F F4 -.666(PA)144 -589.2 S(TH)-.189 E F0 .112(is not searched.)2.362 F .112(If an)5.112 F -(y)-.15 E F2(ar)2.612 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .112(are supplied, the)2.612 F -2.612(yb)-.15 G .112(ecome the positional parameters when)-2.612 F F2 -(\214lename)144 601.2 Q F0 .342(is e)2.842 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.842 -(cuted. Otherwise).15 F .342(the positional parameters are unchanged.) -2.842 F .341(The return status is the)5.341 F .716 -(status of the last command e)144 613.2 R .716 -(xited within the script \(0 if no commands are e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.716(cuted\), and f).15 F .716(alse if)-.1 F F2(\214lename)145.91 625.2 -Q F0(is not found or cannot be read.)2.68 E F1(alias)108 642 Q F0([)2.5 -E F1A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C -(..])-2.5 E F1(Alias)144 654 Q F0 2.725(with no ar)5.225 F 2.724 -(guments or with the)-.18 F F15.224 E F0 2.724 -(option prints the list of aliases in the form)5.224 F F1(alias)5.224 E -F2(name)144 666 Q F0(=)A F2(value)A F0 .58(on standard output.)3.08 F +(iltin command is turned of).2 F .982(f, the)-.25 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 +Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(53)192.055 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 54 54 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 +SF -.666(PA)144 84 S(TH)-.189 E F0 .112(is not searched.)2.363 F .112 +(If an)5.112 F(y)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)2.612 E(guments)-.37 +E F0 .112(are supplied, the)2.612 F 2.612(yb)-.15 G .112 +(ecome the positional parameters when)-2.612 F F2(\214lename)144 96 Q F0 +1.697(is e)4.196 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 4.197(cuted. Otherwise).15 F 1.697 +(the positional parameters are unchanged.)4.197 F 1.697(If the)6.697 F +/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF4.197 E F0 1.697(option is)4.197 F(enabled,) +144 108 Q F3(sour)3.618 E(ce)-.18 E F0 1.118(inherits an)3.618 F 3.618 +(yt)-.15 G 1.118(rap on)-3.618 F F3(DEB)3.618 E(UG)-.1 E F0 3.618(;i)C +3.618(fi)-3.618 G 3.618(ti)-3.618 G 3.618(sn)-3.618 G 1.118(ot, an) +-3.618 F(y)-.15 E F3(DEB)3.617 E(UG)-.1 E F0 1.117(trap string is sa) +3.617 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.617(da).15 G(nd)-3.617 E .36 +(restored around the call to)144 120 R F3(sour)2.86 E(ce)-.18 E F0 2.86 +(,a)C(nd)-2.86 E F3(sour)2.86 E(ce)-.18 E F0 .36(unsets the)2.86 F F3 +(DEB)2.86 E(UG)-.1 E F0 .36(trap while it e)2.86 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.86 +(cutes. If).15 F F32.86 E F0(is)2.86 E 1.435 +(not set, and the sourced \214le changes the)144 132 R F3(DEB)3.935 E +(UG)-.1 E F0 1.435(trap, the ne)3.935 F 3.935(wv)-.25 G 1.435 +(alue is retained when)-4.185 F F3(sour)3.935 E(ce)-.18 E F0 3.762 +(completes. The)144 144 R 1.262 +(return status is the status of the last command e)3.762 F 1.263 +(xited within the script \(0 if no)-.15 F(commands are e)144 156 Q -.15 +(xe)-.15 G(cuted\), and f).15 E(alse if)-.1 E F2(\214lename)4.41 E F0 +(is not found or cannot be read.)2.68 E F3(alias)108 172.8 Q F0([)2.5 E +F3A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C(..]) +-2.5 E F3(Alias)144 184.8 Q F0 2.725(with no ar)5.225 F 2.724 +(guments or with the)-.18 F F35.224 E F0 2.724 +(option prints the list of aliases in the form)5.224 F F3(alias)5.224 E +F2(name)144 196.8 Q F0(=)A F2(value)A F0 .58(on standard output.)3.08 F .58(When ar)5.58 F .58 (guments are supplied, an alias is de\214ned for each)-.18 F F2(name) -3.08 E F0(whose)144 678 Q F2(value)2.895 E F0 .395(is gi)2.895 F -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 2.895(n. A).15 F .395(trailing space in)2.895 F F2(value) -5.395 E F0 .395(causes the ne)2.895 F .395(xt w)-.15 F .395 -(ord to be check)-.1 F .395(ed for alias sub-)-.1 F .054 -(stitution when the alias is e)144 690 R 2.554(xpanded. F)-.15 F .054 -(or each)-.15 F F2(name)2.554 E F0 .054(in the ar)2.554 F .054 -(gument list for which no)-.18 F F2(value)2.554 E F0 .054(is sup-)2.554 -F 1.314(plied, the name and v)144 702 R 1.314 -(alue of the alias is printed.)-.25 F F1(Alias)6.314 E F0 1.314 +3.08 E F0(whose)144 208.8 Q F2(value)2.509 E F0 .009(is gi)2.509 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 2.509(n. A).15 F .009(trailing space in)2.509 F F2(value) +2.509 E F0 .009(causes the ne)2.509 F .009(xt w)-.15 F .009 +(ord to be check)-.1 F .008(ed for alias substi-)-.1 F .579 +(tution when the alias is e)144 220.8 R 3.079(xpanded. F)-.15 F .579 +(or each)-.15 F F2(name)3.079 E F0 .579(in the ar)3.079 F .579 +(gument list for which no)-.18 F F2(value)3.079 E F0 .579(is sup-)3.079 +F 1.314(plied, the name and v)144 232.8 R 1.314 +(alue of the alias is printed.)-.25 F F3(Alias)6.314 E F0 1.314 (returns true unless a)3.814 F F2(name)3.814 E F0 1.313(is gi)3.814 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.813(nf).15 G(or)-3.813 E -(which no alias has been de\214ned.)144 714 Q(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q -(2014 February 2)141.79 E(51)190.95 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 52 52 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bg)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 -SF(jobspec)A F0(...])2.5 E .744(Resume each suspended job)144 96 R F2 -(jobspec)3.244 E F0 .745 -(in the background, as if it had been started with)3.244 F F1(&)3.245 E -F0 5.745(.I)C(f)-5.745 E F2(job-)4.985 E(spec)144 108 Q F0 .672 +(which no alias has been de\214ned.)144 244.8 Q F3(bg)108 261.6 Q F0([) +2.5 E F2(jobspec)A F0(...])2.5 E .744(Resume each suspended job)144 +273.6 R F2(jobspec)3.244 E F0 .745 +(in the background, as if it had been started with)3.244 F F3(&)3.245 E +F0 5.745(.I)C(f)-5.745 E F2(job-)4.985 E(spec)144 285.6 Q F0 .672 (is not present, the shell')3.482 F 3.172(sn)-.55 G .672(otion of the) --3.172 F F2(curr)3.172 E .672(ent job)-.37 F F0 .672(is used.)3.172 F F1 +-3.172 F F2(curr)3.172 E .672(ent job)-.37 F F0 .672(is used.)3.172 F F3 (bg)5.671 E F2(jobspec)4.911 E F0 .671(returns 0 unless run)3.481 F .418 -(when job control is disabled or)144 120 R 2.919(,w)-.4 G .419 +(when job control is disabled or)144 297.6 R 2.919(,w)-.4 G .419 (hen run with job control enabled, an)-2.919 F 2.919(ys)-.15 G (peci\214ed)-2.919 E F2(jobspec)2.919 E F0 -.1(wa)2.919 G 2.919(sn).1 G -(ot)-2.919 E(found or w)144 132 Q(as started without job control.)-.1 E -F1(bind)108 148.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0 -2.5(][)C F1(\255lpsvPSVX)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(bind)108 160.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 -A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2 -(function)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(function)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C -F1-2.5 E F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(])A F1(bind)108 172.8 Q F0 -([)2.5 E F1A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F12.5 E F2 -(\214lename)2.5 E F1(bind)108 184.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 -G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F12.5 E F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(:)A F2 -(shell\255command)A F1(bind)108 196.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2 -.1(ke) +(ot)-2.919 E(found or w)144 309.6 Q(as started without job control.)-.1 +E F3(bind)108 326.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F3A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0 +2.5(][)C F3(\255lpsvPSVX)-2.5 E F0(])A F3(bind)108 338.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F3 +A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F3-2.5 E F2 +(function)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F3-2.5 E F2(function)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C +F3-2.5 E F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(])A F3(bind)108 350.4 Q F0 +([)2.5 E F3A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F32.5 E F2 +(\214lename)2.5 E F3(bind)108 362.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F3A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 +G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F32.5 E F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(:)A F2 +(shell\255command)A F3(bind)108 374.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F3A F2 -.1(ke) 2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(:)A F2 -(function\255name)A F1(bind)108 208.8 Q F2 -.37(re)2.5 G -(adline\255command).37 E F0 .239(Display current)144 220.8 R F1 -.18(re) +(function\255name)A F3(bind)108 386.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F3A F2 -.1(ke) +2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(:)A F2 -.37(re)C +(adline\255command).37 E F0 .239(Display current)144 398.4 R F3 -.18(re) 2.739 G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(ke)2.739 G 2.739(ya)-.05 G .239 (nd function bindings, bind a k)-2.739 F .539 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .238 -(equence to a).15 F F1 -.18(re)2.738 G(adline).18 E F0 .238(function or) -2.738 F .475(macro, or set a)144 232.8 R F1 -.18(re)2.975 G(adline).18 E +(equence to a).15 F F3 -.18(re)2.738 G(adline).18 E F0 .238(function or) +2.738 F .475(macro, or set a)144 410.4 R F3 -.18(re)2.975 G(adline).18 E F0 -.25(va)2.975 G 2.975(riable. Each).25 F .476(non-option ar)2.976 F .476(gument is a command as it w)-.18 F .476(ould appear in)-.1 F F2 -(.inputr)144 244.8 Q(c)-.37 E F0 2.984(,b).31 G .484 +(.inputr)144 422.4 Q(c)-.37 E F0 2.984(,b).31 G .484 (ut each binding or command must be passed as a separate ar)-3.184 F .483(gument; e.g., '"\\C\255x\\C\255r":)-.18 F 2.5 -(re\255read\255init\255\214le'. Options,)144 256.8 R(if supplied, ha)2.5 -E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 -268.8 Q F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(Use)180 280.8 Q F2 -.1(ke)5.158 G +(re\255read\255init\255\214le'. Options,)144 434.4 R(if supplied, ha)2.5 +E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F3144 +446.4 Q F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(Use)180 458.4 Q F2 -.1(ke)5.158 G (ymap)-.2 E F0 2.658(as the k)5.348 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.658(map to be af) .15 F 2.659(fected by the subsequent bindings.)-.25 F(Acceptable)7.659 E -F2 -.1(ke)180 292.8 S(ymap)-.2 E F0 3.193(names are)5.883 F F2 3.193 +F2 -.1(ke)180 470.4 S(ymap)-.2 E F0 3.193(names are)5.883 F F2 3.193 (emacs, emacs\255standar)5.693 F 3.192 (d, emacs\255meta, emacs\255ctlx, vi, vi\255mo)-.37 F(ve)-.1 E(,)-.1 E -(vi\255command)180 304.8 Q F0 4.429(,a)C(nd)-4.429 E F2(vi\255insert) -4.429 E F0(.).68 E F2(vi)6.929 E F0 1.929(is equi)4.429 F -.25(va)-.25 G -1.929(lent to).25 F F2(vi\255command)4.429 E F0(;)A F2(emacs)4.429 E F0 -1.929(is equi)4.429 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.93(lent to).25 F F2 -(emacs\255standar)180 316.8 Q(d)-.37 E F0(.)A F1144 328.8 Q F0 -(List the names of all)27.52 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 -(functions.)2.5 E F1144 340.8 Q F0(Display)24.74 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 -G(adline).18 E F0(function names and bindings in such a w)2.5 E -(ay that the)-.1 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F1144 352.8 -Q F0(List current)24.19 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 -(function names and bindings.)2.5 E F1144 364.8 Q F0(Display)26.41 -E F1 -.18(re)3.655 G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(ke)3.655 G 3.655(ys)-.05 G -1.155(equences bound to macros and the strings the)-3.655 F 3.655(yo) --.15 G 1.155(utput in such a)-3.655 F -.1(wa)180 376.8 S 2.5(yt).1 G -(hat the)-2.5 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F1144 388.8 Q -F0(Display)24.74 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G 2.5(ys) --.05 G(equences bound to macros and the strings the)-2.5 E 2.5(yo)-.15 G -(utput.)-2.5 E F1144 400.8 Q F0(Display)25.3 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G -(adline).18 E F0 -.25(va)2.5 G(riable names and v).25 E +(vi\255command)180 482.4 Q F0 4.113(,a)C(nd)-4.113 E F2(vi\255insert) +4.113 E F0(.).68 E F2(vi)6.613 E F0 1.613(is equi)4.113 F -.25(va)-.25 G +1.613(lent to).25 F F2(vi\255command)4.113 E F0(\()4.113 E F2(vi\255mo)A +(ve)-.1 E F0 1.614(is also a syn-)4.114 F(on)180 494.4 Q(ym\);)-.15 E F2 +(emacs)2.5 E F0(is equi)2.5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F2 +(emacs\255standar)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0(.)A F3144 506.4 Q F0 +(List the names of all)180 506.4 Q F3 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 +(functions.)2.5 E F3144 518.4 Q F0(Display)180 518.4 Q F3 -.18(re) +2.5 G(adline).18 E F0(function names and bindings in such a w)2.5 E +(ay that the)-.1 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F3144 530.4 +Q F0(List current)180 530.4 Q F3 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 +(function names and bindings.)2.5 E F3144 542.4 Q F0(Display)180 +542.4 Q F3 -.18(re)3.655 G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(ke)3.655 G 3.655(ys)-.05 +G 1.155(equences bound to macros and the strings the)-3.655 F 3.655(yo) +-.15 G 1.155(utput in such a)-3.655 F -.1(wa)180 554.4 S 2.5(yt).1 G +(hat the)-2.5 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F3144 566.4 Q +F0(Display)180 566.4 Q F3 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G 2.5 +(ys)-.05 G(equences bound to macros and the strings the)-2.5 E 2.5(yo) +-.15 G(utput.)-2.5 E F3144 578.4 Q F0(Display)180 578.4 Q F3 -.18 +(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 -.25(va)2.5 G(riable names and v).25 E (alues in such a w)-.25 E(ay that the)-.1 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G -(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F1144 412.8 Q F0(List current)23.08 E F1 --.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 -.25(va)2.5 G(riable names and v).25 E -(alues.)-.25 E F1144 424.8 Q F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0(Read k)180 -436.8 Q .3 -.15(ey b)-.1 H(indings from).15 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0(.)A -F1144 448.8 Q F2(function)2.5 E F0(Query about which k)180 460.8 Q +(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F3144 590.4 Q F0(List current)180 590.4 Q +F3 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 -.25(va)2.5 G(riable names and v).25 E +(alues.)-.25 E F3144 602.4 Q F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0(Read k)180 +614.4 Q .3 -.15(ey b)-.1 H(indings from).15 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0(.)A +F3144 626.4 Q F2(function)2.5 E F0(Query about which k)180 638.4 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.5(si).15 G -1.9 -.4(nv o)-2.5 H .2 -.1(ke t).4 H -(he named).1 E F2(function)2.5 E F0(.)A F1144 472.8 Q F2(function) -2.5 E F0(Unbind all k)180 484.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.5(sb).15 G -(ound to the named)-2.5 E F2(function)2.5 E F0(.)A F1144 496.8 Q -F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(Remo)180 508.8 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H .3 +(he named).1 E F2(function)2.5 E F0(.)A F3144 650.4 Q F2(function) +2.5 E F0(Unbind all k)180 662.4 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.5(sb).15 G +(ound to the named)-2.5 E F2(function)2.5 E F0(.)A F3144 674.4 Q +F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(Remo)180 686.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H .3 -.15(ny c).15 H(urrent binding for).15 E F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0 -(.)A F1144 520.8 Q F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F1(:)A F2 -(shell\255command)A F0(Cause)180 532.8 Q F2(shell\255command)4.325 E F0 +(.)A F3144 698.4 Q F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F3(:)A F2 +(shell\255command)A F0(Cause)180 710.4 Q F2(shell\255command)4.325 E F0 1.825(to be e)4.325 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.825(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve) -.25 G(r).15 E F2 -.1(ke)4.325 G(yseq)-.2 E F0 1.825(is entered.)4.325 F -(When)6.825 E F2(shell\255com-)4.325 E(mand)180 544.8 Q F0 1.765(is e) -4.265 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.765(cuted, the shell sets the).15 F/F3 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE_LINE)4.265 E F0 -.25(va)4.015 G 1.765 -(riable to the contents of the).25 F F1 -.18(re)180 556.8 S(adline).18 E -F0 1.353(line b)3.852 F(uf)-.2 E 1.353(fer and the)-.25 F F3 -(READLINE_POINT)3.853 E F0 -.25(va)3.603 G 1.353 -(riable to the current location of the).25 F 2.012(insertion point.)180 -568.8 R 2.011(If the e)7.012 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.011 -(cuted command changes the v).15 F 2.011(alue of)-.25 F F3 -(READLINE_LINE)4.511 E F0(or)4.261 E F3(READLINE_POINT)180 580.8 Q/F4 9 +(When)6.825 E F2(shell\255com-)4.325 E(mand)180 722.4 Q F0 1.765(is e) +4.265 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.765(cuted, the shell sets the).15 F F1 +(READLINE_LINE)4.265 E F0 -.25(va)4.015 G 1.765 +(riable to the contents of the).25 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q +(2016 August 26)142.895 E(54)192.055 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 55 55 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF -.18(re)180 84 S(adline).18 E F0 1.353(line b)3.852 F(uf)-.2 E 1.353 +(fer and the)-.25 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE_POINT)3.853 E F0 -.25 +(va)3.603 G 1.353(riable to the current location of the).25 F 2.012 +(insertion point.)180 96 R 2.011(If the e)7.012 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.011 +(cuted command changes the v).15 F 2.011(alue of)-.25 F F2 +(READLINE_LINE)4.511 E F0(or)4.261 E F2(READLINE_POINT)180 108 Q/F3 9 /Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0(those ne)2.25 E 2.5(wv)-.25 G -(alues will be re\215ected in the editing state.)-2.75 E F1144 -592.8 Q F0 .829(List all k)23.08 F 1.129 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .829 +(alues will be re\215ected in the editing state.)-2.75 E F1144 120 +Q F0 .829(List all k)180 120 R 1.129 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .829 (equences bound to shell commands and the associated commands in a for) -.15 F(-)-.2 E(mat that can be reused as input.)180 604.8 Q(The return v) -144 621.6 Q(alue is 0 unless an unrecognized option is gi)-.25 E -.15 +.15 F(-)-.2 E(mat that can be reused as input.)180 132 Q(The return v) +144 148.8 Q(alue is 0 unless an unrecognized option is gi)-.25 E -.15 (ve)-.25 G 2.5(no).15 G 2.5(ra)-2.5 G 2.5(ne)-2.5 G(rror occurred.)-2.5 -E F1(br)108 638.4 Q(eak)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .055 -(Exit from within a)144 650.4 R F1 -.25(fo)2.555 G(r).25 E F0(,)A F1 -(while)2.555 E F0(,)A F1(until)2.555 E F0 2.555(,o)C(r)-2.555 E F1 -(select)2.555 E F0 2.555(loop. If)2.555 F F2(n)2.555 E F0 .055 -(is speci\214ed, break)2.555 F F2(n)2.555 E F0(le)2.555 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -(ls.).15 E F2(n)5.414 E F0 .054(must be)2.794 F/F5 10/Symbol SF2.554 -E F0(1.)2.554 E(If)144 662.4 Q F2(n)3.074 E F0 .215(is greater than the\ +E F1(br)108 165.6 Q(eak)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0 +(])A .055(Exit from within a)144 177.6 R F1 -.25(fo)2.555 G(r).25 E F0 +(,)A F1(while)2.555 E F0(,)A F1(until)2.555 E F0 2.555(,o)C(r)-2.555 E +F1(select)2.555 E F0 2.555(loop. If)2.555 F F4(n)2.555 E F0 .055 +(is speci\214ed, break)2.555 F F4(n)2.555 E F0(le)2.555 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +(ls.).15 E F4(n)5.414 E F0 .054(must be)2.794 F/F5 10/Symbol SF2.554 +E F0(1.)2.554 E(If)144 189.6 Q F4(n)3.074 E F0 .215(is greater than the\ number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are e)2.954 F 2.715 (xited. The)-.15 F .215(return v)2.715 F(alue)-.25 E(is 0 unless)144 -674.4 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(is not greater than or equal to 1.)2.5 E F1 -.2 -(bu)108 691.2 S(iltin).2 E F2(shell\255b)2.5 E(uiltin)-.2 E F0([)2.5 E -F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A(Ex)144 703.2 Q .793 -(ecute the speci\214ed shell b)-.15 F .793(uiltin, passing it)-.2 F F2 +201.6 Q F4(n)2.5 E F0(is not greater than or equal to 1.)2.5 E F1 -.2 +(bu)108 218.4 S(iltin).2 E F4(shell\255b)2.5 E(uiltin)-.2 E F0([)2.5 E +F4(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A(Ex)144 230.4 Q .793 +(ecute the speci\214ed shell b)-.15 F .793(uiltin, passing it)-.2 F F4 (ar)3.293 E(guments)-.37 E F0 3.293(,a).27 G .793(nd return its e)-3.293 F .792(xit status.)-.15 F .792(This is useful)5.792 F .615 (when de\214ning a function whose name is the same as a shell b)144 -715.2 R .616(uiltin, retaining the functionality of)-.2 F .57(the b)144 -727.2 R .57(uiltin within the function.)-.2 F(The)5.57 E F1(cd)3.07 E F0 +242.4 R .616(uiltin, retaining the functionality of)-.2 F .57(the b)144 +254.4 R .57(uiltin within the function.)-.2 F(The)5.57 E F1(cd)3.07 E F0 -.2(bu)3.07 G .57(iltin is commonly rede\214ned this w).2 F(ay)-.1 E -5.57(.T)-.65 G .57(he return status)-5.57 F(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q -(2014 February 2)141.79 E(52)190.95 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 53 53 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E(is f)144 84 Q(alse if)-.1 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(shell\255b) -2.84 E(uiltin)-.2 E F0(is not a shell b)2.74 E(uiltin command.)-.2 E/F2 -10/Times-Bold@0 SF(caller)108 100.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F0 -(])A .253(Returns the conte)144 112.8 R .254(xt of an)-.15 F 2.754(ya) --.15 G(cti)-2.754 E .554 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .254 +5.57(.T)-.65 G .57(he return status)-5.57 F(is f)144 266.4 Q(alse if)-.1 +E F4(shell\255b)2.84 E(uiltin)-.2 E F0(is not a shell b)2.74 E +(uiltin command.)-.2 E F1(caller)108 283.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F4 -.2(ex)C(pr) +.2 E F0(])A .253(Returns the conte)144 295.2 R .254(xt of an)-.15 F +2.754(ya)-.15 G(cti)-2.754 E .554 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .254 (ubroutine call \(a shell function or a script e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.254(cuted with the).15 F F2(.)2.754 E F0(or)2.754 E F2(sour)144 124.8 Q -(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.825 G 2.825(iltins\). W).2 F(ithout)-.4 E F1 -.2 -(ex)2.825 G(pr).2 E F0(,)A F2(caller)2.825 E F0 .324 +.254(cuted with the).15 F F1(.)2.754 E F0(or)2.754 E F1(sour)144 307.2 Q +(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.825 G 2.825(iltins\). W).2 F(ithout)-.4 E F4 -.2 +(ex)2.825 G(pr).2 E F0(,)A F1(caller)2.825 E F0 .324 (displays the line number and source \214lename of the current)2.824 F -.253(subroutine call.)144 136.8 R .253(If a non-ne)5.253 F -.05(ga)-.15 +.253(subroutine call.)144 319.2 R .253(If a non-ne)5.253 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .553 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E .253(ger is supplied as)-.15 -F F1 -.2(ex)2.753 G(pr).2 E F0(,)A F2(caller)2.753 E F0 .254 +F F4 -.2(ex)2.753 G(pr).2 E F0(,)A F1(caller)2.753 E F0 .254 (displays the line number)2.754 F 2.754(,s)-.4 G(ub-)-2.754 E 1.327(rou\ tine name, and source \214le corresponding to that position in the curr\ -ent e)144 148.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.327(cution call stack.).15 F(This e) -144 160.8 Q(xtra information may be used, for e)-.15 E .001 +ent e)144 331.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.327(cution call stack.).15 F(This e) +144 343.2 Q(xtra information may be used, for e)-.15 E .001 (xample, to print a stack trace.)-.15 F .001(The current frame is frame) -5.001 F 3.02(0. The)144 172.8 R .52(return v)3.02 F .52 +5.001 F 3.02(0. The)144 355.2 R .52(return v)3.02 F .52 (alue is 0 unless the shell is not e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .519 -(cuting a subroutine call or).15 F F1 -.2(ex)3.019 G(pr).2 E F0 .519 -(does not corre-)3.019 F(spond to a v)144 184.8 Q -(alid position in the call stack.)-.25 E F2(cd)108 201.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2 -A F0(|[)A F2A F0([)2.5 E F2A F0(]] [\255@]] [)A F1 -(dir)A F0(])A .321(Change the current directory to)144 213.6 R F1(dir) -2.821 E F0 5.321(.i)C(f)-5.321 E F1(dir)2.821 E F0 .322 -(is not supplied, the v)2.821 F .322(alue of the)-.25 F/F3 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(HOME)2.822 E F0 .322(shell v)2.572 F .322(ariable is) --.25 F 1.036(the def)144 225.6 R 3.536(ault. An)-.1 F 3.536(ya)-.15 G -1.035(dditional ar)-3.536 F 1.035(guments follo)-.18 F(wing)-.25 E F1 -(dir)3.535 E F0 1.035(are ignored.)3.535 F 1.035(The v)6.035 F(ariable) --.25 E F3(CDP)3.535 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0(de\214nes)3.285 E -.849(the search path for the directory containing)144 237.6 R F1(dir) -3.349 E F0 3.35(:e).73 G .85(ach directory name in)-3.35 F F3(CDP)3.35 E --.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 .85(is searched for)3.1 F F1(dir)144 249.6 -Q F0 5.665(.A)C(lternati)-5.665 E .965 -.15(ve d)-.25 H .665 -(irectory names in).15 F F3(CDP)3.165 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 +(cuting a subroutine call or).15 F F4 -.2(ex)3.019 G(pr).2 E F0 .519 +(does not corre-)3.019 F(spond to a v)144 367.2 Q +(alid position in the call stack.)-.25 E F1(cd)108 384 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 +A F0(|[)A F1A F0([)2.5 E F1A F0(]] [\255@]] [)A F4 +(dir)A F0(])A .321(Change the current directory to)144 396 R F4(dir) +2.821 E F0 5.321(.i)C(f)-5.321 E F4(dir)2.821 E F0 .322 +(is not supplied, the v)2.821 F .322(alue of the)-.25 F F2(HOME)2.822 E +F0 .322(shell v)2.572 F .322(ariable is)-.25 F 1.036(the def)144 408 R +3.536(ault. An)-.1 F 3.536(ya)-.15 G 1.035(dditional ar)-3.536 F 1.035 +(guments follo)-.18 F(wing)-.25 E F4(dir)3.535 E F0 1.035(are ignored.) +3.535 F 1.035(The v)6.035 F(ariable)-.25 E F2(CDP)3.535 E -.855(AT)-.666 +G(H).855 E F0(de\214nes)3.285 E .849 +(the search path for the directory containing)144 420 R F4(dir)3.349 E +F0 3.35(:e).73 G .85(ach directory name in)-3.35 F F2(CDP)3.35 E -.855 +(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 .85(is searched for)3.1 F F4(dir)144 432 Q F0 +5.665(.A)C(lternati)-5.665 E .965 -.15(ve d)-.25 H .665 +(irectory names in).15 F F2(CDP)3.165 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 .665(are separated by a colon \(:\).)2.915 F 3.165(An)5.665 G .664 -(ull directory name)-3.165 F(in)144 261.6 Q F3(CDP)4.162 E -.855(AT) --.666 G(H).855 E F0 1.662(is the same as the current directory)3.912 F -4.162(,i)-.65 G 1.662(.e., `)-4.162 F(`)-.74 E F2(.)A F0 -.74('')C 6.662 -(.I).74 G(f)-6.662 E F1(dir)4.513 E F0(be)4.893 E 1.663 -(gins with a slash \(/\), then)-.15 F F3(CDP)144 273.6 Q -.855(AT)-.666 -G(H).855 E F0 .347(is not used. The)2.598 F F22.847 E F0 .347 -(option causes)2.847 F F2(cd)2.847 E F0 .347(to use the ph)2.847 F .347 -(ysical directory structure by resolving)-.05 F 1.12 -(symbolic links while tra)144 285.6 R -.15(ve)-.2 G(rsing).15 E F1(dir) -3.62 E F0 1.12(and before processing instances of)3.62 F F1(..)3.62 E F0 -(in)3.62 E F1(dir)3.62 E F0 1.12(\(see also the)3.62 F F23.62 E F0 -.395(option to the)144 297.6 R F2(set)2.895 E F0 -.2(bu)2.895 G .395 -(iltin command\); the).2 F F22.895 E F0 .395 +(ull directory name)-3.165 F(in)144 444 Q F2(CDP)4.162 E -.855(AT)-.666 +G(H).855 E F0 1.662(is the same as the current directory)3.912 F 4.162 +(,i)-.65 G 1.662(.e., `)-4.162 F(`)-.74 E F1(.)A F0 -.74('')C 6.662(.I) +.74 G(f)-6.662 E F4(dir)4.513 E F0(be)4.893 E 1.663 +(gins with a slash \(/\), then)-.15 F F2(CDP)144 456 Q -.855(AT)-.666 G +(H).855 E F0 .191(is not used.)2.441 F(The)5.191 E F12.691 E F0 +.191(option causes)2.691 F F1(cd)2.691 E F0 .191(to use the ph)2.691 F +.19(ysical directory structure by resolving)-.05 F 1.12 +(symbolic links while tra)144 468 R -.15(ve)-.2 G(rsing).15 E F4(dir) +3.62 E F0 1.12(and before processing instances of)3.62 F F4(..)3.62 E F0 +(in)3.62 E F4(dir)3.62 E F0 1.12(\(see also the)3.62 F F13.62 E F0 +.395(option to the)144 480 R F1(set)2.895 E F0 -.2(bu)2.895 G .395 +(iltin command\); the).2 F F12.895 E F0 .395 (option forces symbolic links to be follo)2.895 F .395(wed by resolv-) --.25 F .443(ing the link after processing instances of)144 309.6 R F1 -(..)2.943 E F0(in)2.943 E F1(dir)2.943 E F0 5.443(.I)C(f)-5.443 E F1(..) -2.943 E F0 .443(appears in)2.943 F F1(dir)2.943 E F0 2.943(,i)C 2.943 +-.25 F .443(ing the link after processing instances of)144 492 R F4(..) +2.943 E F0(in)2.943 E F4(dir)2.943 E F0 5.443(.I)C(f)-5.443 E F4(..) +2.943 E F0 .443(appears in)2.943 F F4(dir)2.943 E F0 2.943(,i)C 2.943 (ti)-2.943 G 2.944(sp)-2.943 G .444(rocessed by remo)-2.944 F(ving)-.15 -E .744(the immediately pre)144 321.6 R .744 -(vious pathname component from)-.25 F F1(dir)3.244 E F0 3.244(,b)C .744 -(ack to a slash or the be)-3.244 F .744(ginning of)-.15 F F1(dir)3.244 E -F0(.)A 1.465(If the)144 333.6 R F23.965 E F0 1.465 -(option is supplied with)3.965 F F23.965 E F0 3.965(,a)C 1.465 -(nd the current w)-3.965 F 1.466 +E .744(the immediately pre)144 504 R .744(vious pathname component from) +-.25 F F4(dir)3.244 E F0 3.244(,b)C .744(ack to a slash or the be)-3.244 +F .744(ginning of)-.15 F F4(dir)3.244 E F0(.)A 1.465(If the)144 516 R F1 +3.965 E F0 1.465(option is supplied with)3.965 F F13.965 E +F0 3.965(,a)C 1.465(nd the current w)-3.965 F 1.466 (orking directory cannot be successfully)-.1 F .468 -(determined after a successful directory change,)144 345.6 R F2(cd)2.968 -E F0 .468(will return an unsuccessful status.)2.968 F .467(On systems) -5.467 F .336(that support it, the)144 357.6 R F22.836 E F0 .336 +(determined after a successful directory change,)144 528 R F1(cd)2.968 E +F0 .468(will return an unsuccessful status.)2.968 F .467(On systems) +5.467 F .336(that support it, the)144 540 R F12.836 E F0 .336 (option presents the e)2.836 F .336(xtended attrib)-.15 F .337 (utes associated with a \214le as a directory)-.2 F(.)-.65 E .71(An ar) -144 369.6 R .71(gument of)-.18 F F23.21 E F0 .71(is con)3.21 F -.15 -(ve)-.4 G .71(rted to).15 F F3($OLDPWD)3.21 E F0 .71 +144 552 R .71(gument of)-.18 F F13.21 E F0 .71(is con)3.21 F -.15 +(ve)-.4 G .71(rted to).15 F F2($OLDPWD)3.21 E F0 .71 (before the directory change is attempted.)2.96 F .71(If a non-)5.71 F -.106(empty directory name from)144 381.6 R F3(CDP)2.606 E -.855(AT)-.666 -G(H).855 E F0 .107(is used, or if)2.356 F F22.607 E F0 .107 +.106(empty directory name from)144 564 R F2(CDP)2.606 E -.855(AT)-.666 G +(H).855 E F0 .107(is used, or if)2.356 F F12.607 E F0 .107 (is the \214rst ar)2.607 F .107(gument, and the directory change)-.18 F -.038(is successful, the absolute pathname of the ne)144 393.6 R 2.538 -(ww)-.25 G .038(orking directory is written to the standard output.) --2.638 F(The return v)144 405.6 Q(alue is true if the directory w)-.25 E -(as successfully changed; f)-.1 E(alse otherwise.)-.1 E F2(command)108 -422.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255pVv)A F0(])A F1(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1 -(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(Run)144 434.4 Q F1(command)2.956 E F0(with) -3.527 E F1(ar)3.087 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .257 -(suppressing the normal shell function lookup. Only b)3.027 F .257 -(uiltin commands or)-.2 F .502(commands found in the)144 446.4 R F3 --.666(PA)3.002 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .502(are e)2.752 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.002 -(cuted. If).15 F(the)3.002 E F23.002 E F0 .502(option is gi)3.002 -F -.15(ve)-.25 G .501(n, the search for).15 F F1(command)3.201 E F0(is) -3.771 E .399(performed using a def)144 458.4 R .399(ault v)-.1 F .399 -(alue for)-.25 F F3 -.666(PA)2.899 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .4 +.038(is successful, the absolute pathname of the ne)144 576 R 2.538(ww) +-.25 G .038(orking directory is written to the standard output.)-2.638 F +(The return v)144 588 Q(alue is true if the directory w)-.25 E +(as successfully changed; f)-.1 E(alse otherwise.)-.1 E F1(command)108 +604.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255pVv)A F0(])A F4(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F4 +(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(Run)144 616.8 Q F4(command)2.764 E F0(with) +3.334 E F4(ar)2.894 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .065 +(suppressing the normal shell function lookup.)2.834 F .065(Only b)5.065 +F .065(uiltin commands or)-.2 F .502(commands found in the)144 628.8 R +F2 -.666(PA)3.002 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .502(are e)2.752 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +3.002(cuted. If).15 F(the)3.002 E F13.002 E F0 .502(option is gi) +3.002 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .501(n, the search for).15 F F4(command)3.201 E +F0(is)3.771 E .399(performed using a def)144 640.8 R .399(ault v)-.1 F +.399(alue for)-.25 F F2 -.666(PA)2.899 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .4 (that is guaranteed to \214nd all of the standard utilities.)2.649 F(If) -5.4 E .175(either the)144 470.4 R F22.675 E F0(or)2.675 E F2 -2.675 E F0 .175(option is supplied, a description of)2.675 F F1(command) -2.875 E F0 .174(is printed.)3.445 F(The)5.174 E F22.674 E F0 .174 -(option causes)2.674 F 3.317(as)144 482.4 S .817(ingle w)-3.317 F .817 +5.4 E .175(either the)144 652.8 R F12.675 E F0(or)2.675 E F1 +2.675 E F0 .175(option is supplied, a description of)2.675 F F4(command) +2.875 E F0 .174(is printed.)3.445 F(The)5.174 E F12.674 E F0 .174 +(option causes)2.674 F 3.317(as)144 664.8 S .817(ingle w)-3.317 F .817 (ord indicating the command or \214lename used to in)-.1 F -.2(vo)-.4 G --.1(ke).2 G F1(command)3.618 E F0 .818(to be displayed; the)4.088 F F2 -144 494.4 Q F0 .25(option produces a more v)2.75 F .25 -(erbose description.)-.15 F .249(If the)5.25 F F22.749 E F0(or) -2.749 E F22.749 E F0 .249(option is supplied, the e)2.749 F .249 -(xit status)-.15 F 1.004(is 0 if)144 506.4 R F1(command)3.704 E F0 -.1 +-.1(ke).2 G F4(command)3.618 E F0 .818(to be displayed; the)4.088 F F1 +144 676.8 Q F0 .25(option produces a more v)2.75 F .25 +(erbose description.)-.15 F .249(If the)5.25 F F12.749 E F0(or) +2.749 E F12.749 E F0 .249(option is supplied, the e)2.749 F .249 +(xit status)-.15 F 1.004(is 0 if)144 688.8 R F4(command)3.704 E F0 -.1 (wa)4.274 G 3.504(sf).1 G 1.005(ound, and 1 if not.)-3.504 F 1.005 -(If neither option is supplied and an error occurred or)6.005 F F1 -(command)144.2 518.4 Q F0 1.599(cannot be found, the e)4.869 F 1.599 +(If neither option is supplied and an error occurred or)6.005 F F4 +(command)144.2 700.8 Q F0 1.599(cannot be found, the e)4.869 F 1.599 (xit status is 127.)-.15 F 1.599(Otherwise, the e)6.599 F 1.598 -(xit status of the)-.15 F F2(command)4.098 E F0 -.2(bu)144 530.4 S -(iltin is the e).2 E(xit status of)-.15 E F1(command)2.5 E F0(.).77 E F2 -(compgen)108 547.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(option)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(wor)-2.5 E(d) --.37 E F0(])A .012(Generate possible completion matches for)144 559.2 R -F1(wor)2.513 E(d)-.37 E F0 .013(according to the)2.513 F F1(option)2.513 -E F0 .013(s, which may be an)B 2.513(yo)-.15 G(ption)-2.513 E .982 -(accepted by the)144 571.2 R F2(complete)3.482 E F0 -.2(bu)3.481 G .981 -(iltin with the e).2 F .981(xception of)-.15 F F23.481 E F0(and) -3.481 E F23.481 E F0 3.481(,a)C .981(nd write the matches to the) --3.481 F 1.415(standard output.)144 583.2 R 1.415(When using the)6.415 F -F23.915 E F0(or)3.915 E F23.915 E F0 1.415(options, the v) -3.915 F 1.415(arious shell v)-.25 F 1.415(ariables set by the pro-)-.25 -F(grammable completion f)144 595.2 Q(acilities, while a)-.1 E -.25(va) --.2 G(ilable, will not ha).25 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.2 H(seful v).15 E(alues.) --.25 E .352(The matches will be generated in the same w)144 619.2 R .352 -(ay as if the programmable completion code had gen-)-.1 F .02(erated th\ -em directly from a completion speci\214cation with the same \215ags.)144 -631.2 R(If)5.02 E F1(wor)2.52 E(d)-.37 E F0 .02(is speci\214ed, only) -2.52 F(those completions matching)144 643.2 Q F1(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0 -(will be displayed.)2.5 E(The return v)144 667.2 Q -(alue is true unless an in)-.25 E -.25(va)-.4 G -(lid option is supplied, or no matches were generated.).25 E F2 -(complete)108 684 Q F0([)3.729 E F2(\255abcdefgjksuv)A F0 3.729(][)C F2 --3.729 E F1(comp-option)3.729 E F0 3.729(][)C F2(\255DE)-3.729 E -F0 3.728(][)C F2-3.728 E F1(action)3.728 E F0 3.728(][)C F2 --3.728 E F1(globpat)3.728 E F0 3.728(][)C F2-3.728 E F1(wor)3.728 -E(dlist)-.37 E F0 3.728(][)C F2-3.728 E F1(func-)3.728 E(tion)108 -696 Q F0 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1(command)2.5 E F0(])A([)144 708 Q F2 -A F1(\214lterpat)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1(pr)2.5 E -(e\214x)-.37 E F0 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1(suf)2.5 E<8c78>-.18 E F0(]) -A F1(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(name ...)A F0(])A(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q -(2014 February 2)141.79 E(53)190.95 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 54 54 +(xit status of the)-.15 F F1(command)4.098 E F0 -.2(bu)144 712.8 S +(iltin is the e).2 E(xit status of)-.15 E F4(command)2.5 E F0(.).77 E +(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(55)192.055 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 56 56 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(complete \255pr)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 -(\255DE)A F0 2.5(][)C/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.634(Specify ho)144 96 R 3.134(wa)-.25 G -.18(rg)-3.134 G .634 -(uments to each).18 F F2(name)3.134 E F0 .634(should be completed.)3.134 -F .633(If the)5.634 F F13.133 E F0 .633 -(option is supplied, or if no)3.133 F .139(options are supplied, e)144 -108 R .139(xisting completion speci\214cations are printed in a w)-.15 F -.14(ay that allo)-.1 F .14(ws them to be)-.25 F .31(reused as input.)144 -120 R(The)5.31 E F12.81 E F0 .31(option remo)2.81 F -.15(ve)-.15 G -2.81(sac).15 G .31(ompletion speci\214cation for each)-2.81 F F2(name) -2.81 E F0 2.81(,o)C 1.11 -.4(r, i)-2.81 H 2.81(fn).4 G(o)-2.81 E F2 -(name)2.81 E F0(s)A 1.346 -(are supplied, all completion speci\214cations.)144 132 R(The)6.347 E F1 -3.847 E F0 1.347(option indicates that the remaining options)3.847 -F .5(and actions should apply to the `)144 144 R(`def)-.74 E(ault')-.1 E -3('c)-.74 G .5(ommand completion; that is, completion attempted on)-3 F -3.455(ac)144 156 S .955(ommand for which no completion has pre)-3.455 F -.955(viously been de\214ned.)-.25 F(The)5.955 E F13.455 E F0 .955 -(option indicates that)3.455 F .065 -(the remaining options and actions should apply to `)144 168 R(`empty') --.74 E 2.564('c)-.74 G .064(ommand completion; that is, comple-)-2.564 F -(tion attempted on a blank line.)144 180 Q 1.437 +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(compgen)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(option)A F0 2.5 +(][)C F2(wor)-2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0(])A .012 +(Generate possible completion matches for)144 96 R F2(wor)2.513 E(d)-.37 +E F0 .013(according to the)2.513 F F2(option)2.513 E F0 .013 +(s, which may be an)B 2.513(yo)-.15 G(ption)-2.513 E .982 +(accepted by the)144 108 R F1(complete)3.482 E F0 -.2(bu)3.481 G .981 +(iltin with the e).2 F .981(xception of)-.15 F F13.481 E F0(and) +3.481 E F13.481 E F0 3.481(,a)C .981(nd write the matches to the) +-3.481 F .13(standard output.)144 120 R .13(When using the)5.13 F F1 +2.63 E F0(or)2.63 E F12.631 E F0 .131(options, the v)2.631 F +.131(arious shell v)-.25 F .131(ariables set by the program-)-.25 F +(mable completion f)144 132 Q(acilities, while a)-.1 E -.25(va)-.2 G +(ilable, will not ha).25 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.2 H(seful v).15 E(alues.)-.25 +E .352(The matches will be generated in the same w)144 156 R .352 +(ay as if the programmable completion code had gen-)-.1 F .02(erated th\ +em directly from a completion speci\214cation with the same \215ags.)144 +168 R(If)5.02 E F2(wor)2.52 E(d)-.37 E F0 .02(is speci\214ed, only)2.52 +F(those completions matching)144 180 Q F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0 +(will be displayed.)2.5 E(The return v)144 204 Q +(alue is true unless an in)-.25 E -.25(va)-.4 G +(lid option is supplied, or no matches were generated.).25 E F1 +(complete)108 220.8 Q F0([)3.729 E F1(\255abcdefgjksuv)A F0 3.729(][)C +F1-3.729 E F2(comp-option)3.729 E F0 3.729(][)C F1(\255DE)-3.729 E +F0 3.728(][)C F1-3.728 E F2(action)3.728 E F0 3.728(][)C F1 +-3.728 E F2(globpat)3.728 E F0 3.728(][)C F1-3.728 E F2(wor)3.728 +E(dlist)-.37 E F0 3.728(][)C F1-3.728 E F2(func-)3.728 E(tion)108 +232.8 Q F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(command)2.5 E F0(])A([)144 244.8 Q +F1A F2(\214lterpat)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(pr)2.5 E +(e\214x)-.37 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(suf)2.5 E<8c78>-.18 E F0(]) +A F2(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(name ...)A F0(])A F1(complete \255pr)108 +256.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255DE)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E +.633(Specify ho)144 268.8 R 3.133(wa)-.25 G -.18(rg)-3.133 G .633 +(uments to each).18 F F2(name)3.133 E F0 .633(should be completed.)3.133 +F .634(If the)5.634 F F13.134 E F0 .634 +(option is supplied, or if no)3.134 F .14(options are supplied, e)144 +280.8 R .139(xisting completion speci\214cations are printed in a w)-.15 +F .139(ay that allo)-.1 F .139(ws them to be)-.25 F .31 +(reused as input.)144 292.8 R(The)5.31 E F12.81 E F0 .31 +(option remo)2.81 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.81(sac).15 G .31 +(ompletion speci\214cation for each)-2.81 F F2(name)2.81 E F0 2.81(,o)C +1.11 -.4(r, i)-2.81 H 2.81(fn).4 G(o)-2.81 E F2(name)2.81 E F0(s)A 1.347 +(are supplied, all completion speci\214cations.)144 304.8 R(The)6.347 E +F13.847 E F0 1.346(option indicates that the remaining options) +3.847 F .5(and actions should apply to the `)144 316.8 R(`def)-.74 E +(ault')-.1 E 3('c)-.74 G .5 +(ommand completion; that is, completion attempted on)-3 F 3.455(ac)144 +328.8 S .955(ommand for which no completion has pre)-3.455 F .955 +(viously been de\214ned.)-.25 F(The)5.955 E F13.455 E F0 .955 +(option indicates that)3.455 F .064 +(the remaining options and actions should apply to `)144 340.8 R +(`empty')-.74 E 2.565('c)-.74 G .065 +(ommand completion; that is, comple-)-2.565 F +(tion attempted on a blank line.)144 352.8 Q 1.438 (The process of applying these completion speci\214cations when w)144 -204 R 1.438(ord completion is attempted is)-.1 F(described abo)144 216 Q -.3 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1(Pr)2.5 E(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E -F0(.)A .556(Other options, if speci\214ed, ha)144 240 R .856 -.15(ve t) --.2 H .555(he follo).15 F .555(wing meanings.)-.25 F .555(The ar)5.555 F -.555(guments to the)-.18 F F13.055 E F0(,)A F13.055 E F0 -3.055(,a)C(nd)-3.055 E F13.055 E F0 .722 -(options \(and, if necessary)144 252 R 3.222(,t)-.65 G(he)-3.222 E F1 -3.222 E F0(and)3.222 E F13.222 E F0 .723 -(options\) should be quoted to protect them from e)3.222 F(xpan-)-.15 E -(sion before the)144 264 Q F1(complete)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G -(iltin is in).2 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E F1144 276 Q F2 -(comp-option)2.5 E F0(The)184 288 Q F2(comp-option)2.791 E F0 .291 +376.8 R 1.437(ord completion is attempted is)-.1 F(described abo)144 +388.8 Q .3 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1(Pr)2.5 E +(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0(.)A .555 +(Other options, if speci\214ed, ha)144 412.8 R .855 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .555 +(he follo).15 F .555(wing meanings.)-.25 F .555(The ar)5.555 F .555 +(guments to the)-.18 F F13.056 E F0(,)A F13.056 E F0 3.056 +(,a)C(nd)-3.056 E F13.056 E F0 .723(options \(and, if necessary) +144 424.8 R 3.223(,t)-.65 G(he)-3.223 E F13.223 E F0(and)3.223 E +F13.223 E F0 .722 +(options\) should be quoted to protect them from e)3.223 F(xpan-)-.15 E +(sion before the)144 436.8 Q F1(complete)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G +(iltin is in).2 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E F1144 448.8 Q +F2(comp-option)2.5 E F0(The)184 460.8 Q F2(comp-option)2.79 E F0 .291 (controls se)2.791 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .291(ral aspects of the compspec') .15 F 2.791(sb)-.55 G(eha)-2.791 E .291(vior be)-.2 F .291 -(yond the simple)-.15 F(generation of completions.)184 300 Q F2 -(comp-option)5 E F0(may be one of:)2.5 E F1(bashdefault)184 312 Q F0 -.281(Perform the rest of the def)224 324 R(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)2.781 E F0 -.281(completions if the compspec generates no)2.781 F(matches.)224 336 Q -F1(default)184 348 Q F0 2.876(Use readline')10 F 5.376(sd)-.55 G(ef) --5.376 E 2.875(ault \214lename completion if the compspec generates no) --.1 F(matches.)224 360 Q F1(dir)184 372 Q(names)-.15 E F0(Perform direc\ -tory name completion if the compspec generates no matches.)224 384 Q F1 -(\214lenames)184 396 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 408 S .137(ll readline that the co\ -mpspec generates \214lenames, so it can perform an).7 F 2.637<798c>-.15 -G(le-)-2.637 E .134(name\255speci\214c processing \(lik)224 420 R 2.634 -(ea)-.1 G .134(dding a slash to directory names, quoting spe-)-2.634 F -.45(cial characters, or suppressing trailing spaces\).)224 432 R .45 -(Intended to be used with shell)5.45 F(functions.)224 444 Q F1(noquote) -184 456 Q F0 -.7(Te)5.55 G .814 +(yond the simple)-.15 F(generation of completions.)184 472.8 Q F2 +(comp-option)5 E F0(may be one of:)2.5 E F1(bashdefault)184 484.8 Q F0 +.281(Perform the rest of the def)224 496.8 R(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)2.781 E +F0 .281(completions if the compspec generates no)2.781 F(matches.)224 +508.8 Q F1(default)184 520.8 Q F0 2.875(Use readline')224 520.8 R 5.375 +(sd)-.55 G(ef)-5.375 E 2.876 +(ault \214lename completion if the compspec generates no)-.1 F(matches.) +224 532.8 Q F1(dir)184 544.8 Q(names)-.15 E F0(Perform directory name c\ +ompletion if the compspec generates no matches.)224 556.8 Q F1 +(\214lenames)184 568.8 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 580.8 S .137(ll readline that th\ +e compspec generates \214lenames, so it can perform an).7 F 2.636<798c> +-.15 G(le-)-2.636 E .134(name\255speci\214c processing \(lik)224 592.8 R +2.634(ea)-.1 G .134(dding a slash to directory names, quoting spe-) +-2.634 F .45(cial characters, or suppressing trailing spaces\).)224 +604.8 R .45(Intended to be used with shell)5.45 F(functions.)224 616.8 Q +F1(noquote)184 628.8 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 628.8 S .814 (ll readline not to quote the completed w).7 F .814(ords if the)-.1 F -3.314(ya)-.15 G .814(re \214lenames \(quoting)-3.314 F -(\214lenames is the def)224 468 Q(ault\).)-.1 E F1(nospace)184 480 Q F0 --.7(Te)6.11 G .22(ll readline not to append a space \(the def).7 F .22 +3.314(ya)-.15 G .815(re \214lenames \(quoting)-3.314 F +(\214lenames is the def)224 640.8 Q(ault\).)-.1 E F1(nosort)184 652.8 Q +F0 -.7(Te)224 652.8 S(ll readline not to sort the list of possible comp\ +letions alphabetically).7 E(.)-.65 E F1(nospace)184 664.8 Q F0 -.7(Te) +224 664.8 S .22(ll readline not to append a space \(the def).7 F .22 (ault\) to w)-.1 F .22(ords completed at the end)-.1 F(of the line.)224 -492 Q F1(plusdirs)184 504 Q F0 1.985(After an)5.54 F 4.485(ym)-.15 G -1.985(atches de\214ned by the compspec are generated, directory name) --4.485 F .583(completion is attempted and an)224 516 R 3.084(ym)-.15 G -.584(atches are added to the results of the other)-3.084 F(actions.)224 -528 Q F1144 540 Q F2(action)2.5 E F0(The)184 552 Q F2(action)2.5 E -F0(may be one of the follo)2.5 E -(wing to generate a list of possible completions:)-.25 E F1(alias)184 -564 Q F0(Alias names.)20.55 E(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 -E F0(.)A F1(arrayv)184 576 Q(ar)-.1 E F0(Array v)224 588 Q -(ariable names.)-.25 E F1 4.7(binding Readline)184 600 R F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G -2.5(yb)-.05 G(inding names.)-2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)184 612 S(iltin).2 E F0 -(Names of shell b)11.85 E(uiltin commands.)-.2 E -(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(command)184 624 -Q F0(Command names.)224 636 Q(May also be 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May) --.25 F(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A(GNU Bash 4.3)72 -768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(54)190.95 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 55 55 +676.8 Q F1(plusdirs)184 688.8 Q F0 1.985(After an)224 688.8 R 4.485(ym) +-.15 G 1.985 +(atches de\214ned by the compspec are generated, directory name)-4.485 F +.584(completion is attempted and an)224 700.8 R 3.084(ym)-.15 G .584 +(atches are added to the results of the other)-3.084 F(actions.)224 +712.8 Q(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(56)192.055 E 0 Cg +EP +%%Page: 57 57 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(\214le)184 84 Q F0(File names.)27.22 E -(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(function)184 96 -Q F0(Names of shell functions.)224 108 Q F1(gr)184 120 Q(oup)-.18 E F0 -(Group names.)14.62 E(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.) -A F1(helptopic)184 132 Q F0(Help topics as accepted by the)224 144 Q F1 -(help)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(hostname)184 156 Q F0 -(Hostnames, as tak)224 168 Q(en from the \214le speci\214ed by the)-.1 E -/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HOSTFILE)2.5 E F0(shell v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E -F1(job)184 180 Q F0(Job names, if job control is acti)26.11 E -.15(ve) --.25 G 5(.M).15 G(ay also be speci\214ed as)-5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 --.1(ke)184 192 S(yw).1 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Shell reserv)224 204 Q(ed w)-.15 E -2.5(ords. May)-.1 F(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 -(running)184 216 Q F0(Names of running jobs, if job control is acti)5.54 -E -.15(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1(ser)184 228 Q(vice)-.1 E F0(Service names.) -10.67 E(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(setopt) -184 240 Q F0 -1.11(Va)14.45 G(lid ar)1.11 E(guments for the)-.18 E F1 -2.5 E F0(option to the)2.5 E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.) -.2 E F1(shopt)184 252 Q F0(Shell option names as accepted by the)16.66 E -F1(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(signal)184 264 Q F0 -(Signal names.)14.99 E F1(stopped)184 276 Q F0 -(Names of stopped jobs, if job control is acti)6.66 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(.) -.15 E F1(user)184 288 Q F0(User names.)21.67 E -(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(va)184 300 S -(riable).1 E F0(Names of all shell v)5.1 E 2.5(ariables. May)-.25 F -(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1144 312 Q/F3 -10/Times-Italic@0 SF(command)2.5 E(command)184 324 Q F0 1.056(is e)3.556 -F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.056(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 1.056 +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(action)2.5 E F0(The)184 96 Q F2 +(action)2.5 E F0(may be one of the follo)2.5 E +(wing to generate a list of possible completions:)-.25 E F1(alias)184 +108 Q F0(Alias names.)224 108 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1 +2.5 E F0(.)A F1(arrayv)184 120 Q(ar)-.1 E F0(Array v)224 132 Q +(ariable names.)-.25 E F1(binding)184 144 Q(Readline)224 144 Q F0 -.1 +(ke)2.5 G 2.5(yb)-.05 G(inding names.)-2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)184 156 S(iltin) +.2 E F0(Names of shell b)224 156 Q(uiltin commands.)-.2 E +(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(command)184 168 +Q F0(Command names.)224 180 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 +E F0(.)A F1(dir)184 192 Q(ectory)-.18 E F0(Directory names.)224 204 Q +(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(disabled)184 216 +Q F0(Names of disabled shell b)224 228 Q(uiltins.)-.2 E F1(enabled)184 +240 Q F0(Names of enabled shell b)224 240 Q(uiltins.)-.2 E F1(export)184 +252 Q F0(Names of e)224 252 Q(xported shell v)-.15 E 2.5(ariables. May) +-.25 F(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(\214le)184 +264 Q F0(File names.)224 264 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1 +2.5 E F0(.)A F1(function)184 276 Q F0(Names of shell functions.)224 288 +Q F1(gr)184 300 Q(oup)-.18 E F0(Group names.)224 300 Q +(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(helptopic)184 +312 Q F0(Help topics as accepted by the)224 324 Q F1(help)2.5 E F0 -.2 +(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(hostname)184 336 Q F0(Hostnames, as tak)224 348 +Q(en from the \214le speci\214ed by the)-.1 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +(HOSTFILE)2.5 E F0(shell v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(job)184 360 Q F0 +(Job names, if job control is acti)224 360 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 5(.M).15 G +(ay also be speci\214ed as)-5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(ke)184 372 S +(yw).1 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Shell reserv)224 384 Q(ed w)-.15 E 2.5(ords. May) +-.1 F(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(running)184 +396 Q F0(Names of running jobs, if job control is acti)224 396 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1(ser)184 408 Q(vice)-.1 E F0(Service names.)224 408 +Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(setopt)184 420 +Q F0 -1.11(Va)224 420 S(lid ar)1.11 E(guments for the)-.18 E F12.5 +E F0(option to the)2.5 E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1 +(shopt)184 432 Q F0(Shell option names as accepted by the)224 432 Q F1 +(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(signal)184 444 Q F0 +(Signal names.)224 444 Q F1(stopped)184 456 Q F0 +(Names of stopped jobs, if job control is acti)224 456 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G +(.).15 E F1(user)184 468 Q F0(User names.)224 468 Q +(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(va)184 480 S +(riable).1 E F0(Names of all shell v)224 480 Q 2.5(ariables. May)-.25 F +(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1144 492 Q F2 +(command)2.5 E(command)184 504 Q F0 1.055(is e)3.555 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +1.055(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 1.056 (vironment, and its output is used as the possible)-.4 F(completions.) -184 336 Q F1144 348 Q F3(function)2.5 E F0 .113 -(The shell function)184 360 R F3(function)2.614 E F0 .114(is e)2.614 F +184 516 Q F1144 528 Q F2(function)2.5 E F0 .114 +(The shell function)184 540 R F2(function)2.614 E F0 .114(is e)2.614 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .114(cuted in the current shell en).15 F 2.614 -(vironment. When)-.4 F .114(the func-)2.614 F .817(tion is e)184 372 R --.15(xe)-.15 G .817(cuted, the \214rst ar).15 F .817(gument \()-.18 F F1 -($1)A F0 3.316(\)i)C 3.316(st)-3.316 G .816 +(vironment. When)-.4 F .113(the func-)2.613 F .816(tion is e)184 552 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G .816(cuted, the \214rst ar).15 F .816(gument \()-.18 F F1 +($1)A F0 3.316(\)i)C 3.316(st)-3.316 G .817 (he name of the command whose ar)-3.316 F(guments)-.18 E 1.407 -(are being completed, the second ar)184 384 R 1.407(gument \()-.18 F F1 +(are being completed, the second ar)184 564 R 1.407(gument \()-.18 F F1 ($2)A F0 3.907(\)i)C 3.907(st)-3.907 G 1.407(he w)-3.907 F 1.407 -(ord being completed, and the)-.1 F .104(third ar)184 396 R .104 -(gument \()-.18 F F1($3)A F0 2.604(\)i)C 2.604(st)-2.604 G .104(he w) --2.604 F .104(ord preceding the w)-.1 F .103 -(ord being completed on the current com-)-.1 F .101(mand line.)184 408 R -.101(When it \214nishes, the possible completions are retrie)5.101 F --.15(ve)-.25 G 2.602(df).15 G .102(rom the v)-2.602 F .102(alue of the) --.25 F F2(COMPREPL)184 420 Q(Y)-.828 E F0(array v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E -F1144 432 Q F3(globpat)2.5 E F0 1.008(The pathname e)184 444 R -1.008(xpansion pattern)-.15 F F3(globpat)3.507 E F0 1.007(is e)3.507 F -1.007(xpanded to generate the possible comple-)-.15 F(tions.)184 456 Q -F1144 468 Q F3(pr)2.5 E(e\214x)-.37 E(pr)184 480 Q(e\214x)-.37 E -F0 .534(is added at the be)3.034 F .534 +(ord being completed, and the)-.1 F .103(third ar)184 576 R .103 +(gument \()-.18 F F1($3)A F0 2.603(\)i)C 2.603(st)-2.603 G .103(he w) +-2.603 F .104(ord preceding the w)-.1 F .104 +(ord being completed on the current com-)-.1 F .102(mand line.)184 588 R +.102(When it \214nishes, the possible completions are retrie)5.102 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.601(df).15 G .101(rom the v)-2.601 F .101(alue of the) +-.25 F F3(COMPREPL)184 600 Q(Y)-.828 E F0(array v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E +F1144 612 Q F2(globpat)2.5 E F0 1.007(The pathname e)184 624 R +1.007(xpansion pattern)-.15 F F2(globpat)3.507 E F0 1.007(is e)3.507 F +1.008(xpanded to generate the possible comple-)-.15 F(tions.)184 636 Q +F1144 648 Q F2(pr)2.5 E(e\214x)-.37 E(pr)184 660 Q(e\214x)-.37 E +F0 .535(is added at the be)3.035 F .534 (ginning of each possible completion after all other options ha)-.15 F --.15(ve)-.2 G(been applied.)184 492 Q F1144 504 Q F3(suf)2.5 E -2.81(\214x suf)-.18 F<8c78>-.18 E F0 +-.15(ve)-.2 G(been applied.)184 672 Q F1144 684 Q F2(suf)2.5 E +<8c78>-.18 E(suf)184 684 Q<8c78>-.18 E F0 (is appended to each possible completion after all other options ha)2.5 -E .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een applied.).15 E F1144 516 Q F3(wor)2.5 E -(dlist)-.37 E F0(The)184 528 Q F3(wor)3.64 E(dlist)-.37 E F0 1.14 -(is split using the characters in the)3.64 F F2(IFS)3.64 E F0 1.139 -(special v)3.39 F 1.139(ariable as delimiters, and)-.25 F 2.007 -(each resultant w)184 540 R 2.007(ord is e)-.1 F 4.507(xpanded. The)-.15 -F 2.008(possible completions are the members of the)4.507 F -(resultant list which match the w)184 552 Q(ord being completed.)-.1 E -F1144 564 Q F3(\214lterpat)2.5 E(\214lterpat)184 576 Q F0 .456 -(is a pattern as used for pathname e)2.956 F 2.956(xpansion. It)-.15 F -.455(is applied to the list of possible)2.956 F 1.596 -(completions generated by the preceding options and ar)184 588 R 1.596 -(guments, and each completion)-.18 F(matching)184 600 Q F3(\214lterpat) -3.205 E F0 .705(is remo)3.205 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.205(df).15 G .704 -(rom the list.)-3.205 F 3.204(Al)5.704 G(eading)-3.204 E F1(!)3.204 E F0 -(in)3.204 E F3(\214lterpat)3.204 E F0(ne)3.204 E -.05(ga)-.15 G .704 -(tes the pattern;).05 F(in this case, an)184 612 Q 2.5(yc)-.15 G -(ompletion not matching)-2.5 E F3(\214lterpat)2.5 E F0(is remo)2.5 E --.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .466(The return v)144 628.8 R .466 +E .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een applied.).15 E F1144 696 Q F2(wor)2.5 E +(dlist)-.37 E F0(The)184 708 Q F2(wor)3.639 E(dlist)-.37 E F0 1.14 +(is split using the characters in the)3.639 F F3(IFS)3.64 E F0 1.14 +(special v)3.39 F 1.14(ariable as delimiters, and)-.25 F 2.008 +(each resultant w)184 720 R 2.008(ord is e)-.1 F 4.508(xpanded. The)-.15 +F 2.007(possible completions are the members of the)4.508 F +(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(57)192.055 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 58 58 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E +(resultant list which match the w)184 84 Q(ord being completed.)-.1 E/F1 +10/Times-Bold@0 SF144 96 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(\214lterpat)2.5 +E(\214lterpat)184 108 Q F0 .455(is a pattern as used for pathname e) +2.955 F 2.956(xpansion. It)-.15 F .456 +(is applied to the list of possible)2.956 F 1.596 +(completions generated by the preceding options and ar)184 120 R 1.596 +(guments, and each completion)-.18 F(matching)184 132 Q F2(\214lterpat) +3.204 E F0 .704(is remo)3.204 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.204(df).15 G .704 +(rom the list.)-3.204 F 3.204(Al)5.704 G(eading)-3.204 E F1(!)3.204 E F0 +(in)3.204 E F2(\214lterpat)3.205 E F0(ne)3.205 E -.05(ga)-.15 G .705 +(tes the pattern;).05 F(in this case, an)184 144 Q 2.5(yc)-.15 G +(ompletion not matching)-2.5 E F2(\214lterpat)2.5 E F0(is remo)2.5 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .467(The return v)144 160.8 R .467 (alue is true unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .466 -(lid option is supplied, an option other than).25 F F12.967 E F0 -(or)2.967 E F12.967 E F0 .467(is sup-)2.967 F 1.362 -(plied without a)144 640.8 R F3(name)3.862 E F0(ar)3.862 E 1.361 -(gument, an attempt is made to remo)-.18 F 1.661 -.15(ve a c)-.15 H -1.361(ompletion speci\214cation for a).15 F F3(name)144 652.8 Q F0 +(lid option is supplied, an option other than).25 F F12.966 E F0 +(or)2.966 E F12.966 E F0 .466(is sup-)2.966 F 1.361 +(plied without a)144 172.8 R F2(name)3.861 E F0(ar)3.861 E 1.361 +(gument, an attempt is made to remo)-.18 F 1.662 -.15(ve a c)-.15 H +1.362(ompletion speci\214cation for a).15 F F2(name)144 184.8 Q F0 (for which no speci\214cation e)2.5 E (xists, or an error occurs adding a completion speci\214cation.)-.15 E -F1(compopt)108 669.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F3(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C -F1(\255DE)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(+o)-2.5 E F3(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F3 -(name)-2.5 E F0(])A .447(Modify completion options for each)144 681.6 R -F3(name)2.947 E F0 .447(according to the)2.947 F F3(option)2.947 E F0 -.447(s, or for the currently-e)B -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E .726 -(completion if no)144 693.6 R F3(name)3.226 E F0 3.226(sa)C .726 -(re supplied.)-3.226 F .725(If no)5.725 F F3(option)3.225 E F0 3.225(sa) -C .725(re gi)-3.225 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .725 -(n, display the completion options for).15 F(each)144 705.6 Q F3(name) -3.223 E F0 .723(or the current completion.)3.223 F .724(The possible v) -5.724 F .724(alues of)-.25 F F3(option)3.224 E F0 .724(are those v)3.224 -F .724(alid for the)-.25 F F1(com-)3.224 E(plete)144 717.6 Q F0 -.2(bu) -2.798 G .298(iltin described abo).2 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.297(.T).15 G(he) +F1(compopt)108 201.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C +F1(\255DE)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(+o)-2.5 E F2(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 +(name)-2.5 E F0(])A .447(Modify completion options for each)144 213.6 R +F2(name)2.947 E F0 .447(according to the)2.947 F F2(option)2.947 E F0 +.447(s, or for the currently-e)B -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E .725 +(completion if no)144 225.6 R F2(name)3.225 E F0 3.225(sa)C .725 +(re supplied.)-3.225 F .725(If no)5.725 F F2(option)3.225 E F0 3.225(sa) +C .725(re gi)-3.225 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .726 +(n, display the completion options for).15 F(each)144 237.6 Q F2(name) +3.224 E F0 .724(or the current completion.)3.224 F .724(The possible v) +5.724 F .724(alues of)-.25 F F2(option)3.224 E F0 .724(are those v)3.224 +F .723(alid for the)-.25 F F1(com-)3.223 E(plete)144 249.6 Q F0 -.2(bu) +2.797 G .297(iltin described abo).2 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.297(.T).15 G(he) -5.297 E F12.797 E F0 .297 (option indicates that the remaining options should apply to)2.797 F -1.227(the `)144 729.6 R(`def)-.74 E(ault')-.1 E 3.727('c)-.74 G 1.228(o\ +1.228(the `)144 261.6 R(`def)-.74 E(ault')-.1 E 3.728('c)-.74 G 1.228(o\ mmand completion; that is, completion attempted on a command for which \ -no)-3.727 F(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(55)190.95 E 0 -Cg EP -%%Page: 56 56 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E 2.178(completion has pre)144 84 R 2.178(viously been de\214ned.) --.25 F(The)7.178 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF4.678 E F0 2.177 -(option indicates that the remaining options)4.677 F(should apply to `) -144 96 Q(`empty')-.74 E 2.5('c)-.74 G +no)-3.728 F 2.177(completion has pre)144 273.6 R 2.177 +(viously been de\214ned.)-.25 F(The)7.177 E F14.677 E F0 2.178 +(option indicates that the remaining options)4.678 F(should apply to `) +144 285.6 Q(`empty')-.74 E 2.5('c)-.74 G (ommand completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line.)-2.5 -E 1.387(The return v)144 120 R 1.387(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F --.25(va)-.4 G 1.388 +E 1.388(The return v)144 309.6 R 1.388(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F +-.25(va)-.4 G 1.387 (lid option is supplied, an attempt is made to modify the).25 F -(options for a)144 132 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)2.5 E F0 +(options for a)144 321.6 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0 (for which no completion speci\214cation e)2.5 E -(xists, or an output error occurs.)-.15 E F1(continue)108 148.8 Q F0([) -2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A 1.754(Resume the ne)144 160.8 R 1.754 +(xists, or an output error occurs.)-.15 E F1(continue)108 338.4 Q F0([) +2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A 1.753(Resume the ne)144 350.4 R 1.753 (xt iteration of the enclosing)-.15 F F1 -.25(fo)4.254 G(r).25 E F0(,)A F1(while)4.254 E F0(,)A F1(until)4.254 E F0 4.254(,o)C(r)-4.254 E F1 -(select)4.254 E F0 4.253(loop. If)4.254 F F2(n)4.613 E F0 1.753 -(is speci\214ed,)4.493 F 1.208(resume at the)144 172.8 R F2(n)3.709 E F0 +(select)4.254 E F0 4.254(loop. If)4.254 F F2(n)4.614 E F0 1.754 +(is speci\214ed,)4.494 F 1.209(resume at the)144 362.4 R F2(n)3.709 E F0 1.209(th enclosing loop.)B F2(n)6.569 E F0 1.209(must be)3.949 F/F3 10 /Symbol SF3.709 E F0 3.709(1. If)3.709 F F2(n)4.069 E F0 1.209 -(is greater than the number of enclosing)3.949 F .514 -(loops, the last enclosing loop \(the `)144 184.8 R(`top-le)-.74 E -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(l').15 E 3.014('l)-.74 G .514(oop\) is resumed.)-3.014 F .513 -(The return v)5.513 F .513(alue is 0 unless)-.25 F F2(n)3.013 E F0(is) -3.013 E(not greater than or equal to 1.)144 196.8 Q F1(declar)108 213.6 +(is greater than the number of enclosing)3.949 F .513 +(loops, the last enclosing loop \(the `)144 374.4 R(`top-le)-.74 E -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(l').15 E 3.013('l)-.74 G .513(oop\) is resumed.)-3.013 F .514 +(The return v)5.514 F .514(alue is 0 unless)-.25 F F2(n)3.014 E F0(is) +3.014 E(not greater than or equal to 1.)144 386.4 Q F1(declar)108 403.2 Q(e)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAfFgilnrtux)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E F1 -(typeset)108 225.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAfFgilnrtux)A F0 2.5(][)C F1 +(typeset)108 415.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAfFgilnrtux)A F0 2.5(][)C F1 -2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C -(..])-2.5 E 1.264(Declare v)144 237.6 R 1.264(ariables and/or gi)-.25 F -1.564 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 1.264(hem attrib).15 F 3.765(utes. If)-.2 F(no) +(..])-2.5 E 1.265(Declare v)144 427.2 R 1.265(ariables and/or gi)-.25 F +1.565 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 1.265(hem attrib).15 F 3.765(utes. If)-.2 F(no) 3.765 E F2(name)3.765 E F0 3.765(sa)C 1.265(re gi)-3.765 F -.15(ve)-.25 -G 3.765(nt).15 G 1.265(hen display the v)-3.765 F 1.265(alues of)-.25 F --.25(va)144 249.6 S 3.483(riables. The).25 F F13.483 E F0 .983 -(option will display the attrib)3.483 F .983(utes and v)-.2 F .982 -(alues of each)-.25 F F2(name)3.482 E F0 5.982(.W).18 G(hen)-5.982 E F1 -3.482 E F0 .982(is used)3.482 F(with)144 261.6 Q F2(name)2.774 E -F0(ar)2.774 E .274(guments, additional options, other than)-.18 F F1 -2.775 E F0(and)2.775 E F12.775 E F0 2.775(,a)C .275 -(re ignored.)-2.775 F(When)5.275 E F12.775 E F0 .275(is supplied) -2.775 F(without)144 273.6 Q F2(name)4.814 E F0(ar)4.814 E 2.314 -(guments, it will display the attrib)-.18 F 2.314(utes and v)-.2 F 2.313 -(alues of all v)-.25 F 2.313(ariables ha)-.25 F 2.313(ving the)-.2 F -(attrib)144 285.6 Q 1.181(utes speci\214ed by the additional options.) --.2 F 1.182(If no other options are supplied with)6.181 F F13.682 -E F0(,)A F1(declar)3.682 E(e)-.18 E F0 .62(will display the attrib)144 -297.6 R .62(utes and v)-.2 F .62(alues of all shell v)-.25 F 3.12 +G 3.764(nt).15 G 1.264(hen display the v)-3.764 F 1.264(alues of)-.25 F +-.25(va)144 439.2 S 3.482(riables. The).25 F F13.482 E F0 .982 +(option will display the attrib)3.482 F .982(utes and v)-.2 F .983 +(alues of each)-.25 F F2(name)3.483 E F0 5.983(.W).18 G(hen)-5.983 E F1 +3.483 E F0 .983(is used)3.483 F(with)144 451.2 Q F2(name)2.775 E +F0(ar)2.775 E .275(guments, additional options, other than)-.18 F F1 +2.775 E F0(and)2.775 E F12.775 E F0 2.775(,a)C .274 +(re ignored.)-2.775 F(When)5.274 E F12.774 E F0 .274(is supplied) +2.774 F(without)144 463.2 Q F2(name)4.813 E F0(ar)4.813 E 2.313 +(guments, it will display the attrib)-.18 F 2.314(utes and v)-.2 F 2.314 +(alues of all v)-.25 F 2.314(ariables ha)-.25 F 2.314(ving the)-.2 F +(attrib)144 475.2 Q 1.182(utes speci\214ed by the additional options.) +-.2 F 1.181(If no other options are supplied with)6.182 F F13.681 +E F0(,)A F1(declar)3.681 E(e)-.18 E F0 .62(will display the attrib)144 +487.2 R .62(utes and v)-.2 F .62(alues of all shell v)-.25 F 3.12 (ariables. The)-.25 F F13.12 E F0 .62 -(option will restrict the display)3.12 F 1.29(to shell functions.)144 -309.6 R(The)6.29 E F13.79 E F0 1.291(option inhibits the display \ -of function de\214nitions; only the function)3.791 F .948 -(name and attrib)144 321.6 R .948(utes are printed.)-.2 F .948(If the) +(option will restrict the display)3.12 F 1.291(to shell functions.)144 +499.2 R(The)6.291 E F13.791 E F0 1.291(option inhibits the displa\ +y of function de\214nitions; only the function)3.791 F .948 +(name and attrib)144 511.2 R .948(utes are printed.)-.2 F .948(If the) 5.948 F F1(extdeb)3.448 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .948 (shell option is enabled using)3.448 F F1(shopt)3.448 E F0 3.448(,t)C -.948(he source)-3.448 F 1.342(\214le name and line number where the fun\ -ction is de\214ned are displayed as well.)144 333.6 R(The)6.342 E F1 -3.842 E F0(option)3.842 E(implies)144 345.6 Q F13.892 E F0 -6.392(.T)C(he)-6.392 E F13.892 E F0 1.391(option forces v)3.892 F -1.391(ariables to be created or modi\214ed at the global scope, e)-.25 F --.15(ve)-.25 G(n).15 E(when)144 357.6 Q F1(declar)4.382 E(e)-.18 E F0 -1.882(is e)4.382 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.882(cuted in a shell function.).15 F -1.883(It is ignored in all other cases.)6.882 F 1.883(The follo)6.883 F -(wing)-.25 E .794(options can be used to restrict output to v)144 369.6 -R .794(ariables with the speci\214ed attrib)-.25 F .793(ute or to gi)-.2 -F 1.093 -.15(ve v)-.25 H(ariables)-.1 E(attrib)144 381.6 Q(utes:)-.2 E -F1144 393.6 Q F0(Each)25.3 E F2(name)2.5 E F0(is an inde)2.5 E --.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G(rray v)-2.5 E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F1 -(Arrays)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1144 405.6 Q -F0(Each)23.08 E F2(name)2.5 E F0(is an associati)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 -H(rray v).15 E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F1(Arrays)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15 -(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1144 417.6 Q F0(Use function names only) -26.97 E(.)-.65 E F1144 429.6 Q F0 .557(The v)27.52 F .558 +.948(he source)-3.448 F 1.69(\214le name and line number where each)144 +523.2 R F2(name)4.19 E F0 1.69(is de\214ned are displayed as well.)4.19 +F(The)6.69 E F14.19 E F0(option)4.19 E(implies)144 535.2 Q F1 +3.891 E F0 6.391(.T)C(he)-6.391 E F13.891 E F0 1.391 +(option forces v)3.891 F 1.391 +(ariables to be created or modi\214ed at the global scope, e)-.25 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(n).15 E(when)144 547.2 Q F1(declar)4.383 E(e)-.18 E F0 1.883 +(is e)4.383 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.883(cuted in a shell function.).15 F +1.882(It is ignored in all other cases.)6.883 F 1.882(The follo)6.882 F +(wing)-.25 E .793(options can be used to restrict output to v)144 559.2 +R .794(ariables with the speci\214ed attrib)-.25 F .794(ute or to gi)-.2 +F 1.094 -.15(ve v)-.25 H(ariables)-.1 E(attrib)144 571.2 Q(utes:)-.2 E +F1144 583.2 Q F0(Each)180 583.2 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0(is an inde)2.5 +E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G(rray v)-2.5 E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F1 +(Arrays)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1144 595.2 Q +F0(Each)180 595.2 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0(is an associati)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a) +-.25 H(rray v).15 E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F1(Arrays)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1144 607.2 Q F0(Use function names only) +180 607.2 Q(.)-.65 E F1144 619.2 Q F0 .558(The v)180 619.2 R .558 (ariable is treated as an inte)-.25 F .558(ger; arithmetic e)-.15 F -.25 -(va)-.25 G .558(luation \(see).25 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .558 -(ARITHMETIC EV)3.058 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E(TION)180 441.6 Q F0(abo) +(va)-.25 G .558(luation \(see).25 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .557 +(ARITHMETIC EV)3.058 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E(TION)180 631.2 Q F0(abo) 2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\)i).15 G 2.5(sp)-2.5 G(erformed when the v) --2.5 E(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E F1144 453.6 Q -F0 .91(When the v)27.52 F .909(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909 +-2.5 E(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E F1144 643.2 Q +F0 .909(When the v)180 643.2 R .909(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909 (alue, all upper)-.25 F .909(-case characters are con)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.4 -G .909(rted to lo).15 F(wer)-.25 E(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 465.6 R -(upper)2.5 E(-case attrib)-.2 E(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F1144 477.6 -Q F0(Gi)24.74 E 1.619 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach).15 E F2(name)3.819 E F0(the) -3.819 E F2(namer)3.819 E(ef)-.37 E F0(attrib)3.819 E 1.319 +G .91(rted to lo).15 F(wer)-.25 E(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 655.2 R +(upper)2.5 E(-case attrib)-.2 E(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F1144 667.2 +Q F0(Gi)180 667.2 Q 1.62 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach).15 E F2(name)3.82 E F0 +(the)3.82 E F2(namer)3.819 E(ef)-.37 E F0(attrib)3.819 E 1.319 (ute, making it a name reference to another v)-.2 F(ariable.)-.25 E -1.033(That other v)180 489.6 R 1.033(ariable is de\214ned by the v)-.25 -F 1.033(alue of)-.25 F F2(name)3.533 E F0 6.033(.A)C 1.033 -(ll references and assignments to)-6.033 F F2(name)180 501.6 Q F0 4.032 -(,e)C 1.532(xcept for changing the)-4.182 F F14.032 E F0(attrib) -4.032 E 1.532(ute itself, are performed on the v)-.2 F 1.533 -(ariable refer)-.25 F(-)-.2 E(enced by)180 513.6 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0 1.1 --.55('s v)D 2.5(alue. The).3 F F12.5 E F0(attrib)2.5 E -(ute cannot be applied to array v)-.2 E(ariables.)-.25 E F1144 -525.6 Q F0(Mak)25.86 E(e)-.1 E F2(name)5.047 E F0 5.047(sr)C(eadonly) --5.047 E 7.547(.T)-.65 G 2.546(hese names cannot then be assigned v) --7.547 F 2.546(alues by subsequent)-.25 F -(assignment statements or unset.)180 537.6 Q F1144 549.6 Q F0(Gi) -26.97 E .729 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach).15 E F2(name)2.929 E F0(the)2.929 E -F2(tr)2.929 E(ace)-.15 E F0(attrib)2.929 E 2.929(ute. T)-.2 F .429 -(raced functions inherit the)-.35 F F1(DEB)2.929 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.93 -E F1(RETURN)2.93 E F0(traps from the calling shell.)180 561.6 Q -(The trace attrib)5 E(ute has no special meaning for v)-.2 E(ariables.) --.25 E F1144 573.6 Q F0 .91(When the v)24.74 F .909 +1.518(That other v)180 679.2 R 1.518(ariable is de\214ned by the v)-.25 +F 1.519(alue of)-.25 F F2(name)4.019 E F0 6.519(.A)C 1.519 +(ll references, assignments, and)-6.519 F(attrib)180 691.2 Q .227 +(ute modi\214cations to)-.2 F F2(name)2.726 E F0 2.726(,e)C .226 +(xcept those using or changing the)-2.876 F F12.726 E F0(attrib) +2.726 E .226(ute itself, are)-.2 F .808(performed on the v)180 703.2 R +.808(ariable referenced by)-.25 F F2(name)3.308 E F0 1.908 -.55('s v)D +3.308(alue. The).3 F .809(nameref attrib)3.309 F .809(ute cannot be)-.2 +F(applied to array v)180 715.2 Q(ariables.)-.25 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q +(2016 August 26)142.895 E(58)192.055 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 59 59 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF144 84 Q F0(Mak)180 84 Q(e)-.1 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name) +5.047 E F0 5.047(sr)C(eadonly)-5.047 E 7.547(.T)-.65 G 2.546 +(hese names cannot then be assigned v)-7.547 F 2.546 +(alues by subsequent)-.25 F(assignment statements or unset.)180 96 Q F1 +144 108 Q F0(Gi)180 108 Q .729 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach).15 E F2(name) +2.929 E F0(the)2.929 E F2(tr)2.929 E(ace)-.15 E F0(attrib)2.929 E 2.929 +(ute. T)-.2 F .429(raced functions inherit the)-.35 F F1(DEB)2.929 E(UG) +-.1 E F0(and)2.93 E F1(RETURN)2.93 E F0(traps from the calling shell.) +180 120 Q(The trace attrib)5 E(ute has no special meaning for v)-.2 E +(ariables.)-.25 E F1144 132 Q F0 .91(When the v)180 132 R .909 (ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909(alue, all lo)-.25 F(wer)-.25 E .909 (-case characters are con)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .909(rted to upper).15 F -(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 585.6 R(lo)2.5 E(wer)-.25 E(-case attrib)-.2 -E(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F1144 597.6 Q F0(Mark)25.3 E F2(name)2.5 +(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 144 R(lo)2.5 E(wer)-.25 E(-case attrib)-.2 E +(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F1144 156 Q F0(Mark)180 156 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0 2.5(sf)C(or e)-2.5 E(xport to subsequent commands via the en)-.15 E -(vironment.)-.4 E .12(Using `+' instead of `\255' turns of)144 614.4 R +(vironment.)-.4 E .12(Using `+' instead of `\255' turns of)144 172.8 R 2.62(ft)-.25 G .12(he attrib)-2.62 F .121(ute instead, with the e)-.2 F .121(xceptions that)-.15 F F1(+a)2.621 E F0 .121(may not be used)2.621 F -.645(to destro)144 626.4 R 3.145(ya)-.1 G 3.145(na)-3.145 G .645(rray v) +.645(to destro)144 184.8 R 3.145(ya)-.1 G 3.145(na)-3.145 G .645(rray v) -3.145 F .645(ariable and)-.25 F F1(+r)3.145 E F0 .645(will not remo) 3.145 F .945 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .645(he readonly attrib).15 F 3.144 -(ute. When)-.2 F .644(used in a func-)3.144 F(tion,)144 638.4 Q F1 +(ute. When)-.2 F .644(used in a func-)3.144 F(tion,)144 196.8 Q F1 (declar)2.835 E(e)-.18 E F0(and)2.835 E F1(typeset)2.835 E F0(mak)2.835 E 2.835(ee)-.1 G(ach)-2.835 E F2(name)2.835 E F0 .335 (local, as with the)2.835 F F1(local)2.835 E F0 .335 (command, unless the)2.835 F F12.835 E F0(option)2.835 E 1.283 -(is supplied.)144 650.4 R 1.283(If a v)6.283 F 1.283 +(is supplied.)144 208.8 R 1.283(If a v)6.283 F 1.283 (ariable name is follo)-.25 F 1.283(wed by =)-.25 F F2(value)A F0 3.783 (,t)C 1.283(he v)-3.783 F 1.283(alue of the v)-.25 F 1.282 (ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(value)3.782 E F0(.)A .926(When using)144 -662.4 R F13.426 E F0(or)3.426 E F13.426 E F0 .927 +220.8 R F13.426 E F0(or)3.426 E F13.426 E F0 .927 (and the compound assignment syntax to create array v)3.426 F .927 -(ariables, additional)-.25 F(attrib)144 674.4 Q .592(utes do not tak)-.2 +(ariables, additional)-.25 F(attrib)144 232.8 Q .592(utes do not tak)-.2 F 3.092(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.092 G .592 (ect until subsequent assignments.).25 F .592(The return v)5.592 F .592 (alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E .429 (option is encountered, an attempt is made to de\214ne a function using) -144 686.4 R/F5 10/Courier@0 SF .429(\255f foo=bar)2.929 F F0 2.929(,a)C +144 244.8 R/F3 10/Courier@0 SF .429(\255f foo=bar)2.929 F F0 2.929(,a)C 2.929(na)-2.929 G .429(ttempt is)-2.929 F .063(made to assign a v)144 -698.4 R .063(alue to a readonly v)-.25 F .062 +256.8 R .063(alue to a readonly v)-.25 F .062 (ariable, an attempt is made to assign a v)-.25 F .062 (alue to an array v)-.25 F(ari-)-.25 E .102 -(able without using the compound assignment syntax \(see)144 710.4 R F1 +(able without using the compound assignment syntax \(see)144 268.8 R F1 (Arrays)2.602 E F0(abo)2.602 E -.15(ve)-.15 G .102(\), one of the).15 F -F2(names)2.602 E F0 .102(is not a)2.602 F -.25(va)144 722.4 S .172 +F2(names)2.602 E F0 .102(is not a)2.602 F -.25(va)144 280.8 S .172 (lid shell v).25 F .171(ariable name, an attempt is made to turn of)-.25 F 2.671(fr)-.25 G .171(eadonly status for a readonly v)-2.671 F .171 -(ariable, an)-.25 F(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(56) -190.95 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 57 57 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E .96(attempt is made to turn of)144 84 R 3.46(fa)-.25 G .96 -(rray status for an array v)-3.46 F .96 -(ariable, or an attempt is made to display a)-.25 F(non-e)144 96 Q -(xistent function with)-.15 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -(dirs [\255clpv] [+)108 112.8 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F1 2.5(][)C --2.5 E F2(n)A F1(])A F0 -.4(Wi)144 124.8 S .329 +(ariable, an)-.25 F .96(attempt is made to turn of)144 292.8 R 3.46(fa) +-.25 G .96(rray status for an array v)-3.46 F .96 +(ariable, or an attempt is made to display a)-.25 F(non-e)144 304.8 Q +(xistent function with)-.15 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 +(dirs [\255clpv] [+)108 321.6 Q F2(n)A F1 2.5(][)C-2.5 E F2(n)A F1 +(])A F0 -.4(Wi)144 333.6 S .329 (thout options, displays the list of currently remembered directories.) .4 F .328(The def)5.328 F .328(ault display is on a)-.1 F 1.238 -(single line with directory names separated by spaces.)144 136.8 R 1.238 -(Directories are added to the list with the)6.238 F F1(pushd)144 148.8 Q -F0(command; the)2.5 E F1(popd)2.5 E F0(command remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G -2.5(se).15 G(ntries from the list.)-2.5 E F1144 160.8 Q F0 -(Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries.)25.86 E F1 -144 172.8 Q F0 .882 -(Produces a listing using full pathnames; the def)27.52 F .881 +(single line with directory names separated by spaces.)144 345.6 R 1.238 +(Directories are added to the list with the)6.238 F F1(pushd)144 357.6 Q +F0 2.003(command; the)4.504 F F1(popd)4.503 E F0 2.003(command remo) +4.503 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 4.503(se).15 G 2.003(ntries from the list.)-4.503 +F 2.003(The current directory is)7.003 F(al)144 369.6 Q -.1(wa)-.1 G +(ys the \214rst directory in the stack.).1 E F1144 381.6 Q F0 +(Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries.)180 381.6 Q +F1144 393.6 Q F0 .881 +(Produces a listing using full pathnames; the def)180 393.6 R .882 (ault listing format uses a tilde to denote)-.1 F(the home directory)180 -184.8 Q(.)-.65 E F1144 196.8 Q F0 -(Print the directory stack with one entry per line.)24.74 E F1144 -208.8 Q F0 .272(Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pre\ -\214xing each entry with its inde)25.3 F 2.773(xi)-.15 G 2.773(nt)-2.773 -G(he)-2.773 E(stack.)180 220.8 Q F1(+)144 232.8 Q F2(n)A F0 1.565 -(Displays the)25.3 F F2(n)4.065 E F0 1.565 -(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B 1.564(wn by)-.25 F F1 -(dirs)4.064 E F0 1.564(when in)4.064 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E -(without options, starting with zero.)180 244.8 Q F1144 256.8 Q F2 -(n)A F0 1.194(Displays the)25.3 F F2(n)3.694 E F0 1.194 +405.6 Q(.)-.65 E F1144 417.6 Q F0 +(Print the directory stack with one entry per line.)180 417.6 Q F1 +144 429.6 Q F0 .273(Print the directory stack with one entry per line, \ +pre\214xing each entry with its inde)180 429.6 R 2.772(xi)-.15 G 2.772 +(nt)-2.772 G(he)-2.772 E(stack.)180 441.6 Q F1(+)144 453.6 Q F2(n)A F0 +1.564(Displays the)180 453.6 R F2(n)4.064 E F0 1.565 +(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B 1.565(wn by)-.25 F F1 +(dirs)4.065 E F0 1.565(when in)4.065 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E +(without options, starting with zero.)180 465.6 Q F1144 477.6 Q F2 +(n)A F0 1.194(Displays the)180 477.6 R F2(n)3.694 E F0 1.194 (th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.194(wn by)-.25 F F1(dirs)3.694 E F0 1.194(when in)3.694 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E -(without options, starting with zero.)180 268.8 Q .258(The return v)144 -285.6 R .258(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .258 +(without options, starting with zero.)180 489.6 Q .257(The return v)144 +506.4 R .258(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .258 (lid option is supplied or).25 F F2(n)2.758 E F0(inde)2.758 E -.15(xe) -.15 G 2.758(sb).15 G -.15(ey)-2.758 G .258(ond the end of the direc-) -.15 F(tory stack.)144 297.6 Q F1(diso)108 314.4 Q(wn)-.1 E F0([)2.5 E F1 +.15 F(tory stack.)144 518.4 Q F1(diso)108 535.2 Q(wn)-.1 E F0([)2.5 E F1 (\255ar)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(jobspec)-2.5 E F0 -(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 326.4 S .121(thout options, remo).4 F .422 -.15 -(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F2(jobspec)4.362 E F0 .122 -(from the table of acti)2.932 F .422 -.15(ve j)-.25 H 2.622(obs. If).15 -F F2(jobspec)4.362 E F0 .122(is not present, and)2.932 F .096 -(neither the)144 338.4 R F12.596 E F0 .096(nor the)2.596 F F1 -2.596 E F0 .096(option is supplied, the)2.596 F F2(curr)2.596 E +(... |)2.5 E F2(pid)2.5 E F0(... ])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 547.2 S .122 +(thout options, remo).4 F .422 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F2(jobspec) +4.362 E F0 .122(from the table of acti)2.932 F .422 -.15(ve j)-.25 H +2.622(obs. If).15 F F2(jobspec)4.362 E F0 .121(is not present, and)2.932 +F .096(neither the)144 559.2 R F12.596 E F0 .096(nor the)2.596 F +F12.596 E F0 .096(option is supplied, the)2.596 F F2(curr)2.596 E .096(ent job)-.37 F F0 .096(is used.)2.596 F .096(If the)5.096 F F1 2.596 E F0 .096(option is gi)2.596 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .096(n, each) -.15 F F2(jobspec)144 350.4 Q F0 .672(is not remo)3.482 F -.15(ve)-.15 G -3.172(df).15 G .672(rom the table, b)-3.172 F .672(ut is mark)-.2 F .672 -(ed so that)-.1 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGHUP)3.172 E F0 .673 -(is not sent to the job if the)2.922 F .962(shell recei)144 362.4 R -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 3.462(sa).15 G F3(SIGHUP)A/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .962 +.15 F F2(jobspec)145.74 571.2 Q F0 .586(is not remo)3.396 F -.15(ve)-.15 +G 3.086(df).15 G .585(rom the table, b)-3.086 F .585(ut is mark)-.2 F +.585(ed so that)-.1 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGHUP)3.085 E F0 .585 +(is not sent to the job if the)2.835 F .962(shell recei)144 583.2 R -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 3.462(sa).15 G F4(SIGHUP)A/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .962 (If no)5.462 F F2(jobspec)5.202 E F0 .962(is supplied, the)3.772 F F1 3.462 E F0 .962(option means to remo)3.462 F 1.262 -.15(ve o)-.15 -H 3.462(rm).15 G .962(ark all)-3.462 F 1.358(jobs; the)144 374.4 R F1 -3.858 E F0 1.358(option without a)3.858 F F2(jobspec)5.598 E F0 -(ar)4.169 E 1.359(gument restricts operation to running jobs.)-.18 F -1.359(The return)6.359 F -.25(va)144 386.4 S(lue is 0 unless a).25 E F2 +H 3.462(rm).15 G .962(ark all)-3.462 F 1.359(jobs; the)144 595.2 R F1 +3.859 E F0 1.359(option without a)3.859 F F2(jobspec)5.599 E F0 +(ar)4.169 E 1.358(gument restricts operation to running jobs.)-.18 F +1.358(The return)6.358 F -.25(va)144 607.2 S(lue is 0 unless a).25 E F2 (jobspec)4.24 E F0(does not specify a v)2.81 E(alid job)-.25 E(.)-.4 E -F1(echo)108 403.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255neE)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g) --.37 E F0(...])2.5 E .425(Output the)144 415.2 R F2(ar)2.925 E(g)-.37 E -F0 .424(s, separated by spaces, follo)B .424(wed by a ne)-.25 F 2.924 -(wline. The)-.25 F .424(return status is 0 unless a write)2.924 F .307 -(error occurs.)144 427.2 R(If)5.307 E F12.807 E F0 .307 -(is speci\214ed, the trailing ne)2.807 F .308(wline is suppressed.)-.25 -F .308(If the)5.308 F F12.808 E F0 .308(option is gi)2.808 F -.15 -(ve)-.25 G .308(n, inter).15 F(-)-.2 E 1.349(pretation of the follo)144 -439.2 R 1.348(wing backslash-escaped characters is enabled.)-.25 F(The) -6.348 E F13.848 E F0 1.348(option disables the)3.848 F 1.054 -(interpretation of these escape characters, e)144 451.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G -3.555(no).15 G 3.555(ns)-3.555 G 1.055(ystems where the)-3.555 F 3.555 -(ya)-.15 G 1.055(re interpreted by def)-3.555 F(ault.)-.1 E(The)144 -463.2 Q F1(xpg_echo)3.459 E F0 .959 -(shell option may be used to dynamically determine whether or not)3.459 -F F1(echo)3.458 E F0 -.15(ex)3.458 G(pands).15 E .715 -(these escape characters by def)144 475.2 R(ault.)-.1 E F1(echo)5.715 E -F0 .716(does not interpret)3.215 F F13.216 E F0 .716 -(to mean the end of options.)3.216 F F1(echo)5.716 E F0 -(interprets the follo)144 487.2 Q(wing escape sequences:)-.25 E F1(\\a) -144 499.2 Q F0(alert \(bell\))28.22 E F1(\\b)144 511.2 Q F0(backspace) -27.66 E F1(\\c)144 523.2 Q F0(suppress further output)28.78 E F1(\\e)144 -535.2 Q(\\E)144 547.2 Q F0(an escape character)26.55 E F1(\\f)144 559.2 -Q F0(form feed)29.89 E F1(\\n)144 571.2 Q F0(ne)27.66 E 2.5(wl)-.25 G -(ine)-2.5 E F1(\\r)144 583.2 Q F0(carriage return)28.78 E F1(\\t)144 -595.2 Q F0(horizontal tab)29.89 E F1(\\v)144 607.2 Q F0 -.15(ve)28.22 G -(rtical tab).15 E F1(\\\\)144 619.2 Q F0(backslash)30.44 E F1(\\0)144 -631.2 Q F2(nnn)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)13.22 E -(alue is the octal v)-.25 E(alue)-.25 E F2(nnn)2.5 E F0 -(\(zero to three octal digits\))2.5 E F1(\\x)144 643.2 Q F2(HH)A F0 -(the eight-bit character whose v)13.78 E(alue is the he)-.25 E -(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F2(HH)2.5 E F0(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh) --.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E F1(\\u)144 655.2 Q F2(HHHH)A F0 -1.507(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 667.2 R 1.506 -(alue is the he)-.25 F 1.506(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F2(HHHH) -4.006 E F0(\(one to four he)180 679.2 Q 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\))-2.5 E F1 -(\\U)144 691.2 Q F2(HHHHHHHH)A F0 .547 -(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 703.2 R .547 -(alue is the he)-.25 F .548(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F2(HHHHH-) -3.048 E(HHH)180 715.2 Q F0(\(one to eight he)2.5 E 2.5(xd)-.15 G -(igits\))-2.5 E(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(57)190.95 -E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 58 58 +F1(echo)108 624 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255neE)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g) +-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E .424(Output the)144 636 R F2(ar)2.924 E(g)-.37 E F0 +.424(s, separated by spaces, follo)B .424(wed by a ne)-.25 F 2.924 +(wline. The)-.25 F .424(return status is 0 unless a write)2.924 F .308 +(error occurs.)144 648 R(If)5.308 E F12.808 E F0 .308 +(is speci\214ed, the trailing ne)2.808 F .308(wline is suppressed.)-.25 +F .307(If the)5.308 F F12.807 E F0 .307(option is gi)2.807 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G .307(n, inter).15 F(-)-.2 E 1.348(pretation of the follo)144 +660 R 1.348(wing backslash-escaped characters is enabled.)-.25 F(The) +6.348 E F13.849 E F0 1.349(option disables the)3.849 F 1.055 +(interpretation of these escape characters, e)144 672 R -.15(ve)-.25 G +3.555(no).15 G 3.555(ns)-3.555 G 1.055(ystems where the)-3.555 F 3.554 +(ya)-.15 G 1.054(re interpreted by def)-3.554 F(ault.)-.1 E(The)144 684 +Q F1(xpg_echo)3.458 E F0 .959 +(shell option may be used to dynamically determine whether or not)3.458 +F F1(echo)3.459 E F0 -.15(ex)3.459 G(pands).15 E .716 +(these escape characters by def)144 696 R(ault.)-.1 E F1(echo)5.716 E F0 +.716(does not interpret)3.216 F F13.216 E F0 .715 +(to mean the end of options.)3.216 F F1(echo)5.715 E F0 +(interprets the follo)144 708 Q(wing escape sequences:)-.25 E +(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(59)192.055 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 60 60 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(enable)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0 2.5 -(][)C F1(\255dnps)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 -SF(\214lename)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .278 -(Enable and disable b)144 96 R .278(uiltin shell commands.)-.2 F .278 -(Disabling a b)5.278 F .278(uiltin allo)-.2 F .278 -(ws a disk command which has)-.25 F .833(the same name as a shell b)144 -108 R .834(uiltin to be e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .834 -(cuted without specifying a full pathname, e).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.334 -(nt).15 G(hough)-3.334 E .99(the shell normally searches for b)144 120 R -.989(uiltins before disk commands.)-.2 F(If)5.989 E F13.489 E F0 -.989(is used, each)3.489 F F2(name)3.489 E F0 .989(is dis-)3.489 F 1.581 -(abled; otherwise,)144 132 R F2(names)4.082 E F0 1.582(are enabled.) +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(\\a)144 84 Q F0(alert \(bell\))180 84 Q F1(\\b)144 96 Q F0(backspace) +180 96 Q F1(\\c)144 108 Q F0(suppress further output)180 108 Q F1(\\e) +144 120 Q(\\E)144 132 Q F0(an escape character)180 132 Q F1(\\f)144 144 +Q F0(form feed)180 144 Q F1(\\n)144 156 Q F0(ne)180 156 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G +(ine)-2.5 E F1(\\r)144 168 Q F0(carriage return)180 168 Q F1(\\t)144 180 +Q F0(horizontal tab)180 180 Q F1(\\v)144 192 Q F0 -.15(ve)180 192 S +(rtical tab).15 E F1(\\\\)144 204 Q F0(backslash)180 204 Q F1(\\0)144 +216 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(nnn)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v) +180 216 Q(alue is the octal v)-.25 E(alue)-.25 E F2(nnn)2.5 E F0 +(\(zero to three octal digits\))2.5 E F1(\\x)144 228 Q F2(HH)A F0 +(the eight-bit character whose v)180 228 Q(alue is the he)-.25 E +(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F2(HH)2.5 E F0(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh) +-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E F1(\\u)144 240 Q F2(HHHH)A F0 +1.506(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 252 R 1.507 +(alue is the he)-.25 F 1.507(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F2(HHHH) +4.007 E F0(\(one to four he)180 264 Q 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\))-2.5 E F1 +(\\U)144 276 Q F2(HHHHHHHH)A F0 .548 +(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 288 R .547 +(alue is the he)-.25 F .547(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F2(HHHHH-) +3.047 E(HHH)180 300 Q F0(\(one to eight he)2.5 E 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\)) +-2.5 E F1(enable)108 316.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0 2.5(][)C F1 +(\255dnps)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0 2.5 +(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .277(Enable and disable b)144 328.8 R +.278(uiltin shell commands.)-.2 F .278(Disabling a b)5.278 F .278 +(uiltin allo)-.2 F .278(ws a disk command which has)-.25 F .834 +(the same name as a shell b)144 340.8 R .834(uiltin to be e)-.2 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G .834(cuted without specifying a full pathname, e).15 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 3.333(nt).15 G(hough)-3.333 E .989 +(the shell normally searches for b)144 352.8 R .989 +(uiltins before disk commands.)-.2 F(If)5.989 E F13.489 E F0 .99 +(is used, each)3.49 F F2(name)3.49 E F0 .99(is dis-)3.49 F 1.582 +(abled; otherwise,)144 364.8 R F2(names)4.082 E F0 1.582(are enabled.) 4.082 F -.15(Fo)6.582 G 4.082(re).15 G 1.582(xample, to use the)-4.232 F F1(test)4.082 E F0 1.582(binary found via the)4.082 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 -SF -.666(PA)4.082 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .081(instead of the shell b)144 144 R -.081(uiltin v)-.2 F .081(ersion, run)-.15 F/F4 10/Courier@0 SF .081 -(enable -n test)2.581 F F0 5.081(.T)C(he)-5.081 E F12.58 E F0 .08 -(option means to load the ne)2.58 F(w)-.25 E -.2(bu)144 156 S 1.524 -(iltin command).2 F F2(name)4.384 E F0 1.524(from shared object)4.204 F +SF -.666(PA)4.081 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .08(instead of the shell b)144 376.8 R +.08(uiltin v)-.2 F .08(ersion, run)-.15 F/F4 10/Courier@0 SF .081 +(enable -n test)2.58 F F0 5.081(.T)C(he)-5.081 E F12.581 E F0 .081 +(option means to load the ne)2.581 F(w)-.25 E -.2(bu)144 388.8 S 1.525 +(iltin command).2 F F2(name)4.385 E F0 1.524(from shared object)4.204 F F2(\214lename)4.024 E F0 4.024(,o).18 G 4.024(ns)-4.024 G 1.524 -(ystems that support dynamic loading.)-4.024 F(The)144 168 Q F1 -2.867 E F0 .367(option will delete a b)2.867 F .367(uiltin pre)-.2 F -.367(viously loaded with)-.25 F F12.866 E F0 5.366(.I)C 2.866(fn) --5.366 G(o)-2.866 E F2(name)2.866 E F0(ar)2.866 E .366(guments are gi) --.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .366(n, or).15 F .398(if the)144 180 R F1 -2.898 E F0 .399(option is supplied, a list of shell b)2.899 F .399 +(ystems that support dynamic loading.)-4.024 F(The)144 400.8 Q F1 +2.866 E F0 .366(option will delete a b)2.866 F .366(uiltin pre)-.2 F +.366(viously loaded with)-.25 F F12.867 E F0 5.367(.I)C 2.867(fn) +-5.367 G(o)-2.867 E F2(name)2.867 E F0(ar)2.867 E .367(guments are gi) +-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .367(n, or).15 F .399(if the)144 412.8 R F1 +2.899 E F0 .399(option is supplied, a list of shell b)2.899 F .399 (uiltins is printed.)-.2 F -.4(Wi)5.399 G .399(th no other option ar).4 -F .399(guments, the)-.18 F .099(list consists of all enabled shell b)144 -192 R 2.598(uiltins. If)-.2 F F12.598 E F0 .098 -(is supplied, only disabled b)2.598 F .098(uiltins are printed.)-.2 F -(If)5.098 E F12.598 E F0 1.916 -(is supplied, the list printed includes all b)144 204 R 1.916 -(uiltins, with an indication of whether or not each is)-.2 F 2.879 -(enabled. If)144 216 R F12.879 E F0 .379 -(is supplied, the output is restricted to the POSIX)2.879 F F2(special) -2.879 E F0 -.2(bu)2.878 G 2.878(iltins. The).2 F .378(return v)2.878 F -(alue)-.25 E .994(is 0 unless a)144 228 R F2(name)3.854 E F0 .994 -(is not a shell b)3.674 F .994(uiltin or there is an error loading a ne) --.2 F 3.495(wb)-.25 G .995(uiltin from a shared)-3.695 F(object.)144 240 -Q F1 -2.3 -.15(ev a)108 256.8 T(l).15 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0 -(...])2.5 E(The)144 268.8 Q F2(ar)3.171 E(g)-.37 E F0 3.171(sa)C .671 -(re read and concatenated together into a single command.)-3.171 F .67 -(This command is then read)5.67 F .495(and e)144 280.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G +F .398(guments, the)-.18 F .098(list consists of all enabled shell b)144 +424.8 R 2.598(uiltins. If)-.2 F F12.598 E F0 .098 +(is supplied, only disabled b)2.598 F .099(uiltins are printed.)-.2 F +(If)5.099 E F12.599 E F0 1.917 +(is supplied, the list printed includes all b)144 436.8 R 1.916 +(uiltins, with an indication of whether or not each is)-.2 F 2.878 +(enabled. If)144 448.8 R F12.878 E F0 .379 +(is supplied, the output is restricted to the POSIX)2.878 F F2(special) +2.879 E F0 -.2(bu)2.879 G 2.879(iltins. The).2 F .379(return v)2.879 F +(alue)-.25 E .995(is 0 unless a)144 460.8 R F2(name)3.855 E F0 .994 +(is not a shell b)3.675 F .994(uiltin or there is an error loading a ne) +-.2 F 3.494(wb)-.25 G .994(uiltin from a shared)-3.694 F(object.)144 +472.8 Q F1 -2.3 -.15(ev a)108 489.6 T(l).15 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 +E F0(...])2.5 E(The)144 501.6 Q F2(ar)3.17 E(g)-.37 E F0 3.17(sa)C .671 +(re read and concatenated together into a single command.)-3.17 F .671 +(This command is then read)5.671 F .495(and e)144 513.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .495(cuted by the shell, and its e).15 F .495 (xit status is returned as the v)-.15 F .495(alue of)-.25 F F1 -2.3 -.15 (ev a)2.995 H(l).15 E F0 5.495(.I)C 2.995(ft)-5.495 G .495(here are no) --2.995 F F2(ar)2.995 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,).27 E(or only null ar)144 292.8 Q +-2.995 F F2(ar)2.995 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,).27 E(or only null ar)144 525.6 Q (guments,)-.18 E F1 -2.3 -.15(ev a)2.5 H(l).15 E F0(returns 0.)2.5 E F1 -(exec)108 309.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255cl)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2 +(exec)108 542.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255cl)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2 (name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(command)-2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments) --.37 E F0(]])A(If)144 321.6 Q F2(command)3.006 E F0 .306 -(is speci\214ed, it replaces the shell.)3.576 F .305(No ne)5.305 F 2.805 -(wp)-.25 G .305(rocess is created.)-2.805 F(The)5.305 E F2(ar)3.135 E -(guments)-.37 E F0(become)3.075 E .176(the ar)144 333.6 R .176 +-.37 E F0(]])A(If)144 554.4 Q F2(command)3.005 E F0 .305 +(is speci\214ed, it replaces the shell.)3.575 F .305(No ne)5.305 F 2.805 +(wp)-.25 G .306(rocess is created.)-2.805 F(The)5.306 E F2(ar)3.136 E +(guments)-.37 E F0(become)3.076 E .177(the ar)144 566.4 R .177 (guments to)-.18 F F2(command)2.676 E F0 5.176(.I)C 2.676(ft)-5.176 G (he)-2.676 E F12.676 E F0 .176 -(option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the be)2.676 F .177 -(ginning of)-.15 F .5(the zeroth ar)144 345.6 R .5(gument passed to)-.18 -F F2(command)3 E F0 5.499(.T).77 G .499(his is what)-5.499 F F2(lo)2.999 -E(gin)-.1 E F0 .499(\(1\) does.).24 F(The)5.499 E F12.999 E F0 -.499(option causes)2.999 F F2(com-)3.199 E(mand)144 357.6 Q F0 .638 -(to be e)3.908 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .638(cuted with an empty en).15 F 3.138 +(option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the be)2.676 F .176 +(ginning of)-.15 F .499(the zeroth ar)144 578.4 R .499(gument passed to) +-.18 F F2(command)2.999 E F0 5.499(.T).77 G .499(his is what)-5.499 F F2 +(lo)2.999 E(gin)-.1 E F0 .499(\(1\) does.).24 F(The)5.5 E F13 E F0 +.5(option causes)3 F F2(com-)3.2 E(mand)144 590.4 Q F0 .639(to be e) +3.909 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .638(cuted with an empty en).15 F 3.138 (vironment. If)-.4 F F13.138 E F0 .638 -(is supplied, the shell passes)3.138 F F2(name)3.499 E F0 .639(as the) -3.319 F 1.078(zeroth ar)144 369.6 R 1.077(gument to the e)-.18 F -.15 +(is supplied, the shell passes)3.138 F F2(name)3.498 E F0 .638(as the) +3.318 F 1.077(zeroth ar)144 602.4 R 1.077(gument to the e)-.18 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G 1.077(cuted command.).15 F(If)6.077 E F2(command)3.777 E F0 1.077(cannot be e)4.347 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.077(cuted for some reason, a) -.15 F(non-interacti)144 381.6 Q .876 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .576(hell e).15 F -.576(xits, unless the)-.15 F F1(execfail)3.076 E F0 .577 -(shell option is enabled.)3.077 F .577(In that case, it returns f)5.577 -F(ail-)-.1 E 2.505(ure. An)144 393.6 R(interacti)2.505 E .305 -.15(ve s) +.15 F(non-interacti)144 614.4 Q .877 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .577(hell e).15 F +.577(xits, unless the)-.15 F F1(execfail)3.077 E F0 .577 +(shell option is enabled.)3.077 F .576(In that case, it returns f)5.577 +F(ail-)-.1 E 2.505(ure. An)144 626.4 R(interacti)2.505 E .305 -.15(ve s) -.25 H .005(hell returns f).15 F .005(ailure if the \214le cannot be e) -.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.505(cuted. If).15 F F2(command)2.705 E F0 .005 -(is not speci\214ed,)3.275 F(an)144 405.6 Q 3.036(yr)-.15 G .536 -(edirections tak)-3.036 F 3.036(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.036 G .536 +(is not speci\214ed,)3.275 F(an)144 638.4 Q 3.037(yr)-.15 G .537 +(edirections tak)-3.037 F 3.036(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.036 G .536 (ect in the current shell, and the return status is 0.).25 F .536 -(If there is a redirection)5.536 F(error)144 417.6 Q 2.5(,t)-.4 G -(he return status is 1.)-2.5 E F1(exit)108 434.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0 -6.29(]C)C .096(ause the shell to e)-6.29 F .096(xit with a status of) --.15 F F2(n)2.596 E F0 5.096(.I)C(f)-5.096 E F2(n)2.955 E F0 .095 -(is omitted, the e)2.835 F .095(xit status is that of the last command) --.15 F -.15(exe)144 446.4 S 2.5(cuted. A).15 F(trap on)2.5 E F3(EXIT)2.5 +(If there is a redirection)5.536 F(error)144 650.4 Q 2.5(,t)-.4 G +(he return status is 1.)-2.5 E F1(exit)108 667.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0 +(])A .095(Cause the shell to e)144 667.2 R .095(xit with a status of) +-.15 F F2(n)2.595 E F0 5.095(.I)C(f)-5.095 E F2(n)2.955 E F0 .096 +(is omitted, the e)2.835 F .096(xit status is that of the last command) +-.15 F -.15(exe)144 679.2 S 2.5(cuted. A).15 F(trap on)2.5 E F3(EXIT)2.5 E F0(is e)2.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted before the shell terminates.).15 E -F1(export)108 463.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255fn)A F0 2.5(][).833 G F2(name) --2.5 E F0([=)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(]] ...)A F1(export \255p)108 475.2 Q -F0 .256(The supplied)144 487.2 R F2(names)3.117 E F0 .257(are mark)3.027 -F .257(ed for automatic e)-.1 F .257(xport to the en)-.15 F .257 -(vironment of subsequently e)-.4 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E 2.627 -(commands. If)144 499.2 R(the)2.627 E F12.627 E F0 .127 +F1(export)108 696 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255fn)A F0 2.5(][).833 G F2(name)-2.5 +E F0([=)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(]] ...)A(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q +(2016 August 26)142.895 E(60)192.055 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 61 61 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(export \255p)108 84 Q F0 .257(The supplied)144 96 R/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(names)3.117 E F0 .257(are mark)3.027 F .257 +(ed for automatic e)-.1 F .257(xport to the en)-.15 F .257 +(vironment of subsequently e)-.4 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E 2.626 +(commands. If)144 108 R(the)2.626 E F12.626 E F0 .127 (option is gi)2.627 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .127(n, the).15 F F2(names)2.987 E F0 .127(refer to functions.)2.897 F .127(If no)5.127 F F2(names)2.987 E -F0 .127(are gi)2.897 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .126(n, or if the).15 F F1 -144 511.2 Q F0 .048(option is supplied, a list of names of all e)2.547 F +F0 .127(are gi)2.897 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .127(n, or if the).15 F F1 +144 120 Q F0 .048(option is supplied, a list of names of all e)2.548 F .048(xported v)-.15 F .048(ariables is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.048 E F1 -2.548 E F0 .048(option causes the)2.548 F -.15(ex)144 523.2 S -1.447(port property to be remo).15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.947(df).15 G 1.447 +2.547 E F0 .047(option causes the)2.547 F -.15(ex)144 132 S 1.446 +(port property to be remo).15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.947(df).15 G 1.447 (rom each)-3.947 F F2(name)3.947 E F0 6.447(.I)C 3.947(fav)-6.447 G 1.447(ariable name is follo)-4.197 F 1.447(wed by =)-.25 F F2(wor)A(d) --.37 E F0 3.946(,t)C(he)-3.946 E -.25(va)144 535.2 S .741(lue of the v) -.25 F .741(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor)3.241 E(d)-.37 E F0(.)A F1 -(export)5.741 E F0 .742(returns an e)3.242 F .742 -(xit status of 0 unless an in)-.15 F -.25(va)-.4 G .742(lid option is) -.25 F .032(encountered, one of the)144 547.2 R F2(names)2.532 E F0 .032 -(is not a v)2.532 F .032(alid shell v)-.25 F .032(ariable name, or)-.25 -F F12.531 E F0 .031(is supplied with a)2.531 F F2(name)2.891 E F0 -(that)2.711 E(is not a function.)144 559.2 Q F1(fc)108 576 Q F0([)2.5 E +-.37 E F0 3.947(,t)C(he)-3.947 E -.25(va)144 144 S .742(lue of the v).25 +F .742(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor)3.242 E(d)-.37 E F0(.)A F1 +(export)5.742 E F0 .742(returns an e)3.242 F .741 +(xit status of 0 unless an in)-.15 F -.25(va)-.4 G .741(lid option is) +.25 F .031(encountered, one of the)144 156 R F2(names)2.531 E F0 .031 +(is not a v)2.531 F .032(alid shell v)-.25 F .032(ariable name, or)-.25 +F F12.532 E F0 .032(is supplied with a)2.532 F F2(name)2.892 E F0 +(that)2.712 E(is not a function.)144 168 Q F1(fc)108 184.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2(ename)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255lnr)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 <8c72>-2.5 E(st)-.1 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(last)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(fc \255s)108 -588 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(pat)A F0(=)A F2 -.37(re)C(p).37 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 -(cmd)-2.5 E F0(])A .431 -(The \214rst form selects a range of commands from)144 600 R F2<8c72> -4.842 E(st)-.1 E F0(to)3.612 E F2(last)3.022 E F0 .432 -(from the history list and displays or)3.612 F .142(edits and re-e)144 -612 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .142(cutes them.).15 F F2 -.45(Fi)5.141 G -.1(rs) +196.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(pat)A F0(=)A F2 -.37(re)C(p).37 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 +(cmd)-2.5 E F0(])A .432 +(The \214rst form selects a range of commands from)144 208.8 R F2<8c72> +4.842 E(st)-.1 E F0(to)3.612 E F2(last)3.022 E F0 .431 +(from the history list and displays or)3.612 F .141(edits and re-e)144 +220.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .141(cutes them.).15 F F2 -.45(Fi)5.141 G -.1(rs) .45 G(t).1 E F0(and)3.321 E F2(last)2.731 E F0 .141 (may be speci\214ed as a string \(to locate the last command)3.321 F(be) -144 624 Q .31(ginning with that string\) or as a number \(an inde)-.15 F -2.811(xi)-.15 G .311(nto the history list, where a ne)-2.811 F -.05(ga) --.15 G(ti).05 E .611 -.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E .315(is used as an of) -144 636 R .315(fset from the current command number\).)-.25 F(If)5.315 E -F2(last)2.904 E F0 .314(is not speci\214ed it is set to the cur)3.494 F -(-)-.2 E .948(rent command for listing \(so that)144 648 R F4 .948 +144 232.8 Q .311(ginning with that string\) or as a number \(an inde) +-.15 F 2.811(xi)-.15 G .31(nto the history list, where a ne)-2.811 F +-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .61 -.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E .314 +(is used as an of)144 244.8 R .314 +(fset from the current command number\).)-.25 F(If)5.314 E F2(last)2.905 +E F0 .315(is not speci\214ed it is set to the cur)3.495 F(-)-.2 E .949 +(rent command for listing \(so that)144 256.8 R/F3 10/Courier@0 SF .948 (fc \255l \25510)3.448 F F0 .948(prints the last 10 commands\) and to) -3.448 F F2<8c72>5.359 E(st)-.1 E F0(other)4.129 E(-)-.2 E 2.5(wise. If) -144 660 R F2<8c72>4.41 E(st)-.1 E F0 +3.448 F F2<8c72>5.358 E(st)-.1 E F0(other)4.128 E(-)-.2 E 2.5(wise. If) +144 268.8 R F2<8c72>4.41 E(st)-.1 E F0 (is not speci\214ed it is set to the pre)3.18 E -(vious command for editing and \25516 for listing.)-.25 E(The)144 684 Q -F12.522 E F0 .022 +(vious command for editing and \25516 for listing.)-.25 E(The)144 292.8 +Q F12.522 E F0 .022 (option suppresses the command numbers when listing.)2.522 F(The)5.022 E F12.522 E F0 .022(option re)2.522 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .022 -(rses the order of).15 F .438(the commands.)144 696 R .438(If the)5.438 -F F12.938 E F0 .438(option is gi)2.938 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .438 +(rses the order of).15 F .438(the commands.)144 304.8 R .438(If the) +5.438 F F12.938 E F0 .438(option is gi)2.938 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .438 (n, the commands are listed on standard output.).15 F(Otherwise,)5.438 E -.335(the editor gi)144 708 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.835(nb).15 G(y)-2.835 E F2 -(ename)3.025 E F0 .335(is in)3.015 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.835(do) -.1 G 2.835(na\214)-2.835 G .335(le containing those commands.)-2.835 F -(If)5.334 E F2(ename)3.024 E F0 .334(is not gi)3.014 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -(n,).15 E 1.668(the v)144 720 R 1.668(alue of the)-.25 F F3(FCEDIT)4.168 -E F0 -.25(va)3.918 G 1.668(riable is used, and the v).25 F 1.669 -(alue of)-.25 F F3(EDIT)4.169 E(OR)-.162 E F0(if)3.919 E F3(FCEDIT)4.169 -E F0 1.669(is not set.)3.919 F(If)6.669 E(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q -(2014 February 2)141.79 E(58)190.95 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 59 59 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E .187(neither v)144 84 R .187(ariable is set,)-.25 F/F1 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(vi)4.353 E F0 .187(is used.)4.353 F .187 -(When editing is complete, the edited commands are echoed and)5.187 F --.15(exe)144 96 S(cuted.).15 E .788(In the second form,)144 120 R F1 -(command)3.288 E F0 .788(is re-e)3.288 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .788 -(cuted after each instance of).15 F F1(pat)3.288 E F0 .788 -(is replaced by)3.288 F F1 -.37(re)3.289 G(p).37 E F0(.)A F1(Com-)5.789 -E(mand)144 132 Q F0 .347(is intepreted the same as)2.847 F F1<8c72>2.847 -E(st)-.1 E F0(abo)2.847 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.347(.A).15 G .347 -(useful alias to use with this is)-2.5 F/F2 10/Courier@0 SF .346 -(r='fc \255s')2.847 F F0 2.846(,s)C 2.846(ot)-2.846 G(hat)-2.846 E -(typing)144 144 Q F2 7.165(rc)3.665 G(c)-7.165 E F0 1.165 -(runs the last command be)3.665 F 1.166(ginning with)-.15 F F2(cc)3.666 -E F0 1.166(and typing)3.666 F F2(r)3.666 E F0(re-e)3.666 E -.15(xe)-.15 -G 1.166(cutes the last com-).15 F(mand.)144 156 Q .142 -(If the \214rst form is used, the return v)144 180 R .142 -(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .142 -(lid option is encountered or).25 F F1<8c72>4.552 E(st)-.1 E F0(or)3.322 -E F1(last)2.732 E F0 .454(specify history lines out of range.)144 192 R -.454(If the)5.454 F/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF2.954 E F0 .454 -(option is supplied, the return v)2.954 F .455(alue is the v)-.25 F .455 -(alue of the)-.25 F .788(last command e)144 204 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .788 -(cuted or f).15 F .787 +.334(the editor gi)144 316.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.834(nb).15 G(y)-2.834 E +F2(ename)3.024 E F0 .335(is in)3.014 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.835 +(do).1 G 2.835(na\214)-2.835 G .335(le containing those commands.)-2.835 +F(If)5.335 E F2(ename)3.025 E F0 .335(is not gi)3.015 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +(n,).15 E .631(the v)144 328.8 R .631(alue of the)-.25 F/F4 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(FCEDIT)3.131 E F0 -.25(va)2.881 G .631 +(riable is used, and the v).25 F .631(alue of)-.25 F F4(EDIT)3.131 E(OR) +-.162 E F0(if)2.881 E F4(FCEDIT)3.13 E F0 .63(is not set.)2.88 F .63 +(If nei-)5.63 F .95(ther v)144 340.8 R .95(ariable is set,)-.25 F F2(vi) +5.116 E F0 .95(is used.)5.116 F .951 +(When editing is complete, the edited commands are echoed and)5.95 F +-.15(exe)144 352.8 S(cuted.).15 E .789(In the second form,)144 376.8 R +F2(command)3.288 E F0 .788(is re-e)3.288 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .788 +(cuted after each instance of).15 F F2(pat)3.288 E F0 .788 +(is replaced by)3.288 F F2 -.37(re)3.288 G(p).37 E F0(.)A F2(Com-)5.788 +E(mand)144 388.8 Q F0 .346(is intepreted the same as)2.846 F F2<8c72> +2.847 E(st)-.1 E F0(abo)2.847 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.347(.A).15 G .347 +(useful alias to use with this is)-2.5 F F3 .347(r='fc \255s')2.847 F F0 +2.847(,s)C 2.847(ot)-2.847 G(hat)-2.847 E(typing)144 400.8 Q F3 7.166 +(rc)3.666 G(c)-7.166 E F0 1.166(runs the last command be)3.666 F 1.166 +(ginning with)-.15 F F3(cc)3.666 E F0 1.165(and typing)3.666 F F3(r) +3.665 E F0(re-e)3.665 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.165(cutes the last com-).15 F +(mand.)144 412.8 Q .142(If the \214rst form is used, the return v)144 +436.8 R .142(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .142 +(lid option is encountered or).25 F F2<8c72>4.552 E(st)-.1 E F0(or)3.322 +E F2(last)2.732 E F0 .455(specify history lines out of range.)144 448.8 +R .454(If the)5.454 F F12.954 E F0 .454 +(option is supplied, the return v)2.954 F .454(alue is the v)-.25 F .454 +(alue of the)-.25 F .787(last command e)144 460.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .787 +(cuted or f).15 F .788 (ailure if an error occurs with the temporary \214le of commands.)-.1 F -.787(If the)5.787 F 1.135 +.788(If the)5.788 F 1.136 (second form is used, the return status is that of the command re-e)144 -216 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.136(cuted, unless).15 F F1(cmd)3.836 E F0 1.136 -(does not)4.406 F(specify a v)144 228 Q -(alid history line, in which case)-.25 E F3(fc)2.5 E F0(returns f)2.5 E -(ailure.)-.1 E F3(fg)108 244.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(jobspec)A F0(])A(Resume) -144 256.8 Q F1(jobspec)5.654 E F0 1.413(in the fore)4.224 F 1.413 +472.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.135(cuted, unless).15 F F2(cmd)3.835 E F0 1.135 +(does not)4.405 F(specify a v)144 484.8 Q +(alid history line, in which case)-.25 E F1(fc)2.5 E F0(returns f)2.5 E +(ailure.)-.1 E F1(fg)108 501.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(jobspec)A F0(])A(Resume) +144 513.6 Q F2(jobspec)5.653 E F0 1.413(in the fore)4.223 F 1.413 (ground, and mak)-.15 F 3.913(ei)-.1 G 3.913(tt)-3.913 G 1.413 -(he current job)-3.913 F 6.413(.I)-.4 G(f)-6.413 E F1(jobspec)5.653 E F0 -1.413(is not present, the)4.223 F(shell')144 268.8 Q 3.116(sn)-.55 G -.616(otion of the)-3.116 F F1(curr)3.116 E .616(ent job)-.37 F F0 .617 -(is used.)3.116 F .617(The return v)5.617 F .617 -(alue is that of the command placed into the)-.25 F(fore)144 280.8 Q -.363(ground, or f)-.15 F .363 -(ailure if run when job control is disabled or)-.1 F 2.862(,w)-.4 G .362 -(hen run with job control enabled, if)-2.862 F F1(jobspec)145.74 292.8 Q -F0 .004(does not specify a v)2.814 F .004(alid job or)-.25 F F1(jobspec) -4.244 E F0 .004(speci\214es a job that w)2.814 F .004 -(as started without job control.)-.1 F F3(getopts)108 309.6 Q F1 -(optstring name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(ar)A(gs)-.37 E F0(])A F3(getopts)144 -321.6 Q F0 .793 -(is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters.)3.294 F F1 +(he current job)-3.913 F 6.413(.I)-.4 G(f)-6.413 E F2(jobspec)5.653 E F0 +1.414(is not present, the)4.223 F(shell')144 525.6 Q 3.117(sn)-.55 G +.617(otion of the)-3.117 F F2(curr)3.117 E .617(ent job)-.37 F F0 .617 +(is used.)3.117 F .617(The return v)5.617 F .616 +(alue is that of the command placed into the)-.25 F(fore)144 537.6 Q +.362(ground, or f)-.15 F .362 +(ailure if run when job control is disabled or)-.1 F 2.862(,w)-.4 G .363 +(hen run with job control enabled, if)-2.862 F F2(jobspec)145.74 549.6 Q +F0(does not specify a v)2.81 E(alid job or)-.25 E F2(jobspec)4.24 E F0 +(speci\214es a job that w)2.81 E(as started without job control.)-.1 E +F1(getopts)108 566.4 Q F2(optstring name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(gs) +-.37 E F0(])A F1(getopts)144 578.4 Q F0 .793 +(is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters.)3.294 F F2 (optstring)6.023 E F0 .793(contains the option)3.513 F .149 -(characters to be recognized; if a character is follo)144 333.6 R .15 +(characters to be recognized; if a character is follo)144 590.4 R .15 (wed by a colon, the option is e)-.25 F .15(xpected to ha)-.15 F .45 --.15(ve a)-.2 H(n).15 E(ar)144 345.6 Q .579 +-.15(ve a)-.2 H(n).15 E(ar)144 602.4 Q .579 (gument, which should be separated from it by white space.)-.18 F .578 (The colon and question mark char)5.579 F(-)-.2 E 1.665 -(acters may not be used as option characters.)144 357.6 R 1.665 -(Each time it is in)6.665 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d,).1 E F3(getopts) +(acters may not be used as option characters.)144 614.4 R 1.665 +(Each time it is in)6.665 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d,).1 E F1(getopts) 4.165 E F0 1.665(places the ne)4.165 F(xt)-.15 E .797 -(option in the shell v)144 369.6 R(ariable)-.25 E F1(name)3.297 E F0 -3.297(,i).18 G(nitializing)-3.297 E F1(name)3.657 E F0 .797 +(option in the shell v)144 626.4 R(ariable)-.25 E F2(name)3.297 E F0 +3.297(,i).18 G(nitializing)-3.297 E F2(name)3.657 E F0 .797 (if it does not e)3.477 F .796(xist, and the inde)-.15 F 3.296(xo)-.15 G -3.296(ft)-3.296 G .796(he ne)-3.296 F(xt)-.15 E(ar)144 381.6 Q .085 -(gument to be processed into the v)-.18 F(ariable)-.25 E/F4 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(OPTIND)2.585 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F4(OPTIND) -4.585 E F0 .085(is initialized to 1 each time the shell)2.335 F .846 -(or a shell script is in)144 393.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.345 -(d. When).1 F .845(an option requires an ar)3.345 F(gument,)-.18 E F3 +3.296(ft)-3.296 G .796(he ne)-3.296 F(xt)-.15 E(ar)144 638.4 Q .085 +(gument to be processed into the v)-.18 F(ariable)-.25 E F4(OPTIND)2.585 +E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F4(OPTIND)4.585 E F0 .085 +(is initialized to 1 each time the shell)2.335 F .846 +(or a shell script is in)144 650.4 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.345 +(d. When).1 F .845(an option requires an ar)3.345 F(gument,)-.18 E F1 (getopts)3.345 E F0 .845(places that ar)3.345 F(gument)-.18 E .803 -(into the v)144 405.6 R(ariable)-.25 E F4(OPT)3.303 E(ARG)-.81 E F5(.)A +(into the v)144 662.4 R(ariable)-.25 E F4(OPT)3.303 E(ARG)-.81 E F5(.)A F0 .803(The shell does not reset)5.303 F F4(OPTIND)3.303 E F0 .804 (automatically; it must be manually)3.054 F .294 -(reset between multiple calls to)144 417.6 R F3(getopts)2.793 E F0 .293 +(reset between multiple calls to)144 674.4 R F1(getopts)2.793 E F0 .293 (within the same shell in)2.793 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .293(cation if a ne).2 F -2.793(ws)-.25 G .293(et of parameters)-2.793 F(is to be used.)144 429.6 -Q 2.043(When the end of options is encountered,)144 453.6 R F3(getopts) +2.793(ws)-.25 G .293(et of parameters)-2.793 F(is to be used.)144 686.4 +Q 2.043(When the end of options is encountered,)144 710.4 R F1(getopts) 4.543 E F0 -.15(ex)4.543 G 2.043(its with a return v).15 F 2.044 -(alue greater than zero.)-.25 F F4(OPTIND)144 465.6 Q F0 +(alue greater than zero.)-.25 F F4(OPTIND)144 722.4 Q F0 (is set to the inde)2.25 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G -(he \214rst non-option ar)-2.5 E(gument, and)-.18 E F1(name)2.5 E F0 -(is set to ?.)2.5 E F3(getopts)144 489.6 Q F0 2.393 +(he \214rst non-option ar)-2.5 E(gument, and)-.18 E F2(name)2.5 E F0 +(is set to ?.)2.5 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(61) +192.055 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 62 62 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(getopts)144 84 Q F0 2.393 (normally parses the positional parameters, b)4.893 F 2.392 (ut if more ar)-.2 F 2.392(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.892 -(ni).15 G(n)-4.892 E F1(ar)4.892 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,).27 E F3(getopts)144 -501.6 Q F0(parses those instead.)2.5 E F3(getopts)144 525.6 Q F0 1.165 -(can report errors in tw)3.665 F 3.665(ow)-.1 G 3.665(ays. If)-3.765 F -1.165(the \214rst character of)3.665 F F1(optstring)3.895 E F0 1.166 -(is a colon,)3.886 F F1(silent)4.006 E F0(error)4.346 E 1.071 -(reporting is used.)144 537.6 R 1.071 +(ni).15 G(n)-4.892 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)4.892 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,) +.27 E F1(getopts)144 96 Q F0(parses those instead.)2.5 E F1(getopts)144 +120 Q F0 1.165(can report errors in tw)3.665 F 3.665(ow)-.1 G 3.665 +(ays. If)-3.765 F 1.165(the \214rst character of)3.665 F F2(optstring) +3.895 E F0 1.166(is a colon,)3.886 F F2(silent)4.006 E F0(error)4.346 E +1.071(reporting is used.)144 132 R 1.071 (In normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed when in)6.071 F --.25(va)-.4 G 1.07(lid options or).25 F .393(missing option ar)144 549.6 -R .393(guments are encountered.)-.18 F .394(If the v)5.394 F(ariable) --.25 E F4(OPTERR)2.894 E F0 .394(is set to 0, no error messages)2.644 F -(will be displayed, e)144 561.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft) --2.5 G(he \214rst character of)-2.5 E F1(optstring)2.73 E F0 -(is not a colon.)2.72 E .667(If an in)144 585.6 R -.25(va)-.4 G .667 -(lid option is seen,).25 F F3(getopts)3.167 E F0 .667(places ? into) -3.167 F F1(name)3.527 E F0 .666 +-.25(va)-.4 G 1.07(lid options or).25 F .393(missing option ar)144 144 R +.393(guments are encountered.)-.18 F .394(If the v)5.394 F(ariable)-.25 +E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(OPTERR)2.894 E F0 .394 +(is set to 0, no error messages)2.644 F(will be displayed, e)144 156 Q +-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he \214rst character of)-2.5 E +F2(optstring)2.73 E F0(is not a colon.)2.72 E .667(If an in)144 180 R +-.25(va)-.4 G .667(lid option is seen,).25 F F1(getopts)3.167 E F0 .667 +(places ? into)3.167 F F2(name)3.527 E F0 .666 (and, if not silent, prints an error message)3.347 F .399(and unsets)144 -597.6 R F4(OPT)2.899 E(ARG)-.81 E F5(.)A F0(If)4.899 E F3(getopts)2.899 -E F0 .399(is silent, the option character found is placed in)2.899 F F4 -(OPT)2.899 E(ARG)-.81 E F0 .4(and no)2.65 F -(diagnostic message is printed.)144 609.6 Q 1.242(If a required ar)144 -633.6 R 1.242(gument is not found, and)-.18 F F3(getopts)3.741 E F0 -1.241(is not silent, a question mark \()3.741 F F3(?).833 E F0 3.741 -(\)i).833 G 3.741(sp)-3.741 G 1.241(laced in)-3.741 F F1(name)144 645.6 -Q F0(,).18 E F4(OPT)2.734 E(ARG)-.81 E F0 .234 -(is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed.)2.484 F(If)5.234 E F3 -(getopts)2.734 E F0 .235(is silent, then a colon \()2.734 F F3(:).833 E -F0(\)).833 E(is placed in)144 657.6 Q F1(name)2.86 E F0(and)2.68 E F4 -(OPT)2.5 E(ARG)-.81 E F0(is set to the option character found.)2.25 E F3 -(getopts)144 681.6 Q F0 .902 +192 R F3(OPT)2.899 E(ARG)-.81 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If)4.899 E +F1(getopts)2.899 E F0 .399 +(is silent, the option character found is placed in)2.899 F F3(OPT)2.899 +E(ARG)-.81 E F0 .4(and no)2.65 F(diagnostic message is printed.)144 204 +Q 1.242(If a required ar)144 228 R 1.242(gument is not found, and)-.18 F +F1(getopts)3.741 E F0 1.241(is not silent, a question mark \()3.741 F F1 +(?).833 E F0 3.741(\)i).833 G 3.741(sp)-3.741 G 1.241(laced in)-3.741 F +F2(name)144 240 Q F0(,).18 E F3(OPT)2.734 E(ARG)-.81 E F0 .234 +(is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed.)2.484 F(If)5.234 E F1 +(getopts)2.734 E F0 .235(is silent, then a colon \()2.734 F F1(:).833 E +F0(\)).833 E(is placed in)144 252 Q F2(name)2.86 E F0(and)2.68 E F3(OPT) +2.5 E(ARG)-.81 E F0(is set to the option character found.)2.25 E F1 +(getopts)144 276 Q F0 .902 (returns true if an option, speci\214ed or unspeci\214ed, is found.) 3.402 F .902(It returns f)5.902 F .901(alse if the end of)-.1 F -(options is encountered or an error occurs.)144 693.6 Q(GNU Bash 4.3)72 -768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(59)190.95 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 60 60 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(hash)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lr)A F0 2.5 -(][)C F1-2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(\214lename)2.5 E F0 2.5(][) -C F1(\255dt)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(])A .858(Each time)144 -96 R F1(hash)3.358 E F0 .858(is in)3.358 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .858 -(d, the full pathname of the command).1 F F2(name)3.718 E F0 .858 -(is determined by searching)3.538 F .956(the directories in)144 108 R F1 -($P)3.456 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 .956(and remembered.)3.456 F(An) -5.956 E 3.456(yp)-.15 G(re)-3.456 E .956 -(viously-remembered pathname is discarded.)-.25 F .242(If the)144 120 R -F12.742 E F0 .243 +(options is encountered or an error occurs.)144 288 Q F1(hash)108 304.8 +Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lr)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E +F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255dt)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(])A .858 +(Each time)144 316.8 R F1(hash)3.358 E F0 .858(is in)3.358 F -.2(vo)-.4 +G -.1(ke).2 G .858(d, the full pathname of the command).1 F F2(name) +3.718 E F0 .858(is determined by searching)3.538 F .956 +(the directories in)144 328.8 R F1($P)3.456 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 +.956(and remembered.)3.456 F(An)5.956 E 3.456(yp)-.15 G(re)-3.456 E .956 +(viously-remembered pathname is discarded.)-.25 F .242(If the)144 340.8 +R F12.742 E F0 .243 (option is supplied, no path search is performed, and)2.742 F F2 (\214lename)4.653 E F0 .243(is used as the full \214lename)2.923 F 1.712 -(of the command.)144 132 R(The)6.712 E F14.212 E F0 1.711 +(of the command.)144 352.8 R(The)6.712 E F14.212 E F0 1.711 (option causes the shell to for)4.212 F 1.711 (get all remembered locations.)-.18 F(The)6.711 E F14.211 E F0 -.833(option causes the shell to for)144 144 R .833 +.833(option causes the shell to for)144 364.8 R .833 (get the remembered location of each)-.18 F F2(name)3.333 E F0 5.833(.I) C 3.333(ft)-5.833 G(he)-3.333 E F13.333 E F0 .833(option is sup-) -3.333 F .704(plied, the full pathname to which each)144 156 R F2(name) +3.333 F .704(plied, the full pathname to which each)144 376.8 R F2(name) 3.204 E F0 .703(corresponds is printed.)3.204 F .703(If multiple)5.703 F F2(name)3.203 E F0(ar)3.203 E(guments)-.18 E .795(are supplied with)144 -168 R F13.295 E F0 3.295(,t)C(he)-3.295 E F2(name)3.295 E F0 .795 -(is printed before the hashed full pathname.)3.295 F(The)5.795 E F1 +388.8 R F13.295 E F0 3.295(,t)C(he)-3.295 E F2(name)3.295 E F0 +.795(is printed before the hashed full pathname.)3.295 F(The)5.795 E F1 3.295 E F0 .795(option causes)3.295 F .934 -(output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.)144 180 -R .934(If no ar)5.934 F .934(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .934 -(n, or if).15 F(only)144 192 Q F12.821 E F0 .321 +(output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.)144 +400.8 R .934(If no ar)5.934 F .934(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +.934(n, or if).15 F(only)144 412.8 Q F12.821 E F0 .321 (is supplied, information about remembered commands is printed.)2.821 F -.322(The return status is true)5.322 F(unless a)144 204 Q F2(name)2.86 E -F0(is not found or an in)2.68 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is supplied.) -.25 E F1(help)108 220.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255dms)A F0 2.5(][)C F2 +.322(The return status is true)5.322 F(unless a)144 424.8 Q F2(name)2.86 +E F0(is not found or an in)2.68 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is supplied.) +.25 E F1(help)108 441.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255dms)A F0 2.5(][)C F2 (pattern)-2.5 E F0(])A .867(Display helpful information about b)144 -232.8 R .867(uiltin commands.)-.2 F(If)5.867 E F2(pattern)4.617 E F0 +453.6 R .867(uiltin commands.)-.2 F(If)5.867 E F2(pattern)4.617 E F0 .866(is speci\214ed,)3.607 F F1(help)3.366 E F0(gi)3.366 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.366(sd).15 G(etailed)-3.366 E .306(help on all commands matching)144 -244.8 R F2(pattern)2.806 E F0 2.807(;o).24 G .307 +465.6 R F2(pattern)2.806 E F0 2.807(;o).24 G .307 (therwise help for all the b)-2.807 F .307 -(uiltins and shell control struc-)-.2 F(tures is printed.)144 256.8 Q F1 -144 268.8 Q F0(Display a short description of each)24.74 E F2 -(pattern)2.5 E F1144 280.8 Q F0(Display the description of each) -21.97 E F2(pattern)2.5 E F0(in a manpage-lik)2.5 E 2.5(ef)-.1 G(ormat) --2.5 E F1144 292.8 Q F0 -(Display only a short usage synopsis for each)26.41 E F2(pattern)2.5 E -F0(The return status is 0 unless no command matches)144 309.6 Q F2 -(pattern)2.5 E F0(.).24 E F1(history [)108 326.4 Q F2(n)A F1(])A -(history \255c)108 338.4 Q(history \255d)108 350.4 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset) --.18 E F1(history \255anrw)108 362.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\214lename)A F0(])A -F1(history \255p)108 374.4 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A 2.5 -(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(history \255s)108 386.4 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g) +(uiltins and shell control struc-)-.2 F(tures is printed.)144 477.6 Q F1 +144 489.6 Q F0(Display a short description of each)180 489.6 Q F2 +(pattern)2.5 E F1144 501.6 Q F0(Display the description of each) +180 501.6 Q F2(pattern)2.5 E F0(in a manpage-lik)2.5 E 2.5(ef)-.1 G +(ormat)-2.5 E F1144 513.6 Q F0 +(Display only a short usage synopsis for each)180 513.6 Q F2(pattern)2.5 +E F0(The return status is 0 unless no command matches)144 530.4 Q F2 +(pattern)2.5 E F0(.).24 E F1(history [)108 547.2 Q F2(n)A F1(])A +(history \255c)108 559.2 Q(history \255d)108 571.2 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset) +-.18 E F1(history \255anrw)108 583.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\214lename)A F0(])A +F1(history \255p)108 595.2 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A 2.5 +(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(history \255s)108 607.2 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g) -.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A 2.5(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A -.4(Wi)144 -398.4 S .752 +619.2 S .752 (th no options, display the command history list with line numbers.).4 F .752(Lines listed with a)5.752 F F1(*)3.251 E F0(ha)3.251 E -.15(ve)-.2 -G .38(been modi\214ed.)144 410.4 R .38(An ar)5.38 F .38(gument of)-.18 F +G .38(been modi\214ed.)144 631.2 R .38(An ar)5.38 F .38(gument of)-.18 F F2(n)3.24 E F0 .38(lists only the last)3.12 F F2(n)3.24 E F0 2.88 -(lines. If)3.12 F .38(the shell v)2.88 F(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTTIMEFOR-)2.881 E(MA)144 422.4 Q(T)-.855 E F0 .265 +(lines. If)3.12 F .38(the shell v)2.88 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(HISTTIMEFOR-) +2.881 E(MA)144 643.2 Q(T)-.855 E F0 .265 (is set and not null, it is used as a format string for)2.515 F F2 (strftime)2.764 E F0 .264(\(3\) to display the time stamp asso-)B 1.019 -(ciated with each displayed history entry)144 434.4 R 6.019(.N)-.65 G +(ciated with each displayed history entry)144 655.2 R 6.019(.N)-.65 G 3.519(oi)-6.019 G(nterv)-3.519 E 1.019 (ening blank is printed between the formatted)-.15 F .176 -(time stamp and the history line.)144 446.4 R(If)5.176 E F2(\214lename) +(time stamp and the history line.)144 667.2 R(If)5.176 E F2(\214lename) 2.676 E F0 .176 (is supplied, it is used as the name of the history \214le; if)2.676 F -(not, the v)144 458.4 Q(alue of)-.25 E F3(HISTFILE)2.5 E F0(is used.) +(not, the v)144 679.2 Q(alue of)-.25 E F3(HISTFILE)2.5 E F0(is used.) 2.25 E(Options, if supplied, ha)5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E -(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 470.4 Q F0 -(Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.)25.86 E F1144 -482.4 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset)-.18 E F0(Delete the history entry at position) -180 494.4 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset)-.18 E F0(.)A F1144 506.4 Q F0 .598 -(Append the `)25.3 F(`ne)-.74 E(w')-.25 E 3.098('h)-.74 G .598 -(istory lines \(history lines entered since the be)-3.098 F .599 -(ginning of the current)-.15 F F1(bash)180 518.4 Q F0 -(session\) to the history \214le.)2.5 E F1144 530.4 Q F0 .854(Rea\ -d the history lines not already read from the history \214le into the c\ -urrent history list.)24.74 F .772 -(These are lines appended to the history \214le since the be)180 542.4 R +(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 691.2 Q F0 +(Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.)180 691.2 Q F1 +144 703.2 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset)-.18 E F0 +(Delete the history entry at position)180 715.2 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset)-.18 +E F0(.)A(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(62)192.055 E 0 +Cg EP +%%Page: 63 63 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF144 84 Q F0 .564(Append the `)180 84 R(`ne)-.74 E(w')-.25 E +3.064('h)-.74 G .564(istory lines to the history \214le.)-3.064 F .565 +(These are history lines entered since)5.564 F(the be)180 96 Q +(ginning of the current)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(session, b)2.5 E +(ut not already appended to the history \214le.)-.2 E F1144 108 Q +F0 .854(Read the history lines not already read from the history \214le\ + into the current history list.)180 108 R .772 +(These are lines appended to the history \214le since the be)180 120 R .773(ginning of the current)-.15 F F1(bash)3.273 E F0(ses-)3.273 E -(sion.)180 554.4 Q F1144 566.4 Q F0(Read the contents of the hist\ -ory \214le and append them to the current history list.)25.86 E F1 -144 578.4 Q F0(Write the current history list to the history \214le, o) -23.08 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the history \214le').15 E 2.5(sc)-.55 G -(ontents.)-2.5 E F1144 590.4 Q F0 .626 -(Perform history substitution on the follo)24.74 F(wing)-.25 E F2(ar) -3.125 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .625(and display the result on the standard)3.125 F -2.975(output. Does)180 602.4 R .475 -(not store the results in the history list.)2.975 F(Each)5.475 E F2(ar) -2.975 E(g)-.37 E F0 .475(must be quoted to disable)2.975 F -(normal history e)180 614.4 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1144 626.4 Q F0 -.363(Store the)26.41 F F2(ar)3.193 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .363 +(sion.)180 132 Q F1144 144 Q F0(Read the contents of the history \ +\214le and append them to the current history list.)180 144 Q F1 +144 156 Q F0(Write the current history list to the history \214le, o)180 +156 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the history \214le').15 E 2.5(sc)-.55 G +(ontents.)-2.5 E F1144 168 Q F0 .626 +(Perform history substitution on the follo)180 168 R(wing)-.25 E/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)3.125 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .625 +(and display the result on the standard)3.125 F 2.975(output. Does)180 +180 R .475(not store the results in the history list.)2.975 F(Each)5.475 +E F2(ar)2.975 E(g)-.37 E F0 .475(must be quoted to disable)2.975 F +(normal history e)180 192 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1144 204 Q F0 .363 +(Store the)180 204 R F2(ar)3.193 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .363 (in the history list as a single entry)3.133 F 5.363(.T)-.65 G .362 -(he last command in the history list is)-5.363 F(remo)180 638.4 Q -.15 -(ve)-.15 G 2.5(db).15 G(efore the)-2.5 E F2(ar)2.83 E(gs)-.37 E F0 -(are added.)2.77 E .145(If the)144 655.2 R F3(HISTTIMEFORMA)2.645 E(T) --.855 E F0 -.25(va)2.395 G .145 +(he last command in the history list is)-5.363 F(remo)180 216 Q -.15(ve) +-.15 G 2.5(db).15 G(efore the)-2.5 E F2(ar)2.83 E(gs)-.37 E F0 +(are added.)2.77 E .145(If the)144 232.8 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +(HISTTIMEFORMA)2.645 E(T)-.855 E F0 -.25(va)2.395 G .145 (riable is set, the time stamp information associated with each history) -.25 F .669(entry is written to the history \214le, mark)144 667.2 R .669 +.25 F .669(entry is written to the history \214le, mark)144 244.8 R .669 (ed with the history comment character)-.1 F 5.668(.W)-.55 G .668 -(hen the history)-5.668 F .955(\214le is read, lines be)144 679.2 R .956 +(hen the history)-5.668 F .955(\214le is read, lines be)144 256.8 R .956 (ginning with the history comment character follo)-.15 F .956 -(wed immediately by a digit)-.25 F .416 -(are interpreted as timestamps for the pre)144 691.2 R .416 -(vious history line.)-.25 F .416(The return v)5.416 F .415 -(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E .499(option is e\ -ncountered, an error occurs while reading or writing the history \214le\ -, an in)144 703.2 R -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F2(of)3 E(fset)-.18 E F0(is) -3 E(supplied as an ar)144 715.2 Q(gument to)-.18 E F12.5 E F0 2.5 -(,o)C 2.5(rt)-2.5 G(he history e)-2.5 E(xpansion supplied as an ar)-.15 -E(gument to)-.18 E F12.5 E F0 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E(GNU Bash 4.3) -72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(60)190.95 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 61 61 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(jobs)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lnprs)A F0 -2.5(][)C/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(jobspec)A F0(... ])2.5 E F1(jobs \255x) -108 96 Q F2(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)2.5 E(gs)-.37 E F0(... ])2.5 -E(The \214rst form lists the acti)144 108 Q .3 -.15(ve j)-.25 H 2.5 -(obs. The).15 F(options ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E -(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 120 Q F0 -(List process IDs in addition to the normal information.)27.52 E F1 -144 132 Q F0 .194(Display information only about jobs that ha) -24.74 F .494 -.15(ve c)-.2 H .193(hanged status since the user w).15 F -.193(as last noti-)-.1 F(\214ed of their status.)180 144 Q F1144 -156 Q F0(List only the process ID of the job')24.74 E 2.5(sp)-.55 G -(rocess group leader)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1144 168 Q F0 -(Display only running jobs.)25.86 E F1144 180 Q F0 -(Display only stopped jobs.)26.41 E(If)144 196.8 Q F2(jobspec)4.553 E F0 -.313(is gi)3.123 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .313 -(n, output is restricted to information about that job).15 F 5.314(.T) --.4 G .314(he return status is 0 unless)-5.314 F(an in)144 208.8 Q -.25 +(wed immediately by a digit)-.25 F 1.796 +(are interpreted as timestamps for the follo)144 268.8 R 1.795 +(wing history entry)-.25 F 6.795(.T)-.65 G 1.795(he return v)-6.795 F +1.795(alue is 0 unless an)-.25 F(in)144 280.8 Q -.25(va)-.4 G .768(lid \ +option is encountered, an error occurs while reading or writing the his\ +tory \214le, an in).25 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F2(of)144 292.8 Q(fset) +-.18 E F0 1.032(is supplied as an ar)3.532 F 1.031(gument to)-.18 F F1 +3.531 E F0 3.531(,o)C 3.531(rt)-3.531 G 1.031(he history e)-3.531 +F 1.031(xpansion supplied as an ar)-.15 F 1.031(gument to)-.18 F F1 +3.531 E F0 -.1(fa)144 304.8 S(ils.).1 E F1(jobs)108 321.6 Q F0([) +2.5 E F1(\255lnprs)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(jobspec)A F0(... ])2.5 E F1 +(jobs \255x)108 333.6 Q F2(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)2.5 E(gs)-.37 +E F0(... ])2.5 E(The \214rst form lists the acti)144 345.6 Q .3 -.15 +(ve j)-.25 H 2.5(obs. The).15 F(options ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H +(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 357.6 Q F0 +(List process IDs in addition to the normal information.)180 357.6 Q F1 +144 369.6 Q F0 .193(Display information only about jobs that ha) +180 369.6 R .494 -.15(ve c)-.2 H .194(hanged status since the user w).15 +F .194(as last noti-)-.1 F(\214ed of their status.)180 381.6 Q F1 +144 393.6 Q F0(List only the process ID of the job')180 393.6 Q 2.5(sp) +-.55 G(rocess group leader)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1144 405.6 Q F0 +(Display only running jobs.)180 405.6 Q F1144 417.6 Q F0 +(Display only stopped jobs.)180 417.6 Q(If)144 434.4 Q F2(jobspec)4.554 +E F0 .314(is gi)3.124 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .314 +(n, output is restricted to information about that job).15 F 5.313(.T) +-.4 G .313(he return status is 0 unless)-5.313 F(an in)144 446.4 Q -.25 (va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered or an in).25 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 -E F2(jobspec)4.24 E F0(is supplied.)2.81 E .395(If the)144 225.6 R F1 -2.895 E F0 .394(option is supplied,)2.894 F F1(jobs)2.894 E F0 +E F2(jobspec)4.24 E F0(is supplied.)2.81 E .394(If the)144 463.2 R F1 +2.894 E F0 .394(option is supplied,)2.894 F F1(jobs)2.894 E F0 .394(replaces an)2.894 F(y)-.15 E F2(jobspec)4.634 E F0 .394(found in) -3.204 F F2(command)3.094 E F0(or)3.664 E F2(ar)3.224 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .394 -(with the corre-)3.164 F(sponding process group ID, and e)144 237.6 Q +3.204 F F2(command)3.094 E F0(or)3.664 E F2(ar)3.224 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .395 +(with the corre-)3.164 F(sponding process group ID, and e)144 475.2 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F2(command)2.7 E F0(passing it)3.27 E F2(ar) 2.5 E(gs)-.37 E F0 2.5(,r).27 G(eturning its e)-2.5 E(xit status.)-.15 E -F1(kill)108 254.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2(sigspec)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F1 +F1(kill)108 492 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2(sigspec)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F1 2.5 E F2(signum)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F12.5 E F2(sigspec)A F0 2.5 (][)C F2(pid)-2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F2(jobspec)2.5 E F0 2.5(].)C(..)-2.5 E F1 -(kill \255l)108 266.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(sigspec)A F0(|)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 -G(it_status).2 E F0(])A .119(Send the signal named by)144 278.4 R F2 -(sigspec)2.959 E F0(or)2.929 E F2(signum)2.959 E F0 .119 -(to the processes named by)2.939 F F2(pid)3.87 E F0(or)3.39 E F2 -(jobspec)2.62 E F0(.).31 E F2(sigspec)5.46 E F0(is)2.93 E .319 -(either a case-insensiti)144 290.4 R .619 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .319 -(ignal name such as).15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGKILL)2.819 E F0 .318 -(\(with or without the)2.569 F F3(SIG)2.818 E F0 .318 -(pre\214x\) or a signal)2.568 F(number;)144 302.4 Q F2(signum)4.188 E F0 -1.349(is a signal number)4.168 F 6.349(.I)-.55 G(f)-6.349 E F2(sigspec) +(kill \255l)108 504 Q F0(|)A F1A F0([)2.5 E F2(sigspec)A F0(|)2.5 +E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(it_status).2 E F0(])A .12(Send the signal named by)144 +516 R F2(sigspec)2.96 E F0(or)2.93 E F2(signum)2.96 E F0 .119 +(to the processes named by)2.939 F F2(pid)3.869 E F0(or)3.389 E F2 +(jobspec)2.619 E F0(.).31 E F2(sigspec)5.459 E F0(is)2.929 E .318 +(either a case-insensiti)144 528 R .618 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .318 +(ignal name such as).15 F F3(SIGKILL)2.818 E F0 .319 +(\(with or without the)2.569 F F3(SIG)2.819 E F0 .319 +(pre\214x\) or a signal)2.569 F(number;)144 540 Q F2(signum)4.189 E F0 +1.349(is a signal number)4.169 F 6.349(.I)-.55 G(f)-6.349 E F2(sigspec) 4.189 E F0 1.349(is not present, then)4.159 F F3(SIGTERM)3.849 E F0 -1.349(is assumed.)3.599 F(An)6.349 E(ar)144 314.4 Q .523(gument of)-.18 -F F13.023 E F0 .523(lists the signal names.)3.023 F .523(If an) -5.523 F 3.023(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-3.023 G .523(uments are supplied when) -.18 F F13.023 E F0 .523(is gi)3.023 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .523 -(n, the names).15 F .28(of the signals corresponding to the ar)144 326.4 -R .28(guments are listed, and the return status is 0.)-.18 F(The)5.28 E -F2 -.2(ex)2.78 G(it_status).2 E F0(ar)144 338.4 Q .378(gument to)-.18 F -F12.878 E F0 .378 -(is a number specifying either a signal number or the e)2.878 F .377 -(xit status of a process termi-)-.15 F .593(nated by a signal.)144 350.4 -R F1(kill)5.593 E F0 .593(returns true if at least one signal w)3.093 F -.593(as successfully sent, or f)-.1 F .594(alse if an error)-.1 F -(occurs or an in)144 362.4 Q -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered.) -.25 E F1(let)108 379.2 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 -E F0(...])2.5 E(Each)144 391.2 Q F2(ar)3.027 E(g)-.37 E F0 .197 -(is an arithmetic e)2.917 F .197(xpression to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G -.196(luated \(see).25 F F3 .196(ARITHMETIC EV)2.696 F(ALU)-1.215 E -.855 -(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F0(abo)2.446 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.696(\). If).15 F -(the last)144 403.2 Q F2(ar)2.83 E(g)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)2.72 G -(luates to 0,).25 E F1(let)2.5 E F0(returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.) -2.5 E F1(local)108 420 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(option)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 -E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 432 S 2.56(re) -.15 G .06(ach ar)-2.56 F .06(gument, a local v)-.18 F .06(ariable named) --.25 F F2(name)2.92 E F0 .06(is created, and assigned)2.74 F F2(value) -2.56 E F0 5.06(.T).18 G(he)-5.06 E F2(option)2.56 E F0 .06(can be)2.56 F -(an)144 444 Q 3.153(yo)-.15 G 3.153(ft)-3.153 G .653 -(he options accepted by)-3.153 F F1(declar)3.153 E(e)-.18 E F0 5.652(.W) -C(hen)-5.652 E F1(local)3.152 E F0 .652 +1.348(is assumed.)3.599 F(An)6.348 E(ar)144 552 Q .522(gument of)-.18 F +F13.023 E F0 .523(lists the signal names.)3.023 F .523(If an)5.523 +F 3.023(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-3.023 G .523(uments are supplied when).18 F +F13.023 E F0 .523(is gi)3.023 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .523(n, the names) +.15 F .28(of the signals corresponding to the ar)144 564 R .28 +(guments are listed, and the return status is 0.)-.18 F(The)5.28 E F2 +-.2(ex)2.78 G(it_status).2 E F0(ar)144 576 Q .377(gument to)-.18 F F1 +2.877 E F0 .378 +(is a number specifying either a signal number or the e)2.877 F .378 +(xit status of a process termi-)-.15 F .963(nated by a signal.)144 588 R +(The)5.962 E F13.462 E F0 .962(option is equi)3.462 F -.25(va)-.25 +G .962(lent to).25 F F13.462 E F0(.)A F1(kill)5.962 E F0 .962 +(returns true if at least one signal w)3.462 F(as)-.1 E +(successfully sent, or f)144 600 Q(alse if an error occurs or an in)-.1 +E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered.).25 E F1(let)108 616.8 Q F2 +(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(Each)144 +628.8 Q F2(ar)3.026 E(g)-.37 E F0 .196(is an arithmetic e)2.916 F .197 +(xpression to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .197(luated \(see).25 F F3 .197 +(ARITHMETIC EV)2.697 F(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F0(abo) +2.447 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.697(\). If).15 F(the last)144 640.8 Q F2(ar) +2.83 E(g)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)2.72 G(luates to 0,).25 E F1(let)2.5 E F0 +(returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.)2.5 E F1(local)108 657.6 Q F0([)2.5 +E F2(option)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C +(.. | \255 ])-2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 669.6 S 2.56(re).15 G .06(ach ar)-2.56 F +.06(gument, a local v)-.18 F .06(ariable named)-.25 F F2(name)2.92 E F0 +.06(is created, and assigned)2.74 F F2(value)2.56 E F0 5.06(.T).18 G(he) +-5.06 E F2(option)2.56 E F0 .06(can be)2.56 F(an)144 681.6 Q 3.152(yo) +-.15 G 3.152(ft)-3.152 G .652(he options accepted by)-3.152 F F1(declar) +3.152 E(e)-.18 E F0 5.652(.W)C(hen)-5.652 E F1(local)3.152 E F0 .653 (is used within a function, it causes the v)3.152 F(ari-)-.25 E(able)144 -456 Q F2(name)3.72 E F0 .86(to ha)3.54 F 1.16 -.15(ve a v)-.2 H .861 -(isible scope restricted to that function and its children.).15 F -.4 -(Wi)5.861 G .861(th no operands,).4 F F1(local)144 468 Q F0 1.165 -(writes a list of local v)3.665 F 1.165 -(ariables to the standard output.)-.25 F 1.165(It is an error to use) -6.165 F F1(local)3.664 E F0 1.164(when not)3.664 F .232 -(within a function.)144 480 R .233(The return status is 0 unless)5.232 F -F1(local)2.733 E F0 .233(is used outside a function, an in)2.733 F -.25 -(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F2(name)3.093 E F0(is)2.913 E(supplied, or)144 492 Q -F2(name)2.5 E F0(is a readonly v)2.5 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(logout)108 -508.8 Q F0(Exit a login shell.)9.33 E F1(map\214le)108 525.6 Q F0([)2.5 -E F1A F2(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(origin)2.5 E F0 -2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5 -(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(callbac) -2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(quantum)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 -(arr)-2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0(])A F1 -.18(re)108 537.6 S(adarray).18 E F0([) -2.5 E F1A F2(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(origin)2.5 -E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E -F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2 +693.6 Q F2(name)3.282 E F0 .422(to ha)3.102 F .722 -.15(ve a v)-.2 H +.422(isible scope restricted to that function and its children.).15 F +(If)5.421 E F2(name)2.921 E F0 .421(is \255, the set)2.921 F 1.461 +(of shell options is made local to the function in which)144 705.6 R F1 +(local)3.961 E F0 1.462(is in)3.961 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 1.462 +(d: shell options changed).1 F 1.563(using the)144 717.6 R F1(set)4.063 +E F0 -.2(bu)4.063 G 1.563 +(iltin inside the function are restored to their original v).2 F 1.562 +(alues when the function)-.25 F 3.743(returns. W)144 729.6 R 1.243 +(ith no operands,)-.4 F F1(local)3.743 E F0 1.243 +(writes a list of local v)3.743 F 1.244 +(ariables to the standard output.)-.25 F 1.244(It is an)6.244 F +(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(63)192.055 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 64 64 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .42(error to use) +144 84 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(local)2.92 E F0 .42 +(when not within a function.)2.92 F .42(The return status is 0 unless) +5.42 F F1(local)2.92 E F0 .42(is used outside a)2.92 F(function, an in) +144 96 Q -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)2.86 E F0 +(is supplied, or)2.68 E F2(name)2.5 E F0(is a readonly v)2.5 E(ariable.) +-.25 E F1(logout)108 112.8 Q F0(Exit a login shell.)144 112.8 Q F1 +(map\214le)108 129.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2(delim)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C +F1-2.5 E F2(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(origin)2.5 E +F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 +2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2 (callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(quantum)2.5 E F0 -2.5(][)C F2(arr)-2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0(])A .351 -(Read lines from the standard input into the inde)144 549.6 R -.15(xe) --.15 G 2.851(da).15 G .351(rray v)-2.851 F(ariable)-.25 E F2(arr)2.85 E -(ay)-.15 E F0 2.85(,o).32 G 2.85(rf)-2.85 G .35(rom \214le descriptor) --2.85 F F2(fd)2.85 E F0 1.248(if the)144 561.6 R F13.748 E F0 -1.248(option is supplied.)3.748 F 1.249(The v)6.249 F(ariable)-.25 E F3 -(MAPFILE)3.749 E F0 1.249(is the def)3.499 F(ault)-.1 E F2(arr)3.749 E -(ay)-.15 E F0 6.249(.O)C 1.249(ptions, if supplied,)-6.249 F(ha)144 -573.6 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1 -144 585.6 Q F0(Cop)24.74 E 2.5(ya)-.1 G 2.5(tm)-2.5 G(ost)-2.5 E F2 -(count)2.7 E F0 2.5(lines. If)3.18 F F2(count)2.5 E F0 -(is 0, all lines are copied.)2.5 E F1144 597.6 Q F0(Be)22.52 E +2.5(][)C F2(arr)-2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0(])A F1 -.18(re)108 141.6 S(adarray) +.18 E F0([)2.5 E F1A F2(delim)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2 +(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(origin)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1 +-2.5 E F2(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1 +-2.5 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(callbac)2.5 E(k) +-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(quantum)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(arr) +-2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0(])A .35 +(Read lines from the standard input into the inde)144 153.6 R -.15(xe) +-.15 G 2.851(da).15 G .351(rray v)-2.851 F(ariable)-.25 E F2(arr)2.851 E +(ay)-.15 E F0 2.851(,o).32 G 2.851(rf)-2.851 G .351 +(rom \214le descriptor)-2.851 F F2(fd)2.851 E F0 1.249(if the)144 165.6 +R F13.749 E F0 1.249(option is supplied.)3.749 F 1.249(The v)6.249 +F(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(MAPFILE)3.749 E F0 1.249 +(is the def)3.499 F(ault)-.1 E F2(arr)3.748 E(ay)-.15 E F0 6.248(.O)C +1.248(ptions, if supplied,)-6.248 F(ha)144 177.6 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H +(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 189.6 Q F0 +(The \214rst character of)180 189.6 Q F2(delim)2.5 E F0 +(is used to terminate each input line, rather than ne)2.5 E(wline.)-.25 +E F1144 201.6 Q F0(Cop)180 201.6 Q 2.5(ya)-.1 G 2.5(tm)-2.5 G(ost) +-2.5 E F2(count)2.7 E F0 2.5(lines. If)3.18 F F2(count)2.5 E F0 +(is 0, all lines are copied.)2.5 E F1144 213.6 Q F0(Be)180 213.6 Q (gin assigning to)-.15 E F2(arr)2.83 E(ay)-.15 E F0(at inde)2.82 E(x) -.15 E F2(origin)2.5 E F0 5(.T).24 G(he def)-5 E(ault inde)-.1 E 2.5(xi) --.15 G 2.5(s0)-2.5 G(.)-2.5 E F1144 609.6 Q F0 -(Discard the \214rst)26.41 E F2(count)2.5 E F0(lines read.)2.5 E F1 -144 621.6 Q F0(Remo)26.97 E .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing ne).15 E -(wline from each line read.)-.25 E F1144 633.6 Q F0 -(Read lines from \214le descriptor)24.74 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0 -(instead of the standard input.)2.5 E F1144 645.6 Q F0(Ev)23.08 E -(aluate)-.25 E F2(callbac)2.7 E(k)-.2 E F0(each time)3.17 E F2(quantum) -2.5 E F0(lines are read.)2.5 E(The)5 E F12.5 E F0 -(option speci\214es)2.5 E F2(quantum)2.5 E F0(.).32 E F1144 657.6 -Q F0(Specify the number of lines read between each call to)25.86 E F2 -(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0(.).67 E(If)144 674.4 Q F12.968 E F0 .467 -(is speci\214ed without)2.967 F F12.967 E F0 2.967(,t)C .467 +-.15 G 2.5(s0)-2.5 G(.)-2.5 E F1144 225.6 Q F0 +(Discard the \214rst)180 225.6 Q F2(count)2.5 E F0(lines read.)2.5 E F1 +144 237.6 Q F0(Remo)180 237.6 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing).15 +E F2(delim)2.5 E F0(\(def)2.5 E(ault ne)-.1 E +(wline\) from each line read.)-.25 E F1144 249.6 Q F0 +(Read lines from \214le descriptor)180 249.6 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0 +(instead of the standard input.)2.5 E F1144 261.6 Q F0(Ev)180 +261.6 Q(aluate)-.25 E F2(callbac)2.7 E(k)-.2 E F0(each time)3.17 E F2 +(quantum)2.5 E F0(lines are read.)2.5 E(The)5 E F12.5 E F0 +(option speci\214es)2.5 E F2(quantum)2.5 E F0(.).32 E F1144 273.6 +Q F0(Specify the number of lines read between each call to)180 273.6 Q +F2(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0(.).67 E(If)144 290.4 Q F12.967 E F0 +.467(is speci\214ed without)2.967 F F12.967 E F0 2.967(,t)C .467 (he def)-2.967 F .467(ault quantum is 5000.)-.1 F(When)5.467 E F2 (callbac)2.967 E(k)-.2 E F0 .467(is e)2.967 F -.25(va)-.25 G .467 -(luated, it is sup-).25 F .261(plied the inde)144 686.4 R 2.761(xo)-.15 -G 2.761(ft)-2.761 G .261(he ne)-2.761 F .262(xt array element to be ass\ -igned and the line to be assigned to that element)-.15 F .275 -(as additional ar)144 698.4 R(guments.)-.18 E F2(callbac)5.275 E(k)-.2 E -F0 .275(is e)2.775 F -.25(va)-.25 G .274 -(luated after the line is read b).25 F .274 -(ut before the array element is)-.2 F(assigned.)144 710.4 Q -(If not supplied with an e)144 727.2 Q(xplicit origin,)-.15 E F1 +(luated, it is sup-).25 F .262(plied the inde)144 302.4 R 2.762(xo)-.15 +G 2.762(ft)-2.762 G .262(he ne)-2.762 F .261(xt array element to be ass\ +igned and the line to be assigned to that element)-.15 F .274 +(as additional ar)144 314.4 R(guments.)-.18 E F2(callbac)5.274 E(k)-.2 E +F0 .274(is e)2.774 F -.25(va)-.25 G .274 +(luated after the line is read b).25 F .275 +(ut before the array element is)-.2 F(assigned.)144 326.4 Q +(If not supplied with an e)144 343.2 Q(xplicit origin,)-.15 E F1 (map\214le)2.5 E F0(will clear)2.5 E F2(arr)2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0 -(before assigning to it.)2.5 E(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2) -141.79 E(61)190.95 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 62 62 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(map\214le)144 84 Q F0 1.905 -(returns successfully unless an in)4.405 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.905 -(lid option or option ar).25 F 1.906(gument is supplied,)-.18 F/F2 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(arr)4.406 E(ay)-.15 E F0(is)4.406 E(in)144 96 Q -.25 -(va)-.4 G(lid or unassignable, or if).25 E F2(arr)2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0 +(before assigning to it.)2.5 E F1(map\214le)144 360 Q F0 1.906 +(returns successfully unless an in)4.406 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.905 +(lid option or option ar).25 F 1.905(gument is supplied,)-.18 F F2(arr) +4.405 E(ay)-.15 E F0(is)4.405 E(in)144 372 Q -.25(va)-.4 G +(lid or unassignable, or if).25 E F2(arr)2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0 (is not an inde)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G(rray)-2.5 E(.)-.65 E -F1(popd)108 112.8 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(n)A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F2(n)A F0 -2.5(][)C-2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A(Remo)144 124.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.8(se) -.15 G .3(ntries from the directory stack.)-2.8 F -.4(Wi)5.299 G .299 -(th no ar).4 F .299(guments, remo)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.799(st).15 G -.299(he top directory from the)-2.799 F 1.478(stack, and performs a)144 -136.8 R F1(cd)3.978 E F0 1.479(to the ne)3.978 F 3.979(wt)-.25 G 1.479 -(op directory)-3.979 F 6.479(.A)-.65 G -.18(rg)-6.479 G 1.479 -(uments, if supplied, ha).18 F 1.779 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.479(he follo).15 -F(wing)-.25 E(meanings:)144 148.8 Q F1144 160.8 Q F0 .551 -(Suppresses the normal change of directory when remo)24.74 F .551 +F1(popd)108 388.8 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(n)A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F2(n)A F0 +2.5(][)C-2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A(Remo)144 400.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.799 +(se).15 G .299(ntries from the directory stack.)-2.799 F -.4(Wi)5.299 G +.299(th no ar).4 F .299(guments, remo)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.799(st).15 +G .3(he top directory from the)-2.799 F 1.479(stack, and performs a)144 +412.8 R F1(cd)3.979 E F0 1.479(to the ne)3.979 F 3.979(wt)-.25 G 1.479 +(op directory)-3.979 F 6.479(.A)-.65 G -.18(rg)-6.479 G 1.478 +(uments, if supplied, ha).18 F 1.778 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.478(he follo).15 +F(wing)-.25 E(meanings:)144 424.8 Q F1144 436.8 Q F0 .551 +(Suppresses the normal change of directory when remo)180 436.8 R .551 (ving directories from the stack, so)-.15 F -(that only the stack is manipulated.)180 172.8 Q F1(+)144 184.8 Q F2(n)A -F0(Remo)25.3 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.64(st).15 G(he)-2.64 E F2(n)2.64 E F0 -.14(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B .14(wn by)-.25 F -F1(dirs)2.64 E F0 2.64(,s)C .14(tarting with zero.)-2.64 F -.15(Fo)180 -196.8 S 2.5(re).15 G(xample:)-2.65 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF(popd +0)2.5 E F0 +(that only the stack is manipulated.)180 448.8 Q F1(+)144 460.8 Q F2(n)A +F0(Remo)180 460.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.64(st).15 G(he)-2.64 E F2(n)2.64 E +F0 .14(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B .14(wn by)-.25 +F F1(dirs)2.64 E F0 2.64(,s)C .14(tarting with zero.)-2.64 F -.15(Fo)180 +472.8 S 2.5(re).15 G(xample:)-2.65 E/F4 10/Courier@0 SF(popd +0)2.5 E F0 (remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he \214rst directory)-2.5 E(,) --.65 E F3(popd +1)2.5 E F0(the second.)2.5 E F1144 208.8 Q F2(n)A F0 -(Remo)25.3 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.76(st).15 G(he)-3.76 E F2(n)3.76 E F0 -1.259(th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.259(wn by) --.25 F F1(dirs)3.759 E F0 3.759(,s)C 1.259(tarting with)-3.759 F 2.5 -(zero. F)180 220.8 R(or e)-.15 E(xample:)-.15 E F3(popd -0)2.5 E F0 +-.65 E F4(popd +1)2.5 E F0(the second.)2.5 E F1144 484.8 Q F2(n)A F0 +(Remo)180 484.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.759(st).15 G(he)-3.759 E F2(n)3.759 E +F0 1.259(th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.26(wn by) +-.25 F F1(dirs)3.76 E F0 3.76(,s)C 1.26(tarting with)-3.76 F 2.5 +(zero. F)180 496.8 R(or e)-.15 E(xample:)-.15 E F4(popd -0)2.5 E F0 (remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he last directory)-2.5 E(,)-.65 -E F3(popd -1)2.5 E F0(the ne)2.5 E(xt to last.)-.15 E .643(If the)144 -237.6 R F1(popd)3.143 E F0 .643(command is successful, a)3.143 F F1 -(dirs)3.143 E F0 .644(is performed as well, and the return status is 0.) -3.143 F F1(popd)5.644 E F0 .416(returns f)144 249.6 R .416 +E F4(popd -1)2.5 E F0(the ne)2.5 E(xt to last.)-.15 E .644(If the)144 +513.6 R F1(popd)3.144 E F0 .644(command is successful, a)3.144 F F1 +(dirs)3.143 E F0 .643(is performed as well, and the return status is 0.) +3.143 F F1(popd)5.643 E F0 .415(returns f)144 525.6 R .415 (alse if an in)-.1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .415 -(lid option is encountered, the directory stack is empty).25 F 2.915 -(,an)-.65 G(on-e)-2.915 E .415(xistent direc-)-.15 F -(tory stack entry is speci\214ed, or the directory change f)144 261.6 Q -(ails.)-.1 E F1(printf)108 278.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2(var)2.5 E F0 -(])A F2(format)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A 1.436 -(Write the formatted)144 290.4 R F2(ar)3.936 E(guments)-.37 E F0 1.437 -(to the standard output under the control of the)3.936 F F2(format)3.937 -E F0 6.437(.T)C(he)-6.437 E F13.937 E F0 .126 -(option causes the output to be assigned to the v)144 302.4 R(ariable) +(lid option is encountered, the directory stack is empty).25 F 2.916 +(,an)-.65 G(on-e)-2.916 E .416(xistent direc-)-.15 F +(tory stack entry is speci\214ed, or the directory change f)144 537.6 Q +(ails.)-.1 E F1(printf)108 554.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2(var)2.5 E F0 +(])A F2(format)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A 1.437 +(Write the formatted)144 566.4 R F2(ar)3.937 E(guments)-.37 E F0 1.437 +(to the standard output under the control of the)3.937 F F2(format)3.936 +E F0 6.436(.T)C(he)-6.436 E F13.936 E F0 .126 +(option causes the output to be assigned to the v)144 578.4 R(ariable) -.25 E F2(var)2.626 E F0 .126(rather than being printed to the standard) -2.626 F(output.)144 314.4 Q(The)144 338.4 Q F2(format)3.017 E F0 .517(i\ +2.626 F(output.)144 590.4 Q(The)144 614.4 Q F2(format)3.018 E F0 .517(i\ s a character string which contains three types of objects: plain chara\ -cters, which are)3.017 F .704(simply copied to standard output, charact\ -er escape sequences, which are con)144 350.4 R -.15(ve)-.4 G .703 +cters, which are)3.018 F .704(simply copied to standard output, charact\ +er escape sequences, which are con)144 626.4 R -.15(ve)-.4 G .704 (rted and copied to).15 F .036(the standard output, and format speci\ -\214cations, each of which causes printing of the ne)144 362.4 R .037 -(xt successi)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F2(ar)144 374.4 Q(gument)-.37 E F0 -5.532(.I)C 3.032(na)-5.532 G .532(ddition to the standard)-3.032 F F2 -(printf)3.032 E F0 .532(\(1\) format speci\214cations,)B F1(printf)3.031 -E F0 .531(interprets the follo)3.031 F(w-)-.25 E(ing e)144 386.4 Q -(xtensions:)-.15 E F1(%b)144 398.4 Q F0(causes)20.44 E F1(printf)5.115 E -F0 2.615(to e)5.115 F 2.615 +\214cations, each of which causes printing of the ne)144 638.4 R .036 +(xt successi)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F2(ar)144 650.4 Q(gument)-.37 E F0 +5.531(.I)C 3.031(na)-5.531 G .531(ddition to the standard)-3.031 F F2 +(printf)3.032 E F0 .532(\(1\) format speci\214cations,)B F1(printf)3.032 +E F0 .532(interprets the follo)3.032 F(w-)-.25 E(ing e)144 662.4 Q +(xtensions:)-.15 E F1(%b)144 674.4 Q F0(causes)180 674.4 Q F1(printf) +2.596 E F0 .096(to e)2.596 F .096 (xpand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding)-.15 F F2(ar) -5.115 E(gument)-.37 E F0(\(e)180 410.4 Q .608(xcept that)-.15 F F1(\\c) -3.108 E F0 .608(terminates output, backslashes in)3.108 F F1<5c08>3.108 -E F0(,)A F1(\\")3.108 E F0 3.108(,a)C(nd)-3.108 E F1(\\?)3.108 E F0 .608 -(are not remo)3.108 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .608(d, and octal).15 F(escapes be) -180 422.4 Q(ginning with)-.15 E F1(\\0)2.5 E F0 -(may contain up to four digits\).)2.5 E F1(%q)144 434.4 Q F0(causes) -20.44 E F1(printf)2.51 E F0 .01(to output the corresponding)2.51 F F2 -(ar)2.51 E(gument)-.37 E F0 .01(in a format that can be reused as shell) -2.51 F(input.)180 446.4 Q F1(%\()144 458.4 Q F2(datefmt)A F1(\)T)A F0 -(causes)180 470.4 Q F1(printf)4.404 E F0 1.904 +2.596 E(gument)-.37 E F0 .095(in the)2.595 F(same w)180 686.4 Q(ay as) +-.1 E F1(echo \255e)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(%q)144 698.4 Q F0(causes)180 698.4 Q +F1(printf)2.51 E F0 .01(to output the corresponding)2.51 F F2(ar)2.51 E +(gument)-.37 E F0 .01(in a format that can be reused as shell)2.51 F +(input.)180 710.4 Q(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(64) +192.055 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 65 65 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(%\()144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(datefmt)A F1(\)T)A F0(causes)180 +96 Q F1(printf)4.404 E F0 1.904 (to output the date-time string resulting from using)4.404 F F2(datefmt) -4.404 E F0 1.903(as a format)4.404 F .38(string for)180 482.4 R F2 +4.404 E F0 1.903(as a format)4.404 F .38(string for)180 108 R F2 (strftime)2.881 E F0 2.881(\(3\). The)B(corresponding)2.881 E F2(ar) 2.881 E(gument)-.37 E F0 .381(is an inte)2.881 F .381 (ger representing the number)-.15 F .458(of seconds since the epoch.)180 -494.4 R -1 -.8(Tw o)5.458 H .458(special ar)3.758 F .458(gument v)-.18 F +120 R -1 -.8(Tw o)5.458 H .458(special ar)3.758 F .458(gument v)-.18 F .458(alues may be used: -1 represents the)-.25 F .847 -(current time, and -2 represents the time the shell w)180 506.4 R .847 +(current time, and -2 represents the time the shell w)180 132 R .847 (as in)-.1 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.348(d. If).1 F .848(no ar)3.348 -F .848(gument is speci-)-.18 F .355(\214ed, con)180 518.4 R -.15(ve)-.4 -G .355(rsion beha).15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.855(sa).15 G 2.855(si)-2.855 G +F .848(gument is speci-)-.18 F .355(\214ed, con)180 144 R -.15(ve)-.4 G +.355(rsion beha).15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.855(sa).15 G 2.855(si)-2.855 G 2.855(f-)-2.855 G 2.855(1h)-2.855 G .354(ad been gi)-2.855 F -.15(ve) -.25 G 2.854(n. This).15 F .354(is an e)2.854 F .354 -(xception to the usual)-.15 F F1(printf)2.854 E F0(beha)180 530.4 Q -(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E(Ar)144 547.2 Q .463(guments to non-string format s\ -peci\214ers are treated as C constants, e)-.18 F .464 -(xcept that a leading plus or)-.15 F 1.259(minus sign is allo)144 559.2 +(xception to the usual)-.15 F F1(printf)2.854 E F0(beha)180 156 Q(vior) +-.2 E(.)-.55 E(Ar)144 172.8 Q .463(guments to non-string format speci\ +\214ers are treated as C constants, e)-.18 F .464 +(xcept that a leading plus or)-.15 F 1.259(minus sign is allo)144 184.8 R 1.259 (wed, and if the leading character is a single or double quote, the v) --.25 F 1.258(alue is the)-.25 F(ASCII v)144 571.2 Q(alue of the follo) --.25 E(wing character)-.25 E(.)-.55 E(The)144 588 Q F2(format)3.423 E F0 -.923(is reused as necessary to consume all of the)3.423 F F2(ar)3.423 E -(guments)-.37 E F0 5.923(.I)C 3.423(ft)-5.923 G(he)-3.423 E F2(format) -3.423 E F0 .924(requires more)3.424 F F2(ar)144 600 Q(guments)-.37 E F0 -.033(than are supplied, the e)2.534 F .033 +-.25 F 1.258(alue is the)-.25 F(ASCII v)144 196.8 Q(alue of the follo) +-.25 E(wing character)-.25 E(.)-.55 E(The)144 213.6 Q F2(format)3.423 E +F0 .923(is reused as necessary to consume all of the)3.423 F F2(ar)3.423 +E(guments)-.37 E F0 5.923(.I)C 3.423(ft)-5.923 G(he)-3.423 E F2(format) +3.423 E F0 .924(requires more)3.424 F F2(ar)144 225.6 Q(guments)-.37 E +F0 .033(than are supplied, the e)2.534 F .033 (xtra format speci\214cations beha)-.15 F .333 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 2.533(si) .15 G 2.533(faz)-2.533 G .033(ero v)-2.533 F .033(alue or null string,) --.25 F(as appropriate, had been supplied.)144 612 Q(The return v)5 E +-.25 F(as appropriate, had been supplied.)144 237.6 Q(The return v)5 E (alue is zero on success, non-zero on f)-.25 E(ailure.)-.1 E F1(pushd) -108 628.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F2(n)A F0 2.5(][)C --2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A F1(pushd)108 640.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0 +108 254.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F2(n)A F0 2.5(][)C +-2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A F1(pushd)108 266.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0 2.5(][)C F2(dir)-2.5 E F0(])A .639(Adds a directory to the top of the d\ -irectory stack, or rotates the stack, making the ne)144 652.8 R 3.14(wt) --.25 G .64(op of the)-3.14 F 1.316(stack the current w)144 664.8 R 1.316 -(orking directory)-.1 F 6.316(.W)-.65 G 1.315(ith no ar)-6.716 F 1.315 -(guments, e)-.18 F 1.315(xchanges the top tw)-.15 F 3.815(od)-.1 G 1.315 -(irectories and)-3.815 F .871 -(returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty)144 676.8 R 5.871(.A) --.65 G -.18(rg)-5.871 G .872(uments, if supplied, ha).18 F 1.172 -.15 -(ve t)-.2 H .872(he follo).15 F .872(wing mean-)-.25 F(ings:)144 688.8 Q -F1144 700.8 Q F0 .902(Suppresses the normal change of directory w\ -hen adding directories to the stack, so that)24.74 F -(only the stack is manipulated.)180 712.8 Q(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q -(2014 February 2)141.79 E(62)190.95 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 63 63 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(+)144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0 -1.267(Rotates the stack so that the)25.3 F F2(n)3.767 E F0 1.268 -(th directory \(counting from the left of the list sho)B 1.268(wn by) --.25 F F1(dirs)180 96 Q F0 2.5(,s)C(tarting with zero\) is at the top.) --2.5 E F1144 108 Q F2(n)A F0 .92(Rotates the stack so that the)25.3 -F F2(n)3.42 E F0 .92 +irectory stack, or rotates the stack, making the ne)144 278.4 R 3.14(wt) +-.25 G .64(op of the)-3.14 F .417(stack the current w)144 290.4 R .416 +(orking directory)-.1 F 5.416(.W)-.65 G .416(ith no ar)-5.816 F +(guments,)-.18 E F1(pushd)2.916 E F0 -.15(ex)2.916 G .416 +(changes the top tw).15 F 2.916(od)-.1 G(irectories)-2.916 E 1.625 +(and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty)144 302.4 R 6.625 +(.A)-.65 G -.18(rg)-6.625 G 1.625(uments, if supplied, ha).18 F 1.925 +-.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.625(he follo).15 F(wing)-.25 E(meanings:)144 314.4 Q +F1144 326.4 Q F0 1.811(Suppresses the normal change of directory \ +when rotating or adding directories to the)180 326.4 R +(stack, so that only the stack is manipulated.)180 338.4 Q F1(+)144 +350.4 Q F2(n)A F0 1.267(Rotates the stack so that the)180 350.4 R F2(n) +3.767 E F0 1.268(th directory \(counting from the left of the list sho)B +1.268(wn by)-.25 F F1(dirs)180 362.4 Q F0 2.5(,s)C +(tarting with zero\) is at the top.)-2.5 E F1144 374.4 Q F2(n)A F0 +.92(Rotates the stack so that the)180 374.4 R F2(n)3.42 E F0 .92 (th directory \(counting from the right of the list sho)B .92(wn by)-.25 -F F1(dirs)180 120 Q F0 2.5(,s)C(tarting with zero\) is at the top.)-2.5 -E F2(dir)144.35 132 Q F0(Adds)23.98 E F2(dir)3.137 E F0 .287 +F F1(dirs)180 386.4 Q F0 2.5(,s)C(tarting with zero\) is at the top.) +-2.5 E F2(dir)144.35 398.4 Q F0(Adds)180 398.4 Q F2(dir)3.137 E F0 .287 (to the directory stack at the top, making it the ne)3.517 F 2.788(wc) -.25 G .288(urrent w)-2.788 F .288(orking directory as)-.1 F -(if it had been supplied as the ar)180 144 Q(gument to the)-.18 E F1(cd) -2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .489(If the)144 160.8 R F1(pushd)2.989 -E F0 .489(command is successful, a)2.989 F F1(dirs)2.988 E F0 .488 +(if it had been supplied as the ar)180 410.4 Q(gument to the)-.18 E F1 +(cd)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .489(If the)144 427.2 R F1(pushd) +2.989 E F0 .489(command is successful, a)2.989 F F1(dirs)2.988 E F0 .488 (is performed as well.)2.988 F .488(If the \214rst form is used,)5.488 F -F1(pushd)2.988 E F0 1.039(returns 0 unless the cd to)144 172.8 R F2(dir) +F1(pushd)2.988 E F0 1.039(returns 0 unless the cd to)144 439.2 R F2(dir) 3.889 E F0 -.1(fa)4.269 G 3.539(ils. W).1 F 1.039(ith the second form,) -.4 F F1(pushd)3.54 E F0 1.04(returns 0 unless the directory)3.54 F .847 -(stack is empty)144 184.8 R 3.347(,an)-.65 G(on-e)-3.347 E .847(xistent\ +(stack is empty)144 451.2 R 3.347(,an)-.65 G(on-e)-3.347 E .847(xistent\ directory stack element is speci\214ed, or the directory change to the) --.15 F(speci\214ed ne)144 196.8 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(urrent directory f)-2.5 -E(ails.)-.1 E F1(pwd)108 213.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255LP)A F0(])A .844 -(Print the absolute pathname of the current w)144 225.6 R .845 +-.15 F(speci\214ed ne)144 463.2 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(urrent directory f)-2.5 +E(ails.)-.1 E F1(pwd)108 480 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255LP)A F0(])A .844 +(Print the absolute pathname of the current w)144 492 R .845 (orking directory)-.1 F 5.845(.T)-.65 G .845 (he pathname printed contains no)-5.845 F .182(symbolic links if the)144 -237.6 R F12.681 E F0 .181(option is supplied or the)2.681 F F1 -.181(\255o ph)2.681 F(ysical)-.15 E F0 .181(option to the)2.681 F F1 -(set)2.681 E F0 -.2(bu)2.681 G .181(iltin command is).2 F 3.263 -(enabled. If)144 249.6 R(the)3.263 E F13.263 E F0 .763 +504 R F12.681 E F0 .181(option is supplied or the)2.681 F F1 .181 +(\255o ph)2.681 F(ysical)-.15 E F0 .181(option to the)2.681 F F1(set) +2.681 E F0 -.2(bu)2.681 G .181(iltin command is).2 F 3.263(enabled. If) +144 516 R(the)3.263 E F13.263 E F0 .763 (option is used, the pathname printed may contain symbolic links.)3.263 F .764(The return)5.764 F 1.36(status is 0 unless an error occurs while\ - reading the name of the current directory or an in)144 261.6 R -.25(va) --.4 G(lid).25 E(option is supplied.)144 273.6 Q F1 -.18(re)108 290.4 S -(ad).18 E F0([)3.816 E F1(\255ers)A F0 3.816(][)C F1-3.816 E F2 -(aname)3.816 E F0 3.816(][)C F1-3.816 E F2(delim)3.816 E F0 3.816 -(][)C F1-3.816 E F2(te)3.816 E(xt)-.2 E F0 3.816(][)C F1 --3.816 E F2(nc)3.816 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.817(][)C F1-3.817 E -F2(nc)3.817 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.817(][)C F1-3.817 E F2(pr) -3.817 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 3.817(][)C F1-3.817 E F2(timeout)3.817 E F0 -3.817(][)C F1-3.817 E F2(fd)3.817 E F0(])A([)108 302.4 Q F2(name)A -F0(...])2.5 E .516(One line is read from the standard input, or from th\ -e \214le descriptor)144 314.4 R F2(fd)3.016 E F0 .516(supplied as an ar) -3.016 F .517(gument to)-.18 F(the)144 326.4 Q F12.539 E F0 .039 -(option, and the \214rst w)2.539 F .038(ord is assigned to the \214rst) --.1 F F2(name)2.538 E F0 2.538(,t).18 G .038(he second w)-2.538 F .038 -(ord to the second)-.1 F F2(name)2.538 E F0(,).18 E .42 -(and so on, with lefto)144 338.4 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.92(rw).15 G .42 -(ords and their interv)-3.02 F .42 -(ening separators assigned to the last)-.15 F F2(name)2.92 E F0 5.42(.I) -.18 G 2.92(ft)-5.42 G(here)-2.92 E .541(are fe)144 350.4 R .541(wer w) --.25 F .541(ords read from the input stream than names, the remaining n\ -ames are assigned empty)-.1 F -.25(va)144 362.4 S 3.357(lues. The).25 F -.857(characters in)3.357 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)3.357 E F0 .857 -(are used to split the line into w)3.107 F .857 -(ords using the same rules the shell)-.1 F .754(uses for e)144 374.4 R -.753(xpansion \(described abo)-.15 F 1.053 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E -F1 -.75(Wo)3.253 G .753(rd Splitting).75 F F0 3.253(\). The)B .753 -(backslash character \()3.253 F F1(\\)A F0 3.253(\)m)C .753(ay be)-3.253 -F .075(used to remo)144 386.4 R .375 -.15(ve a)-.15 H .375 -.15(ny s).15 -H .075(pecial meaning for the ne).15 F .076 -(xt character read and for line continuation.)-.15 F(Options,)5.076 E -(if supplied, ha)144 398.4 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E -(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 410.4 Q F2(aname)2.5 E F0 1.05(The w) -180 422.4 R 1.049 + reading the name of the current directory or an in)144 528 R -.25(va) +-.4 G(lid).25 E(option is supplied.)144 540 Q F1 -.18(re)108 556.8 S(ad) +.18 E F0([)3.816 E F1(\255ers)A F0 3.816(][)C F1-3.816 E F2(aname) +3.816 E F0 3.816(][)C F1-3.816 E F2(delim)3.816 E F0 3.816(][)C F1 +-3.816 E F2(te)3.816 E(xt)-.2 E F0 3.816(][)C F1-3.816 E F2 +(nc)3.816 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.817(][)C F1-3.817 E F2(nc) +3.817 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.817(][)C F1-3.817 E F2(pr)3.817 E +(ompt)-.45 E F0 3.817(][)C F1-3.817 E F2(timeout)3.817 E F0 3.817 +(][)C F1-3.817 E F2(fd)3.817 E F0(])A([)108 568.8 Q F2(name)A F0 +(...])2.5 E .516(One line is read from the standard input, or from the \ +\214le descriptor)144 580.8 R F2(fd)3.016 E F0 .516(supplied as an ar) +3.016 F .516(gument to)-.18 F(the)144 592.8 Q F13.847 E F0 1.347 +(option, split into w)3.847 F 1.347(ords as described abo)-.1 F 1.648 +-.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.75(Wo)3.848 G 1.348(rd Splitting).75 F +F0 3.848(,a)C 1.348(nd the \214rst w)-3.848 F 1.348(ord is)-.1 F 1.465 +(assigned to the \214rst)144 604.8 R F2(name)3.965 E F0 3.965(,t).18 G +1.465(he second w)-3.965 F 1.465(ord to the second)-.1 F F2(name)3.965 E +F0 3.965(,a).18 G 1.465(nd so on.)-3.965 F 1.465(If there are more)6.465 +F -.1(wo)144 616.8 S 1.112(rds than names, the remaining w).1 F 1.112 +(ords and their interv)-.1 F 1.112 +(ening delimiters are assigned to the last)-.15 F F2(name)144 628.8 Q F0 +5.723(.I).18 G 3.223(ft)-5.723 G .723(here are fe)-3.223 F .723(wer w) +-.25 F .722 +(ords read from the input stream than names, the remaining names are)-.1 +F .531(assigned empty v)144 640.8 R 3.031(alues. The)-.25 F .531 +(characters in)3.031 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)3.031 E F0 .532 +(are used to split the line into w)2.781 F .532(ords using the same)-.1 +F .197(rules the shell uses for e)144 652.8 R .197 +(xpansion \(described abo)-.15 F .497 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 +-.75(Wo)2.697 G .197(rd Splitting).75 F F0 2.697(\). The)B .196 +(backslash charac-)2.697 F .156(ter \()144 664.8 R F1(\\)A F0 2.656(\)m) +C .156(ay be used to remo)-2.656 F .457 -.15(ve a)-.15 H .457 -.15(ny s) +.15 H .157(pecial meaning for the ne).15 F .157 +(xt character read and for line continu-)-.15 F 2.5(ation. Options,)144 +676.8 R(if supplied, ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E +(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 688.8 Q F2(aname)2.5 E F0 1.05(The w) +180 700.8 R 1.049 (ords are assigned to sequential indices of the array v)-.1 F(ariable) -.25 E F2(aname)3.549 E F0 3.549(,s).18 G 1.049(tarting at 0.)-3.549 F -F2(aname)180.33 434.4 Q F0(is unset before an)2.68 E 2.5(yn)-.15 G .5 +F2(aname)180.33 712.8 Q F0(is unset before an)2.68 E 2.5(yn)-.15 G .5 -.25(ew va)-2.5 H(lues are assigned.).25 E(Other)5 E F2(name)2.5 E F0 -(ar)2.5 E(guments are ignored.)-.18 E F1144 446.4 Q F2(delim)2.5 E -F0(The \214rst character of)180 458.4 Q F2(delim)2.5 E F0 +(ar)2.5 E(guments are ignored.)-.18 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q +(2016 August 26)142.895 E(65)192.055 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 66 66 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(delim)2.5 E F0 +(The \214rst character of)180 96 Q F2(delim)2.5 E F0 (is used to terminate the input line, rather than ne)2.5 E(wline.)-.25 E -F1144 470.4 Q F0 .372 -(If the standard input is coming from a terminal,)25.86 F F1 -.18(re) -2.873 G(adline).18 E F0(\(see)2.873 E F3(READLINE)2.873 E F0(abo)2.623 E --.15(ve)-.15 G 2.873(\)i).15 G 2.873(su)-2.873 G(sed)-2.873 E .218 -(to obtain the line.)180 482.4 R .218 +F1144 108 Q F0 .372 +(If the standard input is coming from a terminal,)180 108 R F1 -.18(re) +2.873 G(adline).18 E F0(\(see)2.873 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE) +2.873 E F0(abo)2.623 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.873(\)i).15 G 2.873(su)-2.873 G +(sed)-2.873 E .218(to obtain the line.)180 120 R .218 (Readline uses the current \(or def)5.218 F .218 (ault, if line editing w)-.1 F .218(as not pre)-.1 F(viously)-.25 E -(acti)180 494.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(\)e).15 G(diting settings.)-2.5 E -F1144 506.4 Q F2(te)2.5 E(xt)-.2 E F0(If)10.78 E F1 -.18(re)2.715 -G(adline).18 E F0 .216(is being used to read the line,)2.715 F F2(te) +(acti)180 132 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(\)e).15 G(diting settings.)-2.5 E F1 +144 144 Q F2(te)2.5 E(xt)-.2 E F0(If)180 144 Q F1 -.18(re)2.715 G +(adline).18 E F0 .216(is being used to read the line,)2.715 F F2(te) 2.716 E(xt)-.2 E F0 .216(is placed into the editing b)2.716 F(uf)-.2 E -.216(fer before edit-)-.25 F(ing be)180 518.4 Q(gins.)-.15 E F1144 -530.4 Q F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 542.4 S(ad).18 E -F0 1.395(returns after reading)3.895 F F2(nc)3.895 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E -F0 1.395(characters rather than w)3.895 F 1.394 -(aiting for a complete line of)-.1 F(input, b)180 554.4 Q -(ut honor a delimiter if fe)-.2 E(wer than)-.25 E F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E -(s)-.1 E F0(characters are read before the delimiter)2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1 -144 566.4 Q F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 578.4 S -(ad).18 E F0 1.269(returns after reading e)3.769 F(xactly)-.15 E F2(nc) -3.769 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.269(characters rather than w)3.769 F -1.27(aiting for a complete)-.1 F .275 -(line of input, unless EOF is encountered or)180 590.4 R F1 -.18(re) -2.775 G(ad).18 E F0 .274(times out.)2.774 F .274 -(Delimiter characters encoun-)5.274 F 1.002 -(tered in the input are not treated specially and do not cause)180 602.4 -R F1 -.18(re)3.503 G(ad).18 E F0 1.003(to return until)3.503 F F2(nc) -3.503 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0(characters are read.)180 614.4 Q F1 -144 626.4 Q F2(pr)2.5 E(ompt)-.45 E F0(Display)180 638.4 Q F2(pr)3.661 E -(ompt)-.45 E F0 1.161(on standard error)3.661 F 3.661(,w)-.4 G 1.161 -(ithout a trailing ne)-3.661 F 1.161(wline, before attempting to read) --.25 F(an)180 650.4 Q 2.5(yi)-.15 G 2.5(nput. The)-2.5 F +.216(fer before edit-)-.25 F(ing be)180 156 Q(gins.)-.15 E F1144 +168 Q F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 180 S(ad).18 E F0 +1.395(returns after reading)3.895 F F2(nc)3.895 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 +1.395(characters rather than w)3.895 F 1.394 +(aiting for a complete line of)-.1 F(input, b)180 192 Q +(ut honors a delimiter if fe)-.2 E(wer than)-.25 E F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 +E(s)-.1 E F0(characters are read before the delimiter)2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1 +144 204 Q F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 216 S(ad) +.18 E F0 1.269(returns after reading e)3.769 F(xactly)-.15 E F2(nc)3.769 +E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.269(characters rather than w)3.769 F 1.27 +(aiting for a complete)-.1 F .275 +(line of input, unless EOF is encountered or)180 228 R F1 -.18(re)2.775 +G(ad).18 E F0 .274(times out.)2.774 F .274(Delimiter characters encoun-) +5.274 F 1.002 +(tered in the input are not treated specially and do not cause)180 240 R +F1 -.18(re)3.503 G(ad).18 E F0 1.003(to return until)3.503 F F2(nc)3.503 +E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 .609(characters are read.)180 252 R .608 +(The result is not split on the characters in)5.609 F F1(IFS)3.108 E F0 +3.108(;t)C .608(he intent is that the)-3.108 F -.25(va)180 264 S .669 +(riable is assigned e).25 F .669 +(xactly the characters read \(with the e)-.15 F .67 +(xception of backslash; see the)-.15 F F1180 276 Q F0(option belo) +2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1144 288 Q F2(pr)2.5 E(ompt)-.45 E F0(Display) +180 300 Q F2(pr)3.661 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 1.161(on standard error)3.661 F +3.661(,w)-.4 G 1.161(ithout a trailing ne)-3.661 F 1.161 +(wline, before attempting to read)-.25 F(an)180 312 Q 2.5(yi)-.15 G 2.5 +(nput. The)-2.5 F (prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.)2.5 E F1 -144 662.4 Q F0 .543(Backslash does not act as an escape character) -25.86 F 5.543(.T)-.55 G .544(he backslash is considered to be part of) --5.543 F(the line.)180 674.4 Q(In particular)5 E 2.5(,ab)-.4 G +144 324 Q F0 .543(Backslash does not act as an escape character) +180 324 R 5.543(.T)-.55 G .544(he backslash is considered to be part of) +-5.543 F(the line.)180 336 Q(In particular)5 E 2.5(,ab)-.4 G (ackslash-ne)-2.5 E(wline pair may not be used as a line continuation.) --.25 E F1144 686.4 Q F0(Silent mode.)26.41 E +-.25 E F1144 348 Q F0(Silent mode.)180 348 Q (If input is coming from a terminal, characters are not echoed.)5 E F1 -144 698.4 Q F2(timeout)2.5 E F0(Cause)180 710.4 Q F1 -.18(re)2.929 -G(ad).18 E F0 .428(to time out and return f)2.929 F .428 +144 360 Q F2(timeout)2.5 E F0(Cause)180 372 Q F1 -.18(re)2.929 G +(ad).18 E F0 .428(to time out and return f)2.929 F .428 (ailure if a complete line of input \(or a speci\214ed num-)-.1 F .56 -(ber of characters\) is not read within)180 722.4 R F2(timeout)3.061 E -F0(seconds.)3.061 E F2(timeout)5.561 E F0 .561(may be a decimal number) -3.061 F(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(63)190.95 E 0 Cg -EP -%%Page: 64 64 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E(with a fractional portion follo)180 84 Q(wing the decimal point.) --.25 E(This option is only ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(f).15 -E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 .506(is reading input\ - from a terminal, pipe, or other special \214le; it has no ef)180 96 R -.506(fect when reading)-.25 F .59(from re)180 108 R .59(gular \214les.) --.15 F(If)5.59 E F1 -.18(re)3.09 G(ad).18 E F0 .589(times out,)3.09 F F1 --.18(re)3.089 G(ad).18 E F0(sa)3.089 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.089(sa).15 G .889 --.15(ny p)-3.089 H .589(artial input read into the speci\214ed).15 F --.25(va)180 120 S(riable).25 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)2.77 E F0 -5.27(.I)C(f)-5.27 E F2(timeout)2.77 E F0 .27(is 0,)2.77 F F1 -.18(re) -2.77 G(ad).18 E F0 .27(returns immediately)2.77 F 2.77(,w)-.65 G .27 -(ithout trying to read an)-2.77 F 2.77(yd)-.15 G(ata.)-2.77 E 1.12 -(The e)180 132 R 1.12(xit status is 0 if input is a)-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G -1.12(ilable on the speci\214ed \214le descriptor).25 F 3.62(,n)-.4 G -1.12(on-zero other)-3.62 F(-)-.2 E 2.5(wise. The)180 144 R -.15(ex)2.5 G -(it status is greater than 128 if the timeout is e).15 E(xceeded.)-.15 E -F1144 156 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0(Read input from \214le descriptor)14.46 -E F2(fd)2.5 E F0(.)A .191(If no)144 172.8 R F2(names)3.051 E F0 .191 -(are supplied, the line read is assigned to the v)2.961 F(ariable)-.25 E -/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(REPL)2.692 E(Y)-.828 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A -F0 .192(The return code is zero,)4.692 F 1.344 -(unless end-of-\214le is encountered,)144 184.8 R F1 -.18(re)3.844 G(ad) -.18 E F0 1.343 -(times out \(in which case the return code is greater than)3.844 F .871 -(128\), a v)144 196.8 R .871 -(ariable assignment error \(such as assigning to a readonly v)-.25 F -.872(ariable\) occurs, or an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E -(\214le descriptor is supplied as the ar)144 208.8 Q(gument to)-.18 E F1 -2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.18(re)108 225.6 S(adonly).18 E F0([)2.5 E F1 -(\255aAf)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A -F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E .77(The gi)144 237.6 R -.15(ve) --.25 G(n).15 E F2(names)3.27 E F0 .77(are mark)3.27 F .77 -(ed readonly; the v)-.1 F .77(alues of these)-.25 F F2(names)3.63 E F0 -.77(may not be changed by subse-)3.54 F 1.096(quent assignment.)144 -249.6 R 1.096(If the)6.096 F F13.596 E F0 1.097 +(ber of characters\) is not read within)180 384 R F2(timeout)3.061 E F0 +(seconds.)3.061 E F2(timeout)5.561 E F0 .561(may be a decimal number) +3.061 F(with a fractional portion follo)180 396 Q +(wing the decimal point.)-.25 E(This option is only ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E +.3 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(f).15 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 .506(is readin\ +g input from a terminal, pipe, or other special \214le; it has no ef)180 +408 R .506(fect when reading)-.25 F .59(from re)180 420 R .59 +(gular \214les.)-.15 F(If)5.59 E F1 -.18(re)3.09 G(ad).18 E F0 .589 +(times out,)3.09 F F1 -.18(re)3.089 G(ad).18 E F0(sa)3.089 E -.15(ve)-.2 +G 3.089(sa).15 G .889 -.15(ny p)-3.089 H .589 +(artial input read into the speci\214ed).15 F -.25(va)180 432 S(riable) +.25 E F2(name)2.77 E F0 5.27(.I)C(f)-5.27 E F2(timeout)2.77 E F0 .27 +(is 0,)2.77 F F1 -.18(re)2.77 G(ad).18 E F0 .27(returns immediately)2.77 +F 2.77(,w)-.65 G .27(ithout trying to read an)-2.77 F 2.77(yd)-.15 G +(ata.)-2.77 E 1.12(The e)180 444 R 1.12(xit status is 0 if input is a) +-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.12(ilable on the speci\214ed \214le descriptor) +.25 F 3.62(,n)-.4 G 1.12(on-zero other)-3.62 F(-)-.2 E 2.5(wise. The)180 +456 R -.15(ex)2.5 G(it status is greater than 128 if the timeout is e) +.15 E(xceeded.)-.15 E F1144 468 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0 +(Read input from \214le descriptor)180 468 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0(.)A .476 +(If no)144 484.8 R F2(names)3.336 E F0 .476 +(are supplied, the line read is assigned to the v)3.246 F(ariable)-.25 E +F3(REPL)2.977 E(Y)-.828 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .477(The e)4.977 +F .477(xit status is zero,)-.15 F .773 +(unless end-of-\214le is encountered,)144 496.8 R F1 -.18(re)3.273 G(ad) +.18 E F0 .772 +(times out \(in which case the status is greater than 128\), a)3.273 F +-.25(va)144 508.8 S 2.004 +(riable assignment error \(such as assigning to a readonly v).25 F 2.005 +(ariable\) occurs, or an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G 2.005(lid \214le).25 F +(descriptor is supplied as the ar)144 520.8 Q(gument to)-.18 E F1 +2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.18(re)108 537.6 S(adonly).18 E F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAf)A +F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(wor)A +(d)-.37 E F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E .77(The gi)144 549.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G +(n).15 E F2(names)3.27 E F0 .77(are mark)3.27 F .77(ed readonly; the v) +-.1 F .77(alues of these)-.25 F F2(names)3.63 E F0 .77 +(may not be changed by subse-)3.54 F 1.096(quent assignment.)144 561.6 R +1.096(If the)6.096 F F13.596 E F0 1.097 (option is supplied, the functions corresponding to the)3.596 F F2 -(names)3.597 E F0 1.097(are so)3.597 F(mark)144 261.6 Q 3.334(ed. The) +(names)3.597 E F0 1.097(are so)3.597 F(mark)144 573.6 Q 3.334(ed. The) -.1 F F13.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F .834 (ariables to inde)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.334(da).15 G .834(rrays; the) -3.334 F F13.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F(ari-) --.25 E .776(ables to associati)144 273.6 R 1.076 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 3.276 +-.25 E .776(ables to associati)144 585.6 R 1.076 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 3.276 (rrays. If).15 F .777(both options are supplied,)3.276 F F13.277 E F0(tak)3.277 E .777(es precedence.)-.1 F .777(If no)5.777 F F2(name) -3.637 E F0(ar)3.457 E(gu-)-.18 E .522(ments are gi)144 285.6 R -.15(ve) +3.637 E F0(ar)3.457 E(gu-)-.18 E .522(ments are gi)144 597.6 R -.15(ve) -.25 G .521(n, or if the).15 F F13.021 E F0 .521 (option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed.)3.021 F .521(The other)5.521 F .295(options may be used to restrict the output \ -to a subset of the set of readonly names.)144 297.6 R(The)5.296 E F1 +to a subset of the set of readonly names.)144 609.6 R(The)5.296 E F1 2.796 E F0(option)2.796 E .786 (causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.) -144 309.6 R .786(If a v)5.786 F .785(ariable name is fol-)-.25 F(lo)144 -321.6 Q .717(wed by =)-.25 F F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 3.218(,t)C .718(he v) +144 621.6 R .786(If a v)5.786 F .785(ariable name is fol-)-.25 F(lo)144 +633.6 Q .717(wed by =)-.25 F F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 3.218(,t)C .718(he v) -3.218 F .718(alue of the v)-.25 F .718(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor) 3.218 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.718(.T)C .718(he return status is 0 unless an in) -5.718 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E .26(option is encountered, one of the) -144 333.6 R F2(names)3.12 E F0 .26(is not a v)3.03 F .26(alid shell v) +144 645.6 R F2(names)3.12 E F0 .26(is not a v)3.03 F .26(alid shell v) -.25 F .26(ariable name, or)-.25 F F12.76 E F0 .26 -(is supplied with a)2.76 F F2(name)144.36 345.6 Q F0 -(that is not a function.)2.68 E F1 -.18(re)108 362.4 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15 -E F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .02(Causes a function to stop e)144 374.4 R +(is supplied with a)2.76 F F2(name)144.36 657.6 Q F0 +(that is not a function.)2.68 E F1 -.18(re)108 674.4 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15 +E F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .02(Causes a function to stop e)144 686.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .02(cuting and return the v).15 F .021 (alue speci\214ed by)-.25 F F2(n)2.881 E F0 .021(to its caller)2.761 F -5.021(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.021 E F2(n)2.881 E F0 .021(is omitted,)2.761 F .469 -(the return status is that of the last command e)144 386.4 R -.15(xe) --.15 G .469(cuted in the function body).15 F 5.469(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.469 E -F1 -.18(re)2.969 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .468(is used out-)2.969 F .466 -(side a function, b)144 398.4 R .466(ut during e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.467(cution of a script by the).15 F F1(.)2.967 E F0(\()5.467 E F1(sour) -A(ce)-.18 E F0 2.967(\)c)C .467(ommand, it causes the shell to)-2.967 F -.088(stop e)144 410.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .087 -(cuting that script and return either).15 F F2(n)2.947 E F0 .087 -(or the e)2.827 F .087(xit status of the last command e)-.15 F -.15(xe) --.15 G .087(cuted within).15 F .613(the script as the e)144 422.4 R .613 -(xit status of the script.)-.15 F(If)5.613 E F2(n)3.113 E F0 .613 -(is supplied, the return v)3.113 F .613 -(alue is its least signi\214cant 8)-.25 F 2.511(bits. The)144 434.4 R -.011(return status is non-zero if)2.511 F F1 -.18(re)2.511 G(tur).18 E -(n)-.15 E F0 .011(is supplied a non-numeric ar)2.511 F .01 -(gument, or is used outside)-.18 F 2.909(af)144 446.4 S .409 -(unction and not during e)-2.909 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .41 -(cution of a script by).15 F F1(.)2.91 E F0(or)3.743 E F1(sour)2.91 E -(ce)-.18 E F0 5.41(.A)C .71 -.15(ny c)-5.41 H .41 -(ommand associated with the).15 F F1(RETURN)144 458.4 Q F0(trap is e)2.5 -E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted before e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cution resumes after the function or script.).15 E F1(set)108 475.2 Q -F0([)2.5 E F1(\255\255abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E -F2(option\255name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E -F1(set)108 487.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C F1 -(+o)-2.5 E F2(option\255name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0 -(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 499.2 S .836(thout options, the name and v).4 F -.835(alue of each shell v)-.25 F .835 -(ariable are displayed in a format that can be)-.25 F .784 -(reused as input for setting or resetting the currently-set v)144 511.2 +5.021(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.021 E F2(n)2.881 E F0 .021(is omitted,)2.761 F .597 +(the return status is that of the last command e)144 698.4 R -.15(xe) +-.15 G .596(cuted in the function body).15 F 5.596(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.596 E +F1 -.18(re)3.096 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .596(is e)3.096 F -.15(xe)-.15 +G(cuted).15 E 1.238(by a trap handler)144 710.4 R 3.738(,t)-.4 G 1.238 +(he last command used to determine the status is the last command e) +-3.738 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E 1.067(before the trap handler)144 +722.4 R 6.067(.i)-.55 G(f)-6.067 E F1 -.18(re)3.567 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E +F0 1.067(is e)3.567 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.067(cuted during a).15 F F1(DEB) +3.567 E(UG)-.1 E F0 1.067(trap, the last command used to)3.567 F +(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(66)192.055 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 67 67 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .389 +(determine the status is the last command e)144 84 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .389 +(cuted by the trap handler before).15 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.18(re) +2.89 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 -.1(wa)2.89 G 2.89(si).1 G -1.9 -.4(nv o) +-2.89 H -.1(ke).4 G(d.).1 E(If)144 96 Q F1 -.18(re)2.584 G(tur).18 E(n) +-.15 E F0 .084(is used outside a function, b)2.584 F .084(ut during e) +-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .084(cution of a script by the).15 F F1(.)2.584 E +F0(\()5.084 E F1(sour)A(ce)-.18 E F0 2.583(\)c)C .083(ommand, it)-2.583 +F .588(causes the shell to stop e)144 108 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .588 +(cuting that script and return either).15 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n) +3.448 E F0 .589(or the e)3.329 F .589(xit status of the last com-)-.15 F +.326(mand e)144 120 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .326 +(cuted within the script as the e).15 F .326(xit status of the script.) +-.15 F(If)5.326 E F2(n)2.826 E F0 .325(is supplied, the return v)2.826 F +.325(alue is)-.25 F .444(its least signi\214cant 8 bits.)144 132 R .444 +(The return status is non-zero if)5.444 F F1 -.18(re)2.945 G(tur).18 E +(n)-.15 E F0 .445(is supplied a non-numeric ar)2.945 F(gu-)-.18 E .381 +(ment, or is used outside a function and not during e)144 144 R -.15(xe) +-.15 G .381(cution of a script by).15 F F1(.)2.881 E F0(or)3.714 E F1 +(sour)2.881 E(ce)-.18 E F0 5.38(.A)C .68 -.15(ny c)-5.38 H(om-).15 E +.749(mand associated with the)144 156 R F1(RETURN)3.249 E F0 .749 +(trap is e)3.249 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .749(cuted before e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 +G .75(cution resumes after the function).15 F(or script.)144 168 Q F1 +(set)108 184.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255\255abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C +F1-2.5 E F2(option\255name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E +F0(...])2.5 E F1(set)108 196.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 +2.5(][)C F1(+o)-2.5 E F2(option\255name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E +(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 208.8 S .836 +(thout options, the name and v).4 F .835(alue of each shell v)-.25 F +.835(ariable are displayed in a format that can be)-.25 F .784 +(reused as input for setting or resetting the currently-set v)144 220.8 R 3.284(ariables. Read-only)-.25 F -.25(va)3.284 G .784 -(riables cannot be).25 F 2.912(reset. In)144 523.2 R F2(posix)2.912 E F0 +(riables cannot be).25 F 2.912(reset. In)144 232.8 R F2(posix)2.912 E F0 .412(mode, only shell v)2.912 F .412(ariables are listed.)-.25 F .412 (The output is sorted according to the current)5.412 F 3.53 -(locale. When)144 535.2 R 1.031(options are speci\214ed, the)3.53 F +(locale. When)144 244.8 R 1.031(options are speci\214ed, the)3.53 F 3.531(ys)-.15 G 1.031(et or unset shell attrib)-3.531 F 3.531(utes. An) -.2 F 3.531(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-3.531 G 1.031(uments remaining).18 F -1.624(after option processing are treated as v)144 547.2 R 1.623 +1.624(after option processing are treated as v)144 256.8 R 1.623 (alues for the positional parameters and are assigned, in)-.25 F(order) -144 559.2 Q 2.5(,t)-.4 G(o)-2.5 E F1($1)2.5 E F0(,)A F1($2)2.5 E F0(,)A +144 268.8 Q 2.5(,t)-.4 G(o)-2.5 E F1($1)2.5 E F0(,)A F1($2)2.5 E F0(,)A F1 2.5(... $)2.5 F F2(n)A F0 5(.O)C(ptions, if speci\214ed, ha)-5 E .3 --.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 571.2 Q -F0 .539(Automatically mark v)29.3 F .539 -(ariables and functions which are modi\214ed or created for e)-.25 F .54 -(xport to)-.15 F(the en)184 583.2 Q(vironment of subsequent commands.) --.4 E F1144 595.2 Q F0 .132 -(Report the status of terminated background jobs immediately)28.74 F +-.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 280.8 Q +F0 1.377(Each v)184 280.8 R 1.377 +(ariable or function that is created or modi\214ed is gi)-.25 F -.15(ve) +-.25 G 3.877(nt).15 G 1.377(he e)-3.877 F 1.378(xport attrib)-.15 F +1.378(ute and)-.2 F(mark)184 292.8 Q(ed for e)-.1 E(xport to the en)-.15 +E(vironment of subsequent commands.)-.4 E F1144 304.8 Q F0 .132 +(Report the status of terminated background jobs immediately)184 304.8 R 2.632(,r)-.65 G .131(ather than before the ne)-2.632 F(xt)-.15 E -(primary prompt.)184 607.2 Q(This is ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve o) --.25 H(nly when job control is enabled.).15 E F1144 619.2 Q F0 -.087(Exit immediately if a)29.86 F F2(pipeline)2.587 E F0 .087 +(primary prompt.)184 316.8 Q(This is ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve o) +-.25 H(nly when job control is enabled.).15 E F1144 328.8 Q F0 +.087(Exit immediately if a)184 328.8 R F2(pipeline)2.587 E F0 .087 (\(which may consist of a single)2.587 F F2 .088(simple command)2.588 F -F0 .088(\), a)B F2(list)2.588 E F0 2.588(,o)C(r)-2.588 E(a)184 631.2 Q -F2 1.294(compound command)3.794 F F0(\(see)3.794 E F3 1.294 -(SHELL GRAMMAR)3.794 F F0(abo)3.544 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.793(\), e).15 F -1.293(xits with a non-zero status.)-.15 F .079(The shell does not e)184 -643.2 R .079(xit if the command that f)-.15 F .08 -(ails is part of the command list immediately)-.1 F(follo)184 655.2 Q +F0 .088(\), a)B F2(list)2.588 E F0 2.588(,o)C(r)-2.588 E(a)184 340.8 Q +F2 1.521(compound command)4.021 F F0(\(see)4.021 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +1.521(SHELL GRAMMAR)4.021 F F0(abo)3.771 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.521(\), e) +.15 F 1.521(xits with a non-zero status.)-.15 F .079 +(The shell does not e)184 352.8 R .079(xit if the command that f)-.15 F +.08(ails is part of the command list immediately)-.1 F(follo)184 364.8 Q 1.655(wing a)-.25 F F1(while)4.155 E F0(or)4.155 E F1(until)4.155 E F0 -.1(ke)4.155 G(yw)-.05 E 1.655(ord, part of the test follo)-.1 F 1.654 (wing the)-.25 F F1(if)4.154 E F0(or)4.154 E F1(elif)4.154 E F0(reserv) -4.154 E(ed)-.15 E -.1(wo)184 667.2 S .581(rds, part of an).1 F 3.081(yc) +4.154 E(ed)-.15 E -.1(wo)184 376.8 S .581(rds, part of an).1 F 3.081(yc) -.15 G .581(ommand e)-3.081 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .581(cuted in a).15 F F1 (&&)3.081 E F0(or)3.081 E F1(||)3.081 E F0 .582(list e)3.082 F .582 -(xcept the command follo)-.15 F(wing)-.25 E .918(the \214nal)184 679.2 R +(xcept the command follo)-.15 F(wing)-.25 E .918(the \214nal)184 388.8 R F1(&&)3.418 E F0(or)3.418 E F1(||)3.418 E F0 3.418(,a)C 1.218 -.15(ny c) -3.418 H .918(ommand in a pipeline b).15 F .917 (ut the last, or if the command')-.2 F 3.417(sr)-.55 G(eturn)-3.417 E --.25(va)184 691.2 S .66(lue is being in).25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .66 +-.25(va)184 400.8 S .66(lue is being in).25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .66 (rted with).15 F F1(!)3.16 E F0 5.661(.I)C 3.161(fac)-5.661 G .661 (ompound command other than a subshell returns a)-3.161 F 1.113 -(non-zero status because a command f)184 703.2 R 1.112(ailed while)-.1 F +(non-zero status because a command f)184 412.8 R 1.112(ailed while)-.1 F F13.612 E F0 -.1(wa)3.612 G 3.612(sb).1 G 1.112 -(eing ignored, the shell does)-3.612 F .177(not e)184 715.2 R 2.677 +(eing ignored, the shell does)-3.612 F .177(not e)184 424.8 R 2.677 (xit. A)-.15 F .177(trap on)2.677 F F1(ERR)2.677 E F0 2.677(,i)C 2.678 (fs)-2.677 G .178(et, is e)-2.678 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .178 (cuted before the shell e).15 F 2.678(xits. This)-.15 F .178 -(option applies to)2.678 F 3.325(the shell en)184 727.2 R 3.325 -(vironment and each subshell en)-.4 F 3.325(vironment separately \(see) --.4 F F3(COMMAND)5.824 E F0(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 -E(64)190.95 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 65 65 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .106(EXECUTION ENVIR)184 84 R(ONMENT)-.27 E -F0(abo)2.356 E -.15(ve)-.15 G .107(\), and may cause subshells to e).15 -F .107(xit before e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E -(all the commands in the subshell.)184 96 Q 2.042 -(If a compound command or shell function e)184 114 R -.15(xe)-.15 G -2.042(cutes in a conte).15 F 2.042(xt where)-.15 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -4.542 E F0 2.042(is being)4.542 F 1.435 -(ignored, none of the commands e)184 126 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.436 +(option applies to)2.678 F .618(the shell en)184 436.8 R .617 +(vironment and each subshell en)-.4 F .617(vironment separately \(see) +-.4 F F3 .617(COMMAND EXE-)3.117 F .642(CUTION ENVIR)184 448.8 R(ONMENT) +-.27 E F0(abo)2.893 E -.15(ve)-.15 G .643 +(\), and may cause subshells to e).15 F .643(xit before e)-.15 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G .643(cuting all).15 F(the commands in the subshell.)184 460.8 +Q 2.042(If a compound command or shell function e)184 478.8 R -.15(xe) +-.15 G 2.042(cutes in a conte).15 F 2.042(xt where)-.15 F F14.542 +E F0 2.042(is being)4.542 F 1.435(ignored, none of the commands e)184 +490.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.436 (cuted within the compound command or function).15 F .194 -(body will be af)184 138 R .194(fected by the)-.25 F F22.694 E F0 -.193(setting, e)2.693 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.693(ni).15 G(f)-2.693 E F2 +(body will be af)184 502.8 R .194(fected by the)-.25 F F12.694 E +F0 .193(setting, e)2.693 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.693(ni).15 G(f)-2.693 E F1 2.693 E F0 .193(is set and a command returns a f)2.693 F(ailure) --.1 E 3.39(status. If)184 150 R 3.39(ac)3.39 G .89 -(ompound command or shell function sets)-3.39 F F23.39 E F0 .89 +-.1 E 3.39(status. If)184 514.8 R 3.39(ac)3.39 G .89 +(ompound command or shell function sets)-3.39 F F13.39 E F0 .89 (while e)3.39 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .89(cuting in a conte).15 F(xt)-.15 E -(where)184 162 Q F23.154 E F0 .654 +(where)184 526.8 Q F13.154 E F0 .654 (is ignored, that setting will not ha)3.154 F .953 -.15(ve a)-.2 H .953 -.15(ny e).15 H -.25(ff).15 G .653(ect until the compound command).25 F -(or the command containing the function call completes.)184 174 Q F2 -144 186 Q F0(Disable pathname e)30.97 E(xpansion.)-.15 E F2 -144 198 Q F0 2.238(Remember the location of commands as the)28.74 F -4.738(ya)-.15 G 2.239(re look)-4.738 F 2.239(ed up for e)-.1 F -.15(xe) --.15 G 4.739(cution. This).15 F(is)4.739 E(enabled by def)184 210 Q -(ault.)-.1 E F2144 222 Q F0 .514(All ar)28.74 F .514 +(or the command containing the function call completes.)184 538.8 Q F1 +144 550.8 Q F0(Disable pathname e)184 550.8 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1 +144 562.8 Q F0 2.238(Remember the location of commands as the)184 +562.8 R 4.738(ya)-.15 G 2.239(re look)-4.738 F 2.239(ed up for e)-.1 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G 4.739(cution. This).15 F(is)4.739 E(enabled by def)184 +574.8 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1144 586.8 Q F0 .514(All ar)184 586.8 R .514 (guments in the form of assignment statements are placed in the en)-.18 F .513(vironment for a)-.4 F -(command, not just those that precede the command name.)184 234 Q F2 -144 246 Q F0 .148(Monitor mode.)25.97 F .148 +(command, not just those that precede the command name.)184 598.8 Q F1 +144 610.8 Q F0 .148(Monitor mode.)184 610.8 R .148 (Job control is enabled.)5.148 F .149(This option is on by def)5.148 F .149(ault for interacti)-.1 F .449 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells).15 E .651 -(on systems that support it \(see)184 258 R F1 .651(JOB CONTR)3.151 F +(on systems that support it \(see)184 622.8 R F3 .651(JOB CONTR)3.151 F (OL)-.27 E F0(abo)2.901 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.151(\). All).15 F .65 -(processes run in a separate)3.151 F .678(process group.)184 270 R .679 -(When a background job completes, the shell prints a line containing it\ -s)5.678 F -.15(ex)184 282 S(it status.).15 E F2144 294 Q F0 .653 -(Read commands b)28.74 F .653(ut do not e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .653 -(cute them.).15 F .652(This may be used to check a shell script for) -5.653 F(syntax errors.)184 306 Q(This is ignored by interacti)5 E .3 --.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F2144 318 Q/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -(option\255name)2.5 E F0(The)184 330 Q F3(option\255name)2.5 E F0 -(can be one of the follo)2.5 E(wing:)-.25 E F2(allexport)184 342 Q F0 -(Same as)224 354 Q F22.5 E F0(.)A F2(braceexpand)184 366 Q F0 -(Same as)224 378 Q F22.5 E F0(.)A F2(emacs)184 390 Q F0 .089 -(Use an emacs-style command line editing interf)13.9 F 2.589(ace. This) --.1 F .089(is enabled by def)2.589 F(ault)-.1 E .95 -(when the shell is interacti)224 402 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.45(,u).15 G .95 -(nless the shell is started with the)-3.45 F F2(\255\255noediting)3.45 E -F0 2.5(option. This)224 414 R(also af)2.5 E(fects the editing interf) --.25 E(ace used for)-.1 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad \255e).18 E F0(.)A F2(err) -184 426 Q(exit)-.18 E F0(Same as)11.31 E F22.5 E F0(.)A F2 -(errtrace)184 438 Q F0(Same as)5.03 E F22.5 E F0(.)A F2(functrace) -184 450 Q F0(Same as)224 462 Q F22.5 E F0(.)A F2(hashall)184 474 Q -F0(Same as)9.43 E F22.5 E F0(.)A F2(histexpand)184 486 Q F0 -(Same as)224 498 Q F22.5 E F0(.)A F2(history)184 510 Q F0 .586 -(Enable command history)10 F 3.087(,a)-.65 G 3.087(sd)-3.087 G .587 -(escribed abo)-3.087 F .887 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1(HIST)3.087 E -(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .587(This option is) -5.087 F(on by def)224 522 Q(ault in interacti)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H -(hells.).15 E F2(ignor)184 534 Q(eeof)-.18 E F0 1.657(The ef)224 546 R -1.657(fect is as if the shell command)-.25 F/F5 10/Courier@0 SF -(IGNOREEOF=10)4.156 E F0 1.656(had been e)4.156 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted) -.15 E(\(see)224 558 Q F2(Shell V)2.5 E(ariables)-.92 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15 -(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F2 -.1(ke)184 570 S(yw).1 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Same as) -224 582 Q F22.5 E F0(.)A F2(monitor)184 594 Q F0(Same as)5.56 E F2 -2.5 E F0(.)A F2(noclob)184 606 Q(ber)-.1 E F0(Same as)224 618 Q F2 -2.5 E F0(.)A F2(noexec)184 630 Q F0(Same as)11.12 E F22.5 E -F0(.)A F2(noglob)184 642 Q F0(Same as)11.1 E F22.5 E F0(.)A F2 -(nolog)184 654 Q F0(Currently ignored.)16.66 E F2(notify)184 666 Q F0 -(Same as)15 E F22.5 E F0(.)A F2(nounset)184 678 Q F0(Same as)6.66 -E F22.5 E F0(.)A F2(onecmd)184 690 Q F0(Same as)6.67 E F22.5 -E F0(.)A F2(ph)184 702 Q(ysical)-.15 E F0(Same as)5.14 E F22.5 E -F0(.)A F2(pipefail)184 714 Q F0 1.029(If set, the return v)7.77 F 1.029 -(alue of a pipeline is the v)-.25 F 1.03 -(alue of the last \(rightmost\) com-)-.25 F 1.137(mand to e)224 726 R -1.136 -(xit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands in the pipeline) --.15 F(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(65)190.95 E 0 Cg -EP -%%Page: 66 66 +(processes run in a separate)3.151 F .678(process group.)184 634.8 R +.679(When a background job completes, the shell prints a line containin\ +g its)5.678 F -.15(ex)184 646.8 S(it status.).15 E F1144 658.8 Q +F0 .653(Read commands b)184 658.8 R .653(ut do not e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 +G .653(cute them.).15 F .652 +(This may be used to check a shell script for)5.653 F(syntax errors.)184 +670.8 Q(This is ignored by interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 +E F1144 682.8 Q F2(option\255name)2.5 E F0(The)184 694.8 Q F2 +(option\255name)2.5 E F0(can be one of the follo)2.5 E(wing:)-.25 E F1 +(allexport)184 706.8 Q F0(Same as)224 718.8 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A +(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(67)192.055 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 68 68 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E -.15(ex)224 84 S(it successfully).15 E 5(.T)-.65 G -(his option is disabled by def)-5 E(ault.)-.1 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -(posix)184 96 Q F0 2.09(Change the beha)17.77 F 2.091(vior of)-.2 F F1 -(bash)4.591 E F0 2.091(where the def)4.591 F 2.091(ault operation dif) --.1 F 2.091(fers from the)-.25 F 1.212 -(POSIX standard to match the standard \()224 108 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 -SF 1.212(posix mode)B F0 3.712(\). See)B/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.212 -(SEE ALSO)3.712 F F0(belo)3.462 E(w)-.25 E 2.306 -(for a reference to a document that details ho)224 120 R 4.807(wp)-.25 G +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(braceexpand)184 84 Q F0(Same as)224 96 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 +(emacs)184 108 Q F0 .089(Use an emacs-style command line editing interf) +224 108 R 2.589(ace. This)-.1 F .089(is enabled by def)2.589 F(ault)-.1 +E .95(when the shell is interacti)224 120 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.45(,u).15 G +.95(nless the shell is started with the)-3.45 F F1(\255\255noediting) +3.45 E F0 2.5(option. This)224 132 R(also af)2.5 E +(fects the editing interf)-.25 E(ace used for)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G +(ad \255e).18 E F0(.)A F1(err)184 144 Q(exit)-.18 E F0(Same as)224 144 Q +F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(errtrace)184 156 Q F0(Same as)224 156 Q F1 +2.5 E F0(.)A F1(functrace)184 168 Q F0(Same as)224 180 Q F12.5 E +F0(.)A F1(hashall)184 192 Q F0(Same as)224 192 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 +(histexpand)184 204 Q F0(Same as)224 216 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 +(history)184 228 Q F0 .586(Enable command history)224 228 R 3.087(,a) +-.65 G 3.087(sd)-3.087 G .587(escribed abo)-3.087 F .887 -.15(ve u)-.15 +H(nder).15 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)3.087 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E/F3 9 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .587(This option is)5.087 F(on by def)224 240 Q +(ault in interacti)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F1(ignor)184 +252 Q(eeof)-.18 E F0 1.657(The ef)224 264 R 1.657 +(fect is as if the shell command)-.25 F/F4 10/Courier@0 SF(IGNOREEOF=10) +4.156 E F0 1.656(had been e)4.156 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E(\(see)224 +276 Q F1(Shell V)2.5 E(ariables)-.92 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).) +.15 E F1 -.1(ke)184 288 S(yw).1 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Same as)224 300 Q F1 +2.5 E F0(.)A F1(monitor)184 312 Q F0(Same as)224 312 Q F12.5 +E F0(.)A F1(noclob)184 324 Q(ber)-.1 E F0(Same as)224 336 Q F12.5 +E F0(.)A F1(noexec)184 348 Q F0(Same as)224 348 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A +F1(noglob)184 360 Q F0(Same as)224 360 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(nolog) +184 372 Q F0(Currently ignored.)224 372 Q F1(notify)184 384 Q F0 +(Same as)224 384 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(nounset)184 396 Q F0(Same as) +224 396 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(onecmd)184 408 Q F0(Same as)224 408 Q +F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(ph)184 420 Q(ysical)-.15 E F0(Same as)224 420 Q +F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(pipefail)184 432 Q F0 1.029 +(If set, the return v)224 432 R 1.029(alue of a pipeline is the v)-.25 F +1.03(alue of the last \(rightmost\) com-)-.25 F 1.137(mand to e)224 444 +R 1.136 +(xit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands in the pipeline) +-.15 F -.15(ex)224 456 S(it successfully).15 E 5(.T)-.65 G +(his option is disabled by def)-5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(posix)184 468 Q F0 +2.09(Change the beha)224 468 R 2.091(vior of)-.2 F F1(bash)4.591 E F0 +2.091(where the def)4.591 F 2.091(ault operation dif)-.1 F 2.091 +(fers from the)-.25 F 1.212(POSIX standard to match the standard \()224 +480 R/F5 10/Times-Italic@0 SF 1.212(posix mode)B F0 3.712(\). See)B F2 +1.212(SEE ALSO)3.712 F F0(belo)3.462 E(w)-.25 E 2.306 +(for a reference to a document that details ho)224 492 R 4.807(wp)-.25 G 2.307(osix mode af)-4.807 F 2.307(fects bash')-.25 F(s)-.55 E(beha)224 -132 Q(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E F1(pri)184 144 Q(vileged)-.1 E F0(Same as)224 -156 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(ve)184 168 S(rbose).1 E F0(Same as) -7.33 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(vi)184 180 Q F0 1.466 -(Use a vi-style command line editing interf)32.22 F 3.965(ace. This)-.1 -F 1.465(also af)3.965 F 1.465(fects the editing)-.25 F(interf)224 192 Q -(ace used for)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad \255e).18 E F0(.)A F1(xtrace)184 -204 Q F0(Same as)13.35 E F12.5 E F0(.)A(If)184 222 Q F13.052 -E F0 .552(is supplied with no)3.052 F F2(option\255name)3.053 E F0 3.053 -(,t)C .553(he v)-3.053 F .553(alues of the current options are printed.) --.25 F(If)5.553 E F1(+o)184 234 Q F0 1.072(is supplied with no)3.572 F -F2(option\255name)3.572 E F0 3.572(,a)C 1.071(series of)-.001 F F1(set) -3.571 E F0 1.071(commands to recreate the current)3.571 F -(option settings is displayed on the standard output.)184 246 Q F1 -144 258 Q F0 -.45(Tu)28.74 G 1.071(rn on).45 F F2(privile)4.821 E -.1 +504 Q(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E F1(pri)184 516 Q(vileged)-.1 E F0(Same as)224 +528 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(ve)184 540 S(rbose).1 E F0(Same as)224 +540 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(vi)184 552 Q F0 1.466 +(Use a vi-style command line editing interf)224 552 R 3.965(ace. This) +-.1 F 1.465(also af)3.965 F 1.465(fects the editing)-.25 F(interf)224 +564 Q(ace used for)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad \255e).18 E F0(.)A F1 +(xtrace)184 576 Q F0(Same as)224 576 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A(If)184 594 Q +F13.052 E F0 .552(is supplied with no)3.052 F F5(option\255name) +3.053 E F0 3.053(,t)C .553(he v)-3.053 F .553 +(alues of the current options are printed.)-.25 F(If)5.553 E F1(+o)184 +606 Q F0 1.072(is supplied with no)3.572 F F5(option\255name)3.572 E F0 +3.572(,a)C 1.071(series of)-.001 F F1(set)3.571 E F0 1.071 +(commands to recreate the current)3.571 F +(option settings is displayed on the standard output.)184 618 Q F1 +144 630 Q F0 -.45(Tu)184 630 S 1.071(rn on).45 F F5(privile)4.821 E -.1 (ge)-.4 G(d).1 E F0 3.572(mode. In)4.341 F 1.072(this mode, the)3.572 F -F3($ENV)3.572 E F0(and)3.322 E F3($B)3.572 E(ASH_ENV)-.27 E F0 1.072 +F2($ENV)3.572 E F0(and)3.322 E F2($B)3.572 E(ASH_ENV)-.27 E F0 1.072 (\214les are not pro-)3.322 F 1.501 -(cessed, shell functions are not inherited from the en)184 270 R 1.5 -(vironment, and the)-.4 F F3(SHELLOPTS)4 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3 --.27(BA)184 282 S(SHOPTS).27 E F4(,)A F3(CDP)2.774 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H) -.855 E F4(,)A F0(and)2.774 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.024 E F0 -.25(va)2.774 G -.524(riables, if the).25 F 3.025(ya)-.15 G .525(ppear in the en)-3.025 F -(vironment,)-.4 E .38(are ignored.)184 294 R .38 +(cessed, shell functions are not inherited from the en)184 642 R 1.5 +(vironment, and the)-.4 F F2(SHELLOPTS)4 E F3(,)A F2 -.27(BA)184 654 S +(SHOPTS).27 E F3(,)A F2(CDP)2.774 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F3(,)A F0 +(and)2.774 E F2(GLOBIGNORE)3.024 E F0 -.25(va)2.774 G .524 +(riables, if the).25 F 3.025(ya)-.15 G .525(ppear in the en)-3.025 F +(vironment,)-.4 E .38(are ignored.)184 666 R .38 (If the shell is started with the ef)5.38 F(fecti)-.25 E .679 -.15(ve u) -.25 H .379(ser \(group\) id not equal to the real).15 F .461 -(user \(group\) id, and the)184 306 R F12.961 E F0 .461 +(user \(group\) id, and the)184 678 R F12.961 E F0 .461 (option is not supplied, these actions are tak)2.961 F .462 -(en and the ef)-.1 F(fec-)-.25 E(ti)184 318 Q .695 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .395 +(en and the ef)-.1 F(fec-)-.25 E(ti)184 690 Q .695 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .395 (ser id is set to the real user id.).15 F .395(If the)5.395 F F1 2.895 E F0 .394(option is supplied at startup, the ef)2.895 F(fecti)-.25 -E -.15(ve)-.25 G .386(user id is not reset.)184 330 R -.45(Tu)5.386 G +E -.15(ve)-.25 G .386(user id is not reset.)184 702 R -.45(Tu)5.386 G .386(rning this option of).45 F 2.886(fc)-.25 G .387(auses the ef)-2.886 F(fecti)-.25 E .687 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .387(ser and group ids to be).15 F -(set to the real user and group ids.)184 342 Q F1144 354 Q F0 -(Exit after reading and e)30.97 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting one command.).15 -E F1144 366 Q F0 -.35(Tr)28.74 G .044(eat unset v).35 F .044(aria\ -bles and parameters other than the special parameters "@" and "*" as an) --.25 F .182(error when performing parameter e)184 378 R 2.682 -(xpansion. If)-.15 F -.15(ex)2.682 G .183 -(pansion is attempted on an unset v).15 F(ari-)-.25 E .746 -(able or parameter)184 390 R 3.246(,t)-.4 G .746 +(set to the real user and group ids.)184 714 Q(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q +(2016 August 26)142.895 E(68)192.055 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 69 69 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF144 84 Q F0(Exit after reading and e)184 84 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuting one command.).15 E F1144 96 Q F0 -.35(Tr)184 96 S .044 +(eat unset v).35 F .044(ariables and parameters other than the special \ +parameters "@" and "*" as an)-.25 F .182 +(error when performing parameter e)184 108 R 2.682(xpansion. If)-.15 F +-.15(ex)2.682 G .183(pansion is attempted on an unset v).15 F(ari-)-.25 +E .746(able or parameter)184 120 R 3.246(,t)-.4 G .746 (he shell prints an error message, and, if not interacti)-3.246 F -.15 (ve)-.25 G 3.246(,e).15 G .746(xits with a)-3.396 F(non-zero status.)184 -402 Q F1144 414 Q F0(Print shell input lines as the)29.3 E 2.5(ya) --.15 G(re read.)-2.5 E F1144 426 Q F0 .315(After e)29.3 F .315 -(xpanding each)-.15 F F2 .315(simple command)2.815 F F0(,)A F1 -.25(fo) -2.815 G(r).25 E F0(command,)2.815 E F1(case)2.815 E F0(command,)2.815 E -F1(select)2.815 E F0(command,)2.815 E 1.236(or arithmetic)184 438 R F1 --.25(fo)3.736 G(r).25 E F0 1.236(command, display the e)3.736 F 1.236 -(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.236(alue of)-.25 F F3(PS4)3.736 E F4(,)A F0(follo) -3.486 E 1.236(wed by the com-)-.25 F(mand and its e)184 450 Q +132 Q F1144 144 Q F0(Print shell input lines as the)184 144 Q 2.5 +(ya)-.15 G(re read.)-2.5 E F1144 156 Q F0 .315(After e)184 156 R +.315(xpanding each)-.15 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF .315(simple command) +2.815 F F0(,)A F1 -.25(fo)2.815 G(r).25 E F0(command,)2.815 E F1(case) +2.815 E F0(command,)2.815 E F1(select)2.815 E F0(command,)2.815 E 1.236 +(or arithmetic)184 168 R F1 -.25(fo)3.736 G(r).25 E F0 1.236 +(command, display the e)3.736 F 1.236(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.236(alue of) +-.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(PS4)3.736 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 +(follo)3.486 E 1.236(wed by the com-)-.25 F(mand and its e)184 180 Q (xpanded ar)-.15 E(guments or associated w)-.18 E(ord list.)-.1 E F1 -144 462 Q F0 2.578(The shell performs brace e)27.63 F 2.578 +144 192 Q F0 2.578(The shell performs brace e)184 192 R 2.578 (xpansion \(see)-.15 F F1 2.578(Brace Expansion)5.078 F F0(abo)5.078 E --.15(ve)-.15 G 5.079(\). This).15 F 2.579(is on by)5.079 F(def)184 474 Q -(ault.)-.1 E F1144 486 Q F0 .214(If set,)27.08 F F1(bash)2.714 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G 5.079(\). This).15 F 2.579(is on by)5.079 F(def)184 204 Q +(ault.)-.1 E F1144 216 Q F0 .214(If set,)184 216 R F1(bash)2.714 E F0 .214(does not o)2.714 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .214(rwrite an e).15 F .214 (xisting \214le with the)-.15 F F1(>)2.714 E F0(,)A F1(>&)2.714 E F0 2.713(,a)C(nd)-2.713 E F1(<>)2.713 E F0 .213(redirection opera-)2.713 F -3.053(tors. This)184 498 R .553(may be o)3.053 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .553 +3.053(tors. This)184 228 R .553(may be o)3.053 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .553 (rridden when creating output \214les by using the redirection opera-) -.15 F(tor)184 510 Q F1(>|)2.5 E F0(instead of)2.5 E F1(>)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -144 522 Q F0 .104(If set, an)27.63 F 2.604(yt)-.15 G .104(rap on) --2.604 F F1(ERR)2.604 E F0 .103 +.15 F(tor)184 240 Q F1(>|)2.5 E F0(instead of)2.5 E F1(>)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 +144 252 Q F0 .104(If set, an)184 252 R 2.604(yt)-.15 G .104 +(rap on)-2.604 F F1(ERR)2.604 E F0 .103 (is inherited by shell functions, command substitutions, and com-)2.604 -F .838(mands e)184 534 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .838(cuted in a subshell en).15 +F .838(mands e)184 264 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .838(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 3.338(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(ERR)3.338 E F0 .839 -(trap is normally not inherited in)3.339 F(such cases.)184 546 Q F1 -144 558 Q F0(Enable)26.52 E F1(!)3.032 E F0 .532 +(trap is normally not inherited in)3.339 F(such cases.)184 276 Q F1 +144 288 Q F0(Enable)184 288 Q F1(!)3.032 E F0 .532 (style history substitution.)5.532 F .531(This option is on by def)5.532 -F .531(ault when the shell is inter)-.1 F(-)-.2 E(acti)184 570 Q -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1144 582 Q F0 .959 -(If set, the shell does not resolv)28.19 F 3.459(es)-.15 G .959 +F .531(ault when the shell is inter)-.1 F(-)-.2 E(acti)184 300 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1144 312 Q F0 .959 +(If set, the shell does not resolv)184 312 R 3.459(es)-.15 G .959 (ymbolic links when e)-3.459 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .96 (cuting commands such as).15 F F1(cd)3.46 E F0 2.822 -(that change the current w)184 594 R 2.822(orking directory)-.1 F 7.822 +(that change the current w)184 324 R 2.822(orking directory)-.1 F 7.822 (.I)-.65 G 5.322(tu)-7.822 G 2.822(ses the ph)-5.322 F 2.821 -(ysical directory structure)-.05 F 2.685(instead. By)184 606 R(def)2.685 +(ysical directory structure)-.05 F 2.685(instead. By)184 336 R(def)2.685 E(ault,)-.1 E F1(bash)2.686 E F0(follo)2.686 E .186 (ws the logical chain of directories when performing com-)-.25 F -(mands which change the current directory)184 618 Q(.)-.65 E F1144 -630 Q F0 .89(If set, an)27.63 F 3.39(yt)-.15 G .89(raps on)-3.39 F F1 +(mands which change the current directory)184 348 Q(.)-.65 E F1144 +360 Q F0 .89(If set, an)184 360 R 3.39(yt)-.15 G .89(raps on)-3.39 F F1 (DEB)3.39 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)3.39 E F1(RETURN)3.39 E F0 .89 (are inherited by shell functions, command)3.39 F 1.932 -(substitutions, and commands e)184 642 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.932 +(substitutions, and commands e)184 372 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.932 (cuted in a subshell en).15 F 4.432(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(DEB)4.432 E -(UG)-.1 E F0(and)4.432 E F1(RETURN)184 654 Q F0 -(traps are normally not inherited in such cases.)2.5 E F1144 666 Q -F0 .401(If no ar)28.6 F .401(guments follo)-.18 F 2.901(wt)-.25 G .401 -(his option, then the positional parameters are unset.)-2.901 F -(Otherwise,)5.4 E(the positional parameters are set to the)184 678 Q F2 +(UG)-.1 E F0(and)4.432 E F1(RETURN)184 384 Q F0 +(traps are normally not inherited in such cases.)2.5 E F1144 396 Q +F0 .401(If no ar)184 396 R .401(guments follo)-.18 F 2.901(wt)-.25 G +.401(his option, then the positional parameters are unset.)-2.901 F +(Otherwise,)5.4 E(the positional parameters are set to the)184 408 Q F2 (ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(s, e)A -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fs)-2.5 G (ome of them be)-2.5 E(gin with a)-.15 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1144 -690 Q F0 1.944(Signal the end of options, cause all remaining)34.3 F F2 -(ar)4.444 E(g)-.37 E F0 4.444(st)C 4.444(ob)-4.444 G 4.445(ea)-4.444 G -1.945(ssigned to the positional)-4.445 F 3.446(parameters. The)184 702 R +420 Q F0 1.944(Signal the end of options, cause all remaining)184 420 R +F2(ar)4.444 E(g)-.37 E F0 4.444(st)C 4.444(ob)-4.444 G 4.445(ea)-4.444 G +1.945(ssigned to the positional)-4.445 F 3.446(parameters. The)184 432 R F13.446 E F0(and)3.446 E F13.446 E F0 .945 (options are turned of)3.446 F 3.445(f. If)-.25 F .945(there are no) 3.445 F F2(ar)3.445 E(g)-.37 E F0 .945(s, the positional)B -(parameters remain unchanged.)184 714 Q .425(The options are of)144 -730.8 R 2.925(fb)-.25 G 2.925(yd)-2.925 G(ef)-2.925 E .425 +(parameters remain unchanged.)184 444 Q .425(The options are of)144 +460.8 R 2.925(fb)-.25 G 2.925(yd)-2.925 G(ef)-2.925 E .425 (ault unless otherwise noted.)-.1 F .425 -(Using + rather than \255 causes these options)5.425 F(GNU Bash 4.3)72 -768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(66)190.95 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 67 67 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E .178(to be turned of)144 84 R 2.678(f. The)-.25 F .178 +(Using + rather than \255 causes these options)5.425 F .178 +(to be turned of)144 472.8 R 2.678(f. The)-.25 F .178 (options can also be speci\214ed as ar)2.678 F .178(guments to an in) -.18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .177(cation of the shell.).2 F(The)5.177 E .066 -(current set of options may be found in)144 96 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -<24ad>2.566 E F0 5.066(.T)C .066(he return status is al)-5.066 F -.1(wa) --.1 G .066(ys true unless an in).1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .067(lid option).25 F -(is encountered.)144 108 Q F1(shift)108 124.8 Q F0([)2.5 E/F2 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0(])A .429(The positional parameters from)144 -136.8 R F2(n)2.929 E F0 .429(+1 ... are renamed to)B F1 .429($1 ....) -2.929 F F0 -.15(Pa)5.428 G .428(rameters represented by the num-).15 F -(bers)144 148.8 Q F1($#)2.582 E F0(do)2.582 E .082(wn to)-.25 F F1($#) -2.582 E F0A F2(n)A F0 .082(+1 are unset.)B F2(n)5.442 E F0 .082 -(must be a non-ne)2.822 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .383 -.15(ve n)-.25 H -.083(umber less than or equal to).15 F F1($#)2.583 E F0 5.083(.I)C(f) --5.083 E F2(n)2.943 E F0 .06(is 0, no parameters are changed.)144 160.8 -R(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 .06(is not gi)2.8 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .06 -(n, it is assumed to be 1.).15 F(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 .06 -(is greater than)2.8 F F1($#)2.56 E F0 2.56(,t)C(he)-2.56 E .143 -(positional parameters are not changed.)144 172.8 R .144 -(The return status is greater than zero if)5.143 F F2(n)3.004 E F0 .144 -(is greater than)2.884 F F1($#)2.644 E F0 -(or less than zero; otherwise 0.)144 184.8 Q F1(shopt)108 201.6 Q F0([) +(current set of options may be found in)144 484.8 R F1<24ad>2.566 E F0 +5.066(.T)C .066(he return status is al)-5.066 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .066 +(ys true unless an in).1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .067(lid option).25 F +(is encountered.)144 496.8 Q F1(shift)108 513.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0 +(])A .429(The positional parameters from)144 525.6 R F2(n)2.929 E F0 +.429(+1 ... are renamed to)B F1 .429($1 ....)2.929 F F0 -.15(Pa)5.428 G +.428(rameters represented by the num-).15 F(bers)144 537.6 Q F1($#)2.582 +E F0(do)2.582 E .082(wn to)-.25 F F1($#)2.582 E F0A F2(n)A F0 .082 +(+1 are unset.)B F2(n)5.442 E F0 .082(must be a non-ne)2.822 F -.05(ga) +-.15 G(ti).05 E .383 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .083(umber less than or equal to) +.15 F F1($#)2.583 E F0 5.083(.I)C(f)-5.083 E F2(n)2.943 E F0 .06 +(is 0, no parameters are changed.)144 549.6 R(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 +.06(is not gi)2.8 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .06(n, it is assumed to be 1.).15 F +(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 .06(is greater than)2.8 F F1($#)2.56 E F0 2.56 +(,t)C(he)-2.56 E .143(positional parameters are not changed.)144 561.6 R +.144(The return status is greater than zero if)5.143 F F2(n)3.004 E F0 +.144(is greater than)2.884 F F1($#)2.644 E F0 +(or less than zero; otherwise 0.)144 573.6 Q F1(shopt)108 590.4 Q F0([) 2.5 E F1(\255pqsu)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(optname) --2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.8(To)144 213.6 S .64(ggle the v).8 F .639 +-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.8(To)144 602.4 S .64(ggle the v).8 F .639 (alues of settings controlling optional shell beha)-.25 F(vior)-.2 E 5.639(.T)-.55 G .639(he settings can be either those)-5.639 F .374 -(listed belo)144 225.6 R 1.674 -.65(w, o)-.25 H 1.174 -.4(r, i).65 H +(listed belo)144 614.4 R 1.674 -.65(w, o)-.25 H 1.174 -.4(r, i).65 H 2.874(ft).4 G(he)-2.874 E F12.874 E F0 .375 (option is used, those a)2.875 F -.25(va)-.2 G .375(ilable with the).25 F F12.875 E F0 .375(option to the)2.875 F F1(set)2.875 E F0 -.2 -(bu)2.875 G .375(iltin com-).2 F 3.326(mand. W)144 237.6 R .826 +(bu)2.875 G .375(iltin com-).2 F 3.326(mand. W)144 626.4 R .826 (ith no options, or with the)-.4 F F13.326 E F0 .825 (option, a list of all settable options is displayed, with an)3.326 F -.945(indication of whether or not each is set.)144 249.6 R(The)5.945 E +.945(indication of whether or not each is set.)144 638.4 R(The)5.945 E F13.445 E F0 .945(option causes output to be displayed in a form) -3.445 F(that may be reused as input.)144 261.6 Q(Other options ha)5 E .3 --.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 273.6 Q -F0(Enable \(set\) each)26.41 E F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1144 285.6 -Q F0(Disable \(unset\) each)24.74 E F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1144 -297.6 Q F0 .003(Suppresses normal output \(quiet mode\); the return sta\ -tus indicates whether the)24.74 F F2(optname)2.503 E F0(is)2.503 E .255 -(set or unset.)180 309.6 R .255(If multiple)5.255 F F2(optname)2.755 E -F0(ar)2.755 E .256(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.756(nw).15 G -(ith)-2.756 E F12.756 E F0 2.756(,t)C .256 -(he return status is zero if)-2.756 F(all)180 321.6 Q F2(optnames)2.5 E -F0(are enabled; non-zero otherwise.)2.5 E F1144 333.6 Q F0 -(Restricts the v)25.3 E(alues of)-.25 E F2(optname)2.5 E F0 -(to be those de\214ned for the)2.5 E F12.5 E F0(option to the)2.5 -E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .625(If either)144 350.4 R F1 -3.125 E F0(or)3.124 E F13.124 E F0 .624(is used with no) -3.124 F F2(optname)3.124 E F0(ar)3.124 E(guments,)-.18 E F1(shopt)3.124 -E F0(sho)3.124 E .624(ws only those options which are)-.25 F 2.233 -(set or unset, respecti)144 362.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 7.234(.U) --.65 G 2.234(nless otherwise noted, the)-7.234 F F1(shopt)4.734 E F0 -2.234(options are disabled \(unset\) by)4.734 F(def)144 374.4 Q(ault.) --.1 E 1.544(The return status when listing options is zero if all)144 -391.2 R F2(optnames)4.044 E F0 1.544(are enabled, non-zero otherwise.) -4.044 F .696 +3.445 F(that may be reused as input.)144 650.4 Q(Other options ha)5 E .3 +-.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 662.4 Q +F0(Enable \(set\) each)180 662.4 Q F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1144 +674.4 Q F0(Disable \(unset\) each)180 674.4 Q F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 +144 686.4 Q F0 .003(Suppresses normal output \(quiet mode\); the \ +return status indicates whether the)180 686.4 R F2(optname)2.503 E F0 +(is)2.503 E .255(set or unset.)180 698.4 R .255(If multiple)5.255 F F2 +(optname)2.755 E F0(ar)2.755 E .256(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +2.756(nw).15 G(ith)-2.756 E F12.756 E F0 2.756(,t)C .256 +(he return status is zero if)-2.756 F(all)180 710.4 Q F2(optnames)2.5 E +F0(are enabled; non-zero otherwise.)2.5 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q +(2016 August 26)142.895 E(69)192.055 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 70 70 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF144 84 Q F0(Restricts the v)180 84 Q(alues of)-.25 E/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(optname)2.5 E F0(to be those de\214ned for the)2.5 E +F12.5 E F0(option to the)2.5 E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G +(iltin.).2 E .625(If either)144 100.8 R F13.125 E F0(or)3.124 E F1 +3.124 E F0 .624(is used with no)3.124 F F2(optname)3.124 E F0(ar) +3.124 E(guments,)-.18 E F1(shopt)3.124 E F0(sho)3.124 E .624 +(ws only those options which are)-.25 F 2.233(set or unset, respecti)144 +112.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 7.234(.U)-.65 G 2.234 +(nless otherwise noted, the)-7.234 F F1(shopt)4.734 E F0 2.234 +(options are disabled \(unset\) by)4.734 F(def)144 124.8 Q(ault.)-.1 E +1.544(The return status when listing options is zero if all)144 141.6 R +F2(optnames)4.044 E F0 1.544(are enabled, non-zero otherwise.)4.044 F +.696 (When setting or unsetting options, the return status is zero unless an) -144 403.2 R F2(optname)3.196 E F0 .696(is not a v)3.196 F .696 -(alid shell)-.25 F(option.)144 415.2 Q(The list of)144 432 Q F1(shopt) -2.5 E F0(options is:)2.5 E F1(autocd)144 450 Q F0 .2 -(If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is e)11.11 F +144 153.6 R F2(optname)3.196 E F0 .696(is not a v)3.196 F .696 +(alid shell)-.25 F(option.)144 165.6 Q(The list of)144 182.4 Q F1(shopt) +2.5 E F0(options is:)2.5 E F1(autocd)144 200.4 Q F0 .2 +(If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is e)184 200.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .199(cuted as if it were the ar).15 F(gu-)-.18 E -(ment to the)184 462 Q F1(cd)2.5 E F0 2.5(command. This)2.5 F +(ment to the)184 212.4 Q F1(cd)2.5 E F0 2.5(command. This)2.5 F (option is only used by interacti)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E -F1(cdable_v)144 474 Q(ars)-.1 E F0 .155(If set, an ar)184 486 R .155 +F1(cdable_v)144 224.4 Q(ars)-.1 E F0 .155(If set, an ar)184 236.4 R .155 (gument to the)-.18 F F1(cd)2.655 E F0 -.2(bu)2.655 G .156 (iltin command that is not a directory is assumed to be the).2 F -(name of a v)184 498 Q(ariable whose v)-.25 E -(alue is the directory to change to.)-.25 E F1(cdspell)144 510 Q F0 +(name of a v)184 248.4 Q(ariable whose v)-.25 E +(alue is the directory to change to.)-.25 E F1(cdspell)144 260.4 Q F0 1.055 -(If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component in a) -10.55 F F1(cd)3.555 E F0 1.055(command will be)3.555 F 3.987 -(corrected. The)184 522 R 1.487(errors check)3.987 F 1.487 +(If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component in a)184 +260.4 R F1(cd)3.555 E F0 1.055(command will be)3.555 F 3.987 +(corrected. The)184 272.4 R 1.487(errors check)3.987 F 1.487 (ed for are transposed characters, a missing character)-.1 F 3.988(,a) --.4 G(nd)-3.988 E .77(one character too man)184 534 R 4.57 -.65(y. I) +-.4 G(nd)-3.988 E .77(one character too man)184 284.4 R 4.57 -.65(y. I) -.15 H 3.27(fac).65 G .77 (orrection is found, the corrected \214lename is printed, and)-3.27 F -(the command proceeds.)184 546 Q(This option is only used by interacti)5 -E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F1(checkhash)144 558 Q F0 2.079 -(If set,)184 570 R F1(bash)4.579 E F0 2.079 -(checks that a command found in the hash table e)4.579 F 2.08 -(xists before trying to)-.15 F -.15(exe)184 582 S(cute it.).15 E -(If a hashed command no longer e)5 E -(xists, a normal path search is performed.)-.15 E F1(checkjobs)144 594 Q -F0 .449(If set,)184 606 R F1(bash)2.949 E F0 .449 +(the command proceeds.)184 296.4 Q +(This option is only used by interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.) +.15 E F1(checkhash)144 308.4 Q F0 .736(If set,)184 320.4 R F1(bash)3.236 +E F0 .736(checks that a command found in the hash table e)3.236 F .737 +(xists before trying to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E(cute it.)184 +332.4 Q(If a hashed command no longer e)5 E +(xists, a normal path search is performed.)-.15 E F1(checkjobs)144 344.4 +Q F0 .449(If set,)184 356.4 R F1(bash)2.949 E F0 .449 (lists the status of an)2.949 F 2.949(ys)-.15 G .448 (topped and running jobs before e)-2.949 F .448(xiting an interacti)-.15 -F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.438(shell. If)184 618 R(an)3.438 E 3.438(yj)-.15 G +F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.438(shell. If)184 368.4 R(an)3.438 E 3.438(yj)-.15 G .938(obs are running, this causes the e)-3.438 F .938 (xit to be deferred until a second e)-.15 F .939(xit is)-.15 F 2.203 -(attempted without an interv)184 630 R 2.203(ening command \(see)-.15 F -/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.203(JOB CONTR)4.703 F(OL)-.27 E F0(abo)4.453 E --.15(ve)-.15 G 4.703(\). The).15 F(shell)4.703 E(al)184 642 Q -.1(wa)-.1 -G(ys postpones e).1 E(xiting if an)-.15 E 2.5(yj)-.15 G -(obs are stopped.)-2.5 E F1(checkwinsize)144 654 Q F0 .796(If set,)184 -666 R F1(bash)3.296 E F0 .796(checks the windo)3.296 F 3.296(ws)-.25 G +(attempted without an interv)184 380.4 R 2.203(ening command \(see)-.15 +F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.203(JOB CONTR)4.703 F(OL)-.27 E F0(abo)4.453 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G 4.703(\). The).15 F(shell)4.703 E(al)184 392.4 Q -.1(wa) +-.1 G(ys postpones e).1 E(xiting if an)-.15 E 2.5(yj)-.15 G +(obs are stopped.)-2.5 E F1(checkwinsize)144 404.4 Q F0 .796(If set,)184 +416.4 R F1(bash)3.296 E F0 .796(checks the windo)3.296 F 3.296(ws)-.25 G .797(ize after each command and, if necessary)-3.296 F 3.297(,u)-.65 G -.797(pdates the)-3.297 F -.25(va)184 678 S(lues of).25 E F3(LINES)2.5 E -F0(and)2.25 E F3(COLUMNS)2.5 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(cmdhist)144 -690 Q F0 1.202(If set,)6.11 F F1(bash)3.702 E F0 1.202(attempts to sa) -3.702 F 1.502 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 1.202 +.797(pdates the)-3.297 F -.25(va)184 428.4 S(lues of).25 E F3(LINES)2.5 +E F0(and)2.25 E F3(COLUMNS)2.5 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(cmdhist) +144 440.4 Q F0 1.202(If set,)184 440.4 R F1(bash)3.702 E F0 1.202 +(attempts to sa)3.702 F 1.502 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 1.202 (ll lines of a multiple-line command in the same history).15 F(entry)184 -702 Q 5(.T)-.65 G(his allo)-5 E -(ws easy re-editing of multi-line commands.)-.25 E(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q -(2014 February 2)141.79 E(67)190.95 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 68 68 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(compat31)144 84 Q F0 .419(If set,)184 96 R -F1(bash)2.919 E F0 .419(changes its beha)2.919 F .419(vior to that of v) --.2 F .42(ersion 3.1 with respect to quoted ar)-.15 F(guments)-.18 E -.462(to the)184 108 R F1([[)2.962 E F0 .462(conditional command')2.962 F -(s)-.55 E F1(=~)2.962 E F0 .462 +452.4 Q 5(.T)-.65 G(his allo)-5 E +(ws easy re-editing of multi-line commands.)-.25 E F1(compat31)144 464.4 +Q F0 .419(If set,)184 476.4 R F1(bash)2.919 E F0 .419(changes its beha) +2.919 F .419(vior to that of v)-.2 F .42 +(ersion 3.1 with respect to quoted ar)-.15 F(guments)-.18 E .462(to the) +184 488.4 R F1([[)2.962 E F0 .462(conditional command')2.962 F(s)-.55 E +F1(=~)2.962 E F0 .462 (operator and locale-speci\214c string comparison when)2.962 F .71 -(using the)184 120 R F1([[)3.21 E F0 .71(conditional command')3.21 F(s) --.55 E F1(<)3.21 E F0(and)3.21 E F1(>)3.21 E F0 3.21(operators. Bash) +(using the)184 500.4 R F1([[)3.21 E F0 .71(conditional command')3.21 F +(s)-.55 E F1(<)3.21 E F0(and)3.21 E F1(>)3.21 E F0 3.21(operators. Bash) 3.21 F -.15(ve)3.21 G .71(rsions prior to bash-4.1).15 F .821 -(use ASCII collation and)184 132 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(str)3.321 E -(cmp)-.37 E F0 .821(\(3\); bash-4.1 and later use the current locale') -.19 F 3.32(sc)-.55 G(ollation)-3.32 E(sequence and)184 144 Q F2(str)2.5 -E(coll)-.37 E F0(\(3\).).51 E F1(compat32)144 156 Q F0 1.409(If set,)184 -168 R F1(bash)3.909 E F0 1.409(changes its beha)3.909 F 1.409 -(vior to that of v)-.2 F 1.41 -(ersion 3.2 with respect to locale-speci\214c)-.15 F .423 -(string comparison when using the)184 180 R F1([[)2.922 E F0 .422 +(use ASCII collation and)184 512.4 R F2(str)3.321 E(cmp)-.37 E F0 .821 +(\(3\); bash-4.1 and later use the current locale').19 F 3.32(sc)-.55 G +(ollation)-3.32 E(sequence and)184 524.4 Q F2(str)2.5 E(coll)-.37 E F0 +(\(3\).).51 E F1(compat32)144 536.4 Q F0 1.409(If set,)184 548.4 R F1 +(bash)3.909 E F0 1.409(changes its beha)3.909 F 1.409(vior to that of v) +-.2 F 1.41(ersion 3.2 with respect to locale-speci\214c)-.15 F .423 +(string comparison when using the)184 560.4 R F1([[)2.922 E F0 .422 (conditional command')2.922 F(s)-.55 E F1(<)2.922 E F0(and)2.922 E F1(>) -2.922 E F0 .422(operators \(see pre-)2.922 F(vious item\).)184 192 Q F1 -(compat40)144 204 Q F0 1.409(If set,)184 216 R F1(bash)3.909 E F0 1.409 -(changes its beha)3.909 F 1.409(vior to that of v)-.2 F 1.41 -(ersion 4.0 with respect to locale-speci\214c)-.15 F 2.008 -(string comparison when using the)184 228 R F1([[)4.508 E F0 2.007 -(conditional command')4.508 F(s)-.55 E F1(<)4.507 E F0(and)4.507 E F1(>) -4.507 E F0 2.007(operators \(see)4.507 F .769(description of)184 240 R -F1(compat31)3.269 E F0 3.269(\)a)C .769(nd the ef)-3.269 F .769 -(fect of interrupting a command list.)-.25 F .77(Bash v)5.77 F(ersions) --.15 E .087(4.0 and later interrupt the list as if the shell recei)184 -252 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.586(dt).15 G .086(he interrupt; pre)-2.586 F .086 -(vious v)-.25 F .086(ersions con-)-.15 F(tinue with the ne)184 264 Q -(xt command in the list.)-.15 E F1(compat41)144 276 Q F0 1.483(If set,) -184 288 R F1(bash)3.983 E F0 3.983(,w)C 1.483(hen in)-3.983 F F2(posix) -3.983 E F0 1.484 -(mode, treats a single quote in a double-quoted parameter)3.983 F -.15 -(ex)184 300 S .959(pansion as a special character).15 F 5.959(.T)-.55 G -.958(he single quotes must match \(an e)-5.959 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.458 -(nn).15 G .958(umber\) and)-3.458 F .59 -(the characters between the single quotes are considered quoted.)184 312 -R .59(This is the beha)5.59 F .59(vior of)-.2 F .59 -(posix mode through v)184 324 R .589(ersion 4.1.)-.15 F .589(The def) -5.589 F .589(ault bash beha)-.1 F .589(vior remains as in pre)-.2 F .589 -(vious v)-.25 F(er)-.15 E(-)-.2 E(sions.)184 336 Q F1(compat42)144 348 Q -F0 1.796(If set,)184 360 R F1(bash)4.296 E F0 1.796 +2.922 E F0 .422(operators \(see pre-)2.922 F .48 +(vious item\) and the ef)184 572.4 R .481 +(fect of interrupting a command list.)-.25 F .481(Bash v)5.481 F .481 +(ersions 3.2 and earlier)-.15 F(continue with the ne)184 584.4 Q +(xt command in the list after one terminates due to an interrupt.)-.15 E +F1(compat40)144 596.4 Q F0 1.41(If set,)184 608.4 R F1(bash)3.91 E F0 +1.41(changes its beha)3.91 F 1.409(vior to that of v)-.2 F 1.409 +(ersion 4.0 with respect to locale-speci\214c)-.15 F 2.007 +(string comparison when using the)184 620.4 R F1([[)4.507 E F0 2.008 +(conditional command')4.507 F(s)-.55 E F1(<)4.508 E F0(and)4.508 E F1(>) +4.508 E F0 2.008(operators \(see)4.508 F .77(description of)184 632.4 R +F1(compat31)3.27 E F0 3.269(\)a)C .769(nd the ef)-3.269 F .769 +(fect of interrupting a command list.)-.25 F .769(Bash v)5.769 F +(ersions)-.15 E .086 +(4.0 and later interrupt the list as if the shell recei)184 644.4 R -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 2.587(dt).15 G .087(he interrupt; pre)-2.587 F .087(vious v) +-.25 F .087(ersions con-)-.15 F(tinue with the ne)184 656.4 Q +(xt command in the list.)-.15 E F1(compat41)144 668.4 Q F0 1.484 +(If set,)184 680.4 R F1(bash)3.984 E F0 3.984(,w)C 1.484(hen in)-3.984 F +F2(posix)3.984 E F0 1.483 +(mode, treats a single quote in a double-quoted parameter)3.984 F -.15 +(ex)184 692.4 S .958(pansion as a special character).15 F 5.958(.T)-.55 +G .959(he single quotes must match \(an e)-5.958 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.459 +(nn).15 G .959(umber\) and)-3.459 F .59 +(the characters between the single quotes are considered quoted.)184 +704.4 R .59(This is the beha)5.59 F .59(vior of)-.2 F .589 +(posix mode through v)184 716.4 R .589(ersion 4.1.)-.15 F .589(The def) +5.589 F .589(ault bash beha)-.1 F .589(vior remains as in pre)-.2 F .59 +(vious v)-.25 F(er)-.15 E(-)-.2 E(sions.)184 728.4 Q(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 +Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(70)192.055 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 71 71 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(compat42)144 84 Q F0 1.797(If set,)184 96 R F1(bash)4.297 E F0 1.796 (does not process the replacement string in the pattern substitution w) -4.296 F(ord)-.1 E -.15(ex)184 372 S(pansion using quote remo).15 E -.25 -(va)-.15 G(l.).25 E F1(complete_fullquote)144 384 Q F0 .654(If set,)184 -396 R F1(bash)3.153 E F0 .653(quotes all shell metacharacters in \214le\ -names and directory names when per)3.153 F(-)-.2 E 1.524 -(forming completion.)184 408 R 1.524(If not set,)6.524 F F1(bash)4.024 E -F0(remo)4.024 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 4.024(sm).15 G 1.524 -(etacharacters such as the dollar sign)-4.024 F 2.667(from the set of c\ -haracters that will be quoted in completed \214lenames when these)184 -420 R .028(metacharacters appear in shell v)184 432 R .028 -(ariable references in w)-.25 F .029(ords to be completed.)-.1 F .029 -(This means)5.029 F 1.073(that dollar signs in v)184 444 R 1.073 +4.296 F(ord)-.1 E -.15(ex)184 108 S(pansion using quote remo).15 E -.25 +(va)-.15 G(l.).25 E F1(compat43)144 120 Q F0 .14(If set,)184 132 R F1 +(bash)2.64 E F0 .14(does not print a w)2.64 F .141 +(arning message if an attempt is made to use a quoted com-)-.1 F .913 +(pound array assignment as an ar)184 144 R .913(gument to)-.18 F F1 +(declar)3.412 E(e)-.18 E F0 3.412(,m)C(ak)-3.412 E .912(es w)-.1 F .912 +(ord e)-.1 F .912(xpansion errors non-)-.15 F -.1(fa)184 156 S .352 +(tal errors that cause the current command to f).1 F .353(ail \(the def) +-.1 F .353(ault beha)-.1 F .353(vior is to mak)-.2 F 2.853(et)-.1 G(hem) +-2.853 E -.1(fa)184 168 S 1.058(tal errors that cause the shell to e).1 +F 1.057(xit\), and does not reset the loop state when a shell)-.15 F +.374(function is e)184 180 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .374(cuted \(this allo).15 F +(ws)-.25 E F1(br)2.874 E(eak)-.18 E F0(or)2.875 E F1(continue)2.875 E F0 +.375(in a shell function to af)2.875 F .375(fect loops in)-.25 F +(the caller')184 192 Q 2.5(sc)-.55 G(onte)-2.5 E(xt\).)-.15 E F1 +(complete_fullquote)144 204 Q F0 .654(If set,)184 216 R F1(bash)3.153 E +F0 .653(quotes all shell metacharacters in \214lenames and directory na\ +mes when per)3.153 F(-)-.2 E 1.524(forming completion.)184 228 R 1.524 +(If not set,)6.524 F F1(bash)4.024 E F0(remo)4.024 E -.15(ve)-.15 G +4.024(sm).15 G 1.524(etacharacters such as the dollar sign)-4.024 F +2.667(from the set of characters that will be quoted in completed \214l\ +enames when these)184 240 R .028(metacharacters appear in shell v)184 +252 R .028(ariable references in w)-.25 F .029(ords to be completed.)-.1 +F .029(This means)5.029 F 1.073(that dollar signs in v)184 264 R 1.073 (ariable names that e)-.25 F 1.073 (xpand to directories will not be quoted; ho)-.15 F(w-)-.25 E -2.15 -.25 -(ev e)184 456 T 1.922 -.4(r, a).25 H 1.422 -.15(ny d).4 H 1.123 +(ev e)184 276 T 1.922 -.4(r, a).25 H 1.422 -.15(ny d).4 H 1.123 (ollar signs appearing in \214lenames will not be quoted, either).15 F 6.123(.T)-.55 G 1.123(his is acti)-6.123 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .59 (only when bash is using backslashes to quote completed \214lenames.)184 -468 R .59(This v)5.59 F .59(ariable is set)-.25 F(by def)184 480 Q +288 R .59(This v)5.59 F .59(ariable is set)-.25 F(by def)184 300 Q (ault, which is the def)-.1 E(ault bash beha)-.1 E(vior in v)-.2 E -(ersions through 4.2.)-.15 E F1(dir)144 492 Q(expand)-.18 E F0 .486 -(If set,)184 504 R F1(bash)2.986 E F0 .486 +(ersions through 4.2.)-.15 E F1(dir)144 312 Q(expand)-.18 E F0 .486 +(If set,)184 324 R F1(bash)2.986 E F0 .486 (replaces directory names with the results of w)2.986 F .486(ord e)-.1 F .487(xpansion when perform-)-.15 F .18(ing \214lename completion.)184 -516 R .179(This changes the contents of the readline editing b)5.18 F +336 R .179(This changes the contents of the readline editing b)5.18 F (uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 5.179(.I)-.55 G 2.679(fn)-5.179 G(ot)-2.679 E(set,) -184 528 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0(attempts to preserv)2.5 E 2.5(ew)-.15 G -(hat the user typed.)-2.5 E F1(dirspell)144 540 Q F0 .858(If set,)7.77 F -F1(bash)3.358 E F0 .858 +184 348 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0(attempts to preserv)2.5 E 2.5(ew)-.15 G +(hat the user typed.)-2.5 E F1(dirspell)144 360 Q F0 .858(If set,)184 +360 R F1(bash)3.358 E F0 .858 (attempts spelling correction on directory names during w)3.358 F .859 (ord completion if)-.1 F -(the directory name initially supplied does not e)184 552 Q(xist.)-.15 E -F1(dotglob)144 564 Q F0 .165(If set,)7.77 F F1(bash)2.665 E F0 .165 -(includes \214lenames be)2.665 F .165(ginning with a `.)-.15 F 2.665('i) --.7 G 2.665(nt)-2.665 G .165(he results of pathname e)-2.665 F -(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(execfail)144 576 Q F0 1.386 -(If set, a non-interacti)7.79 F 1.686 -.15(ve s)-.25 H 1.386 -(hell will not e).15 F 1.386(xit if it cannot e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -1.387(cute the \214le speci\214ed as an).15 F(ar)184 588 Q +(the directory name initially supplied does not e)184 372 Q(xist.)-.15 E +F1(dotglob)144 384 Q F0(If set,)184 384 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 +(includes \214lenames be)2.5 E(ginning with a `.)-.15 E 2.5('i)-.7 G 2.5 +(nt)-2.5 G(he results of pathname e)-2.5 E(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(execfail) +144 396 Q F0 1.387(If set, a non-interacti)184 396 R 1.687 -.15(ve s) +-.25 H 1.386(hell will not e).15 F 1.386(xit if it cannot e)-.15 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G 1.386(cute the \214le speci\214ed as an).15 F(ar)184 408 Q (gument to the)-.18 E F1(exec)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command.).2 E (An interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hell does not e).15 E(xit if)-.15 -E F1(exec)2.5 E F0 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F1(expand_aliases)144 600 Q F0 -.717(If set, aliases are e)184 612 R .717(xpanded as described abo)-.15 -F 1.017 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)3.217 E -/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .716(This option is enabled)5.217 F -(by def)184 624 Q(ault for interacti)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.) -.15 E F1(extdeb)144 636 Q(ug)-.2 E F0(If set, beha)184 648 Q -(vior intended for use by deb)-.2 E(uggers is enabled:)-.2 E F1(1.)184 -660 Q F0(The)28.5 E F14.25 E F0 1.75(option to the)4.25 F F1 -(declar)4.251 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)4.251 G 1.751 -(iltin displays the source \214le name and line).2 F -(number corresponding to each function name supplied as an ar)220 672 Q -(gument.)-.18 E F1(2.)184 684 Q F0 1.667(If the command run by the)28.5 -F F1(DEB)4.167 E(UG)-.1 E F0 1.667(trap returns a non-zero v)4.167 F -1.667(alue, the ne)-.25 F(xt)-.15 E(command is skipped and not e)220 696 -Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(3.)184 708 Q F0 .84 -(If the command run by the)28.5 F F1(DEB)3.34 E(UG)-.1 E F0 .841 -(trap returns a v)3.341 F .841(alue of 2, and the shell is)-.25 F -.15 -(exe)220 720 S .488 +E F1(exec)2.5 E F0 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F1(expand_aliases)144 420 Q F0 +.716(If set, aliases are e)184 432 R .717(xpanded as described abo)-.15 +F 1.017 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)3.217 E +/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .717(This option is enabled)5.217 F +(by def)184 444 Q(ault for interacti)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.) +.15 E F1(extdeb)144 456 Q(ug)-.2 E F0 .672(If set at shell in)184 468 R +-.2(vo)-.4 G .672(cation, arrange to e).2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .671 +(cute the deb).15 F .671(ugger pro\214le before the shell starts,)-.2 F +.22(identical to the)184 480 R F12.72 E(ugger)-.2 E F0 2.721 +(option. If)2.721 F .221(set after in)2.721 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .221 +(cation, beha).2 F .221(vior intended for use by)-.2 F(deb)184 492 Q +(uggers is enabled:)-.2 E F1(1.)184 504 Q F0(The)220 504 Q F14.251 +E F0 1.751(option to the)4.251 F F1(declar)4.251 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu) +4.251 G 1.751(iltin displays the source \214le name and line).2 F +(number corresponding to each function name supplied as an ar)220 516 Q +(gument.)-.18 E F1(2.)184 528 Q F0 1.667(If the command run by the)220 +528 R F1(DEB)4.167 E(UG)-.1 E F0 1.667(trap returns a non-zero v)4.167 F +1.667(alue, the ne)-.25 F(xt)-.15 E(command is skipped and not e)220 540 +Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(3.)184 552 Q F0 .841 +(If the command run by the)220 552 R F1(DEB)3.341 E(UG)-.1 E F0 .841 +(trap returns a v)3.341 F .84(alue of 2, and the shell is)-.25 F -.15 +(exe)220 564 S .488 (cuting in a subroutine \(a shell function or a shell script e).15 F --.15(xe)-.15 G .488(cuted by the).15 F F1(.)2.988 E F0(or)2.988 E -(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(68)190.95 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 69 69 +-.15(xe)-.15 G .488(cuted by the).15 F F1(.)2.988 E F0(or)2.988 E F1 +(sour)220 576 Q(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G +(iltins\), the shell simulates a call to).2 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(tur).18 E +(n)-.15 E F0(.)A F1(4.)184 588 Q F2 -.27(BA)220 588 S(SH_ARGC).27 E F0 +(and)3.154 E F2 -.27(BA)3.404 G(SH_ARGV).27 E F0 .904 +(are updated as described in their descriptions)3.154 F(abo)220 600 Q +-.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E F1(5.)184 612 Q F0 1.637(Function tracing is ena\ +bled: command substitution, shell functions, and sub-)220 612 R +(shells in)220 624 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith)-2.5 E F1 +(\()2.5 E/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(command)2.5 E F1(\))2.5 E F0 +(inherit the)2.5 E F1(DEB)2.5 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(RETURN)2.5 E F0 +(traps.)2.5 E F1(6.)184 636 Q F0 1.082(Error tracing is enabled: comman\ +d substitution, shell functions, and subshells)220 636 R(in)220 648 Q +-.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(\()2.5 E F4(command) +2.5 E F1(\))2.5 E F0(inherit the)2.5 E F1(ERR)2.5 E F0(trap.)2.5 E F1 +(extglob)144 660 Q F0 .4(If set, the e)184 660 R .4 +(xtended pattern matching features described abo)-.15 F .7 -.15(ve u) +-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.1(Pa)2.9 G .4(thname Expan-).1 F(sion)184 672 Q +F0(are enabled.)2.5 E F1(extquote)144 684 Q F0 2.473(If set,)184 696 R +F1($)4.973 E F0<08>A F4(string)A F0 4.973<0861>C(nd)-4.973 E F1($)4.973 +E F0(")A F4(string)A F0 4.973("q)C 2.473(uoting is performed within) +-4.973 F F1(${)4.973 E F4(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(})A F0 -.15(ex)4.973 G +(pansions).15 E(enclosed in double quotes.)184 708 Q +(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q +(2016 August 26)142.895 E(71)192.055 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 72 72 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(sour)220 84 Q(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G -(iltins\), a call to).2 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 -(is simulated.)2.5 E F1(4.)184 96 Q/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.27(BA)28.5 G -(SH_ARGC).27 E F0(and)3.153 E F2 -.27(BA)3.403 G(SH_ARGV).27 E F0 .904 -(are updated as described in their descriptions)3.154 F(abo)220 108 Q --.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E F1(5.)184 120 Q F0 1.359 -(Function tracing is enabled:)28.5 F 1.359 -(command substitution, shell functions, and sub-)6.359 F(shells in)220 -132 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(\()2.5 E/F3 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(command)2.5 E F1(\))2.5 E F0(inherit the)2.5 E F1 -(DEB)2.5 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(RETURN)2.5 E F0(traps.)2.5 E F1(6.) -184 144 Q F0 .804(Error tracing is enabled:)28.5 F .805 -(command substitution, shell functions, and subshells)5.804 F(in)220 156 -Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(\()2.5 E F3 -(command)2.5 E F1(\))2.5 E F0(inherit the)2.5 E F1(ERR)2.5 E F0(trap.) -2.5 E F1(extglob)144 168 Q F0 .4(If set, the e)8.89 F .4 -(xtended pattern matching features described abo)-.15 F .7 -.15(ve u) --.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.1(Pa)2.9 G .4(thname Expan-).1 F(sion)184 180 Q -F0(are enabled.)2.5 E F1(extquote)144 192 Q F0 2.473(If set,)184 204 R -F1($)4.973 E F0<08>A F3(string)A F0 4.973<0861>C(nd)-4.973 E F1($)4.973 -E F0(")A F3(string)A F0 4.973("q)C 2.473(uoting is performed within) --4.973 F F1(${)4.973 E F3(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(})A F0 -.15(ex)4.973 G -(pansions).15 E(enclosed in double quotes.)184 216 Q -(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(failglob)144 228 Q F0 -1.425(If set, patterns which f)7.77 F 1.425 -(ail to match \214lenames during pathname e)-.1 F 1.424 -(xpansion result in an)-.15 F -.15(ex)184 240 S(pansion error).15 E(.) --.55 E F1 -.25(fo)144 252 S -.18(rc).25 G(e_\214gnor).18 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.936(If set, the suf)184 264 R<8c78>-.25 E .936(es speci\214ed by the) --.15 F F2(FIGNORE)3.436 E F0 .936(shell v)3.186 F .936(ariable cause w) --.25 F .937(ords to be ignored)-.1 F .32(when performing w)184 276 R .32 -(ord completion e)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.82(ni).15 G 2.82(ft)-2.82 G .32 -(he ignored w)-2.82 F .32(ords are the only possible com-)-.1 F 2.947 -(pletions. See)184 288 R F2 .447(SHELL V)2.947 F(ARIABLES)-1.215 E F0 -(abo)2.697 E .747 -.15(ve f)-.15 H .448(or a description of).15 F F2 -(FIGNORE)2.948 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .448(This option is)4.948 -F(enabled by def)184 300 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(globasciiranges)144 312 Q F0 -2.519(If set, range e)184 324 R 2.519 -(xpressions used in pattern matching brack)-.15 F 2.518(et e)-.1 F 2.518 -(xpressions \(see)-.15 F F2 -.09(Pa)5.018 G(tter).09 E(n)-.135 E -(Matching)184 336 Q F0(abo)2.964 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.214(\)b).15 G(eha) --3.214 E 1.014 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 3.214(si).15 G 3.214(fi)-3.214 G 3.214 -(nt)-3.214 G .714(he traditional C locale when performing comparisons.) --3.214 F 1.02(That is, the current locale')184 348 R 3.52(sc)-.55 G 1.02 +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(failglob)144 84 Q F0 1.424(If set, patterns which f)184 84 R 1.425 +(ail to match \214lenames during pathname e)-.1 F 1.425 +(xpansion result in an)-.15 F -.15(ex)184 96 S(pansion error).15 E(.) +-.55 E F1 -.25(fo)144 108 S -.18(rc).25 G(e_\214gnor).18 E(e)-.18 E F0 +.937(If set, the suf)184 120 R<8c78>-.25 E .936(es speci\214ed by the) +-.15 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(FIGNORE)3.436 E F0 .936(shell v)3.186 F .936 +(ariable cause w)-.25 F .936(ords to be ignored)-.1 F .32 +(when performing w)184 132 R .32(ord completion e)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +2.82(ni).15 G 2.82(ft)-2.82 G .32(he ignored w)-2.82 F .32 +(ords are the only possible com-)-.1 F 2.948(pletions. See)184 144 R F2 +.448(SHELL V)2.948 F(ARIABLES)-1.215 E F0(abo)2.698 E .748 -.15(ve f) +-.15 H .448(or a description of).15 F F2(FIGNORE)2.947 E/F3 9 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .447(This option is)4.947 F(enabled by def)184 +156 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(globasciiranges)144 168 Q F0 2.518(If set, range e) +184 180 R 2.519(xpressions used in pattern matching brack)-.15 F 2.519 +(et e)-.1 F 2.519(xpressions \(see)-.15 F F2 -.09(Pa)5.019 G(tter).09 E +(n)-.135 E(Matching)184 192 Q F0(abo)2.965 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.215(\)b) +.15 G(eha)-3.215 E 1.015 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 3.214(si).15 G 3.214(fi)-3.214 +G 3.214(nt)-3.214 G .714 +(he traditional C locale when performing comparisons.)-3.214 F 1.02 +(That is, the current locale')184 204 R 3.52(sc)-.55 G 1.02 (ollating sequence is not tak)-3.52 F 1.02(en into account, so)-.1 F F1 -(b)3.52 E F0 1.02(will not)3.52 F .956(collate between)184 360 R F1(A) -3.456 E F0(and)3.456 E F1(B)3.456 E F0 3.457(,a)C .957(nd upper)-3.457 F -.957(-case and lo)-.2 F(wer)-.25 E .957 -(-case ASCII characters will collate)-.2 F(together)184 372 Q(.)-.55 E -F1(globstar)144 384 Q F0 .519(If set, the pattern)5 F F1(**)3.019 E F0 -.519(used in a pathname e)3.019 F .519(xpansion conte)-.15 F .518 -(xt will match all \214les and zero)-.15 F .431 -(or more directories and subdirectories.)184 396 R .431 -(If the pattern is follo)5.431 F .432(wed by a)-.25 F F1(/)2.932 E F0 -2.932(,o)C .432(nly directories)-2.932 F(and subdirectories match.)184 -408 Q F1(gnu_errfmt)144 420 Q F0(If set, shell error messages are writt\ -en in the standard GNU error message format.)184 432 Q F1(histappend)144 -444 Q F0 .676 +(b)3.52 E F0 1.02(will not)3.52 F .957(collate between)184 216 R F1(A) +3.457 E F0(and)3.457 E F1(B)3.457 E F0 3.457(,a)C .957(nd upper)-3.457 F +.957(-case and lo)-.2 F(wer)-.25 E .956 +(-case ASCII characters will collate)-.2 F(together)184 228 Q(.)-.55 E +F1(globstar)144 240 Q F0 .518(If set, the pattern)184 240 R F1(**)3.018 +E F0 .519(used in a pathname e)3.019 F .519(xpansion conte)-.15 F .519 +(xt will match all \214les and zero)-.15 F .432 +(or more directories and subdirectories.)184 252 R .431 +(If the pattern is follo)5.432 F .431(wed by a)-.25 F F1(/)2.931 E F0 +2.931(,o)C .431(nly directories)-2.931 F(and subdirectories match.)184 +264 Q F1(gnu_errfmt)144 276 Q F0(If set, shell error messages are writt\ +en in the standard GNU error message format.)184 288 Q F1(histappend)144 +300 Q F0 .676 (If set, the history list is appended to the \214le named by the v)184 -456 R .676(alue of the)-.25 F F2(HISTFILE)3.176 E F0 -.25(va)2.926 G -(ri-).25 E(able when the shell e)184 468 Q(xits, rather than o)-.15 E --.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the \214le.).15 E F1(histr)144 480 Q(eedit)-.18 -E F0 .575(If set, and)184 492 R F1 -.18(re)3.075 G(adline).18 E F0 .575 -(is being used, a user is gi)3.075 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.075(nt).15 G .576 -(he opportunity to re-edit a f)-3.075 F .576(ailed his-)-.1 F -(tory substitution.)184 504 Q F1(histv)144 516 Q(erify)-.1 E F0 .403 -(If set, and)184 528 R F1 -.18(re)2.903 G(adline).18 E F0 .403 +312 R .676(alue of the)-.25 F F2(HISTFILE)3.177 E F0 -.25(va)2.927 G +(ri-).25 E(able when the shell e)184 324 Q(xits, rather than o)-.15 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the \214le.).15 E F1(histr)144 336 Q(eedit)-.18 +E F0 .576(If set, and)184 348 R F1 -.18(re)3.076 G(adline).18 E F0 .575 +(is being used, a user is gi)3.076 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.075(nt).15 G .575 +(he opportunity to re-edit a f)-3.075 F .575(ailed his-)-.1 F +(tory substitution.)184 360 Q F1(histv)144 372 Q(erify)-.1 E F0 .402 +(If set, and)184 384 R F1 -.18(re)2.903 G(adline).18 E F0 .403 (is being used, the results of history substitution are not immediately) -2.903 F .661(passed to the shell parser)184 540 R 5.661(.I)-.55 G .662 -(nstead, the resulting line is loaded into the)-5.661 F F1 -.18(re)3.162 -G(adline).18 E F0(editing)3.162 E -.2(bu)184 552 S -.25(ff).2 G(er).25 E +2.903 F .662(passed to the shell parser)184 396 R 5.662(.I)-.55 G .661 +(nstead, the resulting line is loaded into the)-5.662 F F1 -.18(re)3.161 +G(adline).18 E F0(editing)3.161 E -.2(bu)184 408 S -.25(ff).2 G(er).25 E 2.5(,a)-.4 G(llo)-2.5 E(wing further modi\214cation.)-.25 E F1 -(hostcomplete)144 564 Q F0 1.182(If set, and)184 576 R F1 -.18(re)3.682 -G(adline).18 E F0 1.182(is being used,)3.682 F F1(bash)3.682 E F0 1.181 -(will attempt to perform hostname completion)3.681 F 1.38(when a w)184 -588 R 1.38(ord containing a)-.1 F F1(@)3.881 E F0 1.381 -(is being completed \(see)3.881 F F1(Completing)3.881 E F0(under)3.881 E -F2(READLINE)3.881 E F0(abo)184 600 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\). This).15 F -(is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(huponexit)144 612 Q F0(If set,) -184 624 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0(will send)2.5 E F2(SIGHUP)2.5 E F0 +(hostcomplete)144 420 Q F0 1.181(If set, and)184 432 R F1 -.18(re)3.681 +G(adline).18 E F0 1.181(is being used,)3.681 F F1(bash)3.682 E F0 1.182 +(will attempt to perform hostname completion)3.682 F 1.381(when a w)184 +444 R 1.381(ord containing a)-.1 F F1(@)3.881 E F0 1.381 +(is being completed \(see)3.881 F F1(Completing)3.88 E F0(under)3.88 E +F2(READLINE)3.88 E F0(abo)184 456 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\). This).15 F +(is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(huponexit)144 468 Q F0(If set,) +184 480 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0(will send)2.5 E F2(SIGHUP)2.5 E F0 (to all jobs when an interacti)2.25 E .3 -.15(ve l)-.25 H(ogin shell e) -.15 E(xits.)-.15 E F1(interacti)144 636 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1 E F0 -.33(If set, allo)184 648 R 2.83(waw)-.25 G .33(ord be)-2.93 F .33 +.15 E(xits.)-.15 E F1(inherit_err)144 492 Q(exit)-.18 E F0 .219 +(If set, command substitution inherits the v)184 504 R .219(alue of the) +-.25 F F1(err)2.719 E(exit)-.18 E F0 .22(option, instead of unsetting) +2.719 F(it in the subshell en)184 516 Q 2.5(vironment. This)-.4 F +(option is enabled when)2.5 E/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(posix mode)2.5 E +F0(is enabled.)2.5 E F1(interacti)144 528 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1 E +F0 .33(If set, allo)184 540 R 2.83(waw)-.25 G .33(ord be)-2.93 F .33 (ginning with)-.15 F F1(#)2.83 E F0 .33(to cause that w)2.83 F .33 (ord and all remaining characters on)-.1 F .967 -(that line to be ignored in an interacti)184 660 R 1.267 -.15(ve s)-.25 +(that line to be ignored in an interacti)184 552 R 1.267 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .967(hell \(see).15 F F2(COMMENTS)3.467 E F0(abo)3.217 E -.15(ve)-.15 -G 3.467(\). This).15 F .968(option is)3.468 F(enabled by def)184 672 Q -(ault.)-.1 E F1(lastpipe)144 684 Q F0 1.212 -(If set, and job control is not acti)6.66 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.712(,t).15 -G 1.212(he shell runs the last command of a pipeline not)-3.712 F -.15 -(exe)184 696 S(cuted in the background in the current shell en).15 E -(vironment.)-.4 E F1(lithist)144 708 Q F0 .654(If set, and the)15.55 F -F1(cmdhist)3.154 E F0 .654 +G 3.467(\). This).15 F .968(option is)3.468 F(enabled by def)184 564 Q +(ault.)-.1 E F1(lastpipe)144 576 Q F0 .066 +(If set, and job control is not acti)184 576 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.566(,t) +.15 G .066(he shell runs the last command of a pipeline not e)-2.566 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E(cuted in the background in the current shell en) +184 588 Q(vironment.)-.4 E F1(lithist)144 600 Q F0 .654(If set, and the) +184 600 R F1(cmdhist)3.154 E F0 .654 (option is enabled, multi-line commands are sa)3.154 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.155(dt).15 G 3.155(ot)-3.155 G .655(he history)-3.155 F -(with embedded ne)184 720 Q -(wlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible.)-.25 E -(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(69)190.95 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 70 70 +(with embedded ne)184 612 Q +(wlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible.)-.25 E F1 +(login_shell)144 624 Q F0 .486 +(The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell \(see)184 +636 R F2(INV)2.986 E(OCA)-.405 E(TION)-.855 E F0(abo)2.736 E -.15(ve) +-.15 G 2.986(\). The).15 F -.25(va)184 648 S(lue may not be changed.).25 +E F1(mailwar)144 660 Q(n)-.15 E F0 .814(If set, and a \214le that)184 +672 R F1(bash)3.314 E F0 .815 +(is checking for mail has been accessed since the last time it)3.314 F +-.1(wa)184 684 S 2.5(sc).1 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed, the message `)-.1 E +(`The mail in)-.74 E F4(mail\214le)2.5 E F0(has been read')2.5 E 2.5('i) +-.74 G 2.5(sd)-2.5 G(isplayed.)-2.5 E F1(no_empty_cmd_completion)144 696 +Q F0 .325(If set, and)184 708 R F1 -.18(re)2.825 G(adline).18 E F0 .325 +(is being used,)2.825 F F1(bash)2.824 E F0 .324 +(will not attempt to search the)2.824 F F2 -.666(PA)2.824 G(TH)-.189 E +F0 .324(for possible)2.574 F +(completions when completion is attempted on an empty line.)184 720 Q +(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(72)192.055 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 73 73 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(login_shell)144 84 Q F0 .486 -(The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell \(see)184 -96 R/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(INV)2.986 E(OCA)-.405 E(TION)-.855 E F0(abo) -2.736 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.986(\). The).15 F -.25(va)184 108 S -(lue may not be changed.).25 E F1(mailwar)144 120 Q(n)-.15 E F0 .814 -(If set, and a \214le that)184 132 R F1(bash)3.314 E F0 .815 -(is checking for mail has been accessed since the last time it)3.314 F --.1(wa)184 144 S 2.5(sc).1 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed, the message `)-.1 E -(`The mail in)-.74 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(mail\214le)2.5 E F0 -(has been read')2.5 E 2.5('i)-.74 G 2.5(sd)-2.5 G(isplayed.)-2.5 E F1 -(no_empty_cmd_completion)144 156 Q F0 .325(If set, and)184 168 R F1 -.18 -(re)2.825 G(adline).18 E F0 .325(is being used,)2.825 F F1(bash)2.824 E -F0 .324(will not attempt to search the)2.824 F F2 -.666(PA)2.824 G(TH) --.189 E F0 .324(for possible)2.574 F -(completions when completion is attempted on an empty line.)184 180 Q F1 -(nocaseglob)144 192 Q F0 .436(If set,)184 204 R F1(bash)2.936 E F0 .436 +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(nocaseglob)144 84 Q F0 .436(If set,)184 96 R F1(bash)2.936 E F0 .436 (matches \214lenames in a case\255insensiti)2.936 F .737 -.15(ve f)-.25 -H .437(ashion when performing pathname).05 F -.15(ex)184 216 S +H .437(ashion when performing pathname).05 F -.15(ex)184 108 S (pansion \(see).15 E F1 -.1(Pa)2.5 G(thname Expansion).1 E F0(abo)2.5 E --.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(nocasematch)144 228 Q F0 1.194(If set,)184 -240 R F1(bash)3.694 E F0 1.194(matches patterns in a case\255insensiti) +-.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(nocasematch)144 120 Q F0 1.194(If set,)184 +132 R F1(bash)3.694 E F0 1.194(matches patterns in a case\255insensiti) 3.694 F 1.493 -.15(ve f)-.25 H 1.193(ashion when performing matching).05 -F(while e)184 252 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(case)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 -E F1([[)2.5 E F0(conditional commands.)2.5 E F1(nullglob)144 264 Q F0 -.854(If set,)184 276 R F1(bash)3.354 E F0(allo)3.354 E .855 -(ws patterns which match no \214les \(see)-.25 F F1 -.1(Pa)3.355 G .855 -(thname Expansion).1 F F0(abo)3.355 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.355(\)t).15 G(o) --3.355 E -.15(ex)184 288 S(pand to a null string, rather than themselv) -.15 E(es.)-.15 E F1(pr)144 300 Q(ogcomp)-.18 E F0 .677 -(If set, the programmable completion f)184 312 R .677(acilities \(see) --.1 F F1(Pr)3.176 E .676(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F F0(abo)3.176 E --.15(ve)-.15 G(\)).15 E(are enabled.)184 324 Q -(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(pr)144 336 Q(omptv) --.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 1.447(If set, prompt strings under)184 348 R 1.448 -(go parameter e)-.18 F 1.448(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic) --.15 F -.15(ex)184 360 S .171(pansion, and quote remo).15 F -.25(va)-.15 -G 2.67(la).25 G .17(fter being e)-2.67 F .17(xpanded as described in) --.15 F F2(PR)2.67 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(abo)2.42 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E -(This option is enabled by def)184 372 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)144 384 -S(stricted_shell).18 E F0 1.069 +F .551(while e)184 144 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(case)3.051 E F0 +(or)3.051 E F1([[)3.051 E F0 .551 +(conditional commands, when performing pattern substitution)3.051 F -.1 +(wo)184 156 S .623(rd e).1 F .623(xpansions, or when \214ltering possib\ +le completions as part of programmable com-)-.15 F(pletion.)184 168 Q F1 +(nullglob)144 180 Q F0 .854(If set,)184 192 R F1(bash)3.354 E F0(allo) +3.354 E .855(ws patterns which match no \214les \(see)-.25 F F1 -.1(Pa) +3.355 G .855(thname Expansion).1 F F0(abo)3.355 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.355 +(\)t).15 G(o)-3.355 E -.15(ex)184 204 S +(pand to a null string, rather than themselv).15 E(es.)-.15 E F1(pr)144 +216 Q(ogcomp)-.18 E F0 .677(If set, the programmable completion f)184 +228 R .677(acilities \(see)-.1 F F1(Pr)3.176 E .676 +(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F F0(abo)3.176 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\)).15 E +(are enabled.)184 240 Q(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1 +(pr)144 252 Q(omptv)-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 1.447 +(If set, prompt strings under)184 264 R 1.448(go parameter e)-.18 F +1.448(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)184 276 +S .171(pansion, and quote remo).15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.67(la).25 G .17 +(fter being e)-2.67 F .17(xpanded as described in)-.15 F/F2 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)2.67 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(abo)2.42 E -.15(ve)-.15 G +(.).15 E(This option is enabled by def)184 288 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1 -.18(re) +144 300 S(stricted_shell).18 E F0 1.069 (The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode \(see) -184 396 R F2 1.069(RESTRICTED SHELL)3.569 F F0(belo)184 408 Q 4.178 -(w\). The)-.25 F -.25(va)4.178 G 1.678(lue may not be changed.).25 F -1.678(This is not reset when the startup \214les are)6.678 F -.15(exe) -184 420 S(cuted, allo).15 E(wing the startup \214les to disco)-.25 E +184 312 R F2 1.069(RESTRICTED SHELL)3.569 F F0(belo)184 324 Q 2.86 +(w\). The)-.25 F -.25(va)2.86 G .36(lue may not be changed.).25 F .36 +(This is not reset when the startup \214les are e)5.36 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +(-).15 E(cuted, allo)184 336 Q(wing the startup \214les to disco)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(rw).15 G(hether or not a shell is restricted.)-2.5 E -F1(shift_v)144 432 Q(erbose)-.1 E F0 .501(If set, the)184 444 R F1 +F1(shift_v)144 348 Q(erbose)-.1 E F0 .501(If set, the)184 360 R F1 (shift)3.001 E F0 -.2(bu)3.001 G .501 (iltin prints an error message when the shift count e).2 F .502 -(xceeds the number)-.15 F(of positional parameters.)184 456 Q F1(sour) -144 468 Q(cepath)-.18 E F0 .771(If set, the)184 480 R F1(sour)3.271 E +(xceeds the number)-.15 F(of positional parameters.)184 372 Q F1(sour) +144 384 Q(cepath)-.18 E F0 .771(If set, the)184 396 R F1(sour)3.271 E (ce)-.18 E F0(\()3.271 E F1(.)A F0 3.271(\)b)C .771(uiltin uses the v) -3.471 F .771(alue of)-.25 F F2 -.666(PA)3.27 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .77 (to \214nd the directory containing the)3.02 F(\214le supplied as an ar) -184 492 Q 2.5(gument. This)-.18 F(option is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.) --.1 E F1(xpg_echo)144 504 Q F0(If set, the)184 516 Q F1(echo)2.5 E F0 +184 408 Q 2.5(gument. This)-.18 F(option is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.) +-.1 E F1(xpg_echo)144 420 Q F0(If set, the)184 432 Q F1(echo)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin e).2 E(xpands backslash-escape sequences by def)-.15 -E(ault.)-.1 E F1(suspend)108 532.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0(])A 1.001 -(Suspend the e)144 544.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.001 +E(ault.)-.1 E F1(suspend)108 448.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0(])A 1.001 +(Suspend the e)144 460.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.001 (cution of this shell until it recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.501(sa).15 G F2(SIGCONT)A F0 3.502(signal. A)3.252 F 1.002(login shell cannot be) -3.502 F .023(suspended; the)144 556.8 R F12.523 E F0 .023 +3.502 F .023(suspended; the)144 472.8 R F12.523 E F0 .023 (option can be used to o)2.523 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .022 (rride this and force the suspension.).15 F .022(The return status is) -5.022 F 2.5(0u)144 568.8 S(nless the shell is a login shell and)-2.5 E +5.022 F 2.5(0u)144 484.8 S(nless the shell is a login shell and)-2.5 E F12.5 E F0(is not supplied, or if job control is not enabled.)2.5 -E F1(test)108 585.6 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1([)108 597.6 Q F3 -.2 -(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(])2.5 E F0 .877 -(Return a status of 0 \(true\) or 1 \(f)6.77 F .878 +E F1(test)108 501.6 Q/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1([) +108 513.6 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(])2.5 E F0 .877 +(Return a status of 0 \(true\) or 1 \(f)144 513.6 R .878 (alse\) depending on the e)-.1 F -.25(va)-.25 G .878 -(luation of the conditional e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E F3 -.2(ex)144 609.6 +(luation of the conditional e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E F3 -.2(ex)144 525.6 S(pr).2 E F0 5.53(.E).73 G .53 (ach operator and operand must be a separate ar)-5.53 F 3.03 (gument. Expressions)-.18 F .53(are composed of the)3.03 F 3.079 -(primaries described abo)144 621.6 R 3.379 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E +(primaries described abo)144 537.6 R 3.379 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(CONDITION)5.579 E 3.079(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF (.)A F1(test)7.579 E F0 3.08(does not accept an)5.58 F(y)-.15 E -(options, nor does it accept and ignore an ar)144 633.6 Q(gument of)-.18 +(options, nor does it accept and ignore an ar)144 549.6 Q(gument of)-.18 E F12.5 E F0(as signifying the end of options.)2.5 E .786 -(Expressions may be combined using the follo)144 651.6 R .785 +(Expressions may be combined using the follo)144 567.6 R .785 (wing operators, listed in decreasing order of prece-)-.25 F 3.411 -(dence. The)144 663.6 R -.25(eva)3.411 G .911 +(dence. The)144 579.6 R -.25(eva)3.411 G .911 (luation depends on the number of ar).25 F .912(guments; see belo)-.18 F 4.712 -.65(w. O)-.25 H .912(perator precedence is).65 F -(used when there are \214v)144 675.6 Q 2.5(eo)-.15 G 2.5(rm)-2.5 G -(ore ar)-2.5 E(guments.)-.18 E F1(!)144 687.6 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E -F0 -.35(Tr)12.6 G(ue if).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F0(is f)3.23 E -(alse.)-.1 E F1(\()144 699.6 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(\))2.5 E F0 -.26(Returns the v)6.77 F .26(alue of)-.25 F F3 -.2(ex)2.76 G(pr).2 E F0 -5.26(.T)C .26(his may be used to o)-5.26 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .26 -(rride the normal precedence of opera-).15 F(tors.)180 711.6 Q -(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(70)190.95 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 71 71 +(used when there are \214v)144 591.6 Q 2.5(eo)-.15 G 2.5(rm)-2.5 G +(ore ar)-2.5 E(guments.)-.18 E F1(!)144 603.6 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E +F0 -.35(Tr)180 603.6 S(ue if).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F0(is f)3.23 +E(alse.)-.1 E F1(\()144 615.6 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(\))2.5 E F0 +.26(Returns the v)180 615.6 R .26(alue of)-.25 F F3 -.2(ex)2.76 G(pr).2 +E F0 5.26(.T)C .26(his may be used to o)-5.26 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .26 +(rride the normal precedence of opera-).15 F(tors.)180 627.6 Q F3 -.2 +(ex)144 639.6 S(pr1).2 E F02.5 E F1(a)A F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 +-.35(Tr)180 651.6 S(ue if both).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(and)2.5 +E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(are true.)2.52 E F3 -.2(ex)144 663.6 S +(pr1).2 E F02.5 E F1(o)A F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 +675.6 S(ue if either).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(or)2.5 E F3 -.2 +(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(is true.)2.52 E F1(test)144 692.4 Q F0(and)2.5 E +F1([)2.5 E F0 -.25(eva)2.5 G(luate conditional e).25 E +(xpressions using a set of rules based on the number of ar)-.15 E +(guments.)-.18 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(73) +192.055 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 74 74 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)144 84 S(pr1).2 E F02.5 E/F2 -10/Times-Bold@0 SF(a)A F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 96 S -(ue if both).35 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(and)2.5 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G -(pr2).2 E F0(are true.)2.52 E F1 -.2(ex)144 108 S(pr1).2 E F02.5 E -F2(o)A F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 120 S(ue if either).35 E -F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(or)2.5 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 -(is true.)2.52 E F2(test)144 136.8 Q F0(and)2.5 E F2([)2.5 E F0 -.25 -(eva)2.5 G(luate conditional e).25 E -(xpressions using a set of rules based on the number of ar)-.15 E -(guments.)-.18 E 2.5(0a)144 154.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E(The e) -180 166.8 Q(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(1a)144 178.8 S -.18 -(rg)-2.5 G(ument).18 E(The e)180 190.8 Q +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 2.5(0a)144 84 S +-.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E(The e)180 96 Q(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.) +-.1 E 2.5(1a)144 108 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(ument).18 E(The e)180 120 Q (xpression is true if and only if the ar)-.15 E(gument is not null.)-.18 -E 2.5(2a)144 202.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .37(If the \214rst ar) -180 214.8 R .37(gument is)-.18 F F2(!)2.87 E F0 2.87(,t)C .37(he e)-2.87 -F .37(xpression is true if and only if the second ar)-.15 F .37 -(gument is null.)-.18 F .38(If the \214rst ar)180 226.8 R .38 +E 2.5(2a)144 132 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .37(If the \214rst ar)180 +144 R .37(gument is)-.18 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(!)2.87 E F0 2.87(,t)C +.37(he e)-2.87 F .37(xpression is true if and only if the second ar)-.15 +F .37(gument is null.)-.18 F .38(If the \214rst ar)180 156 R .38 (gument is one of the unary conditional operators listed abo)-.18 F .679 --.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(CONDI-)2.879 E(TION)180 -238.8 Q .552(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 .552 +-.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(CONDI-)2.879 E(TION)180 +168 Q .552(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 .552 (the e)2.802 F .552(xpression is true if the unary test is true.)-.15 F -.552(If the \214rst ar)5.552 F(gu-)-.18 E(ment is not a v)180 250.8 Q +.552(If the \214rst ar)5.552 F(gu-)-.18 E(ment is not a v)180 180 Q (alid unary conditional operator)-.25 E 2.5(,t)-.4 G(he e)-2.5 E -(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(3a)144 262.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G -(uments).18 E .236(The follo)180 274.8 R .236 +(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(3a)144 192 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G +(uments).18 E .236(The follo)180 204 R .236 (wing conditions are applied in the order listed.)-.25 F .236 (If the second ar)5.236 F .236(gument is one of)-.18 F .855 -(the binary conditional operators listed abo)180 286.8 R 1.155 -.15 -(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3(CONDITION)3.355 E .855(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F -F4(,)A F0(the)3.105 E .579(result of the e)180 298.8 R .578(xpression i\ -s the result of the binary test using the \214rst and third ar)-.15 F -(guments)-.18 E 1.332(as operands.)180 310.8 R(The)6.332 E F23.832 -E F0(and)3.832 E F23.832 E F0 1.333 +(the binary conditional operators listed abo)180 216 R 1.155 -.15(ve u) +-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(CONDITION)3.355 E .855(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F F3(,)A +F0(the)3.105 E .579(result of the e)180 228 R .578(xpression is the res\ +ult of the binary test using the \214rst and third ar)-.15 F(guments) +-.18 E 1.332(as operands.)180 240 R(The)6.332 E F13.832 E F0(and) +3.832 E F13.832 E F0 1.333 (operators are considered binary operators when there are)3.832 F .558 -(three ar)180 322.8 R 3.058(guments. If)-.18 F .558(the \214rst ar)3.058 -F .558(gument is)-.18 F F2(!)3.058 E F0 3.058(,t)C .558(he v)-3.058 F -.558(alue is the ne)-.25 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .558(tion of the tw).05 F -(o-ar)-.1 E(gument)-.18 E .52(test using the second and third ar)180 -334.8 R 3.021(guments. If)-.18 F .521(the \214rst ar)3.021 F .521 -(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F2(\()3.021 E F0 .521(and the third) -3.021 F(ar)180 346.8 Q .485(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F2(\))2.985 -E F0 2.985(,t)C .485(he result is the one-ar)-2.985 F .485 -(gument test of the second ar)-.18 F 2.985(gument. Other)-.18 F(-)-.2 E -(wise, the e)180 358.8 Q(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(4a)144 -370.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .384(If the \214rst ar)180 382.8 R -.384(gument is)-.18 F F2(!)2.884 E F0 2.885(,t)C .385 -(he result is the ne)-2.885 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .385(tion of the three-ar) -.05 F .385(gument e)-.18 F .385(xpression com-)-.15 F 1.648 -(posed of the remaining ar)180 394.8 R 4.147(guments. Otherwise,)-.18 F -1.647(the e)4.147 F 1.647(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 -G(luated).25 E(according to precedence using the rules listed abo)180 -406.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E 2.5(5o)144 418.8 S 2.5(rm)-2.5 G(ore ar) --2.5 E(guments)-.18 E 1.635(The e)180 430.8 R 1.635 -(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.635 -(luated according to precedence using the rules listed).25 F(abo)180 -442.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E(When used with)144 460.8 Q F2(test)2.5 E -F0(or)2.5 E F2([)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he)-2.5 E F2(<)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F2 -(>)2.5 E F0(operators sort le)2.5 E -(xicographically using ASCII ordering.)-.15 E F2(times)108 477.6 Q F0 +(three ar)180 252 R 3.058(guments. If)-.18 F .558(the \214rst ar)3.058 F +.558(gument is)-.18 F F1(!)3.058 E F0 3.058(,t)C .558(he v)-3.058 F .558 +(alue is the ne)-.25 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .558(tion of the tw).05 F(o-ar)-.1 +E(gument)-.18 E .52(test using the second and third ar)180 264 R 3.021 +(guments. If)-.18 F .521(the \214rst ar)3.021 F .521(gument is e)-.18 F +(xactly)-.15 E F1(\()3.021 E F0 .521(and the third)3.021 F(ar)180 276 Q +.485(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F1(\))2.985 E F0 2.985(,t)C .485 +(he result is the one-ar)-2.985 F .485(gument test of the second ar)-.18 +F 2.985(gument. Other)-.18 F(-)-.2 E(wise, the e)180 288 Q +(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(4a)144 300 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G +(uments).18 E .384(If the \214rst ar)180 312 R .384(gument is)-.18 F F1 +(!)2.884 E F0 2.885(,t)C .385(he result is the ne)-2.885 F -.05(ga)-.15 +G .385(tion of the three-ar).05 F .385(gument e)-.18 F .385 +(xpression com-)-.15 F 1.648(posed of the remaining ar)180 324 R 4.147 +(guments. Otherwise,)-.18 F 1.647(the e)4.147 F 1.647 +(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G(luated).25 E +(according to precedence using the rules listed abo)180 336 Q -.15(ve) +-.15 G(.).15 E 2.5(5o)144 348 S 2.5(rm)-2.5 G(ore ar)-2.5 E(guments)-.18 +E 1.635(The e)180 360 R 1.635(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va) +-.25 G 1.635(luated according to precedence using the rules listed).25 F +(abo)180 372 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E(When used with)144 390 Q F1(test) +2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he)-2.5 E F1(<)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 +E F1(>)2.5 E F0(operators sort le)2.5 E +(xicographically using ASCII ordering.)-.15 E F1(times)108 406.8 Q F0 1.229(Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and for\ - processes run from the shell.)13.23 F(The return status is 0.)144 489.6 -Q F2(trap)108 506.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255lp)A F0 2.5(][)C([)-2.5 E F1(ar) -A(g)-.37 E F0(])A F1(sigspec)2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .702(The command)144 -518.4 R F1(ar)3.532 E(g)-.37 E F0 .702(is to be read and e)3.422 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G .702(cuted when the shell recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.203 -(ss).15 G(ignal\(s\))-3.203 E F1(sigspec)3.203 E F0 5.703(.I).31 G(f) --5.703 E F1(ar)3.533 E(g)-.37 E F0(is)3.423 E .609 -(absent \(and there is a single)144 530.4 R F1(sigspec)3.108 E F0 3.108 -(\)o)C(r)-3.108 E F23.108 E F0 3.108(,e)C .608 + processes run from the shell.)144 406.8 R(The return status is 0.)144 +418.8 Q F1(trap)108 435.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lp)A F0 2.5(][)C([)-2.5 E +/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(])A F4(sigspec)2.5 E F0(...]) +2.5 E .702(The command)144 447.6 R F4(ar)3.532 E(g)-.37 E F0 .702 +(is to be read and e)3.422 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .702 +(cuted when the shell recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.203(ss).15 G +(ignal\(s\))-3.203 E F4(sigspec)3.203 E F0 5.703(.I).31 G(f)-5.703 E F4 +(ar)3.533 E(g)-.37 E F0(is)3.423 E .609(absent \(and there is a single) +144 459.6 R F4(sigspec)3.108 E F0 3.108(\)o)C(r)-3.108 E F13.108 E +F0 3.108(,e)C .608 (ach speci\214ed signal is reset to its original disposition)-3.108 F -.658(\(the v)144 542.4 R .658(alue it had upon entrance to the shell\).) --.25 F(If)5.658 E F1(ar)3.488 E(g)-.37 E F0 .659 -(is the null string the signal speci\214ed by each)3.378 F F1(sigspec) -144.34 554.4 Q F0 .581 +.658(\(the v)144 471.6 R .658(alue it had upon entrance to the shell\).) +-.25 F(If)5.658 E F4(ar)3.488 E(g)-.37 E F0 .659 +(is the null string the signal speci\214ed by each)3.378 F F4(sigspec) +144.34 483.6 Q F0 .581 (is ignored by the shell and by the commands it in)3.391 F -.2(vo)-.4 G --.1(ke).2 G 3.08(s. If).1 F F1(ar)3.41 E(g)-.37 E F0 .58 -(is not present and)3.3 F F23.08 E F0(has)3.08 E 1.214 -(been supplied, then the trap commands associated with each)144 566.4 R -F1(sigspec)4.054 E F0 1.215(are displayed.)4.024 F 1.215(If no ar)6.215 -F(gu-)-.18 E .86(ments are supplied or if only)144 578.4 R F23.36 -E F0 .86(is gi)3.36 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(n,).15 E F2(trap)3.36 E F0 .86 +-.1(ke).2 G 3.08(s. If).1 F F4(ar)3.41 E(g)-.37 E F0 .58 +(is not present and)3.3 F F13.08 E F0(has)3.08 E 1.214 +(been supplied, then the trap commands associated with each)144 495.6 R +F4(sigspec)4.054 E F0 1.215(are displayed.)4.024 F 1.215(If no ar)6.215 +F(gu-)-.18 E .86(ments are supplied or if only)144 507.6 R F13.36 +E F0 .86(is gi)3.36 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(n,).15 E F1(trap)3.36 E F0 .86 (prints the list of commands associated with each)3.36 F 2.83 -(signal. The)144 590.4 R F22.83 E F0 .33(option causes the shell \ +(signal. The)144 519.6 R F12.83 E F0 .33(option causes the shell \ to print a list of signal names and their corresponding num-)2.83 F -4.311(bers. Each)144 602.4 R F1(sigspec)4.651 E F0 1.811 -(is either a signal name de\214ned in <)4.621 F F1(signal.h)A F0 1.81 +4.311(bers. Each)144 531.6 R F4(sigspec)4.651 E F0 1.811 +(is either a signal name de\214ned in <)4.621 F F4(signal.h)A F0 1.81 (>, or a signal number)B 6.81(.S)-.55 G(ignal)-6.81 E -(names are case insensiti)144 614.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(nd the).15 E -F3(SIG)2.5 E F0(pre\214x is optional.)2.25 E 1.648(If a)144 632.4 R F1 -(sigspec)4.488 E F0(is)4.458 E F3(EXIT)4.148 E F0 1.648 -(\(0\) the command)3.898 F F1(ar)4.479 E(g)-.37 E F0 1.649(is e)4.369 F +(names are case insensiti)144 543.6 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(nd the).15 E +F2(SIG)2.5 E F0(pre\214x is optional.)2.25 E 1.648(If a)144 561.6 R F4 +(sigspec)4.488 E F0(is)4.458 E F2(EXIT)4.148 E F0 1.648 +(\(0\) the command)3.898 F F4(ar)4.479 E(g)-.37 E F0 1.649(is e)4.369 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.649(cuted on e).15 F 1.649(xit from the shell.)-.15 F -1.649(If a)6.649 F F1(sigspec)4.489 E F0(is)4.459 E F3(DEB)144 644.4 Q -(UG)-.09 E F4(,)A F0 1.168(the command)3.418 F F1(ar)3.998 E(g)-.37 E F0 +1.649(If a)6.649 F F4(sigspec)4.489 E F0(is)4.459 E F2(DEB)144 573.6 Q +(UG)-.09 E F3(,)A F0 1.168(the command)3.418 F F4(ar)3.998 E(g)-.37 E F0 1.168(is e)3.888 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.167(cuted before e).15 F -.15(ve) --.25 G(ry).15 E F1 1.167(simple command)3.667 F F0(,)A F1(for)3.667 E F0 -(command,)3.667 E F1(case)3.667 E F0(com-)3.667 E(mand,)144 656.4 Q F1 +-.25 G(ry).15 E F4 1.167(simple command)3.667 F F0(,)A F4(for)3.667 E F0 +(command,)3.667 E F4(case)3.667 E F0(com-)3.667 E(mand,)144 585.6 Q F4 (select)2.646 E F0 .146(command, e)2.646 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .146 -(ry arithmetic).15 F F1(for)2.646 E F0 .147 +(ry arithmetic).15 F F4(for)2.646 E F0 .147 (command, and before the \214rst command e)2.646 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .147 -(cutes in a).15 F .146(shell function \(see)144 668.4 R F3 .146 +(cutes in a).15 F .146(shell function \(see)144 597.6 R F2 .146 (SHELL GRAMMAR)2.646 F F0(abo)2.396 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.646(\). Refer).15 -F .146(to the description of the)2.646 F F2(extdeb)2.645 E(ug)-.2 E F0 -.145(option to)2.645 F(the)144 680.4 Q F2(shopt)3.2 E F0 -.2(bu)3.2 G .7 -(iltin for details of its ef).2 F .7(fect on the)-.25 F F2(DEB)3.2 E(UG) --.1 E F0 3.2(trap. If)3.2 F(a)3.2 E F1(sigspec)3.54 E F0(is)3.51 E F3 -(RETURN)3.2 E F4(,)A F0 .701(the com-)2.951 F(mand)144 692.4 Q F1(ar) +F .146(to the description of the)2.646 F F1(extdeb)2.645 E(ug)-.2 E F0 +.145(option to)2.645 F(the)144 609.6 Q F1(shopt)3.2 E F0 -.2(bu)3.2 G .7 +(iltin for details of its ef).2 F .7(fect on the)-.25 F F1(DEB)3.2 E(UG) +-.1 E F0 3.2(trap. If)3.2 F(a)3.2 E F4(sigspec)3.54 E F0(is)3.51 E F2 +(RETURN)3.2 E F3(,)A F0 .701(the com-)2.951 F(mand)144 621.6 Q F4(ar) 3.474 E(g)-.37 E F0 .644(is e)3.364 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .643 (cuted each time a shell function or a script e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.643(cuted with the).15 F F2(.)3.143 E F0(or)3.143 E F2(sour)3.143 E(ce) --.18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.143 G(iltins).2 E(\214nishes e)144 704.4 Q -.15(xe) --.15 G(cuting.).15 E .521(If a)144 722.4 R F1(sigspec)3.361 E F0(is) -3.331 E F3(ERR)3.021 E F4(,)A F0 .522(the command)2.771 F F1(ar)3.352 E -(g)-.37 E F0 .522(is e)3.242 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .522(cuted whene).15 F --.15(ve)-.25 G 3.022(raap).15 G .522(ipeline \(which may consist of a) --3.022 F(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(71)190.95 E 0 Cg -EP -%%Page: 72 72 +.643(cuted with the).15 F F1(.)3.143 E F0(or)3.143 E F1(sour)3.143 E(ce) +-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.143 G(iltins).2 E(\214nishes e)144 633.6 Q -.15(xe) +-.15 G(cuting.).15 E .96(If a)144 651.6 R F4(sigspec)3.8 E F0(is)3.77 E +F2(ERR)3.46 E F3(,)A F0 .96(the command)3.21 F F4(ar)3.791 E(g)-.37 E F0 +.961(is e)3.681 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .961(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +3.461(rap).15 G .961(ipeline \(which may consist of a)-3.461 F .185(sin\ +gle simple command\), a list, or a compound command returns a non\255ze\ +ro e)144 663.6 R .184(xit status, subject to)-.15 F .451(the follo)144 +675.6 R .451(wing conditions.)-.25 F(The)5.451 E F2(ERR)2.951 E F0 .451 +(trap is not e)2.701 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .451(cuted if the f).15 F .452 +(ailed command is part of the com-)-.1 F .388 +(mand list immediately follo)144 687.6 R .388(wing a)-.25 F F1(while) +2.888 E F0(or)2.888 E F1(until)2.888 E F0 -.1(ke)2.888 G(yw)-.05 E .388 +(ord, part of the test in an)-.1 F F4(if)2.897 E F0 .387 +(statement, part)4.847 F .777(of a command e)144 699.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G +.778(cuted in a).15 F F1(&&)3.278 E F0(or)3.278 E F1(||)3.278 E F0 .778 +(list e)3.278 F .778(xcept the command follo)-.15 F .778 +(wing the \214nal)-.25 F F1(&&)3.278 E F0(or)3.278 E F1(||)3.278 E F0 +3.278(,a)C -.15(ny)-3.278 G 1.28(command in a pipeline b)144 711.6 R +1.28(ut the last, or if the command')-.2 F 3.78(sr)-.55 G 1.28(eturn v) +-3.78 F 1.28(alue is being in)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G 1.28(rted using).15 F +F1(!)3.78 E F0(.)A(These are the same conditions obe)144 723.6 Q +(yed by the)-.15 E F1(err)2.5 E(exit)-.18 E F0(\()2.5 E F1A F0 2.5 +(\)o)C(ption.)-2.5 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(74) +192.055 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 75 75 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E .185(single simple command\), a list, or a compound command retu\ -rns a non\255zero e)144 84 R .184(xit status, subject to)-.15 F .451 -(the follo)144 96 R .451(wing conditions.)-.25 F(The)5.451 E/F1 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(ERR)2.951 E F0 .451(trap is not e)2.701 F -.15(xe)-.15 -G .451(cuted if the f).15 F .452(ailed command is part of the com-)-.1 F -.388(mand list immediately follo)144 108 R .388(wing a)-.25 F/F2 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(while)2.888 E F0(or)2.888 E F2(until)2.888 E F0 -.1(ke) -2.888 G(yw)-.05 E .388(ord, part of the test in an)-.1 F/F3 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(if)2.897 E F0 .387(statement, part)4.847 F .777 -(of a command e)144 120 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .778(cuted in a).15 F F2(&&) -3.278 E F0(or)3.278 E F2(||)3.278 E F0 .778(list e)3.278 F .778 -(xcept the command follo)-.15 F .778(wing the \214nal)-.25 F F2(&&)3.278 -E F0(or)3.278 E F2(||)3.278 E F0 3.278(,a)C -.15(ny)-3.278 G 1.28 -(command in a pipeline b)144 132 R 1.28(ut the last, or if the command') --.2 F 3.78(sr)-.55 G 1.28(eturn v)-3.78 F 1.28(alue is being in)-.25 F --.15(ve)-.4 G 1.28(rted using).15 F F2(!)3.78 E F0(.)A -(These are the same conditions obe)144 144 Q(yed by the)-.15 E F2(err) -2.5 E(exit)-.18 E F0(\()2.5 E F2A F0 2.5(\)o)C(ption.)-2.5 E 1.095 +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 1.095 (Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset.)144 -162 R -.35(Tr)6.095 G 1.095(apped signals that are not).35 F .662 -(being ignored are reset to their original v)144 174 R .662 +84 R -.35(Tr)6.095 G 1.095(apped signals that are not).35 F .662 +(being ignored are reset to their original v)144 96 R .662 (alues in a subshell or subshell en)-.25 F .661(vironment when one is) --.4 F 2.5(created. The)144 186 R(return status is f)2.5 E(alse if an)-.1 -E(y)-.15 E F3(sigspec)2.84 E F0(is in)2.81 E -.25(va)-.4 G -(lid; otherwise).25 E F2(trap)2.5 E F0(returns true.)2.5 E F2(type)108 -202.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255aftpP)A F0(])A F3(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F3 -(name)A F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 214.8 S .173 -(th no options, indicate ho).4 F 2.673(we)-.25 G(ach)-2.673 E F3(name) -3.033 E F0 -.1(wo)2.853 G .174 +-.4 F 2.5(created. The)144 108 R(return status is f)2.5 E(alse if an)-.1 +E(y)-.15 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(sigspec)2.84 E F0(is in)2.81 E -.25 +(va)-.4 G(lid; otherwise).25 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(trap)2.5 E F0 +(returns true.)2.5 E F2(type)108 124.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255aftpP)A F0(]) +A F1(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(name)A F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 136.8 S +.173(th no options, indicate ho).4 F 2.673(we)-.25 G(ach)-2.673 E F1 +(name)3.033 E F0 -.1(wo)2.853 G .174 (uld be interpreted if used as a command name.).1 F .174(If the)5.174 F -F2144 226.8 Q F0 .843(option is used,)3.343 F F2(type)3.343 E F0 -.843(prints a string which is one of)3.343 F F3(alias)3.343 E F0(,).27 E -F3 -.1(ke)3.343 G(ywor)-.2 E(d)-.37 E F0(,).77 E F3(function)3.343 E F0 -(,).24 E F3 -.2(bu)3.342 G(iltin).2 E F0 3.342(,o).24 G(r)-3.342 E F3 -(\214le)5.252 E F0(if)3.522 E F3(name)144.36 238.8 Q F0 .086 +F2144 148.8 Q F0 .843(option is used,)3.343 F F2(type)3.343 E F0 +.843(prints a string which is one of)3.343 F F1(alias)3.343 E F0(,).27 E +F1 -.1(ke)3.343 G(ywor)-.2 E(d)-.37 E F0(,).77 E F1(function)3.343 E F0 +(,).24 E F1 -.2(bu)3.342 G(iltin).2 E F0 3.342(,o).24 G(r)-3.342 E F1 +(\214le)5.252 E F0(if)3.522 E F1(name)144.36 160.8 Q F0 .086 (is an alias, shell reserv)2.766 F .086(ed w)-.15 F .086 (ord, function, b)-.1 F .087(uiltin, or disk \214le, respecti)-.2 F -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.087(.I)-.65 G 2.587(ft)-5.087 G(he)-2.587 E F3 +(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.087(.I)-.65 G 2.587(ft)-5.087 G(he)-2.587 E F1 (name)2.947 E F0 .087(is not)2.767 F .119 -(found, then nothing is printed, and an e)144 250.8 R .118 +(found, then nothing is printed, and an e)144 172.8 R .118 (xit status of f)-.15 F .118(alse is returned.)-.1 F .118(If the)5.118 F F22.618 E F0 .118(option is used,)2.618 F F2(type)2.618 E F0 .855 -(either returns the name of the disk \214le that w)144 262.8 R .855 -(ould be e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .855(cuted if).15 F F3(name)3.715 E F0 +(either returns the name of the disk \214le that w)144 184.8 R .855 +(ould be e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .855(cuted if).15 F F1(name)3.715 E F0 .855(were speci\214ed as a com-)3.535 F .641(mand name, or nothing if) -144 274.8 R/F4 10/Courier@0 SF .641(type -t name)3.141 F F0 -.1(wo)3.141 -G .641(uld not return).1 F F3(\214le)3.14 E F0 5.64(.T).18 G(he)-5.64 E -F23.14 E F0 .64(option forces a)3.14 F F1 -.666(PA)3.14 G(TH)-.189 -E F0 .112(search for each)144 286.8 R F3(name)2.612 E F0 2.612(,e)C -.15 -(ve)-2.862 G 2.613(ni).15 G(f)-2.613 E F4 .113(type -t name)2.613 F F0 --.1(wo)2.613 G .113(uld not return).1 F F3(\214le)2.613 E F0 5.113(.I) -.18 G 2.613(fac)-5.113 G .113(ommand is hashed,)-2.613 F F22.613 E -F0(and)144 298.8 Q F23.231 E F0 .731(print the hashed v)3.231 F -.73(alue, which is not necessarily the \214le that appears \214rst in) --.25 F F1 -.666(PA)3.23 G(TH)-.189 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .73 -(If the)5.23 F F2144 310.8 Q F0 1.748(option is used,)4.248 F F2 -(type)4.248 E F0 1.748(prints all of the places that contain an e)4.248 -F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.748(cutable named).15 F F3(name)4.249 E F0 6.749(.T) -.18 G(his)-6.749 E .744 -(includes aliases and functions, if and only if the)144 322.8 R F2 -3.244 E F0 .744(option is not also used.)3.244 F .743 -(The table of hashed)5.744 F 1.223(commands is not consulted when using) -144 334.8 R F23.723 E F0 6.223(.T)C(he)-6.223 E F23.723 E F0 -1.223(option suppresses shell function lookup, as)3.723 F .326(with the) -144 346.8 R F2(command)2.826 E F0 -.2(bu)2.826 G(iltin.).2 E F2(type) -5.326 E F0 .326(returns true if all of the ar)2.826 F .325 -(guments are found, f)-.18 F .325(alse if an)-.1 F 2.825(ya)-.15 G .325 -(re not)-2.825 F(found.)144 358.8 Q F2(ulimit)108 375.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2 -(\255HST)A(abcde\214lmnpqrstuvx)-.92 E F0([)2.5 E F3(limit)A F0(]])A -(Pro)144 387.6 Q .243(vides control o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.743(rt).15 -G .243(he resources a)-2.743 F -.25(va)-.2 G .244 +144 196.8 R/F3 10/Courier@0 SF .641(type -t name)3.141 F F0 -.1(wo)3.141 +G .641(uld not return).1 F F1(\214le)3.14 E F0 5.64(.T).18 G(he)-5.64 E +F23.14 E F0 .64(option forces a)3.14 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666 +(PA)3.14 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .112(search for each)144 208.8 R F1(name)2.612 +E F0 2.612(,e)C -.15(ve)-2.862 G 2.613(ni).15 G(f)-2.613 E F3 .113 +(type -t name)2.613 F F0 -.1(wo)2.613 G .113(uld not return).1 F F1 +(\214le)2.613 E F0 5.113(.I).18 G 2.613(fac)-5.113 G .113 +(ommand is hashed,)-2.613 F F22.613 E F0(and)144 220.8 Q F2 +3.231 E F0 .731(print the hashed v)3.231 F .73 +(alue, which is not necessarily the \214le that appears \214rst in)-.25 +F F4 -.666(PA)3.23 G(TH)-.189 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .73(If the) +5.23 F F2144 232.8 Q F0 1.748(option is used,)4.248 F F2(type) +4.248 E F0 1.748(prints all of the places that contain an e)4.248 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G 1.748(cutable named).15 F F1(name)4.249 E F0 6.749(.T).18 G +(his)-6.749 E .744(includes aliases and functions, if and only if the) +144 244.8 R F23.244 E F0 .744(option is not also used.)3.244 F +.743(The table of hashed)5.744 F 1.223 +(commands is not consulted when using)144 256.8 R F23.723 E F0 +6.223(.T)C(he)-6.223 E F23.723 E F0 1.223 +(option suppresses shell function lookup, as)3.723 F .326(with the)144 +268.8 R F2(command)2.826 E F0 -.2(bu)2.826 G(iltin.).2 E F2(type)5.326 E +F0 .326(returns true if all of the ar)2.826 F .325(guments are found, f) +-.18 F .325(alse if an)-.1 F 2.825(ya)-.15 G .325(re not)-2.825 F +(found.)144 280.8 Q F2(ulimit)108 297.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2 +(\255HSabcde\214klmnpqrstuvxPT)A F0([)2.5 E F1(limit)A F0(]])A(Pro)144 +309.6 Q .243(vides control o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.743(rt).15 G .243 +(he resources a)-2.743 F -.25(va)-.2 G .244 (ilable to the shell and to processes started by it, on systems).25 F -.944(that allo)144 399.6 R 3.444(ws)-.25 G .944(uch control.)-3.444 F +.944(that allo)144 321.6 R 3.444(ws)-.25 G .944(uch control.)-3.444 F (The)5.944 E F23.444 E F0(and)3.444 E F23.444 E F0 .943 (options specify that the hard or soft limit is set for the)3.444 F(gi) -144 411.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.708(nr).15 G 2.708(esource. A)-2.708 F .208 +144 333.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.708(nr).15 G 2.708(esource. A)-2.708 F .208 (hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; a so\ -ft limit may)2.708 F .426(be increased up to the v)144 423.6 R .426 +ft limit may)2.708 F .426(be increased up to the v)144 345.6 R .426 (alue of the hard limit.)-.25 F .425(If neither)5.426 F F22.925 E F0(nor)2.925 E F22.925 E F0 .425 (is speci\214ed, both the soft and)2.925 F .139(hard limits are set.)144 -435.6 R .139(The v)5.139 F .139(alue of)-.25 F F3(limit)2.729 E F0 .139 +357.6 R .139(The v)5.139 F .139(alue of)-.25 F F1(limit)2.729 E F0 .139 (can be a number in the unit speci\214ed for the resource or one)3.319 F -.742(of the special v)144 447.6 R(alues)-.25 E F2(hard)3.242 E F0(,)A F2 +.742(of the special v)144 369.6 R(alues)-.25 E F2(hard)3.242 E F0(,)A F2 (soft)3.241 E F0 3.241(,o)C(r)-3.241 E F2(unlimited)3.241 E F0 3.241(,w) C .741(hich stand for the current hard limit, the current)-3.241 F .78 -(soft limit, and no limit, respecti)144 459.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E -5.78(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.78 E F3(limit)3.37 E F0 .78 +(soft limit, and no limit, respecti)144 381.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E +5.78(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.78 E F1(limit)3.37 E F0 .78 (is omitted, the current v)3.96 F .78(alue of the soft limit of the)-.25 -F .499(resource is printed, unless the)144 471.6 R F22.999 E F0 +F .499(resource is printed, unless the)144 393.6 R F22.999 E F0 .499(option is gi)2.999 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.999(n. When).15 F .498 (more than one resource is speci\214ed, the)2.999 F -(limit name and unit are printed before the v)144 483.6 Q 2.5 +(limit name and unit are printed before the v)144 405.6 Q 2.5 (alue. Other)-.25 F(options are interpreted as follo)2.5 E(ws:)-.25 E F2 -144 495.6 Q F0(All current limits are reported)25.3 E F2144 -507.6 Q F0(The maximum sock)24.74 E(et b)-.1 E(uf)-.2 E(fer size)-.25 E -F2144 519.6 Q F0(The maximum size of core \214les created)25.86 E -F2144 531.6 Q F0(The maximum size of a process')24.74 E 2.5(sd) --.55 G(ata se)-2.5 E(gment)-.15 E F2144 543.6 Q F0 -(The maximum scheduling priority \("nice"\))25.86 E F2144 555.6 Q -F0(The maximum size of \214les written by the shell and its children) -26.97 E F2144 567.6 Q F0(The maximum number of pending signals) -27.52 E F2144 579.6 Q F0(The maximum size that may be lock)27.52 E -(ed into memory)-.1 E F2144 591.6 Q F0 -(The maximum resident set size \(man)21.97 E 2.5(ys)-.15 G -(ystems do not honor this limit\))-2.5 E F2144 603.6 Q F0 .791(Th\ +144 417.6 Q F0(All current limits are reported)180 417.6 Q F2 +144 429.6 Q F0(The maximum sock)180 429.6 Q(et b)-.1 E(uf)-.2 E +(fer size)-.25 E F2144 441.6 Q F0 +(The maximum size of core \214les created)180 441.6 Q F2144 453.6 +Q F0(The maximum size of a process')180 453.6 Q 2.5(sd)-.55 G(ata se) +-2.5 E(gment)-.15 E F2144 465.6 Q F0 +(The maximum scheduling priority \("nice"\))180 465.6 Q F2144 +477.6 Q F0 +(The maximum size of \214les written by the shell and its children)180 +477.6 Q F2144 489.6 Q F0(The maximum number of pending signals)180 +489.6 Q F2144 501.6 Q F0 +(The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated)180 501.6 Q F2 +144 513.6 Q F0(The maximum size that may be lock)180 513.6 Q +(ed into memory)-.1 E F2144 525.6 Q F0 +(The maximum resident set size \(man)180 525.6 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G +(ystems do not honor this limit\))-2.5 E F2144 537.6 Q F0 .791(Th\ e maximum number of open \214le descriptors \(most systems do not allo) -24.74 F 3.291(wt)-.25 G .791(his v)-3.291 F .791(alue to)-.25 F -(be set\))180 615.6 Q F2144 627.6 Q F0 -(The pipe size in 512-byte blocks \(this may not be set\))24.74 E F2 -144 639.6 Q F0 -(The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues)24.74 E F2144 -651.6 Q F0(The maximum real-time scheduling priority)25.86 E F2144 -663.6 Q F0(The maximum stack size)26.41 E F2144 675.6 Q F0 -(The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds)26.97 E F2144 687.6 Q -F0(The maximum number of processes a)24.74 E -.25(va)-.2 G -(ilable to a single user).25 E F2144 699.6 Q F0 .47 -(The maximum amount of virtual memory a)25.3 F -.25(va)-.2 G .47 +180 537.6 R 3.291(wt)-.25 G .791(his v)-3.291 F .791(alue to)-.25 F +(be set\))180 549.6 Q F2144 561.6 Q F0 +(The pipe size in 512-byte blocks \(this may not be set\))180 561.6 Q F2 +144 573.6 Q F0 +(The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues)180 573.6 Q F2 +144 585.6 Q F0(The maximum real-time scheduling priority)180 585.6 +Q F2144 597.6 Q F0(The maximum stack size)180 597.6 Q F2144 +609.6 Q F0(The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds)180 609.6 Q F2 +144 621.6 Q F0(The maximum number of processes a)180 621.6 Q -.25 +(va)-.2 G(ilable to a single user).25 E F2144 633.6 Q F0 .47 +(The maximum amount of virtual memory a)180 633.6 R -.25(va)-.2 G .47 (ilable to the shell and, on some systems, to).25 F(its children)180 -711.6 Q(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(72)190.95 E 0 Cg -EP -%%Page: 73 73 +645.6 Q F2144 657.6 Q F0(The maximum number of \214le locks)180 +657.6 Q F2144 669.6 Q F0(The maximum number of pseudoterminals)180 +669.6 Q F2144 681.6 Q F0(The maximum number of threads)180 681.6 Q +(If)144 698.4 Q F1(limit)3.058 E F0 .468(is gi)3.648 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +.468(n, and the).15 F F22.968 E F0 .468(option is not used,)2.968 +F F1(limit)2.968 E F0 .468(is the ne)2.968 F 2.968(wv)-.25 G .468 +(alue of the speci\214ed resource.)-3.218 F(If)5.468 E .045 +(no option is gi)144 710.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .045(n, then).15 F F2 +2.545 E F0 .045(is assumed.)2.545 F -1.11(Va)5.045 G .045 +(lues are in 1024-byte increments, e)1.11 F .044(xcept for)-.15 F F2 +2.544 E F0 2.544(,w)C .044(hich is)-2.544 F 1.588(in seconds;)144 +722.4 R F24.088 E F0 4.089(,w)C 1.589 +(hich is in units of 512-byte blocks;)-4.089 F F24.089 E F0(,)A F2 +4.089 E F0(,)A F24.089 E F0(,)A F24.089 E F0(,)A F2 +4.089 E F0 4.089(,a)C(nd)-4.089 E F24.089 E F0 4.089(,w)C +1.589(hich are)-4.089 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E +(75)192.055 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 76 76 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF144 84 Q F0 -(The maximum number of \214le locks)25.3 E F1144 96 Q F0 -(The maximum number of threads)23.63 E(If)144 112.8 Q/F2 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(limit)3.058 E F0 .468(is gi)3.648 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -.468(n, and the).15 F F12.968 E F0 .468(option is not used,)2.968 -F F2(limit)2.968 E F0 .468(is the ne)2.968 F 2.968(wv)-.25 G .468 -(alue of the speci\214ed resource.)-3.218 F(If)5.468 E .045 -(no option is gi)144 124.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .045(n, then).15 F F1 -2.545 E F0 .045(is assumed.)2.545 F -1.11(Va)5.045 G .045 -(lues are in 1024-byte increments, e)1.11 F .044(xcept for)-.15 F F1 -2.544 E F0 2.544(,w)C .044(hich is)-2.544 F .402(in seconds;)144 -136.8 R F12.902 E F0 2.902(,w)C .402 -(hich is in units of 512-byte blocks; and)-2.902 F F12.902 E F0(,) -A F12.902 E F0(,)A F12.902 E F0 2.902(,a)C(nd)-2.902 E F1 -2.903 E F0 2.903(,w)C .403(hich are unscaled)-2.903 F -.25(va)144 -148.8 S 3.083(lues. The).25 F .583(return status is 0 unless an in)3.083 -F -.25(va)-.4 G .583(lid option or ar).25 F .583 -(gument is supplied, or an error occurs)-.18 F(while setting a ne)144 -160.8 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(imit.)-2.5 E F1(umask)108 177.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 -A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(mode)-2.5 E F0(])A .2 -(The user \214le-creation mask is set to)144 189.6 R F2(mode)2.7 E F0 -5.2(.I).18 G(f)-5.2 E F2(mode)3.08 E F0(be)2.88 E .2 +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 1.439(unscaled v) +144 84 R 1.439(alues; and, when in Posix mode,)-.25 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF3.939 E F0(and)3.939 E F13.939 E F0 3.939(,w)C 1.438 +(hich are in 512-byte increments.)-3.939 F(The)6.438 E .404 +(return status is 0 unless an in)144 96 R -.25(va)-.4 G .404 +(lid option or ar).25 F .404 +(gument is supplied, or an error occurs while setting)-.18 F 2.5(an)144 +108 S .5 -.25(ew l)-2.5 H(imit.).25 E F1(umask)108 124.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 +A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +(mode)-2.5 E F0(])A .2(The user \214le-creation mask is set to)144 136.8 +R F2(mode)2.7 E F0 5.2(.I).18 G(f)-5.2 E F2(mode)3.08 E F0(be)2.88 E .2 (gins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal)-.15 F .066(number; o\ therwise it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that acce\ -pted by)144 201.6 R F2 -.15(ch)2.566 G(mod).15 E F0(\(1\).).77 E(If)144 -213.6 Q F2(mode)3.262 E F0 .382(is omitted, the current v)3.062 F .382 +pted by)144 148.8 R F2 -.15(ch)2.566 G(mod).15 E F0(\(1\).).77 E(If)144 +160.8 Q F2(mode)3.263 E F0 .382(is omitted, the current v)3.063 F .382 (alue of the mask is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.382 E F12.882 E F0 .382 (option causes the mask to be)2.882 F .547 -(printed in symbolic form; the def)144 225.6 R .547 +(printed in symbolic form; the def)144 172.8 R .547 (ault output is an octal number)-.1 F 5.547(.I)-.55 G 3.047(ft)-5.547 G (he)-3.047 E F13.047 E F0 .547(option is supplied, and)3.047 F F2 -(mode)144.38 237.6 Q F0 .551 -(is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.)3.231 -F .552(The return status is 0 if the)5.552 F(mode w)144 249.6 Q +(mode)144.38 184.8 Q F0 .552 +(is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.)3.232 +F .551(The return status is 0 if the)5.551 F(mode w)144 196.8 Q (as successfully changed or if no)-.1 E F2(mode)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 E (gument w)-.18 E(as supplied, and f)-.1 E(alse otherwise.)-.1 E F1 -(unalias)108 266.4 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(a)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0 -(...])2.5 E(Remo)144 278.4 Q 1.955 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F2(name) +(unalias)108 213.6 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(a)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0 +(...])2.5 E(Remo)144 225.6 Q 1.955 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F2(name) 4.155 E F0 1.655(from the list of de\214ned aliases.)4.155 F(If)6.655 E F14.155 E F0 1.655(is supplied, all alias de\214nitions are)4.155 -F(remo)144 290.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(d. The).15 F(return v)2.5 E +F(remo)144 237.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(d. The).15 F(return v)2.5 E (alue is true unless a supplied)-.25 E F2(name)2.86 E F0 -(is not a de\214ned alias.)2.68 E F1(unset)108 307.2 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1 +(is not a de\214ned alias.)2.68 E F1(unset)108 254.4 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1 (fv)A F0 2.5(][)C-2.5 E F1(n)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...]) -2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 319.2 S 3.827(re).15 G(ach)-3.827 E F2(name)3.827 E F0 -3.827(,r).18 G(emo)-3.827 E 1.627 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 1.327 +2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 266.4 S 3.828(re).15 G(ach)-3.828 E F2(name)3.828 E F0 +3.828(,r).18 G(emo)-3.828 E 1.628 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 1.328 (he corresponding v).15 F 1.327(ariable or function.)-.25 F 1.327 -(If the)6.327 F F13.828 E F0 1.328(option is gi)3.828 F -.15(ve) --.25 G 1.328(n, each).15 F F2(name)144.36 331.2 Q F0 1.551 -(refers to a shell v)4.231 F 1.551(ariable, and that v)-.25 F 1.551 -(ariable is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 4.05(d. Read-only).15 F -.25(va) -4.05 G 1.55(riables may not be).25 F 4.641(unset. If)144 343.2 R F1 -4.641 E F0 2.141(is speci\214ed, each)4.641 F F2(name)5.001 E F0 +(If the)6.327 F F13.827 E F0 1.327(option is gi)3.827 F -.15(ve) +-.25 G 1.327(n, each).15 F F2(name)144.36 278.4 Q F0 1.55 +(refers to a shell v)4.23 F 1.551(ariable, and that v)-.25 F 1.551 +(ariable is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 4.051(d. Read-only).15 F -.25(va) +4.051 G 1.551(riables may not be).25 F 4.642(unset. If)144 290.4 R F1 +4.642 E F0 2.142(is speci\214ed, each)4.642 F F2(name)5.001 E F0 2.141(refers to a shell function, and the function de\214nition is)4.821 -F(remo)144 355.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.538(d. If).15 F(the)2.537 E F1 +F(remo)144 302.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.537(d. If).15 F(the)2.537 E F1 2.537 E F0 .037(option is supplied, and)2.537 F F2(name)2.537 E F0 .037 (is a v)2.537 F .037(ariable with the)-.25 F F2(namer)2.537 E(ef)-.37 E -F0(attrib)2.537 E(ute,)-.2 E F2(name)2.537 E F0(will)2.537 E .492 -(be unset rather than the v)144 367.2 R .492(ariable it references.)-.25 +F0(attrib)2.537 E(ute,)-.2 E F2(name)2.537 E F0(will)2.538 E .492 +(be unset rather than the v)144 314.4 R .492(ariable it references.)-.25 F F15.492 E F0 .492(has no ef)2.992 F .492(fect if the)-.25 F F1 -2.992 E F0 .492(option is supplied.)2.992 F .493(If no)5.493 F -.221(options are supplied, each)144 379.2 R F2(name)2.721 E F0 .221 -(refers to a v)2.721 F .22(ariable; if there is no v)-.25 F .22 -(ariable by that name, an)-.25 F 2.72(yf)-.15 G(unc-)-2.72 E 1.188 -(tion with that name is unset.)144 391.2 R 1.189(Each unset v)6.189 F -1.189(ariable or function is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.689(df).15 G -1.189(rom the en)-3.689 F(vironment)-.4 E 3.206 -(passed to subsequent commands.)144 403.2 R 3.206(If an)8.206 F 5.706 +2.992 E F0 .492(option is supplied.)2.992 F .492(If no)5.492 F .22 +(options are supplied, each)144 326.4 R F2(name)2.72 E F0 .22 +(refers to a v)2.72 F .221(ariable; if there is no v)-.25 F .221 +(ariable by that name, an)-.25 F 2.721(yf)-.15 G(unc-)-2.721 E 1.189 +(tion with that name is unset.)144 338.4 R 1.189(Each unset v)6.189 F +1.189(ariable or function is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.688(df).15 G +1.188(rom the en)-3.688 F(vironment)-.4 E 3.205 +(passed to subsequent commands.)144 350.4 R 3.206(If an)8.206 F 5.706 (yo)-.15 G(f)-5.706 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMP_W)5.706 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 -E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3(RANDOM)5.455 E F4(,)A F3(SECONDS)5.455 E -F4(,)A F3(LINENO)144 415.2 Q F4(,)A F3(HISTCMD)4.347 E F4(,)A F3(FUNCN) -4.347 E(AME)-.18 E F4(,)A F3(GR)4.347 E(OUPS)-.27 E F4(,)A F0(or)4.348 E +E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3(RANDOM)5.456 E F4(,)A F3(SECONDS)5.456 E +F4(,)A F3(LINENO)144 362.4 Q F4(,)A F3(HISTCMD)4.348 E F4(,)A F3(FUNCN) +4.348 E(AME)-.18 E F4(,)A F3(GR)4.348 E(OUPS)-.27 E F4(,)A F0(or)4.348 E F3(DIRST)4.598 E -.495(AC)-.81 G(K).495 E F0 2.098(are unset, the)4.348 -F 4.598(yl)-.15 G 2.098(ose their special)-4.598 F(properties, e)144 -427.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he)-2.5 E 2.5(ya)-.15 +F 4.597(yl)-.15 G 2.097(ose their special)-4.597 F(properties, e)144 +374.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he)-2.5 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re subsequently reset.)-2.5 E(The e)5 E(xit status is true unless a) --.15 E F2(name)2.86 E F0(is readonly)2.68 E(.)-.65 E F1(wait)108 444 Q +-.15 E F2(name)2.86 E F0(is readonly)2.68 E(.)-.65 E F1(wait)108 391.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0 2.5(][)C F2 2.5(n.)-2.5 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A -.8 -(Wa)144 456 S .027(it for each speci\214ed child process and return its\ - termination status.).8 F(Each)5.026 E F2(n)2.886 E F0 .026 -(may be a process ID)2.766 F .256 -(or a job speci\214cation; if a job spec is gi)144 468 R -.15(ve)-.25 G -.256(n, all processes in that job').15 F 2.756(sp)-.55 G .256 +(Wa)144 403.2 S .026(it for each speci\214ed child process and return i\ +ts termination status.).8 F(Each)5.027 E F2(n)2.887 E F0 .027 +(may be a process ID)2.767 F .256 +(or a job speci\214cation; if a job spec is gi)144 415.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 +G .256(n, all processes in that job').15 F 2.756(sp)-.55 G .256 (ipeline are w)-2.756 F .256(aited for)-.1 F 5.256(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.256 E -F2(n)3.116 E F0 .318(is not gi)144 480 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .318 +F2(n)3.116 E F0 .317(is not gi)144 427.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .317 (n, all currently acti).15 F .618 -.15(ve c)-.25 H .318 (hild processes are w).15 F .318(aited for)-.1 F 2.818(,a)-.4 G .318 -(nd the return status is zero.)-2.818 F .317(If the)5.317 F F1144 -492 Q F0 .361(option is supplied,)2.861 F F1(wait)2.861 E F0 -.1(wa) -2.861 G .361(its for an).1 F 2.862(yj)-.15 G .362 -(ob to terminate and returns its e)-2.862 F .362(xit status.)-.15 F(If) -5.362 E F2(n)3.222 E F0(speci\214es)3.102 E 2.596(an)144 504 S(on-e) --2.596 E .096(xistent process or job, the return status is 127.)-.15 F -.095(Otherwise, the return status is the e)5.095 F .095(xit status)-.15 -F(of the last process or job w)144 516 Q(aited for)-.1 E(.)-.55 E/F5 -10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(RESTRICTED SHELL)72 532.8 Q F0(If)108 544.8 Q F1 -(bash)4.396 E F0 1.896(is started with the name)4.396 F F1(rbash)4.397 E -F0 4.397(,o)C 4.397(rt)-4.397 G(he)-4.397 E F14.397 E F0 1.897 -(option is supplied at in)4.397 F -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.897 -(cation, the shell becomes).2 F 3.446(restricted. A)108 556.8 R .945 -(restricted shell is used to set up an en)3.446 F .945 -(vironment more controlled than the standard shell.)-.4 F(It)5.945 E -(beha)108 568.8 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(si).15 G(dentically to)-2.5 E F1 -(bash)2.5 E F0(with the e)2.5 E(xception that the follo)-.15 E -(wing are disallo)-.25 E(wed or not performed:)-.25 E 32.5<8363>108 -585.6 S(hanging directories with)-32.5 E F1(cd)2.5 E F0 32.5<8373>108 -602.4 S(etting or unsetting the v)-32.5 E(alues of)-.25 E F3(SHELL)2.5 E +(nd the return status is zero.)-2.818 F .318(If the)5.318 F F1144 +439.2 Q F0 .362(option is supplied,)2.862 F F1(wait)2.862 E F0 -.1(wa) +2.862 G .362(its for an).1 F 2.862(yj)-.15 G .362 +(ob to terminate and returns its e)-2.862 F .361(xit status.)-.15 F(If) +5.361 E F2(n)3.221 E F0(speci\214es)3.101 E 2.595(an)144 451.2 S(on-e) +-2.595 E .095(xistent process or job, the return status is 127.)-.15 F +.096(Otherwise, the return status is the e)5.095 F .096(xit status)-.15 +F(of the last process or job w)144 463.2 Q(aited for)-.1 E(.)-.55 E/F5 +10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(RESTRICTED SHELL)72 480 Q F0(If)108 492 Q F1(bash) +4.397 E F0 1.897(is started with the name)4.397 F F1(rbash)4.397 E F0 +4.397(,o)C 4.397(rt)-4.397 G(he)-4.397 E F14.397 E F0 1.896 +(option is supplied at in)4.397 F -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.896 +(cation, the shell becomes).2 F 3.445(restricted. A)108 504 R .945 +(restricted shell is used to set up an en)3.445 F .946 +(vironment more controlled than the standard shell.)-.4 F(It)5.946 E +(beha)108 516 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(si).15 G(dentically to)-2.5 E F1(bash) +2.5 E F0(with the e)2.5 E(xception that the follo)-.15 E +(wing are disallo)-.25 E(wed or not performed:)-.25 E<83>108 532.8 Q +(changing directories with)144 532.8 Q F1(cd)2.5 E F0<83>108 549.6 Q +(setting or unsetting the v)144 549.6 Q(alues of)-.25 E F3(SHELL)2.5 E F4(,)A F3 -.666(PA)2.25 G(TH)-.189 E F4(,)A F3(ENV)2.25 E F4(,)A F0(or) -2.25 E F3 -.27(BA)2.5 G(SH_ENV).27 E F0 32.5<8373>108 619.2 S -(pecifying command names containing)-32.5 E F1(/)2.5 E F0 32.5<8373>108 -636 S(pecifying a \214lename containing a)-32.5 E F1(/)2.5 E F0 +2.25 E F3 -.27(BA)2.5 G(SH_ENV).27 E F0<83>108 566.4 Q +(specifying command names containing)144 566.4 Q F1(/)2.5 E F0<83>108 +583.2 Q(specifying a \214lename containing a)144 583.2 Q F1(/)2.5 E F0 (as an ar)2.5 E(gument to the)-.18 E F1(.)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)5 G -(iltin command).2 E 32.5<8373>108 652.8 S .449 -(pecifying a \214lename containing a slash as an ar)-32.5 F .449 -(gument to the)-.18 F F12.95 E F0 .45(option to the)2.95 F F1 -(hash)2.95 E F0 -.2(bu)2.95 G .45(iltin com-).2 F(mand)144 664.8 Q 32.5 -<8369>108 681.6 S(mporting function de\214nitions from the shell en) --32.5 E(vironment at startup)-.4 E 32.5<8370>108 698.4 S(arsing the v) --32.5 E(alue of)-.25 E F3(SHELLOPTS)2.5 E F0(from the shell en)2.25 E -(vironment at startup)-.4 E 32.5<8372>108 715.2 S(edirecting output usi\ -ng the >, >|, <>, >&, &>, and >> redirection operators)-32.5 E -(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(73)190.95 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 74 74 +(iltin command).2 E<83>108 600 Q .45 +(specifying a \214lename containing a slash as an ar)144 600 R .449 +(gument to the)-.18 F F12.949 E F0 .449(option to the)2.949 F F1 +(hash)2.949 E F0 -.2(bu)2.949 G .449(iltin com-).2 F(mand)144 612 Q<83> +108 628.8 Q(importing function 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--)-2.5 E(http://pubs.opengroup.or)144 223.2 Q +(g/onlinepubs/9699919799/)-.18 E(http://tiswww)108 235.2 Q (.case.edu/~chet/bash/POSIX -- a description of posix mode)-.65 E F4(sh) -108 297.6 Q F0(\(1\),)A F4(ksh)2.5 E F0(\(1\),)A F4(csh)2.5 E F0(\(1\))A -F4(emacs)108 309.6 Q F0(\(1\),)A F4(vi)2.5 E F0(\(1\))A F4 -.37(re)108 -321.6 S(adline).37 E F0(\(3\))A F3(FILES)72 338.4 Q F4(/bin/bash)109.666 -350.4 Q F0(The)144 362.4 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 -.15(exe)2.5 G(cutable).15 E -F4(/etc/pr)109.666 374.4 Q(o\214le)-.45 E F0 -(The systemwide initialization \214le, e)144 386.4 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuted for login shells).15 E F4(~/.bash_pr)109.666 398.4 Q(o\214le)-.45 -E F0(The personal initialization \214le, e)144 410.4 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuted for login shells).15 E F4(~/.bashr)109.666 422.4 Q(c)-.37 E F0 -(The indi)144 434.4 Q(vidual per)-.25 E(-interacti)-.2 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -(-shell startup \214le).15 E F4(~/.bash_lo)109.666 446.4 Q(gout)-.1 E F0 -(The indi)144 458.4 Q(vidual login shell cleanup \214le, e)-.25 E -.15 -(xe)-.15 G(cuted when a login shell e).15 E(xits)-.15 E F4(~/.inputr) -109.666 470.4 Q(c)-.37 E F0(Indi)144 482.4 Q(vidual)-.25 E F4 -.37(re) -2.5 G(adline).37 E F0(initialization \214le)2.5 E F3 -.548(AU)72 499.2 S -(THORS).548 E F0(Brian F)108 511.2 Q(ox, Free Softw)-.15 E(are F)-.1 E -(oundation)-.15 E(bfox@gnu.or)108 523.2 Q(g)-.18 E(Chet Rame)108 540 Q -1.3 -.65(y, C)-.15 H(ase W).65 E(estern Reserv)-.8 E 2.5(eU)-.15 G(ni) --2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsity).15 E(chet.rame)108 552 Q(y@case.edu)-.15 E -F3 -.11(BU)72 568.8 S 2.738(GR).11 G(EPOR)-2.738 E(TS)-.438 E F0 .567 -(If you \214nd a b)108 580.8 R .568(ug in)-.2 F F1(bash,)3.068 E F0 .568 +108 247.2 Q F0(\(1\),)A F4(ksh)2.5 E F0(\(1\),)A F4(csh)2.5 E F0(\(1\))A +F4(emacs)108 259.2 Q F0(\(1\),)A F4(vi)2.5 E F0(\(1\))A F4 -.37(re)108 +271.2 S(adline).37 E F0(\(3\))A F3(FILES)72 288 Q F4(/bin/bash)109.666 +300 Q F0(The)144 312 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 -.15(exe)2.5 G(cutable).15 E F4 +(/etc/pr)109.666 324 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Q(y@case.edu)-.15 E F3 -.11(BU)72 +518.4 S 2.738(GR).11 G(EPOR)-2.738 E(TS)-.438 E F0 .568 +(If you \214nd a b)108 530.4 R .568(ug in)-.2 F F1(bash,)3.068 E F0 .568 (you should report it.)3.068 F .568(But \214rst, you should mak)5.568 F -3.068(es)-.1 G .568(ure that it really is a b)-3.068 F .568(ug, and)-.2 -F 5.626(that it appears in the latest v)108 592.8 R 5.625(ersion of)-.15 -F F1(bash)8.125 E F0 10.625(.T)C 5.625(he latest v)-10.625 F 5.625 -(ersion is al)-.15 F -.1(wa)-.1 G 5.625(ys a).1 F -.25(va)-.2 G 5.625 -(ilable from).25 F F4(ftp://ftp.gnu.or)108 604.8 Q(g/pub/gnu/bash/)-.37 -E F0(.)A .41(Once you ha)108 621.6 R .71 -.15(ve d)-.2 H .41 -(etermined that a b).15 F .41(ug actually e)-.2 F .411(xists, use the) --.15 F F4(bashb)3.181 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .411(command to submit a b)3.131 F -.411(ug report.)-.2 F(If)5.411 E .595(you ha)108 633.6 R .895 -.15 -(ve a \214)-.2 H .595(x, you are encouraged to mail that as well!).15 F -.594(Suggestions and `philosophical' b)5.595 F .594(ug reports may)-.2 F -(be mailed to)108 645.6 Q F4 -.2(bu)2.5 G(g-bash@gnu.or).2 E(g)-.37 E F0 +3.068(es)-.1 G .568(ure that it really is a b)-3.068 F .567(ug, and)-.2 +F 5.625(that it appears in the latest v)108 542.4 R 5.625(ersion of)-.15 +F F1(bash)8.125 E F0 10.625(.T)C 5.625(he latest v)-10.625 F 5.626 +(ersion is al)-.15 F -.1(wa)-.1 G 5.626(ys a).1 F -.25(va)-.2 G 5.626 +(ilable from).25 F F4(ftp://ftp.gnu.or)108 554.4 Q(g/pub/gnu/bash/)-.37 +E F0(.)A .411(Once you ha)108 571.2 R .711 -.15(ve d)-.2 H .411 +(etermined that a b).15 F .411(ug actually e)-.2 F .411(xists, use the) +-.15 F F4(bashb)3.18 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .41(command to submit a b)3.13 F .41 +(ug report.)-.2 F(If)5.41 E .594(you ha)108 583.2 R .894 -.15(ve a \214) +-.2 H .595(x, you are encouraged to mail that as well!).15 F .595 +(Suggestions and `philosophical' b)5.595 F .595(ug reports may)-.2 F +(be mailed to)108 595.2 Q F4 -.2(bu)2.5 G(g-bash@gnu.or).2 E(g)-.37 E F0 (or posted to the Usenet ne)2.5 E(wsgroup)-.25 E F1(gnu.bash.b)2.5 E(ug) --.2 E F0(.)A(ALL b)108 662.4 Q(ug reports should include:)-.2 E(The v) -108 679.2 Q(ersion number of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(The hardw)108 691.2 -Q(are and operating system)-.1 E(The compiler used to compile)108 703.2 -Q(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(74)190.95 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 75 75 +-.2 E F0(.)A(ALL b)108 612 Q(ug reports should include:)-.2 E(The v)108 +628.8 Q(ersion number of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(The hardw)108 640.8 Q +(are and operating system)-.1 E(The compiler used to compile)108 652.8 Q +2.5(Ad)108 664.8 S(escription of the b)-2.5 E(ug beha)-.2 E(viour)-.2 E +2.5(As)108 676.8 S(hort script or `recipe' which e)-2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G +(rcises the b).15 E(ug)-.2 E F4(bashb)108.27 693.6 Q(ug)-.2 E F0 +(inserts the \214rst three items automatically into the template it pro) +2.72 E(vides for \214ling a b)-.15 E(ug report.)-.2 E(Comments and b)108 +710.4 Q(ug reports concerning this manual page should be directed to)-.2 +E F4 -.15(ch)2.5 G(et.r).15 E(ame)-.15 E(y@case)-.3 E(.edu)-.15 E F0(.) +.25 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(77)192.055 E 0 Cg +EP +%%Page: 78 78 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E 2.5(Ad)108 84 S(escription of the b)-2.5 E(ug beha)-.2 E(viour) --.2 E 2.5(As)108 96 S(hort script or `recipe' which e)-2.5 E -.15(xe) --.15 G(rcises the b).15 E(ug)-.2 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(bashb)108.27 -112.8 Q(ug)-.2 E F0 -(inserts the \214rst three items automatically into the template it pro) -2.72 E(vides for \214ling a b)-.15 E(ug report.)-.2 E(Comments and b)108 -129.6 Q(ug reports concerning this manual page should be directed to)-.2 -E F1 -.15(ch)2.5 G(et.r).15 E(ame)-.15 E(y@case)-.3 E(.edu)-.15 E F0(.) -.25 E/F2 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF -.11(BU)72 146.4 S(GS).11 E F0(It')108 -158.4 Q 2.5(st)-.55 G(oo big and too slo)-2.5 E -.65(w.)-.25 G 1.868 -(There are some subtle dif)108 175.2 R 1.868(ferences between)-.25 F/F3 +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10.95 +/Times-Bold@0 SF -.11(BU)72 84 S(GS).11 E F0(It')108 96 Q 2.5(st)-.55 G +(oo big and too slo)-2.5 E -.65(w.)-.25 G 1.869 +(There are some subtle dif)108 112.8 R 1.869(ferences between)-.25 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)4.369 E F0 1.869(and traditional v)4.369 F 1.869 -(ersions of)-.15 F F3(sh)4.369 E F0 4.369(,m)C 1.869 -(ostly because of the)-4.369 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(POSIX)108 187.2 Q F0 -(speci\214cation.)2.25 E(Aliases are confusing in some uses.)108 204 Q -(Shell b)108 220.8 Q +(ersions of)-.15 F F2(sh)4.368 E F0 4.368(,m)C 1.868 +(ostly because of the)-4.368 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(POSIX)108 124.8 Q F0 +(speci\214cation.)2.25 E(Aliases are confusing in some uses.)108 141.6 Q +(Shell b)108 158.4 Q (uiltin commands and functions are not stoppable/restartable.)-.2 E 1.315(Compound commands and command sequences of the form `a ; b ; c' a\ -re not handled gracefully when)108 237.6 R .389 -(process suspension is attempted.)108 249.6 R .389 -(When a process is stopped, the shell immediately e)5.389 F -.15(xe)-.15 -G .39(cutes the ne).15 F .39(xt com-)-.15 F .193(mand in the sequence.) -108 261.6 R .192(It suf)5.193 F .192(\214ces to place the sequence of c\ -ommands between parentheses to force it into a)-.25 F -(subshell, which may be stopped as a unit.)108 273.6 Q(Array v)108 290.4 -Q(ariables may not \(yet\) be e)-.25 E(xported.)-.15 E -(There may be only one acti)108 307.2 Q .3 -.15(ve c)-.25 H -(oprocess at a time.).15 E(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 -E(75)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +re not handled gracefully when)108 175.2 R .39 +(process suspension is attempted.)108 187.2 R .389 +(When a process is stopped, the shell immediately e)5.39 F -.15(xe)-.15 +G .389(cutes the ne).15 F .389(xt com-)-.15 F .192 +(mand in the sequence.)108 199.2 R .192(It suf)5.192 F .192(\214ces to \ +place the sequence of commands between parentheses to force it into a) +-.25 F(subshell, which may be stopped as a unit.)108 211.2 Q(Array v)108 +228 Q(ariables may not \(yet\) be e)-.25 E(xported.)-.15 E +(There may be only one acti)108 244.8 Q .3 -.15(ve c)-.25 H +(oprocess at a time.).15 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 +E(78)192.055 E 0 Cg EP %%Trailer end %%EOF diff --git a/doc/bashbug.0 b/doc/bashbug.0 index 41fc1edbb..e40eed379 100644 --- a/doc/bashbug.0 +++ b/doc/bashbug.0 @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -BASHBUG(1) BASHBUG(1) +BASHBUG(1) General Commands Manual BASHBUG(1) @@ -27,8 +27,9 @@ DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT bbaasshhbbuugg will utilize the following environment variables if they exist: - EEDDIITTOORR Specifies the preferred editor. If EEDDIITTOORR is not set, bbaasshhbbuugg - defaults to eemmaaccss. + EEDDIITTOORR Specifies the preferred editor. If EEDDIITTOORR is not set, bbaasshhbbuugg + attempts to locate a number of alternative editors, including + eemmaaccss, and defaults to vvii. HHOOMMEE Directory in which the failed bug report is saved if the mail fails. @@ -47,4 +48,4 @@ AAUUTTHHOORRSS -GNU Bash-4.0 1998 July 30 BASHBUG(1) +GNU Bash-4.4 2016 February 15 BASHBUG(1) diff --git a/doc/bashbug.1 b/doc/bashbug.1 index 962cb9cba..61d9122ab 100644 --- a/doc/bashbug.1 +++ b/doc/bashbug.1 @@ -5,9 +5,9 @@ .\" Case Western Reserve University .\" chet@po.cwru.edu .\" -.\" Last Change: Tue Apr 3 15:46:30 EDT 2007 +.\" Last Change: Mon Feb 15 14:42:40 EST 2016 .\" -.TH BASHBUG 1 "1998 July 30" "GNU Bash-4.0" +.TH BASHBUG 1 "2016 February 15" "GNU Bash-4.4" .SH NAME bashbug \- report a bug in bash .SH SYNOPSIS @@ -43,8 +43,9 @@ Specifies the preferred editor. If .B EDITOR is not set, .B bashbug -defaults to -.BR emacs . +attempts to locate a number of alternative editors, including +.BR emacs , +and defaults to \fBvi\fP. .TP .B HOME Directory in which the failed bug report is saved if the mail fails. diff --git a/doc/bashbug.ps b/doc/bashbug.ps index efbcdda14..a5df73f55 100644 --- a/doc/bashbug.ps +++ b/doc/bashbug.ps @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ %!PS-Adobe-3.0 -%%Creator: groff version 1.19.2 -%%CreationDate: Mon Nov 17 17:38:06 2008 +%%Creator: groff version 1.22.3 +%%CreationDate: Mon Mar 28 15:34:55 2016 %%DocumentNeededResources: font Times-Roman %%+ font Times-Bold %%+ font Times-Italic -%%DocumentSuppliedResources: procset grops 1.19 2 +%%DocumentSuppliedResources: procset grops 1.22 3 %%Pages: 1 %%PageOrder: Ascend -%%DocumentMedia: Default 595 842 0 () () +%%DocumentMedia: Default 612 792 0 () () %%Orientation: Portrait %%EndComments %%BeginDefaults %%PageMedia: Default %%EndDefaults %%BeginProlog -%%BeginResource: procset grops 1.19 2 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Times-Italic grops begin/DEFS 1 dict def DEFS begin/u{.001 mul}bind def end/RES 72 -def/PL 841.89 def/LS false def/ENC0[/asciicircum/asciitilde/Scaron -/Zcaron/scaron/zcaron/Ydieresis/trademark/quotesingle/Euro/.notdef +def/PL 792 def/LS false def/ENC0[/asciicircum/asciitilde/Scaron/Zcaron +/scaron/zcaron/Ydieresis/trademark/quotesingle/Euro/.notdef/.notdef /.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef /.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef -/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/space/exclam/quotedbl/numbersign/dollar/percent +/.notdef/.notdef/space/exclam/quotedbl/numbersign/dollar/percent /ampersand/quoteright/parenleft/parenright/asterisk/plus/comma/hyphen /period/slash/zero/one/two/three/four/five/six/seven/eight/nine/colon /semicolon/less/equal/greater/question/at/A/B/C/D/E/F/G/H/I/J/K/L/M/N/O @@ -229,13 +235,14 @@ def/PL 841.89 def/LS false def/ENC0[/asciicircum/asciitilde/Scaron %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup -/F0 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zoHf0`1+M}Zx!`O#rCCW{Z?bQqA%zxZWz%~q8{P&hD|@p!%@UilEVHsQ^S{^LXS(S3 z{XNhB_j|tY^Yn5(XPrH+z4qE`uk~3%lusj+M`Wa}N=cpJVcWSIjFaUcYi$%5m+kx> zE6WiL83c&n^%&f;l!_=`0Ux-?yFH{^4<&=+<%F!_$&0e`^RkL_7z&7mLE*djZ;Xjizo9C+|9(!0IY(dN!h9)B&()bcr*igNl&L< zzGf7|!X-SKt|ydeWTsRKFHp_&l{zQ@mW_(%;e=1fn5%cm74Td~qC`@EYB|=`A{ra5 zxH^($OeMdQMq(toe7adm7*0kt07>Cr<_i9%dI$dZ94V-=S=c>;bh*v}_+(%g@&=

+ +
+ +
+

+Previous: , Up: Compound Commands   [Contents][Index]

+
+ +

3.2.4.3 Grouping Commands

+ + +

Bash provides two ways to group a list of commands to be executed as a unit. When commands are grouped, redirections may be applied to the entire command list. For example, the output of all the commands in the list may be redirected to a single stream. -

- -

-
() -
 
( list )
-

- -Placing a list of commands between parentheses causes a subshell -environment to be created (see section 3.7.3 Command Execution Environment), and each -of the commands in list to be executed in that subshell. Since the -list is executed in a subshell, variable assignments do not remain in +

+
+
()
+
+
( list )
+
+ +

Placing a list of commands between parentheses causes a subshell +environment to be created (see Command Execution Environment), and each +of the commands in list to be executed in that subshell. Since the +list is executed in a subshell, variable assignments do not remain in effect after the subshell completes. -

- -

{} -
- -
 
{ list; }
-

- -Placing a list of commands between curly braces causes the list to +

+
+
{}
+
+ +
+
{ list; }
+
+ +

Placing a list of commands between curly braces causes the list to be executed in the current shell context. No subshell is created. -The semicolon (or newline) following list is required. -

-

+The semicolon (or newline) following list is required. +

+
-In addition to the creation of a subshell, there is a subtle difference +

In addition to the creation of a subshell, there is a subtle difference between these two constructs due to historical reasons. The braces -are reserved words, so they must be separated from the list -by blanks or other shell metacharacters. -The parentheses are operators, and are +are reserved words, so they must be separated from the list +by blanks or other shell metacharacters. +The parentheses are operators, and are recognized as separate tokens by the shell even if they are not separated -from the list by whitespace. -

- -The exit status of both of these constructs is the exit status of -list. -

- - -

- - - - - - - - - - - -
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
-

3.2.5 Coprocesses

- -

- -A coprocess is a shell command preceded by the coproc +from the list by whitespace. +

+

The exit status of both of these constructs is the exit status of +list. +

+
+ +
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Shell Commands   [Contents][Index]

+
+ +

3.2.5 Coprocesses

+ + +

A coprocess is a shell command preceded by the coproc reserved word. A coprocess is executed asynchronously in a subshell, as if the command -had been terminated with the `&' control operator, with a two-way pipe +had been terminated with the ‘&’ control operator, with a two-way pipe established between the executing shell and the coprocess. -

- -The format for a coprocess is: -
 
coproc [NAME] command [redirections]
-

- -This creates a coprocess named NAME. -If NAME is not supplied, the default name is COPROC. -NAME must not be supplied if command is a simple -command (see section 3.2.1 Simple Commands); otherwise, it is interpreted as +

+

The format for a coprocess is: +

+
coproc [NAME] command [redirections]
+
+ +

This creates a coprocess named NAME. +If NAME is not supplied, the default name is COPROC. +NAME must not be supplied if command is a simple +command (see Simple Commands); otherwise, it is interpreted as the first word of the simple command. -

- -When the coprocess is executed, the shell creates an array variable -(see section 6.7 Arrays) -named NAME in the context of the executing shell. -The standard output of command +

+

When the coprocess is executed, the shell creates an array variable +(see Arrays) +named NAME in the context of the executing shell. +The standard output of command is connected via a pipe to a file descriptor in the executing shell, -and that file descriptor is assigned to NAME[0]. -The standard input of command +and that file descriptor is assigned to NAME[0]. +The standard input of command is connected via a pipe to a file descriptor in the executing shell, -and that file descriptor is assigned to NAME[1]. +and that file descriptor is assigned to NAME[1]. This pipe is established before any redirections specified by the -command (see section 3.6 Redirections). +command (see Redirections). The file descriptors can be utilized as arguments to shell commands and redirections using standard word expansions. The file descriptors are not available in subshells. -

- -The process ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is -available as the value of the variable NAME_PID. -The wait +

+

The process ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is +available as the value of the variable NAME_PID. +The wait builtin command may be used to wait for the coprocess to terminate. -

- -Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command, -the coproc command always returns success. -The return status of a coprocess is the exit status of command. -

- - -

- - - - - - - - - - - -
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
-

3.2.6 GNU Parallel

- -

- -There are ways to run commands in parallel that are not built into Bash. +

+

Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command, +the coproc command always returns success. +The return status of a coprocess is the exit status of command. +

+
+ +
+

+Previous: , Up: Shell Commands   [Contents][Index]

+
+ +

3.2.6 GNU Parallel

+ +

There are ways to run commands in parallel that are not built into Bash. GNU Parallel is a tool to do just that. -

- -GNU Parallel, as its name suggests, can be used to build and run commands +

+

GNU Parallel, as its name suggests, can be used to build and run commands in parallel. You may run the same command with different arguments, whether they are filenames, usernames, hostnames, or lines read from files. GNU Parallel provides shorthand references to many of the most common operations (input lines, various portions of the input line, different ways to specify -the input source, and so on). Parallel can replace xargs or feed +the input source, and so on). Parallel can replace xargs or feed commands from its input sources to several different instances of Bash. -

- -For a complete description, refer to the GNU Parallel documentation. A few +

+

For a complete description, refer to the GNU Parallel documentation. A few examples should provide a brief introduction to its use. -

- -For example, it is easy to replace xargs to gzip all html files in the +

+

For example, it is easy to replace xargs to gzip all html files in the current directory and its subdirectories: -
 
find . -type f -name '*.html' -print | parallel gzip
-
If you need to protect special characters such as newlines in file names, -use find's `-print0' option and parallel's `-0' option. -

- -You can use Parallel to move files from the current directory when the -number of files is too large to process with one mv invocation: -
 
ls | parallel mv {} destdir
-

- -As you can see, the {} is replaced with each line read from standard input. -While using ls will work in most instances, it is not sufficient to +

+
find . -type f -name '*.html' -print | parallel gzip
+
+

If you need to protect special characters such as newlines in file names, +use find’s -print0 option and parallel’s -0 option. +

+

You can use Parallel to move files from the current directory when the +number of files is too large to process with one mv invocation: +

+
ls | parallel mv {} destdir
+
+ +

As you can see, the {} is replaced with each line read from standard input. +While using ls will work in most instances, it is not sufficient to deal with all filenames. If you need to accommodate special characters in filenames, you can use -

- -
 
find . -depth 1 \! -name '.*' -print0 | parallel -0 mv {} destdir
-

- -as alluded to above. -

- -This will run as many mv commands as there are files in the current +

+
+
find . -depth 1 \! -name '.*' -print0 | parallel -0 mv {} destdir
+
+ +

as alluded to above. +

+

This will run as many mv commands as there are files in the current directory. -You can emulate a parallel xargs by adding the `-X' option: -
 
find . -depth 1 \! -name '.*' -print0 | parallel -0 -X mv {} destdir
-

+You can emulate a parallel xargs by adding the -X option: +

+
find . -depth 1 \! -name '.*' -print0 | parallel -0 -X mv {} destdir
+
-GNU Parallel can replace certain common idioms that operate on lines read +

GNU Parallel can replace certain common idioms that operate on lines read from a file (in this case, filenames listed one per line): -
 
	while IFS= read -r x; do
-		do-something1 "$x" "config-$x"
-		do-something2 < "$x"
-	done < file | process-output
-

- -with a more compact syntax reminiscent of lambdas: -
 
cat list | parallel "do-something1 {} config-{} ; do-something2 < {}" | process-output
-

- -Parallel provides a built-in mechanism to remove filename extensions, which +

+
	while IFS= read -r x; do
+		do-something1 "$x" "config-$x"
+		do-something2 < "$x"
+	done < file | process-output
+
+ +

with a more compact syntax reminiscent of lambdas: +

+
cat list | parallel "do-something1 {} config-{} ; do-something2 < {}" | process-output
+
+ +

Parallel provides a built-in mechanism to remove filename extensions, which lends itself to batch file transformations or renaming: -
 
ls *.gz | parallel -j+0 "zcat {} | bzip2 >{.}.bz2 && rm {}"
-
This will recompress all files in the current directory with names ending +

+
ls *.gz | parallel -j+0 "zcat {} | bzip2 >{.}.bz2 && rm {}"
+
+

This will recompress all files in the current directory with names ending in .gz using bzip2, running one job per CPU (-j+0) in parallel. -(We use ls for brevity here; using find as above is more +(We use ls for brevity here; using find as above is more robust in the face of filenames containing unexpected characters.) Parallel can take arguments from the command line; the above can also be written as -

+

+
+
parallel "zcat {} | bzip2 >{.}.bz2 && rm {}" ::: *.gz
+
-
 
parallel "zcat {} | bzip2 >{.}.bz2 && rm {}" ::: *.gz
-

- -If a command generates output, you may want to preserve the input order in +

If a command generates output, you may want to preserve the input order in the output. For instance, the following command -
 
{ echo foss.org.my ; echo debian.org; echo freenetproject.org; } | parallel traceroute
-
will display as output the traceroute invocation that finishes first. -Adding the `-k' option -
 
{ echo foss.org.my ; echo debian.org; echo freenetproject.org; } | parallel -k traceroute
-
will ensure that the output of traceroute foss.org.my is displayed first. -

- -Finally, Parallel can be used to run a sequence of shell commands in parallel, -similar to `cat file | bash'. +

+
{ echo foss.org.my ; echo debian.org; echo freenetproject.org; } | parallel traceroute
+
+

will display as output the traceroute invocation that finishes first. +Adding the -k option +

+
{ echo foss.org.my ; echo debian.org; echo freenetproject.org; } | parallel -k traceroute
+
+

will ensure that the output of traceroute foss.org.my is displayed first. +

+

Finally, Parallel can be used to run a sequence of shell commands in parallel, +similar to ‘cat file | bash’. It is not uncommon to take a list of filenames, create a series of shell commands to operate on them, and feed that list of commnds to a shell. -Parallel can speed this up. Assuming that `file' contains a list of +Parallel can speed this up. Assuming that file contains a list of shell commands, one per line, -

- -
 
parallel -j 10 < file
-

+

+
+
parallel -j 10 < file
+
-will evaluate the commands using the shell (since no explicit command is +

will evaluate the commands using the shell (since no explicit command is supplied as an argument), in blocks of ten shell jobs at a time. -

- - -

- - - - - - - - - - - -
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
-

3.3 Shell Functions

- -

- -Shell functions are a way to group commands for later execution +

+
+ +
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Basic Shell Features   [Contents][Index]

+
+ +

3.3 Shell Functions

+ + + +

Shell functions are a way to group commands for later execution using a single name for the group. They are executed just like -a "regular" command. +a "regular" command. When the name of a shell function is used as a simple command name, the list of commands associated with that function name is executed. Shell functions are executed in the current shell context; no new process is created to interpret them. -

- -Functions are declared using this syntax: - -
 
name () compound-command [ redirections ]
-

- -or -

- -
 
function name [()] compound-command [ redirections ]
-

- -This defines a shell function named name. The reserved -word function is optional. -If the function reserved +

+

Functions are declared using this syntax: + +

+
name () compound-command [ redirections ]
+
+ +

or +

+
+
function name [()] compound-command [ redirections ]
+
+ +

This defines a shell function named name. The reserved +word function is optional. +If the function reserved word is supplied, the parentheses are optional. -The body of the function is the compound command -compound-command (see section 3.2.4 Compound Commands). -That command is usually a list enclosed between { and }, but -may be any compound command listed above. -compound-command is executed whenever name is specified as the +The body of the function is the compound command +compound-command (see Compound Commands). +That command is usually a list enclosed between { and }, but +may be any compound command listed above, +with one exception: If the function reserved word is used, but the +parentheses are not supplied, the braces are required. +compound-command is executed whenever name is specified as the name of a command. -When the shell is in POSIX mode (see section 6.11 Bash POSIX Mode), -name may not be the same as one of the special builtins -(see section 4.4 Special Builtins). -Any redirections (see section 3.6 Redirections) associated with the shell function +When the shell is in POSIX mode (see Bash POSIX Mode), +name may not be the same as one of the special builtins +(see Special Builtins). +Any redirections (see Redirections) associated with the shell function are performed when the function is executed. -

- -A function definition may be deleted using the `-f' option to the -unset builtin (see section 4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins). -

- -The exit status of a function definition is zero unless a syntax error +

+

A function definition may be deleted using the -f option to the +unset builtin (see Bourne Shell Builtins). +

+

The exit status of a function definition is zero unless a syntax error occurs or a readonly function with the same name already exists. When executed, the exit status of a function is the exit status of the last command executed in the body. -

- -Note that for historical reasons, in the most common usage the curly braces +

+

Note that for historical reasons, in the most common usage the curly braces that surround the body of the function must be separated from the body by -blanks or newlines. +blanks or newlines. This is because the braces are reserved words and are only recognized as such when they are separated from the command list by whitespace or another shell metacharacter. -Also, when using the braces, the list must be terminated by a semicolon, -a `&', or a newline. -

- -When a function is executed, the arguments to the +Also, when using the braces, the list must be terminated by a semicolon, +a ‘&’, or a newline. +

+

When a function is executed, the arguments to the function become the positional parameters -during its execution (see section 3.4.1 Positional Parameters). -The special parameter `#' that expands to the number of +during its execution (see Positional Parameters). +The special parameter ‘#’ that expands to the number of positional parameters is updated to reflect the change. -Special parameter 0 is unchanged. -The first element of the FUNCNAME variable is set to the +Special parameter 0 is unchanged. +The first element of the FUNCNAME variable is set to the name of the function while the function is executing. -

- -All other aspects of the shell execution +

+

All other aspects of the shell execution environment are identical between a function and its caller with these exceptions: -the DEBUG and RETURN traps +the DEBUG and RETURN traps are not inherited unless the function has been given the -trace attribute using the declare builtin or -the -o functrace option has been enabled with -the set builtin, -(in which case all functions inherit the DEBUG and RETURN traps), -and the ERR trap is not inherited unless the -o errtrace +trace attribute using the declare builtin or +the -o functrace option has been enabled with +the set builtin, +(in which case all functions inherit the DEBUG and RETURN traps), +and the ERR trap is not inherited unless the -o errtrace shell option has been enabled. -See section 4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins, for the description of the -trap builtin. -

- -The FUNCNEST variable, if set to a numeric value greater +See Bourne Shell Builtins, for the description of the +trap builtin. +

+

The FUNCNEST variable, if set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a maximum function nesting level. Function invocations that exceed the limit cause the entire command to abort. -

- -If the builtin command return +

+

If the builtin command return is executed in a function, the function completes and execution resumes with the next command after the function call. -Any command associated with the RETURN trap is executed +Any command associated with the RETURN trap is executed before execution resumes. When a function completes, the values of the -positional parameters and the special parameter `#' -are restored to the values they had prior to the function's -execution. If a numeric argument is given to return, -that is the function's return status; otherwise the function's +positional parameters and the special parameter ‘#’ +are restored to the values they had prior to the function’s +execution. If a numeric argument is given to return, +that is the function’s return status; otherwise the function’s return status is the exit status of the last command executed -before the return. -

- -Variables local to the function may be declared with the -local builtin. These variables are visible only to +before the return. +

+

Variables local to the function may be declared with the +local builtin. These variables are visible only to the function and the commands it invokes. -

- -Function names and definitions may be listed with the -`-f' option to the declare (typeset) -builtin command (see section 4.2 Bash Builtin Commands). -The `-F' option to declare or typeset +

+

Function names and definitions may be listed with the +-f option to the declare (typeset) +builtin command (see Bash Builtins). +The -F option to declare or typeset will list the function names only -(and optionally the source file and line number, if the extdebug +(and optionally the source file and line number, if the extdebug shell option is enabled). Functions may be exported so that subshells automatically have them defined with the -`-f' option to the export builtin -(see section 4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins). +-f option to the export builtin +(see Bourne Shell Builtins). Note that shell functions and variables with the same name may result in multiple identically-named entries in the environment passed to the -shell's children. +shell’s children. Care should be taken in cases where this may cause a problem. -

- -Functions may be recursive. -The FUNCNEST variable may be used to limit the depth of the +

+

Functions may be recursive. +The FUNCNEST variable may be used to limit the depth of the function call stack and restrict the number of function invocations. By default, no limit is placed on the number of recursive calls. -

- - -

- - - - - - - - - - - -
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
-

3.4 Shell Parameters

- -

- -

- - -
3.4.1 Positional Parameters  The shell's command-line arguments.
3.4.2 Special Parameters  Parameters denoted by special characters.
-

- -A parameter is an entity that stores values. -It can be a name, a number, or one of the special characters +

+
+ +
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Basic Shell Features   [Contents][Index]

+
+ +

3.4 Shell Parameters

+ + + + + + + +
• Positional Parameters:  The shell’s command-line arguments. +
• Special Parameters:  Parameters denoted by special characters. +
+ +

A parameter is an entity that stores values. +It can be a name, a number, or one of the special characters listed below. -A variable is a parameter denoted by a name. -A variable has a value and zero or more attributes. -Attributes are assigned using the declare builtin command -(see the description of the declare builtin in 4.2 Bash Builtin Commands). -

- -A parameter is set if it has been assigned a value. The null string is +A variable is a parameter denoted by a name. +A variable has a value and zero or more attributes. +Attributes are assigned using the declare builtin command +(see the description of the declare builtin in Bash Builtins). +

+

A parameter is set if it has been assigned a value. The null string is a valid value. Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using -the unset builtin command. -

- -A variable may be assigned to by a statement of the form -
 
name=[value]
-
If value +the unset builtin command. +

+

A variable may be assigned to by a statement of the form +

+
name=[value]
+
+

If value is not given, the variable is assigned the null string. All -values undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, +values undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote -removal (detailed below). If the variable has its integer -attribute set, then value -is evaluated as an arithmetic expression even if the $((...)) -expansion is not used (see section 3.5.5 Arithmetic Expansion). +removal (detailed below). If the variable has its integer +attribute set, then value +is evaluated as an arithmetic expression even if the $((…)) +expansion is not used (see Arithmetic Expansion). Word splitting is not performed, with the exception -of "$@" as explained below. +of "$@" as explained below. Filename expansion is not performed. Assignment statements may also appear as arguments to the -alias, -declare, typeset, export, readonly, -and local builtin commands. -When in POSIX mode (see section 6.11 Bash POSIX Mode), these builtins may appear -in a command after one or more instances of the command builtin +alias, +declare, typeset, export, readonly, +and local builtin commands (declaration commands). +When in POSIX mode (see Bash POSIX Mode), these builtins may appear +in a command after one or more instances of the command builtin and retain these assignment statement properties. -

- -In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value -to a shell variable or array index (see section 6.7 Arrays), the `+=' +

+

In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value +to a shell variable or array index (see Arrays), the ‘+=’ operator can be used to -append to or add to the variable's previous value. -When `+=' is applied to a variable for which the integer attribute -has been set, value is evaluated as an arithmetic expression and -added to the variable's current value, which is also evaluated. -When `+=' is applied to an array variable using compound assignment -(see section 6.7 Arrays), the -variable's value is not unset (as it is when using `='), and new -values are appended to the array beginning at one greater than the array's +append to or add to the variable’s previous value. +This includes arguments to builtin commands such as declare that +accept assignment statements (declaration commands). +When ‘+=’ is applied to a variable for which the integer attribute +has been set, value is evaluated as an arithmetic expression and +added to the variable’s current value, which is also evaluated. +When ‘+=’ is applied to an array variable using compound assignment +(see Arrays), the +variable’s value is not unset (as it is when using ‘=’), and new +values are appended to the array beginning at one greater than the array’s maximum index (for indexed arrays), or added as additional key-value pairs in an associative array. -When applied to a string-valued variable, value is expanded and -appended to the variable's value. -

- -A variable can be assigned the nameref attribute using the -`-n' option to the \fBdeclare\fP or \fBlocal\fP builtin commands -(see section 4.2 Bash Builtin Commands) -to create a nameref, or a reference to another variable. +When applied to a string-valued variable, value is expanded and +appended to the variable’s value. +

+

A variable can be assigned the nameref attribute using the +-n option to the declare or local builtin commands +(see Bash Builtins) +to create a nameref, or a reference to another variable. This allows variables to be manipulated indirectly. -Whenever the nameref variable is referenced or assigned to, the operation -is actually performed on the variable specified by the nameref variable's -value. +Whenever the nameref variable is referenced, assigned to, unset, or has +its attributes modified (other than using or changing the nameref +attribute itself), the +operation is actually performed on the variable specified by the nameref +variable’s value. A nameref is commonly used within shell functions to refer to a variable whose name is passed as an argument to the function. For instance, if a variable name is passed to a shell function as its first argument, running -
 
declare -n ref=$1
-
inside the function creates a nameref variable ref whose value is +

+
declare -n ref=$1
+
+

inside the function creates a nameref variable ref whose value is the variable name passed as the first argument. -References and assignments to ref are treated as references and -assignments to the variable whose name was passed as $1. -

- -If the control variable in a for loop has the nameref attribute, +References and assignments to ref, and changes to its attributes, +are treated as references, assignments, and attribute modifications +to the variable whose name was passed as $1. +

+

If the control variable in a for loop has the nameref attribute, the list of words can be a list of shell variables, and a name reference will be established for each word in the list, in turn, when the loop is executed. -Array variables cannot be given the `-n' attribute. +Array variables cannot be given the nameref attribute. However, nameref variables can reference array variables and subscripted array variables. -Namerefs can be unset using the `-n' option to the unset builtin -(see section 4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins). -Otherwise, if unset is executed with the name of a nameref variable +Namerefs can be unset using the -n option to the unset builtin +(see Bourne Shell Builtins). +Otherwise, if unset is executed with the name of a nameref variable as an argument, the variable referenced by the nameref variable will be unset. -

- - -

- - - - - - - - - - - -
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-

3.4.1 Positional Parameters

- -

- -A positional parameter is a parameter denoted by one or more -digits, other than the single digit 0. Positional parameters are -assigned from the shell's arguments when it is invoked, -and may be reassigned using the set builtin command. -Positional parameter N may be referenced as ${N}, or -as $N when N consists of a single digit. +

+
+ +
+

+Next: , Up: Shell Parameters   [Contents][Index]

+
+ +

3.4.1 Positional Parameters

+ + +

A positional parameter is a parameter denoted by one or more +digits, other than the single digit 0. Positional parameters are +assigned from the shell’s arguments when it is invoked, +and may be reassigned using the set builtin command. +Positional parameter N may be referenced as ${N}, or +as $N when N consists of a single digit. Positional parameters may not be assigned to with assignment statements. -The set and shift builtins are used to set and -unset them (see section 4. Shell Builtin Commands). +The set and shift builtins are used to set and +unset them (see Shell Builtin Commands). The positional parameters are temporarily replaced when a shell function is executed -(see section 3.3 Shell Functions). -

- -When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single +(see Shell Functions). +

+

When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single digit is expanded, it must be enclosed in braces. -

- - -

- - - - - - - - - - - -
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
-

3.4.2 Special Parameters

- -

- -The shell treats several parameters specially. These parameters may +

+
+ +
+

+Previous: , Up: Shell Parameters   [Contents][Index]

+
+ +

3.4.2 Special Parameters

+ + +

The shell treats several parameters specially. These parameters may only be referenced; assignment to them is not allowed. -

- -

- - -
* -
- -($*) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. +

+
+
* + +
+
+

($*) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When the expansion is not within double quotes, each positional parameter expands to a separate word. In contexts where it is performed, those words are subject to further word splitting and pathname expansion. When the expansion occurs within double quotes, it expands to a single word -with the value of each parameter separated by the first character -of the IFS -special variable. That is, "$*" is equivalent -to "$1c$2c...", where c -is the first character of the value of the IFS +with the value of each parameter separated by the first character of the +IFS special variable. That is, "$*" is equivalent +to "$1c$2c…", where c +is the first character of the value of the IFS variable. -If IFS is unset, the parameters are separated by spaces. -If IFS is null, the parameters are joined without intervening +If IFS is unset, the parameters are separated by spaces. +If IFS is null, the parameters are joined without intervening separators. -

- - -

@ -
- -($@) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When the +

+
+
@ + +
+
+

($@) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When the expansion occurs within double quotes, each parameter expands to a -separate word. That is, "$@" is equivalent to -"$1" "$2" .... +separate word. That is, "$@" is equivalent to +"$1" "$2" …. If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the original word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last part of the original word. -When there are no positional parameters, "$@" and -$@ +When there are no positional parameters, "$@" and +$@ expand to nothing (i.e., they are removed). -

- - -

# -
- -($#) Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal. -

- - -

? -
- -($?) Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed foreground +

+
+
# + +
+
+

($#) Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal. +

+
+
? + +
+
+

($?) Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed foreground pipeline. -

- - -

- -
- -($-, a hyphen.) Expands to the current option flags as specified upon -invocation, by the set +

+
+
- + +
+
+

($-, a hyphen.) Expands to the current option flags as specified upon +invocation, by the set builtin command, or those set by the shell itself -(such as the `-i' option). -

- - -

$ -
- -($$) Expands to the process ID of the shell. In a () subshell, it -expands to the process ID of the invoking shell, not the subshell. -

- - -

! -
- -($!) Expands to the process ID of the job most recently placed into the +(such as the -i option). +

+
+
$ + +
+
+

($$) Expands to the process ID of the shell. In a () subshell, it +expands to the process ID of the invoking shell, not the subshell. +

+
+
! + +
+
+

($!) Expands to the process ID of the job most recently placed into the background, whether executed as an asynchronous command or using -the bg builtin (see section 7.2 Job Control Builtins). -

- - -

0 -
- -($0) Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is set at +the bg builtin (see Job Control Builtins). +

+
+
0 + +
+
+

($0) Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is set at shell initialization. If Bash is invoked with a file of commands -(see section 3.8 Shell Scripts), $0 is set to the name of that file. -If Bash is started with the `-c' option (see section 6.1 Invoking Bash), -then $0 is set to the first argument after the string to be +(see Shell Scripts), $0 is set to the name of that file. +If Bash is started with the -c option (see Invoking Bash), +then $0 is set to the first argument after the string to be executed, if one is present. Otherwise, it is set to the filename used to invoke Bash, as given by argument zero. -

- - -

_ -
- -($_, an underscore.) +

+
+
_ + +
+
+

($_, an underscore.) At shell startup, set to the absolute pathname used to invoke the shell or shell script being executed as passed in the environment or argument list. @@ -2144,404 +2140,367 @@ after expansion. Also set to the full pathname used to invoke each command executed and placed in the environment exported to that command. When checking mail, this parameter holds the name of the mail file. -

-

- - -

- - - - - - - - - - - -
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
-

3.5 Shell Expansions

- -

- -Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been split into -tokens. There are seven kinds of expansion performed: -

- -

    -
  • brace expansion -
  • tilde expansion -
  • parameter and variable expansion -
  • command substitution -
  • arithmetic expansion -
  • word splitting -
  • filename expansion -
-

- -

- - - - - - - - - -
3.5.1 Brace Expansion  Expansion of expressions within braces.
3.5.2 Tilde Expansion  Expansion of the ~ character.
3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion  How Bash expands variables to their values.
3.5.4 Command Substitution  Using the output of a command as an argument.
3.5.5 Arithmetic Expansion  How to use arithmetic in shell expansions.
3.5.6 Process Substitution  A way to write and read to and from a - command.
3.5.7 Word Splitting  How the results of expansion are split into separate - arguments.
3.5.8 Filename Expansion  A shorthand for specifying filenames matching patterns.
3.5.9 Quote Removal  How and when quote characters are removed from - words.
-

- -The order of expansions is: +

+
+ +
+ +
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Basic Shell Features   [Contents][Index]

+
+ +

3.5 Shell Expansions

+ + +

Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been split into +tokens. There are seven kinds of expansion performed: +

+
    +
  • brace expansion +
  • tilde expansion +
  • parameter and variable expansion +
  • command substitution +
  • arithmetic expansion +
  • word splitting +
  • filename expansion +
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
• Brace Expansion:  Expansion of expressions within braces. +
• Tilde Expansion:  Expansion of the ~ character. +
• Shell Parameter Expansion:  How Bash expands variables to their values. +
• Command Substitution:  Using the output of a command as an argument. +
• Arithmetic Expansion:  How to use arithmetic in shell expansions. +
• Process Substitution:  A way to write and read to and from a + command. +
• Word Splitting:  How the results of expansion are split into separate + arguments. +
• Filename Expansion:  A shorthand for specifying filenames matching patterns. +
• Quote Removal:  How and when quote characters are removed from + words. +
+ +

The order of expansions is: brace expansion; tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, and command substitution (done in a left-to-right fashion); word splitting; and filename expansion. -

- -On systems that can support it, there is an additional expansion -available: process substitution. +

+

On systems that can support it, there is an additional expansion +available: process substitution. This is performed at the same time as tilde, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and command substitution. -

- -Only brace expansion, word splitting, and filename expansion +

+

After these expansions are performed, quote characters present in the +original word are removed unless they have been quoted themselves +(quote removal). +

+

Only brace expansion, word splitting, and filename expansion can change the number of words of the expansion; other expansions expand a single word to a single word. The only exceptions to this are the expansions of -"$@" (see section 3.4.2 Special Parameters) and "${name[@]}" -(see section 6.7 Arrays). -

- -After all expansions, quote removal (see section 3.5.9 Quote Removal) +"$@" (see Special Parameters) and "${name[@]}" +(see Arrays). +

+

After all expansions, quote removal (see Quote Removal) is performed. -

- - -

- - - - - - - - - - - -
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
-

3.5.1 Brace Expansion

- -

- -Brace expansion is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be generated. +

+
+ +
+

+Next: , Up: Shell Expansions   [Contents][Index]

+
+ +

3.5.1 Brace Expansion

+ + + +

Brace expansion is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be generated. This mechanism is similar to -filename expansion (see section 3.5.8 Filename Expansion), +filename expansion (see Filename Expansion), but the filenames generated need not exist. -Patterns to be brace expanded take the form of an optional preamble, +Patterns to be brace expanded take the form of an optional preamble, followed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a sequence expression between a pair of braces, -followed by an optional postscript. +followed by an optional postscript. The preamble is prefixed to each string contained within the braces, and the postscript is then appended to each resulting string, expanding left to right. -

- -Brace expansions may be nested. +

+

Brace expansions may be nested. The results of each expanded string are not sorted; left to right order is preserved. For example, -
 
bash$ echo a{d,c,b}e
+

+
bash$ echo a{d,c,b}e
 ade ace abe
-

+ -A sequence expression takes the form {x..y[..incr]}, -where x and y are either integers or single characters, -and incr, an optional increment, is an integer. +

A sequence expression takes the form {x..y[..incr]}, +where x and y are either integers or single characters, +and incr, an optional increment, is an integer. When integers are supplied, the expression expands to each number between -x and y, inclusive. -Supplied integers may be prefixed with `0' to force each term to have the +x and y, inclusive. +Supplied integers may be prefixed with ‘0’ to force each term to have the same width. -When either x or y begins with a zero, the shell +When either x or y begins with a zero, the shell attempts to force all generated terms to contain the same number of digits, zero-padding where necessary. When characters are supplied, the expression expands to each character -lexicographically between x and y, inclusive, +lexicographically between x and y, inclusive, using the default C locale. -Note that both x and y must be of the same type. +Note that both x and y must be of the same type. When the increment is supplied, it is used as the difference between each term. The default increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate. -

- -Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions, +

+

Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions, and any characters special to other expansions are preserved in the result. It is strictly textual. Bash does not apply any syntactic interpretation to the context of the expansion or the text between the braces. -To avoid conflicts with parameter expansion, the string `${' +To avoid conflicts with parameter expansion, the string ‘${’ is not considered eligible for brace expansion. -

- -A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening +

+

A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening and closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma or a valid sequence expression. Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged. -

- -A { or `,' may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its +

+

A { or ‘,’ may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its being considered part of a brace expression. -To avoid conflicts with parameter expansion, the string `${' +To avoid conflicts with parameter expansion, the string ‘${’ is not considered eligible for brace expansion. -

- -This construct is typically used as shorthand when the common +

+

This construct is typically used as shorthand when the common prefix of the strings to be generated is longer than in the above example: -
 
mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,new,dist,bugs}
-
or -
 
chown root /usr/{ucb/{ex,edit},lib/{ex?.?*,how_ex}}
-

- - -

- - - - - - - - - - - -
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
-

3.5.2 Tilde Expansion

- -

- -If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character (`~'), all of the +

+
mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,new,dist,bugs}
+
+

or +

+
chown root /usr/{ucb/{ex,edit},lib/{ex?.?*,how_ex}}
+
+ +
+ +
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Shell Expansions   [Contents][Index]

+
+ +

3.5.2 Tilde Expansion

+ + + +

If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character (‘~’), all of the characters up to the first unquoted slash (or all characters, -if there is no unquoted slash) are considered a tilde-prefix. +if there is no unquoted slash) are considered a tilde-prefix. If none of the characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the characters in the tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a -possible login name. +possible login name. If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the -value of the HOME shell variable. -If HOME is unset, the home directory of the user executing the +value of the HOME shell variable. +If HOME is unset, the home directory of the user executing the shell is substituted instead. Otherwise, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory associated with the specified login name. -

- -If the tilde-prefix is `~+', the value of -the shell variable PWD replaces the tilde-prefix. -If the tilde-prefix is `~-', the value of the shell variable -OLDPWD, if it is set, is substituted. -

- -If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a -number N, optionally prefixed by a `+' or a `-', +

+

If the tilde-prefix is ‘~+’, the value of +the shell variable PWD replaces the tilde-prefix. +If the tilde-prefix is ‘~-’, the value of the shell variable +OLDPWD, if it is set, is substituted. +

+

If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a +number N, optionally prefixed by a ‘+’ or a ‘-’, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the corresponding element from the directory stack, as it would be displayed -by the dirs builtin invoked with the characters following tilde -in the tilde-prefix as an argument (see section 6.8 The Directory Stack). +by the dirs builtin invoked with the characters following tilde +in the tilde-prefix as an argument (see The Directory Stack). If the tilde-prefix, sans the tilde, consists of a number without a -leading `+' or `-', `+' is assumed. -

- -If the login name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the word is +leading ‘+’ or ‘-’, ‘+’ is assumed. +

+

If the login name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the word is left unchanged. -

- -Each variable assignment is checked for unquoted tilde-prefixes immediately -following a `:' or the first `='. +

+

Each variable assignment is checked for unquoted tilde-prefixes immediately +following a ‘:’ or the first ‘=’. In these cases, tilde expansion is also performed. Consequently, one may use filenames with tildes in assignments to -PATH, MAILPATH, and CDPATH, +PATH, MAILPATH, and CDPATH, and the shell assigns the expanded value. -

- -The following table shows how Bash treats unquoted tilde-prefixes: -

- -

-
~ -
The value of $HOME -
~/foo -
`$HOME/foo' -

- -

~fred/foo -
The subdirectory foo of the home directory of the user -fred -

- -

~+/foo -
`$PWD/foo' -

- -

~-/foo -
`${OLDPWD-'~-'}/foo' -

- -

~N -
The string that would be displayed by `dirs +N' -

- -

~+N -
The string that would be displayed by `dirs +N' -

- -

~-N -
The string that would be displayed by `dirs -N' -
-

- - -

- - - - - - - - - - - -
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
-

3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion

- -

- -The `$' character introduces parameter expansion, +

+

The following table shows how Bash treats unquoted tilde-prefixes: +

+
+
~
+

The value of $HOME +

+
~/foo
+

$HOME/foo +

+
+
~fred/foo
+

The subdirectory foo of the home directory of the user +fred +

+
+
~+/foo
+

$PWD/foo +

+
+
~-/foo
+

${OLDPWD-'~-'}/foo +

+
+
~N
+

The string that would be displayed by ‘dirs +N’ +

+
+
~+N
+

The string that would be displayed by ‘dirs +N’ +

+
+
~-N
+

The string that would be displayed by ‘dirs -N’ +

+
+ +
+ +
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Shell Expansions   [Contents][Index]

+
+ +

3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion

+ + + +

The ‘$’ character introduces parameter expansion, command substitution, or arithmetic expansion. The parameter name or symbol to be expanded may be enclosed in braces, which are optional but serve to protect the variable to be expanded from characters immediately following it which could be interpreted as part of the name. -

- -When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first `}' +

+

When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first ‘}’ not escaped by a backslash or within a quoted string, and not within an embedded arithmetic expansion, command substitution, or parameter expansion. -

- -The basic form of parameter expansion is ${parameter}. -The value of parameter is substituted. -The parameter is a shell parameter as described above -(see section 3.4 Shell Parameters) or an array reference (see section 6.7 Arrays). -The braces are required when parameter +

+

The basic form of parameter expansion is ${parameter}. +The value of parameter is substituted. +The parameter is a shell parameter as described above +(see Shell Parameters) or an array reference (see Arrays). +The braces are required when parameter is a positional parameter with more than one digit, -or when parameter is followed by a character that is not to be +or when parameter is followed by a character that is not to be interpreted as part of its name. -

- -If the first character of parameter is an exclamation point (!), +

+

If the first character of parameter is an exclamation point (!), +and parameter is not a nameref, it introduces a level of variable indirection. Bash uses the value of the variable formed from the rest of -parameter as the name of the variable; this variable is then +parameter as the name of the variable; this variable is then expanded and that value is used in the rest of the substitution, rather -than the value of parameter itself. -This is known as indirect expansion. -The exceptions to this are the expansions of ${!prefix*} -and ${!name[@]} +than the value of parameter itself. +This is known as indirect expansion. +If parameter is a nameref, this expands to the name of the +variable referenced by parameter instead of performing the +complete indirect expansion. +The exceptions to this are the expansions of ${!prefix*} +and ${!name[@]} described below. The exclamation point must immediately follow the left brace in order to introduce indirection. -

- -In each of the cases below, word is subject to tilde expansion, +

+

In each of the cases below, word is subject to tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. -

- -When not performing substring expansion, using the form described -below (e.g., `:-'), Bash tests for a parameter that is unset or null. +

+

When not performing substring expansion, using the form described +below (e.g., ‘:-’), Bash tests for a parameter that is unset or null. Omitting the colon results in a test only for a parameter that is unset. Put another way, if the colon is included, -the operator tests for both parameter's existence and that its value +the operator tests for both parameter’s existence and that its value is not null; if the colon is omitted, the operator tests only for existence. -

- -

- -
${parameter:-word} -
If parameter is unset or null, the expansion of -word is substituted. Otherwise, the value of -parameter is substituted. -

- -

${parameter:=word} -
If parameter -is unset or null, the expansion of word -is assigned to parameter. -The value of parameter is then substituted. +

+
+
${parameter:-word}
+

If parameter is unset or null, the expansion of +word is substituted. Otherwise, the value of +parameter is substituted. +

+
+
${parameter:=word}
+

If parameter +is unset or null, the expansion of word +is assigned to parameter. +The value of parameter is then substituted. Positional parameters and special parameters may not be assigned to in this way. -

- -

${parameter:?word} -
If parameter -is null or unset, the expansion of word (or a message -to that effect if word +

+
+
${parameter:?word}
+

If parameter +is null or unset, the expansion of word (or a message +to that effect if word is not present) is written to the standard error and the shell, if it -is not interactive, exits. Otherwise, the value of parameter is +is not interactive, exits. Otherwise, the value of parameter is substituted. -

- -

${parameter:+word} -
If parameter +

+
+
${parameter:+word}
+

If parameter is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise the expansion of -word is substituted. -

- -

${parameter:offset} -
${parameter:offset:length} -
This is referred to as Substring Expansion. -It expands to up to length characters of the value of parameter -starting at the character specified by offset. -If parameter is `@', an indexed array subscripted by -`@' or `*', or an associative array name, the results differ as +word is substituted. +

+
+
${parameter:offset}
+
${parameter:offset:length}
+

This is referred to as Substring Expansion. +It expands to up to length characters of the value of parameter +starting at the character specified by offset. +If parameter is ‘@’, an indexed array subscripted by +‘@’ or ‘*’, or an associative array name, the results differ as described below. -If length is omitted, it expands to the substring of the value of -parameter starting at the character specified by offset +If length is omitted, it expands to the substring of the value of +parameter starting at the character specified by offset and extending to the end of the value. -length and offset are arithmetic expressions -(see section 6.5 Shell Arithmetic). -

- -If offset evaluates to a number less than zero, the value +length and offset are arithmetic expressions +(see Shell Arithmetic). +

+

If offset evaluates to a number less than zero, the value is used as an offset in characters -from the end of the value of parameter. -If length evaluates to a number less than zero, +from the end of the value of parameter. +If length evaluates to a number less than zero, it is interpreted as an offset in characters -from the end of the value of parameter rather than +from the end of the value of parameter rather than a number of characters, and the expansion is the characters between -offset and that result. +offset and that result. Note that a negative offset must be separated from the colon by at least -one space to avoid being confused with the `:-' expansion. -

- -Here are some examples illustrating substring expansion on parameters and +one space to avoid being confused with the ‘:-’ expansion. +

+

Here are some examples illustrating substring expansion on parameters and subscripted arrays: -

- -@verbatim -$ string=01234567890abcdefgh +

+
$ string=01234567890abcdefgh
 $ echo ${string:7}
 7890abcdefgh
 $ echo ${string:7:0}
-

 
 $ echo ${string:7:2}
 78
@@ -2550,7 +2509,6 @@ $ echo ${string:7:-2}
 $ echo ${string: -7}
 bcdefgh
 $ echo ${string: -7:0}
-

 
 $ echo ${string: -7:2}
 bc
@@ -2560,7 +2518,6 @@ $ set -- 01234567890abcdefgh
 $ echo ${1:7}
 7890abcdefgh
 $ echo ${1:7:0}
-

 
 $ echo ${1:7:2}
 78
@@ -2569,7 +2526,6 @@ $ echo ${1:7:-2}
 $ echo ${1: -7}
 bcdefgh
 $ echo ${1: -7:0}
-

 
 $ echo ${1: -7:2}
 bc
@@ -2579,7 +2535,6 @@ $ array[0]=01234567890abcdefgh
 $ echo ${array[0]:7}
 7890abcdefgh
 $ echo ${array[0]:7:0}
-

 
 $ echo ${array[0]:7:2}
 78
@@ -2588,60 +2543,51 @@ $ echo ${array[0]:7:-2}
 $ echo ${array[0]: -7}
 bcdefgh
 $ echo ${array[0]: -7:0}
-

 
 $ echo ${array[0]: -7:2}
 bc
 $ echo ${array[0]: -7:-2}
 bcdef
-

-
-If parameter is `@', the result is length positional
-parameters beginning at offset.
-A negative offset is taken relative to one greater than the greatest
+
+

If parameter is ‘@’, the result is length positional +parameters beginning at offset. +A negative offset is taken relative to one greater than the greatest positional parameter, so an offset of -1 evaluates to the last positional parameter. -It is an expansion error if length evaluates to a number less than zero. -

- -The following examples illustrate substring expansion using positional +It is an expansion error if length evaluates to a number less than zero. +

+

The following examples illustrate substring expansion using positional parameters: -

- -@verbatim -$ set -- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h -$ echo ${7} +

+
$ set -- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h
+$ echo ${@:7}
 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h
-$ echo ${7:0}
-

+$ echo ${@:7:0}
 
-$ echo ${7:2}
+$ echo ${@:7:2}
 7 8
-$ echo ${7:-2}
-bash: -2: substring expression < 0
-$ echo ${ -7:2}
+$ echo ${@:7:-2}
+bash: -2: substring expression < 0
+$ echo ${@: -7:2}
 b c
-$ echo ${0}
+$ echo ${@:0}
 ./bash 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h
-$ echo ${0:2}
+$ echo ${@:0:2}
 ./bash 1
-$ echo ${ -7:0}
-

+$ echo ${@: -7:0}
 
-If parameter is an indexed array name subscripted
-by `@' or `*', the result is the length
-members of the array beginning with ${parameter[offset]}.
-A negative offset is taken relative to one greater than the maximum
+
+

If parameter is an indexed array name subscripted +by ‘@’ or ‘*’, the result is the length +members of the array beginning with ${parameter[offset]}. +A negative offset is taken relative to one greater than the maximum index of the specified array. -It is an expansion error if length evaluates to a number less than zero. -

- -These examples show how you can use substring expansion with indexed +It is an expansion error if length evaluates to a number less than zero. +

+

These examples show how you can use substring expansion with indexed arrays: -

- -@verbatim -$ array=(0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h) +

+
$ array=(0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h)
 $ echo ${array[@]:7}
 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h
 $ echo ${array[@]:7:2}
@@ -2649,566 +2595,548 @@ $ echo ${array[@]:7:2}
 $ echo ${array[@]: -7:2}
 b c
 $ echo ${array[@]: -7:-2}
-bash: -2: substring expression < 0
+bash: -2: substring expression < 0
 $ echo ${array[@]:0}
 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h
 $ echo ${array[@]:0:2}
 0 1
 $ echo ${array[@]: -7:0}
-

 
-Substring expansion applied to an associative array produces undefined
+
+

Substring expansion applied to an associative array produces undefined results. -

- -Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parameters +

+

Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parameters are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by default. -If offset is 0, and the positional parameters are used, $@ is +If offset is 0, and the positional parameters are used, $@ is prefixed to the list. -

- -

${!prefix*} -
${!prefix@} -
Expands to the names of variables whose names begin with prefix, -separated by the first character of the IFS special variable. -When `@' is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, each +

+
+
${!prefix*}
+
${!prefix@}
+

Expands to the names of variables whose names begin with prefix, +separated by the first character of the IFS special variable. +When ‘@’ is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, each variable name expands to a separate word. -

- -

${!name[@]} -
${!name[*]} -
If name is an array variable, expands to the list of array indices -(keys) assigned in name. -If name is not an array, expands to 0 if name is set and null +

+
+
${!name[@]}
+
${!name[*]}
+

If name is an array variable, expands to the list of array indices +(keys) assigned in name. +If name is not an array, expands to 0 if name is set and null otherwise. -When `@' is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, each +When ‘@’ is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, each key expands to a separate word. -

- -

${#parameter} -
The length in characters of the expanded value of parameter is +

+
+
${#parameter}
+

The length in characters of the expanded value of parameter is substituted. -If parameter is `*' or `@', the value substituted +If parameter is ‘*’ or ‘@’, the value substituted is the number of positional parameters. -If parameter is an array name subscripted by `*' or `@', +If parameter is an array name subscripted by ‘*’ or ‘@’, the value substituted is the number of elements in the array. -If parameter +If parameter is an indexed array name subscripted by a negative number, that number is interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of -parameter, so negative indices count back from the end of the +parameter, so negative indices count back from the end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last element. -

- -

${parameter#word} -
${parameter##word} -
The word +

+
+
${parameter#word}
+
${parameter##word}
+

The word is expanded to produce a pattern just as in filename -expansion (see section 3.5.8 Filename Expansion). If the pattern matches -the beginning of the expanded value of parameter, -then the result of the expansion is the expanded value of parameter -with the shortest matching pattern (the `#' case) or the -longest matching pattern (the `##' case) deleted. -If parameter is `@' or `*', +expansion (see Filename Expansion). If the pattern matches +the beginning of the expanded value of parameter, +then the result of the expansion is the expanded value of parameter +with the shortest matching pattern (the ‘#’ case) or the +longest matching pattern (the ‘##’ case) deleted. +If parameter is ‘@’ or ‘*’, the pattern removal operation is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. -If parameter is an array variable subscripted with -`@' or `*', +If parameter is an array variable subscripted with +‘@’ or ‘*’, the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. -

- -

${parameter%word} -
${parameter%%word} -
The word is expanded to produce a pattern just as in +

+
+
${parameter%word}
+
${parameter%%word}
+

The word is expanded to produce a pattern just as in filename expansion. If the pattern matches a trailing portion of the expanded value of -parameter, then the result of the expansion is the value of -parameter with the shortest matching pattern (the `%' case) -or the longest matching pattern (the `%%' case) deleted. -If parameter is `@' or `*', +parameter, then the result of the expansion is the value of +parameter with the shortest matching pattern (the ‘%’ case) +or the longest matching pattern (the ‘%%’ case) deleted. +If parameter is ‘@’ or ‘*’, the pattern removal operation is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. -If parameter -is an array variable subscripted with `@' or `*', +If parameter +is an array variable subscripted with ‘@’ or ‘*’, the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. -

- -

${parameter/pattern/string} -

- -The pattern is expanded to produce a pattern just as in +

+
+
${parameter/pattern/string}
+
+

The pattern is expanded to produce a pattern just as in filename expansion. -Parameter is expanded and the longest match of pattern -against its value is replaced with string. -If pattern begins with `/', all matches of pattern are -replaced with string. Normally only the first match is replaced. -If pattern begins with `#', it must match at the beginning -of the expanded value of parameter. -If pattern begins with `%', it must match at the end -of the expanded value of parameter. -If string is null, matches of pattern are deleted -and the / following pattern may be omitted. -If parameter is `@' or `*', +Parameter is expanded and the longest match of pattern +against its value is replaced with string. +If pattern begins with ‘/’, all matches of pattern are +replaced with string. Normally only the first match is replaced. +If pattern begins with ‘#’, it must match at the beginning +of the expanded value of parameter. +If pattern begins with ‘%’, it must match at the end +of the expanded value of parameter. +If string is null, matches of pattern are deleted +and the / following pattern may be omitted. +If the nocasematch shell option +(see the description of shopt in The Shopt Builtin) +is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case +of alphabetic characters. +If parameter is ‘@’ or ‘*’, the substitution operation is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. -If parameter -is an array variable subscripted with `@' or `*', +If parameter +is an array variable subscripted with ‘@’ or ‘*’, the substitution operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. -

- -

${parameter^pattern} -
${parameter^^pattern} -
${parameter,pattern} -
${parameter,,pattern} -
This expansion modifies the case of alphabetic characters in parameter. -The pattern is expanded to produce a pattern just as in +

+
+
${parameter^pattern}
+
${parameter^^pattern}
+
${parameter,pattern}
+
${parameter,,pattern}
+

This expansion modifies the case of alphabetic characters in parameter. +The pattern is expanded to produce a pattern just as in filename expansion. -Each character in the expanded value of parameter is tested against -pattern, and, if it matches the pattern, its case is converted. +Each character in the expanded value of parameter is tested against +pattern, and, if it matches the pattern, its case is converted. The pattern should not attempt to match more than one character. -The `^' operator converts lowercase letters matching pattern -to uppercase; the `,' operator converts matching uppercase letters +The ‘^’ operator converts lowercase letters matching pattern +to uppercase; the ‘,’ operator converts matching uppercase letters to lowercase. -The `^^' and `,,' expansions convert each matched character in the -expanded value; the `^' and `,' expansions match and convert only +The ‘^^’ and ‘,,’ expansions convert each matched character in the +expanded value; the ‘^’ and ‘,’ expansions match and convert only the first character in the expanded value. -If pattern is omitted, it is treated like a `?', which matches +If pattern is omitted, it is treated like a ‘?’, which matches every character. -If parameter is `@' or `*', +If parameter is ‘@’ or ‘*’, the case modification operation is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. -If parameter -is an array variable subscripted with `@' or `*', +If parameter +is an array variable subscripted with ‘@’ or ‘*’, the case modification operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. -

-

- - -

- - - - - - - - - - - -
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
-

3.5.4 Command Substitution

- -

- -Command substitution allows the output of a command to replace +

+
+
${parameter@operator}
+

The expansion is either a transformation of the value of parameter +or information about parameter itself, depending on the value of +operator. Each operator is a single letter: +

+
+
Q
+

The expansion is a string that is the value of parameter quoted in a +format that can be reused as input. +

+
E
+

The expansion is a string that is the value of parameter with backslash +escape sequences expanded as with the $'…' quoting mechansim. +

+
P
+

The expansion is a string that is the result of expanding the value of +parameter as if it were a prompt string (see Controlling the Prompt). +

+
A
+

The expansion is a string in the form of +an assignment statement or declare command that, if +evaluated, will recreate parameter with its attributes and value. +

+
a
+

The expansion is a string consisting of flag values representing +parameter’s attributes. +

+
+ +

If parameter is ‘@’ or ‘*’, +the operation is applied to each positional +parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +If parameter +is an array variable subscripted with ‘@’ or ‘*’, +the operation is applied to each member of the +array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +

+

The result of the expansion is subject to word splitting and pathname +expansion as described below. +

+
+ +
+ +
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Shell Expansions   [Contents][Index]

+
+ +

3.5.4 Command Substitution

+ + +

Command substitution allows the output of a command to replace the command itself. Command substitution occurs when a command is enclosed as follows: -
 
$(command)
-
or -
 
`command`
-

- -Bash performs the expansion by executing command and -replacing the command substitution with the standard output of the +

+
$(command)
+
+

or +

+
`command`
+
+ +

Bash performs the expansion by executing command in a subshell environment +and replacing the command substitution with the standard output of the command, with any trailing newlines deleted. Embedded newlines are not deleted, but they may be removed during word splitting. -The command substitution $(cat file) can be -replaced by the equivalent but faster $(< file). -

- -When the old-style backquote form of substitution is used, +The command substitution $(cat file) can be +replaced by the equivalent but faster $(< file). +

+

When the old-style backquote form of substitution is used, backslash retains its literal meaning except when followed by -`$', ``', or `\'. +‘$’, ‘`’, or ‘\’. The first backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the command substitution. -When using the $(command) form, all characters between +When using the $(command) form, all characters between the parentheses make up the command; none are treated specially. -

- -Command substitutions may be nested. To nest when using the backquoted +

+

Command substitutions may be nested. To nest when using the backquoted form, escape the inner backquotes with backslashes. -

- -If the substitution appears within double quotes, word splitting and +

+

If the substitution appears within double quotes, word splitting and filename expansion are not performed on the results. -

- - -

- - - - - - - - - - - -
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
-

3.5.5 Arithmetic Expansion

- -

- -Arithmetic expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic expression +

+
+ +
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Shell Expansions   [Contents][Index]

+
+ +

3.5.5 Arithmetic Expansion

+ + + +

Arithmetic expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic expression and the substitution of the result. The format for arithmetic expansion is: -

- -
 
$(( expression ))
-

+

+
+
$(( expression ))
+
-The expression is treated as if it were within double quotes, but +

The expression is treated as if it were within double quotes, but a double quote inside the parentheses is not treated specially. All tokens in the expression undergo parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and quote removal. The result is treated as the arithmetic expression to be evaluated. Arithmetic expansions may be nested. -

- -The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below -(see section 6.5 Shell Arithmetic). +

+

The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below +(see Shell Arithmetic). If the expression is invalid, Bash prints a message indicating failure to the standard error and no substitution occurs. -

- - -

- - - - - - - - - - - -
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
-

3.5.6 Process Substitution

- -

- -Process substitution is supported on systems that support named -pipes (FIFOs) or the `/dev/fd' method of naming open files. +

+
+ +
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Shell Expansions   [Contents][Index]

+
+ +

3.5.6 Process Substitution

+ + +

Process substitution allows a process’s input or output to be +referred to using a filename. It takes the form of -
 
<(list)
-
or -
 
>(list)
-
The process list is run with its input or output connected to a -FIFO or some file in `/dev/fd'. The name of this file is +

+
<(list)
+
+

or +

+
>(list)
+
+

The process list is run asynchronously, and its input or output +appears as a filename. +This filename is passed as an argument to the current command as the result of the -expansion. If the >(list) form is used, writing to -the file will provide input for list. If the -<(list) form is used, the file passed as an -argument should be read to obtain the output of list. -Note that no space may appear between the < or > +expansion. +If the >(list) form is used, writing to +the file will provide input for list. If the +<(list) form is used, the file passed as an +argument should be read to obtain the output of list. +Note that no space may appear between the < or > and the left parenthesis, otherwise the construct would be interpreted as a redirection. -

- -When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with +Process substitution is supported on systems that support named +pipes (FIFOs) or the /dev/fd method of naming open files. +

+

When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. -

- - -

- - - - - - - - - - - -
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
-

3.5.7 Word Splitting

- -

- -The shell scans the results of parameter expansion, command substitution, +

+
+ +
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Shell Expansions   [Contents][Index]

+
+ +

3.5.7 Word Splitting

+ + +

The shell scans the results of parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion that did not occur within double quotes for word splitting. -

- -The shell treats each character of $IFS as a delimiter, and splits +

+

The shell treats each character of $IFS as a delimiter, and splits the results of the other expansions into words using these characters as field terminators. -If IFS is unset, or its value is exactly <space><tab><newline>, +If IFS is unset, or its value is exactly <space><tab><newline>, the default, then sequences of - <space>, <tab>, and <newline> + <space>, <tab>, and <newline> at the beginning and end of the results of the previous -expansions are ignored, and any sequence of IFS +expansions are ignored, and any sequence of IFS characters not at the beginning or end serves to delimit words. -If IFS has a value other than the default, then sequences of -the whitespace characters space and tab +If IFS has a value other than the default, then sequences of +the whitespace characters space, tab, and newline are ignored at the beginning and end of the word, as long as the whitespace character is in the -value of IFS (an IFS whitespace character). -Any character in IFS that is not IFS -whitespace, along with any adjacent IFS -whitespace characters, delimits a field. A sequence of IFS +value of IFS (an IFS whitespace character). +Any character in IFS that is not IFS +whitespace, along with any adjacent IFS +whitespace characters, delimits a field. A sequence of IFS whitespace characters is also treated as a delimiter. -If the value of IFS is null, no word splitting occurs. -

- -Explicit null arguments ("" or ") are retained. +If the value of IFS is null, no word splitting occurs. +

+

Explicit null arguments ("" or '') are retained +and passed to commands as empty strings. Unquoted implicit null arguments, resulting from the expansion of parameters that have no values, are removed. If a parameter with no value is expanded within double quotes, a -null argument results and is retained. -

- -Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting +null argument results and is retained +and passed to a command as an empty string. +When a quoted null argument appears as part of a word whose expansion is +non-null, the null argument is removed. +That is, the word +-d'' becomes -d after word splitting and +null argument removal. +

+

Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting is performed. -

- - -

- - - - - - - - - - - -
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
-

3.5.8 Filename Expansion

- -
- -
3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching  How the shell matches patterns.
- - - - -

- -After word splitting, unless the `-f' option has been set -(see section 4.3.1 The Set Builtin), Bash scans each word for the characters -`*', `?', and `['. +

+
+ +
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Shell Expansions   [Contents][Index]

+
+ +

3.5.8 Filename Expansion

+ + +
• Pattern Matching:  How the shell matches patterns. +
+ + + + + +

After word splitting, unless the -f option has been set +(see The Set Builtin), Bash scans each word for the characters +‘*’, ‘?’, and ‘[’. If one of these characters appears, then the word is -regarded as a pattern, +regarded as a pattern, and replaced with an alphabetically sorted list of -filenames matching the pattern (see section 3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching). +filenames matching the pattern (see Pattern Matching). If no matching filenames are found, -and the shell option nullglob is disabled, the word is left +and the shell option nullglob is disabled, the word is left unchanged. -If the nullglob option is set, and no matches are found, the word +If the nullglob option is set, and no matches are found, the word is removed. -If the failglob shell option is set, and no matches are found, +If the failglob shell option is set, and no matches are found, an error message is printed and the command is not executed. -If the shell option nocaseglob is enabled, the match is performed +If the shell option nocaseglob is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. -

- -When a pattern is used for filename expansion, the character `.' +

+

When a pattern is used for filename expansion, the character ‘.’ at the start of a filename or immediately following a slash -must be matched explicitly, unless the shell option dotglob is set. +must be matched explicitly, unless the shell option dotglob is set. When matching a filename, the slash character must always be matched explicitly. -In other cases, the `.' character is not treated specially. -

- -See the description of shopt in 4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin, -for a description of the nocaseglob, nullglob, -failglob, and dotglob options. -

- -The GLOBIGNORE +In other cases, the ‘.’ character is not treated specially. +

+

See the description of shopt in The Shopt Builtin, +for a description of the nocaseglob, nullglob, +failglob, and dotglob options. +

+

The GLOBIGNORE shell variable may be used to restrict the set of filenames matching a -pattern. If GLOBIGNORE +pattern. If GLOBIGNORE is set, each matching filename that also matches one of the patterns in -GLOBIGNORE is removed from the list of matches. The filenames -`.' and `..' -are always ignored when GLOBIGNORE +GLOBIGNORE is removed from the list of matches. +If the nocaseglob option is set, the matching against the patterns in +GLOBIGNORE is performed without regard to case. +The filenames +. and .. +are always ignored when GLOBIGNORE is set and not null. -However, setting GLOBIGNORE to a non-null value has the effect of -enabling the dotglob +However, setting GLOBIGNORE to a non-null value has the effect of +enabling the dotglob shell option, so all other filenames beginning with a -`.' will match. +‘.’ will match. To get the old behavior of ignoring filenames beginning with a -`.', make `.*' one of the patterns in GLOBIGNORE. -The dotglob option is disabled when GLOBIGNORE +‘.’, make ‘.*’ one of the patterns in GLOBIGNORE. +The dotglob option is disabled when GLOBIGNORE is unset. -

- - -

- - - - - - - - - - - -
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
-

3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching

- -

- -Any character that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern +

+
+ +
+

+Up: Filename Expansion   [Contents][Index]

+
+ +

3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching

+ + + +

Any character that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern characters described below, matches itself. -The NUL character may not occur in a pattern. +The NUL character may not occur in a pattern. A backslash escapes the following character; the escaping backslash is discarded when matching. The special pattern characters must be quoted if they are to be matched literally. -

- -The special pattern characters have the following meanings: -

-
* -
Matches any string, including the null string. -When the globstar shell option is enabled, and `*' is used in -a filename expansion context, two adjacent `*'s used as a single +

+

The special pattern characters have the following meanings: +

+
*
+

Matches any string, including the null string. +When the globstar shell option is enabled, and ‘*’ is used in +a filename expansion context, two adjacent ‘*’s used as a single pattern will match all files and zero or more directories and subdirectories. -If followed by a `/', two adjacent `*'s will match only +If followed by a ‘/’, two adjacent ‘*’s will match only directories and subdirectories. -

? -
Matches any single character. -
[...] -
Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of characters -separated by a hyphen denotes a range expression; +

+
?
+

Matches any single character. +

+
[…]
+

Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of characters +separated by a hyphen denotes a range expression; any character that falls between those two characters, inclusive, -using the current locale's collating sequence and character set, +using the current locale’s collating sequence and character set, is matched. If the first character following the -`[' is a `!' or a `^' -then any character not enclosed is matched. A `-' +‘[’ is a ‘!’ or a ‘^’ +then any character not enclosed is matched. A ‘-’ may be matched by including it as the first or last character -in the set. A `]' may be matched by including it as the first +in the set. A ‘]’ may be matched by including it as the first character in the set. The sorting order of characters in range expressions is determined by the current locale and the values of the -LC_COLLATE and LC_ALL shell variables, if set. -

- -For example, in the default C locale, `[a-dx-z]' is equivalent to -`[abcdxyz]'. Many locales sort characters in dictionary order, and in -these locales `[a-dx-z]' is typically not equivalent to `[abcdxyz]'; -it might be equivalent to `[aBbCcDdxXyYz]', for example. To obtain +LC_COLLATE and LC_ALL shell variables, if set. +

+

For example, in the default C locale, ‘[a-dx-z]’ is equivalent to +‘[abcdxyz]’. Many locales sort characters in dictionary order, and in +these locales ‘[a-dx-z]’ is typically not equivalent to ‘[abcdxyz]’; +it might be equivalent to ‘[aBbCcDdxXyYz]’, for example. To obtain the traditional interpretation of ranges in bracket expressions, you can -force the use of the C locale by setting the LC_COLLATE or -LC_ALL environment variable to the value `C', or enable the -globasciiranges shell option. -

- -Within `[' and `]', character classes can be specified +force the use of the C locale by setting the LC_COLLATE or +LC_ALL environment variable to the value ‘C’, or enable the +globasciiranges shell option. +

+

Within ‘[’ and ‘]’, character classes can be specified using the syntax -[:class:], where class is one of the -following classes defined in the POSIX standard: -
 
alnum   alpha   ascii   blank   cntrl   digit   graph   lower
+[:class:], where class is one of the
+following classes defined in the POSIX standard:
+

+
alnum   alpha   ascii   blank   cntrl   digit   graph   lower
 print   punct   space   upper   word    xdigit
-
A character class matches any character belonging to that class. -The word character class matches letters, digits, and the character -`_'. -

- -Within `[' and `]', an equivalence class can be -specified using the syntax [=c=], which + +

A character class matches any character belonging to that class. +The word character class matches letters, digits, and the character +‘_’. +

+

Within ‘[’ and ‘]’, an equivalence class can be +specified using the syntax [=c=], which matches all characters with the same collation weight (as defined -by the current locale) as the character c. -

- -Within `[' and `]', the syntax [.symbol.] -matches the collating symbol symbol. -

-

- -If the extglob shell option is enabled using the shopt +by the current locale) as the character c. +

+

Within ‘[’ and ‘]’, the syntax [.symbol.] +matches the collating symbol symbol. +

+
+ +

If the extglob shell option is enabled using the shopt builtin, several extended pattern matching operators are recognized. -In the following description, a pattern-list is a list of one -or more patterns separated by a `|'. +In the following description, a pattern-list is a list of one +or more patterns separated by a ‘|’. Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the following sub-patterns: -

- -

-
?(pattern-list) -
Matches zero or one occurrence of the given patterns. -

- -

*(pattern-list) -
Matches zero or more occurrences of the given patterns. -

- -

+(pattern-list) -
Matches one or more occurrences of the given patterns. -

- -

@(pattern-list) -
Matches one of the given patterns. -

- -

!(pattern-list) -
Matches anything except one of the given patterns. -
-

- - -

- - - - - - - - - - - -
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
-

3.5.9 Quote Removal

- -

- -After the preceding expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the -characters `\', `'', and `"' that did not +

+
+
?(pattern-list)
+

Matches zero or one occurrence of the given patterns. +

+
+
*(pattern-list)
+

Matches zero or more occurrences of the given patterns. +

+
+
+(pattern-list)
+

Matches one or more occurrences of the given patterns. +

+
+
@(pattern-list)
+

Matches one of the given patterns. +

+
+
!(pattern-list)
+

Matches anything except one of the given patterns. +

+
+ +
+ +
+

+Previous: , Up: Shell Expansions   [Contents][Index]

+
+ +

3.5.9 Quote Removal

+ +

After the preceding expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the +characters ‘\’, ‘'’, and ‘"’ that did not result from one of the above expansions are removed. -

- - -

- - - - - - - - - - - -
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
-

3.6 Redirections

- -

- -Before a command is executed, its input and output -may be redirected +

+
+ +
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Basic Shell Features   [Contents][Index]

+
+ +

3.6 Redirections

+ + +

Before a command is executed, its input and output +may be redirected using a special notation interpreted by the shell. -Redirection allows commands' file handles to be +Redirection allows commands’ file handles to be duplicated, opened, closed, made to refer to different files, and can change the files the command reads from and writes to. @@ -3218,3098 +3146,2828 @@ operators may precede or appear anywhere within a simple command or may follow a command. Redirections are processed in the order they appear, from left to right. -

- -Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number -may instead be preceded by a word of the form {varname}. +

+

Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number +may instead be preceded by a word of the form {varname}. In this case, for each redirection operator except ->&- and <&-, the shell will allocate a file descriptor greater -than 10 and assign it to {varname}. If >&- or <&- is preceded -by {varname}, the value of varname defines the file +>&- and <&-, the shell will allocate a file descriptor greater +than 10 and assign it to {varname}. If >&- or <&- is preceded +by {varname}, the value of varname defines the file descriptor to close. -

- -In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is +

+

In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is omitted, and the first character of the redirection operator is -`<', the redirection refers to the standard input (file +‘<’, the redirection refers to the standard input (file descriptor 0). If the first character of the redirection operator -is `>', the redirection refers to the standard output (file +is ‘>’, the redirection refers to the standard output (file descriptor 1). -

- -The word following the redirection operator in the following +

+

The word following the redirection operator in the following descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, quote removal, filename expansion, and word splitting. If it expands to more than one word, Bash reports an error. -

- -Note that the order of redirections is significant. For example, +

+

Note that the order of redirections is significant. For example, the command -
 
ls > dirlist 2>&1
-
directs both standard output (file descriptor 1) and standard error -(file descriptor 2) to the file dirlist, while the command -
 
ls 2>&1 > dirlist
-
directs only the standard output to file dirlist, +

+
ls > dirlist 2>&1
+
+

directs both standard output (file descriptor 1) and standard error +(file descriptor 2) to the file dirlist, while the command +

+
ls 2>&1 > dirlist
+
+

directs only the standard output to file dirlist, because the standard error was made a copy of the standard output -before the standard output was redirected to dirlist. -

- -Bash handles several filenames specially when they are used in -redirections, as described in the following table: -

- -

-
/dev/fd/fd -
If fd is a valid integer, file descriptor fd is duplicated. -

- -

/dev/stdin -
File descriptor 0 is duplicated. -

- -

/dev/stdout -
File descriptor 1 is duplicated. -

- -

/dev/stderr -
File descriptor 2 is duplicated. -

- -

/dev/tcp/host/port -
If host is a valid hostname or Internet address, and port +before the standard output was redirected to dirlist. +

+

Bash handles several filenames specially when they are used in +redirections, as described in the following table. +If the operating system on which Bash is running provides these +special files, bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them +internally with the behavior described below. +

+
+
/dev/fd/fd
+

If fd is a valid integer, file descriptor fd is duplicated. +

+
+
/dev/stdin
+

File descriptor 0 is duplicated. +

+
+
/dev/stdout
+

File descriptor 1 is duplicated. +

+
+
/dev/stderr
+

File descriptor 2 is duplicated. +

+
+
/dev/tcp/host/port
+

If host is a valid hostname or Internet address, and port is an integer port number or service name, Bash attempts to open the corresponding TCP socket. -

- -

/dev/udp/host/port -
If host is a valid hostname or Internet address, and port +

+
+
/dev/udp/host/port
+

If host is a valid hostname or Internet address, and port is an integer port number or service name, Bash attempts to open the corresponding UDP socket. -

-

- -A failure to open or create a file causes the redirection to fail. -

+

+
-Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used with +

A failure to open or create a file causes the redirection to fail. +

+

Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used with care, as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses internally. -

- -

- - - - - - - - - - - -
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
-

3.6.1 Redirecting Input

- -Redirection of input causes the file whose name results from -the expansion of word -to be opened for reading on file descriptor n, -or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if n +

+ +

3.6.1 Redirecting Input

+

Redirection of input causes the file whose name results from +the expansion of word +to be opened for reading on file descriptor n, +or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if n is not specified. -

- -The general format for redirecting input is: -
 
[n]<word
-

- -

- - - - - - - - - - - -
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
-

3.6.2 Redirecting Output

- -Redirection of output causes the file whose name results from -the expansion of word -to be opened for writing on file descriptor n, -or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if n +

+

The general format for redirecting input is: +

+
[n]<word
+
+ + +

3.6.2 Redirecting Output

+

Redirection of output causes the file whose name results from +the expansion of word +to be opened for writing on file descriptor n, +or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if n is not specified. If the file does not exist it is created; if it does exist it is truncated to zero size. -

- -The general format for redirecting output is: -
 
[n]>[|]word
-

- -If the redirection operator is `>', and the noclobber -option to the set builtin has been enabled, the redirection +

+

The general format for redirecting output is: +

+
[n]>[|]word
+
+ +

If the redirection operator is ‘>’, and the noclobber +option to the set builtin has been enabled, the redirection will fail if the file whose name results from the expansion of -word exists and is a regular file. -If the redirection operator is `>|', or the redirection operator is -`>' and the noclobber option is not enabled, the redirection -is attempted even if the file named by word exists. -

- -

- - - - - - - - - - - -
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
-

3.6.3 Appending Redirected Output

- -Redirection of output in this fashion +word exists and is a regular file. +If the redirection operator is ‘>|’, or the redirection operator is +‘>’ and the noclobber option is not enabled, the redirection +is attempted even if the file named by word exists. +

+ +

3.6.3 Appending Redirected Output

+

Redirection of output in this fashion causes the file whose name results from -the expansion of word -to be opened for appending on file descriptor n, -or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if n +the expansion of word +to be opened for appending on file descriptor n, +or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if n is not specified. If the file does not exist it is created. -

- -The general format for appending output is: -
 
[n]>>word
-

- -

- - - - - - - - - - - -
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
-

3.6.4 Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error

- -This construct allows both the +

+

The general format for appending output is: +

+
[n]>>word
+
+ + +

3.6.4 Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error

+

This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be redirected to the file whose name is the -expansion of word. -

- -There are two formats for redirecting standard output and +expansion of word. +

+

There are two formats for redirecting standard output and standard error: -
 
&>word
-
and -
 
>&word
-
Of the two forms, the first is preferred. +

+
&>word
+
+

and +

+
>&word
+
+

Of the two forms, the first is preferred. This is semantically equivalent to -
 
>word 2>&1
-
When using the second form, word may not expand to a number or -`-'. If it does, other redirection operators apply +

+
>word 2>&1
+
+

When using the second form, word may not expand to a number or +‘-’. If it does, other redirection operators apply (see Duplicating File Descriptors below) for compatibility reasons. -

- -

- - - - - - - - - - - -
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
-

3.6.5 Appending Standard Output and Standard Error

- -This construct allows both the +

+ +

3.6.5 Appending Standard Output and Standard Error

+

This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be appended to the file whose name is the -expansion of word. -

- -The format for appending standard output and standard error is: -
 
&>>word
-
This is semantically equivalent to -
 
>>word 2>&1
-
(see Duplicating File Descriptors below). -

- -

- - - - - - - - - - - -
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
-

3.6.6 Here Documents

- -This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the -current source until a line containing only word +expansion of word. +

+

The format for appending standard output and standard error is: +

+
&>>word
+
+

This is semantically equivalent to +

+
>>word 2>&1
+
+

(see Duplicating File Descriptors below). +

+ +

3.6.6 Here Documents

+

This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the +current source until a line containing only word (with no trailing blanks) is seen. All of the lines read up to that point are then used as the standard -input for a command. -

- -The format of here-documents is: -
 
<<[-]word
-        here-document
-delimiter
-

- -No parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, +input (or file descriptor n if n is specified) for a command. +

+

The format of here-documents is: +

+
[n]<<[-]word
+        here-document
+delimiter
+
+ +

No parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, or filename expansion is performed on -word. If any characters in word are quoted, the -delimiter is the result of quote removal on word, +word. If any part of word is quoted, the +delimiter is the result of quote removal on word, and the lines in the here-document are not expanded. -If word is unquoted, +If word is unquoted, all lines of the here-document are subjected to parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, -the character sequence \newline is ignored, and `\' +the character sequence \newline is ignored, and ‘\’ must be used to quote the characters -`\', `$', and ``'. -

- -If the redirection operator is `<<-', +‘\’, ‘$’, and ‘`’. +

+

If the redirection operator is ‘<<-’, then all leading tab characters are stripped from input lines and the -line containing delimiter. +line containing delimiter. This allows here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural fashion. -

- -

- - - - - - - - - - - -
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
-

3.6.7 Here Strings

- -A variant of here documents, the format is: -
 
<<< word
-

- -The word undergoes +

+ +

3.6.7 Here Strings

+

A variant of here documents, the format is: +

+
[n]<<< word
+
+ +

The word undergoes brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal. Pathname expansion and word splitting are not performed. -The result is supplied as a single string to the command on its -standard input. -

- -

- - - - - - - - - - - -
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
-

3.6.8 Duplicating File Descriptors

- -The redirection operator -
 
[n]<&word
-
is used to duplicate input file descriptors. -If word -expands to one or more digits, the file descriptor denoted by n +The result is supplied as a single string, +with a newline appended, +to the command on its +standard input (or file descriptor n if n is specified). +

+ +

3.6.8 Duplicating File Descriptors

+

The redirection operator +

+
[n]<&word
+
+

is used to duplicate input file descriptors. +If word +expands to one or more digits, the file descriptor denoted by n is made to be a copy of that file descriptor. -If the digits in word do not specify a file descriptor open for +If the digits in word do not specify a file descriptor open for input, a redirection error occurs. -If word -evaluates to `-', file descriptor n is closed. -If n is not specified, the standard input (file descriptor 0) is used. -

- -The operator -
 
[n]>&word
-
is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If -n is not specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used. -If the digits in word do not specify a file descriptor open for +If word +evaluates to ‘-’, file descriptor n is closed. +If n is not specified, the standard input (file descriptor 0) is used. +

+

The operator +

+
[n]>&word
+
+

is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If +n is not specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used. +If the digits in word do not specify a file descriptor open for output, a redirection error occurs. -If word -evaluates to `-', file descriptor n is closed. -As a special case, if n is omitted, and word does not -expand to one or more digits or `-', the standard output and standard +If word +evaluates to ‘-’, file descriptor n is closed. +As a special case, if n is omitted, and word does not +expand to one or more digits or ‘-’, the standard output and standard error are redirected as described previously. -

- -

- - - - - - - - - - - -
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
-

3.6.9 Moving File Descriptors

- -The redirection operator -
 
[n]<&digit-
-
moves the file descriptor digit to file descriptor n, -or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if n is not specified. -digit is closed after being duplicated to n. -

- -Similarly, the redirection operator -
 
[n]>&digit-
-
moves the file descriptor digit to file descriptor n, -or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if n is not specified. -

- -

- - - - - - - - - - - -
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
-

3.6.10 Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing

- -The redirection operator -
 
[n]<>word
-
causes the file whose name is the expansion of word +

+ +

3.6.9 Moving File Descriptors

+

The redirection operator +

+
[n]<&digit-
+
+

moves the file descriptor digit to file descriptor n, +or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if n is not specified. +digit is closed after being duplicated to n. +

+

Similarly, the redirection operator +

+
[n]>&digit-
+
+

moves the file descriptor digit to file descriptor n, +or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if n is not specified. +

+ +

3.6.10 Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing

+

The redirection operator +

+
[n]<>word
+
+

causes the file whose name is the expansion of word to be opened for both reading and writing on file descriptor -n, or on file descriptor 0 if n +n, or on file descriptor 0 if n is not specified. If the file does not exist, it is created. -

- - -

- - - - - - - - - - - -
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
-

3.7 Executing Commands

- -

- -

- - - + + + +
3.7.1 Simple Command Expansion  How Bash expands simple commands before - executing them.
3.7.2 Command Search and Execution  How Bash finds commands and runs them.
3.7.3 Command Execution Environment  The environment in which Bash +

+
+ +
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Basic Shell Features   [Contents][Index]

+
+ +

3.7 Executing Commands

+ + + + + - - - -
• Simple Command Expansion:  How Bash expands simple commands before + executing them. +
• Command Search and Execution:  How Bash finds commands and runs them. +
• Command Execution Environment:  The environment in which Bash executes commands that are not - shell builtins.
3.7.4 Environment  The environment given to a command.
3.7.5 Exit Status  The status returned by commands and how Bash - interprets it.
3.7.6 Signals  What happens when Bash or a command it runs - receives a signal.
-

- - -

- - - - - - - - - - - -
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-

3.7.1 Simple Command Expansion

- -

- -When a simple command is executed, the shell performs the following + shell builtins. +

• Environment:  The environment given to a command. +
• Exit Status:  The status returned by commands and how Bash + interprets it. +
• Signals:  What happens when Bash or a command it runs + receives a signal. +
+ +
+ +
+

+Next: , Up: Executing Commands   [Contents][Index]

+
+ +

3.7.1 Simple Command Expansion

+ + +

When a simple command is executed, the shell performs the following expansions, assignments, and redirections, from left to right. -

- -

    -
  1. -The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments (those +

    +
      +
    1. The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments (those preceding the command name) and redirections are saved for later processing. -

      -

    2. -The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are -expanded (see section 3.5 Shell Expansions). +
    3. The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are +expanded (see Shell Expansions). If any words remain after expansion, the first word is taken to be the name of the command and the remaining words are the arguments. -

      -

    4. -Redirections are performed as described above (see section 3.6 Redirections). -

      +

    5. Redirections are performed as described above (see Redirections). -
    6. -The text after the `=' in each variable assignment undergoes tilde +
    7. The text after the ‘=’ in each variable assignment undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal before being assigned to the variable. -
    -

    +

-If no command name results, the variable assignments affect the current +

If no command name results, the variable assignments affect the current shell environment. Otherwise, the variables are added to the environment of the executed command and do not affect the current shell environment. If any of the assignments attempts to assign a value to a readonly variable, an error occurs, and the command exits with a non-zero status. -

- -If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not +

+

If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not affect the current shell environment. A redirection error causes the command to exit with a non-zero status. -

- -If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as +

+

If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as described below. Otherwise, the command exits. If one of the expansions contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command is the exit status of the last command substitution performed. If there were no command substitutions, the command exits with a status of zero. -

- - -

- - - - - - - - - - - -
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-

3.7.2 Command Search and Execution

- -

- -After a command has been split into words, if it results in a +

+
+ +
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Executing Commands   [Contents][Index]

+
+ +

3.7.2 Command Search and Execution

+ + + +

After a command has been split into words, if it results in a simple command and an optional list of arguments, the following actions are taken. -

- -

    -
  1. -If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to +

    +
      +
    1. If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to locate it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that -function is invoked as described in 3.3 Shell Functions. -

      +function is invoked as described in Shell Functions. -

    2. -If the name does not match a function, the shell searches for +
    3. If the name does not match a function, the shell searches for it in the list of shell builtins. If a match is found, that builtin is invoked. -

      -

    4. -If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, +
    5. If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, and contains no slashes, Bash searches each element of -$PATH for a directory containing an executable file +$PATH for a directory containing an executable file by that name. Bash uses a hash table to remember the full -pathnames of executable files to avoid multiple PATH searches -(see the description of hash in 4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins). -A full search of the directories in $PATH +pathnames of executable files to avoid multiple PATH searches +(see the description of hash in Bourne Shell Builtins). +A full search of the directories in $PATH is performed only if the command is not found in the hash table. If the search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for a defined shell -function named command_not_found_handle. +function named command_not_found_handle. If that function exists, it is invoked with the original command and -the original command's arguments as its arguments, and the function's +the original command’s arguments as its arguments, and the function’s exit status becomes the exit status of the shell. If that function is not defined, the shell prints an error message and returns an exit status of 127. -

      -

    6. -If the search is successful, or if the command name contains +
    7. If the search is successful, or if the command name contains one or more slashes, the shell executes the named program in a separate execution environment. Argument 0 is set to the name given, and the remaining arguments to the command are set to the arguments supplied, if any. -

      -

    8. -If this execution fails because the file is not in executable +
    9. If this execution fails because the file is not in executable format, and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a -shell script and the shell executes it as described in -3.8 Shell Scripts. -

      +shell script and the shell executes it as described in +Shell Scripts. -

    10. -If the command was not begun asynchronously, the shell waits for +
    11. If the command was not begun asynchronously, the shell waits for the command to complete and collects its exit status. -

      - -

    -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    3.7.3 Command Execution Environment

    - -

    - -The shell has an execution environment, which consists of the + +

+ +
+ +
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Executing Commands   [Contents][Index]

+
+ +

3.7.3 Command Execution Environment

+ + +

The shell has an execution environment, which consists of the following: -

- -

    -
  • -open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by -redirections supplied to the exec builtin -

    - -

  • -the current working directory as set by cd, pushd, or -popd, or inherited by the shell at invocation -

    - -

  • -the file creation mode mask as set by umask or inherited from -the shell's parent -

    - -

  • -current traps set by trap -

    - -

  • -shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with set -or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment -

    - -

  • -shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the shell's +

    +
      +
    • open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by +redirections supplied to the exec builtin + +
    • the current working directory as set by cd, pushd, or +popd, or inherited by the shell at invocation + +
    • the file creation mode mask as set by umask or inherited from +the shell’s parent + +
    • current traps set by trap + +
    • shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with set +or inherited from the shell’s parent in the environment + +
    • shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the shell’s parent in the environment -

      -

    • -options enabled at invocation (either by default or with command-line -arguments) or by set -

      +

    • options enabled at invocation (either by default or with command-line +arguments) or by set -
    • -options enabled by shopt (see section 4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin) -

      +

    • options enabled by shopt (see The Shopt Builtin) -
    • -shell aliases defined with alias (see section 6.6 Aliases) -

      +

    • shell aliases defined with alias (see Aliases) -
    • -various process IDs, including those of background jobs -(see section 3.2.3 Lists of Commands), the value of $$, and the value of -$PPID -

      +

    • various process IDs, including those of background jobs +(see Lists), the value of $$, and the value of +$PPID -
    -

    +

-When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function +

When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function is to be executed, it is invoked in a separate execution environment that consists of the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are inherited from the shell. -

- -

    -
  • -the shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions specified +

    +
      +
    • the shell’s open files, plus any modifications and additions specified by redirections to the command -

      -

    • -the current working directory -

      +

    • the current working directory -
    • -the file creation mode mask -

      +

    • the file creation mode mask -
    • -shell variables and functions marked for export, along with variables -exported for the command, passed in the environment (see section 3.7.4 Environment) -

      +

    • shell variables and functions marked for export, along with variables +exported for the command, passed in the environment (see Environment) -
    • -traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from the -shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored -

      +

    • traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from the +shell’s parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored -
    -

    +

-A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the -shell's execution environment. -

- -Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, +

A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the +shell’s execution environment. +

+

Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, and asynchronous commands are invoked in a subshell environment that is a duplicate of the shell environment, except that traps caught by the shell are reset to the values that the shell inherited from its parent at invocation. Builtin commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline are also executed in a subshell environment. Changes made to the subshell environment -cannot affect the shell's execution environment. -

- -Subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value of -the `-e' option from the parent shell. When not in POSIX mode, -Bash clears the `-e' option in such subshells. -

- -If a command is followed by a `&' and job control is not active, the -default standard input for the command is the empty file `/dev/null'. +cannot affect the shell’s execution environment. +

+

Subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value of +the -e option from the parent shell. When not in POSIX mode, +Bash clears the -e option in such subshells. +

+

If a command is followed by a ‘&’ and job control is not active, the +default standard input for the command is the empty file /dev/null. Otherwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the calling shell as modified by redirections. -

- - -

- - - - - - - - - - - -
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-

3.7.4 Environment

- -

- -When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings -called the environment. -This is a list of name-value pairs, of the form name=value. -

- -Bash provides several ways to manipulate the environment. +

+
+ +
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Executing Commands   [Contents][Index]

+
+ +

3.7.4 Environment

+ + +

When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings +called the environment. +This is a list of name-value pairs, of the form name=value. +

+

Bash provides several ways to manipulate the environment. On invocation, the shell scans its own environment and creates a parameter for each name found, automatically marking -it for export +it for export to child processes. Executed commands inherit the environment. -The export and `declare -x' +The export and ‘declare -x’ commands allow parameters and functions to be added to and deleted from the environment. If the value of a parameter in the environment is modified, the new value becomes part of the environment, replacing the old. The environment -inherited by any executed command consists of the shell's +inherited by any executed command consists of the shell’s initial environment, whose values may be modified in the shell, -less any pairs removed by the unset and `export -n' -commands, plus any additions via the export and -`declare -x' commands. -

- -The environment for any simple command +less any pairs removed by the unset and ‘export -n’ +commands, plus any additions via the export and +‘declare -x’ commands. +

+

The environment for any simple command or function may be augmented temporarily by prefixing it with -parameter assignments, as described in 3.4 Shell Parameters. +parameter assignments, as described in Shell Parameters. These assignment statements affect only the environment seen by that command. -

- -If the `-k' option is set (see section 4.3.1 The Set Builtin), then all +

+

If the -k option is set (see The Set Builtin), then all parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command, not just those that precede the command name. -

- -When Bash invokes an external command, the variable `$_' +

+

When Bash invokes an external command, the variable ‘$_’ is set to the full pathname of the command and passed to that command in its environment. -

- - -

- - - - - - - - - - - -
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-

3.7.5 Exit Status

- -

- -The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the -waitpid system call or equivalent function. Exit statuses +

+
+ +
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Executing Commands   [Contents][Index]

+
+ +

3.7.5 Exit Status

+ + +

The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the +waitpid system call or equivalent function. Exit statuses fall between 0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may use values above 125 specially. Exit statuses from shell builtins and compound commands are also limited to this range. Under certain circumstances, the shell will use special values to indicate specific failure modes. -

- -For the shell's purposes, a command which exits with a +

+

For the shell’s purposes, a command which exits with a zero exit status has succeeded. A non-zero exit status indicates failure. This seemingly counter-intuitive scheme is used so there is one well-defined way to indicate success and a variety of ways to indicate various failure modes. -When a command terminates on a fatal signal whose number is N, -Bash uses the value 128+N as the exit status. -

- -If a command is not found, the child process created to +When a command terminates on a fatal signal whose number is N, +Bash uses the value 128+N as the exit status. +

+

If a command is not found, the child process created to execute it returns a status of 127. If a command is found but is not executable, the return status is 126. -

- -If a command fails because of an error during expansion or redirection, +

+

If a command fails because of an error during expansion or redirection, the exit status is greater than zero. -

- -The exit status is used by the Bash conditional commands -(see section 3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs) and some of the list -constructs (see section 3.2.3 Lists of Commands). -

- -All of the Bash builtins return an exit status of zero if they succeed +

+

The exit status is used by the Bash conditional commands +(see Conditional Constructs) and some of the list +constructs (see Lists). +

+

All of the Bash builtins return an exit status of zero if they succeed and a non-zero status on failure, so they may be used by the conditional and list constructs. -All builtins return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage. -

- - -

- - - - - - - - - - - -
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-

3.7.6 Signals

- -

- -When Bash is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores -SIGTERM (so that `kill 0' does not kill an interactive shell), -and SIGINT -is caught and handled (so that the wait builtin is interruptible). -When Bash receives a SIGINT, it breaks out of any executing loops. -In all cases, Bash ignores SIGQUIT. -If job control is in effect (see section 7. Job Control), Bash -ignores SIGTTIN, SIGTTOU, and SIGTSTP. -

- -Non-builtin commands started by Bash have signal handlers set to the +All builtins return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage, +generally invalid options or missing arguments. +

+
+ +
+

+Previous: , Up: Executing Commands   [Contents][Index]

+
+ +

3.7.6 Signals

+ + +

When Bash is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores +SIGTERM (so that ‘kill 0’ does not kill an interactive shell), +and SIGINT +is caught and handled (so that the wait builtin is interruptible). +When Bash receives a SIGINT, it breaks out of any executing loops. +In all cases, Bash ignores SIGQUIT. +If job control is in effect (see Job Control), Bash +ignores SIGTTIN, SIGTTOU, and SIGTSTP. +

+

Non-builtin commands started by Bash have signal handlers set to the values inherited by the shell from its parent. When job control is not in effect, asynchronous commands -ignore SIGINT and SIGQUIT in addition to these inherited +ignore SIGINT and SIGQUIT in addition to these inherited handlers. Commands run as a result of command substitution ignore the keyboard-generated job control signals -SIGTTIN, SIGTTOU, and SIGTSTP. -

- -The shell exits by default upon receipt of a SIGHUP. -Before exiting, an interactive shell resends the SIGHUP to +SIGTTIN, SIGTTOU, and SIGTSTP. +

+

The shell exits by default upon receipt of a SIGHUP. +Before exiting, an interactive shell resends the SIGHUP to all jobs, running or stopped. -Stopped jobs are sent SIGCONT to ensure that they receive -the SIGHUP. -To prevent the shell from sending the SIGHUP signal to a +Stopped jobs are sent SIGCONT to ensure that they receive +the SIGHUP. +To prevent the shell from sending the SIGHUP signal to a particular job, it should be removed -from the jobs table with the disown -builtin (see section 7.2 Job Control Builtins) or marked -to not receive SIGHUP using disown -h. -

- -If the huponexit shell option has been set with shopt -(see section 4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin), Bash sends a SIGHUP to all jobs when +from the jobs table with the disown +builtin (see Job Control Builtins) or marked +to not receive SIGHUP using disown -h. +

+

If the huponexit shell option has been set with shopt +(see The Shopt Builtin), Bash sends a SIGHUP to all jobs when an interactive login shell exits. -

- -If Bash is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal +

+

If Bash is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal for which a trap has been set, the trap will not be executed until -the command completes. +the command completes. When Bash is waiting for an asynchronous -command via the wait builtin, the reception of a signal for -which a trap has been set will cause the wait builtin to return +command via the wait builtin, the reception of a signal for +which a trap has been set will cause the wait builtin to return immediately with an exit status greater than 128, immediately after which the trap is executed. -

- - -

- - - - - - - - - - - -
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-

3.8 Shell Scripts

- -

- -A shell script is a text file containing shell commands. When such +

+
+ +
+

+Previous: , Up: Basic Shell Features   [Contents][Index]

+
+ +

3.8 Shell Scripts

+ + +

A shell script is a text file containing shell commands. When such a file is used as the first non-option argument when invoking Bash, -and neither the `-c' nor `-s' option is supplied -(see section 6.1 Invoking Bash), +and neither the -c nor -s option is supplied +(see Invoking Bash), Bash reads and executes commands from the file, then exits. This mode of operation creates a non-interactive shell. The shell first searches for the file in the current directory, and looks in the -directories in $PATH if not found there. -

- -When Bash runs -a shell script, it sets the special parameter 0 to the name +directories in $PATH if not found there. +

+

When Bash runs +a shell script, it sets the special parameter 0 to the name of the file, rather than the name of the shell, and the positional parameters are set to the remaining arguments, if any are given. If no additional arguments are supplied, the positional parameters are unset. -

- -A shell script may be made executable by using the chmod command +

+

A shell script may be made executable by using the chmod command to turn on the execute bit. When Bash finds such a file while -searching the $PATH for a command, it spawns a subshell to +searching the $PATH for a command, it spawns a subshell to execute it. In other words, executing -
 
filename arguments
-
is equivalent to executing -
 
bash filename arguments
-

- -if filename is an executable shell script. +

+
filename arguments
+
+

is equivalent to executing +

+
bash filename arguments
+
+ +

if filename is an executable shell script. This subshell reinitializes itself, so that the effect is as if a new shell had been invoked to interpret the script, with the exception that the locations of commands remembered by the parent -(see the description of hash in 4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins) +(see the description of hash in Bourne Shell Builtins) are retained by the child. -

- -Most versions of Unix make this a part of the operating system's command +

+

Most versions of Unix make this a part of the operating system’s command execution mechanism. If the first line of a script begins with -the two characters `#!', the remainder of the line specifies +the two characters ‘#!’, the remainder of the line specifies an interpreter for the program. -Thus, you can specify Bash, awk, Perl, or some other +Thus, you can specify Bash, awk, Perl, or some other interpreter and write the rest of the script file in that language. -

- -The arguments to the interpreter +

+

The arguments to the interpreter consist of a single optional argument following the interpreter name on the first line of the script file, followed by the name of the script file, followed by the rest of the arguments. Bash will perform this action on operating systems that do not handle it themselves. Note that some older versions of Unix limit the interpreter name and argument to a maximum of 32 characters. -

- -Bash scripts often begin with #! /bin/bash (assuming that -Bash has been installed in `/bin'), since this ensures that +

+

Bash scripts often begin with #! /bin/bash (assuming that +Bash has been installed in /bin), since this ensures that Bash will be used to interpret the script, even if it is executed under another shell. -

- - -

- - - - - - - - - - - -
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-

4. Shell Builtin Commands

- -

- -

- - - - -
4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins  Builtin commands inherited from the Bourne - Shell.
4.2 Bash Builtin Commands  Table of builtins specific to Bash.
4.3 Modifying Shell Behavior  Builtins to modify shell attributes and - optional behavior.
4.4 Special Builtins  Builtin commands classified specially by - POSIX.
-

- -Builtin commands are contained within the shell itself. +

+
+ +
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Top   [Contents][Index]

+
+ +

4 Shell Builtin Commands

+ + + + + + +
• Bourne Shell Builtins:  Builtin commands inherited from the Bourne + Shell. +
• Bash Builtins:  Table of builtins specific to Bash. +
• Modifying Shell Behavior:  Builtins to modify shell attributes and + optional behavior. +
• Special Builtins:  Builtin commands classified specially by + POSIX. +
+ +

Builtin commands are contained within the shell itself. When the name of a builtin command is used as the first word of -a simple command (see section 3.2.1 Simple Commands), the shell executes +a simple command (see Simple Commands), the shell executes the command directly, without invoking another program. Builtin commands are necessary to implement functionality impossible or inconvenient to obtain with separate utilities. -

- -This section briefly describes the builtins which Bash inherits from +

+

This section briefly describes the builtins which Bash inherits from the Bourne Shell, as well as the builtin commands which are unique to or have been extended in Bash. -

- -Several builtin commands are described in other chapters: builtin +

+

Several builtin commands are described in other chapters: builtin commands which provide the Bash interface to the job control -facilities (see section 7.2 Job Control Builtins), the directory stack -(see section 6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins), the command history -(see section 9.2 Bash History Builtins), and the programmable completion -facilities (see section 8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins). -

- -Many of the builtins have been extended by POSIX or Bash. -

- -Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented as accepting -options preceded by `-' accepts `--' +facilities (see Job Control Builtins), the directory stack +(see Directory Stack Builtins), the command history +(see Bash History Builtins), and the programmable completion +facilities (see Programmable Completion Builtins). +

+

Many of the builtins have been extended by POSIX or Bash. +

+

Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented as accepting +options preceded by ‘-’ accepts ‘--’ to signify the end of the options. -The :, true, false, and test -builtins do not accept options and do not treat `--' specially. -The exit, logout, break, continue, let, -and shift builtins accept and process arguments beginning -with `-' without requiring `--'. +The :, true, false, and test +builtins do not accept options and do not treat ‘--’ specially. +The exit, logout, return, +break, continue, let, +and shift builtins accept and process arguments beginning +with ‘-’ without requiring ‘--’. Other builtins that accept arguments but are not specified as accepting -options interpret arguments beginning with `-' as invalid options and -require `--' to prevent this interpretation. -

- - -

- - - - - - - - - - - -
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
-

4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins

- -

- -The following shell builtin commands are inherited from the Bourne Shell. -These commands are implemented as specified by the POSIX standard. -

- -

-
: (a colon) -
-
 
: [arguments]
-

- -Do nothing beyond expanding arguments and performing redirections. +options interpret arguments beginning with ‘-’ as invalid options and +require ‘--’ to prevent this interpretation. +

+
+ +
+

+Next: , Up: Shell Builtin Commands   [Contents][Index]

+
+ +

4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins

+ +

The following shell builtin commands are inherited from the Bourne Shell. +These commands are implemented as specified by the POSIX standard. +

+
+
: (a colon)
+
+
+
: [arguments]
+
+ +

Do nothing beyond expanding arguments and performing redirections. The return status is zero. -

- -

. (a period) -
-
 
. filename [arguments]
-

- -Read and execute commands from the filename argument in the -current shell context. If filename does not contain a slash, -the PATH variable is used to find filename. -When Bash is not in POSIX mode, the current directory is searched -if filename is not found in $PATH. -If any arguments are supplied, they become the positional -parameters when filename is executed. Otherwise the positional +

+
+
. (a period)
+
+
+
. filename [arguments]
+
+ +

Read and execute commands from the filename argument in the +current shell context. If filename does not contain a slash, +the PATH variable is used to find filename. +When Bash is not in POSIX mode, the current directory is searched +if filename is not found in $PATH. +If any arguments are supplied, they become the positional +parameters when filename is executed. Otherwise the positional parameters are unchanged. +If the -T option is enabled, source inherits any trap on +DEBUG; if it is not, any DEBUG trap string is saved and +restored around the call to source, and source unsets the +DEBUG trap while it executes. +If -T is not set, and the sourced file changes +the DEBUG trap, the new value is retained when source completes. The return status is the exit status of the last command executed, or -zero if no commands are executed. If filename is not found, or +zero if no commands are executed. If filename is not found, or cannot be read, the return status is non-zero. -This builtin is equivalent to source. -

- -

break -
-
 
break [n]
-

- -Exit from a for, while, until, or select loop. -If n is supplied, the nth enclosing loop is exited. -n must be greater than or equal to 1. -The return status is zero unless n is not greater than or equal to 1. -

- -

cd -
-
 
cd [-L|[-P [-e]] [-@] [directory]
-

- -Change the current working directory to directory. -If directory is not supplied, the value of the HOME +This builtin is equivalent to source. +

+
+
break
+
+
+
break [n]
+
+ +

Exit from a for, while, until, or select loop. +If n is supplied, the nth enclosing loop is exited. +n must be greater than or equal to 1. +The return status is zero unless n is not greater than or equal to 1. +

+
+
cd
+
+
+
cd [-L|[-P [-e]] [-@] [directory]
+
+ +

Change the current working directory to directory. +If directory is not supplied, the value of the HOME shell variable is used. -Any additional arguments following directory are ignored. +Any additional arguments following directory are ignored. If the shell variable -CDPATH exists, it is used as a search path: -each directory name in CDPATH is searched for -directory, with alternative directory names in CDPATH -separated by a colon (`:'). -If directory begins with a slash, CDPATH is not used. -

- -The `-P' option means to not follow symbolic links: symbolic links -are resolved while cd is traversing directory and before -processing an instance of `..' in directory. -

- -By default, or when the `-L' option is supplied, symbolic links -in directory are resolved after cd processes an instance -of `..' in directory. -

- -If `..' appears in directory, it is processed by removing the +CDPATH exists, it is used as a search path: +each directory name in CDPATH is searched for +directory, with alternative directory names in CDPATH +separated by a colon (‘:’). +If directory begins with a slash, CDPATH is not used. +

+

The -P option means to not follow symbolic links: symbolic links +are resolved while cd is traversing directory and before +processing an instance of ‘..’ in directory. +

+

By default, or when the -L option is supplied, symbolic links +in directory are resolved after cd processes an instance +of ‘..’ in directory. +

+

If ‘..’ appears in directory, it is processed by removing the immediately preceding pathname component, back to a slash or the beginning -of directory. -

- -If the `-e' option is supplied with `-P' +of directory. +

+

If the -e option is supplied with -P and the current working directory cannot be successfully determined -after a successful directory change, cd will return an unsuccessful +after a successful directory change, cd will return an unsuccessful status. -

- -On systems that support it, the `-@' option presents the extended +

+

On systems that support it, the -@ option presents the extended attributes associated with a file as a directory. -

- -If directory is `-', it is converted to $OLDPWD +

+

If directory is ‘-’, it is converted to $OLDPWD before the directory change is attempted. -

- -If a non-empty directory name from CDPATH is used, or if -`-' is the first argument, and the directory change is +

+

If a non-empty directory name from CDPATH is used, or if +‘-’ is the first argument, and the directory change is successful, the absolute pathname of the new working directory is written to the standard output. -

- -The return status is zero if the directory is successfully changed, +

+

The return status is zero if the directory is successfully changed, non-zero otherwise. -

- -

continue -
-
 
continue [n]
-

- -Resume the next iteration of an enclosing for, while, -until, or select loop. -If n is supplied, the execution of the nth enclosing loop +

+
+
continue
+
+
+
continue [n]
+
+ +

Resume the next iteration of an enclosing for, while, +until, or select loop. +If n is supplied, the execution of the nth enclosing loop is resumed. -n must be greater than or equal to 1. -The return status is zero unless n is not greater than or equal to 1. -

- -

eval -
-
 
eval [arguments]
-

- -The arguments are concatenated together into a single command, which is +n must be greater than or equal to 1. +The return status is zero unless n is not greater than or equal to 1. +

+
+
eval
+
+
+
eval [arguments]
+
+ +

The arguments are concatenated together into a single command, which is then read and executed, and its exit status returned as the exit status -of eval. +of eval. If there are no arguments or only empty arguments, the return status is zero. -

- -

exec -
-
 
exec [-cl] [-a name] [command [arguments]]
-

- -If command +

+
+
exec
+
+
+
exec [-cl] [-a name] [command [arguments]]
+
+ +

If command is supplied, it replaces the shell without creating a new process. -If the `-l' option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the -beginning of the zeroth argument passed to command. -This is what the login program does. -The `-c' option causes command to be executed with an empty +If the -l option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the +beginning of the zeroth argument passed to command. +This is what the login program does. +The -c option causes command to be executed with an empty environment. -If `-a' is supplied, the shell passes name as the zeroth -argument to command. -If command +If -a is supplied, the shell passes name as the zeroth +argument to command. +If command cannot be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits, -unless the execfail shell option +unless the execfail shell option is enabled. In that case, it returns failure. An interactive shell returns failure if the file cannot be executed. -If no command is specified, redirections may be used to affect +If no command is specified, redirections may be used to affect the current shell environment. If there are no redirection errors, the return status is zero; otherwise the return status is non-zero. -

- -

exit -
-
 
exit [n]
-

- -Exit the shell, returning a status of n to the shell's parent. -If n is omitted, the exit status is that of the last command executed. -Any trap on EXIT is executed before the shell terminates. -

- -

export -
-
 
export [-fn] [-p] [name[=value]]
-

- -Mark each name to be passed to child processes -in the environment. If the `-f' option is supplied, the names +

+
+
exit
+
+
+
exit [n]
+
+ +

Exit the shell, returning a status of n to the shell’s parent. +If n is omitted, the exit status is that of the last command executed. +Any trap on EXIT is executed before the shell terminates. +

+
+
export
+
+
+
export [-fn] [-p] [name[=value]]
+
+ +

Mark each name to be passed to child processes +in the environment. If the -f option is supplied, the names refer to shell functions; otherwise the names refer to shell variables. -The `-n' option means to no longer mark each name for export. -If no names are supplied, or if the `-p' option is given, a +The -n option means to no longer mark each name for export. +If no names are supplied, or if the -p option is given, a list of names of all exported variables is displayed. -The `-p' option displays output in a form that may be reused as input. -If a variable name is followed by =value, the value of -the variable is set to value. -

- -The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied, one of -the names is not a valid shell variable name, or `-f' is supplied +The -p option displays output in a form that may be reused as input. +If a variable name is followed by =value, the value of +the variable is set to value. +

+

The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied, one of +the names is not a valid shell variable name, or -f is supplied with a name that is not a shell function. -

- -

getopts -
-
 
getopts optstring name [args]
-

- -getopts is used by shell scripts to parse positional parameters. -optstring contains the option characters to be recognized; if a +

+
+
getopts
+
+
+
getopts optstring name [args]
+
+ +

getopts is used by shell scripts to parse positional parameters. +optstring contains the option characters to be recognized; if a character is followed by a colon, the option is expected to have an argument, which should be separated from it by whitespace. -The colon (`:') and question mark (`?') may not be +The colon (‘:’) and question mark (‘?’) may not be used as option characters. -Each time it is invoked, getopts -places the next option in the shell variable name, initializing -name if it does not exist, +Each time it is invoked, getopts +places the next option in the shell variable name, initializing +name if it does not exist, and the index of the next argument to be processed into the -variable OPTIND. -OPTIND is initialized to 1 each time the shell or a shell script +variable OPTIND. +OPTIND is initialized to 1 each time the shell or a shell script is invoked. When an option requires an argument, -getopts places that argument into the variable OPTARG. -The shell does not reset OPTIND automatically; it must be manually -reset between multiple calls to getopts within the same shell +getopts places that argument into the variable OPTARG. +The shell does not reset OPTIND automatically; it must be manually +reset between multiple calls to getopts within the same shell invocation if a new set of parameters is to be used. -

- -When the end of options is encountered, getopts exits with a +

+

When the end of options is encountered, getopts exits with a return value greater than zero. -OPTIND is set to the index of the first non-option argument, -and name is set to `?'. -

- -getopts +OPTIND is set to the index of the first non-option argument, +and name is set to ‘?’. +

+

getopts normally parses the positional parameters, but if more arguments are -given in args, getopts parses those instead. -

- -getopts can report errors in two ways. If the first character of -optstring is a colon, silent +given in args, getopts parses those instead. +

+

getopts can report errors in two ways. If the first character of +optstring is a colon, silent error reporting is used. In normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed when invalid options or missing option arguments are encountered. -If the variable OPTERR +If the variable OPTERR is set to 0, no error messages will be displayed, even if the first -character of optstring is not a colon. -

- -If an invalid option is seen, -getopts places `?' into name and, if not silent, -prints an error message and unsets OPTARG. -If getopts is silent, the option character found is placed in -OPTARG and no diagnostic message is printed. -

- -If a required argument is not found, and getopts -is not silent, a question mark (`?') is placed in name, -OPTARG is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed. -If getopts is silent, then a colon (`:') is placed in -name and OPTARG is set to the option character found. -

- -

hash -
-
 
hash [-r] [-p filename] [-dt] [name]
-

- -Each time hash is invoked, it remembers the full pathnames of the -commands specified as name arguments, +character of optstring is not a colon. +

+

If an invalid option is seen, +getopts places ‘?’ into name and, if not silent, +prints an error message and unsets OPTARG. +If getopts is silent, the option character found is placed in +OPTARG and no diagnostic message is printed. +

+

If a required argument is not found, and getopts +is not silent, a question mark (‘?’) is placed in name, +OPTARG is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed. +If getopts is silent, then a colon (‘:’) is placed in +name and OPTARG is set to the option character found. +

+
+
hash
+
+
+
hash [-r] [-p filename] [-dt] [name]
+
+ +

Each time hash is invoked, it remembers the full pathnames of the +commands specified as name arguments, so they need not be searched for on subsequent invocations. The commands are found by searching through the directories listed in -$PATH. +$PATH. Any previously-remembered pathname is discarded. -The `-p' option inhibits the path search, and filename is -used as the location of name. -The `-r' option causes the shell to forget all remembered locations. -The `-d' option causes the shell to forget the remembered location -of each name. -If the `-t' option is supplied, the full pathname to which each -name corresponds is printed. If multiple name arguments are -supplied with `-t' the name is printed before the hashed +The -p option inhibits the path search, and filename is +used as the location of name. +The -r option causes the shell to forget all remembered locations. +The -d option causes the shell to forget the remembered location +of each name. +If the -t option is supplied, the full pathname to which each +name corresponds is printed. If multiple name arguments are +supplied with -t the name is printed before the hashed full pathname. -The `-l' option causes output to be displayed in a format +The -l option causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input. -If no arguments are given, or if only `-l' is supplied, +If no arguments are given, or if only -l is supplied, information about remembered commands is printed. -The return status is zero unless a name is not found or an invalid +The return status is zero unless a name is not found or an invalid option is supplied. -

- -

pwd -
-
 
pwd [-LP]
-

- -Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory. -If the `-P' option is supplied, the pathname printed will not +

+
+
pwd
+
+
+
pwd [-LP]
+
+ +

Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory. +If the -P option is supplied, the pathname printed will not contain symbolic links. -If the `-L' option is supplied, the pathname printed may contain +If the -L option is supplied, the pathname printed may contain symbolic links. The return status is zero unless an error is encountered while determining the name of the current directory or an invalid option is supplied. -

- -

readonly -
-
 
readonly [-aAf] [-p] [name[=value]] ...
-

- -Mark each name as readonly. +

+
+
readonly
+
+
+
readonly [-aAf] [-p] [name[=value]] …
+
+ +

Mark each name as readonly. The values of these names may not be changed by subsequent assignment. -If the `-f' option is supplied, each name refers to a shell +If the -f option is supplied, each name refers to a shell function. -The `-a' option means each name refers to an indexed -array variable; the `-A' option means each name refers +The -a option means each name refers to an indexed +array variable; the -A option means each name refers to an associative array variable. -If both options are supplied, `-A' takes precedence. -If no name arguments are given, or if the `-p' +If both options are supplied, -A takes precedence. +If no name arguments are given, or if the -p option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed. The other options may be used to restrict the output to a subset of the set of readonly names. -The `-p' option causes output to be displayed in a format that +The -p option causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input. -If a variable name is followed by =value, the value of -the variable is set to value. +If a variable name is followed by =value, the value of +the variable is set to value. The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied, one of -the name arguments is not a valid shell variable or function name, -or the `-f' option is supplied with a name that is not a shell function. -

- -

return -
-
 
return [n]
-

- -Cause a shell function to stop executing and return the value n +the name arguments is not a valid shell variable or function name, +or the -f option is supplied with a name that is not a shell function. +

+
+
return
+
+
+
return [n]
+
+ +

Cause a shell function to stop executing and return the value n to its caller. -If n is not supplied, the return value is the exit status of the +If n is not supplied, the return value is the exit status of the last command executed in the function. -return may also be used to terminate execution of a script -being executed with the . (source) builtin, -returning either n or +If return is executed by a trap handler, the last command used to +determine the status is the last command executed before the trap handler. +if return is executed during a DEBUG trap, the last command +used to determine the status is the last command executed by the trap +handler before return was invoked. +return may also be used to terminate execution of a script +being executed with the . (source) builtin, +returning either n or the exit status of the last command executed within the script as the exit status of the script. -If n is supplied, the return value is its least significant +If n is supplied, the return value is its least significant 8 bits. -Any command associated with the RETURN trap is executed +Any command associated with the RETURN trap is executed before execution resumes after the function or script. -The return status is non-zero if return is supplied a non-numeric +The return status is non-zero if return is supplied a non-numeric argument or is used outside a function -and not during the execution of a script by . or source. -

- -

shift -
-
 
shift [n]
-

- -Shift the positional parameters to the left by n. -The positional parameters from n+1 ... $# are -renamed to $1 ... $#-n. -Parameters represented by the numbers $# to $#-n+1 +and not during the execution of a script by . or source. +

+
+
shift
+
+
+
shift [n]
+
+ +

Shift the positional parameters to the left by n. +The positional parameters from n+1 … $# are +renamed to $1 … $#-n. +Parameters represented by the numbers $# to $#-n+1 are unset. -n must be a non-negative number less than or equal to $#. -If n is zero or greater than $#, the positional parameters +n must be a non-negative number less than or equal to $#. +If n is zero or greater than $#, the positional parameters are not changed. -If n is not supplied, it is assumed to be 1. -The return status is zero unless n is greater than $# or +If n is not supplied, it is assumed to be 1. +The return status is zero unless n is greater than $# or less than zero, non-zero otherwise. -

- -

test -
[ -
- -
 
test expr
-

- -Evaluate a conditional express -ion expr and return a status of 0 +

+
+
test
+
[
+
+ +
+
test expr
+
+ +

Evaluate a conditional expression expr and return a status of 0 (true) or 1 (false). Each operator and operand must be a separate argument. Expressions are composed of the primaries described below in -6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions. -test does not accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore -an argument of `--' as signifying the end of options. -

- -When the [ form is used, the last argument to the command must -be a ]. -

- -Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed in +Bash Conditional Expressions. +test does not accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore +an argument of -- as signifying the end of options. +

+

When the [ form is used, the last argument to the command must +be a ]. +

+

Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed in decreasing order of precedence. The evaluation depends on the number of arguments; see below. Operator precedence is used when there are five or more arguments. -

- -

-
! expr -
True if expr is false. -

- -

( expr ) -
Returns the value of expr. +

+
+
! expr
+

True if expr is false. +

+
+
( expr )
+

Returns the value of expr. This may be used to override the normal precedence of operators. -

- -

expr1 -a expr2 -
True if both expr1 and expr2 are true. -

- -

expr1 -o expr2 -
True if either expr1 or expr2 is true. -
-

- -The test and [ builtins evaluate conditional +

+
+
expr1 -a expr2
+

True if both expr1 and expr2 are true. +

+
+
expr1 -o expr2
+

True if either expr1 or expr2 is true. +

+
+ +

The test and [ builtins evaluate conditional expressions using a set of rules based on the number of arguments. -

- -

-
0 arguments -
The expression is false. -

- -

1 argument -
The expression is true if and only if the argument is not null. -

- -

2 arguments -
If the first argument is `!', the expression is true if and +

+
+
0 arguments
+

The expression is false. +

+
+
1 argument
+

The expression is true if and only if the argument is not null. +

+
+
2 arguments
+

If the first argument is ‘!’, the expression is true if and only if the second argument is null. If the first argument is one of the unary conditional operators -(see section 6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions), the expression +(see Bash Conditional Expressions), the expression is true if the unary test is true. If the first argument is not a valid unary operator, the expression is false. -

- -

3 arguments -
The following conditions are applied in the order listed. +

+
+
3 arguments
+

The following conditions are applied in the order listed. If the second argument is one of the binary conditional -operators (see section 6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions), the +operators (see Bash Conditional Expressions), the result of the expression is the result of the binary test using the first and third arguments as operands. -The `-a' and `-o' operators are considered binary operators +The ‘-a’ and ‘-o’ operators are considered binary operators when there are three arguments. -If the first argument is `!', the value is the negation of +If the first argument is ‘!’, the value is the negation of the two-argument test using the second and third arguments. -If the first argument is exactly `(' and the third argument is -exactly `)', the result is the one-argument test of the second +If the first argument is exactly ‘(’ and the third argument is +exactly ‘)’, the result is the one-argument test of the second argument. Otherwise, the expression is false. -

- -

4 arguments -
If the first argument is `!', the result is the negation of +

+
+
4 arguments
+

If the first argument is ‘!’, the result is the negation of the three-argument expression composed of the remaining arguments. -Otherwise, the expression is parsed and evaluated according to +Otherwise, the expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence using the rules listed above. -

- -

5 or more arguments -
The expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence +

+
+
5 or more arguments
+

The expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence using the rules listed above. -

-

+

+
-When used with test or `[', the `<' and `>' +

When used with test or ‘[’, the ‘<’ and ‘>’ operators sort lexicographically using ASCII ordering. -

- -

times -
-
 
times
-

- -Print out the user and system times used by the shell and its children. +

+
+
times
+
+
+
times
+
+ +

Print out the user and system times used by the shell and its children. The return status is zero. -

- -

trap -
-
 
trap [-lp] [arg] [sigspec ...]
-

- -The commands in arg are to be read and executed when the -shell receives signal sigspec. If arg is absent (and -there is a single sigspec) or -equal to `-', each specified signal's disposition is reset +

+
+
trap
+
+
+
trap [-lp] [arg] [sigspec …]
+
+ +

The commands in arg are to be read and executed when the +shell receives signal sigspec. If arg is absent (and +there is a single sigspec) or +equal to ‘-’, each specified signal’s disposition is reset to the value it had when the shell was started. -If arg is the null string, then the signal specified by -each sigspec is ignored by the shell and commands it invokes. -If arg is not present and `-p' has been supplied, -the shell displays the trap commands associated with each sigspec. +If arg is the null string, then the signal specified by +each sigspec is ignored by the shell and commands it invokes. +If arg is not present and -p has been supplied, +the shell displays the trap commands associated with each sigspec. If no arguments are supplied, or -only `-p' is given, trap prints the list of commands +only -p is given, trap prints the list of commands associated with each signal number in a form that may be reused as shell input. -The `-l' option causes the shell to print a list of signal names +The -l option causes the shell to print a list of signal names and their corresponding numbers. -Each sigspec is either a signal name or a signal number. -Signal names are case insensitive and the SIG prefix is optional. -

- -If a sigspec -is 0 or EXIT, arg is executed when the shell exits. -If a sigspec is DEBUG, the command arg is executed -before every simple command, for command, case command, -select command, every arithmetic for command, and before +Each sigspec is either a signal name or a signal number. +Signal names are case insensitive and the SIG prefix is optional. +

+

If a sigspec +is 0 or EXIT, arg is executed when the shell exits. +If a sigspec is DEBUG, the command arg is executed +before every simple command, for command, case command, +select command, every arithmetic for command, and before the first command executes in a shell function. -Refer to the description of the extdebug option to the -shopt builtin (see section 4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin) for details of its -effect on the DEBUG trap. -If a sigspec is RETURN, the command arg is executed -each time a shell function or a script executed with the . or -source builtins finishes executing. -

- -If a sigspec is ERR, the command arg +Refer to the description of the extdebug option to the +shopt builtin (see The Shopt Builtin) for details of its +effect on the DEBUG trap. +If a sigspec is RETURN, the command arg is executed +each time a shell function or a script executed with the . or +source builtins finishes executing. +

+

If a sigspec is ERR, the command arg is executed whenever a pipeline (which may consist of a single simple -command), a list, or a compound command returns a +command), a list, or a compound command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to the following conditions. -The ERR trap is not executed if the failed command is part of the -command list immediately following an until or while keyword, -part of the test following the if or elif reserved words, -part of a command executed in a && or || list -except the command following the final && or ||, +The ERR trap is not executed if the failed command is part of the +command list immediately following an until or while keyword, +part of the test following the if or elif reserved words, +part of a command executed in a && or || list +except the command following the final && or ||, any command in a pipeline but the last, -or if the command's return -status is being inverted using !. -These are the same conditions obeyed by the errexit (`-e') +or if the command’s return +status is being inverted using !. +These are the same conditions obeyed by the errexit (-e) option. -

- -Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset. +

+

Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset. Trapped signals that are not being ignored are reset to their original values in a subshell or subshell environment when one is created. -

- -The return status is zero unless a sigspec does not specify a +

+

The return status is zero unless a sigspec does not specify a valid signal. -

- -

umask -
-
 
umask [-p] [-S] [mode]
-

- -Set the shell process's file creation mask to mode. If -mode begins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; +

+
+
umask
+
+
+
umask [-p] [-S] [mode]
+
+ +

Set the shell process’s file creation mask to mode. If +mode begins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; if not, it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar -to that accepted by the chmod command. If mode is -omitted, the current value of the mask is printed. If the `-S' -option is supplied without a mode argument, the mask is printed +to that accepted by the chmod command. If mode is +omitted, the current value of the mask is printed. If the -S +option is supplied without a mode argument, the mask is printed in a symbolic format. -If the `-p' option is supplied, and mode +If the -p option is supplied, and mode is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input. The return status is zero if the mode is successfully changed or if -no mode argument is supplied, and non-zero otherwise. -

- -Note that when the mode is interpreted as an octal number, each number -of the umask is subtracted from 7. Thus, a umask of 022 -results in permissions of 755. -

- -

unset -
-
 
unset [-fnv] [name]
-

- -Remove each variable or function name. -If the `-v' option is given, each -name refers to a shell variable and that variable is remvoved. -If the `-f' option is given, the names refer to shell +no mode argument is supplied, and non-zero otherwise. +

+

Note that when the mode is interpreted as an octal number, each number +of the umask is subtracted from 7. Thus, a umask of 022 +results in permissions of 755. +

+
+
unset
+
+
+
unset [-fnv] [name]
+
+ +

Remove each variable or function name. +If the -v option is given, each +name refers to a shell variable and that variable is removed. +If the -f option is given, the names refer to shell functions, and the function definition is removed. -If the `-n' option is supplied, and name is a variable with -the nameref attribute, name will be unset rather than the +If the -n option is supplied, and name is a variable with +the nameref attribute, name will be unset rather than the variable it references. -`-n' has no effect if the `-f' option is supplied. -If no options are supplied, each name refers to a variable; if +-n has no effect if the -f option is supplied. +If no options are supplied, each name refers to a variable; if there is no variable by that name, any function with that name is unset. Readonly variables and functions may not be unset. -The return status is zero unless a name is readonly. -

-

- - -

- - - - - - - - - - - -
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
-

4.2 Bash Builtin Commands

- -

- -This section describes builtin commands which are unique to +The return status is zero unless a name is readonly. +

+
+ +
+ +
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Shell Builtin Commands   [Contents][Index]

+
+ +

4.2 Bash Builtin Commands

+ +

This section describes builtin commands which are unique to or have been extended in Bash. -Some of these commands are specified in the POSIX standard. -

- -

- -
alias -
-
 
alias [-p] [name[=value] ...]
-

- -Without arguments or with the `-p' option, alias prints +Some of these commands are specified in the POSIX standard. +

+
+
alias
+
+
+
alias [-p] [name[=value] …]
+
+ +

Without arguments or with the -p option, alias prints the list of aliases on the standard output in a form that allows them to be reused as input. -If arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for each name -whose value is given. If no value is given, the name +If arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for each name +whose value is given. If no value is given, the name and value of the alias is printed. -Aliases are described in 6.6 Aliases. -

- -

bind -
-
 
bind [-m keymap] [-lpsvPSVX]
-bind [-m keymap] [-q function] [-u function] [-r keyseq]
-bind [-m keymap] -f filename
-bind [-m keymap] -x keyseq:shell-command
-bind [-m keymap] keyseq:function-name
-bind readline-command
-

- -Display current Readline (see section 8. Command Line Editing) +Aliases are described in Aliases. +

+
+
bind
+
+
+
bind [-m keymap] [-lpsvPSVX]
+bind [-m keymap] [-q function] [-u function] [-r keyseq]
+bind [-m keymap] -f filename
+bind [-m keymap] -x keyseq:shell-command
+bind [-m keymap] keyseq:function-name
+bind [-m keymap] keyseq:readline-command
+
+ +

Display current Readline (see Command Line Editing) key and function bindings, bind a key sequence to a Readline function or macro, or set a Readline variable. Each non-option argument is a command as it would appear in a -Readline initialization file (see section 8.3 Readline Init File), +Readline initialization file (see Readline Init File), but each binding or command must be passed as a separate argument; e.g., -`"\C-x\C-r":re-read-init-file'. -

- -Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: -

- -

-
-m keymap -
Use keymap as the keymap to be affected by -the subsequent bindings. Acceptable keymap +‘"\C-x\C-r":re-read-init-file’. +

+

Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: +

+
+
-m keymap
+

Use keymap as the keymap to be affected by +the subsequent bindings. Acceptable keymap names are -emacs, -emacs-standard, -emacs-meta, -emacs-ctlx, -vi, -vi-move, -vi-command, and -vi-insert. -vi is equivalent to vi-command; -emacs is equivalent to emacs-standard. -

- -

-l -
List the names of all Readline functions. -

- -

-p -
Display Readline function names and bindings in such a way that they +emacs, +emacs-standard, +emacs-meta, +emacs-ctlx, +vi, +vi-move, +vi-command, and +vi-insert. +vi is equivalent to vi-command (vi-move is also a +synonym); emacs is equivalent to emacs-standard. +

+
+
-l
+

List the names of all Readline functions. +

+
+
-p
+

Display Readline function names and bindings in such a way that they can be used as input or in a Readline initialization file. -

- -

-P -
List current Readline function names and bindings. -

- -

-v -
Display Readline variable names and values in such a way that they +

+
+
-P
+

List current Readline function names and bindings. +

+
+
-v
+

Display Readline variable names and values in such a way that they can be used as input or in a Readline initialization file. -

- -

-V -
List current Readline variable names and values. -

- -

-s -
Display Readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings they output +

+
+
-V
+

List current Readline variable names and values. +

+
+
-s
+

Display Readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings they output in such a way that they can be used as input or in a Readline initialization file. -

- -

-S -
Display Readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings they output. -

- -

-f filename -
Read key bindings from filename. -

- -

-q function -
Query about which keys invoke the named function. -

- -

-u function -
Unbind all keys bound to the named function. -

- -

-r keyseq -
Remove any current binding for keyseq. -

- -

-x keyseq:shell-command -
Cause shell-command to be executed whenever keyseq is +

+
+
-S
+

Display Readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings they output. +

+
+
-f filename
+

Read key bindings from filename. +

+
+
-q function
+

Query about which keys invoke the named function. +

+
+
-u function
+

Unbind all keys bound to the named function. +

+
+
-r keyseq
+

Remove any current binding for keyseq. +

+
+
-x keyseq:shell-command
+

Cause shell-command to be executed whenever keyseq is entered. -When shell-command is executed, the shell sets the -READLINE_LINE variable to the contents of the Readline line -buffer and the READLINE_POINT variable to the current location +When shell-command is executed, the shell sets the +READLINE_LINE variable to the contents of the Readline line +buffer and the READLINE_POINT variable to the current location of the insertion point. -If the executed command changes the value of READLINE_LINE or -READLINE_POINT, those new values will be reflected in the +If the executed command changes the value of READLINE_LINE or +READLINE_POINT, those new values will be reflected in the editing state. -

- -

-X -
List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the associated commands +

+
+
-X
+

List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the associated commands in a format that can be reused as input. -

-

+

+
-The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied or an +

The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied or an error occurs. -

- -

builtin -
-
 
builtin [shell-builtin [args]]
-

- -Run a shell builtin, passing it args, and return its exit status. +

+
+
builtin
+
+
+
builtin [shell-builtin [args]]
+
+ +

Run a shell builtin, passing it args, and return its exit status. This is useful when defining a shell function with the same name as a shell builtin, retaining the functionality of the builtin within the function. -The return status is non-zero if shell-builtin is not a shell +The return status is non-zero if shell-builtin is not a shell builtin command. -

- -

caller -
-
 
caller [expr]
-

- -Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell function or -a script executed with the . or source builtins). -

- -Without expr, caller displays the line number and source +

+
+
caller
+
+
+
caller [expr]
+
+ +

Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell function or +a script executed with the . or source builtins). +

+

Without expr, caller displays the line number and source filename of the current subroutine call. -If a non-negative integer is supplied as expr, caller +If a non-negative integer is supplied as expr, caller displays the line number, subroutine name, and source file corresponding to that position in the current execution call stack. This extra information may be used, for example, to print a stack trace. The current frame is frame 0. -

- -The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a subroutine -call or expr does not correspond to a valid position in the +

+

The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a subroutine +call or expr does not correspond to a valid position in the call stack. -

- -

command -
-
 
command [-pVv] command [arguments ...]
-

- -Runs command with arguments ignoring any shell function -named command. +

+
+
command
+
+
+
command [-pVv] command [arguments …]
+
+ +

Runs command with arguments ignoring any shell function +named command. Only shell builtin commands or commands found by searching the -PATH are executed. -If there is a shell function named ls, running `command ls' -within the function will execute the external command ls +PATH are executed. +If there is a shell function named ls, running ‘command ls’ +within the function will execute the external command ls instead of calling the function recursively. -The `-p' option means to use a default value for PATH +The -p option means to use a default value for PATH that is guaranteed to find all of the standard utilities. -The return status in this case is 127 if command cannot be -found or an error occurred, and the exit status of command +The return status in this case is 127 if command cannot be +found or an error occurred, and the exit status of command otherwise. -

- -If either the `-V' or `-v' option is supplied, a -description of command is printed. The `-v' option +

+

If either the -V or -v option is supplied, a +description of command is printed. The -v option causes a single word indicating the command or file name used to -invoke command to be displayed; the `-V' option produces +invoke command to be displayed; the -V option produces a more verbose description. In this case, the return status is -zero if command is found, and non-zero if not. -

- -

declare -
-
 
declare [-aAfFgilnrtux] [-p] [name[=value] ...]
-

- -Declare variables and give them attributes. If no names +zero if command is found, and non-zero if not. +

+
+
declare
+
+
+
declare [-aAfFgilnrtux] [-p] [name[=value] …]
+
+ +

Declare variables and give them attributes. If no names are given, then display the values of variables instead. -

- -The `-p' option will display the attributes and values of each -name. -When `-p' is used with name arguments, additional options, -other than `-f' and `-F', are ignored. -

- -When `-p' is supplied without name arguments, declare +

+

The -p option will display the attributes and values of each +name. +When -p is used with name arguments, additional options, +other than -f and -F, are ignored. +

+

When -p is supplied without name arguments, declare will display the attributes and values of all variables having the attributes specified by the additional options. -If no other options are supplied with `-p', declare will -display the attributes and values of all shell variables. The `-f' +If no other options are supplied with -p, declare will +display the attributes and values of all shell variables. The -f option will restrict the display to shell functions. -

- -The `-F' option inhibits the display of function definitions; +

+

The -F option inhibits the display of function definitions; only the function name and attributes are printed. -If the extdebug shell option is enabled using shopt -(see section 4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin), the source file name and line number where -the function is defined are displayed as well. -`-F' implies `-f'. -

- -The `-g' option forces variables to be created or modified at -the global scope, even when declare is executed in a shell function. +If the extdebug shell option is enabled using shopt +(see The Shopt Builtin), the source file name and line number where +each name is defined are displayed as well. +-F implies -f. +

+

The -g option forces variables to be created or modified at +the global scope, even when declare is executed in a shell function. It is ignored in all other cases. -

- -The following options can be used to restrict output to variables with +

+

The following options can be used to restrict output to variables with the specified attributes or to give variables attributes: -

- -

-
-a -
Each name is an indexed array variable (see section 6.7 Arrays). -

- -

-A -
Each name is an associative array variable (see section 6.7 Arrays). -

- -

-f -
Use function names only. -

- -

-i -
The variable is to be treated as -an integer; arithmetic evaluation (see section 6.5 Shell Arithmetic) is +

+
+
-a
+

Each name is an indexed array variable (see Arrays). +

+
+
-A
+

Each name is an associative array variable (see Arrays). +

+
+
-f
+

Use function names only. +

+
+
-i
+

The variable is to be treated as +an integer; arithmetic evaluation (see Shell Arithmetic) is performed when the variable is assigned a value. -

- -

-l -
When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case characters are +

+
+
-l
+

When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case characters are converted to lower-case. The upper-case attribute is disabled. -

- -

-n -
Give each name the nameref attribute, making +

+
+
-n
+

Give each name the nameref attribute, making it a name reference to another variable. -That other variable is defined by the value of name. -All references and assignments to name, except for changing the -`-n' attribute itself, are performed on the variable referenced by -name's value. -The `-n' attribute cannot be applied to array variables. -

- -

-r -
Make names readonly. These names cannot then be assigned values +That other variable is defined by the value of name. +All references, assignments, and attribute modifications +to name, except for those using or changing the +-n attribute itself, are performed on the variable referenced by +name’s value. +The nameref attribute cannot be applied to array variables. +

+
+
-r
+

Make names readonly. These names cannot then be assigned values by subsequent assignment statements or unset. -

- -

-t -
Give each name the trace attribute. -Traced functions inherit the DEBUG and RETURN traps from +

+
+
-t
+

Give each name the trace attribute. +Traced functions inherit the DEBUG and RETURN traps from the calling shell. The trace attribute has no special meaning for variables. -

- -

-u -
When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case characters are +

+
+
-u
+

When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case characters are converted to upper-case. The lower-case attribute is disabled. -

- -

-x -
Mark each name for export to subsequent commands via +

+
+
-x
+

Mark each name for export to subsequent commands via the environment. -

-

+

+
-Using `+' instead of `-' turns off the attribute instead, -with the exceptions that `+a' -may not be used to destroy an array variable and `+r' will not +

Using ‘+’ instead of ‘-’ turns off the attribute instead, +with the exceptions that ‘+a’ +may not be used to destroy an array variable and ‘+r’ will not remove the readonly attribute. -When used in a function, declare makes each name local, -as with the local command, unless the `-g' option is used. -If a variable name is followed by =value, the value of the variable -is set to value. -

- -When using `-a' or `-A' and the compound assignment syntax to +When used in a function, declare makes each name local, +as with the local command, unless the -g option is used. +If a variable name is followed by =value, the value of the variable +is set to value. +

+

When using -a or -A and the compound assignment syntax to create array variables, additional attributes do not take effect until subsequent assignments. -

- -The return status is zero unless an invalid option is encountered, -an attempt is made to define a function using `-f foo=bar', +

+

The return status is zero unless an invalid option is encountered, +an attempt is made to define a function using ‘-f foo=bar’, an attempt is made to assign a value to a readonly variable, an attempt is made to assign a value to an array variable without -using the compound assignment syntax (see section 6.7 Arrays), -one of the names is not a valid shell variable name, +using the compound assignment syntax (see Arrays), +one of the names is not a valid shell variable name, an attempt is made to turn off readonly status for a readonly variable, an attempt is made to turn off array status for an array variable, -or an attempt is made to display a non-existent function with `-f'. -

- -

echo -
-
 
echo [-neE] [arg ...]
-

- -Output the args, separated by spaces, terminated with a +or an attempt is made to display a non-existent function with -f. +

+
+
echo
+
+
+
echo [-neE] [arg …]
+
+ +

Output the args, separated by spaces, terminated with a newline. The return status is 0 unless a write error occurs. -If `-n' is specified, the trailing newline is suppressed. -If the `-e' option is given, interpretation of the following +If -n is specified, the trailing newline is suppressed. +If the -e option is given, interpretation of the following backslash-escaped characters is enabled. -The `-E' option disables the interpretation of these escape characters, +The -E option disables the interpretation of these escape characters, even on systems where they are interpreted by default. -The xpg_echo shell option may be used to -dynamically determine whether or not echo expands these +The xpg_echo shell option may be used to +dynamically determine whether or not echo expands these escape characters by default. -echo does not interpret `--' to mean the end of options. -

- -echo interprets the following escape sequences: -

-
\a -
alert (bell) -
\b -
backspace -
\c -
suppress further output -
\e -
\E -
escape -
\f -
form feed -
\n -
new line -
\r -
carriage return -
\t -
horizontal tab -
\v -
vertical tab -
\\ -
backslash -
\0nnn -
the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value nnn +echo does not interpret -- to mean the end of options. +

+

echo interprets the following escape sequences: +

+
\a
+

alert (bell) +

+
\b
+

backspace +

+
\c
+

suppress further output +

+
\e
+
\E
+

escape +

+
\f
+

form feed +

+
\n
+

new line +

+
\r
+

carriage return +

+
\t
+

horizontal tab +

+
\v
+

vertical tab +

+
\\
+

backslash +

+
\0nnn
+

the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value nnn (zero to three octal digits) -

\xHH -
the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value HH +

+
\xHH
+

the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value HH (one or two hex digits) -

\uHHHH -
the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value -HHHH (one to four hex digits) -
\UHHHHHHHH -
the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value -HHHHHHHH (one to eight hex digits) -
-

- -

enable -
-
 
enable [-a] [-dnps] [-f filename] [name ...]
-

- -Enable and disable builtin shell commands. +

+
\uHHHH
+

the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value +HHHH (one to four hex digits) +

+
\UHHHHHHHH
+

the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value +HHHHHHHH (one to eight hex digits) +

+
+ +
+
enable
+
+
+
enable [-a] [-dnps] [-f filename] [name …]
+
+ +

Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin allows a disk command which has the same name as a shell builtin to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands. -If `-n' is used, the names become disabled. Otherwise -names are enabled. For example, to use the test binary -found via $PATH instead of the shell builtin version, type -`enable -n test'. -

- -If the `-p' option is supplied, or no name arguments appear, +If -n is used, the names become disabled. Otherwise +names are enabled. For example, to use the test binary +found via $PATH instead of the shell builtin version, type +‘enable -n test’. +

+

If the -p option is supplied, or no name arguments appear, a list of shell builtins is printed. With no other arguments, the list consists of all enabled shell builtins. -The `-a' option means to list +The -a option means to list each builtin with an indication of whether or not it is enabled. -

- -The `-f' option means to load the new builtin command name -from shared object filename, on systems that support dynamic loading. -The `-d' option will delete a builtin loaded with `-f'. -

- -If there are no options, a list of the shell builtins is displayed. -The `-s' option restricts enable to the POSIX special -builtins. If `-s' is used with `-f', the new builtin becomes -a special builtin (see section 4.4 Special Builtins). -

- -The return status is zero unless a name is not a shell builtin +

+

The -f option means to load the new builtin command name +from shared object filename, on systems that support dynamic loading. +The -d option will delete a builtin loaded with -f. +

+

If there are no options, a list of the shell builtins is displayed. +The -s option restricts enable to the POSIX special +builtins. If -s is used with -f, the new builtin becomes +a special builtin (see Special Builtins). +

+

The return status is zero unless a name is not a shell builtin or there is an error loading a new builtin from a shared object. -

- -

help -
-
 
help [-dms] [pattern]
-

- -Display helpful information about builtin commands. -If pattern is specified, help gives detailed help -on all commands matching pattern, otherwise a list of +

+
+
help
+
+
+
help [-dms] [pattern]
+
+ +

Display helpful information about builtin commands. +If pattern is specified, help gives detailed help +on all commands matching pattern, otherwise a list of the builtins is printed. -

- -Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: -

- -

-
-d -
Display a short description of each pattern -
-m -
Display the description of each pattern in a manpage-like format -
-s -
Display only a short usage synopsis for each pattern -
-

- -The return status is zero unless no command matches pattern. -

- -

let -
-
 
let expression [expression ...]
-

- -The let builtin allows arithmetic to be performed on shell -variables. Each expression is evaluated according to the -rules given below in 6.5 Shell Arithmetic. If the -last expression evaluates to 0, let returns 1; +

+

Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: +

+
+
-d
+

Display a short description of each pattern +

+
-m
+

Display the description of each pattern in a manpage-like format +

+
-s
+

Display only a short usage synopsis for each pattern +

+
+ +

The return status is zero unless no command matches pattern. +

+
+
let
+
+
+
let expression [expression …]
+
+ +

The let builtin allows arithmetic to be performed on shell +variables. Each expression is evaluated according to the +rules given below in Shell Arithmetic. If the +last expression evaluates to 0, let returns 1; otherwise 0 is returned. -

- -

local -
-
 
local [option] name[=value] ...
-

- -For each argument, a local variable named name is created, -and assigned value. -The option can be any of the options accepted by declare. -local can only be used within a function; it makes the variable -name have a visible scope restricted to that function and its -children. The return status is zero unless local is used outside -a function, an invalid name is supplied, or name is a +

+
+
local
+
+
+
local [option] name[=value] …
+
+ +

For each argument, a local variable named name is created, +and assigned value. +The option can be any of the options accepted by declare. +local can only be used within a function; it makes the variable +name have a visible scope restricted to that function and its +children. +If name is ‘-’, the set of shell options is made local to the +function in which local is invoked: shell options changed using +the set builtin inside the function are restored to their original +values when the function returns. +The return status is zero unless local is used outside +a function, an invalid name is supplied, or name is a readonly variable. -

- -

logout -
-
 
logout [n]
-

- -Exit a login shell, returning a status of n to the shell's +

+
+
logout
+
+
+
logout [n]
+
+ +

Exit a login shell, returning a status of n to the shell’s parent. -

- -

mapfile -
-
 
mapfile [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [-t] [-u fd]
-    [-C callback] [-c quantum] [array]
-

- -Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable array, -or from file descriptor fd -if the `-u' option is supplied. -The variable MAPFILE is the default array. +

+
+
mapfile
+
+
+
mapfile [-d delim] [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [-t] [-u fd]
+    [-C callback] [-c quantum] [array]
+
+ +

Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable array, +or from file descriptor fd +if the -u option is supplied. +The variable MAPFILE is the default array. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: -

- -

- -
-n -
Copy at most count lines. If count is 0, all lines are copied. -
-O -
Begin assigning to array at index origin. +

+
+
-d
+

The first character of delim is used to terminate each input line, +rather than newline. +

+
-n
+

Copy at most count lines. If count is 0, all lines are copied. +

+
-O
+

Begin assigning to array at index origin. The default index is 0. -

-s -
Discard the first count lines read. -
-t -
Remove a trailing newline from each line read. -
-u -
Read lines from file descriptor fd instead of the standard input. -
-C -
Evaluate callback each time quantumP lines are read. -The `-c' option specifies quantum. -
-c -
Specify the number of lines read between each call to callback. -
-

- -If `-C' is specified without `-c', +

+
-s
+

Discard the first count lines read. +

+
-t
+

Remove a trailing delim (default newline) from each line read. +

+
-u
+

Read lines from file descriptor fd instead of the standard input. +

+
-C
+

Evaluate callback each time quantumP lines are read. +The -c option specifies quantum. +

+
-c
+

Specify the number of lines read between each call to callback. +

+
+ +

If -C is specified without -c, the default quantum is 5000. -When callback is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next +When callback is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next array element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that element as additional arguments. -callback is evaluated after the line is read but before the +callback is evaluated after the line is read but before the array element is assigned. -

- -If not supplied with an explicit origin, mapfile will clear array +

+

If not supplied with an explicit origin, mapfile will clear array before assigning to it. -

- -mapfile returns successfully unless an invalid option or option -argument is supplied, array is invalid or unassignable, or array +

+

mapfile returns successfully unless an invalid option or option +argument is supplied, array is invalid or unassignable, or array is not an indexed array. -

- -

printf -
-
 
printf [-v var] format [arguments]
-

- -Write the formatted arguments to the standard output under the -control of the format. -The `-v' option causes the output to be assigned to the variable -var rather than being printed to the standard output. -

- -The format is a character string which contains three types of objects: +

+
+
printf
+
+
+
printf [-v var] format [arguments]
+
+ +

Write the formatted arguments to the standard output under the +control of the format. +The -v option causes the output to be assigned to the variable +var rather than being printed to the standard output. +

+

The format is a character string which contains three types of objects: plain characters, which are simply copied to standard output, character escape sequences, which are converted and copied to the standard output, and format specifications, each of which causes printing of the next successive -argument. -In addition to the standard printf(1) formats, printf +argument. +In addition to the standard printf(1) formats, printf interprets the following extensions: -

- -

-
%b -
Causes printf to expand backslash escape sequences in the -corresponding argument, -except that `\c' terminates output, backslashes in -`\'', `\"', and `\?' are not removed, and octal escapes -beginning with `\0' may contain up to four digits. -
%q -
Causes printf to output the -corresponding argument in a format that can be reused as shell input. -
%(datefmt)T -
Causes printf to output the date-time string resulting from using -datefmt as a format string for strftime(3). -The corresponding argument is an integer representing the number of +

+
+
%b
+

Causes printf to expand backslash escape sequences in the +corresponding argument in the same way as echo -e +(see Bash Builtins). +

+
%q
+

Causes printf to output the +corresponding argument in a format that can be reused as shell input. +

+
%(datefmt)T
+

Causes printf to output the date-time string resulting from using +datefmt as a format string for strftime(3). +The corresponding argument is an integer representing the number of seconds since the epoch. Two special argument values may be used: -1 represents the current time, and -2 represents the time the shell was invoked. If no argument is specified, conversion behaves as if -1 had been given. -This is an exception to the usual printf behavior. -

-

+This is an exception to the usual printf behavior. +

+
-Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C language constants, +

Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C language constants, except that a leading plus or minus sign is allowed, and if the leading character is a single or double quote, the value is the ASCII value of the following character. -

- -The format is reused as necessary to consume all of the arguments. -If the format requires more arguments than are supplied, the +

+

The format is reused as necessary to consume all of the arguments. +If the format requires more arguments than are supplied, the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. The return value is zero on success, non-zero on failure. -

- -

read -
-
 
read [-ers] [-a aname] [-d delim] [-i text] [-n nchars]
-    [-N nchars] [-p prompt] [-t timeout] [-u fd] [name ...]
-

- -One line is read from the standard input, or from the file descriptor -fd supplied as an argument to the `-u' option, and the first word -is assigned to the first name, the second word to the second name, -and so on, with leftover words and their intervening separators assigned -to the last name. +

+
+
read
+
+
+
read [-ers] [-a aname] [-d delim] [-i text] [-n nchars]
+    [-N nchars] [-p prompt] [-t timeout] [-u fd] [name …]
+
+ +

One line is read from the standard input, or from the file descriptor +fd supplied as an argument to the -u option, +split into words as described above in Word Splitting, +and the first word +is assigned to the first name, the second word to the second name, +and so on. +If there are more words than names, +the remaining words and their intervening delimiters are assigned +to the last name. If there are fewer words read from the input stream than names, the remaining names are assigned empty values. -The characters in the value of the IFS variable +The characters in the value of the IFS variable are used to split the line into words using the same rules the shell -uses for expansion (described above in 3.5.7 Word Splitting). -The backslash character `\' may be used to remove any special +uses for expansion (described above in Word Splitting). +The backslash character ‘\’ may be used to remove any special meaning for the next character read and for line continuation. If no names are supplied, the line read is assigned to the -variable REPLY. -The return code is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, read -times out (in which case the return code is greater than 128), +variable REPLY. +The exit status is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, read +times out (in which case the status is greater than 128), a variable assignment error (such as assigning to a readonly variable) occurs, -or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as the argument to `-u'. -

- -Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: -

- -

-
-a aname -
The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array variable -aname, starting at 0. -All elements are removed from aname before the assignment. -Other name arguments are ignored. -

- -

-d delim -
The first character of delim is used to terminate the input line, +or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as the argument to -u. +

+

Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: +

+
+
-a aname
+

The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array variable +aname, starting at 0. +All elements are removed from aname before the assignment. +Other name arguments are ignored. +

+
+
-d delim
+

The first character of delim is used to terminate the input line, rather than newline. -

- -

-e -
Readline (see section 8. Command Line Editing) is used to obtain the line. +

+
+
-e
+

Readline (see Command Line Editing) is used to obtain the line. Readline uses the current (or default, if line editing was not previously active) editing settings. -

- -

-i text -
If Readline is being used to read the line, text is placed into +

+
+
-i text
+

If Readline is being used to read the line, text is placed into the editing buffer before editing begins. -

- -

-n nchars -
read returns after reading nchars characters rather than -waiting for a complete line of input, but honor a delimiter if fewer -than nchars characters are read before the delimiter. -

- -

-N nchars -
read returns after reading exactly nchars characters rather +

+
+
-n nchars
+

read returns after reading nchars characters rather than +waiting for a complete line of input, but honors a delimiter if fewer +than nchars characters are read before the delimiter. +

+
+
-N nchars
+

read returns after reading exactly nchars characters rather than waiting for a complete line of input, unless EOF is encountered or -read times out. +read times out. Delimiter characters encountered in the input are -not treated specially and do not cause read to return until -nchars characters are read. -

- -

-p prompt -
Display prompt, without a trailing newline, before attempting +not treated specially and do not cause read to return until +nchars characters are read. +The result is not split on the characters in IFS; the intent is +that the variable is assigned exactly the characters read +(with the exception of backslash; see the -r option below). +

+
+
-p prompt
+

Display prompt, without a trailing newline, before attempting to read any input. The prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal. -

- -

-r -
If this option is given, backslash does not act as an escape character. +

+
+
-r
+

If this option is given, backslash does not act as an escape character. The backslash is considered to be part of the line. In particular, a backslash-newline pair may not be used as a line continuation. -

- -

-s -
Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, characters are +

+
+
-s
+

Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, characters are not echoed. -

- -

-t timeout -
Cause read to time out and return failure if a complete line of +

+
+
-t timeout
+

Cause read to time out and return failure if a complete line of input (or a specified number of characters) -is not read within timeout seconds. -timeout may be a decimal number with a fractional portion following +is not read within timeout seconds. +timeout may be a decimal number with a fractional portion following the decimal point. -This option is only effective if read is reading input from a +This option is only effective if read is reading input from a terminal, pipe, or other special file; it has no effect when reading from regular files. -If read times out, read saves any partial input read into -the specified variable name. -If timeout is 0, read returns immediately, without trying to +If read times out, read saves any partial input read into +the specified variable name. +If timeout is 0, read returns immediately, without trying to read and data. The exit status is 0 if input is available on the specified file descriptor, non-zero otherwise. The exit status is greater than 128 if the timeout is exceeded. -

- -

-u fd -
Read input from file descriptor fd. -
-

- -

readarray -
-
 
readarray [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [-t] [-u fd]
-    [-C callback] [-c quantum] [array]
-

- -Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable array, -or from file descriptor fd -if the `-u' option is supplied. -

- -A synonym for mapfile. -

- -

source -
-
 
source filename
-

- -A synonym for . (see section 4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins). -

- -

type -
-
 
type [-afptP] [name ...]
-

- -For each name, indicate how it would be interpreted if used as a +

+
+
-u fd
+

Read input from file descriptor fd. +

+
+ +
+
readarray
+
+
+
readarray [-d delim] [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [-t] [-u fd]
+    [-C callback] [-c quantum] [array]
+
+ +

Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable array, +or from file descriptor fd +if the -u option is supplied. +

+

A synonym for mapfile. +

+
+
source
+
+
+
source filename
+
+ +

A synonym for . (see Bourne Shell Builtins). +

+
+
type
+
+
+
type [-afptP] [name …]
+
+ +

For each name, indicate how it would be interpreted if used as a command name. -

- -If the `-t' option is used, type prints a single word -which is one of `alias', `function', `builtin', -`file' or `keyword', -if name is an alias, shell function, shell builtin, +

+

If the -t option is used, type prints a single word +which is one of ‘alias’, ‘function’, ‘builtin’, +‘file’ or ‘keyword’, +if name is an alias, shell function, shell builtin, disk file, or shell reserved word, respectively. -If the name is not found, then nothing is printed, and -type returns a failure status. -

- -If the `-p' option is used, type either returns the name -of the disk file that would be executed, or nothing if `-t' -would not return `file'. -

- -The `-P' option forces a path search for each name, even if -`-t' would not return `file'. -

- -If a command is hashed, `-p' and `-P' print the hashed value, -which is not necessarily the file that appears first in $PATH. -

- -If the `-a' option is used, type returns all of the places -that contain an executable named file. -This includes aliases and functions, if and only if the `-p' option +If the name is not found, then nothing is printed, and +type returns a failure status. +

+

If the -p option is used, type either returns the name +of the disk file that would be executed, or nothing if -t +would not return ‘file’. +

+

The -P option forces a path search for each name, even if +-t would not return ‘file’. +

+

If a command is hashed, -p and -P print the hashed value, +which is not necessarily the file that appears first in $PATH. +

+

If the -a option is used, type returns all of the places +that contain an executable named file. +This includes aliases and functions, if and only if the -p option is not also used. -

- -If the `-f' option is used, type does not attempt to find -shell functions, as with the command builtin. -

- -The return status is zero if all of the names are found, non-zero +

+

If the -f option is used, type does not attempt to find +shell functions, as with the command builtin. +

+

The return status is zero if all of the names are found, non-zero if any are not found. -

- -

typeset -
-
 
typeset [-afFgrxilnrtux] [-p] [name[=value] ...]
-

- -The typeset command is supplied for compatibility with the Korn +

+
+
typeset
+
+
+
typeset [-afFgrxilnrtux] [-p] [name[=value] …]
+
+ +

The typeset command is supplied for compatibility with the Korn shell. -It is a synonym for the declare builtin command. -

- -

ulimit -
-
 
ulimit [-abcdefilmnpqrstuvxHST] [limit]
-

- -ulimit provides control over the resources available to processes +It is a synonym for the declare builtin command. +

+
+
ulimit
+
+
+
ulimit [-HSabcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPT] [limit]
+
+ +

ulimit provides control over the resources available to processes started by the shell, on systems that allow such control. If an option is given, it is interpreted as follows: -

- -

-
-S -
Change and report the soft limit associated with a resource. -

- -

-H -
Change and report the hard limit associated with a resource. -

- -

-a -
All current limits are reported. -

- -

-b -
The maximum socket buffer size. -

- -

-c -
The maximum size of core files created. -

- -

-d -
The maximum size of a process's data segment. -

- -

-e -
The maximum scheduling priority ("nice"). -

- -

-f -
The maximum size of files written by the shell and its children. -

- -

-i -
The maximum number of pending signals. -

- -

-l -
The maximum size that may be locked into memory. -

- -

-m -
The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor this limit). -

- -

-n -
The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems do not +

+
+
-S
+

Change and report the soft limit associated with a resource. +

+
+
-H
+

Change and report the hard limit associated with a resource. +

+
+
-a
+

All current limits are reported. +

+
+
-b
+

The maximum socket buffer size. +

+
+
-c
+

The maximum size of core files created. +

+
+
-d
+

The maximum size of a process’s data segment. +

+
+
-e
+

The maximum scheduling priority ("nice"). +

+
+
-f
+

The maximum size of files written by the shell and its children. +

+
+
-i
+

The maximum number of pending signals. +

+
+
-k
+

The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated. +

+
+
-l
+

The maximum size that may be locked into memory. +

+
+
-m
+

The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor this limit). +

+
+
-n
+

The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems do not allow this value to be set). -

- -

-p -
The pipe buffer size. -

- -

-q -
The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues. -

- -

-r -
The maximum real-time scheduling priority. -

- -

-s -
The maximum stack size. -

- -

-t -
The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds. -

- -

-u -
The maximum number of processes available to a single user. -

- -

-v -
The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the shell, and, on +

+
+
-p
+

The pipe buffer size. +

+
+
-q
+

The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues. +

+
+
-r
+

The maximum real-time scheduling priority. +

+
+
-s
+

The maximum stack size. +

+
+
-t
+

The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds. +

+
+
-u
+

The maximum number of processes available to a single user. +

+
+
-v
+

The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the shell, and, on some systems, to its children. -

- -

-x -
The maximum number of file locks. -

- -

-T -
The maximum number of threads. -
-

- -If limit is given, and the `-a' option is not used, -limit is the new value of the specified resource. -The special limit values hard, soft, and -unlimited stand for the current hard limit, the current soft limit, +

+
+
-x
+

The maximum number of file locks. +

+
+
-P
+

The maximum number of pseudoterminals. +

+
+
-T
+

The maximum number of threads. +

+
+ +

If limit is given, and the -a option is not used, +limit is the new value of the specified resource. +The special limit values hard, soft, and +unlimited stand for the current hard limit, the current soft limit, and no limit, respectively. A hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; a soft limit may be increased up to the value of the hard limit. Otherwise, the current value of the soft limit for the specified resource -is printed, unless the `-H' option is supplied. -When setting new limits, if neither `-H' nor `-S' is supplied, +is printed, unless the -H option is supplied. +When setting new limits, if neither -H nor -S is supplied, both the hard and soft limits are set. -If no option is given, then `-f' is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte -increments, except for `-t', which is in seconds; `-p', -which is in units of 512-byte blocks; and `-T', `-b', -`-n' and `-u', which are unscaled values. -

- -The return status is zero unless an invalid option or argument is supplied, +If no option is given, then -f is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte +increments, except for -t, which is in seconds; -p, +which is in units of 512-byte blocks; +-P, +-T, +-b, +-k, +-n and -u, which are unscaled values; +and, when in POSIX Mode (see Bash POSIX Mode), +-c and -f, which are in 512-byte increments. +

+

The return status is zero unless an invalid option or argument is supplied, or an error occurs while setting a new limit. -

- -

unalias -
-
 
unalias [-a] [name ... ]
-

- -Remove each name from the list of aliases. If `-a' is +

+
+
unalias
+
+
+
unalias [-a] [name … ]
+
+ +

Remove each name from the list of aliases. If -a is supplied, all aliases are removed. -Aliases are described in 6.6 Aliases. -

-

- - -

- - - - - - - - - - - -
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
-

4.3 Modifying Shell Behavior

- +Aliases are described in Aliases. +

+
+ +
+ +
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Shell Builtin Commands   [Contents][Index]

+
+ +

4.3 Modifying Shell Behavior

-
- - -
4.3.1 The Set Builtin  Change the values of shell attributes and - positional parameters.
4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin  Modify shell optional behavior.
-

- - -

- - - - - - - - - - - -
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
-

4.3.1 The Set Builtin

- -

- -This builtin is so complicated that it deserves its own section. set + + + +
• The Set Builtin:  Change the values of shell attributes and + positional parameters. +
• The Shopt Builtin:  Modify shell optional behavior. +
+ +

+ +
+

+Next: , Up: Modifying Shell Behavior   [Contents][Index]

+
+ +

4.3.1 The Set Builtin

+ +

This builtin is so complicated that it deserves its own section. set allows you to change the values of shell options and set the positional parameters, or to display the names and values of shell variables. -

- -

-
set -
-
 
set [--abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [-o option-name] [argument ...]
-set [+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [+o option-name] [argument ...]
-

- -If no options or arguments are supplied, set displays the names +

+
+
set
+
+
+
set [--abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [-o option-name] [argument …]
+set [+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [+o option-name] [argument …]
+
+ +

If no options or arguments are supplied, set displays the names and values of all shell variables and functions, sorted according to the current locale, in a format that may be reused as input for setting or resetting the currently-set variables. Read-only variables cannot be reset. -In POSIX mode, only shell variables are listed. -

- -When options are supplied, they set or unset shell attributes. +In POSIX mode, only shell variables are listed. +

+

When options are supplied, they set or unset shell attributes. Options, if specified, have the following meanings: -

- -

-
-a -
Mark variables and function which are modified or created for export -to the environment of subsequent commands. -

- -

-b -
Cause the status of terminated background jobs to be reported +

+
+
-a
+

Each variable or function that is created or modified is given the +export attribute and marked for export to the environment of +subsequent commands. +

+
+
-b
+

Cause the status of terminated background jobs to be reported immediately, rather than before printing the next primary prompt. -

- -

-e -
Exit immediately if -a pipeline (see section 3.2.2 Pipelines), which may consist of a single simple command -(see section 3.2.1 Simple Commands), -a list (see section 3.2.3 Lists of Commands), -or a compound command (see section 3.2.4 Compound Commands) +

+
+
-e
+

Exit immediately if +a pipeline (see Pipelines), which may consist of a single simple command +(see Simple Commands), +a list (see Lists), +or a compound command (see Compound Commands) returns a non-zero status. The shell does not exit if the command that fails is part of the -command list immediately following a while or until keyword, -part of the test in an if statement, -part of any command executed in a && or || list except -the command following the final && or ||, +command list immediately following a while or until keyword, +part of the test in an if statement, +part of any command executed in a && or || list except +the command following the final && or ||, any command in a pipeline but the last, -or if the command's return status is being inverted with !. +or if the command’s return status is being inverted with !. If a compound command other than a subshell returns a non-zero status because a command failed -while `-e' was being ignored, the shell does not exit. -A trap on ERR, if set, is executed before the shell exits. -

- -This option applies to the shell environment and each subshell environment -separately (see section 3.7.3 Command Execution Environment), and may cause +while -e was being ignored, the shell does not exit. +A trap on ERR, if set, is executed before the shell exits. +

+

This option applies to the shell environment and each subshell environment +separately (see Command Execution Environment), and may cause subshells to exit before executing all the commands in the subshell. -

- -If a compound command or shell function executes in a context where -`-e' is being ignored, +

+

If a compound command or shell function executes in a context where +-e is being ignored, none of the commands executed within the compound command or function body -will be affected by the `-e' setting, even if `-e' is set +will be affected by the -e setting, even if -e is set and a command returns a failure status. -If a compound command or shell function sets `-e' while executing in -a context where `-e' is ignored, that setting will not have any +If a compound command or shell function sets -e while executing in +a context where -e is ignored, that setting will not have any effect until the compound command or the command containing the function call completes. -

- -

-f -
Disable filename expansion (globbing). -

- -

-h -
Locate and remember (hash) commands as they are looked up for execution. +

+
+
-f
+

Disable filename expansion (globbing). +

+
+
-h
+

Locate and remember (hash) commands as they are looked up for execution. This option is enabled by default. -

- -

-k -
All arguments in the form of assignment statements are placed +

+
+
-k
+

All arguments in the form of assignment statements are placed in the environment for a command, not just those that precede the command name. -

- -

-m -
Job control is enabled (see section 7. Job Control). +

+
+
-m
+

Job control is enabled (see Job Control). All processes run in a separate process group. When a background job completes, the shell prints a line containing its exit status. -

- -

-n -
Read commands but do not execute them; this may be used to check a -script for syntax errors. +

+
+
-n
+

Read commands but do not execute them. +This may be used to check a script for syntax errors. This option is ignored by interactive shells. -

- -

-o option-name -

- -Set the option corresponding to option-name: -

- -

-
allexport -
Same as -a. -

- -

braceexpand -
Same as -B. -

- -

emacs -
Use an emacs-style line editing interface (see section 8. Command Line Editing). -This also affects the editing interface used for read -e. -

- -

errexit -
Same as -e. -

- -

errtrace -
Same as -E. -

- -

functrace -
Same as -T. -

- -

hashall -
Same as -h. -

- -

histexpand -
Same as -H. -

- -

history -
Enable command history, as described in 9.1 Bash History Facilities. +

+
+
-o option-name
+
+

Set the option corresponding to option-name: +

+
+
allexport
+

Same as -a. +

+
+
braceexpand
+

Same as -B. +

+
+
emacs
+

Use an emacs-style line editing interface (see Command Line Editing). +This also affects the editing interface used for read -e. +

+
+
errexit
+

Same as -e. +

+
+
errtrace
+

Same as -E. +

+
+
functrace
+

Same as -T. +

+
+
hashall
+

Same as -h. +

+
+
histexpand
+

Same as -H. +

+
+
history
+

Enable command history, as described in Bash History Facilities. This option is on by default in interactive shells. -

- -

ignoreeof -
An interactive shell will not exit upon reading EOF. -

- -

keyword -
Same as -k. -

- -

monitor -
Same as -m. -

- -

noclobber -
Same as -C. -

- -

noexec -
Same as -n. -

- -

noglob -
Same as -f. -

- -

nolog -
Currently ignored. -

- -

notify -
Same as -b. -

- -

nounset -
Same as -u. -

- -

onecmd -
Same as -t. -

- -

physical -
Same as -P. -

- -

pipefail -
If set, the return value of a pipeline is the value of the last +

+
+
ignoreeof
+

An interactive shell will not exit upon reading EOF. +

+
+
keyword
+

Same as -k. +

+
+
monitor
+

Same as -m. +

+
+
noclobber
+

Same as -C. +

+
+
noexec
+

Same as -n. +

+
+
noglob
+

Same as -f. +

+
+
nolog
+

Currently ignored. +

+
+
notify
+

Same as -b. +

+
+
nounset
+

Same as -u. +

+
+
onecmd
+

Same as -t. +

+
+
physical
+

Same as -P. +

+
+
pipefail
+

If set, the return value of a pipeline is the value of the last (rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands in the pipeline exit successfully. This option is disabled by default. -

- -

posix -
Change the behavior of Bash where the default operation differs -from the POSIX standard to match the standard -(see section 6.11 Bash POSIX Mode). +

+
+
posix
+

Change the behavior of Bash where the default operation differs +from the POSIX standard to match the standard +(see Bash POSIX Mode). This is intended to make Bash behave as a strict superset of that standard. -

- -

privileged -
Same as -p. -

- -

verbose -
Same as -v. -

- -

vi -
Use a vi-style line editing interface. -This also affects the editing interface used for read -e. -

- -

xtrace -
Same as -x. -
-

- -

-p -
Turn on privileged mode. -In this mode, the $BASH_ENV and $ENV files are not +

+
+
privileged
+

Same as -p. +

+
+
verbose
+

Same as -v. +

+
+
vi
+

Use a vi-style line editing interface. +This also affects the editing interface used for read -e. +

+
+
xtrace
+

Same as -x. +

+
+ +
+
-p
+

Turn on privileged mode. +In this mode, the $BASH_ENV and $ENV files are not processed, shell functions are not inherited from the environment, -and the SHELLOPTS, BASHOPTS, CDPATH and GLOBIGNORE +and the SHELLOPTS, BASHOPTS, CDPATH and GLOBIGNORE variables, if they appear in the environment, are ignored. If the shell is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the -real user (group) id, and the `-p' option is not supplied, these actions +real user (group) id, and the -p option is not supplied, these actions are taken and the effective user id is set to the real user id. -If the `-p' option is supplied at startup, the effective user id is +If the -p option is supplied at startup, the effective user id is not reset. Turning this option off causes the effective user and group ids to be set to the real user and group ids. -

- -

-t -
Exit after reading and executing one command. -

- -

-u -
Treat unset variables and parameters other than the special parameters -`@' or `*' as an error when performing parameter expansion. +

+
+
-t
+

Exit after reading and executing one command. +

+
+
-u
+

Treat unset variables and parameters other than the special parameters +‘@’ or ‘*’ as an error when performing parameter expansion. An error message will be written to the standard error, and a non-interactive shell will exit. -

- -

-v -
Print shell input lines as they are read. -

- -

-x -
Print a trace of simple commands, for commands, case -commands, select commands, and arithmetic for commands +

+
+
-v
+

Print shell input lines as they are read. +

+
+
-x
+

Print a trace of simple commands, for commands, case +commands, select commands, and arithmetic for commands and their arguments or associated word lists after they are -expanded and before they are executed. The value of the PS4 +expanded and before they are executed. The value of the PS4 variable is expanded and the resultant value is printed before the command and its expanded arguments. -

- -

-B -
The shell will perform brace expansion (see section 3.5.1 Brace Expansion). +

+
+
-B
+

The shell will perform brace expansion (see Brace Expansion). This option is on by default. -

- -

-C -
Prevent output redirection using `>', `>&', and `<>' +

+
+
-C
+

Prevent output redirection using ‘>’, ‘>&’, and ‘<>’ from overwriting existing files. -

- -

-E -
If set, any trap on ERR is inherited by shell functions, command +

+
+
-E
+

If set, any trap on ERR is inherited by shell functions, command substitutions, and commands executed in a subshell environment. -The ERR trap is normally not inherited in such cases. -

- -

-H -
Enable `!' style history substitution (see section 9.3 History Expansion). +The ERR trap is normally not inherited in such cases. +

+
+
-H
+

Enable ‘!’ style history substitution (see History Interaction). This option is on by default for interactive shells. -

- -

-P -
If set, do not resolve symbolic links when performing commands such as -cd which change the current directory. The physical directory +

+
+
-P
+

If set, do not resolve symbolic links when performing commands such as +cd which change the current directory. The physical directory is used instead. By default, Bash follows the logical chain of directories when performing commands which change the current directory. -

- -For example, if `/usr/sys' is a symbolic link to `/usr/local/sys' +

+

For example, if /usr/sys is a symbolic link to /usr/local/sys then: -
 
$ cd /usr/sys; echo $PWD
+

+
$ cd /usr/sys; echo $PWD
 /usr/sys
 $ cd ..; pwd
 /usr
-

+ -If set -P is on, then: -
 
$ cd /usr/sys; echo $PWD
+
If set -P is on, then:
+

+
$ cd /usr/sys; echo $PWD
 /usr/local/sys
 $ cd ..; pwd
 /usr/local
-

+ -

-T -
If set, any trap on DEBUG and RETURN are inherited by +
+
-T
+

If set, any trap on DEBUG and RETURN are inherited by shell functions, command substitutions, and commands executed in a subshell environment. -The DEBUG and RETURN traps are normally not inherited +The DEBUG and RETURN traps are normally not inherited in such cases. -

- -

-- -
If no arguments follow this option, then the positional parameters are +

+
+
--
+

If no arguments follow this option, then the positional parameters are unset. Otherwise, the positional parameters are set to the -arguments, even if some of them begin with a `-'. -

- -

- -
Signal the end of options, cause all remaining arguments -to be assigned to the positional parameters. The `-x' -and `-v' options are turned off. +arguments, even if some of them begin with a ‘-’. +

+
+
-
+

Signal the end of options, cause all remaining arguments +to be assigned to the positional parameters. The -x +and -v options are turned off. If there are no arguments, the positional parameters remain unchanged. -

-

+

+
-Using `+' rather than `-' causes these options to be +

Using ‘+’ rather than ‘-’ causes these options to be turned off. The options can also be used upon invocation of the -shell. The current set of options may be found in $-. -

- -The remaining N arguments are positional parameters and are -assigned, in order, to $1, $2, ... $N. -The special parameter # is set to N. -

- -The return status is always zero unless an invalid option is supplied. -

-

- - -

- - - - - - - - - - - -
[ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
-

4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin

- -

- -This builtin allows you to change additional shell optional behavior. -

- -

- -
shopt -
-
 
shopt [-pqsu] [-o] [optname ...]
-

- -Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behavior. +shell. The current set of options may be found in $-. +

+

The remaining N arguments are positional parameters and are +assigned, in order, to $1, $2, … $N. +The special parameter # is set to N. +

+

The return status is always zero unless an invalid option is supplied. +

+
+ +
+ +
+

+Previous: , Up: Modifying Shell Behavior   [Contents][Index]

+
+ +

4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin

+ +

This builtin allows you to change additional shell optional behavior. +

+
+
shopt
+
+
+
shopt [-pqsu] [-o] [optname …]
+
+ +

Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behavior. The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the -`-o' option is used, those available with the `-o' -option to the set builtin command (see section 4.3.1 The Set Builtin). -With no options, or with the `-p' option, a list of all settable +-o option is used, those available with the -o +option to the set builtin command (see The Set Builtin). +With no options, or with the -p option, a list of all settable options is displayed, with an indication of whether or not each is set. -The `-p' option causes output to be displayed in a form that +The -p option causes output to be displayed in a form that may be reused as input. Other options have the following meanings: -

- -

-
-s -
Enable (set) each optname. -

- -

-u -
Disable (unset) each optname. -

- -

-q -
Suppresses normal output; the return status -indicates whether the optname is set or unset. -If multiple optname arguments are given with `-q', -the return status is zero if all optnames are enabled; +

+
+
-s
+

Enable (set) each optname. +

+
+
-u
+

Disable (unset) each optname. +

+
+
-q
+

Suppresses normal output; the return status +indicates whether the optname is set or unset. +If multiple optname arguments are given with -q, +the return status is zero if all optnames are enabled; non-zero otherwise. -

- -

-o -
Restricts the values of -optname to be those defined for the `-o' option to the -set builtin (see section 4.3.1 The Set Builtin). -
-

- -If either `-s' or `-u' -is used with no optname arguments, shopt shows only +

+
+
-o
+

Restricts the values of +optname to be those defined for the -o option to the +set builtin (see The Set Builtin). +

+
+ +

If either -s or -u +is used with no optname arguments, shopt shows only those options which are set or unset, respectively. -

- -Unless otherwise noted, the shopt options are disabled (off) +

+

Unless otherwise noted, the shopt options are disabled (off) by default. -

- -The return status when listing options is zero if all optnames +

+

The return status when listing options is zero if all optnames are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting options, -the return status is zero unless an optname is not a valid shell +the return status is zero unless an optname is not a valid shell option. -

- -The list of shopt options is: -

- -
autocd -
If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is executed as if -it were the argument to the cd command. +

+

The list of shopt options is: +

+
autocd
+

If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is executed as if +it were the argument to the cd command. This option is only used by interactive shells. -

- -

cdable_vars -
If this is set, an argument to the cd builtin command that +

+
+
cdable_vars
+

If this is set, an argument to the cd builtin command that is not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable whose value is the directory to change to. -

- -

cdspell -
If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component in a -cd command will be corrected. +

+
+
cdspell
+

If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component in a +cd command will be corrected. The errors checked for are transposed characters, a missing character, and a character too many. If a correction is found, the corrected path is printed, and the command proceeds. This option is only used by interactive shells. -

- -

checkhash -
If this is set, Bash checks that a command found in the hash +

+
+
checkhash
+

If this is set, Bash checks that a command found in the hash table exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed command no longer exists, a normal path search is performed. -

- -

checkjobs -
If set, Bash lists the status of any stopped and running jobs before +

+
+
checkjobs
+

If set, Bash lists the status of any stopped and running jobs before exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs are running, this causes the exit to be deferred until a second exit is attempted without an -intervening command (see section 7. Job Control). +intervening command (see Job Control). The shell always postpones exiting if any jobs are stopped. -

- -

checkwinsize -
If set, Bash checks the window size after each command +

+
+
checkwinsize
+

If set, Bash checks the window size after each command and, if necessary, updates the values of -LINES and COLUMNS. -

- -

cmdhist -
If set, Bash +LINES and COLUMNS. +

+
+
cmdhist
+

If set, Bash attempts to save all lines of a multiple-line command in the same history entry. This allows easy re-editing of multi-line commands. -

- -

compat31 -
If set, Bash +

+
+
compat31
+

If set, Bash changes its behavior to that of version 3.1 with respect to quoted -arguments to the conditional command's `=~' operator +arguments to the conditional command’s ‘=~’ operator and with respect to locale-specific -string comparison when using the [[ -conditional command's `<' and `>' operators. +string comparison when using the [[ +conditional command’s ‘<’ and ‘>’ operators. Bash versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII collation and strcmp(3); -bash-4.1 and later use the current locale's collation sequence and strcoll(3). -

- -

compat32 -
If set, Bash +bash-4.1 and later use the current locale’s collation sequence and strcoll(3). +

+
+
compat32
+

If set, Bash changes its behavior to that of version 3.2 with respect to locale-specific -string comparison when using the [[ -conditional command's `<' and `>' operators (see previous item). -

- -

compat40 -
If set, Bash +string comparison when using the [[ +conditional command’s ‘<’ and ‘>’ operators (see previous item) +and the effect of interrupting a command list. +Bash versions 3.2 and earlier continue with the next command in the list +after one terminates due to an interrupt. +

+
+
compat40
+

If set, Bash changes its behavior to that of version 4.0 with respect to locale-specific -string comparison when using the [[ -conditional command's `<' and `>' operators (see description -of compat31) +string comparison when using the [[ +conditional command’s ‘<’ and ‘>’ operators (see description +of compat31) and the effect of interrupting a command list. Bash versions 4.0 and later interrupt the list as if the shell received the interrupt; previous versions continue with the next command in the list. -

- -

compat41 -
If set, Bash, when in POSIX mode, treats a single quote in a double-quoted +

+
+
compat41
+

If set, Bash, when in POSIX mode, treats a single quote in a double-quoted parameter expansion as a special character. The single quotes must match (an even number) and the characters between the single quotes are considered -quoted. This is the behavior of POSIX mode through version 4.1. +quoted. This is the behavior of POSIX mode through version 4.1. The default Bash behavior remains as in previous versions. -

- -

compat42 -
If set, Bash +

+
+
compat42
+

If set, Bash does not process the replacement string in the pattern substitution word expansion using quote removal. -

- -

complete_fullquote -
If set, Bash +

+
+
compat43
+

If set, Bash +does not print a warning message if an attempt is made to use a quoted compound +array assignment as an argument to declare, +makes word expansion errors +non-fatal errors that cause the current command to fail (the default behavior is +to make them fatal errors that cause the shell to exit), +and does not reset the +loop state when a shell function is executed (this allows break or +continue in a shell function to affect loops in the caller’s context). +

+
+
complete_fullquote
+

If set, Bash quotes all shell metacharacters in filenames and directory names when performing completion. If not set, Bash @@ -6324,966 +5982,949 @@ This is active only when bash is using backslashes to quote completed filenames. This variable is set by default, which is the default Bash behavior in versions through 4.2. -

- -

direxpand -
If set, Bash +

+
+
direxpand
+

If set, Bash replaces directory names with the results of word expansion when performing filename completion. This changes the contents of the readline editing buffer. If not set, Bash attempts to preserve what the user typed. -

- -

dirspell -
If set, Bash +

+
+
dirspell
+

If set, Bash attempts spelling correction on directory names during word completion if the directory name initially supplied does not exist. -

- -

dotglob -
If set, Bash includes filenames beginning with a `.' in +

+
+
dotglob
+

If set, Bash includes filenames beginning with a ‘.’ in the results of filename expansion. -

- -

execfail -
If this is set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if -it cannot execute the file specified as an argument to the exec -builtin command. An interactive shell does not exit if exec +

+
+
execfail
+

If this is set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if +it cannot execute the file specified as an argument to the exec +builtin command. An interactive shell does not exit if exec fails. -

- -

expand_aliases -
If set, aliases are expanded as described below under Aliases, -6.6 Aliases. +

+
+
expand_aliases
+

If set, aliases are expanded as described below under Aliases, +Aliases. This option is enabled by default for interactive shells. -

- -

extdebug -
If set, behavior intended for use by debuggers is enabled: -

- -

    -
  1. -The `-F' option to the declare builtin (see section 4.2 Bash Builtin Commands) +

    +
+
extdebug
+

If set at shell invocation, arrange to execute the debugger profile +before the shell starts, identical to the --debugger option. +If set after invocation, behavior intended for use by debuggers is enabled: +

+
    +
  1. The -F option to the declare builtin (see Bash Builtins) displays the source file name and line number corresponding to each function name supplied as an argument. -

    -

  2. -If the command run by the DEBUG trap returns a non-zero value, the +
  3. If the command run by the DEBUG trap returns a non-zero value, the next command is skipped and not executed. -

    -

  4. -If the command run by the DEBUG trap returns a value of 2, and the +
  5. If the command run by the DEBUG trap returns a value of 2, and the shell is executing in a subroutine (a shell function or a shell script -executed by the . or source builtins), a call to -return is simulated. -

    - -

  6. -BASH_ARGC and BASH_ARGV are updated as described in their -descriptions (see section 5.2 Bash Variables). -

    - -

  7. -Function tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and -subshells invoked with ( command ) inherit the -DEBUG and RETURN traps. -

    - -

  8. -Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and -subshells invoked with ( command ) inherit the -ERR trap. -
-

- -

extglob -
If set, the extended pattern matching features described above -(see section 3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching) are enabled. -

- -

extquote -
If set, $'string' and $"string" quoting is -performed within ${parameter} expansions +executed by the . or source builtins), the shell simulates +a call to return. + +
  • BASH_ARGC and BASH_ARGV are updated as described in their +descriptions (see Bash Variables). + +
  • Function tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and +subshells invoked with ( command ) inherit the +DEBUG and RETURN traps. + +
  • Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and +subshells invoked with ( command ) inherit the +ERR trap. +
    • + +
    +
    extglob
    +

    If set, the extended pattern matching features described above +(see Pattern Matching) are enabled. +

    +
    +
    extquote
    +

    If set, $'string' and $"string" quoting is +performed within ${parameter} expansions enclosed in double quotes. This option is enabled by default. -

    - -

    failglob -
    If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during filename expansion +

    +
    +
    failglob
    +

    If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during filename expansion result in an expansion error. -

    - -

    force_fignore -
    If set, the suffixes specified by the FIGNORE shell variable +

    +
    +
    force_fignore
    +

    If set, the suffixes specified by the FIGNORE shell variable cause words to be ignored when performing word completion even if the ignored words are the only possible completions. -See section 5.2 Bash Variables, for a description of FIGNORE. +See Bash Variables, for a description of FIGNORE. This option is enabled by default. -

    - -

    globasciiranges -
    If set, range expressions used in pattern matching bracket expressions -(see section 3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching) +

    +
    +
    globasciiranges
    +

    If set, range expressions used in pattern matching bracket expressions +(see Pattern Matching) behave as if in the traditional C locale when performing -comparisons. That is, the current locale's collating sequence +comparisons. That is, the current locale’s collating sequence is not taken into account, so -`b' will not collate between `A' and `B', +‘b’ will not collate between ‘A’ and ‘B’, and upper-case and lower-case ASCII characters will collate together. -

    - -

    globstar -
    If set, the pattern `**' used in a filename expansion context will +

    +
    +
    globstar
    +

    If set, the pattern ‘**’ used in a filename expansion context will match all files and zero or more directories and subdirectories. -If the pattern is followed by a `/', only directories and +If the pattern is followed by a ‘/’, only directories and subdirectories match. -

    - -

    gnu_errfmt -
    If set, shell error messages are written in the standard GNU error +

    +
    +
    gnu_errfmt
    +

    If set, shell error messages are written in the standard GNU error message format. -

    - -

    histappend -
    If set, the history list is appended to the file named by the value -of the HISTFILE +

    +
    +
    histappend
    +

    If set, the history list is appended to the file named by the value +of the HISTFILE variable when the shell exits, rather than overwriting the file. -

    - -

    histreedit -
    If set, and Readline +

    +
    +
    histreedit
    +

    If set, and Readline is being used, a user is given the opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitution. -

    - -

    histverify -
    If set, and Readline +

    +
    +
    histverify
    +

    If set, and Readline is being used, the results of history substitution are not immediately passed to the shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded into the Readline editing buffer, allowing further modification. -

    - -

    hostcomplete -
    If set, and Readline is being used, Bash will attempt to perform -hostname completion when a word containing a `@' is being -completed (see section 8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You). This option is enabled +

    +
    +
    hostcomplete
    +

    If set, and Readline is being used, Bash will attempt to perform +hostname completion when a word containing a ‘@’ is being +completed (see Commands For Completion). This option is enabled by default. -

    - -

    huponexit -
    If set, Bash will send SIGHUP to all jobs when an interactive -login shell exits (see section 3.7.6 Signals). -

    - -

    interactive_comments -
    Allow a word beginning with `#' +

    +
    +
    huponexit
    +

    If set, Bash will send SIGHUP to all jobs when an interactive +login shell exits (see Signals). +

    +
    +
    inherit_errexit
    +

    If set, command substitution inherits the value of the errexit option, +instead of unsetting it in the subshell environment. +This option is enabled when POSIX mode is enabled. +

    +
    +
    interactive_comments
    +

    Allow a word beginning with ‘#’ to cause that word and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored in an interactive shell. This option is enabled by default. -

    - -

    lastpipe -
    If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs the last command of +

    +
    +
    lastpipe
    +

    If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs the last command of a pipeline not executed in the background in the current shell environment. -

    - -

    lithist -
    If enabled, and the cmdhist +

    +
    +
    lithist
    +

    If enabled, and the cmdhist option is enabled, multi-line commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible. -

    - -

    login_shell -
    The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell -(see section 6.1 Invoking Bash). +

    +
    +
    login_shell
    +

    The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell +(see Invoking Bash). The value may not be changed. -

    - -

    mailwarn -
    If set, and a file that Bash is checking for mail has been +

    +
    +
    mailwarn
    +

    If set, and a file that Bash is checking for mail has been accessed since the last time it was checked, the message -"The mail in mailfile has been read" is displayed. -

    - -

    no_empty_cmd_completion -
    If set, and Readline is being used, Bash will not attempt to search -the PATH for possible completions when completion is attempted +"The mail in mailfile has been read" is displayed. +

    +
    +
    no_empty_cmd_completion
    +

    If set, and Readline is being used, Bash will not attempt to search +the PATH for possible completions when completion is attempted on an empty line. -

    - -

    nocaseglob -
    If set, Bash matches filenames in a case-insensitive fashion when +

    +
    +
    nocaseglob
    +

    If set, Bash matches filenames in a case-insensitive fashion when performing filename expansion. -

    - -

    nocasematch -
    If set, Bash matches patterns in a case-insensitive fashion when -performing matching while executing case or [[ -conditional commands. -

    - -

    nullglob -
    If set, Bash allows filename patterns which match no +

    +
    +
    nocasematch
    +

    If set, Bash matches patterns in a case-insensitive fashion when +performing matching while executing case or [[ +conditional commands, +when performing pattern substitution word expansions, +or when filtering possible completions as part of programmable completion. +

    +
    +
    nullglob
    +

    If set, Bash allows filename patterns which match no files to expand to a null string, rather than themselves. -

    - -

    progcomp -
    If set, the programmable completion facilities -(see section 8.6 Programmable Completion) are enabled. +

    +
    +
    progcomp
    +

    If set, the programmable completion facilities +(see Programmable Completion) are enabled. This option is enabled by default. -

    - -

    promptvars -
    If set, prompt strings undergo +

    +
    +
    promptvars
    +

    If set, prompt strings undergo parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal after being expanded -as described below (see section 6.9 Controlling the Prompt). +as described below (see Controlling the Prompt). This option is enabled by default. -

    - -

    restricted_shell -
    The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode -(see section 6.10 The Restricted Shell). +

    +
    +
    restricted_shell
    +

    The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode +(see The Restricted Shell). The value may not be changed. This is not reset when the startup files are executed, allowing the startup files to discover whether or not a shell is restricted. -

    - -

    shift_verbose -
    If this is set, the shift +

    +
    +
    shift_verbose
    +

    If this is set, the shift builtin prints an error message when the shift count exceeds the number of positional parameters. -

    - -

    sourcepath -
    If set, the source builtin uses the value of PATH +

    +
    +
    sourcepath
    +

    If set, the source builtin uses the value of PATH to find the directory containing the file supplied as an argument. This option is enabled by default. -

    - -

    xpg_echo -
    If set, the echo builtin expands backslash-escape sequences +

    +
    +
    xpg_echo
    +

    If set, the echo builtin expands backslash-escape sequences by default. -

    - -

    -

    +

    +
    +
    -The return status when listing options is zero if all optnames +

    The return status when listing options is zero if all optnames are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting options, the return status is zero unless an -optname is not a valid shell option. -

    -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    4.4 Special Builtins

    - -

    - -For historical reasons, the POSIX standard has classified -several builtin commands as special. -When Bash is executing in POSIX mode, the special builtins +optname is not a valid shell option. +

    +
    + +
    + +
    +

    +Previous: , Up: Shell Builtin Commands   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    4.4 Special Builtins

    + + +

    For historical reasons, the POSIX standard has classified +several builtin commands as special. +When Bash is executing in POSIX mode, the special builtins differ from other builtin commands in three respects: -

    +

    +
      +
    1. Special builtins are found before shell functions during command lookup. -
        -
      1. -Special builtins are found before shell functions during command lookup. -

        +

      2. If a special builtin returns an error status, a non-interactive shell exits. -
      3. -If a special builtin returns an error status, a non-interactive shell exits. -

        - -

      4. -Assignment statements preceding the command stay in effect in the shell +
      5. Assignment statements preceding the command stay in effect in the shell environment after the command completes. -
      -

      +

    -When Bash is not executing in POSIX mode, these builtins behave no +

    When Bash is not executing in POSIX mode, these builtins behave no differently than the rest of the Bash builtin commands. -The Bash POSIX mode is described in 6.11 Bash POSIX Mode. -

    - -These are the POSIX special builtins: -
     
    break : . continue eval exec exit export readonly return set
-shift trap unset
-

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    5. Shell Variables

    - -

    - -

    - - -
    5.1 Bourne Shell Variables  Variables which Bash uses in the same way - as the Bourne Shell.
    5.2 Bash Variables  List of variables that exist in Bash.
    -

    - -This chapter describes the shell variables that Bash uses. +The Bash POSIX mode is described in Bash POSIX Mode. +

    +

    These are the POSIX special builtins: +

    +
    break : . continue eval exec exit export readonly return set
+shift trap unset
+
    + +
    + +
    +

    +Next: , Previous: , Up: Top   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    5 Shell Variables

    + + + + +
    • Bourne Shell Variables:  Variables which Bash uses in the same way + as the Bourne Shell. +
    • Bash Variables:  List of variables that exist in Bash. +
    + +

    This chapter describes the shell variables that Bash uses. Bash automatically assigns default values to a number of variables. -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    5.1 Bourne Shell Variables

    - -

    - -Bash uses certain shell variables in the same way as the Bourne shell. +

    +
    + +
    +

    +Next: , Up: Shell Variables   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    5.1 Bourne Shell Variables

    + +

    Bash uses certain shell variables in the same way as the Bourne shell. In some cases, Bash assigns a default value to the variable. -

    - -

    - - -
    CDPATH -
    -A colon-separated list of directories used as a search path for -the cd builtin command. -

    - - -

    HOME -
    -The current user's home directory; the default for the cd builtin +

    +
    +
    CDPATH + +
    +

    A colon-separated list of directories used as a search path for +the cd builtin command. +

    +
    +
    HOME + +
    +

    The current user’s home directory; the default for the cd builtin command. The value of this variable is also used by tilde expansion -(see section 3.5.2 Tilde Expansion). -

    - - -

    IFS -
    -A list of characters that separate fields; used when the shell splits +(see Tilde Expansion). +

    +
    +
    IFS + +
    +

    A list of characters that separate fields; used when the shell splits words as part of expansion. -

    - - -

    MAIL -
    -If this parameter is set to a filename or directory name -and the MAILPATH variable +

    +
    +
    MAIL + +
    +

    If this parameter is set to a filename or directory name +and the MAILPATH variable is not set, Bash informs the user of the arrival of mail in the specified file or Maildir-format directory. -

    - - -

    MAILPATH -
    -A colon-separated list of filenames which the shell periodically checks +

    +
    +
    MAILPATH + +
    +

    A colon-separated list of filenames which the shell periodically checks for new mail. Each list entry can specify the message that is printed when new mail arrives in the mail file by separating the filename from the message with -a `?'. -When used in the text of the message, $_ expands to the name of +a ‘?’. +When used in the text of the message, $_ expands to the name of the current mail file. -

    - - -

    OPTARG -
    -The value of the last option argument processed by the getopts builtin. -

    - - -

    OPTIND -
    -The index of the last option argument processed by the getopts builtin. -

    - - -

    PATH -
    -A colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks for +

    +
    +
    OPTARG + +
    +

    The value of the last option argument processed by the getopts builtin. +

    +
    +
    OPTIND + +
    +

    The index of the last option argument processed by the getopts builtin. +

    +
    +
    PATH + +
    +

    A colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks for commands. -A zero-length (null) directory name in the value of PATH indicates the +A zero-length (null) directory name in the value of PATH indicates the current directory. A null directory name may appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial or trailing colon. -

    - - -

    PS1 -
    -The primary prompt string. The default value is `\s-\v\$ '. -See section 6.9 Controlling the Prompt, for the complete list of escape -sequences that are expanded before PS1 is displayed. -

    - - -

    PS2 -
    -The secondary prompt string. The default value is `> '. -

    - -

    -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    5.2 Bash Variables

    - -

    - -These variables are set or used by Bash, but other shells +

    +
    +
    PS1 + +
    +

    The primary prompt string. The default value is ‘\s-\v\$ ’. +See Controlling the Prompt, for the complete list of escape +sequences that are expanded before PS1 is displayed. +

    +
    +
    PS2 + +
    +

    The secondary prompt string. The default value is ‘> ’. +

    +
    +
    + +
    + +
    +

    +Previous: , Up: Shell Variables   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    5.2 Bash Variables

    + +

    These variables are set or used by Bash, but other shells do not normally treat them specially. -

    - -A few variables used by Bash are described in different chapters: +

    +

    A few variables used by Bash are described in different chapters: variables for controlling the job control facilities -(see section 7.3 Job Control Variables). -

    - -

    - - -
    BASH -
    -The full pathname used to execute the current instance of Bash. -

    - - -

    BASHOPTS -
    -A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in -the list is a valid argument for the `-s' option to the -shopt builtin command (see section 4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin). -The options appearing in BASHOPTS are those reported -as `on' by `shopt'. +(see Job Control Variables). +

    +
    +
    BASH + +
    +

    The full pathname used to execute the current instance of Bash. +

    +
    +
    BASHOPTS + +
    +

    A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in +the list is a valid argument for the -s option to the +shopt builtin command (see The Shopt Builtin). +The options appearing in BASHOPTS are those reported +as ‘on’ by ‘shopt’. If this variable is in the environment when Bash starts up, each shell option in the list will be enabled before reading any startup files. This variable is readonly. -

    - - -

    BASHPID -
    -Expands to the process ID of the current Bash process. -This differs from $$ under certain circumstances, such as subshells +

    +
    +
    BASHPID + +
    +

    Expands to the process ID of the current Bash process. +This differs from $$ under certain circumstances, such as subshells that do not require Bash to be re-initialized. -

    - - -

    BASH_ALIASES -
    -An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal -list of aliases as maintained by the alias builtin. -(see section 4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins). -Elements added to this array appear in the alias list; unsetting array -elements cause aliases to be removed from the alias list. -

    - - -

    BASH_ARGC -
    -An array variable whose values are the number of parameters in each +

    +
    +
    BASH_ALIASES + +
    +

    An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal +list of aliases as maintained by the alias builtin. +(see Bourne Shell Builtins). +Elements added to this array appear in the alias list; however, +unsetting array elements currently does not cause aliases to be removed +from the alias list. +If BASH_ALIASES +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +

    +
    +
    BASH_ARGC + +
    +

    An array variable whose values are the number of parameters in each frame of the current bash execution call stack. The number of parameters to the current subroutine (shell function or script executed -with . or source) is at the top of the stack. When a +with . or source) is at the top of the stack. When a subroutine is executed, the number of parameters passed is pushed onto -BASH_ARGC. -The shell sets BASH_ARGC only when in extended debugging mode -(see 4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin -for a description of the extdebug option to the shopt +BASH_ARGC. +The shell sets BASH_ARGC only when in extended debugging mode +(see The Shopt Builtin +for a description of the extdebug option to the shopt builtin). -

    - - -

    BASH_ARGV -
    -An array variable containing all of the parameters in the current bash +

    +
    +
    BASH_ARGV + +
    +

    An array variable containing all of the parameters in the current bash execution call stack. The final parameter of the last subroutine call is at the top of the stack; the first parameter of the initial call is at the bottom. When a subroutine is executed, the parameters supplied -are pushed onto BASH_ARGV. -The shell sets BASH_ARGV only when in extended debugging mode -(see 4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin -for a description of the extdebug option to the shopt +are pushed onto BASH_ARGV. +The shell sets BASH_ARGV only when in extended debugging mode +(see The Shopt Builtin +for a description of the extdebug option to the shopt builtin). -

    - - -

    BASH_CMDS -
    -An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal -hash table of commands as maintained by the hash builtin -(see section 4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins). -Elements added to this array appear in the hash table; unsetting array -elements cause commands to be removed from the hash table. -

    - - -

    BASH_COMMAND -
    -The command currently being executed or about to be executed, unless the +

    +
    +
    BASH_CMDS + +
    +

    An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal +hash table of commands as maintained by the hash builtin +(see Bourne Shell Builtins). +Elements added to this array appear in the hash table; however, +unsetting array elements currently does not cause command names to be removed +from the hash table. +If BASH_CMDS +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +

    +
    +
    BASH_COMMAND + +
    +

    The command currently being executed or about to be executed, unless the shell is executing a command as the result of a trap, in which case it is the command executing at the time of the trap. -

    - - -

    BASH_COMPAT -
    -The value is used to set the shell's compatibility level. -See section 4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin, for a description of the various compatibility +

    +
    +
    BASH_COMPAT + +
    +

    The value is used to set the shell’s compatibility level. +See The Shopt Builtin, for a description of the various compatibility levels and their effects. The value may be a decimal number (e.g., 4.2) or an integer (e.g., 42) corresponding to the desired compatibility level. -If BASH_COMPAT is unset or set to the empty string, the compatibility +If BASH_COMPAT is unset or set to the empty string, the compatibility level is set to the default for the current version. -If BASH_COMPAT is set to a value that is not one of the valid +If BASH_COMPAT is set to a value that is not one of the valid compatibility levels, the shell prints an error message and sets the compatibility level to the default for the current version. The valid compatibility levels correspond to the compatibility options -accepted by the shopt builtin described above (for example, -compat42 means that 4.2 and 42 are valid values). +accepted by the shopt builtin described above (for example, +compat42 means that 4.2 and 42 are valid values). The current version is also a valid value. -

    - - -

    BASH_ENV -
    -If this variable is set when Bash is invoked to execute a shell +

    +
    +
    BASH_ENV + +
    +

    If this variable is set when Bash is invoked to execute a shell script, its value is expanded and used as the name of a startup file -to read before executing the script. See section 6.2 Bash Startup Files. -

    - - -

    BASH_EXECUTION_STRING -
    -The command argument to the `-c' invocation option. -

    - - -

    BASH_LINENO -
    -An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source files -where each corresponding member of FUNCNAME was invoked. -${BASH_LINENO[$i]} is the line number in the source file -(${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]}) where -${FUNCNAME[$i]} was called (or ${BASH_LINENO[$i-1]} if +to read before executing the script. See Bash Startup Files. +

    +
    +
    BASH_EXECUTION_STRING + +
    +

    The command argument to the -c invocation option. +

    +
    +
    BASH_LINENO + +
    +

    An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source files +where each corresponding member of FUNCNAME was invoked. +${BASH_LINENO[$i]} is the line number in the source file +(${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]}) where +${FUNCNAME[$i]} was called (or ${BASH_LINENO[$i-1]} if referenced within another shell function). -Use LINENO to obtain the current line number. -

    - - -

    BASH_REMATCH -
    -An array variable whose members are assigned by the `=~' binary -operator to the [[ conditional command -(see section 3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs). +Use LINENO to obtain the current line number. +

    +
    +
    BASH_LOADABLES_PATH + +
    +

    A colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks for +dynamically loadable builtins specified by the +enable command. +

    +
    +
    BASH_REMATCH + +
    +

    An array variable whose members are assigned by the ‘=~’ binary +operator to the [[ conditional command +(see Conditional Constructs). The element with index 0 is the portion of the string matching the entire regular expression. -The element with index n is the portion of the -string matching the nth parenthesized subexpression. +The element with index n is the portion of the +string matching the nth parenthesized subexpression. This variable is read-only. -

    - - -

    BASH_SOURCE -
    -An array variable whose members are the source filenames where the -corresponding shell function names in the FUNCNAME array +

    +
    +
    BASH_SOURCE + +
    +

    An array variable whose members are the source filenames where the +corresponding shell function names in the FUNCNAME array variable are defined. -The shell function ${FUNCNAME[$i]} is defined in the file -${BASH_SOURCE[$i]} and called from ${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]} -

    - - -

    BASH_SUBSHELL -
    -Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell environment when +The shell function ${FUNCNAME[$i]} is defined in the file +${BASH_SOURCE[$i]} and called from ${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]} +

    +
    +
    BASH_SUBSHELL + +
    +

    Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell environment when the shell begins executing in that environment. The initial value is 0. -

    - - -

    BASH_VERSINFO -
    -A readonly array variable (see section 6.7 Arrays) +

    +
    +
    BASH_VERSINFO + +
    +

    A readonly array variable (see Arrays) whose members hold version information for this instance of Bash. The values assigned to the array members are as follows: -

    - -

    - -
    BASH_VERSINFO[0] -
    The major version number (the release). -

    - -

    BASH_VERSINFO[1] -
    The minor version number (the version). -

    - -

    BASH_VERSINFO[2] -
    The patch level. -

    - -

    BASH_VERSINFO[3] -
    The build version. -

    - -

    BASH_VERSINFO[4] -
    The release status (e.g., beta1). -

    - -

    BASH_VERSINFO[5] -
    The value of MACHTYPE. -
    -

    - - -

    BASH_VERSION -
    -The version number of the current instance of Bash. -

    - - -

    BASH_XTRACEFD -
    -If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor, Bash -will write the trace output generated when `set -x' +

    +
    +
    BASH_VERSINFO[0]
    +

    The major version number (the release). +

    +
    +
    BASH_VERSINFO[1]
    +

    The minor version number (the version). +

    +
    +
    BASH_VERSINFO[2]
    +

    The patch level. +

    +
    +
    BASH_VERSINFO[3]
    +

    The build version. +

    +
    +
    BASH_VERSINFO[4]
    +

    The release status (e.g., beta1). +

    +
    +
    BASH_VERSINFO[5]
    +

    The value of MACHTYPE. +

    +
    + +
    +
    BASH_VERSION + +
    +

    The version number of the current instance of Bash. +

    +
    +
    BASH_XTRACEFD + +
    +

    If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor, Bash +will write the trace output generated when ‘set -x’ is enabled to that file descriptor. This allows tracing output to be separated from diagnostic and error messages. -The file descriptor is closed when BASH_XTRACEFD is unset or assigned +The file descriptor is closed when BASH_XTRACEFD is unset or assigned a new value. -Unsetting BASH_XTRACEFD or assigning it the empty string causes the +Unsetting BASH_XTRACEFD or assigning it the empty string causes the trace output to be sent to the standard error. -Note that setting BASH_XTRACEFD to 2 (the standard error file +Note that setting BASH_XTRACEFD to 2 (the standard error file descriptor) and then unsetting it will result in the standard error being closed. -

    - - -

    CHILD_MAX -
    -Set the number of exited child status values for the shell to remember. -Bash will not allow this value to be decreased below a POSIX-mandated +

    +
    +
    CHILD_MAX + +
    +

    Set the number of exited child status values for the shell to remember. +Bash will not allow this value to be decreased below a POSIX-mandated minimum, and there is a maximum value (currently 8192) that this may not exceed. The minimum value is system-dependent. -

    - - -

    COLUMNS -
    -Used by the select command to determine the terminal width +

    +
    +
    COLUMNS + +
    +

    Used by the select command to determine the terminal width when printing selection lists. -Automatically set if the checkwinsize option is enabled -(see section 4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin), or in an interactive shell upon receipt of a -SIGWINCH. -

    - - -

    COMP_CWORD -
    -An index into ${COMP_WORDS} of the word containing the current +Automatically set if the checkwinsize option is enabled +(see The Shopt Builtin), or in an interactive shell upon receipt of a +SIGWINCH. +

    +
    +
    COMP_CWORD + +
    +

    An index into ${COMP_WORDS} of the word containing the current cursor position. This variable is available only in shell functions invoked by the -programmable completion facilities (see section 8.6 Programmable Completion). -

    - - -

    COMP_LINE -
    -The current command line. +programmable completion facilities (see Programmable Completion). +

    +
    +
    COMP_LINE + +
    +

    The current command line. This variable is available only in shell functions and external commands invoked by the -programmable completion facilities (see section 8.6 Programmable Completion). -

    - - -

    COMP_POINT -
    -The index of the current cursor position relative to the beginning of +programmable completion facilities (see Programmable Completion). +

    +
    +
    COMP_POINT + +
    +

    The index of the current cursor position relative to the beginning of the current command. If the current cursor position is at the end of the current command, -the value of this variable is equal to ${#COMP_LINE}. +the value of this variable is equal to ${#COMP_LINE}. This variable is available only in shell functions and external commands invoked by the -programmable completion facilities (see section 8.6 Programmable Completion). -

    - - -

    COMP_TYPE -
    -Set to an integer value corresponding to the type of completion attempted +programmable completion facilities (see Programmable Completion). +

    +
    +
    COMP_TYPE + +
    +

    Set to an integer value corresponding to the type of completion attempted that caused a completion function to be called: -TAB, for normal completion, -`?', for listing completions after successive tabs, -`!', for listing alternatives on partial word completion, -`@', to list completions if the word is not unmodified, +TAB, for normal completion, +‘?’, for listing completions after successive tabs, +‘!’, for listing alternatives on partial word completion, +‘@’, to list completions if the word is not unmodified, or -`%', for menu completion. +‘%’, for menu completion. This variable is available only in shell functions and external commands invoked by the -programmable completion facilities (see section 8.6 Programmable Completion). -

    - - -

    COMP_KEY -
    -The key (or final key of a key sequence) used to invoke the current +programmable completion facilities (see Programmable Completion). +

    +
    +
    COMP_KEY + +
    +

    The key (or final key of a key sequence) used to invoke the current completion function. -

    - - -

    COMP_WORDBREAKS -
    -The set of characters that the Readline library treats as word +

    +
    +
    COMP_WORDBREAKS + +
    +

    The set of characters that the Readline library treats as word separators when performing word completion. -If COMP_WORDBREAKS is unset, it loses its special properties, +If COMP_WORDBREAKS is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. -

    - - -

    COMP_WORDS -
    -An array variable consisting of the individual +

    +
    +
    COMP_WORDS + +
    +

    An array variable consisting of the individual words in the current command line. The line is split into words as Readline would split it, using -COMP_WORDBREAKS as described above. +COMP_WORDBREAKS as described above. This variable is available only in shell functions invoked by the -programmable completion facilities (see section 8.6 Programmable Completion). -

    - - -

    COMPREPLY -
    -An array variable from which Bash reads the possible completions +programmable completion facilities (see Programmable Completion). +

    +
    +
    COMPREPLY + +
    +

    An array variable from which Bash reads the possible completions generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable completion -facility (see section 8.6 Programmable Completion). +facility (see Programmable Completion). Each array element contains one possible completion. -

    - - -

    COPROC -
    -An array variable created to hold the file descriptors -for output from and input to an unnamed coprocess (see section 3.2.5 Coprocesses). -

    - - -

    DIRSTACK -
    -An array variable containing the current contents of the directory stack. +

    +
    +
    COPROC + +
    +

    An array variable created to hold the file descriptors +for output from and input to an unnamed coprocess (see Coprocesses). +

    +
    +
    DIRSTACK + +
    +

    An array variable containing the current contents of the directory stack. Directories appear in the stack in the order they are displayed by the -dirs builtin. +dirs builtin. Assigning to members of this array variable may be used to modify -directories already in the stack, but the pushd and popd +directories already in the stack, but the pushd and popd builtins must be used to add and remove directories. Assignment to this variable will not change the current directory. -If DIRSTACK is unset, it loses its special properties, even if +If DIRSTACK is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. -

    - - -

    EMACS -
    -If Bash finds this variable in the environment when the shell -starts with value `t', it assumes that the shell is running in an +

    +
    +
    EMACS + +
    +

    If Bash finds this variable in the environment when the shell +starts with value ‘t’, it assumes that the shell is running in an Emacs shell buffer and disables line editing. -

    - - -

    ENV -
    -Similar to BASH_ENV; used when the shell is invoked in -POSIX Mode (see section 6.11 Bash POSIX Mode). -

    - - -

    EUID -
    -The numeric effective user id of the current user. This variable +

    +
    +
    ENV + +
    +

    Similar to BASH_ENV; used when the shell is invoked in +POSIX Mode (see Bash POSIX Mode). +

    +
    +
    EUID + +
    +

    The numeric effective user id of the current user. This variable is readonly. -

    - - -

    FCEDIT -
    -The editor used as a default by the `-e' option to the fc +

    +
    +
    EXECIGNORE + +
    +

    A colon-separated list of shell patterns (see Pattern Matching) +defining the list of filenames to be ignored by command search using +PATH. +Files whose full pathnames match one of these patterns are not considered +executable files for the purposes of completion and command execution +via PATH lookup. +This does not affect the behavior of the [, test, and [[ +commands. +Full pathnames in the command hash table are not subject to EXECIGNORE. +Use this variable to ignore shared library files that have the executable +bit set, but are not executable files. +The pattern matching honors the setting of the extglob shell +option. +

    +
    +
    FCEDIT + +
    +

    The editor used as a default by the -e option to the fc builtin command. -

    - - -

    FIGNORE -
    -A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing +

    +
    +
    FIGNORE + +
    +

    A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing filename completion. A filename whose suffix matches one of the entries in -FIGNORE +FIGNORE is excluded from the list of matched filenames. A sample -value is `.o:~' -

    - - -

    FUNCNAME -
    -An array variable containing the names of all shell functions +value is ‘.o:~’ +

    +
    +
    FUNCNAME + +
    +

    An array variable containing the names of all shell functions currently in the execution call stack. The element with index 0 is the name of any currently-executing shell function. The bottom-most element (the one with the highest index) -is "main". +is "main". This variable exists only when a shell function is executing. -Assignments to FUNCNAME have no effect and return an error status. -If FUNCNAME is unset, it loses its special properties, even if +Assignments to FUNCNAME have no effect. +If FUNCNAME is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. -

    - -This variable can be used with BASH_LINENO and BASH_SOURCE. -Each element of FUNCNAME has corresponding elements in -BASH_LINENO and BASH_SOURCE to describe the call stack. -For instance, ${FUNCNAME[$i]} was called from the file -${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]} at line number ${BASH_LINENO[$i]}. -The caller builtin displays the current call stack using this +

    +

    This variable can be used with BASH_LINENO and BASH_SOURCE. +Each element of FUNCNAME has corresponding elements in +BASH_LINENO and BASH_SOURCE to describe the call stack. +For instance, ${FUNCNAME[$i]} was called from the file +${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]} at line number ${BASH_LINENO[$i]}. +The caller builtin displays the current call stack using this information. -

    - - -

    FUNCNEST -
    -If set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a maximum function +

    +
    +
    FUNCNEST + +
    +

    If set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a maximum function nesting level. Function invocations that exceed this nesting level will cause the current command to abort. -

    - - -

    GLOBIGNORE -
    -A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of filenames to +

    +
    +
    GLOBIGNORE + +
    +

    A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of filenames to be ignored by filename expansion. If a filename matched by a filename expansion pattern also matches one -of the patterns in GLOBIGNORE, it is removed from the list +of the patterns in GLOBIGNORE, it is removed from the list of matches. -

    - - -

    GROUPS -
    -An array variable containing the list of groups of which the current +The pattern matching honors the setting of the extglob shell +option. +

    +
    +
    GROUPS + +
    +

    An array variable containing the list of groups of which the current user is a member. -Assignments to GROUPS have no effect and return an error status. -If GROUPS is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +Assignments to GROUPS have no effect. +If GROUPS is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. -

    - - -

    histchars -
    -Up to three characters which control history expansion, quick -substitution, and tokenization (see section 9.3 History Expansion). +

    +
    +
    histchars + +
    +

    Up to three characters which control history expansion, quick +substitution, and tokenization (see History Interaction). The first character is the -history expansion character, that is, the character which signifies the -start of a history expansion, normally `!'. The second character is the -character which signifies `quick substitution' when seen as the first -character on a line, normally `^'. The optional third character is the +history expansion character, that is, the character which signifies the +start of a history expansion, normally ‘!’. The second character is the +character which signifies ‘quick substitution’ when seen as the first +character on a line, normally ‘^’. The optional third character is the character which indicates that the remainder of the line is a comment when -found as the first character of a word, usually `#'. The history +found as the first character of a word, usually ‘#’. The history comment character causes history substitution to be skipped for the remaining words on the line. It does not necessarily cause the shell parser to treat the rest of the line as a comment. -

    - - -

    HISTCMD -
    -The history number, or index in the history list, of the current -command. If HISTCMD is unset, it loses its special properties, +

    +
    +
    HISTCMD + +
    +

    The history number, or index in the history list, of the current +command. If HISTCMD is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. -

    - - -

    HISTCONTROL -
    -A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are saved on +

    +
    +
    HISTCONTROL + +
    +

    A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are saved on the history list. -If the list of values includes `ignorespace', lines which begin +If the list of values includes ‘ignorespace’, lines which begin with a space character are not saved in the history list. -A value of `ignoredups' causes lines which match the previous +A value of ‘ignoredups’ causes lines which match the previous history entry to not be saved. -A value of `ignoreboth' is shorthand for -`ignorespace' and `ignoredups'. -A value of `erasedups' causes all previous lines matching the +A value of ‘ignoreboth’ is shorthand for +‘ignorespace’ and ‘ignoredups’. +A value of ‘erasedups’ causes all previous lines matching the current line to be removed from the history list before that line is saved. Any value not in the above list is ignored. -If HISTCONTROL is unset, or does not include a valid value, +If HISTCONTROL is unset, or does not include a valid value, all lines read by the shell parser are saved on the history list, -subject to the value of HISTIGNORE. +subject to the value of HISTIGNORE. The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of -HISTCONTROL. -

    - - -

    HISTFILE -
    -The name of the file to which the command history is saved. The -default value is `~/.bash_history'. -

    - - -

    HISTFILESIZE -
    -The maximum number of lines contained in the history file. +HISTCONTROL. +

    +
    +
    HISTFILE + +
    +

    The name of the file to which the command history is saved. The +default value is ~/.bash_history. +

    +
    +
    HISTFILESIZE + +
    +

    The maximum number of lines contained in the history file. When this variable is assigned a value, the history file is truncated, if necessary, to contain no more than that number of lines by removing the oldest entries. @@ -7291,1373 +6932,1254 @@ The history file is also truncated to this size after writing it when a shell exits. If the value is 0, the history file is truncated to zero size. Non-numeric values and numeric values less than zero inhibit truncation. -The shell sets the default value to the value of HISTSIZE +The shell sets the default value to the value of HISTSIZE after reading any startup files. -

    - - -

    HISTIGNORE -
    -A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command +

    +
    +
    HISTIGNORE + +
    +

    A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command lines should be saved on the history list. Each pattern is anchored at the beginning of the line and must match the complete -line (no implicit `*' is appended). Each pattern is tested -against the line after the checks specified by HISTCONTROL +line (no implicit ‘*’ is appended). Each pattern is tested +against the line after the checks specified by HISTCONTROL are applied. In addition to the normal shell pattern matching -characters, `&' matches the previous history line. `&' +characters, ‘&’ matches the previous history line. ‘&’ may be escaped using a backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match. The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of -HISTIGNORE. -

    - -HISTIGNORE subsumes the function of HISTCONTROL. A -pattern of `&' is identical to ignoredups, and a -pattern of `[ ]*' is identical to ignorespace. +HISTIGNORE. +The pattern matching honors the setting of the extglob shell +option. +

    +

    HISTIGNORE subsumes the function of HISTCONTROL. A +pattern of ‘&’ is identical to ignoredups, and a +pattern of ‘[ ]*’ is identical to ignorespace. Combining these two patterns, separating them with a colon, -provides the functionality of ignoreboth. -

    - - -

    HISTSIZE -
    -The maximum number of commands to remember on the history list. +provides the functionality of ignoreboth. +

    +
    +
    HISTSIZE + +
    +

    The maximum number of commands to remember on the history list. If the value is 0, commands are not saved in the history list. Numeric values less than zero result in every command being saved on the history list (there is no limit). The shell sets the default value to 500 after reading any startup files. -

    - - -

    HISTTIMEFORMAT -
    -If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a format string -for strftime to print the time stamp associated with each history -entry displayed by the history builtin. +

    +
    +
    HISTTIMEFORMAT + +
    +

    If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a format string +for strftime to print the time stamp associated with each history +entry displayed by the history builtin. If this variable is set, time stamps are written to the history file so they may be preserved across shell sessions. This uses the history comment character to distinguish timestamps from other history lines. -

    - - -

    HOSTFILE -
    -Contains the name of a file in the same format as `/etc/hosts' that +

    +
    +
    HOSTFILE + +
    +

    Contains the name of a file in the same format as /etc/hosts that should be read when the shell needs to complete a hostname. The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while the shell is running; the next time hostname completion is attempted after the value is changed, Bash adds the contents of the new file to the existing list. -If HOSTFILE is set, but has no value, or does not name a readable file, +If HOSTFILE is set, but has no value, or does not name a readable file, Bash attempts to read -`/etc/hosts' to obtain the list of possible hostname completions. -When HOSTFILE is unset, the hostname list is cleared. -

    - - -

    HOSTNAME -
    -The name of the current host. -

    - - -

    HOSTTYPE -
    -A string describing the machine Bash is running on. -

    - - -

    IGNOREEOF -
    -Controls the action of the shell on receipt of an EOF character +/etc/hosts to obtain the list of possible hostname completions. +When HOSTFILE is unset, the hostname list is cleared. +

    +
    +
    HOSTNAME + +
    +

    The name of the current host. +

    +
    +
    HOSTTYPE + +
    +

    A string describing the machine Bash is running on. +

    +
    +
    IGNOREEOF + +
    +

    Controls the action of the shell on receipt of an EOF character as the sole input. If set, the value denotes the number -of consecutive EOF characters that can be read as the +of consecutive EOF characters that can be read as the first character on an input line before the shell will exit. If the variable exists but does not have a numeric value (or has no value) then the default is 10. -If the variable does not exist, then EOF signifies the end of +If the variable does not exist, then EOF signifies the end of input to the shell. This is only in effect for interactive shells. -

    - - -

    INPUTRC -
    -The name of the Readline initialization file, overriding the default -of `~/.inputrc'. -

    - - -

    LANG -
    -Used to determine the locale category for any category not specifically -selected with a variable starting with LC_. -

    - - -

    LC_ALL -
    -This variable overrides the value of LANG and any other -LC_ variable specifying a locale category. -

    - - -

    LC_COLLATE -
    -This variable determines the collation order used when sorting the +

    +
    +
    INPUTRC + +
    +

    The name of the Readline initialization file, overriding the default +of ~/.inputrc. +

    +
    +
    LANG + +
    +

    Used to determine the locale category for any category not specifically +selected with a variable starting with LC_. +

    +
    +
    LC_ALL + +
    +

    This variable overrides the value of LANG and any other +LC_ variable specifying a locale category. +

    +
    +
    LC_COLLATE + +
    +

    This variable determines the collation order used when sorting the results of filename expansion, and determines the behavior of range expressions, equivalence classes, and collating sequences within filename expansion and pattern matching -(see section 3.5.8 Filename Expansion). -

    - - -

    LC_CTYPE -
    -This variable determines the interpretation of characters and the +(see Filename Expansion). +

    +
    +
    LC_CTYPE + +
    +

    This variable determines the interpretation of characters and the behavior of character classes within filename expansion and pattern -matching (see section 3.5.8 Filename Expansion). -

    - - -

    LC_MESSAGES -
    -This variable determines the locale used to translate double-quoted -strings preceded by a `$' (see section 3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation). -

    - - -

    LC_NUMERIC -
    -This variable determines the locale category used for number formatting. -

    - - -

    LINENO -
    -The line number in the script or shell function currently executing. -

    - - -

    LINES -
    -Used by the select command to determine the column length +matching (see Filename Expansion). +

    +
    +
    LC_MESSAGES + +
    +

    This variable determines the locale used to translate double-quoted +strings preceded by a ‘$’ (see Locale Translation). +

    +
    +
    LC_NUMERIC + +
    +

    This variable determines the locale category used for number formatting. +

    +
    +
    LC_TIME + +
    +

    This variable determines the locale category used for data and time +formatting. +

    +
    +
    LINENO + +
    +

    The line number in the script or shell function currently executing. +

    +
    +
    LINES + +
    +

    Used by the select command to determine the column length for printing selection lists. -Automatically set if the checkwinsize option is enabled -(see section 4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin), or in an interactive shell upon receipt of a -SIGWINCH. -

    - - -

    MACHTYPE -
    -A string that fully describes the system type on which Bash -is executing, in the standard GNU cpu-company-system format. -

    - - -

    MAILCHECK -
    -How often (in seconds) that the shell should check for mail in the -files specified in the MAILPATH or MAIL variables. +Automatically set if the checkwinsize option is enabled +(see The Shopt Builtin), or in an interactive shell upon receipt of a +SIGWINCH. +

    +
    +
    MACHTYPE + +
    +

    A string that fully describes the system type on which Bash +is executing, in the standard GNU cpu-company-system format. +

    +
    +
    MAILCHECK + +
    +

    How often (in seconds) that the shell should check for mail in the +files specified in the MAILPATH or MAIL variables. The default is 60 seconds. When it is time to check for mail, the shell does so before displaying the primary prompt. If this variable is unset, or set to a value that is not a number greater than or equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking. -

    - - -

    MAPFILE -
    -An array variable created to hold the text read by the -mapfile builtin when no variable name is supplied. -

    - - -

    OLDPWD -
    -The previous working directory as set by the cd builtin. -

    - - -

    OPTERR -
    -If set to the value 1, Bash displays error messages -generated by the getopts builtin command. -

    - - -

    OSTYPE -
    -A string describing the operating system Bash is running on. -

    - - -

    PIPESTATUS -
    -An array variable (see section 6.7 Arrays) +

    +
    +
    MAPFILE + +
    +

    An array variable created to hold the text read by the +mapfile builtin when no variable name is supplied. +

    +
    +
    OLDPWD + +
    +

    The previous working directory as set by the cd builtin. +

    +
    +
    OPTERR + +
    +

    If set to the value 1, Bash displays error messages +generated by the getopts builtin command. +

    +
    +
    OSTYPE + +
    +

    A string describing the operating system Bash is running on. +

    +
    +
    PIPESTATUS + +
    +

    An array variable (see Arrays) containing a list of exit status values from the processes in the most-recently-executed foreground pipeline (which may contain only a single command). -

    - - -

    POSIXLY_CORRECT -
    -If this variable is in the environment when Bash starts, the shell -enters POSIX mode (see section 6.11 Bash POSIX Mode) before reading the -startup files, as if the `--posix' invocation option had been supplied. -If it is set while the shell is running, Bash enables POSIX mode, +

    +
    +
    POSIXLY_CORRECT + +
    +

    If this variable is in the environment when Bash starts, the shell +enters POSIX mode (see Bash POSIX Mode) before reading the +startup files, as if the --posix invocation option had been supplied. +If it is set while the shell is running, Bash enables POSIX mode, as if the command -
     
    set -o posix
-
    had been executed. -

    - - -

    PPID -
    -The process ID of the shell's parent process. This variable +

    +
    set -o posix
+
    +

    had been executed. +

    +
    +
    PPID + +
    +

    The process ID of the shell’s parent process. This variable is readonly. -

    - - -

    PROMPT_COMMAND -
    -If set, the value is interpreted as a command to execute -before the printing of each primary prompt ($PS1). -

    - - -

    PROMPT_DIRTRIM -
    -If set to a number greater than zero, the value is used as the number of -trailing directory components to retain when expanding the \w and -\W prompt string escapes (see section 6.9 Controlling the Prompt). +

    +
    +
    PROMPT_COMMAND + +
    +

    If set, the value is interpreted as a command to execute +before the printing of each primary prompt ($PS1). +

    +
    +
    PROMPT_DIRTRIM + +
    +

    If set to a number greater than zero, the value is used as the number of +trailing directory components to retain when expanding the \w and +\W prompt string escapes (see Controlling the Prompt). Characters removed are replaced with an ellipsis. -

    - - -

    PS3 -
    -The value of this variable is used as the prompt for the -select command. If this variable is not set, the -select command prompts with `#? ' -

    - - -

    PS4 -
    -The value is the prompt printed before the command line is echoed -when the `-x' option is set (see section 4.3.1 The Set Builtin). -The first character of PS4 is replicated multiple times, as +

    +
    +
    PS0 + +
    +

    The value of this parameter is expanded like PS1 +and displayed by interactive shells after reading a command +and before the command is executed. +

    +
    +
    PS3 + +
    +

    The value of this variable is used as the prompt for the +select command. If this variable is not set, the +select command prompts with ‘#? ’ +

    +
    +
    PS4 + +
    +

    The value is the prompt printed before the command line is echoed +when the -x option is set (see The Set Builtin). +The first character of PS4 is replicated multiple times, as necessary, to indicate multiple levels of indirection. -The default is `+ '. -

    - - -

    PWD -
    -The current working directory as set by the cd builtin. -

    - - -

    RANDOM -
    -Each time this parameter is referenced, a random integer +The default is ‘+ ’. +

    +
    +
    PWD + +
    +

    The current working directory as set by the cd builtin. +

    +
    +
    RANDOM + +
    +

    Each time this parameter is referenced, a random integer between 0 and 32767 is generated. Assigning a value to this variable seeds the random number generator. -

    - - -

    READLINE_LINE -
    -The contents of the Readline line buffer, for use -with `bind -x' (see section 4.2 Bash Builtin Commands). -

    - - -

    READLINE_POINT -
    -The position of the insertion point in the Readline line buffer, for use -with `bind -x' (see section 4.2 Bash Builtin Commands). -

    - - -

    REPLY -
    -The default variable for the read builtin. -

    - - -

    SECONDS -
    -This variable expands to the number of seconds since the +

    +
    +
    READLINE_LINE + +
    +

    The contents of the Readline line buffer, for use +with ‘bind -x’ (see Bash Builtins). +

    +
    +
    READLINE_POINT + +
    +

    The position of the insertion point in the Readline line buffer, for use +with ‘bind -x’ (see Bash Builtins). +

    +
    +
    REPLY + +
    +

    The default variable for the read builtin. +

    +
    +
    SECONDS + +
    +

    This variable expands to the number of seconds since the shell was started. Assignment to this variable resets the count to the value assigned, and the expanded value becomes the value assigned plus the number of seconds since the assignment. -

    - - -

    SHELL -
    -The full pathname to the shell is kept in this environment variable. +

    +
    +
    SHELL + +
    +

    The full pathname to the shell is kept in this environment variable. If it is not set when the shell starts, -Bash assigns to it the full pathname of the current user's login shell. -

    - - -

    SHELLOPTS -
    -A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in -the list is a valid argument for the `-o' option to the -set builtin command (see section 4.3.1 The Set Builtin). -The options appearing in SHELLOPTS are those reported -as `on' by `set -o'. +Bash assigns to it the full pathname of the current user’s login shell. +

    +
    +
    SHELLOPTS + +
    +

    A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in +the list is a valid argument for the -o option to the +set builtin command (see The Set Builtin). +The options appearing in SHELLOPTS are those reported +as ‘on’ by ‘set -o’. If this variable is in the environment when Bash starts up, each shell option in the list will be enabled before reading any startup files. This variable is readonly. -

    - - -

    SHLVL -
    -Incremented by one each time a new instance of Bash is started. This is +

    +
    +
    SHLVL + +
    +

    Incremented by one each time a new instance of Bash is started. This is intended to be a count of how deeply your Bash shells are nested. -

    - - -

    TIMEFORMAT -
    -The value of this parameter is used as a format string specifying -how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the time +

    +
    +
    TIMEFORMAT + +
    +

    The value of this parameter is used as a format string specifying +how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the time reserved word should be displayed. -The `%' character introduces an +The ‘%’ character introduces an escape sequence that is expanded to a time value or other information. The escape sequences and their meanings are as follows; the braces denote optional portions. -

    - -

    - -
    %% -
    A literal `%'. -

    - -

    %[p][l]R -
    The elapsed time in seconds. -

    - -

    %[p][l]U -
    The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode. -

    - -

    %[p][l]S -
    The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode. -

    - -

    %P -
    The CPU percentage, computed as (%U + %S) / %R. -
    -

    - -The optional p is a digit specifying the precision, the number of +

    +
    +
    %%
    +

    A literal ‘%’. +

    +
    +
    %[p][l]R
    +

    The elapsed time in seconds. +

    +
    +
    %[p][l]U
    +

    The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode. +

    +
    +
    %[p][l]S
    +

    The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode. +

    +
    +
    %P
    +

    The CPU percentage, computed as (%U + %S) / %R. +

    +
    + +

    The optional p is a digit specifying the precision, the number of fractional digits after a decimal point. A value of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output. At most three places after the decimal point may be specified; values -of p greater than 3 are changed to 3. -If p is not specified, the value 3 is used. -

    - -The optional l specifies a longer format, including minutes, of -the form MMmSS.FFs. -The value of p determines whether or not the fraction is included. -

    - -If this variable is not set, Bash acts as if it had the value -
     
    $'\nreal\t%3lR\nuser\t%3lU\nsys\t%3lS'
-
    If the value is null, no timing information is displayed. +of p greater than 3 are changed to 3. +If p is not specified, the value 3 is used. +

    +

    The optional l specifies a longer format, including minutes, of +the form MMmSS.FFs. +The value of p determines whether or not the fraction is included. +

    +

    If this variable is not set, Bash acts as if it had the value +

    +
    $'\nreal\t%3lR\nuser\t%3lU\nsys\t%3lS'
+
    +

    If the value is null, no timing information is displayed. A trailing newline is added when the format string is displayed. -

    - - -

    TMOUT -
    -If set to a value greater than zero, TMOUT is treated as the -default timeout for the read builtin (see section 4.2 Bash Builtin Commands). -The select command (see section 3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs) terminates -if input does not arrive after TMOUT seconds when input is coming +

    +
    +
    TMOUT + +
    +

    If set to a value greater than zero, TMOUT is treated as the +default timeout for the read builtin (see Bash Builtins). +The select command (see Conditional Constructs) terminates +if input does not arrive after TMOUT seconds when input is coming from a terminal. -

    - -In an interactive shell, the value is interpreted as +

    +

    In an interactive shell, the value is interpreted as the number of seconds to wait for a line of input after issuing the primary prompt. Bash terminates after waiting for that number of seconds if a complete line of input does not arrive. -

    - - -

    TMPDIR -
    -If set, Bash uses its value as the name of a directory in which -Bash creates temporary files for the shell's use. -

    - - -

    UID -
    -The numeric real user id of the current user. This variable is readonly. -

    - -

    -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    6. Bash Features

    - -

    - -This chapter describes features unique to Bash. -

    - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    6.1 Invoking Bash  Command line options that you can give - to Bash.
    6.2 Bash Startup Files  When and how Bash executes scripts.
    6.3 Interactive Shells  What an interactive shell is.
    6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions  Primitives used in composing expressions for - the test builtin.
    6.5 Shell Arithmetic  Arithmetic on shell variables.
    6.6 Aliases  Substituting one command for another.
    6.7 Arrays  Array Variables.
    6.8 The Directory Stack  History of visited directories.
    6.9 Controlling the Prompt  Customizing the various prompt strings.
    6.10 The Restricted Shell  A more controlled mode of shell execution.
    6.11 Bash POSIX Mode  Making Bash behave more closely to what - the POSIX standard specifies.
    -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    6.1 Invoking Bash

    - -

    - -
     
    bash [long-opt] [-ir] [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o option] [-O shopt_option] [argument ...]
-bash [long-opt] [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o option] [-O shopt_option] -c string [argument ...]
-bash [long-opt] -s [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o option] [-O shopt_option] [argument ...]
-

    - -All of the single-character options used with the set builtin -(see section 4.3.1 The Set Builtin) can be used as options when the shell is invoked. +

    +
    +
    TMPDIR + +
    +

    If set, Bash uses its value as the name of a directory in which +Bash creates temporary files for the shell’s use. +

    +
    +
    UID + +
    +

    The numeric real user id of the current user. This variable is readonly. +

    +
    +
    + +
    + +
    +

    +Next: , Previous: , Up: Top   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    6 Bash Features

    + +

    This chapter describes features unique to Bash. +

    + + + + + + + + + + + + +
    • Invoking Bash:  Command line options that you can give + to Bash. +
    • Bash Startup Files:  When and how Bash executes scripts. +
    • Interactive Shells:  What an interactive shell is. +
    • Bash Conditional Expressions:  Primitives used in composing expressions for + the test builtin. +
    • Shell Arithmetic:  Arithmetic on shell variables. +
    • Aliases:  Substituting one command for another. +
    • Arrays:  Array Variables. +
    • The Directory Stack:  History of visited directories. +
    • Controlling the Prompt:  Customizing the various prompt strings. +
    • The Restricted Shell:  A more controlled mode of shell execution. +
    • Bash POSIX Mode:  Making Bash behave more closely to what + the POSIX standard specifies. +
    + +
    + +
    +

    +Next: , Up: Bash Features   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    6.1 Invoking Bash

    + +
    +
    bash [long-opt] [-ir] [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o option] [-O shopt_option] [argument …]
+bash [long-opt] [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o option] [-O shopt_option] -c string [argument …]
+bash [long-opt] -s [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o option] [-O shopt_option] [argument …]
+
    + +

    All of the single-character options used with the set builtin +(see The Set Builtin) can be used as options when the shell is invoked. In addition, there are several multi-character options that you can use. These options must appear on the command line before the single-character options to be recognized. -

    - -

    -
    --debugger -
    Arrange for the debugger profile to be executed before the shell -starts. Turns on extended debugging mode (see 4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin -for a description of the extdebug option to the shopt +

    +
    +
    --debugger
    +

    Arrange for the debugger profile to be executed before the shell +starts. Turns on extended debugging mode (see The Shopt Builtin +for a description of the extdebug option to the shopt builtin). -

    - -

    --dump-po-strings -
    A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by `$' +

    +
    +
    --dump-po-strings
    +

    A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by ‘$’ is printed on the standard output -in the GNU gettext PO (portable object) file format. -Equivalent to `-D' except for the output format. -

    - -

    --dump-strings -
    Equivalent to `-D'. -

    - -

    --help -
    Display a usage message on standard output and exit successfully. -

    - -

    --init-file filename -
    --rcfile filename -
    Execute commands from filename (instead of `~/.bashrc') +in the GNU gettext PO (portable object) file format. +Equivalent to -D except for the output format. +

    +
    +
    --dump-strings
    +

    Equivalent to -D. +

    +
    +
    --help
    +

    Display a usage message on standard output and exit successfully. +

    +
    +
    --init-file filename
    +
    --rcfile filename
    +

    Execute commands from filename (instead of ~/.bashrc) in an interactive shell. -

    - -

    --login -
    Equivalent to `-l'. -

    - -

    --noediting -
    Do not use the GNU Readline library (see section 8. Command Line Editing) +

    +
    +
    --login
    +

    Equivalent to -l. +

    +
    +
    --noediting
    +

    Do not use the GNU Readline library (see Command Line Editing) to read command lines when the shell is interactive. -

    - -

    --noprofile -
    Don't load the system-wide startup file `/etc/profile' +

    +
    +
    --noprofile
    +

    Don’t load the system-wide startup file /etc/profile or any of the personal initialization files -`~/.bash_profile', `~/.bash_login', or `~/.profile' +~/.bash_profile, ~/.bash_login, or ~/.profile when Bash is invoked as a login shell. -

    - -

    --norc -
    Don't read the `~/.bashrc' initialization file in an +

    +
    +
    --norc
    +

    Don’t read the ~/.bashrc initialization file in an interactive shell. This is on by default if the shell is -invoked as sh. -

    - -

    --posix -
    Change the behavior of Bash where the default operation differs -from the POSIX standard to match the standard. This +invoked as sh. +

    +
    +
    --posix
    +

    Change the behavior of Bash where the default operation differs +from the POSIX standard to match the standard. This is intended to make Bash behave as a strict superset of that -standard. See section 6.11 Bash POSIX Mode, for a description of the Bash -POSIX mode. -

    - -

    --restricted -
    Make the shell a restricted shell (see section 6.10 The Restricted Shell). -

    - -

    --verbose -
    Equivalent to `-v'. Print shell input lines as they're read. -

    - -

    --version -
    Show version information for this instance of +standard. See Bash POSIX Mode, for a description of the Bash +POSIX mode. +

    +
    +
    --restricted
    +

    Make the shell a restricted shell (see The Restricted Shell). +

    +
    +
    --verbose
    +

    Equivalent to -v. Print shell input lines as they’re read. +

    +
    +
    --version
    +

    Show version information for this instance of Bash on the standard output and exit successfully. -

    -

    - -There are several single-character options that may be supplied at -invocation which are not available with the set builtin. -

    - -

    -
    -c -
    Read and execute commands from the first non-option argument -after processing the options, then exit. -Any remaining arguments are assigned to the -positional parameters, starting with $0. -

    - -

    -i -
    Force the shell to run interactively. Interactive shells are -described in 6.3 Interactive Shells. -

    - -

    -l -
    Make this shell act as if it had been directly invoked by login. +

    +
    + +

    There are several single-character options that may be supplied at +invocation which are not available with the set builtin. +

    +
    +
    -c
    +

    Read and execute commands from the first non-option argument +command_string, then exit. +If there are arguments after the command_string, +the first argument is assigned to $0 +and any remaining arguments are assigned to the positional parameters. +The assignment to $0 sets the name of the shell, which is used +in warning and error messages. +

    +
    +
    -i
    +

    Force the shell to run interactively. Interactive shells are +described in Interactive Shells. +

    +
    +
    -l
    +

    Make this shell act as if it had been directly invoked by login. When the shell is interactive, this is equivalent to starting a -login shell with `exec -l bash'. +login shell with ‘exec -l bash’. When the shell is not interactive, the login shell startup files will be executed. -`exec bash -l' or `exec bash --login' +‘exec bash -l’ or ‘exec bash --login’ will replace the current shell with a Bash login shell. -See section 6.2 Bash Startup Files, for a description of the special behavior +See Bash Startup Files, for a description of the special behavior of a login shell. -

    - -

    -r -
    Make the shell a restricted shell (see section 6.10 The Restricted Shell). -

    - -

    -s -
    If this option is present, or if no arguments remain after option +

    +
    +
    -r
    +

    Make the shell a restricted shell (see The Restricted Shell). +

    +
    +
    -s
    +

    If this option is present, or if no arguments remain after option processing, then commands are read from the standard input. This option allows the positional parameters to be set when invoking an interactive shell. -

    - -

    -D -
    A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by `$' +

    +
    +
    -D
    +

    A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by ‘$’ is printed on the standard output. These are the strings that are subject to language translation when the current locale -is not C or POSIX (see section 3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation). -This implies the `-n' option; no commands will be executed. -

    - -

    [-+]O [shopt_option] -
    shopt_option is one of the shell options accepted by the -shopt builtin (see section 4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin). -If shopt_option is present, `-O' sets the value of that option; -`+O' unsets it. -If shopt_option is not supplied, the names and values of the shell -options accepted by shopt are printed on the standard output. -If the invocation option is `+O', the output is displayed in a format +is not C or POSIX (see Locale Translation). +This implies the -n option; no commands will be executed. +

    +
    +
    [-+]O [shopt_option]
    +

    shopt_option is one of the shell options accepted by the +shopt builtin (see The Shopt Builtin). +If shopt_option is present, -O sets the value of that option; ++O unsets it. +If shopt_option is not supplied, the names and values of the shell +options accepted by shopt are printed on the standard output. +If the invocation option is +O, the output is displayed in a format that may be reused as input. -

    - -

    -- -
    A -- signals the end of options and disables further option +

    +
    +
    --
    +

    A -- signals the end of options and disables further option processing. -Any arguments after the -- are treated as filenames and arguments. -

    -

    - - -A login shell is one whose first character of argument zero is -`-', or one invoked with the `--login' option. -

    - - -An interactive shell is one started without non-option arguments, -unless `-s' is specified, -without specifying the `-c' option, and whose input and output are both -connected to terminals (as determined by isatty(3)), or one -started with the `-i' option. See section 6.3 Interactive Shells, for more +Any arguments after the -- are treated as filenames and arguments. +

    +
    + + +

    A login shell is one whose first character of argument zero is +‘-’, or one invoked with the --login option. +

    + +

    An interactive shell is one started without non-option arguments, +unless -s is specified, +without specifying the -c option, and whose input and output are both +connected to terminals (as determined by isatty(3)), or one +started with the -i option. See Interactive Shells, for more information. -

    - -If arguments remain after option processing, and neither the -`-c' nor the `-s' +

    +

    If arguments remain after option processing, and neither the +-c nor the -s option has been supplied, the first argument is assumed to -be the name of a file containing shell commands (see section 3.8 Shell Scripts). -When Bash is invoked in this fashion, $0 +be the name of a file containing shell commands (see Shell Scripts). +When Bash is invoked in this fashion, $0 is set to the name of the file, and the positional parameters are set to the remaining arguments. Bash reads and executes commands from this file, then exits. -Bash's exit status is the exit status of the last command executed +Bash’s exit status is the exit status of the last command executed in the script. If no commands are executed, the exit status is 0. -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    6.2 Bash Startup Files

    - -

    - -This section describes how Bash executes its startup files. +

    +
    + +
    +

    +Next: , Previous: , Up: Bash Features   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    6.2 Bash Startup Files

    + + +

    This section describes how Bash executes its startup files. If any of the files exist but cannot be read, Bash reports an error. Tildes are expanded in filenames as described above under -Tilde Expansion (see section 3.5.2 Tilde Expansion). -

    - -Interactive shells are described in 6.3 Interactive Shells. -

    - - -

    Invoked as an interactive login shell, or with `--login'

    - -

    - -When Bash is invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a -non-interactive shell with the `--login' option, it first reads and -executes commands from the file `/etc/profile', if that file exists. -After reading that file, it looks for `~/.bash_profile', -`~/.bash_login', and `~/.profile', in that order, and reads +Tilde Expansion (see Tilde Expansion). +

    +

    Interactive shells are described in Interactive Shells. +

    + +

    Invoked as an interactive login shell, or with --login

    + +

    When Bash is invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a +non-interactive shell with the --login option, it first reads and +executes commands from the file /etc/profile, if that file exists. +After reading that file, it looks for ~/.bash_profile, +~/.bash_login, and ~/.profile, in that order, and reads and executes commands from the first one that exists and is readable. -The `--noprofile' option may be used when the shell is started to +The --noprofile option may be used when the shell is started to inhibit this behavior. -

    - -When a login shell exits, Bash reads and executes commands from -the file `~/.bash_logout', if it exists. -

    - - -

    Invoked as an interactive non-login shell

    - -

    - -When an interactive shell that is not a login shell is started, Bash -reads and executes commands from `~/.bashrc', if that file exists. -This may be inhibited by using the `--norc' option. -The `--rcfile file' option will force Bash to read and -execute commands from file instead of `~/.bashrc'. -

    - -So, typically, your `~/.bash_profile' contains the line -
     
    if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then . ~/.bashrc; fi
-
    after (or before) any login-specific initializations. -

    - - -

    Invoked non-interactively

    - -

    - -When Bash is started non-interactively, to run a shell script, -for example, it looks for the variable BASH_ENV in the environment, +

    +

    When an interactive login shell exits, +or a non-interactive login shell executes the exit builtin command, +Bash reads and executes commands from +the file ~/.bash_logout, if it exists. +

    + +

    Invoked as an interactive non-login shell

    + +

    When an interactive shell that is not a login shell is started, Bash +reads and executes commands from ~/.bashrc, if that file exists. +This may be inhibited by using the --norc option. +The --rcfile file option will force Bash to read and +execute commands from file instead of ~/.bashrc. +

    +

    So, typically, your ~/.bash_profile contains the line +

    +
    if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then . ~/.bashrc; fi
+
    +

    after (or before) any login-specific initializations. +

    + +

    Invoked non-interactively

    + +

    When Bash is started non-interactively, to run a shell script, +for example, it looks for the variable BASH_ENV in the environment, expands its value if it appears there, and uses the expanded value as the name of a file to read and execute. Bash behaves as if the following command were executed: -
     
    if [ -n "$BASH_ENV" ]; then . "$BASH_ENV"; fi
-
    but the value of the PATH variable is not used to search for the +

    +
    if [ -n "$BASH_ENV" ]; then . "$BASH_ENV"; fi
+
    +

    but the value of the PATH variable is not used to search for the filename. -

    - -As noted above, if a non-interactive shell is invoked with the -`--login' option, Bash attempts to read and execute commands from the +

    +

    As noted above, if a non-interactive shell is invoked with the +--login option, Bash attempts to read and execute commands from the login shell startup files. -

    - - -

    Invoked with name sh

    - -

    - -If Bash is invoked with the name sh, it tries to mimic the -startup behavior of historical versions of sh as closely as -possible, while conforming to the POSIX standard as well. -

    - -When invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-interactive -shell with the `--login' option, it first attempts to read -and execute commands from `/etc/profile' and `~/.profile', in +

    + +

    Invoked with name sh

    + +

    If Bash is invoked with the name sh, it tries to mimic the +startup behavior of historical versions of sh as closely as +possible, while conforming to the POSIX standard as well. +

    +

    When invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-interactive +shell with the --login option, it first attempts to read +and execute commands from /etc/profile and ~/.profile, in that order. -The `--noprofile' option may be used to inhibit this behavior. -When invoked as an interactive shell with the name sh, Bash -looks for the variable ENV, expands its value if it is defined, +The --noprofile option may be used to inhibit this behavior. +When invoked as an interactive shell with the name sh, Bash +looks for the variable ENV, expands its value if it is defined, and uses the expanded value as the name of a file to read and execute. -Since a shell invoked as sh does not attempt to read and execute -commands from any other startup files, the `--rcfile' option has +Since a shell invoked as sh does not attempt to read and execute +commands from any other startup files, the --rcfile option has no effect. -A non-interactive shell invoked with the name sh does not attempt +A non-interactive shell invoked with the name sh does not attempt to read any other startup files. -

    - -When invoked as sh, Bash enters POSIX mode after +

    +

    When invoked as sh, Bash enters POSIX mode after the startup files are read. -

    +

    + +

    Invoked in POSIX mode

    - -

    Invoked in POSIX mode

    - -

    - -When Bash is started in POSIX mode, as with the -`--posix' command line option, it follows the POSIX standard +

    When Bash is started in POSIX mode, as with the +--posix command line option, it follows the POSIX standard for startup files. -In this mode, interactive shells expand the ENV variable +In this mode, interactive shells expand the ENV variable and commands are read and executed from the file whose name is the expanded value. No other startup files are read. -

    - - -

    Invoked by remote shell daemon

    - -

    +

    + +

    Invoked by remote shell daemon

    -Bash attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard input +

    Bash attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard input connected to a network connection, as when executed by the remote shell -daemon, usually rshd, or the secure shell daemon sshd. +daemon, usually rshd, or the secure shell daemon sshd. If Bash determines it is being run in -this fashion, it reads and executes commands from `~/.bashrc', if that +this fashion, it reads and executes commands from ~/.bashrc, if that file exists and is readable. -It will not do this if invoked as sh. -The `--norc' option may be used to inhibit this behavior, and the -`--rcfile' option may be used to force another file to be read, but -neither rshd nor sshd generally invoke the shell with those +It will not do this if invoked as sh. +The --norc option may be used to inhibit this behavior, and the +--rcfile option may be used to force another file to be read, but +neither rshd nor sshd generally invoke the shell with those options or allow them to be specified. -

    +

    + +

    Invoked with unequal effective and real UID/GIDs

    - -

    Invoked with unequal effective and real UID/GIDs

    - -

    - -If Bash is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the -real user (group) id, and the `-p' option is not supplied, no startup +

    If Bash is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the +real user (group) id, and the -p option is not supplied, no startup files are read, shell functions are not inherited from the environment, -the SHELLOPTS, BASHOPTS, CDPATH, and GLOBIGNORE +the SHELLOPTS, BASHOPTS, CDPATH, and GLOBIGNORE variables, if they appear in the environment, are ignored, and the effective user id is set to the real user id. -If the `-p' option is supplied at invocation, the startup behavior is +If the -p option is supplied at invocation, the startup behavior is the same, but the effective user id is not reset. -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    6.3 Interactive Shells

    - -

    - -

    - - - -
    6.3.1 What is an Interactive Shell?  What determines whether a shell is Interactive.
    6.3.2 Is this Shell Interactive?  How to tell if a shell is interactive.
    6.3.3 Interactive Shell Behavior  What changes in a interactive shell?
    -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    6.3.1 What is an Interactive Shell?

    - -

    - -An interactive shell -is one started without non-option arguments, unless `-s' is -specified, without specifying the `-c' option, and +

    +
    + +
    +

    +Next: , Previous: , Up: Bash Features   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    6.3 Interactive Shells

    + + + + + + + +
    • What is an Interactive Shell?:  What determines whether a shell is Interactive. +
    • Is this Shell Interactive?:  How to tell if a shell is interactive. +
    • Interactive Shell Behavior:  What changes in a interactive shell? +
    + +
    + +
    +

    +Next: , Up: Interactive Shells   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    6.3.1 What is an Interactive Shell?

    + +

    An interactive shell +is one started without non-option arguments, unless -s is +specified, without specifying the -c option, and whose input and error output are both -connected to terminals (as determined by isatty(3)), -or one started with the `-i' option. -

    - -An interactive shell generally reads from and writes to a user's +connected to terminals (as determined by isatty(3)), +or one started with the -i option. +

    +

    An interactive shell generally reads from and writes to a user’s terminal. -

    - -The `-s' invocation option may be used to set the positional parameters +

    +

    The -s invocation option may be used to set the positional parameters when an interactive shell is started. -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    6.3.2 Is this Shell Interactive?

    - -

    - -To determine within a startup script whether or not Bash is +

    +
    + +
    +

    +Next: , Previous: , Up: Interactive Shells   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    6.3.2 Is this Shell Interactive?

    + +

    To determine within a startup script whether or not Bash is running interactively, -test the value of the `-' special parameter. -It contains i when the shell is interactive. For example: -

    - -
     
    case "$-" in
+test the value of the ‘-’ special parameter.
+It contains i when the shell is interactive.  For example:
+
    
+
    
+
    case "$-" in
 *i*)	echo This shell is interactive ;;
 *)	echo This shell is not interactive ;;
 esac
-

    + -Alternatively, startup scripts may examine the variable -PS1; it is unset in non-interactive shells, and set in +

    Alternatively, startup scripts may examine the variable +PS1; it is unset in non-interactive shells, and set in interactive shells. Thus: -

    - -
     
    if [ -z "$PS1" ]; then
+
    
+
    
+
    if [ -z "$PS1" ]; then
         echo This shell is not interactive
 else
         echo This shell is interactive
 fi
-

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    6.3.3 Interactive Shell Behavior

    - -

    - -When the shell is running interactively, it changes its behavior in + + +

    + +
    +

    +Previous: , Up: Interactive Shells   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    6.3.3 Interactive Shell Behavior

    + +

    When the shell is running interactively, it changes its behavior in several ways. -

    - -

      -
    1. -Startup files are read and executed as described in 6.2 Bash Startup Files. -

      +

      +
        +
      1. Startup files are read and executed as described in Bash Startup Files. -
      2. -Job Control (see section 7. Job Control) is enabled by default. When job +
      3. Job Control (see Job Control) is enabled by default. When job control is in effect, Bash ignores the keyboard-generated job control -signals SIGTTIN, SIGTTOU, and SIGTSTP. -

        +signals SIGTTIN, SIGTTOU, and SIGTSTP. -

      4. -Bash expands and displays PS1 before reading the first line -of a command, and expands and displays PS2 before reading the +
      5. Bash expands and displays PS1 before reading the first line +of a command, and expands and displays PS2 before reading the second and subsequent lines of a multi-line command. -

        - -

      6. -Bash executes the value of the PROMPT_COMMAND variable as a command -before printing the primary prompt, $PS1 -(see section 5.2 Bash Variables). -

        - -

      7. -Readline (see section 8. Command Line Editing) is used to read commands from -the user's terminal. -

        - -

      8. -Bash inspects the value of the ignoreeof option to set -o -instead of exiting immediately when it receives an EOF on its -standard input when reading a command (see section 4.3.1 The Set Builtin). -

        - -

      9. -Command history (see section 9.1 Bash History Facilities) -and history expansion (see section 9.3 History Expansion) -are enabled by default. -Bash will save the command history to the file named by $HISTFILE -when a shell with history enabled exits. -

        - -

      10. -Alias expansion (see section 6.6 Aliases) is performed by default. -

        - -

      11. -In the absence of any traps, Bash ignores SIGTERM -(see section 3.7.6 Signals). -

        - -

      12. -In the absence of any traps, SIGINT is caught and handled -((see section 3.7.6 Signals). -SIGINT will interrupt some shell builtins. -

        - -

      13. -An interactive login shell sends a SIGHUP to all jobs on exit -if the huponexit shell option has been enabled (see section 3.7.6 Signals). -

        - -

      14. -The `-n' invocation option is ignored, and `set -n' has -no effect (see section 4.3.1 The Set Builtin). -

        - -

      15. -Bash will check for mail periodically, depending on the values of the -MAIL, MAILPATH, and MAILCHECK shell variables -(see section 5.2 Bash Variables). -

        - -

      16. -Expansion errors due to references to unbound shell variables after -`set -u' has been enabled will not cause the shell to exit -(see section 4.3.1 The Set Builtin). -

        - -

      17. -The shell will not exit on expansion errors caused by var being unset -or null in ${var:?word} expansions -(see section 3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion). -

        - -

      18. -Redirection errors encountered by shell builtins will not cause the -shell to exit. -

        - -

      19. -When running in POSIX mode, a special builtin returning an error -status will not cause the shell to exit (see section 6.11 Bash POSIX Mode). -

        - -

      20. -A failed exec will not cause the shell to exit -(see section 4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins). -

        - -

      21. -Parser syntax errors will not cause the shell to exit. -

        - -

      22. -Simple spelling correction for directory arguments to the cd -builtin is enabled by default (see the description of the cdspell -option to the shopt builtin in 4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin). -

        - -

      23. -The shell will check the value of the TMOUT variable and exit -if a command is not read within the specified number of seconds after -printing $PS1 (see section 5.2 Bash Variables). -

        - -

      -

      - - -

      - - - - - - - - - - - -
      [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
      -

      6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions

      - -

      - -Conditional expressions are used by the [[ compound command -and the test and [ builtin commands. -

      - -Expressions may be unary or binary. -Unary expressions are often used to examine the status of a file. -There are string operators and numeric comparison operators as well. -If the file argument to one of the primaries is of the form -`/dev/fd/N', then file descriptor N is checked. -If the file argument to one of the primaries is one of -`/dev/stdin', `/dev/stdout', or `/dev/stderr', file -descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively, is checked. -

      - -When used with [[, the `<' and `>' operators sort -lexicographically using the current locale. -The test command uses ASCII ordering. -

      - -Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow symbolic -links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the link itself. -

      - -

      -
      -a file -
      True if file exists. -

      - -

      -b file -
      True if file exists and is a block special file. -

      - -

      -c file -
      True if file exists and is a character special file. -

      +Bash displays PS0 after it reads a command but before executing it. -

      -d file -
      True if file exists and is a directory. -

      +

    2. Bash executes the value of the PROMPT_COMMAND variable as a command +before printing the primary prompt, $PS1 +(see Bash Variables). -
      -e file -
      True if file exists. -

      +

    3. Readline (see Command Line Editing) is used to read commands from +the user’s terminal. -
      -f file -
      True if file exists and is a regular file. -

      +

    4. Bash inspects the value of the ignoreeof option to set -o +instead of exiting immediately when it receives an EOF on its +standard input when reading a command (see The Set Builtin). -
      -g file -
      True if file exists and its set-group-id bit is set. -

      - -

      -h file -
      True if file exists and is a symbolic link. -

      +

    5. Command history (see Bash History Facilities) +and history expansion (see History Interaction) +are enabled by default. +Bash will save the command history to the file named by $HISTFILE +when a shell with history enabled exits. -
      -k file -
      True if file exists and its "sticky" bit is set. -

      +

    6. Alias expansion (see Aliases) is performed by default. -
      -p file -
      True if file exists and is a named pipe (FIFO). -

      +

    7. In the absence of any traps, Bash ignores SIGTERM +(see Signals). -
      -r file -
      True if file exists and is readable. -

      +

    8. In the absence of any traps, SIGINT is caught and handled +((see Signals). +SIGINT will interrupt some shell builtins. -
      -s file -
      True if file exists and has a size greater than zero. -

      +

    9. An interactive login shell sends a SIGHUP to all jobs on exit +if the huponexit shell option has been enabled (see Signals). -
      -t fd -
      True if file descriptor fd is open and refers to a terminal. -

      +

    10. The -n invocation option is ignored, and ‘set -n’ has +no effect (see The Set Builtin). -
      -u file -
      True if file exists and its set-user-id bit is set. -

      +

    11. Bash will check for mail periodically, depending on the values of the +MAIL, MAILPATH, and MAILCHECK shell variables +(see Bash Variables). -
      -w file -
      True if file exists and is writable. -

      +

    12. Expansion errors due to references to unbound shell variables after +‘set -u’ has been enabled will not cause the shell to exit +(see The Set Builtin). -
      -x file -
      True if file exists and is executable. -

      +

    13. The shell will not exit on expansion errors caused by var being unset +or null in ${var:?word} expansions +(see Shell Parameter Expansion). -
      -G file -
      True if file exists and is owned by the effective group id. -

      +

    14. Redirection errors encountered by shell builtins will not cause the +shell to exit. -
      -L file -
      True if file exists and is a symbolic link. -

      +

    15. When running in POSIX mode, a special builtin returning an error +status will not cause the shell to exit (see Bash POSIX Mode). -
      -N file -
      True if file exists and has been modified since it was last read. -

      +

    16. A failed exec will not cause the shell to exit +(see Bourne Shell Builtins). -
      -O file -
      True if file exists and is owned by the effective user id. -

      +

    17. Parser syntax errors will not cause the shell to exit. -
      -S file -
      True if file exists and is a socket. -

      +

    18. Simple spelling correction for directory arguments to the cd +builtin is enabled by default (see the description of the cdspell +option to the shopt builtin in The Shopt Builtin). -
      file1 -ef file2 -
      True if file1 and file2 refer to the same device and +
    19. The shell will check the value of the TMOUT variable and exit +if a command is not read within the specified number of seconds after +printing $PS1 (see Bash Variables). + +
    + +
    + +
    +

    +Next: , Previous: , Up: Bash Features   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions

    + + +

    Conditional expressions are used by the [[ compound command +and the test and [ builtin commands. +

    +

    Expressions may be unary or binary. +Unary expressions are often used to examine the status of a file. +There are string operators and numeric comparison operators as well. +Bash handles several filenames specially when they are used in +expressions. +If the operating system on which Bash is running provides these +special files, Bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them +internally with this behavior: +If the file argument to one of the primaries is of the form +/dev/fd/N, then file descriptor N is checked. +If the file argument to one of the primaries is one of +/dev/stdin, /dev/stdout, or /dev/stderr, file +descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively, is checked. +

    +

    When used with [[, the ‘<’ and ‘>’ operators sort +lexicographically using the current locale. +The test command uses ASCII ordering. +

    +

    Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow symbolic +links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the link itself. +

    +
    +
    -a file
    +

    True if file exists. +

    +
    +
    -b file
    +

    True if file exists and is a block special file. +

    +
    +
    -c file
    +

    True if file exists and is a character special file. +

    +
    +
    -d file
    +

    True if file exists and is a directory. +

    +
    +
    -e file
    +

    True if file exists. +

    +
    +
    -f file
    +

    True if file exists and is a regular file. +

    +
    +
    -g file
    +

    True if file exists and its set-group-id bit is set. +

    +
    +
    -h file
    +

    True if file exists and is a symbolic link. +

    +
    +
    -k file
    +

    True if file exists and its "sticky" bit is set. +

    +
    +
    -p file
    +

    True if file exists and is a named pipe (FIFO). +

    +
    +
    -r file
    +

    True if file exists and is readable. +

    +
    +
    -s file
    +

    True if file exists and has a size greater than zero. +

    +
    +
    -t fd
    +

    True if file descriptor fd is open and refers to a terminal. +

    +
    +
    -u file
    +

    True if file exists and its set-user-id bit is set. +

    +
    +
    -w file
    +

    True if file exists and is writable. +

    +
    +
    -x file
    +

    True if file exists and is executable. +

    +
    +
    -G file
    +

    True if file exists and is owned by the effective group id. +

    +
    +
    -L file
    +

    True if file exists and is a symbolic link. +

    +
    +
    -N file
    +

    True if file exists and has been modified since it was last read. +

    +
    +
    -O file
    +

    True if file exists and is owned by the effective user id. +

    +
    +
    -S file
    +

    True if file exists and is a socket. +

    +
    +
    file1 -ef file2
    +

    True if file1 and file2 refer to the same device and inode numbers. -

    - -

    file1 -nt file2 -
    True if file1 is newer (according to modification date) -than file2, or if file1 exists and file2 does not. -

    - -

    file1 -ot file2 -
    True if file1 is older than file2, -or if file2 exists and file1 does not. -

    - -

    -o optname -
    True if the shell option optname is enabled. -The list of options appears in the description of the `-o' -option to the set builtin (see section 4.3.1 The Set Builtin). -

    - -

    -v varname -
    True if the shell variable varname is set (has been assigned a value). -

    - -

    -R varname -
    True if the shell variable varname is set and is a name reference. -

    - -

    -z string -
    True if the length of string is zero. -

    - -

    -n string -
    string -
    True if the length of string is non-zero. -

    - -

    string1 == string2 -
    string1 = string2 -
    True if the strings are equal. -When used with the [[ command, this performs pattern matching as -described above (see section 3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs). -

    - -`=' should be used with the test command for POSIX conformance. -

    - -

    string1 != string2 -
    True if the strings are not equal. -

    - -

    string1 < string2 -
    True if string1 sorts before string2 lexicographically. -

    - -

    string1 > string2 -
    True if string1 sorts after string2 lexicographically. -

    - -

    arg1 OP arg2 -
    OP is one of -`-eq', `-ne', `-lt', `-le', `-gt', or `-ge'. -These arithmetic binary operators return true if arg1 +

    +
    +
    file1 -nt file2
    +

    True if file1 is newer (according to modification date) +than file2, or if file1 exists and file2 does not. +

    +
    +
    file1 -ot file2
    +

    True if file1 is older than file2, +or if file2 exists and file1 does not. +

    +
    +
    -o optname
    +

    True if the shell option optname is enabled. +The list of options appears in the description of the -o +option to the set builtin (see The Set Builtin). +

    +
    +
    -v varname
    +

    True if the shell variable varname is set (has been assigned a value). +

    +
    +
    -R varname
    +

    True if the shell variable varname is set and is a name reference. +

    +
    +
    -z string
    +

    True if the length of string is zero. +

    +
    +
    -n string
    +
    string
    +

    True if the length of string is non-zero. +

    +
    +
    string1 == string2
    +
    string1 = string2
    +

    True if the strings are equal. +When used with the [[ command, this performs pattern matching as +described above (see Conditional Constructs). +

    +

    ‘=’ should be used with the test command for POSIX conformance. +

    +
    +
    string1 != string2
    +

    True if the strings are not equal. +

    +
    +
    string1 < string2
    +

    True if string1 sorts before string2 lexicographically. +

    +
    +
    string1 > string2
    +

    True if string1 sorts after string2 lexicographically. +

    +
    +
    arg1 OP arg2
    +

    OP is one of +‘-eq’, ‘-ne’, ‘-lt’, ‘-le’, ‘-gt’, or ‘-ge’. +These arithmetic binary operators return true if arg1 is equal to, not equal to, less than, less than or equal to, -greater than, or greater than or equal to arg2, -respectively. Arg1 and arg2 +greater than, or greater than or equal to arg2, +respectively. Arg1 and arg2 may be positive or negative integers. -

    -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    6.5 Shell Arithmetic

    - -

    - -The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, as one of -the shell expansions or by the let and the `-i' option -to the declare builtins. -

    - -Evaluation is done in fixed-width integers with no check for overflow, +

    + + +
    + +
    +

    +Next: , Previous: , Up: Bash Features   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    6.5 Shell Arithmetic

    + + + + + + +

    The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, as one of +the shell expansions or by using the (( compound command, the +let builtin, or the -i option to the declare builtin. +

    +

    Evaluation is done in fixed-width integers with no check for overflow, though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as an error. The operators and their precedence, associativity, and values are the same as in the C language. The following list of operators is grouped into levels of equal-precedence operators. The levels are listed in order of decreasing precedence. -

    - -

    - -
    id++ id-- -
    variable post-increment and post-decrement -

    - -

    ++id --id -
    variable pre-increment and pre-decrement -

    - -

    - + -
    unary minus and plus -

    - -

    ! ~ -
    logical and bitwise negation -

    - -

    ** -
    exponentiation -

    - -

    * / % -
    multiplication, division, remainder -

    - -

    + - -
    addition, subtraction -

    - -

    << >> -
    left and right bitwise shifts -

    - -

    <= >= < > -
    comparison -

    - -

    == != -
    equality and inequality -

    - -

    & -
    bitwise AND -

    - -

    ^ -
    bitwise exclusive OR -

    - -

    | -
    bitwise OR -

    - -

    && -
    logical AND -

    - -

    || -
    logical OR -

    - -

    expr ? expr : expr -
    conditional operator -

    - -

    = *= /= %= += -= <<= >>= &= ^= |= -
    assignment -

    - -

    expr1 , expr2 -
    comma -
    -

    - -Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is +

    +
    +
    id++ id--
    +

    variable post-increment and post-decrement +

    +
    +
    ++id --id
    +

    variable pre-increment and pre-decrement +

    +
    +
    - +
    +

    unary minus and plus +

    +
    +
    ! ~
    +

    logical and bitwise negation +

    +
    +
    **
    +

    exponentiation +

    +
    +
    * / %
    +

    multiplication, division, remainder +

    +
    +
    + -
    +

    addition, subtraction +

    +
    +
    << >>
    +

    left and right bitwise shifts +

    +
    +
    <= >= < >
    +

    comparison +

    +
    +
    == !=
    +

    equality and inequality +

    +
    +
    &
    +

    bitwise AND +

    +
    +
    ^
    +

    bitwise exclusive OR +

    +
    +
    |
    +

    bitwise OR +

    +
    +
    &&
    +

    logical AND +

    +
    +
    ||
    +

    logical OR +

    +
    +
    expr ? expr : expr
    +

    conditional operator +

    +
    +
    = *= /= %= += -= <<= >>= &= ^= |=
    +

    assignment +

    +
    +
    expr1 , expr2
    +

    comma +

    +
    + +

    Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is performed before the expression is evaluated. Within an expression, shell variables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter expansion syntax. @@ -8665,59 +8187,47 @@ A shell variable that is null or unset evaluates to 0 when referenced by name without using the parameter expansion syntax. The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression when it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the -integer attribute using `declare -i' is assigned a value. +integer attribute using ‘declare -i’ is assigned a value. A null value evaluates to 0. -A shell variable need not have its integer attribute turned on +A shell variable need not have its integer attribute turned on to be used in an expression. -

    - -Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers. -A leading `0x' or `0X' denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, -numbers take the form [base#]n, where the optional base +

    +

    Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers. +A leading ‘0x’ or ‘0X’ denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, +numbers take the form [base#]n, where the optional base is a decimal number between 2 and 64 representing the arithmetic -base, and n is a number in that base. -If base# is omitted, then base 10 is used. -When specifying n, -he digits greater than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters, -the uppercase letters, `@', and `_', in that order. -If base is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and uppercase +base, and n is a number in that base. +If base# is omitted, then base 10 is used. +When specifying n, +the digits greater than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters, +the uppercase letters, ‘@’, and ‘_’, in that order. +If base is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and uppercase letters may be used interchangeably to represent numbers between 10 and 35. -

    - -Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in +

    +

    Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence rules above. -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    6.6 Aliases

    - -

    - -Aliases allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used +

    +
    + +
    +

    +Next: , Previous: , Up: Bash Features   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    6.6 Aliases

    + + +

    Aliases allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used as the first word of a simple command. The shell maintains a list of aliases that may be set and unset with -the alias and unalias builtin commands. -

    - -The first word of each simple command, if unquoted, is checked to see +the alias and unalias builtin commands. +

    +

    The first word of each simple command, if unquoted, is checked to see if it has an alias. If so, that word is replaced by the text of the alias. -The characters `/', `$', ``', `=' and any of the +The characters ‘/’, ‘$’, ‘`’, ‘=’ and any of the shell metacharacters or quoting characters listed above may not appear in an alias name. The replacement text may contain any valid @@ -8725,30 +8235,26 @@ shell input, including shell metacharacters. The first word of the replacement text is tested for aliases, but a word that is identical to an alias being expanded is not expanded a second time. -This means that one may alias ls to "ls -F", +This means that one may alias ls to "ls -F", for instance, and Bash does not try to recursively expand the replacement text. If the last character of the alias value is a -blank, then the next command word following the +blank, then the next command word following the alias is also checked for alias expansion. -

    - -Aliases are created and listed with the alias -command, and removed with the unalias command. -

    - -There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text, -as in csh. +

    +

    Aliases are created and listed with the alias +command, and removed with the unalias command. +

    +

    There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text, +as in csh. If arguments are needed, a shell function should be used -(see section 3.3 Shell Functions). -

    - -Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, -unless the expand_aliases shell option is set using -shopt (see section 4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin). -

    - -The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are +(see Shell Functions). +

    +

    Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, +unless the expand_aliases shell option is set using +shopt (see The Shopt Builtin). +

    +

    The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are somewhat confusing. Bash always reads at least one complete line of input before executing any @@ -8761,2334 +8267,2135 @@ on that line are not affected by the new alias. This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed. Aliases are expanded when a function definition is read, not when the function is executed, because a function definition -is itself a compound command. As a consequence, aliases +is itself a command. As a consequence, aliases defined in a function are not available until after that function is executed. To be safe, always put -alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use alias +alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use alias in compound commands. -

    - -For almost every purpose, shell functions are preferred over aliases. -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    6.7 Arrays

    - -

    - -Bash provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables. +

    +

    For almost every purpose, shell functions are preferred over aliases. +

    +
    + +
    +

    +Next: , Previous: , Up: Bash Features   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    6.7 Arrays

    + + +

    Bash provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables. Any variable may be used as an indexed array; -the declare builtin will explicitly declare an array. +the declare builtin will explicitly declare an array. There is no maximum limit on the size of an array, nor any requirement that members be indexed or assigned contiguously. Indexed arrays are referenced using integers (including arithmetic -expressions (see section 6.5 Shell Arithmetic)) and are zero-based; +expressions (see Shell Arithmetic)) and are zero-based; associative arrays use arbitrary strings. Unless otherwise noted, indexed array indices must be non-negative integers. -

    - -An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned to +

    +

    An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned to using the syntax -
     
    name[subscript]=value
-

    +

    +
    name[subscript]=value
+
    -The subscript +

    The subscript is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number. To explicitly declare an array, use -
     
    declare -a name
-
    The syntax -
     
    declare -a name[subscript]
-
    is also accepted; the subscript is ignored. -

    - -Associative arrays are created using -
     
    declare -A name.
-

    - -Attributes may be -specified for an array variable using the declare and -readonly builtins. Each attribute applies to all members of +

    +
    declare -a name
+
    +

    The syntax +

    +
    declare -a name[subscript]
+
    +

    is also accepted; the subscript is ignored. +

    +

    Associative arrays are created using +

    +
    declare -A name.
+
    + +

    Attributes may be +specified for an array variable using the declare and +readonly builtins. Each attribute applies to all members of an array. -

    - -Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form -
     
    name=(value1 value2 ... )
-
    where each -value is of the form [subscript]=string. -Indexed array assignments do not require anything but string. +

    +

    Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form +

    +
    name=(value1 value2 … )
+
    +

    where each +value is of the form [subscript]=string. +Indexed array assignments do not require anything but string. When assigning to indexed arrays, if the optional subscript is supplied, that index is assigned to; otherwise the index of the element assigned is the last index assigned to by the statement plus one. Indexing starts at zero. -

    - -When assigning to an associative array, the subscript is required. -

    - -This syntax is also accepted by the declare +

    +

    When assigning to an associative array, the subscript is required. +

    +

    This syntax is also accepted by the declare builtin. Individual array elements may be assigned to using the -name[subscript]=value syntax introduced above. -

    - -When assigning to an indexed array, if name +name[subscript]=value syntax introduced above. +

    +

    When assigning to an indexed array, if name is subscripted by a negative number, that number is interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of -name, so negative indices count back from the end of the +name, so negative indices count back from the end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last element. -

    - -Any element of an array may be referenced using -${name[subscript]}. +

    +

    Any element of an array may be referenced using +${name[subscript]}. The braces are required to avoid -conflicts with the shell's filename expansion operators. If the -subscript is `@' or `*', the word expands to all members -of the array name. These subscripts differ only when the word +conflicts with the shell’s filename expansion operators. If the +subscript is ‘@’ or ‘*’, the word expands to all members +of the array name. These subscripts differ only when the word appears within double quotes. If the word is double-quoted, -${name[*]} expands to a single word with +${name[*]} expands to a single word with the value of each array member separated by the first character of the -IFS variable, and ${name[@]} expands each element of -name to a separate word. When there are no array members, -${name[@]} expands to nothing. +IFS variable, and ${name[@]} expands each element of +name to a separate word. When there are no array members, +${name[@]} expands to nothing. If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the original word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last part of the original word. This is analogous to the -expansion of the special parameters `@' and `*'. -${#name[subscript]} expands to the length of -${name[subscript]}. -If subscript is `@' or -`*', the expansion is the number of elements in the array. -Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to -referencing with a subscript of 0. -If the subscript +expansion of the special parameters ‘@’ and ‘*’. +${#name[subscript]} expands to the length of +${name[subscript]}. +If subscript is ‘@’ or +‘*’, the expansion is the number of elements in the array. +If the subscript used to reference an element of an indexed array -evaluates to a number less than zero, it is +evaluates to a number less than zero, it is interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of the array, so negative indices count back from the end of the array, and an index of -1 refers to the last element. -

    - -An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a +

    +

    Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to +referencing with a subscript of 0. +Any reference to a variable using a valid subscript is legal, and +bash will create an array if necessary. +

    +

    An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a value. The null string is a valid value. -

    - -It is possible to obtain the keys (indices) of an array as well as the values. -${!name[@]} and ${!name[*]} expand to the indices -assigned in array variable name. +

    +

    It is possible to obtain the keys (indices) of an array as well as the values. +${!name[@]} and ${!name[*]} expand to the indices +assigned in array variable name. The treatment when in double quotes is similar to the expansion of the -special parameters `@' and `*' within double quotes. -

    - -The unset builtin is used to destroy arrays. -unset name[subscript] -destroys the array element at index subscript. +special parameters ‘@’ and ‘*’ within double quotes. +

    +

    The unset builtin is used to destroy arrays. +unset name[subscript] +destroys the array element at index subscript. Negative subscripts to indexed arrays are interpreted as described above. Care must be taken to avoid unwanted side effects caused by filename expansion. -unset name, where name is an array, removes the -entire array. A subscript of `*' or `@' also removes the +unset name, where name is an array, removes the +entire array. A subscript of ‘*’ or ‘@’ also removes the entire array. -

    - -The declare, local, and readonly -builtins each accept a `-a' option to specify an indexed -array and a `-A' option to specify an associative array. -If both options are supplied, `-A' takes precedence. -The read builtin accepts a `-a' +

    +

    The declare, local, and readonly +builtins each accept a -a option to specify an indexed +array and a -A option to specify an associative array. +If both options are supplied, -A takes precedence. +The read builtin accepts a -a option to assign a list of words read from the standard input to an array, and can read values from the standard input into -individual array elements. The set and declare +individual array elements. The set and declare builtins display array values in a way that allows them to be reused as input. -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    6.8 The Directory Stack

    - -

    - -

    - -
    6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins  Bash builtin commands to manipulate - the directory stack.
    -

    - -The directory stack is a list of recently-visited directories. The -pushd builtin adds directories to the stack as it changes -the current directory, and the popd builtin removes specified +

    +
    + +
    +

    +Next: , Previous: , Up: Bash Features   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    6.8 The Directory Stack

    + + + + +
    • Directory Stack Builtins:  Bash builtin commands to manipulate + the directory stack. +
    + +

    The directory stack is a list of recently-visited directories. The +pushd builtin adds directories to the stack as it changes +the current directory, and the popd builtin removes specified directories from the stack and changes the current directory to -the directory removed. The dirs builtin displays the contents +the directory removed. The dirs builtin displays the contents +of the directory stack. The current directory is always the "top" of the directory stack. -

    - -The contents of the directory stack are also visible -as the value of the DIRSTACK shell variable. -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins

    - -

    - -

    - -
    dirs -
    -
     
    dirs [-clpv] [+N | -N]
-

    - -Display the list of currently remembered directories. Directories -are added to the list with the pushd command; the -popd command removes directories from the list. -

    - -

    -
    -c -
    Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the elements. -
    -l -
    Produces a listing using full pathnames; +

    +

    The contents of the directory stack are also visible +as the value of the DIRSTACK shell variable. +

    +
    + +
    +

    +Up: The Directory Stack   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins

    + +
    +
    dirs
    +
    +
    +
    dirs [-clpv] [+N | -N]
+
    + +

    Display the list of currently remembered directories. Directories +are added to the list with the pushd command; the +popd command removes directories from the list. +The current directory is always the first directory in the stack. +

    +
    +
    -c
    +

    Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the elements. +

    +
    -l
    +

    Produces a listing using full pathnames; the default listing format uses a tilde to denote the home directory. -

    -p -
    Causes dirs to print the directory stack with one entry per +

    +
    -p
    +

    Causes dirs to print the directory stack with one entry per line. -

    -v -
    Causes dirs to print the directory stack with one entry per +

    +
    -v
    +

    Causes dirs to print the directory stack with one entry per line, prefixing each entry with its index in the stack. -

    +N -
    Displays the Nth directory (counting from the left of the -list printed by dirs when invoked without options), starting +

    +
    +N
    +

    Displays the Nth directory (counting from the left of the +list printed by dirs when invoked without options), starting with zero. -

    -N -
    Displays the Nth directory (counting from the right of the -list printed by dirs when invoked without options), starting +

    +
    -N
    +

    Displays the Nth directory (counting from the right of the +list printed by dirs when invoked without options), starting with zero. -

    -

    +

    +
    -
    popd -
    -
     
    popd [-n] [+N | -N]
-

    +

    +
    popd
    +
    +
    +
    popd [-n] [+N | -N]
+
    -Remove the top entry from the directory stack, and cd -to the new top directory. -When no arguments are given, popd +

    When no arguments are given, popd removes the top directory from the stack and -performs a cd to the new top directory. The -elements are numbered from 0 starting at the first directory listed with -dirs; that is, popd is equivalent to popd +0. -

    - -

    -
    -n -
    Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing directories +performs a cd to the new top directory. +The elements are numbered from 0 starting at the first directory +listed with dirs; that is, popd is equivalent to popd +0. +

    +
    +
    -n
    +

    Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing directories from the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated. -

    +N -
    Removes the Nth directory (counting from the left of the -list printed by dirs), starting with zero. -
    -N -
    Removes the Nth directory (counting from the right of the -list printed by dirs), starting with zero. -
    -

    - - -

    pushd -
     
    pushd [-n] [+N | -N | dir]
-

    - -Save the current directory on the top of the directory stack -and then cd to dir. -With no arguments, pushd exchanges the top two directories. -

    - -

    -
    -n -
    Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding directories -to the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated. -
    +N -
    Brings the Nth directory (counting from the left of the -list printed by dirs, starting with zero) to the top of +

    +
    +N
    +

    Removes the Nth directory (counting from the left of the +list printed by dirs), starting with zero. +

    +
    -N
    +

    Removes the Nth directory (counting from the right of the +list printed by dirs), starting with zero. +

    +
    + + +
    +
    pushd
    +
    +
    pushd [-n] [+N | -N | dir]
+
    + +

    Save the current directory on the top of the directory stack +and then cd to dir. +With no arguments, pushd exchanges the top two directories +and makes the new top the current directory. +

    +
    +
    -n
    +

    Suppresses the normal change of directory when rotating or +adding directories to the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated. +

    +
    +N
    +

    Brings the Nth directory (counting from the left of the +list printed by dirs, starting with zero) to the top of the list by rotating the stack. -

    -N -
    Brings the Nth directory (counting from the right of the -list printed by dirs, starting with zero) to the top of +

    +
    -N
    +

    Brings the Nth directory (counting from the right of the +list printed by dirs, starting with zero) to the top of the list by rotating the stack. -

    dir -
    Makes the current working directory be the top of the stack, making +

    +
    dir
    +

    Makes dir be the top of the stack, making it the new current directory as if it had been supplied as an argument -to the cd builtin. -

    -
    -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    6.9 Controlling the Prompt

    - -

    - -The value of the variable PROMPT_COMMAND is examined just before -Bash prints each primary prompt. If PROMPT_COMMAND is set and +to the cd builtin. +

    +
    +
    +
    + +
    + +
    +

    +Next: , Previous: , Up: Bash Features   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    6.9 Controlling the Prompt

    + + +

    The value of the variable PROMPT_COMMAND is examined just before +Bash prints each primary prompt. If PROMPT_COMMAND is set and has a non-null value, then the value is executed just as if it had been typed on the command line. -

    - -In addition, the following table describes the special characters which -can appear in the prompt variables PS1 to PS4: -

    - -

    -
    \a -
    A bell character. -
    \d -
    The date, in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May 26"). -
    \D{format} -
    The format is passed to strftime(3) and the result is inserted -into the prompt string; an empty format results in a locale-specific +

    +

    In addition, the following table describes the special characters which +can appear in the prompt variables PS1 to PS4: +

    +
    +
    \a
    +

    A bell character. +

    +
    \d
    +

    The date, in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May 26"). +

    +
    \D{format}
    +

    The format is passed to strftime(3) and the result is inserted +into the prompt string; an empty format results in a locale-specific time representation. The braces are required. -

    \e -
    An escape character. -
    \h -
    The hostname, up to the first `.'. -
    \H -
    The hostname. -
    \j -
    The number of jobs currently managed by the shell. -
    \l -
    The basename of the shell's terminal device name. -
    \n -
    A newline. -
    \r -
    A carriage return. -
    \s -
    The name of the shell, the basename of $0 (the portion +

    +
    \e
    +

    An escape character. +

    +
    \h
    +

    The hostname, up to the first ‘.’. +

    +
    \H
    +

    The hostname. +

    +
    \j
    +

    The number of jobs currently managed by the shell. +

    +
    \l
    +

    The basename of the shell’s terminal device name. +

    +
    \n
    +

    A newline. +

    +
    \r
    +

    A carriage return. +

    +
    \s
    +

    The name of the shell, the basename of $0 (the portion following the final slash). -

    \t -
    The time, in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format. -
    \T -
    The time, in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format. -
    \@ -
    The time, in 12-hour am/pm format. -
    \A -
    The time, in 24-hour HH:MM format. -
    \u -
    The username of the current user. -
    \v -
    The version of Bash (e.g., 2.00) -
    \V -
    The release of Bash, version + patchlevel (e.g., 2.00.0) -
    \w -
    The current working directory, with $HOME abbreviated with a tilde -(uses the $PROMPT_DIRTRIM variable). -
    \W -
    The basename of $PWD, with $HOME abbreviated with a tilde. -
    \! -
    The history number of this command. -
    \# -
    The command number of this command. -
    \$ -
    If the effective uid is 0, #, otherwise $. -
    \nnn -
    The character whose ASCII code is the octal value nnn. -
    \\ -
    A backslash. -
    \[ -
    Begin a sequence of non-printing characters. This could be used to +

    +
    \t
    +

    The time, in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format. +

    +
    \T
    +

    The time, in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format. +

    +
    \@
    +

    The time, in 12-hour am/pm format. +

    +
    \A
    +

    The time, in 24-hour HH:MM format. +

    +
    \u
    +

    The username of the current user. +

    +
    \v
    +

    The version of Bash (e.g., 2.00) +

    +
    \V
    +

    The release of Bash, version + patchlevel (e.g., 2.00.0) +

    +
    \w
    +

    The current working directory, with $HOME abbreviated with a tilde +(uses the $PROMPT_DIRTRIM variable). +

    +
    \W
    +

    The basename of $PWD, with $HOME abbreviated with a tilde. +

    +
    \!
    +

    The history number of this command. +

    +
    \#
    +

    The command number of this command. +

    +
    \$
    +

    If the effective uid is 0, #, otherwise $. +

    +
    \nnn
    +

    The character whose ASCII code is the octal value nnn. +

    +
    \\
    +

    A backslash. +

    +
    \[
    +

    Begin a sequence of non-printing characters. This could be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the prompt. -

    \] -
    End a sequence of non-printing characters. -
    -

    +

    +
    \]
    +

    End a sequence of non-printing characters. +

    +
    -The command number and the history number are usually different: +

    The command number and the history number are usually different: the history number of a command is its position in the history list, which may include commands restored from the history file -(see section 9.1 Bash History Facilities), while the command number is +(see Bash History Facilities), while the command number is the position in the sequence of commands executed during the current shell session. -

    - -After the string is decoded, it is expanded via +

    +

    After the string is decoded, it is expanded via parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal, subject to the value of the -promptvars shell option (see section 4.2 Bash Builtin Commands). -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    6.10 The Restricted Shell

    - -

    - -If Bash is started with the name rbash, or the -`--restricted' +promptvars shell option (see Bash Builtins). +

    +
    + +
    +

    +Next: , Previous: , Up: Bash Features   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    6.10 The Restricted Shell

    + + +

    If Bash is started with the name rbash, or the +--restricted or -`-r' +-r option is supplied at invocation, the shell becomes restricted. A restricted shell is used to set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell. -A restricted shell behaves identically to bash +A restricted shell behaves identically to bash with the exception that the following are disallowed or not performed: -

    - -

      -
    • -Changing directories with the cd builtin. -
    • -Setting or unsetting the values of the SHELL, PATH, -ENV, or BASH_ENV variables. -
    • -Specifying command names containing slashes. -
    • -Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the . +

      +
        +
      • Changing directories with the cd builtin. +
      • Setting or unsetting the values of the SHELL, PATH, +ENV, or BASH_ENV variables. +
      • Specifying command names containing slashes. +
      • Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the . builtin command. -
      • -Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the `-p' -option to the hash builtin command. -
      • -Importing function definitions from the shell environment at startup. -
      • -Parsing the value of SHELLOPTS from the shell environment at startup. -
      • -Redirecting output using the `>', `>|', `<>', `>&', -`&>', and `>>' redirection operators. -
      • -Using the exec builtin to replace the shell with another command. -
      • -Adding or deleting builtin commands with the -`-f' and `-d' options to the enable builtin. -
      • -Using the enable builtin command to enable disabled shell builtins. -
      • -Specifying the `-p' option to the command builtin. -
      • -Turning off restricted mode with `set +r' or `set +o restricted'. -
      -

      - -These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read. -

      - -When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed -(see section 3.8 Shell Scripts), rbash turns off any restrictions in +

    • Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the -p +option to the hash builtin command. +
    • Importing function definitions from the shell environment at startup. +
    • Parsing the value of SHELLOPTS from the shell environment at startup. +
    • Redirecting output using the ‘>’, ‘>|’, ‘<>’, ‘>&’, +‘&>’, and ‘>>’ redirection operators. +
    • Using the exec builtin to replace the shell with another command. +
    • Adding or deleting builtin commands with the +-f and -d options to the enable builtin. +
    • Using the enable builtin command to enable disabled shell builtins. +
    • Specifying the -p option to the command builtin. +
    • Turning off restricted mode with ‘set +r’ or ‘set +o restricted’. +
    + +

    These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read. +

    +

    When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed +(see Shell Scripts), rbash turns off any restrictions in the shell spawned to execute the script. -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    6.11 Bash POSIX Mode

    - -

    - -Starting Bash with the `--posix' command-line option or executing -`set -o posix' while Bash is running will cause Bash to conform more -closely to the POSIX standard by changing the behavior to -match that specified by POSIX in areas where the Bash default differs. -

    - -When invoked as sh, Bash enters POSIX mode after reading the +

    +
    + +
    +

    +Previous: , Up: Bash Features   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    6.11 Bash POSIX Mode

    + + +

    Starting Bash with the --posix command-line option or executing +‘set -o posix’ while Bash is running will cause Bash to conform more +closely to the POSIX standard by changing the behavior to +match that specified by POSIX in areas where the Bash default differs. +

    +

    When invoked as sh, Bash enters POSIX mode after reading the startup files. -

    - -The following list is what's changed when `POSIX mode' is in effect: -

    - -

      -
    1. -When a command in the hash table no longer exists, Bash will re-search -$PATH to find the new location. This is also available with -`shopt -s checkhash'. -

      - -

    2. -The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job -exits with a non-zero status is `Done(status)'. -

      - -

    3. -The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job -is stopped is `Stopped(signame)', where signame is, for -example, SIGTSTP. -

      - -

    4. -The bg builtin uses the required format to describe each job placed -in the background, which does not include an indication of whether the job -is the current or previous job. -

      +

      +

      The following list is what’s changed when ‘POSIX mode’ is in effect: +

      +
        +
      1. When a command in the hash table no longer exists, Bash will re-search +$PATH to find the new location. This is also available with +‘shopt -s checkhash’. -
      2. -Reserved words appearing in a context where reserved words are recognized -do not undergo alias expansion. -

        +

      3. The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job +exits with a non-zero status is ‘Done(status)’. -
      4. -The POSIX PS1 and PS2 expansions of `!' to -the history number and `!!' to `!' are enabled, -and parameter expansion is performed on the values of PS1 and -PS2 regardless of the setting of the promptvars option. -

        +

      5. The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job +is stopped is ‘Stopped(signame)’, where signame is, for +example, SIGTSTP. -
      6. -The POSIX startup files are executed ($ENV) rather than -the normal Bash files. -

        +

      7. Alias expansion is always enabled, even in non-interactive shells. -
      8. -Tilde expansion is only performed on assignments preceding a command -name, rather than on all assignment statements on the line. -

        +

      9. Reserved words appearing in a context where reserved words are recognized +do not undergo alias expansion. -
      10. -The command builtin does not prevent builtins that take assignment -statements as arguments from expanding them as assignment statements; -when not in POSIX mode, assignment builtins lose their assignment -statement expansion properties when preceded by command. -

        - -

      11. -The default history file is `~/.sh_history' (this is the -default value of $HISTFILE). -

        - -

      12. -The output of `kill -l' prints all the signal names on a single line, -separated by spaces, without the `SIG' prefix. -

        - -

      13. -The kill builtin does not accept signal names with a `SIG' -prefix. -

        +

      14. The POSIX PS1 and PS2 expansions of ‘!’ to +the history number and ‘!!’ to ‘!’ are enabled, +and parameter expansion is performed on the values of PS1 and +PS2 regardless of the setting of the promptvars option. -
      15. -Non-interactive shells exit if filename in . filename -is not found. -

        +

      16. The POSIX startup files are executed ($ENV) rather than +the normal Bash files. -
      17. -Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic expansion -results in an invalid expression. -

        +

      18. Tilde expansion is only performed on assignments preceding a command +name, rather than on all assignment statements on the line. -
      19. -Non-interactive shells exit if there is a syntax error in a script read -with the . or source builtins, or in a string processed by -the eval builtin. -

        +

      20. The default history file is ~/.sh_history (this is the +default value of $HISTFILE). -
      21. -Redirection operators do not perform filename expansion on the word +
      22. Redirection operators do not perform filename expansion on the word in the redirection unless the shell is interactive. -

        -

      23. -Redirection operators do not perform word splitting on the word in the +
      24. Redirection operators do not perform word splitting on the word in the redirection. -

        -

      25. -Function names must be valid shell names. That is, they may not +
      26. Function names must be valid shell names. That is, they may not contain characters other than letters, digits, and underscores, and may not start with a digit. Declaring a function with an invalid name causes a fatal syntax error in non-interactive shells. -

        -

      27. -Function names may not be the same as one of the POSIX special +
      28. Function names may not be the same as one of the POSIX special builtins. -

        -

      29. -POSIX special builtins are found before shell functions +
      30. POSIX special builtins are found before shell functions during command lookup. -

        -

      31. -The time reserved word may be used by itself as a command. When +
      32. When printing shell function definitions (e.g., by type), Bash does +not print the function keyword. + +
      33. Literal tildes that appear as the first character in elements of +the PATH variable are not expanded as described above +under Tilde Expansion. + +
      34. The time reserved word may be used by itself as a command. When used in this way, it displays timing statistics for the shell and its -completed children. The TIMEFORMAT variable controls the format +completed children. The TIMEFORMAT variable controls the format of the timing information. -

        -

      35. -When parsing and expanding a ${...} expansion that appears within +
      36. When parsing and expanding a ${…} expansion that appears within double quotes, single quotes are no longer special and cannot be used to quote a closing brace or other special character, unless the operator is one of those defined to perform pattern removal. In this case, they do not have to appear as matched pairs. -

        -

      37. -The parser does not recognize time as a reserved word if the next -token begins with a `-'. -

        +

      38. The parser does not recognize time as a reserved word if the next +token begins with a ‘-’. + +
      39. The ‘!’ character does not introduce history expansion within a +double-quoted string, even if the histexpand option is enabled. -
      40. -If a POSIX special builtin returns an error status, a +
      41. If a POSIX special builtin returns an error status, a non-interactive shell exits. The fatal errors are those listed in -the POSIX standard, and include things like passing incorrect options, +the POSIX standard, and include things like passing incorrect options, redirection errors, variable assignment errors for assignments preceding the command name, and so on. -

        -

      42. -A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable +
      43. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable assignment error occurs when no command name follows the assignment statements. A variable assignment error occurs, for example, when trying to assign a value to a readonly variable. -

        -

      44. -A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable +
      45. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable assignment error occurs in an assignment statement preceding a special builtin, but not with any other simple command. -

        -

      46. -A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if the iteration -variable in a for statement or the selection variable in a -select statement is a readonly variable. -

        +

      47. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if the iteration +variable in a for statement or the selection variable in a +select statement is a readonly variable. -
      48. -Process substitution is not available. -

        +

      49. Non-interactive shells exit if filename in . filename +is not found. + +
      50. Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic expansion +results in an invalid expression. + +
      51. Non-interactive shells exit if a parameter expansion error occurs. -
      52. -While variable indirection is available, it may not be applied to the -`#' and `?' special parameters. -

        +

      53. Non-interactive shells exit if there is a syntax error in a script read +with the . or source builtins, or in a string processed by +the eval builtin. + +
      54. Process substitution is not available. + +
      55. While variable indirection is available, it may not be applied to the +‘#’ and ‘?’ special parameters. + +
      56. When expanding the ‘*’ special parameter in a pattern context where the +expansion is double-quoted does not treat the $* as if it were +double-quoted. -
      57. -Assignment statements preceding POSIX special builtins +
      58. Assignment statements preceding POSIX special builtins persist in the shell environment after the builtin completes. -

        -

      59. -Assignment statements preceding shell function calls persist in the -shell environment after the function returns, as if a POSIX +
      60. Assignment statements preceding shell function calls persist in the +shell environment after the function returns, as if a POSIX special builtin command had been executed. -

        -

      61. -The export and readonly builtin commands display their -output in the format required by POSIX. -

        +

      62. The command builtin does not prevent builtins that take assignment +statements as arguments from expanding them as assignment statements; +when not in POSIX mode, assignment builtins lose their assignment +statement expansion properties when preceded by command. + +
      63. The bg builtin uses the required format to describe each job placed +in the background, which does not include an indication of whether the job +is the current or previous job. + +
      64. The output of ‘kill -l’ prints all the signal names on a single line, +separated by spaces, without the ‘SIG’ prefix. + +
      65. The kill builtin does not accept signal names with a ‘SIG’ +prefix. + +
      66. The export and readonly builtin commands display their +output in the format required by POSIX. -
      67. -The trap builtin displays signal names without the leading -SIG. -

        +

      68. The trap builtin displays signal names without the leading +SIG. -
      69. -The trap builtin doesn't check the first argument for a possible +
      70. The trap builtin doesn’t check the first argument for a possible signal specification and revert the signal handling to the original disposition if it is, unless that argument consists solely of digits and is a valid signal number. If users want to reset the handler for a given -signal to the original disposition, they should use `-' as the +signal to the original disposition, they should use ‘-’ as the first argument. -

        - -

      71. -The . and source builtins do not search the current directory -for the filename argument if it is not found by searching PATH. -

        - -

      72. -Subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value of -the `-e' option from the parent shell. When not in POSIX mode, -Bash clears the `-e' option in such subshells. -

        - -

      73. -Alias expansion is always enabled, even in non-interactive shells. -

        - -

      74. -When the alias builtin displays alias definitions, it does not -display them with a leading `alias ' unless the `-p' option + +
      75. The . and source builtins do not search the current directory +for the filename argument if it is not found by searching PATH. + +
      76. Enabling POSIX mode has the effect of setting the +inherit_errexit option, so +subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value of +the -e option from the parent shell. +When the inherit_errexit option is not enabled, +Bash clears the -e option in such subshells. + +
      77. When the alias builtin displays alias definitions, it does not +display them with a leading ‘alias ’ unless the -p option is supplied. -

        -

      78. -When the set builtin is invoked without options, it does not display +
      79. When the set builtin is invoked without options, it does not display shell function names and definitions. -

        -

      80. -When the set builtin is invoked without options, it displays +
      81. When the set builtin is invoked without options, it displays variable values without quotes, unless they contain shell metacharacters, even if the result contains nonprinting characters. -

        -

      82. -When the cd builtin is invoked in logical mode, and the pathname -constructed from $PWD and the directory name supplied as an argument -does not refer to an existing directory, cd will fail instead of -falling back to physical mode. -

        +

      83. When the cd builtin is invoked in logical mode, and the pathname +constructed from $PWD and the directory name supplied as an argument +does not refer to an existing directory, cd will fail instead of +falling back to physical mode. -
      84. -The pwd builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as the +
      85. The pwd builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as the current directory, even if it is not asked to check the file system with the -`-P' option. -

        +-P option. -

      86. -When listing the history, the fc builtin does not include an +
      87. When listing the history, the fc builtin does not include an indication of whether or not a history entry has been modified. -

        -

      88. -The default editor used by fc is ed. -

        +

      89. The default editor used by fc is ed. -
      90. -The type and command builtins will not report a non-executable +
      91. The type and command builtins will not report a non-executable file as having been found, though the shell will attempt to execute such a -file if it is the only so-named file found in $PATH. -

        - -

      92. -The vi editing mode will invoke the vi editor directly when -the `v' command is run, instead of checking $VISUAL and -$EDITOR. -

        - -

      93. -When the xpg_echo option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to interpret -any arguments to echo as options. Each argument is displayed, after +file if it is the only so-named file found in $PATH. + +
      94. The vi editing mode will invoke the vi editor directly when +the ‘v’ command is run, instead of checking $VISUAL and +$EDITOR. + +
      95. When the xpg_echo option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to interpret +any arguments to echo as options. Each argument is displayed, after escape characters are converted. -

        -

      96. -The ulimit builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the `-c' -and `-f' options. -

        +

      97. The ulimit builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the -c +and -f options. -
      98. -The arrival of SIGCHLD when a trap is set on SIGCHLD does -not interrupt the wait builtin and cause it to return immediately. +
      99. The arrival of SIGCHLD when a trap is set on SIGCHLD does +not interrupt the wait builtin and cause it to return immediately. The trap command is run once for each child that exits. -

        -

      100. -The read builtin may be interrupted by a signal for which a trap +
      101. The read builtin may be interrupted by a signal for which a trap has been set. -If Bash receives a trapped signal while executing read, the trap -handler executes and read returns an exit status greater than 128. -

        +If Bash receives a trapped signal while executing read, the trap +handler executes and read returns an exit status greater than 128. + +

      102. Bash removes an exited background process’s status from the list of such +statuses after the wait builtin is used to obtain it. -
      -

      +

    -There is other POSIX behavior that Bash does not implement by -default even when in POSIX mode. +

    There is other POSIX behavior that Bash does not implement by +default even when in POSIX mode. Specifically: -

    - -

      - -
    1. -The fc builtin checks $EDITOR as a program to edit history -entries if FCEDIT is unset, rather than defaulting directly to -ed. fc uses ed if EDITOR is unset. -

      - -

    2. -As noted above, Bash requires the xpg_echo option to be enabled for -the echo builtin to be fully conformant. -

      - -

    -

    - -Bash can be configured to be POSIX-conformant by default, by specifying -the `--enable-strict-posix-default' to configure when building -(see section 10.8 Optional Features). -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    7. Job Control

    - -

    - -This chapter discusses what job control is, how it works, and how +

    +
      +
    1. The fc builtin checks $EDITOR as a program to edit history +entries if FCEDIT is unset, rather than defaulting directly to +ed. fc uses ed if EDITOR is unset. + +
    2. As noted above, Bash requires the xpg_echo option to be enabled for +the echo builtin to be fully conformant. + +
    + +

    Bash can be configured to be POSIX-conformant by default, by specifying +the --enable-strict-posix-default to configure when building +(see Optional Features). +

    +
    + +
    +

    +Next: , Previous: , Up: Top   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    7 Job Control

    + +

    This chapter discusses what job control is, how it works, and how Bash allows you to access its facilities. -

    - -

    - - - -
    7.1 Job Control Basics  How job control works.
    7.2 Job Control Builtins  Bash builtin commands used to interact - with job control.
    7.3 Job Control Variables  Variables Bash uses to customize job - control.
    -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    7.1 Job Control Basics

    - -

    - -Job control +

    + + + + +
    • Job Control Basics:  How job control works. +
    • Job Control Builtins:  Bash builtin commands used to interact + with job control. +
    • Job Control Variables:  Variables Bash uses to customize job + control. +
    + +
    + +
    +

    +Next: , Up: Job Control   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    7.1 Job Control Basics

    + + + + + +

    Job control refers to the ability to selectively stop (suspend) the execution of processes and continue (resume) their execution at a later point. A user typically employs this facility via an interactive interface supplied jointly -by the operating system kernel's terminal driver and Bash. -

    - -The shell associates a job with each pipeline. It keeps a +by the operating system kernel’s terminal driver and Bash. +

    +

    The shell associates a job with each pipeline. It keeps a table of currently executing jobs, which may be listed with the -jobs command. When Bash starts a job +jobs command. When Bash starts a job asynchronously, it prints a line that looks like: -
     
    [1] 25647
-
    indicating that this job is job number 1 and that the process ID +

    +
    [1] 25647
+
    +

    indicating that this job is job number 1 and that the process ID of the last process in the pipeline associated with this job is 25647. All of the processes in a single pipeline are members of -the same job. Bash uses the job abstraction as the +the same job. Bash uses the job abstraction as the basis for job control. -

    - -To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job +

    +

    To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job control, the operating system maintains the notion of a current terminal -process group ID. Members of this process group (processes whose -process group ID is equal to the current terminal process group -ID) receive keyboard-generated signals such as SIGINT. +process group ID. Members of this process group (processes whose +process group ID is equal to the current terminal process group +ID) receive keyboard-generated signals such as SIGINT. These processes are said to be in the foreground. Background -processes are those whose process group ID differs from the -terminal's; such processes are immune to keyboard-generated +processes are those whose process group ID differs from the +terminal’s; such processes are immune to keyboard-generated signals. Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or, if -the user so specifies with stty tostop, write to the terminal. +the user so specifies with stty tostop, write to the terminal. Background processes which attempt to -read from (write to when stty tostop is in effect) the -terminal are sent a SIGTTIN (SIGTTOU) -signal by the kernel's terminal driver, +read from (write to when stty tostop is in effect) the +terminal are sent a SIGTTIN (SIGTTOU) +signal by the kernel’s terminal driver, which, unless caught, suspends the process. -

    - -If the operating system on which Bash is running supports +

    +

    If the operating system on which Bash is running supports job control, Bash contains facilities to use it. Typing the -suspend character (typically `^Z', Control-Z) while a +suspend character (typically ‘^Z’, Control-Z) while a process is running causes that process to be stopped and returns -control to Bash. Typing the delayed suspend character -(typically `^Y', Control-Y) causes the process to be stopped +control to Bash. Typing the delayed suspend character +(typically ‘^Y’, Control-Y) causes the process to be stopped when it attempts to read input from the terminal, and control to be returned to Bash. The user then manipulates the state of -this job, using the bg command to continue it in the -background, the fg command to continue it in the -foreground, or the kill command to kill it. A `^Z' +this job, using the bg command to continue it in the +background, the fg command to continue it in the +foreground, or the kill command to kill it. A ‘^Z’ takes effect immediately, and has the additional side effect of causing pending output and typeahead to be discarded. -

    - -There are a number of ways to refer to a job in the shell. The -character `%' introduces a job specification (jobspec). -

    - -Job number n may be referred to as `%n'. -The symbols `%%' and `%+' refer to the shell's notion of the +

    +

    There are a number of ways to refer to a job in the shell. The +character ‘%’ introduces a job specification (jobspec). +

    +

    Job number n may be referred to as ‘%n’. +The symbols ‘%%’ and ‘%+’ refer to the shell’s notion of the current job, which is the last job stopped while it was in the foreground or started in the background. -A single `%' (with no accompanying job specification) also refers +A single ‘%’ (with no accompanying job specification) also refers to the current job. -The previous job may be referenced using `%-'. -If there is only a single job, `%+' and `%-' can both be used +The previous job may be referenced using ‘%-’. +If there is only a single job, ‘%+’ and ‘%-’ can both be used to refer to that job. -In output pertaining to jobs (e.g., the output of the jobs -command), the current job is always flagged with a `+', and the -previous job with a `-'. -

    - -A job may also be referred to +In output pertaining to jobs (e.g., the output of the jobs +command), the current job is always flagged with a ‘+’, and the +previous job with a ‘-’. +

    +

    A job may also be referred to using a prefix of the name used to start it, or using a substring -that appears in its command line. For example, `%ce' refers -to a stopped ce job. Using `%?ce', on the -other hand, refers to any job containing the string `ce' in +that appears in its command line. For example, ‘%ce’ refers +to a stopped ce job. Using ‘%?ce’, on the +other hand, refers to any job containing the string ‘ce’ in its command line. If the prefix or substring matches more than one job, Bash reports an error. -

    - -Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground: -`%1' is a synonym for `fg %1', bringing job 1 from the -background into the foreground. Similarly, `%1 &' resumes -job 1 in the background, equivalent to `bg %1' -

    - -The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state. +

    +

    Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground: +‘%1’ is a synonym for ‘fg %1’, bringing job 1 from the +background into the foreground. Similarly, ‘%1 &’ resumes +job 1 in the background, equivalent to ‘bg %1’ +

    +

    The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state. Normally, Bash waits until it is about to print a prompt -before reporting changes in a job's status so as to not interrupt +before reporting changes in a job’s status so as to not interrupt any other output. -If the `-b' option to the set builtin is enabled, -Bash reports such changes immediately (see section 4.3.1 The Set Builtin). -Any trap on SIGCHLD is executed for each child process +If the -b option to the set builtin is enabled, +Bash reports such changes immediately (see The Set Builtin). +Any trap on SIGCHLD is executed for each child process that exits. -

    - -If an attempt to exit Bash is made while jobs are stopped, (or running, if -the checkjobs option is enabled -- see 4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin), the -shell prints a warning message, and if the checkjobs option is +

    +

    If an attempt to exit Bash is made while jobs are stopped, (or running, if +the checkjobs option is enabled – see The Shopt Builtin), the +shell prints a warning message, and if the checkjobs option is enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses. -The jobs command may then be used to inspect their status. +The jobs command may then be used to inspect their status. If a second attempt to exit is made without an intervening command, Bash does not print another warning, and any stopped jobs are terminated. -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    7.2 Job Control Builtins

    - -

    - -

    - -
    bg -
    -
     
    bg [jobspec ...]
-

    - -Resume each suspended job jobspec in the background, as if it -had been started with `&'. -If jobspec is not supplied, the current job is used. +

    +
    + +
    +

    +Next: , Previous: , Up: Job Control   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    7.2 Job Control Builtins

    + +
    +
    bg
    +
    +
    +
    bg [jobspec …]
+
    + +

    Resume each suspended job jobspec in the background, as if it +had been started with ‘&’. +If jobspec is not supplied, the current job is used. The return status is zero unless it is run when job control is not enabled, or, when run with job control enabled, any -jobspec was not found or specifies a job +jobspec was not found or specifies a job that was started without job control. -

    - -

    fg -
    -
     
    fg [jobspec]
-

    - -Resume the job jobspec in the foreground and make it the current job. -If jobspec is not supplied, the current job is used. +

    +
    +
    fg
    +
    +
    +
    fg [jobspec]
+
    + +

    Resume the job jobspec in the foreground and make it the current job. +If jobspec is not supplied, the current job is used. The return status is that of the command placed into the foreground, or non-zero if run when job control is disabled or, when run with -job control enabled, jobspec does not specify a valid job or -jobspec specifies a job that was started without job control. -

    - -

    jobs -
    -
     
    jobs [-lnprs] [jobspec]
-jobs -x command [arguments]
-

    - -The first form lists the active jobs. The options have the +job control enabled, jobspec does not specify a valid job or +jobspec specifies a job that was started without job control. +

    +
    +
    jobs
    +
    +
    +
    jobs [-lnprs] [jobspec]
+jobs -x command [arguments]
+
    + +

    The first form lists the active jobs. The options have the following meanings: -

    - -

    -
    -l -
    List process IDs in addition to the normal information. -

    - -

    -n -
    Display information only about jobs that have changed status since +

    +
    +
    -l
    +

    List process IDs in addition to the normal information. +

    +
    +
    -n
    +

    Display information only about jobs that have changed status since the user was last notified of their status. -

    - -

    -p -
    List only the process ID of the job's process group leader. -

    - -

    -r -
    Display only running jobs. -

    - -

    -s -
    Display only stopped jobs. -
    -

    - -If jobspec is given, +

    +
    +
    -p
    +

    List only the process ID of the job’s process group leader. +

    +
    +
    -r
    +

    Display only running jobs. +

    +
    +
    -s
    +

    Display only stopped jobs. +

    +
    + +

    If jobspec is given, output is restricted to information about that job. -If jobspec is not supplied, the status of all jobs is +If jobspec is not supplied, the status of all jobs is listed. -

    - -If the `-x' option is supplied, jobs replaces any -jobspec found in command or arguments with the -corresponding process group ID, and executes command, -passing it arguments, returning its exit status. -

    - -

    kill -
    -
     
    kill [-s sigspec] [-n signum] [-sigspec] jobspec or pid
-kill -l [exit_status]
-

    - -Send a signal specified by sigspec or signum to the process -named by job specification jobspec or process ID pid. -sigspec is either a case-insensitive signal name such as -SIGINT (with or without the SIG prefix) -or a signal number; signum is a signal number. -If sigspec and signum are not present, SIGTERM is used. -The `-l' option lists the signal names. -If any arguments are supplied when `-l' is given, the names of the +

    +

    If the -x option is supplied, jobs replaces any +jobspec found in command or arguments with the +corresponding process group ID, and executes command, +passing it arguments, returning its exit status. +

    +
    +
    kill
    +
    +
    +
    kill [-s sigspec] [-n signum] [-sigspec] jobspec or pid
+kill -l|-L [exit_status]
+
    + +

    Send a signal specified by sigspec or signum to the process +named by job specification jobspec or process ID pid. +sigspec is either a case-insensitive signal name such as +SIGINT (with or without the SIG prefix) +or a signal number; signum is a signal number. +If sigspec and signum are not present, SIGTERM is used. +The -l option lists the signal names. +If any arguments are supplied when -l is given, the names of the signals corresponding to the arguments are listed, and the return status is zero. -exit_status is a number specifying a signal number or the exit +exit_status is a number specifying a signal number or the exit status of a process terminated by a signal. +The -L option is equivalent to -l. The return status is zero if at least one signal was successfully sent, or non-zero if an error occurs or an invalid option is encountered. -

    - -

    wait -
    -
     
    wait [-n] [jobspec or pid ...]
-

    - -Wait until the child process specified by each process ID pid -or job specification jobspec exits and return the exit status of the +

    +
    +
    wait
    +
    +
    +
    wait [-n] [jobspec or pid …]
+
    + +

    Wait until the child process specified by each process ID pid +or job specification jobspec exits and return the exit status of the last command waited for. If a job spec is given, all processes in the job are waited for. If no arguments are given, all currently active child processes are waited for, and the return status is zero. -If the `-n' option is supplied, wait waits for any job to +If the -n option is supplied, wait waits for any job to terminate and returns its exit status. -If neither jobspec nor pid specifies an active child process +If neither jobspec nor pid specifies an active child process of the shell, the return status is 127. -

    - -

    disown -
    -
     
    disown [-ar] [-h] [jobspec ...]
-

    - -Without options, remove each jobspec from the table of +

    +
    +
    disown
    +
    +
    +
    disown [-ar] [-h] [jobspec … | pid … ]
+
    + +

    Without options, remove each jobspec from the table of active jobs. -If the `-h' option is given, the job is not removed from the table, -but is marked so that SIGHUP is not sent to the job if the shell -receives a SIGHUP. -If jobspec is not present, and neither the `-a' nor the -`-r' option is supplied, the current job is used. -If no jobspec is supplied, the `-a' option means to remove or -mark all jobs; the `-r' option without a jobspec +If the -h option is given, the job is not removed from the table, +but is marked so that SIGHUP is not sent to the job if the shell +receives a SIGHUP. +If jobspec is not present, and neither the -a nor the +-r option is supplied, the current job is used. +If no jobspec is supplied, the -a option means to remove or +mark all jobs; the -r option without a jobspec argument restricts operation to running jobs. -

    - -

    suspend -
    -
     
    suspend [-f]
-

    - -Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a -SIGCONT signal. -A login shell cannot be suspended; the `-f' +

    +
    +
    suspend
    +
    +
    +
    suspend [-f]
+
    + +

    Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a +SIGCONT signal. +A login shell cannot be suspended; the -f option can be used to override this and force the suspension. -

    -

    - -When job control is not active, the kill and wait -builtins do not accept jobspec arguments. They must be -supplied process IDs. -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    7.3 Job Control Variables

    - -

    - -

    - - -
    auto_resume -
    -This variable controls how the shell interacts with the user and +

    +
    + +

    When job control is not active, the kill and wait +builtins do not accept jobspec arguments. They must be +supplied process IDs. +

    +
    + +
    +

    +Previous: , Up: Job Control   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    7.3 Job Control Variables

    + +
    +
    auto_resume + +
    +

    This variable controls how the shell interacts with the user and job control. If this variable exists then single word simple commands without redirections are treated as candidates for resumption of an existing job. There is no ambiguity allowed; if there is more than one job beginning with the string typed, then the most recently accessed job will be selected. The name of a stopped job, in this context, is the command line -used to start it. If this variable is set to the value `exact', +used to start it. If this variable is set to the value ‘exact’, the string supplied must match the name of a stopped job exactly; -if set to `substring', +if set to ‘substring’, the string supplied needs to match a substring of the name of a -stopped job. The `substring' value provides functionality -analogous to the `%?' job ID (see section 7.1 Job Control Basics). +stopped job. The ‘substring’ value provides functionality +analogous to the ‘%?’ job ID (see Job Control Basics). If set to any other value, the supplied string must -be a prefix of a stopped job's name; this provides functionality -analogous to the `%' job ID. -

    - -

    -

    - - -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    8. Command Line Editing

    - -

    - -This chapter describes the basic features of the GNU +be a prefix of a stopped job’s name; this provides functionality +analogous to the ‘%’ job ID. +

    +
    +
    + + + + + + +
    + +
    +

    +Next: , Previous: , Up: Top   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    8 Command Line Editing

    + +

    This chapter describes the basic features of the GNU command line editing interface. Command line editing is provided by the Readline library, which is used by several different programs, including Bash. Command line editing is enabled by default when using an interactive shell, -unless the `--noediting' option is supplied at shell invocation. -Line editing is also used when using the `-e' option to the -read builtin command (see section 4.2 Bash Builtin Commands). +unless the --noediting option is supplied at shell invocation. +Line editing is also used when using the -e option to the +read builtin command (see Bash Builtins). By default, the line editing commands are similar to those of Emacs. A vi-style line editing interface is also available. -Line editing can be enabled at any time using the `-o emacs' or -`-o vi' options to the set builtin command -(see section 4.3.1 The Set Builtin), or disabled using the `+o emacs' or -`+o vi' options to set. -

    - -

    - - - - - - - - -
    8.1 Introduction to Line Editing  Notation used in this text.
    8.2 Readline Interaction  The minimum set of commands for editing a line.
    8.3 Readline Init File  Customizing Readline from a user's view.
    8.4 Bindable Readline Commands  A description of most of the Readline commands - available for binding
    8.5 Readline vi Mode  A short description of how to make Readline - behave like the vi editor.
    8.6 Programmable Completion  How to specify the possible completions for - a specific command.
    8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins  Builtin commands to specify how to - complete arguments for a particular command.
    8.8 A Programmable Completion Example  An example shell function for - generating possible completions.
    -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    8.1 Introduction to Line Editing

    - -

    - -The following paragraphs describe the notation used to represent +Line editing can be enabled at any time using the -o emacs or +-o vi options to the set builtin command +(see The Set Builtin), or disabled using the +o emacs or ++o vi options to set. +

    + + + + + + + + + +
    • Introduction and Notation:  Notation used in this text. +
    • Readline Interaction:  The minimum set of commands for editing a line. +
    • Readline Init File:  Customizing Readline from a user’s view. +
    • Bindable Readline Commands:  A description of most of the Readline commands + available for binding +
    • Readline vi Mode:  A short description of how to make Readline + behave like the vi editor. +
    • Programmable Completion:  How to specify the possible completions for + a specific command. +
    • Programmable Completion Builtins:  Builtin commands to specify how to + complete arguments for a particular command. +
    • A Programmable Completion Example:  An example shell function for + generating possible completions. +
    + +
    + +
    +

    +Next: , Up: Command Line Editing   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    8.1 Introduction to Line Editing

    + +

    The following paragraphs describe the notation used to represent keystrokes. -

    - -The text C-k is read as `Control-K' and describes the character -produced when the k key is pressed while the Control key +

    +

    The text C-k is read as ‘Control-K’ and describes the character +produced when the k key is pressed while the Control key is depressed. -

    - -The text M-k is read as `Meta-K' and describes the character -produced when the Meta key (if you have one) is depressed, and the k +

    +

    The text M-k is read as ‘Meta-K’ and describes the character +produced when the Meta key (if you have one) is depressed, and the k key is pressed. -The Meta key is labeled ALT on many keyboards. -On keyboards with two keys labeled ALT (usually to either side of -the space bar), the ALT on the left side is generally set to +The Meta key is labeled ALT on many keyboards. +On keyboards with two keys labeled ALT (usually to either side of +the space bar), the ALT on the left side is generally set to work as a Meta key. -The ALT key on the right may also be configured to work as a +The ALT key on the right may also be configured to work as a Meta key or may be configured as some other modifier, such as a Compose key for typing accented characters. -

    - -If you do not have a Meta or ALT key, or another key working as -a Meta key, the identical keystroke can be generated by typing ESC -first, and then typing k. -Either process is known as metafying the k key. -

    - -The text M-C-k is read as `Meta-Control-k' and describes the -character produced by metafying C-k. -

    - -In addition, several keys have their own names. Specifically, -DEL, ESC, LFD, SPC, RET, and TAB all +

    +

    If you do not have a Meta or ALT key, or another key working as +a Meta key, the identical keystroke can be generated by typing ESC +first, and then typing k. +Either process is known as metafying the k key. +

    +

    The text M-C-k is read as ‘Meta-Control-k’ and describes the +character produced by metafying C-k. +

    +

    In addition, several keys have their own names. Specifically, +DEL, ESC, LFD, SPC, RET, and TAB all stand for themselves when seen in this text, or in an init file -(see section 8.3 Readline Init File). -If your keyboard lacks a LFD key, typing C-j will +(see Readline Init File). +If your keyboard lacks a LFD key, typing C-j will produce the desired character. -The RET key may be labeled Return or Enter on +The RET key may be labeled Return or Enter on some keyboards. -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    8.2 Readline Interaction

    - -

    - -Often during an interactive session you type in a long line of text, +

    +
    + +
    +

    +Next: , Previous: , Up: Command Line Editing   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    8.2 Readline Interaction

    + + +

    Often during an interactive session you type in a long line of text, only to notice that the first word on the line is misspelled. The Readline library gives you a set of commands for manipulating the text as you type it in, allowing you to just fix your typo, and not forcing you to retype the majority of the line. Using these editing commands, you move the cursor to the place that needs correction, and delete or insert the text of the corrections. Then, when you are satisfied with -the line, you simply press RET. You do not have to be at the -end of the line to press RET; the entire line is accepted +the line, you simply press RET. You do not have to be at the +end of the line to press RET; the entire line is accepted regardless of the location of the cursor within the line. -

    - -

    - - - - - -
    8.2.1 Readline Bare Essentials  The least you need to know about Readline.
    8.2.2 Readline Movement Commands  Moving about the input line.
    8.2.3 Readline Killing Commands  How to delete text, and how to get it back!
    8.2.4 Readline Arguments  Giving numeric arguments to commands.
    8.2.5 Searching for Commands in the History  Searching through previous lines.
    -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    8.2.1 Readline Bare Essentials

    - -

    - -In order to enter characters into the line, simply type them. The typed +

    + + + + + + +
    • Readline Bare Essentials:  The least you need to know about Readline. +
    • Readline Movement Commands:  Moving about the input line. +
    • Readline Killing Commands:  How to delete text, and how to get it back! +
    • Readline Arguments:  Giving numeric arguments to commands. +
    • Searching:  Searching through previous lines. +
    + +
    + +
    +

    +Next: , Up: Readline Interaction   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    8.2.1 Readline Bare Essentials

    + + + + +

    In order to enter characters into the line, simply type them. The typed character appears where the cursor was, and then the cursor moves one space to the right. If you mistype a character, you can use your erase character to back up and delete the mistyped character. -

    - -Sometimes you may mistype a character, and +

    +

    Sometimes you may mistype a character, and not notice the error until you have typed several other characters. In -that case, you can type C-b to move the cursor to the left, and then +that case, you can type C-b to move the cursor to the left, and then correct your mistake. Afterwards, you can move the cursor to the right -with C-f. -

    - -When you add text in the middle of a line, you will notice that characters -to the right of the cursor are `pushed over' to make room for the text +with C-f. +

    +

    When you add text in the middle of a line, you will notice that characters +to the right of the cursor are ‘pushed over’ to make room for the text that you have inserted. Likewise, when you delete text behind the cursor, -characters to the right of the cursor are `pulled back' to fill in the +characters to the right of the cursor are ‘pulled back’ to fill in the blank space created by the removal of the text. A list of the bare essentials for editing the text of an input line follows. -

    - -

    -
    C-b -
    Move back one character. -
    C-f -
    Move forward one character. -
    DEL or Backspace -
    Delete the character to the left of the cursor. -
    C-d -
    Delete the character underneath the cursor. -
    Printing characters -
    Insert the character into the line at the cursor. -
    C-_ or C-x C-u -
    Undo the last editing command. You can undo all the way back to an +

    +
    +
    C-b
    +

    Move back one character. +

    +
    C-f
    +

    Move forward one character. +

    +
    DEL or Backspace
    +

    Delete the character to the left of the cursor. +

    +
    C-d
    +

    Delete the character underneath the cursor. +

    +
    Printing characters
    +

    Insert the character into the line at the cursor. +

    +
    C-_ or C-x C-u
    +

    Undo the last editing command. You can undo all the way back to an empty line. -

    -

    +

    +
    -(Depending on your configuration, the Backspace key be set to -delete the character to the left of the cursor and the DEL key set -to delete the character underneath the cursor, like C-d, rather +

    (Depending on your configuration, the Backspace key be set to +delete the character to the left of the cursor and the DEL key set +to delete the character underneath the cursor, like C-d, rather than the character to the left of the cursor.) -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    8.2.2 Readline Movement Commands

    - -

    - -The above table describes the most basic keystrokes that you need +

    +
    + +
    +

    +Next: , Previous: , Up: Readline Interaction   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    8.2.2 Readline Movement Commands

    + + +

    The above table describes the most basic keystrokes that you need in order to do editing of the input line. For your convenience, many -other commands have been added in addition to C-b, C-f, -C-d, and DEL. Here are some commands for moving more rapidly +other commands have been added in addition to C-b, C-f, +C-d, and DEL. Here are some commands for moving more rapidly about the line. -

    - -

    -
    C-a -
    Move to the start of the line. -
    C-e -
    Move to the end of the line. -
    M-f -
    Move forward a word, where a word is composed of letters and digits. -
    M-b -
    Move backward a word. -
    C-l -
    Clear the screen, reprinting the current line at the top. -
    -

    - -Notice how C-f moves forward a character, while M-f moves +

    +
    +
    C-a
    +

    Move to the start of the line. +

    +
    C-e
    +

    Move to the end of the line. +

    +
    M-f
    +

    Move forward a word, where a word is composed of letters and digits. +

    +
    M-b
    +

    Move backward a word. +

    +
    C-l
    +

    Clear the screen, reprinting the current line at the top. +

    +
    + +

    Notice how C-f moves forward a character, while M-f moves forward a word. It is a loose convention that control keystrokes operate on characters while meta keystrokes operate on words. -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    8.2.3 Readline Killing Commands

    - -

    - - - -

    - -Killing text means to delete the text from the line, but to save -it away for later use, usually by yanking (re-inserting) +

    +
    + +
    +

    +Next: , Previous: , Up: Readline Interaction   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    8.2.3 Readline Killing Commands

    + + + + +

    Killing text means to delete the text from the line, but to save +it away for later use, usually by yanking (re-inserting) it back into the line. -(`Cut' and `paste' are more recent jargon for `kill' and `yank'.) -

    - -If the description for a command says that it `kills' text, then you can +(‘Cut’ and ‘paste’ are more recent jargon for ‘kill’ and ‘yank’.) +

    +

    If the description for a command says that it ‘kills’ text, then you can be sure that you can get the text back in a different (or the same) place later. -

    - -When you use a kill command, the text is saved in a kill-ring. +

    +

    When you use a kill command, the text is saved in a kill-ring. Any number of consecutive kills save all of the killed text together, so that when you yank it back, you get it all. The kill ring is not line specific; the text that you killed on a previously typed line is available to be yanked back later, when you are typing another line. - -

    - -Here is the list of commands for killing text. -

    - -

    -
    C-k -
    Kill the text from the current cursor position to the end of the line. -

    - -

    M-d -
    Kill from the cursor to the end of the current word, or, if between + +

    +

    Here is the list of commands for killing text. +

    +
    +
    C-k
    +

    Kill the text from the current cursor position to the end of the line. +

    +
    +
    M-d
    +

    Kill from the cursor to the end of the current word, or, if between words, to the end of the next word. -Word boundaries are the same as those used by M-f. -

    - -

    M-DEL -
    Kill from the cursor the start of the current word, or, if between +Word boundaries are the same as those used by M-f. +

    +
    +
    M-DEL
    +

    Kill from the cursor the start of the current word, or, if between words, to the start of the previous word. -Word boundaries are the same as those used by M-b. -

    - -

    C-w -
    Kill from the cursor to the previous whitespace. This is different than -M-DEL because the word boundaries differ. -

    - -

    -

    - -Here is how to yank the text back into the line. Yanking +Word boundaries are the same as those used by M-b. +

    +
    +
    C-w
    +

    Kill from the cursor to the previous whitespace. This is different than +M-DEL because the word boundaries differ. +

    +
    +
    + +

    Here is how to yank the text back into the line. Yanking means to copy the most-recently-killed text from the kill buffer. -

    - -

    -
    C-y -
    Yank the most recently killed text back into the buffer at the cursor. -

    - -

    M-y -
    Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top. You can only do this if -the prior command is C-y or M-y. -
    -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    8.2.4 Readline Arguments

    - -

    - -You can pass numeric arguments to Readline commands. Sometimes the -argument acts as a repeat count, other times it is the sign of the +

    +
    +
    C-y
    +

    Yank the most recently killed text back into the buffer at the cursor. +

    +
    +
    M-y
    +

    Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top. You can only do this if +the prior command is C-y or M-y. +

    +
    + +
    + +
    +

    +Next: , Previous: , Up: Readline Interaction   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    8.2.4 Readline Arguments

    + +

    You can pass numeric arguments to Readline commands. Sometimes the +argument acts as a repeat count, other times it is the sign of the argument that is significant. If you pass a negative argument to a command which normally acts in a forward direction, that command will act in a backward direction. For example, to kill text back to the -start of the line, you might type `M-- C-k'. -

    - -The general way to pass numeric arguments to a command is to type meta -digits before the command. If the first `digit' typed is a minus -sign (`-'), then the sign of the argument will be negative. Once +start of the line, you might type ‘M-- C-k’. +

    +

    The general way to pass numeric arguments to a command is to type meta +digits before the command. If the first ‘digit’ typed is a minus +sign (‘-’), then the sign of the argument will be negative. Once you have typed one meta digit to get the argument started, you can type the remainder of the digits, and then the command. For example, to give -the C-d command an argument of 10, you could type `M-1 0 C-d', +the C-d command an argument of 10, you could type ‘M-1 0 C-d’, which will delete the next ten characters on the input line. -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    8.2.5 Searching for Commands in the History

    - -

    - -Readline provides commands for searching through the command history -(see section 9.1 Bash History Facilities) +

    +
    + +
    +

    +Previous: , Up: Readline Interaction   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    8.2.5 Searching for Commands in the History

    + +

    Readline provides commands for searching through the command history +(see Bash History Facilities) for lines containing a specified string. -There are two search modes: incremental and non-incremental. -

    - -Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the +There are two search modes: incremental and non-incremental. +

    +

    Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the search string. As each character of the search string is typed, Readline displays the next entry from the history matching the string typed so far. An incremental search requires only as many characters as needed to find the desired history entry. To search backward in the history for a particular string, type -C-r. Typing C-s searches forward through the history. -The characters present in the value of the isearch-terminators variable +C-r. Typing C-s searches forward through the history. +The characters present in the value of the isearch-terminators variable are used to terminate an incremental search. -If that variable has not been assigned a value, the ESC and -C-J characters will terminate an incremental search. -C-g will abort an incremental search and restore the original line. +If that variable has not been assigned a value, the ESC and +C-J characters will terminate an incremental search. +C-g will abort an incremental search and restore the original line. When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the search string becomes the current line. -

    - -To find other matching entries in the history list, type C-r or -C-s as appropriate. +

    +

    To find other matching entries in the history list, type C-r or +C-s as appropriate. This will search backward or forward in the history for the next entry matching the search string typed so far. Any other key sequence bound to a Readline command will terminate the search and execute that command. -For instance, a RET will terminate the search and accept +For instance, a RET will terminate the search and accept the line, thereby executing the command from the history list. A movement command will terminate the search, make the last line found the current line, and begin editing. -

    - -Readline remembers the last incremental search string. If two -C-rs are typed without any intervening characters defining a new +

    +

    Readline remembers the last incremental search string. If two +C-rs are typed without any intervening characters defining a new search string, any remembered search string is used. -

    - -Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting +

    +

    Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting to search for matching history lines. The search string may be typed by the user or be part of the contents of the current line. -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    8.3 Readline Init File

    - -

    - -Although the Readline library comes with a set of Emacs-like +

    +
    + +
    +

    +Next: , Previous: , Up: Command Line Editing   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    8.3 Readline Init File

    + + +

    Although the Readline library comes with a set of Emacs-like keybindings installed by default, it is possible to use a different set of keybindings. Any user can customize programs that use Readline by putting -commands in an inputrc file, conventionally in his home directory. +commands in an inputrc file, conventionally in his home directory. The name of this -file is taken from the value of the shell variable INPUTRC. If -that variable is unset, the default is `~/.inputrc'. If that +file is taken from the value of the shell variable INPUTRC. If +that variable is unset, the default is ~/.inputrc. If that file does not exist or cannot be read, the ultimate default is -`/etc/inputrc'. -

    - -When a program which uses the Readline library starts up, the +/etc/inputrc. +

    +

    When a program which uses the Readline library starts up, the init file is read, and the key bindings are set. -

    - -In addition, the C-x C-r command re-reads this init file, thus +

    +

    In addition, the C-x C-r command re-reads this init file, thus incorporating any changes that you might have made to it. -

    - -

    - -
    8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax  Syntax for the commands in the inputrc file.
    - -
    - - -
    8.3.2 Conditional Init Constructs  Conditional key bindings in the inputrc file.
    - -
    - - -
    8.3.3 Sample Init File  An example inputrc file.
    -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax

    - -

    - -There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the +

    + + + + +
    • Readline Init File Syntax:  Syntax for the commands in the inputrc file. +
    +
+
    • Conditional Init Constructs:  Conditional key bindings in the inputrc file. +
    +
+
    • Sample Init File:  An example inputrc file. +
    + +
    + +
    +

    +Next: , Up: Readline Init File   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax

    + +

    There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the Readline init file. Blank lines are ignored. -Lines beginning with a `#' are comments. -Lines beginning with a `$' indicate conditional -constructs (see section 8.3.2 Conditional Init Constructs). Other lines +Lines beginning with a ‘#’ are comments. +Lines beginning with a ‘$’ indicate conditional +constructs (see Conditional Init Constructs). Other lines denote variable settings and key bindings. -

    - -

    -
    Variable Settings -
    You can modify the run-time behavior of Readline by +

    +
    +
    Variable Settings
    +

    You can modify the run-time behavior of Readline by altering the values of variables in Readline -using the set command within the init file. +using the set command within the init file. The syntax is simple: -

    +

    +
    +
    set variable value
+
    -
     
    set variable value
-

    - -Here, for example, is how to +

    Here, for example, is how to change from the default Emacs-like key binding to use -vi line editing commands: -

    - -
     
    set editing-mode vi
-

    +vi line editing commands: +

    +
    +
    set editing-mode vi
+
    -Variable names and values, where appropriate, are recognized without regard +

    Variable names and values, where appropriate, are recognized without regard to case. Unrecognized variable names are ignored. -

    - -Boolean variables (those that can be set to on or off) are set to on if -the value is null or empty, on (case-insensitive), or 1. Any other +

    +

    Boolean variables (those that can be set to on or off) are set to on if +the value is null or empty, on (case-insensitive), or 1. Any other value results in the variable being set to off. -

    - -The bind -V command lists the current Readline variable names -and values. See section 4.2 Bash Builtin Commands. -

    - -A great deal of run-time behavior is changeable with the following +

    +

    The bind -V command lists the current Readline variable names +and values. See Bash Builtins. +

    +

    A great deal of run-time behavior is changeable with the following variables. -

    - - -

    - -
    bell-style -
    -Controls what happens when Readline wants to ring the terminal bell. -If set to `none', Readline never rings the bell. If set to -`visible', Readline uses a visible bell if one is available. -If set to `audible' (the default), Readline attempts to ring -the terminal's bell. -

    - -

    bind-tty-special-chars -
    -If set to `on', Readline attempts to bind the control characters -treated specially by the kernel's terminal driver to their Readline -equivalents. -

    - -

    colored-stats -
    -If set to `on', Readline displays possible completions using different +

    + +
    +
    bell-style
    +
    +

    Controls what happens when Readline wants to ring the terminal bell. +If set to ‘none’, Readline never rings the bell. If set to +‘visible’, Readline uses a visible bell if one is available. +If set to ‘audible’ (the default), Readline attempts to ring +the terminal’s bell. +

    +
    +
    bind-tty-special-chars
    +
    +

    If set to ‘on’ (the default), Readline attempts to bind the control +characters treated specially by the kernel’s terminal driver to their +Readline equivalents. +

    +
    +
    blink-matching-paren
    +
    +

    If set to ‘on’, Readline attempts to briefly move the cursor to an +opening parenthesis when a closing parenthesis is inserted. The default +is ‘off’. +

    +
    +
    colored-completion-prefix
    +
    +

    If set to ‘on’, when listing completions, Readline displays the +common prefix of the set of possible completions using a different color. +The color definitions are taken from the value of the LS_COLORS +environment variable. +The default is ‘off’. +

    +
    +
    colored-stats
    +
    +

    If set to ‘on’, Readline displays possible completions using different colors to indicate their file type. -The color definitions are taken from the value of the LS_COLORS +The color definitions are taken from the value of the LS_COLORS environment variable. -The default is `off'. -

    - -

    comment-begin -
    -The string to insert at the beginning of the line when the -insert-comment command is executed. The default value -is "#". -

    - -

    completion-display-width -
    -The number of screen columns used to display possible matches +The default is ‘off’. +

    +
    +
    comment-begin
    +
    +

    The string to insert at the beginning of the line when the +insert-comment command is executed. The default value +is "#". +

    +
    +
    completion-display-width
    +
    +

    The number of screen columns used to display possible matches when performing completion. The value is ignored if it is less than 0 or greater than the terminal screen width. A value of 0 will cause matches to be displayed one per line. The default value is -1. -

    - -

    completion-ignore-case -
    -If set to `on', Readline performs filename matching and completion +

    +
    +
    completion-ignore-case
    +
    +

    If set to ‘on’, Readline performs filename matching and completion in a case-insensitive fashion. -The default value is `off'. -

    - -

    completion-map-case -
    -If set to `on', and completion-ignore-case is enabled, Readline -treats hyphens (`-') and underscores (`_') as equivalent when +The default value is ‘off’. +

    +
    +
    completion-map-case
    +
    +

    If set to ‘on’, and completion-ignore-case is enabled, Readline +treats hyphens (‘-’) and underscores (‘_’) as equivalent when performing case-insensitive filename matching and completion. -

    - -

    completion-prefix-display-length -
    -The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of possible +

    +
    +
    completion-prefix-display-length
    +
    +

    The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of possible completions that is displayed without modification. When set to a value greater than zero, common prefixes longer than this value are replaced with an ellipsis when displaying possible completions. -

    - -

    completion-query-items -
    -The number of possible completions that determines when the user is +

    +
    +
    completion-query-items
    +
    +

    The number of possible completions that determines when the user is asked whether the list of possibilities should be displayed. If the number of possible completions is greater than this value, Readline will ask the user whether or not he wishes to view them; otherwise, they are simply listed. This variable must be set to an integer value greater than or equal to 0. A negative value means Readline should never ask. -The default limit is 100. -

    - -

    convert-meta -
    -If set to `on', Readline will convert characters with the -eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by stripping the eighth -bit and prefixing an ESC character, converting them to a -meta-prefixed key sequence. The default value is `on'. -

    - -

    disable-completion -
    -If set to `On', Readline will inhibit word completion. +The default limit is 100. +

    +
    +
    convert-meta
    +
    +

    If set to ‘on’, Readline will convert characters with the +eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by stripping the eighth +bit and prefixing an ESC character, converting them to a +meta-prefixed key sequence. The default value is ‘on’, but +will be set to ‘off’ if the locale is one that contains +eight-bit characters. +

    +
    +
    disable-completion
    +
    +

    If set to ‘On’, Readline will inhibit word completion. Completion characters will be inserted into the line as if they had -been mapped to self-insert. The default is `off'. -

    - -

    editing-mode -
    -The editing-mode variable controls which default set of +been mapped to self-insert. The default is ‘off’. +

    +
    +
    echo-control-characters
    +
    +

    When set to ‘on’, on operating systems that indicate they support it, +readline echoes a character corresponding to a signal generated from the +keyboard. The default is ‘on’. +

    +
    +
    editing-mode
    +
    +

    The editing-mode variable controls which default set of key bindings is used. By default, Readline starts up in Emacs editing mode, where the keystrokes are most similar to Emacs. This variable can be -set to either `emacs' or `vi'. -

    - -

    echo-control-characters -
    When set to `on', on operating systems that indicate they support it, -readline echoes a character corresponding to a signal generated from the -keyboard. The default is `on'. -

    - -

    enable-keypad -
    -When set to `on', Readline will try to enable the application +set to either ‘emacs’ or ‘vi’. +

    +
    +
    emacs-mode-string
    +
    +

    This string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary +prompt when emacs editing mode is active. The value is expanded like a +key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and +backslash escape sequences is available. +Use the ‘\1’ and ‘\2’ escapes to begin and end sequences of +non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control +sequence into the mode string. +The default is ‘@’. +

    +
    +
    enable-bracketed-paste
    +
    +

    When set to ‘On’, Readline will configure the terminal in a way +that will enable it to insert each paste into the editing buffer as a +single string of characters, instead of treating each character as if +it had been read from the keyboard. This can prevent pasted characters +from being interpreted as editing commands. The default is ‘off’. +

    +
    +
    enable-keypad
    +
    +

    When set to ‘on’, Readline will try to enable the application keypad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable the -arrow keys. The default is `off'. -

    - -

    enable-meta-key -
    When set to `on', Readline will try to enable any meta modifier +arrow keys. The default is ‘off’. +

    +
    +
    enable-meta-key
    +

    When set to ‘on’, Readline will try to enable any meta modifier key the terminal claims to support when it is called. On many terminals, the meta key is used to send eight-bit characters. -The default is `on'. -

    - -

    expand-tilde -
    -If set to `on', tilde expansion is performed when Readline -attempts word completion. The default is `off'. -

    - -

    history-preserve-point -
    -If set to `on', the history code attempts to place the point (the +The default is ‘on’. +

    +
    +
    expand-tilde
    +
    +

    If set to ‘on’, tilde expansion is performed when Readline +attempts word completion. The default is ‘off’. +

    +
    +
    history-preserve-point
    +
    +

    If set to ‘on’, the history code attempts to place the point (the current cursor position) at the -same location on each history line retrieved with previous-history -or next-history. The default is `off'. -

    - -

    history-size -
    -Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history list. +same location on each history line retrieved with previous-history +or next-history. The default is ‘off’. +

    +
    +
    history-size
    +
    +

    Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history list. If set to zero, any existing history entries are deleted and no new entries are saved. If set to a value less than zero, the number of history entries is not limited. By default, the number of history entries is not limited. -

    - -

    horizontal-scroll-mode -
    -This variable can be set to either `on' or `off'. Setting it -to `on' means that the text of the lines being edited will scroll +If an attempt is made to set history-size to a non-numeric value, +the maximum number of history entries will be set to 500. +

    +
    +
    horizontal-scroll-mode
    +
    +

    This variable can be set to either ‘on’ or ‘off’. Setting it +to ‘on’ means that the text of the lines being edited will scroll horizontally on a single screen line when they are longer than the width of the screen, instead of wrapping onto a new screen line. By default, -this variable is set to `off'. -

    - -

    input-meta -
    - -If set to `on', Readline will enable eight-bit input (it +this variable is set to ‘off’. +

    +
    +
    input-meta
    +
    + +

    If set to ‘on’, Readline will enable eight-bit input (it will not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads), regardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The -default value is `off'. The name meta-flag is a -synonym for this variable. -

    - -

    isearch-terminators -
    -The string of characters that should terminate an incremental search without -subsequently executing the character as a command (see section 8.2.5 Searching for Commands in the History). -If this variable has not been given a value, the characters ESC and -C-J will terminate an incremental search. -

    - -

    keymap -
    -Sets Readline's idea of the current keymap for key binding commands. -Acceptable keymap names are -emacs, -emacs-standard, -emacs-meta, -emacs-ctlx, -vi, -vi-move, -vi-command, and -vi-insert. -vi is equivalent to vi-command; emacs is -equivalent to emacs-standard. The default value is emacs. -The value of the editing-mode variable also affects the +default value is ‘off’, but Readline will set it to ‘on’ if the +locale contains eight-bit characters. +The name meta-flag is a synonym for this variable. +

    +
    +
    isearch-terminators
    +
    +

    The string of characters that should terminate an incremental search without +subsequently executing the character as a command (see Searching). +If this variable has not been given a value, the characters ESC and +C-J will terminate an incremental search. +

    +
    +
    keymap
    +
    +

    Sets Readline’s idea of the current keymap for key binding commands. +Acceptable keymap names are +emacs, +emacs-standard, +emacs-meta, +emacs-ctlx, +vi, +vi-move, +vi-command, and +vi-insert. +vi is equivalent to vi-command (vi-move is also a +synonym); emacs is equivalent to emacs-standard. +The default value is emacs. +The value of the editing-mode variable also affects the default keymap. -

    - -

    keyseq-timeout -
    Specifies the duration Readline will wait for a character when reading an +

    +
    +
    keyseq-timeout
    +

    Specifies the duration Readline will wait for a character when reading an ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a complete key sequence using the input read so far, or can take additional input to complete a longer key sequence). If no input is received within the timeout, Readline will use the shorter but complete key sequence. Readline uses this value to determine whether or not input is -available on the current input source (rl_instream by default). +available on the current input source (rl_instream by default). The value is specified in milliseconds, so a value of 1000 means that Readline will wait one second for additional input. If this variable is set to a value less than or equal to zero, or to a non-numeric value, Readline will wait until another key is pressed to decide which key sequence to complete. -The default value is 500. -

    - -

    mark-directories -
    If set to `on', completed directory names have a slash -appended. The default is `on'. -

    - -

    mark-modified-lines -
    -This variable, when set to `on', causes Readline to display an -asterisk (`*') at the start of history lines which have been modified. -This variable is `off' by default. -

    - -

    mark-symlinked-directories -
    -If set to `on', completed names which are symbolic links +The default value is 500. +

    +
    +
    mark-directories
    +

    If set to ‘on’, completed directory names have a slash +appended. The default is ‘on’. +

    +
    +
    mark-modified-lines
    +
    +

    This variable, when set to ‘on’, causes Readline to display an +asterisk (‘*’) at the start of history lines which have been modified. +This variable is ‘off’ by default. +

    +
    +
    mark-symlinked-directories
    +
    +

    If set to ‘on’, completed names which are symbolic links to directories have a slash appended (subject to the value of -mark-directories). -The default is `off'. -

    - -

    match-hidden-files -
    -This variable, when set to `on', causes Readline to match files whose -names begin with a `.' (hidden files) when performing filename +mark-directories). +The default is ‘off’. +

    +
    +
    match-hidden-files
    +
    +

    This variable, when set to ‘on’, causes Readline to match files whose +names begin with a ‘.’ (hidden files) when performing filename completion. -If set to `off', the leading `.' must be +If set to ‘off’, the leading ‘.’ must be supplied by the user in the filename to be completed. -This variable is `on' by default. -

    - -

    menu-complete-display-prefix -
    -If set to `on', menu completion displays the common prefix of the +This variable is ‘on’ by default. +

    +
    +
    menu-complete-display-prefix
    +
    +

    If set to ‘on’, menu completion displays the common prefix of the list of possible completions (which may be empty) before cycling through -the list. The default is `off'. -

    - -

    output-meta -
    -If set to `on', Readline will display characters with the +the list. The default is ‘off’. +

    +
    +
    output-meta
    +
    +

    If set to ‘on’, Readline will display characters with the eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape -sequence. The default is `off'. -

    - -

    page-completions -
    -If set to `on', Readline uses an internal more-like pager +sequence. +The default is ‘off’, but Readline will set it to ‘on’ if the +locale contains eight-bit characters. +

    +
    +
    page-completions
    +
    +

    If set to ‘on’, Readline uses an internal more-like pager to display a screenful of possible completions at a time. -This variable is `on' by default. -

    - -

    print-completions-horizontally -
    If set to `on', Readline will display completions with matches +This variable is ‘on’ by default. +

    +
    +
    print-completions-horizontally
    +

    If set to ‘on’, Readline will display completions with matches sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the screen. -The default is `off'. -

    - -

    revert-all-at-newline -
    -If set to `on', Readline will undo all changes to history lines -before returning when accept-line is executed. By default, +The default is ‘off’. +

    +
    +
    revert-all-at-newline
    +
    +

    If set to ‘on’, Readline will undo all changes to history lines +before returning when accept-line is executed. By default, history lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists across -calls to readline. The default is `off'. -

    - -

    show-all-if-ambiguous -
    -This alters the default behavior of the completion functions. If -set to `on', +calls to readline. The default is ‘off’. +

    +
    +
    show-all-if-ambiguous
    +
    +

    This alters the default behavior of the completion functions. If +set to ‘on’, words which have more than one possible completion cause the matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell. -The default value is `off'. -

    - -

    show-all-if-unmodified -
    -This alters the default behavior of the completion functions in -a fashion similar to show-all-if-ambiguous. -If set to `on', +The default value is ‘off’. +

    +
    +
    show-all-if-unmodified
    +
    +

    This alters the default behavior of the completion functions in +a fashion similar to show-all-if-ambiguous. +If set to ‘on’, words which have more than one possible completion without any -possible partial completion (the possible completions don't share +possible partial completion (the possible completions don’t share a common prefix) cause the matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell. -The default value is `off'. -

    - -

    show-mode-in-prompt -
    -If set to `on', add a character to the beginning of the prompt -indicating the editing mode: emacs (`@'), vi command (`:'), -or vi insertion (`+'). -The default value is `off'. -

    - -

    skip-completed-text -
    -If set to `on', this alters the default completion behavior when -inserting a single match into the line. It's only active when +The default value is ‘off’. +

    +
    +
    show-mode-in-prompt
    +
    +

    If set to ‘on’, add a character to the beginning of the prompt +indicating the editing mode: emacs, vi command, or vi insertion. +The mode strings are user-settable. +The default value is ‘off’. +

    +
    +
    skip-completed-text
    +
    +

    If set to ‘on’, this alters the default completion behavior when +inserting a single match into the line. It’s only active when performing completion in the middle of a word. If enabled, readline does not insert characters from the completion that match characters after point in the word being completed, so portions of the word following the cursor are not duplicated. For instance, if this is enabled, attempting completion when the cursor -is after the `e' in `Makefile' will result in `Makefile' -rather than `Makefilefile', assuming there is a single possible +is after the ‘e’ in ‘Makefile’ will result in ‘Makefile’ +rather than ‘Makefilefile’, assuming there is a single possible completion. -The default value is `off'. -

    - -

    visible-stats -
    -If set to `on', a character denoting a file's type +The default value is ‘off’. +

    +
    +
    vi-cmd-mode-string
    +
    +

    This string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary +prompt when vi editing mode is active and in command mode. +The value is expanded like a +key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and +backslash escape sequences is available. +Use the ‘\1’ and ‘\2’ escapes to begin and end sequences of +non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control +sequence into the mode string. +The default is ‘(cmd)’. +

    +
    +
    vi-ins-mode-string
    +
    +

    This string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary +prompt when vi editing mode is active and in insertion mode. +The value is expanded like a +key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and +backslash escape sequences is available. +Use the ‘\1’ and ‘\2’ escapes to begin and end sequences of +non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control +sequence into the mode string. +The default is ‘(ins)’. +

    +
    +
    visible-stats
    +
    +

    If set to ‘on’, a character denoting a file’s type is appended to the filename when listing possible -completions. The default is `off'. -

    - -

    -

    - -

    Key Bindings -
    The syntax for controlling key bindings in the init file is +completions. The default is ‘off’. +

    +
    +
    + +
    +
    Key Bindings
    +

    The syntax for controlling key bindings in the init file is simple. First you need to find the name of the command that you want to change. The following sections contain tables of the command name, the default keybinding, if any, and a short description of what the command does. -

    - -Once you know the name of the command, simply place on a line +

    +

    Once you know the name of the command, simply place on a line in the init file the name of the key you wish to bind the command to, a colon, and then the name of the command. -There can be no space between the key name and the colon -- that will be +There can be no space between the key name and the colon – that will be interpreted as part of the key name. The name of the key can be expressed in different ways, depending on what you find most comfortable. -

    - -In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound -to a string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a macro). -

    - -The bind -p command displays Readline function names and +

    +

    In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound +to a string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a macro). +

    +

    The bind -p command displays Readline function names and bindings in a format that can put directly into an initialization file. -See section 4.2 Bash Builtin Commands. -

    - -

    -
    keyname: function-name or macro -
    keyname is the name of a key spelled out in English. For example: -
     
    Control-u: universal-argument
+See Bash Builtins.
+
    
+
    
+
    keyname: function-name or macro
    
+
    keyname is the name of a key spelled out in English.  For example:
+
    
+
    Control-u: universal-argument
 Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word
-Control-o: "> output"
-

    +Control-o: "> output" + -In the above example, C-u is bound to the function -universal-argument, -M-DEL is bound to the function backward-kill-word, and -C-o is bound to run the macro +

    In the above example, C-u is bound to the function +universal-argument, +M-DEL is bound to the function backward-kill-word, and +C-o is bound to run the macro expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the text -`> output' into the line). -

    - -A number of symbolic character names are recognized while +‘> output’ into the line). +

    +

    A number of symbolic character names are recognized while processing this key binding syntax: -DEL, -ESC, -ESCAPE, -LFD, -NEWLINE, -RET, -RETURN, -RUBOUT, -SPACE, -SPC, +DEL, +ESC, +ESCAPE, +LFD, +NEWLINE, +RET, +RETURN, +RUBOUT, +SPACE, +SPC, and -TAB. -

    - -

    "keyseq": function-name or macro -
    keyseq differs from keyname above in that strings +TAB. +

    +
    +
    "keyseq": function-name or macro
    +

    keyseq differs from keyname above in that strings denoting an entire key sequence can be specified, by placing -the key sequence in double quotes. Some GNU Emacs style key +the key sequence in double quotes. Some GNU Emacs style key escapes can be used, as in the following example, but the special character names are not recognized. -

    - -
     
    "\C-u": universal-argument
-"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file
-"\e[11~": "Function Key 1"
-

    - -In the above example, C-u is again bound to the function -universal-argument (just as it was in the first example), -`C-x C-r' is bound to the function re-read-init-file, -and `ESC [ 1 1 ~' is bound to insert -the text `Function Key 1'. -

    - -

    -

    - -The following GNU Emacs style escape sequences are available when +

    +
    +
    "\C-u": universal-argument
+"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file
+"\e[11~": "Function Key 1"
+
    + +

    In the above example, C-u is again bound to the function +universal-argument (just as it was in the first example), +‘C-x C-r’ is bound to the function re-read-init-file, +and ‘ESC [ 1 1 ~’ is bound to insert +the text ‘Function Key 1’. +

    +
    +
    + +

    The following GNU Emacs style escape sequences are available when specifying key sequences: -

    - -

    -
    \C- -
    control prefix -
    \M- -
    meta prefix -
    \e -
    an escape character -
    \\ -
    backslash -
    \" -
    ", a double quotation mark -
    \' -
    ', a single quote or apostrophe -
    -

    - -In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second +

    +
    +
    \C-
    +

    control prefix +

    +
    \M-
    +

    meta prefix +

    +
    \e
    +

    an escape character +

    +
    \\
    +

    backslash +

    +
    \"
    +

    ", a double quotation mark +

    +
    \'
    +

    ', a single quote or apostrophe +

    +
    + +

    In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set of backslash escapes is available: -

    - -

    -
    \a -
    alert (bell) -
    \b -
    backspace -
    \d -
    delete -
    \f -
    form feed -
    \n -
    newline -
    \r -
    carriage return -
    \t -
    horizontal tab -
    \v -
    vertical tab -
    \nnn -
    the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value nnn +

    +
    +
    \a
    +

    alert (bell) +

    +
    \b
    +

    backspace +

    +
    \d
    +

    delete +

    +
    \f
    +

    form feed +

    +
    \n
    +

    newline +

    +
    \r
    +

    carriage return +

    +
    \t
    +

    horizontal tab +

    +
    \v
    +

    vertical tab +

    +
    \nnn
    +

    the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value nnn (one to three digits) -

    \xHH -
    the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value HH +

    +
    \xHH
    +

    the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value HH (one or two hex digits) -

    -

    +

    +
    -When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must +

    When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must be used to indicate a macro definition. Unquoted text is assumed to be a function name. In the macro body, the backslash escapes described above are expanded. Backslash will quote any other character in the macro text, -including `"' and `''. -For example, the following binding will make `C-x \' -insert a single `\' into the line: -
     
    "\C-x\\": "\\"
-

    - -

    -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    8.3.2 Conditional Init Constructs

    - -

    - -Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional +including ‘"’ and ‘'’. +For example, the following binding will make ‘C-x \’ +insert a single ‘\’ into the line: +

    +
    "\C-x\\": "\\"
+
    + + + + +
    + +
    +

    +Next: , Previous: , Up: Readline Init File   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    8.3.2 Conditional Init Constructs

    + +

    Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings and variable settings to be performed as the result of tests. There are four parser directives used. -

    - -

    -
    $if -
    The $if construct allows bindings to be made based on the +

    +
    +
    $if
    +

    The $if construct allows bindings to be made based on the editing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using Readline. The text of the test extends to the end of the line; no characters are required to isolate it. -

    - -

    -
    mode -
    The mode= form of the $if directive is used to test -whether Readline is in emacs or vi mode. +

    +
    +
    mode
    +

    The mode= form of the $if directive is used to test +whether Readline is in emacs or vi mode. This may be used in conjunction -with the `set keymap' command, for instance, to set bindings in -the emacs-standard and emacs-ctlx keymaps only if -Readline is starting out in emacs mode. -

    - -

    term -
    The term= form may be used to include terminal-specific +with the ‘set keymap’ command, for instance, to set bindings in +the emacs-standard and emacs-ctlx keymaps only if +Readline is starting out in emacs mode. +

    +
    +
    term
    +

    The term= form may be used to include terminal-specific key bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by the -terminal's function keys. The word on the right side of the -`=' is tested against both the full name of the terminal and -the portion of the terminal name before the first `-'. This -allows sun to match both sun and sun-cmd, +terminal’s function keys. The word on the right side of the +‘=’ is tested against both the full name of the terminal and +the portion of the terminal name before the first ‘-’. This +allows sun to match both sun and sun-cmd, for instance. -

    - -

    application -
    The application construct is used to include +

    +
    +
    application
    +

    The application construct is used to include application-specific settings. Each program using the Readline -library sets the application name, and you can test for +library sets the application name, and you can test for a particular value. This could be used to bind key sequences to functions useful for a specific program. For instance, the following command adds a key sequence that quotes the current or previous word in Bash: -
     
    $if Bash
+
    
+
    $if Bash
 # Quote the current or previous word
-"\C-xq": "\eb\"\ef\""
+"\C-xq": "\eb\"\ef\""
 $endif
-

    -

    - -

    $endif -
    This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an -$if command. -

    - -

    $else -
    Commands in this branch of the $if directive are executed if + +
    +
    + +
    +
    $endif
    +

    This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an +$if command. +

    +
    +
    $else
    +

    Commands in this branch of the $if directive are executed if the test fails. -

    - -

    $include -
    This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads commands +

    +
    +
    $include
    +

    This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads commands and bindings from that file. -For example, the following directive reads from `/etc/inputrc': -
     
    $include /etc/inputrc
-

    -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    8.3.3 Sample Init File

    - -

    - -Here is an example of an inputrc file. This illustrates key +For example, the following directive reads from /etc/inputrc: +

    +
    $include /etc/inputrc
+
    +
    +
    + +
    + +
    +

    +Previous: , Up: Readline Init File   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    8.3.3 Sample Init File

    + +

    Here is an example of an inputrc file. This illustrates key binding, variable assignment, and conditional syntax. -

    - -
     
    # This file controls the behaviour of line input editing for
+
    
+
    
+
    # This file controls the behaviour of line input editing for
 # programs that use the GNU Readline library.  Existing
 # programs include FTP, Bash, and GDB.
 #
@@ -11111,31 +10418,31 @@ Meta-Control-h:	backward-kill-word	Text after the function name is ignored
 #
 # Arrow keys in keypad mode
 #
-#"\M-OD":        backward-char
-#"\M-OC":        forward-char
-#"\M-OA":        previous-history
-#"\M-OB":        next-history
+#"\M-OD":        backward-char
+#"\M-OC":        forward-char
+#"\M-OA":        previous-history
+#"\M-OB":        next-history
 #
 # Arrow keys in ANSI mode
 #
-"\M-[D":        backward-char
-"\M-[C":        forward-char
-"\M-[A":        previous-history
-"\M-[B":        next-history
+"\M-[D":        backward-char
+"\M-[C":        forward-char
+"\M-[A":        previous-history
+"\M-[B":        next-history
 #
 # Arrow keys in 8 bit keypad mode
 #
-#"\M-\C-OD":       backward-char
-#"\M-\C-OC":       forward-char
-#"\M-\C-OA":       previous-history
-#"\M-\C-OB":       next-history
+#"\M-\C-OD":       backward-char
+#"\M-\C-OC":       forward-char
+#"\M-\C-OA":       previous-history
+#"\M-\C-OB":       next-history
 #
 # Arrow keys in 8 bit ANSI mode
 #
-#"\M-\C-[D":       backward-char
-#"\M-\C-[C":       forward-char
-#"\M-\C-[A":       previous-history
-#"\M-\C-[B":       next-history
+#"\M-\C-[D":       backward-char
+#"\M-\C-[C":       forward-char
+#"\M-\C-[A":       previous-history
+#"\M-\C-[B":       next-history
 
 C-q: quoted-insert
 
@@ -11147,20 +10454,20 @@ TAB: complete
 # Macros that are convenient for shell interaction
 $if Bash
 # edit the path
-"\C-xp": "PATH=${PATH}\e\C-e\C-a\ef\C-f"
+"\C-xp": "PATH=${PATH}\e\C-e\C-a\ef\C-f"
 # prepare to type a quoted word --
 # insert open and close double quotes
 # and move to just after the open quote
-"\C-x\"": "\"\"\C-b"
+"\C-x\"": "\"\"\C-b"
 # insert a backslash (testing backslash escapes
 # in sequences and macros)
-"\C-x\\": "\\"
+"\C-x\\": "\\"
 # Quote the current or previous word
-"\C-xq": "\eb\"\ef\""
+"\C-xq": "\eb\"\ef\""
 # Add a binding to refresh the line, which is unbound
-"\C-xr": redraw-current-line
+"\C-xr": redraw-current-line
 # Edit variable on current line.
-"\M-\C-v": "\C-a\C-k$\C-y\M-\C-e\C-a\C-y="
+"\M-\C-v": "\C-a\C-k$\C-y\M-\C-e\C-a\C-y="
 $endif
 
 # use a visible bell if one is available
@@ -11183,1202 +10490,1107 @@ set completion-query-items 150
 
 # For FTP
 $if Ftp
-"\C-xg": "get \M-?"
-"\C-xt": "put \M-?"
-"\M-.": yank-last-arg
+"\C-xg": "get \M-?"
+"\C-xt": "put \M-?"
+"\M-.": yank-last-arg
 $endif
-

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    8.4 Bindable Readline Commands

    - -

    - -

    - - - - - - - - -
    8.4.1 Commands For Moving  Moving about the line.
    8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History  Getting at previous lines.
    8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text  Commands for changing text.
    8.4.4 Killing And Yanking  Commands for killing and yanking.
    8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments  Specifying numeric arguments, repeat counts.
    8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You  Getting Readline to do the typing for you.
    8.4.7 Keyboard Macros  Saving and re-executing typed characters
    8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands  Other miscellaneous commands.
    -

    - -This section describes Readline commands that may be bound to key + + +

    + +
    +

    +Next: , Previous: , Up: Command Line Editing   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    8.4 Bindable Readline Commands

    + + + + + + + + + + +
    • Commands For Moving:  Moving about the line. +
    • Commands For History:  Getting at previous lines. +
    • Commands For Text:  Commands for changing text. +
    • Commands For Killing:  Commands for killing and yanking. +
    • Numeric Arguments:  Specifying numeric arguments, repeat counts. +
    • Commands For Completion:  Getting Readline to do the typing for you. +
    • Keyboard Macros:  Saving and re-executing typed characters +
    • Miscellaneous Commands:  Other miscellaneous commands. +
    + +

    This section describes Readline commands that may be bound to key sequences. You can list your key bindings by executing -bind -P or, for a more terse format, suitable for an -inputrc file, bind -p. (See section 4.2 Bash Builtin Commands.) +bind -P or, for a more terse format, suitable for an +inputrc file, bind -p. (See Bash Builtins.) Command names without an accompanying key sequence are unbound by default. -

    - -In the following descriptions, point refers to the current cursor -position, and mark refers to a cursor position saved by the -set-mark command. -The text between the point and mark is referred to as the region. -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    8.4.1 Commands For Moving

    - -
    - -
    beginning-of-line (C-a) -
    -Move to the start of the current line. -

    - - -

    end-of-line (C-e) -
    -Move to the end of the line. -

    - - -

    forward-char (C-f) -
    -Move forward a character. -

    - - -

    backward-char (C-b) -
    -Move back a character. -

    - - -

    forward-word (M-f) -
    -Move forward to the end of the next word. +

    +

    In the following descriptions, point refers to the current cursor +position, and mark refers to a cursor position saved by the +set-mark command. +The text between the point and mark is referred to as the region. +

    +
    + +
    +

    +Next: , Up: Bindable Readline Commands   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    8.4.1 Commands For Moving

    +
    +
    beginning-of-line (C-a) + +
    +

    Move to the start of the current line. +

    +
    +
    end-of-line (C-e) + +
    +

    Move to the end of the line. +

    +
    +
    forward-char (C-f) + +
    +

    Move forward a character. +

    +
    +
    backward-char (C-b) + +
    +

    Move back a character. +

    +
    +
    forward-word (M-f) + +
    +

    Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are composed of letters and digits. -

    - - -

    backward-word (M-b) -
    -Move back to the start of the current or previous word. +

    +
    +
    backward-word (M-b) + +
    +

    Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words are composed of letters and digits. -

    - - -

    shell-forward-word () -
    -Move forward to the end of the next word. +

    +
    +
    shell-forward-word () + +
    +

    Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters. -

    - - -

    shell-backward-word () -
    -Move back to the start of the current or previous word. +

    +
    +
    shell-backward-word () + +
    +

    Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters. -

    - - -

    clear-screen (C-l) -
    -Clear the screen and redraw the current line, +

    +
    +
    clear-screen (C-l) + +
    +

    Clear the screen and redraw the current line, leaving the current line at the top of the screen. -

    - - -

    redraw-current-line () -
    -Refresh the current line. By default, this is unbound. -

    - -

    -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History

    - -

    - -

    - -
    accept-line (Newline or Return) -
    -Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is. +

    +
    +
    redraw-current-line () + +
    +

    Refresh the current line. By default, this is unbound. +

    +
    +
    + +
    + +
    +

    +Next: , Previous: , Up: Bindable Readline Commands   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History

    + +
    +
    accept-line (Newline or Return) + +
    +

    Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is. If this line is non-empty, add it to the history list according to the setting of -the HISTCONTROL and HISTIGNORE variables. +the HISTCONTROL and HISTIGNORE variables. If this line is a modified history line, then restore the history line to its original state. -

    - - -

    previous-history (C-p) -
    -Move `back' through the history list, fetching the previous command. -

    - - -

    next-history (C-n) -
    -Move `forward' through the history list, fetching the next command. -

    - - -

    beginning-of-history (M-<) -
    -Move to the first line in the history. -

    - - -

    end-of-history (M->) -
    -Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently +

    +
    +
    previous-history (C-p) + +
    +

    Move ‘back’ through the history list, fetching the previous command. +

    +
    +
    next-history (C-n) + +
    +

    Move ‘forward’ through the history list, fetching the next command. +

    +
    +
    beginning-of-history (M-<) + +
    +

    Move to the first line in the history. +

    +
    +
    end-of-history (M->) + +
    +

    Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently being entered. -

    - - -

    reverse-search-history (C-r) -
    -Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up' through +

    +
    +
    reverse-search-history (C-r) + +
    +

    Search backward starting at the current line and moving ‘up’ through +the history as necessary. This is an incremental search. +

    +
    +
    forward-search-history (C-s) + +
    +

    Search forward starting at the current line and moving ‘down’ through the history as necessary. This is an incremental search. -

    - - -

    forward-search-history (C-s) -
    -Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down' through -the the history as necessary. This is an incremental search. -

    - - -

    non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p) -
    -Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up' +

    +
    +
    non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p) + +
    +

    Search backward starting at the current line and moving ‘up’ through the history as necessary using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the user. -

    - - -

    non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n) -
    -Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down' -through the the history as necessary using a non-incremental search +The search string may match anywhere in a history line. +

    +
    +
    non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n) + +
    +

    Search forward starting at the current line and moving ‘down’ +through the history as necessary using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the user. -

    - - -

    history-search-forward () -
    -Search forward through the history for the string of characters +The search string may match anywhere in a history line. +

    +
    +
    history-search-forward () + +
    +

    Search forward through the history for the string of characters between the start of the current line and the point. The search string must match at the beginning of a history line. This is a non-incremental search. By default, this command is unbound. -

    - - -

    history-search-backward () -
    -Search backward through the history for the string of characters +

    +
    +
    history-search-backward () + +
    +

    Search backward through the history for the string of characters between the start of the current line and the point. The search string must match at the beginning of a history line. This is a non-incremental search. By default, this command is unbound. -

    - - -

    history-substr-search-forward () -
    -Search forward through the history for the string of characters +

    +
    +
    history-substr-search-forward () + +
    +

    Search forward through the history for the string of characters between the start of the current line and the point. The search string may match anywhere in a history line. This is a non-incremental search. By default, this command is unbound. -

    - - -

    history-substr-search-backward () -
    -Search backward through the history for the string of characters +

    +
    +
    history-substr-search-backward () + +
    +

    Search backward through the history for the string of characters between the start of the current line and the point. The search string may match anywhere in a history line. This is a non-incremental search. By default, this command is unbound. -

    - - -

    yank-nth-arg (M-C-y) -
    -Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually +

    +
    +
    yank-nth-arg (M-C-y) + +
    +

    Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually the second word on the previous line) at point. -With an argument n, -insert the nth word from the previous command (the words +With an argument n, +insert the nth word from the previous command (the words in the previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument -inserts the nth word from the end of the previous command. -Once the argument n is computed, the argument is extracted -as if the `!n' history expansion had been specified. -

    - - -

    yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_) -
    -Insert last argument to the previous command (the last word of the +inserts the nth word from the end of the previous command. +Once the argument n is computed, the argument is extracted +as if the ‘!n’ history expansion had been specified. +

    +
    +
    yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_) + +
    +

    Insert last argument to the previous command (the last word of the previous history entry). -With a numeric argument, behave exactly like yank-nth-arg. -Successive calls to yank-last-arg move back through the history +With a numeric argument, behave exactly like yank-nth-arg. +Successive calls to yank-last-arg move back through the history list, inserting the last word (or the word specified by the argument to the first call) of each line in turn. Any numeric argument supplied to these successive calls determines the direction to move through the history. A negative argument switches the direction through the history (back or forward). The history expansion facilities are used to extract the last argument, -as if the `!$' history expansion had been specified. -

    - -

    -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text

    - -

    - -

    - - -
    end-of-file (usually C-d) -
    -The character indicating end-of-file as set, for example, by -stty. If this character is read when there are no characters +as if the ‘!$’ history expansion had been specified. +

    +
    +
    + +
    + +
    +

    +Next: , Previous: , Up: Bindable Readline Commands   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text

    + +
    +
    end-of-file (usually C-d) + +
    +

    The character indicating end-of-file as set, for example, by +stty. If this character is read when there are no characters on the line, and point is at the beginning of the line, Readline -interprets it as the end of input and returns EOF. -

    - - -

    delete-char (C-d) -
    -Delete the character at point. If this function is bound to the -same character as the tty EOF character, as C-d +interprets it as the end of input and returns EOF. +

    +
    +
    delete-char (C-d) + +
    +

    Delete the character at point. If this function is bound to the +same character as the tty EOF character, as C-d commonly is, see above for the effects. -

    - - -

    backward-delete-char (Rubout) -
    -Delete the character behind the cursor. A numeric argument means +

    +
    +
    backward-delete-char (Rubout) + +
    +

    Delete the character behind the cursor. A numeric argument means to kill the characters instead of deleting them. -

    - - -

    forward-backward-delete-char () -
    -Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at the +

    +
    +
    forward-backward-delete-char () + +
    +

    Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at the end of the line, in which case the character behind the cursor is deleted. By default, this is not bound to a key. -

    - - -

    quoted-insert (C-q or C-v) -
    -Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is -how to insert key sequences like C-q, for example. -

    - - -

    self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...) -
    -Insert yourself. -

    - - -

    transpose-chars (C-t) -
    -Drag the character before the cursor forward over +

    +
    +
    quoted-insert (C-q or C-v) + +
    +

    Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is +how to insert key sequences like C-q, for example. +

    + +
    +
    self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, …) + +
    +

    Insert yourself. +

    +
    +
    bracketed-paste-begin () + +
    +

    This function is intended to be bound to the "bracketed paste" escape +sequence sent by some terminals, and such a binding is assigned by default. +It allows Readline to insert the pasted text as a single unit without treating +each character as if it had been read from the keyboard. The characters +are inserted as if each one was bound to self-insert) instead of +executing any editing commands. +

    +
    +
    transpose-chars (C-t) + +
    +

    Drag the character before the cursor forward over the character at the cursor, moving the cursor forward as well. If the insertion point is at the end of the line, then this transposes the last two characters of the line. Negative arguments have no effect. -

    - - -

    transpose-words (M-t) -
    -Drag the word before point past the word after point, +

    +
    +
    transpose-words (M-t) + +
    +

    Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving point past that word as well. If the insertion point is at the end of the line, this transposes the last two words on the line. -

    - - -

    upcase-word (M-u) -
    -Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, +

    +
    +
    upcase-word (M-u) + +
    +

    Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, uppercase the previous word, but do not move the cursor. -

    - - -

    downcase-word (M-l) -
    -Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, +

    +
    +
    downcase-word (M-l) + +
    +

    Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, lowercase the previous word, but do not move the cursor. -

    - - -

    capitalize-word (M-c) -
    -Capitalize the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, +

    +
    +
    capitalize-word (M-c) + +
    +

    Capitalize the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, capitalize the previous word, but do not move the cursor. -

    - - -

    overwrite-mode () -
    -Toggle overwrite mode. With an explicit positive numeric argument, +

    +
    +
    overwrite-mode () + +
    +

    Toggle overwrite mode. With an explicit positive numeric argument, switches to overwrite mode. With an explicit non-positive numeric argument, switches to insert mode. This command affects only -emacs mode; vi mode does overwrite differently. -Each call to readline() starts in insert mode. -

    - -In overwrite mode, characters bound to self-insert replace +emacs mode; vi mode does overwrite differently. +Each call to readline() starts in insert mode. +

    +

    In overwrite mode, characters bound to self-insert replace the text at point rather than pushing the text to the right. -Characters bound to backward-delete-char replace the character +Characters bound to backward-delete-char replace the character before point with a space. -

    - -By default, this command is unbound. -

    - -

    -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    8.4.4 Killing And Yanking

    - -

    - -

    - - -
    kill-line (C-k) -
    -Kill the text from point to the end of the line. -

    - - -

    backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout) -
    -Kill backward to the beginning of the line. -

    - - -

    unix-line-discard (C-u) -
    -Kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the current line. -

    - - -

    kill-whole-line () -
    -Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is. +

    +

    By default, this command is unbound. +

    +
    +
    + +
    + +
    +

    +Next: , Previous: , Up: Bindable Readline Commands   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    8.4.4 Killing And Yanking

    + +
    +
    kill-line (C-k) + +
    +

    Kill the text from point to the end of the line. +

    +
    +
    backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout) + +
    +

    Kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the current line. +

    +
    +
    unix-line-discard (C-u) + +
    +

    Kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the current line. +

    +
    +
    kill-whole-line () + +
    +

    Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is. By default, this is unbound. -

    - - -

    kill-word (M-d) -
    -Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between +

    +
    +
    kill-word (M-d) + +
    +

    Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between words, to the end of the next word. -Word boundaries are the same as forward-word. -

    - - -

    backward-kill-word (M-DEL) -
    -Kill the word behind point. -Word boundaries are the same as backward-word. -

    - - -

    shell-kill-word () -
    -Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between +Word boundaries are the same as forward-word. +

    +
    +
    backward-kill-word (M-DEL) + +
    +

    Kill the word behind point. +Word boundaries are the same as backward-word. +

    +
    +
    shell-kill-word () + +
    +

    Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between words, to the end of the next word. -Word boundaries are the same as shell-forward-word. -

    - - -

    shell-backward-kill-word () -
    -Kill the word behind point. -Word boundaries are the same as shell-backward-word. -

    - - -

    unix-word-rubout (C-w) -
    -Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary. +Word boundaries are the same as shell-forward-word. +

    +
    +
    shell-backward-kill-word () + +
    +

    Kill the word behind point. +Word boundaries are the same as shell-backward-word. +

    +
    +
    unix-word-rubout (C-w) + +
    +

    Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary. The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. -

    - - -

    unix-filename-rubout () -
    -Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash character +

    +
    +
    unix-filename-rubout () + +
    +

    Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash character as the word boundaries. The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. -

    - - -

    delete-horizontal-space () -
    -Delete all spaces and tabs around point. By default, this is unbound. -

    - - -

    kill-region () -
    -Kill the text in the current region. +

    +
    +
    delete-horizontal-space () + +
    +

    Delete all spaces and tabs around point. By default, this is unbound. +

    +
    +
    kill-region () + +
    +

    Kill the text in the current region. By default, this command is unbound. -

    - - -

    copy-region-as-kill () -
    -Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer, so it can be yanked +

    +
    +
    copy-region-as-kill () + +
    +

    Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer, so it can be yanked right away. By default, this command is unbound. -

    - - -

    copy-backward-word () -
    -Copy the word before point to the kill buffer. -The word boundaries are the same as backward-word. +

    +
    +
    copy-backward-word () + +
    +

    Copy the word before point to the kill buffer. +The word boundaries are the same as backward-word. By default, this command is unbound. -

    - - -

    copy-forward-word () -
    -Copy the word following point to the kill buffer. -The word boundaries are the same as forward-word. +

    +
    +
    copy-forward-word () + +
    +

    Copy the word following point to the kill buffer. +The word boundaries are the same as forward-word. By default, this command is unbound. -

    - - -

    yank (C-y) -
    -Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point. -

    - - -

    yank-pop (M-y) -
    -Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top. You can only do this if -the prior command is yank or yank-pop. -
    -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments

    - -
    - - -
    digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ... M--) -
    -Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a new -argument. M-- starts a negative argument. -

    - - -

    universal-argument () -
    -This is another way to specify an argument. +

    +
    +
    yank (C-y) + +
    +

    Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point. +

    +
    +
    yank-pop (M-y) + +
    +

    Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top. You can only do this if +the prior command is yank or yank-pop. +

    +
    + +
    + +
    +

    +Next: , Previous: , Up: Bindable Readline Commands   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments

    +
    +
    digit-argument (M-0, M-1, … M--) + +
    +

    Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a new +argument. M-- starts a negative argument. +

    +
    +
    universal-argument () + +
    +

    This is another way to specify an argument. If this command is followed by one or more digits, optionally with a leading minus sign, those digits define the argument. -If the command is followed by digits, executing universal-argument +If the command is followed by digits, executing universal-argument again ends the numeric argument, but is otherwise ignored. As a special case, if this command is immediately followed by a -character that is neither a digit or minus sign, the argument count +character that is neither a digit nor minus sign, the argument count for the next command is multiplied by four. The argument count is initially one, so executing this function the first time makes the argument count four, a second time makes the argument count sixteen, and so on. By default, this is not bound to a key. -

    -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You

    - -

    - -

    - -
    complete (TAB) -
    -Attempt to perform completion on the text before point. +

    +
    + +
    + +
    +

    +Next: , Previous: , Up: Bindable Readline Commands   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You

    + +
    +
    complete (TAB) + +
    +

    Attempt to perform completion on the text before point. The actual completion performed is application-specific. Bash attempts completion treating the text as a variable (if the -text begins with `$'), username (if the text begins with -`~'), hostname (if the text begins with `@'), or +text begins with ‘$’), username (if the text begins with +‘~’), hostname (if the text begins with ‘@’), or command (including aliases and functions) in turn. If none of these produces a match, filename completion is attempted. -

    - - -

    possible-completions (M-?) -
    -List the possible completions of the text before point. +

    +
    +
    possible-completions (M-?) + +
    +

    List the possible completions of the text before point. When displaying completions, Readline sets the number of columns used -for display to the value of completion-display-width, the value of -the environment variable COLUMNS, or the screen width, in that order. -

    - - -

    insert-completions (M-*) -
    -Insert all completions of the text before point that would have -been generated by possible-completions. -

    - - -

    menu-complete () -
    -Similar to complete, but replaces the word to be completed +for display to the value of completion-display-width, the value of +the environment variable COLUMNS, or the screen width, in that order. +

    +
    +
    insert-completions (M-*) + +
    +

    Insert all completions of the text before point that would have +been generated by possible-completions. +

    +
    +
    menu-complete () + +
    +

    Similar to complete, but replaces the word to be completed with a single match from the list of possible completions. -Repeated execution of menu-complete steps through the list +Repeated execution of menu-complete steps through the list of possible completions, inserting each match in turn. At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung -(subject to the setting of bell-style) +(subject to the setting of bell-style) and the original text is restored. -An argument of n moves n positions forward in the list +An argument of n moves n positions forward in the list of matches; a negative argument may be used to move backward through the list. -This command is intended to be bound to TAB, but is unbound +This command is intended to be bound to TAB, but is unbound by default. -

    - - -

    menu-complete-backward () -
    -Identical to menu-complete, but moves backward through the list -of possible completions, as if menu-complete had been given a +

    +
    +
    menu-complete-backward () + +
    +

    Identical to menu-complete, but moves backward through the list +of possible completions, as if menu-complete had been given a negative argument. -

    - - -

    delete-char-or-list () -
    -Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning or -end of the line (like delete-char). +

    +
    +
    delete-char-or-list () + +
    +

    Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning or +end of the line (like delete-char). If at the end of the line, behaves identically to -possible-completions. +possible-completions. This command is unbound by default. -

    - - -

    complete-filename (M-/) -
    -Attempt filename completion on the text before point. -

    - - -

    possible-filename-completions (C-x /) -
    -List the possible completions of the text before point, +

    +
    +
    complete-filename (M-/) + +
    +

    Attempt filename completion on the text before point. +

    +
    +
    possible-filename-completions (C-x /) + +
    +

    List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a filename. -

    - - -

    complete-username (M-~) -
    -Attempt completion on the text before point, treating +

    +
    +
    complete-username (M-~) + +
    +

    Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a username. -

    - - -

    possible-username-completions (C-x ~) -
    -List the possible completions of the text before point, +

    +
    +
    possible-username-completions (C-x ~) + +
    +

    List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a username. -

    - - -

    complete-variable (M-$) -
    -Attempt completion on the text before point, treating +

    +
    +
    complete-variable (M-$) + +
    +

    Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a shell variable. -

    - - -

    possible-variable-completions (C-x $) -
    -List the possible completions of the text before point, +

    +
    +
    possible-variable-completions (C-x $) + +
    +

    List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a shell variable. -

    - - -

    complete-hostname (M-@) -
    -Attempt completion on the text before point, treating +

    +
    +
    complete-hostname (M-@) + +
    +

    Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a hostname. -

    - - -

    possible-hostname-completions (C-x @) -
    -List the possible completions of the text before point, +

    +
    +
    possible-hostname-completions (C-x @) + +
    +

    List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a hostname. -

    - - -

    complete-command (M-!) -
    -Attempt completion on the text before point, treating +

    +
    +
    complete-command (M-!) + +
    +

    Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a command name. Command completion attempts to match the text against aliases, reserved words, shell functions, shell builtins, and finally executable filenames, in that order. -

    - - -

    possible-command-completions (C-x !) -
    -List the possible completions of the text before point, +

    +
    +
    possible-command-completions (C-x !) + +
    +

    List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a command name. -

    - - -

    dynamic-complete-history (M-TAB) -
    -Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing +

    +
    +
    dynamic-complete-history (M-TAB) + +
    +

    Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing the text against lines from the history list for possible completion matches. -

    - - -

    dabbrev-expand () -
    -Attempt menu completion on the text before point, comparing +

    +
    +
    dabbrev-expand () + +
    +

    Attempt menu completion on the text before point, comparing the text against lines from the history list for possible completion matches. -

    - - -

    complete-into-braces (M-{) -
    -Perform filename completion and insert the list of possible completions +

    +
    +
    complete-into-braces (M-{) + +
    +

    Perform filename completion and insert the list of possible completions enclosed within braces so the list is available to the shell -(see section 3.5.1 Brace Expansion). -

    - -

    -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    8.4.7 Keyboard Macros

    - -
    - - -
    start-kbd-macro (C-x () -
    -Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro. -

    - - -

    end-kbd-macro (C-x )) -
    -Stop saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro +(see Brace Expansion). +

    +
    +
    + +
    + +
    +

    +Next: , Previous: , Up: Bindable Readline Commands   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    8.4.7 Keyboard Macros

    +
    +
    start-kbd-macro (C-x () + +
    +

    Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro. +

    +
    +
    end-kbd-macro (C-x )) + +
    +

    Stop saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro and save the definition. -

    - - -

    call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e) -
    -Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the characters +

    +
    +
    call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e) + +
    +

    Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the characters in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard. -

    - - -

    print-last-kbd-macro () -
    -Print the last keboard macro defined in a format suitable for the -inputrc file. -

    - -

    -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands

    - -
    - - -
    re-read-init-file (C-x C-r) -
    -Read in the contents of the inputrc file, and incorporate +

    +
    +
    print-last-kbd-macro () + +
    +

    Print the last keboard macro defined in a format suitable for the +inputrc file. +

    +
    +
    + +
    + +
    +

    +Previous: , Up: Bindable Readline Commands   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands

    +
    +
    re-read-init-file (C-x C-r) + +
    +

    Read in the contents of the inputrc file, and incorporate any bindings or variable assignments found there. -

    - - -

    abort (C-g) -
    -Abort the current editing command and -ring the terminal's bell (subject to the setting of -bell-style). -

    - - -

    do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-x, ...) -
    -If the metafied character x is lowercase, run the command +

    +
    +
    abort (C-g) + +
    +

    Abort the current editing command and +ring the terminal’s bell (subject to the setting of +bell-style). +

    +
    +
    do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-x, …) + +
    +

    If the metafied character x is lowercase, run the command that is bound to the corresponding uppercase character. -

    - - -

    prefix-meta (ESC) -
    -Metafy the next character typed. This is for keyboards -without a meta key. Typing `ESC f' is equivalent to typing -M-f. -

    - - -

    undo (C-_ or C-x C-u) -
    -Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line. -

    - - -

    revert-line (M-r) -
    -Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the undo +

    +
    +
    prefix-meta (ESC) + +
    +

    Metafy the next character typed. This is for keyboards +without a meta key. Typing ‘ESC f’ is equivalent to typing +M-f. +

    +
    +
    undo (C-_ or C-x C-u) + +
    +

    Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line. +

    +
    +
    revert-line (M-r) + +
    +

    Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the undo command enough times to get back to the beginning. -

    - - -

    tilde-expand (M-&) -
    -Perform tilde expansion on the current word. -

    - - -

    set-mark (C-@) -
    -Set the mark to the point. If a +

    +
    +
    tilde-expand (M-&) + +
    +

    Perform tilde expansion on the current word. +

    +
    +
    set-mark (C-@) + +
    +

    Set the mark to the point. If a numeric argument is supplied, the mark is set to that position. -

    - - -

    exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x) -
    -Swap the point with the mark. The current cursor position is set to +

    +
    +
    exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x) + +
    +

    Swap the point with the mark. The current cursor position is set to the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved as the mark. -

    - - -

    character-search (C-]) -
    -A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of that +

    +
    +
    character-search (C-]) + +
    +

    A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of that character. A negative count searches for previous occurrences. -

    - - -

    character-search-backward (M-C-]) -
    -A character is read and point is moved to the previous occurrence +

    +
    +
    character-search-backward (M-C-]) + +
    +

    A character is read and point is moved to the previous occurrence of that character. A negative count searches for subsequent occurrences. -

    - - -

    skip-csi-sequence () -
    -Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as those +

    +
    +
    skip-csi-sequence () + +
    +

    Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as those defined for keys like Home and End. Such sequences begin with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[. If this sequence is -bound to "\e[", keys producing such sequences will have no effect +bound to "\e[", keys producing such sequences will have no effect unless explicitly bound to a readline command, instead of inserting stray characters into the editing buffer. This is unbound by default, but usually bound to ESC-[. -

    - - -

    insert-comment (M-#) -
    -Without a numeric argument, the value of the comment-begin +

    +
    +
    insert-comment (M-#) + +
    +

    Without a numeric argument, the value of the comment-begin variable is inserted at the beginning of the current line. If a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if the characters at the beginning of the line do not match the value -of comment-begin, the value is inserted, otherwise -the characters in comment-begin are deleted from the beginning of +of comment-begin, the value is inserted, otherwise +the characters in comment-begin are deleted from the beginning of the line. In either case, the line is accepted as if a newline had been typed. -The default value of comment-begin causes this command +The default value of comment-begin causes this command to make the current line a shell comment. If a numeric argument causes the comment character to be removed, the line will be executed by the shell. -

    - - -

    dump-functions () -
    -Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the +

    +
    +
    dump-functions () + +
    +

    Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the Readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part -of an inputrc file. This command is unbound by default. -

    - - -

    dump-variables () -
    -Print all of the settable variables and their values to the +of an inputrc file. This command is unbound by default. +

    +
    +
    dump-variables () + +
    +

    Print all of the settable variables and their values to the Readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part -of an inputrc file. This command is unbound by default. -

    - - -

    dump-macros () -
    -Print all of the Readline key sequences bound to macros and the +of an inputrc file. This command is unbound by default. +

    +
    +
    dump-macros () + +
    +

    Print all of the Readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings they output. If a numeric argument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part -of an inputrc file. This command is unbound by default. -

    - - -

    glob-complete-word (M-g) -
    -The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion, +of an inputrc file. This command is unbound by default. +

    +
    +
    glob-complete-word (M-g) + +
    +

    The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion, with an asterisk implicitly appended. This pattern is used to generate a list of matching file names for possible completions. -

    - - -

    glob-expand-word (C-x *) -
    -The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion, +

    +
    +
    glob-expand-word (C-x *) + +
    +

    The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion, and the list of matching file names is inserted, replacing the word. -If a numeric argument is supplied, a `*' is appended before +If a numeric argument is supplied, a ‘*’ is appended before pathname expansion. -

    - - -

    glob-list-expansions (C-x g) -
    -The list of expansions that would have been generated by -glob-expand-word is displayed, and the line is redrawn. -If a numeric argument is supplied, a `*' is appended before +

    +
    +
    glob-list-expansions (C-x g) + +
    +

    The list of expansions that would have been generated by +glob-expand-word is displayed, and the line is redrawn. +If a numeric argument is supplied, a ‘*’ is appended before pathname expansion. -

    - - -

    display-shell-version (C-x C-v) -
    -Display version information about the current instance of Bash. -

    - - -

    shell-expand-line (M-C-e) -
    -Expand the line as the shell does. +

    +
    +
    display-shell-version (C-x C-v) + +
    +

    Display version information about the current instance of Bash. +

    +
    +
    shell-expand-line (M-C-e) + +
    +

    Expand the line as the shell does. This performs alias and history expansion as well as all of the shell -word expansions (see section 3.5 Shell Expansions). -

    - - -

    history-expand-line (M-^) -
    -Perform history expansion on the current line. -

    - - -

    magic-space () -
    -Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a space -(see section 9.3 History Expansion). -

    - - -

    alias-expand-line () -
    -Perform alias expansion on the current line (see section 6.6 Aliases). -

    - - -

    history-and-alias-expand-line () -
    -Perform history and alias expansion on the current line. -

    - - -

    insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_) -
    -A synonym for yank-last-arg. -

    - - -

    operate-and-get-next (C-o) -
    -Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line +word expansions (see Shell Expansions). +

    +
    +
    history-expand-line (M-^) + +
    +

    Perform history expansion on the current line. +

    +
    +
    magic-space () + +
    +

    Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a space +(see History Interaction). +

    +
    +
    alias-expand-line () + +
    +

    Perform alias expansion on the current line (see Aliases). +

    +
    +
    history-and-alias-expand-line () + +
    +

    Perform history and alias expansion on the current line. +

    +
    +
    insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_) + +
    +

    A synonym for yank-last-arg. +

    +
    +
    operate-and-get-next (C-o) + +
    +

    Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line relative to the current line from the history for editing. Any argument is ignored. -

    - - -

    edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e) -
    -Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the result as shell +

    +
    +
    edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e) + +
    +

    Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the result as shell commands. Bash attempts to invoke -$VISUAL, $EDITOR, and emacs +$VISUAL, $EDITOR, and emacs as the editor, in that order. -

    - -

    -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    8.5 Readline vi Mode

    - -

    - -While the Readline library does not have a full set of vi +

    + + +
    +
    + +
    + +
    +

    +Next: , Previous: , Up: Command Line Editing   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    8.5 Readline vi Mode

    + +

    While the Readline library does not have a full set of vi editing functions, it does contain enough to allow simple editing -of the line. The Readline vi mode behaves as specified in -the POSIX standard. -

    - -In order to switch interactively between emacs and vi -editing modes, use the `set -o emacs' and `set -o vi' -commands (see section 4.3.1 The Set Builtin). -The Readline default is emacs mode. -

    - -When you enter a line in vi mode, you are already placed in -`insertion' mode, as if you had typed an `i'. Pressing ESC -switches you into `command' mode, where you can edit the text of the -line with the standard vi movement keys, move to previous -history lines with `k' and subsequent lines with `j', and +of the line. The Readline vi mode behaves as specified in +the POSIX standard. +

    +

    In order to switch interactively between emacs and vi +editing modes, use the ‘set -o emacs’ and ‘set -o vi’ +commands (see The Set Builtin). +The Readline default is emacs mode. +

    +

    When you enter a line in vi mode, you are already placed in +‘insertion’ mode, as if you had typed an ‘i’. Pressing ESC +switches you into ‘command’ mode, where you can edit the text of the +line with the standard vi movement keys, move to previous +history lines with ‘k’ and subsequent lines with ‘j’, and so forth. -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    8.6 Programmable Completion

    - -

    - -When word completion is attempted for an argument to a command for -which a completion specification (a compspec) has been defined -using the complete builtin (see section 8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins), +

    +
    + +
    +

    +Next: , Previous: , Up: Command Line Editing   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    8.6 Programmable Completion

    + + +

    When word completion is attempted for an argument to a command for +which a completion specification (a compspec) has been defined +using the complete builtin (see Programmable Completion Builtins), the programmable completion facilities are invoked. -

    - -First, the command name is identified. +

    +

    First, the command name is identified. If a compspec has been defined for that command, the compspec is used to generate the list of possible completions for the word. If the command word is the empty string (completion attempted at the beginning of an empty line), any compspec defined with -the `-E' option to complete is used. +the -E option to complete is used. If the command word is a full pathname, a compspec for the full pathname is searched for first. If no compspec is found for the full pathname, an attempt is made to find a compspec for the portion following the final slash. If those searches do not result in a compspec, any compspec defined with -the `-D' option to complete is used as the default. -

    - -Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of +the -D option to complete is used as the default. +

    +

    Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of matching words. If a compspec is not found, the default Bash completion -described above (see section 8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You) is performed. -

    - -First, the actions specified by the compspec are used. +described above (see Commands For Completion) is performed. +

    +

    First, the actions specified by the compspec are used. Only matches which are prefixed by the word being completed are returned. -When the `-f' or `-d' option is used for filename or -directory name completion, the shell variable FIGNORE is +When the -f or -d option is used for filename or +directory name completion, the shell variable FIGNORE is used to filter the matches. -See section 5.2 Bash Variables, for a description of FIGNORE. -

    - -Any completions specified by a filename expansion pattern to the -`-G' option are generated next. +See Bash Variables, for a description of FIGNORE. +

    +

    Any completions specified by a filename expansion pattern to the +-G option are generated next. The words generated by the pattern need not match the word being completed. -The GLOBIGNORE shell variable is not used to filter the matches, -but the FIGNORE shell variable is used. -

    - -Next, the string specified as the argument to the `-W' option +The GLOBIGNORE shell variable is not used to filter the matches, +but the FIGNORE shell variable is used. +

    +

    Next, the string specified as the argument to the -W option is considered. -The string is first split using the characters in the IFS +The string is first split using the characters in the IFS special variable as delimiters. Shell quoting is honored. Each word is then expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, -as described above (see section 3.5 Shell Expansions). +as described above (see Shell Expansions). The results are split using the rules described above -(see section 3.5.7 Word Splitting). +(see Word Splitting). The results of the expansion are prefix-matched against the word being completed, and the matching words become the possible completions. -

    - -After these matches have been generated, any shell function or command -specified with the `-F' and `-C' options is invoked. -When the command or function is invoked, the COMP_LINE, -COMP_POINT, COMP_KEY, and COMP_TYPE variables are -assigned values as described above (see section 5.2 Bash Variables). -If a shell function is being invoked, the COMP_WORDS and -COMP_CWORD variables are also set. +

    +

    After these matches have been generated, any shell function or command +specified with the -F and -C options is invoked. +When the command or function is invoked, the COMP_LINE, +COMP_POINT, COMP_KEY, and COMP_TYPE variables are +assigned values as described above (see Bash Variables). +If a shell function is being invoked, the COMP_WORDS and +COMP_CWORD variables are also set. When the function or command is invoked, the first argument ($1) is the name of the command whose arguments are being completed, the second argument ($2) is the word being completed, and the third argument @@ -12387,73 +11599,68 @@ line. No filtering of the generated completions against the word being completed is performed; the function or command has complete freedom in generating the matches. -

    - -Any function specified with `-F' is invoked first. +

    +

    Any function specified with -F is invoked first. The function may use any of the shell facilities, including the -compgen and compopt builtins described below -(see section 8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins), to generate the matches. -It must put the possible completions in the COMPREPLY array +compgen and compopt builtins described below +(see Programmable Completion Builtins), to generate the matches. +It must put the possible completions in the COMPREPLY array variable, one per array element. -

    - -Next, any command specified with the `-C' option is invoked +

    +

    Next, any command specified with the -C option is invoked in an environment equivalent to command substitution. It should print a list of completions, one per line, to the standard output. Backslash may be used to escape a newline, if necessary. -

    - -After all of the possible completions are generated, any filter -specified with the `-X' option is applied to the list. -The filter is a pattern as used for pathname expansion; a `&' +

    +

    After all of the possible completions are generated, any filter +specified with the -X option is applied to the list. +The filter is a pattern as used for pathname expansion; a ‘&’ in the pattern is replaced with the text of the word being completed. -A literal `&' may be escaped with a backslash; the backslash +A literal ‘&’ may be escaped with a backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match. Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list. -A leading `!' negates the pattern; in this case any completion +A leading ‘!’ negates the pattern; in this case any completion not matching the pattern will be removed. -

    - -Finally, any prefix and suffix specified with the `-P' and `-S' +If the nocasematch shell option +(see the description of shopt in The Shopt Builtin) +is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case +of alphabetic characters. +

    +

    Finally, any prefix and suffix specified with the -P and -S options are added to each member of the completion list, and the result is returned to the Readline completion code as the list of possible completions. -

    - -If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the -`-o dirnames' option was supplied to complete when the +

    +

    If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the +-o dirnames option was supplied to complete when the compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted. -

    - -If the `-o plusdirs' option was supplied to complete when +

    +

    If the -o plusdirs option was supplied to complete when the compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted and any matches are added to the results of the other actions. -

    - -By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned to +

    +

    By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned to the completion code as the full set of possible completions. The default Bash completions are not attempted, and the Readline default of filename completion is disabled. -If the `-o bashdefault' option was supplied to complete when +If the -o bashdefault option was supplied to complete when the compspec was defined, the default Bash completions are attempted if the compspec generates no matches. -If the `-o default' option was supplied to complete when the -compspec was defined, Readline's default completion will be performed +If the -o default option was supplied to complete when the +compspec was defined, Readline’s default completion will be performed if the compspec (and, if attempted, the default Bash completions) generate no matches. -

    - -When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired, +

    +

    When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired, the programmable completion functions force Readline to append a slash to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to -the value of the mark-directories Readline variable, regardless -of the setting of the mark-symlinked-directories Readline variable. -

    - -There is some support for dynamically modifying completions. This is +the value of the mark-directories Readline variable, regardless +of the setting of the mark-symlinked-directories Readline variable. +

    +

    There is some support for dynamically modifying completions. This is most useful when used in combination with a default completion specified -with `-D'. It's possible for shell functions executed as completion +with -D. It’s possible for shell functions executed as completion handlers to indicate that completion should be retried by returning an exit status of 124. If a shell function returns 124, and changes the compspec associated with the command on which completion is being @@ -12462,396 +11669,373 @@ programmable completion restarts from the beginning, with an attempt to find a new compspec for that command. This allows a set of completions to be built dynamically as completion is attempted, rather than being loaded all at once. -

    - -For instance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each kept in a +

    +

    For instance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each kept in a file corresponding to the name of the command, the following default completion function would load completions dynamically: -

    - -
     
    _completion_loader()
+
    
+
    
+
    _completion_loader()
 {
-    . "/etc/bash_completion.d/$1.sh" >/dev/null 2>&1 && return 124
+    . "/etc/bash_completion.d/$1.sh" >/dev/null 2>&1 && return 124
 }
 complete -D -F _completion_loader -o bashdefault -o default
-

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins

    - -

    - -Three builtin commands are available to manipulate the programmable completion + + +

    + +
    +

    +Next: , Previous: , Up: Command Line Editing   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins

    + + +

    Three builtin commands are available to manipulate the programmable completion facilities: one to specify how the arguments to a particular command are to be completed, and two to modify the completion as it is happening. -

    - -

    -
    compgen -
    -
     
    compgen [option] [word]
-

    - -Generate possible completion matches for word according to -the options, which may be any option accepted by the -complete -builtin with the exception of `-p' and `-r', and write +

    +
    +
    compgen
    +
    +
    +
    compgen [option] [word]
+
    + +

    Generate possible completion matches for word according to +the options, which may be any option accepted by the +complete +builtin with the exception of -p and -r, and write the matches to the standard output. -When using the `-F' or `-C' options, the various shell variables +When using the -F or -C options, the various shell variables set by the programmable completion facilities, while available, will not have useful values. -

    - -The matches will be generated in the same way as if the programmable +

    +

    The matches will be generated in the same way as if the programmable completion code had generated them directly from a completion specification with the same flags. -If word is specified, only those completions matching word +If word is specified, only those completions matching word will be displayed. -

    - -The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, or no +

    +

    The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, or no matches were generated. -

    - -

    complete -
    -
     
    complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o comp-option] [-DE] [-A action] [-G globpat] [-W wordlist]
-[-F function] [-C command] [-X filterpat]
-[-P prefix] [-S suffix] name [name ...]
-complete -pr [-DE] [name ...]
-

    - -Specify how arguments to each name should be completed. -If the `-p' option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing +

    +
    +
    complete
    +
    +
    +
    complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o comp-option] [-DE] [-A action] [-G globpat] [-W wordlist]
+[-F function] [-C command] [-X filterpat]
+[-P prefix] [-S suffix] name [name …]
+complete -pr [-DE] [name …]
+
    + +

    Specify how arguments to each name should be completed. +If the -p option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them to be reused as input. -The `-r' option removes a completion specification for -each name, or, if no names are supplied, all +The -r option removes a completion specification for +each name, or, if no names are supplied, all completion specifications. -The `-D' option indicates that the remaining options and actions should -apply to the "default" command completion; that is, completion attempted +The -D option indicates that the remaining options and actions should +apply to the “default” command completion; that is, completion attempted on a command for which no completion has previously been defined. -The `-E' option indicates that the remaining options and actions should -apply to "empty" command completion; that is, completion attempted on a +The -E option indicates that the remaining options and actions should +apply to “empty” command completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line. -

    - -The process of applying these completion specifications when word completion -is attempted is described above (see section 8.6 Programmable Completion). The -`-D' option takes precedence over `-E'. -

    - -Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. -The arguments to the `-G', `-W', and `-X' options -(and, if necessary, the `-P' and `-S' options) +

    +

    The process of applying these completion specifications when word completion +is attempted is described above (see Programmable Completion). The +-D option takes precedence over -E. +

    +

    Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. +The arguments to the -G, -W, and -X options +(and, if necessary, the -P and -S options) should be quoted to protect them from expansion before the -complete builtin is invoked. -

    +complete builtin is invoked. +

    -
    -
    -o comp-option -
    The comp-option controls several aspects of the compspec's behavior +
    +
    -o comp-option
    +

    The comp-option controls several aspects of the compspec’s behavior beyond the simple generation of completions. -comp-option may be one of: -

    - -

    - -
    bashdefault -
    Perform the rest of the default Bash completions if the compspec +comp-option may be one of: +

    +
    +
    bashdefault
    +

    Perform the rest of the default Bash completions if the compspec generates no matches. -

    - -

    default -
    Use Readline's default filename completion if the compspec generates +

    +
    +
    default
    +

    Use Readline’s default filename completion if the compspec generates no matches. -

    - -

    dirnames -
    Perform directory name completion if the compspec generates no matches. -

    - -

    filenames -
    Tell Readline that the compspec generates filenames, so it can perform any +

    +
    +
    dirnames
    +

    Perform directory name completion if the compspec generates no matches. +

    +
    +
    filenames
    +

    Tell Readline that the compspec generates filenames, so it can perform any filename-specific processing (like adding a slash to directory names quoting special characters, or suppressing trailing spaces). This option is intended to be used with shell functions specified -with `-F'. -

    - -

    noquote -
    Tell Readline not to quote the completed words if they are filenames +with -F. +

    +
    +
    noquote
    +

    Tell Readline not to quote the completed words if they are filenames (quoting filenames is the default). -

    - -

    nospace -
    Tell Readline not to append a space (the default) to words completed at +

    +
    +
    nosort
    +

    Tell Readline not to sort the list of possible completions alphabetically. +

    +
    +
    nospace
    +

    Tell Readline not to append a space (the default) to words completed at the end of the line. -

    - -

    plusdirs -
    After any matches defined by the compspec are generated, +

    +
    +
    plusdirs
    +

    After any matches defined by the compspec are generated, directory name completion is attempted and any matches are added to the results of the other actions. -

    - -

    -

    +

    +
    +
    -
    -A action -
    The action may be one of the following to generate a list of possible +
    +
    -A action
    +

    The action may be one of the following to generate a list of possible completions: -

    - -

    -
    alias -
    Alias names. May also be specified as `-a'. -

    - -

    arrayvar -
    Array variable names. -

    - -

    binding -
    Readline key binding names (see section 8.4 Bindable Readline Commands). -

    - -

    builtin -
    Names of shell builtin commands. May also be specified as `-b'. -

    - -

    command -
    Command names. May also be specified as `-c'. -

    - -

    directory -
    Directory names. May also be specified as `-d'. -

    - -

    disabled -
    Names of disabled shell builtins. -

    - -

    enabled -
    Names of enabled shell builtins. -

    - -

    export -
    Names of exported shell variables. May also be specified as `-e'. -

    - -

    file -
    File names. May also be specified as `-f'. -

    - -

    function -
    Names of shell functions. -

    - -

    group -
    Group names. May also be specified as `-g'. -

    - -

    helptopic -
    Help topics as accepted by the help builtin (see section 4.2 Bash Builtin Commands). -

    - -

    hostname -
    Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by the -HOSTFILE shell variable (see section 5.2 Bash Variables). -

    - -

    job -
    Job names, if job control is active. May also be specified as `-j'. -

    - -

    keyword -
    Shell reserved words. May also be specified as `-k'. -

    - -

    running -
    Names of running jobs, if job control is active. -

    - -

    service -
    Service names. May also be specified as `-s'. -

    - -

    setopt -
    Valid arguments for the `-o' option to the set builtin -(see section 4.3.1 The Set Builtin). -

    - -

    shopt -
    Shell option names as accepted by the shopt builtin -(see section 4.2 Bash Builtin Commands). -

    - -

    signal -
    Signal names. -

    - -

    stopped -
    Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active. -

    - -

    user -
    User names. May also be specified as `-u'. -

    - -

    variable -
    Names of all shell variables. May also be specified as `-v'. -
    -

    - -

    -C command -
    command is executed in a subshell environment, and its output is +

    +
    +
    alias
    +

    Alias names. May also be specified as -a. +

    +
    +
    arrayvar
    +

    Array variable names. +

    +
    +
    binding
    +

    Readline key binding names (see Bindable Readline Commands). +

    +
    +
    builtin
    +

    Names of shell builtin commands. May also be specified as -b. +

    +
    +
    command
    +

    Command names. May also be specified as -c. +

    +
    +
    directory
    +

    Directory names. May also be specified as -d. +

    +
    +
    disabled
    +

    Names of disabled shell builtins. +

    +
    +
    enabled
    +

    Names of enabled shell builtins. +

    +
    +
    export
    +

    Names of exported shell variables. May also be specified as -e. +

    +
    +
    file
    +

    File names. May also be specified as -f. +

    +
    +
    function
    +

    Names of shell functions. +

    +
    +
    group
    +

    Group names. May also be specified as -g. +

    +
    +
    helptopic
    +

    Help topics as accepted by the help builtin (see Bash Builtins). +

    +
    +
    hostname
    +

    Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by the +HOSTFILE shell variable (see Bash Variables). +

    +
    +
    job
    +

    Job names, if job control is active. May also be specified as -j. +

    +
    +
    keyword
    +

    Shell reserved words. May also be specified as -k. +

    +
    +
    running
    +

    Names of running jobs, if job control is active. +

    +
    +
    service
    +

    Service names. May also be specified as -s. +

    +
    +
    setopt
    +

    Valid arguments for the -o option to the set builtin +(see The Set Builtin). +

    +
    +
    shopt
    +

    Shell option names as accepted by the shopt builtin +(see Bash Builtins). +

    +
    +
    signal
    +

    Signal names. +

    +
    +
    stopped
    +

    Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active. +

    +
    +
    user
    +

    User names. May also be specified as -u. +

    +
    +
    variable
    +

    Names of all shell variables. May also be specified as -v. +

    +
    + +
    +
    -C command
    +

    command is executed in a subshell environment, and its output is used as the possible completions. -

    - -

    -F function -
    The shell function function is executed in the current shell +

    +
    +
    -F function
    +

    The shell function function is executed in the current shell environment. When it is executed, $1 is the name of the command whose arguments are being completed, $2 is the word being completed, and $3 is the word preceding the word being completed, as described above -(see section 8.6 Programmable Completion). +(see Programmable Completion). When it finishes, the possible completions are retrieved from the value -of the COMPREPLY array variable. -

    - -

    -G globpat -
    The filename expansion pattern globpat is expanded to generate +of the COMPREPLY array variable. +

    +
    +
    -G globpat
    +

    The filename expansion pattern globpat is expanded to generate the possible completions. -

    - -

    -P prefix -
    prefix is added at the beginning of each possible completion +

    +
    +
    -P prefix
    +

    prefix is added at the beginning of each possible completion after all other options have been applied. -

    - -

    -S suffix -
    suffix is appended to each possible completion +

    +
    +
    -S suffix
    +

    suffix is appended to each possible completion after all other options have been applied. -

    - -

    -W wordlist -
    The wordlist is split using the characters in the -IFS special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word +

    +
    +
    -W wordlist
    +

    The wordlist is split using the characters in the +IFS special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word is expanded. The possible completions are the members of the resultant list which match the word being completed. -

    - -

    -X filterpat -
    filterpat is a pattern as used for filename expansion. +

    +
    +
    -X filterpat
    +

    filterpat is a pattern as used for filename expansion. It is applied to the list of possible completions generated by the preceding options and arguments, and each completion matching -filterpat is removed from the list. -A leading `!' in filterpat negates the pattern; in this -case, any completion not matching filterpat is removed. -

    -

    - -The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an option -other than `-p' or `-r' is supplied without a name +filterpat is removed from the list. +A leading ‘!’ in filterpat negates the pattern; in this +case, any completion not matching filterpat is removed. +

    +
    + +

    The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an option +other than -p or -r is supplied without a name argument, an attempt is made to remove a completion specification for -a name for which no specification exists, or +a name for which no specification exists, or an error occurs adding a completion specification. -

    - -

    compopt -
    -
     
    compopt [-o option] [-DE] [+o option] [name]
-
    Modify completion options for each name according to the -options, or for the currently-executing completion if no names +

    +
    +
    compopt
    +
    +
    +
    compopt [-o option] [-DE] [+o option] [name]
+
    +

    Modify completion options for each name according to the +options, or for the currently-executing completion if no names are supplied. -If no options are given, display the completion options for each -name or the current completion. -The possible values of option are those valid for the complete +If no options are given, display the completion options for each +name or the current completion. +The possible values of option are those valid for the complete builtin described above. -The `-D' option indicates that the remaining options should -apply to the "default" command completion; that is, completion attempted +The -D option indicates that the remaining options should +apply to the “default” command completion; that is, completion attempted on a command for which no completion has previously been defined. -The `-E' option indicates that the remaining options should -apply to "empty" command completion; that is, completion attempted on a +The -E option indicates that the remaining options should +apply to “empty” command completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line. -

    - -The `-D' option takes precedence over `-E'. -

    - -The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an attempt -is made to modify the options for a name for which no completion +

    +

    The -D option takes precedence over -E. +

    +

    The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an attempt +is made to modify the options for a name for which no completion specification exists, or an output error occurs. -

    - -

    -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    8.8 A Programmable Completion Example

    - -

    - -The most common way to obtain additional completion functionality beyond -the default actions complete and compgen provide is to use -a shell function and bind it to a particular command using complete -F. -

    - -The following function provides completions for the cd builtin. +

    +
    +
    + +
    + +
    +

    +Previous: , Up: Command Line Editing   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    8.8 A Programmable Completion Example

    + +

    The most common way to obtain additional completion functionality beyond +the default actions complete and compgen provide is to use +a shell function and bind it to a particular command using complete -F. +

    +

    The following function provides completions for the cd builtin. It is a reasonably good example of what shell functions must do when -used for completion. This function uses the word passsed as $2 +used for completion. This function uses the word passsed as $2 to determine the directory name to complete. You can also use the -COMP_WORDS array variable; the current word is indexed by the -COMP_CWORD variable. -

    - -The function relies on the complete and compgen builtins -to do much of the work, adding only the things that the Bash cd +COMP_WORDS array variable; the current word is indexed by the +COMP_CWORD variable. +

    +

    The function relies on the complete and compgen builtins +to do much of the work, adding only the things that the Bash cd does beyond accepting basic directory names: -tilde expansion (see section 3.5.2 Tilde Expansion), -searching directories in $CDPATH, which is described above -(see section 4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins), -and basic support for the cdable_vars shell option -(see section 4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin). -_comp_cd modifies the value of IFS so that it contains only -a newline to accommodate file names containing spaces and tabs -- -compgen prints the possible completions it generates one per line. -

    - -Possible completions go into the COMPREPLY array variable, one +tilde expansion (see Tilde Expansion), +searching directories in $CDPATH, which is described above +(see Bourne Shell Builtins), +and basic support for the cdable_vars shell option +(see The Shopt Builtin). +_comp_cd modifies the value of IFS so that it contains only +a newline to accommodate file names containing spaces and tabs – +compgen prints the possible completions it generates one per line. +

    +

    Possible completions go into the COMPREPLY array variable, one completion per array element. The programmable completion system retrieves the completions from there when the function returns. -

    - -
     
    # A completion function for the cd builtin
+
    
+
    
+
    # A completion function for the cd builtin
 # based on the cd completion function from the bash_completion package
 _comp_cd()
 {
@@ -12860,16 +12044,16 @@ _comp_cd()
     local i j k
 
     # Tilde expansion, with side effect of expanding tilde to full pathname
-    case "$2" in
-    \~*)    eval cur="$2" ;;
+    case "$2" in
+    \~*)    eval cur="$2" ;;
     *)      cur=$2 ;;
     esac
 
     # no cdpath or absolute pathname -- straight directory completion
-    if [[ -z "${CDPATH:-}" ]] || [[ "$cur" == @(./*|../*|/*) ]]; then
+    if [[ -z "${CDPATH:-}" ]] || [[ "$cur" == @(./*|../*|/*) ]]; then
         # compgen prints paths one per line; could also use while loop
         IFS=$'\n'
-        COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -d -- "$cur") )
+        COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -d -- "$cur") )
         IFS=$' \t\n'
     # CDPATH+directories in the current directory if not in CDPATH
     else
@@ -12881,2091 +12065,1676 @@ _comp_cd()
         _cdpath=${_cdpath/%:/:.}
         for i in ${_cdpath//:/$'\n'}; do
             if [[ $i -ef . ]]; then _skipdot=true; fi
-            k="${#COMPREPLY[@]}"
-            for j in $( compgen -d -- "$i/$cur" ); do
+            k="${#COMPREPLY[@]}"
+            for j in $( compgen -d -- "$i/$cur" ); do
                 COMPREPLY[k++]=${j#$i/}        # cut off directory
             done
         done
-        $_skipdot || COMPREPLY+=( $(compgen -d -- "$cur") )
+        $_skipdot || COMPREPLY+=( $(compgen -d -- "$cur") )
         IFS=$' \t\n'
     fi
 
     # variable names if appropriate shell option set and no completions
-    if shopt -q cdable_vars && [[ ${#COMPREPLY[@]} -eq 0 ]]; then
-        COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -v -- "$cur") )
+    if shopt -q cdable_vars && [[ ${#COMPREPLY[@]} -eq 0 ]]; then
+        COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -v -- "$cur") )
     fi
 
     return 0
 }
-

    + -We install the completion function using the `-F' option to -complete: -

    - -
     
    # Tell readline to quote appropriate and append slashes to directories;
+
    We install the completion function using the -F option to
+complete:
+
    
+
    
+
    # Tell readline to quote appropriate and append slashes to directories;
 # use the bash default completion for other arguments
 complete -o filenames -o nospace -o bashdefault -F _comp_cd cd
-

    + -Since we'd like Bash and Readline to take care of some +

    Since we’d like Bash and Readline to take care of some of the other details for us, we use several other options to tell Bash -and Readline what to do. The `-o filenames' option tells Readline +and Readline what to do. The -o filenames option tells Readline that the possible completions should be treated as filenames, and quoted appropriately. That option will also cause Readline to append a slash to filenames it can determine are directories (which is why we might want to -extend _comp_cd to append a slash if we're using directories found -via CDPATH: Readline can't tell those completions are directories). -The `-o nospace' option tells Readline to not append a space +extend _comp_cd to append a slash if we’re using directories found +via CDPATH: Readline can’t tell those completions are directories). +The -o nospace option tells Readline to not append a space character to the directory name, in case we want to append to it. -The `-o bashdefault' option brings in the rest of the "Bash default" -completions -- possible completion that Bash adds to the default Readline +The -o bashdefault option brings in the rest of the "Bash default" +completions – possible completion that Bash adds to the default Readline set. These include things like command name completion, variable completion -for words beginning with `{', completions containing pathname -expansion patterns (see section 3.5.8 Filename Expansion), and so on. -

    - -Once installed using complete, _comp_cd will be called every -time we attempt word completion for a cd command. -

    - -Many more examples -- an extensive collection of completions for most of -the common GNU, Unix, and Linux commands -- are available as part of the +for words beginning with ‘{’, completions containing pathname +expansion patterns (see Filename Expansion), and so on. +

    +

    Once installed using complete, _comp_cd will be called every +time we attempt word completion for a cd command. +

    +

    Many more examples – an extensive collection of completions for most of +the common GNU, Unix, and Linux commands – are available as part of the bash_completion project. This is installed by default on many GNU/Linux distributions. Originally written by Ian Macdonald, the project now lives -at http://bash-completion.alioth.debian.org/. There are ports for +at http://bash-completion.alioth.debian.org/. There are ports for other systems such as Solaris and Mac OS X. -

    - -An older version of the bash_completion package is distributed with bash -in the `examples/complete' subdirectory. -

    - - -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    9. Using History Interactively

    - -

    - -This chapter describes how to use the GNU History Library -interactively, from a user's standpoint. -It should be considered a user's guide. -For information on using the GNU History Library in other programs, -see the GNU Readline Library Manual. -

    - -

    - - - -
    9.1 Bash History Facilities  How Bash lets you manipulate your command - history.
    9.2 Bash History Builtins  The Bash builtin commands that manipulate - the command history.
    9.3 History Expansion  What it feels like using History as a user.
    -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    9.1 Bash History Facilities

    - -

    - -When the `-o history' option to the set builtin -is enabled (see section 4.3.1 The Set Builtin), -the shell provides access to the command history, +

    +

    An older version of the bash_completion package is distributed with bash +in the examples/complete subdirectory. +

    + + +
    + +
    +

    +Next: , Previous: , Up: Top   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    9 Using History Interactively

    + + +

    This chapter describes how to use the GNU History Library +interactively, from a user’s standpoint. +It should be considered a user’s guide. +For information on using the GNU History Library in other programs, +see the GNU Readline Library Manual. +

    + + + + +
    • Bash History Facilities:  How Bash lets you manipulate your command + history. +
    • Bash History Builtins:  The Bash builtin commands that manipulate + the command history. +
    • History Interaction:  What it feels like using History as a user. +
    + +
    + +
    +

    +Next: , Up: Using History Interactively   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    9.1 Bash History Facilities

    + + + +

    When the -o history option to the set builtin +is enabled (see The Set Builtin), +the shell provides access to the command history, the list of commands previously typed. -The value of the HISTSIZE shell variable is used as the +The value of the HISTSIZE shell variable is used as the number of commands to save in a history list. -The text of the last $HISTSIZE +The text of the last $HISTSIZE commands (default 500) is saved. The shell stores each command in the history list prior to parameter and variable expansion but after history expansion is performed, subject to the values of the shell variables -HISTIGNORE and HISTCONTROL. -

    - -When the shell starts up, the history is initialized from the -file named by the HISTFILE variable (default `~/.bash_history'). -The file named by the value of HISTFILE is truncated, if +HISTIGNORE and HISTCONTROL. +

    +

    When the shell starts up, the history is initialized from the +file named by the HISTFILE variable (default ~/.bash_history). +The file named by the value of HISTFILE is truncated, if necessary, to contain no more than the number of lines specified by -the value of the HISTFILESIZE variable. +the value of the HISTFILESIZE variable. When a shell with history enabled exits, the last -$HISTSIZE lines are copied from the history list to the file -named by $HISTFILE. -If the histappend shell option is set (see section 4.2 Bash Builtin Commands), +$HISTSIZE lines are copied from the history list to the file +named by $HISTFILE. +If the histappend shell option is set (see Bash Builtins), the lines are appended to the history file, otherwise the history file is overwritten. -If HISTFILE +If HISTFILE is unset, or if the history file is unwritable, the history is not saved. After saving the history, the history file is truncated -to contain no more than $HISTFILESIZE lines. -If HISTFILESIZE is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value, or +to contain no more than $HISTFILESIZE lines. +If HISTFILESIZE is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value, or a numeric value less than zero, the history file is not truncated. -

    - -If the HISTTIMEFORMAT is set, the time stamp information +

    +

    If the HISTTIMEFORMAT is set, the time stamp information associated with each history entry is written to the history file, marked with the history comment character. When the history file is read, lines beginning with the history comment character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted -as timestamps for the previous history line. -

    - -The builtin command fc may be used to list or edit and re-execute +as timestamps for the following history entry. +

    +

    The builtin command fc may be used to list or edit and re-execute a portion of the history list. -The history builtin may be used to display or modify the history +The history builtin may be used to display or modify the history list and manipulate the history file. When using command-line editing, search commands are available in each editing mode that provide access to the -history list (see section 8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History). -

    - -The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history -list. The HISTCONTROL and HISTIGNORE +history list (see Commands For History). +

    +

    The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history +list. The HISTCONTROL and HISTIGNORE variables may be set to cause the shell to save only a subset of the commands entered. -The cmdhist +The cmdhist shell option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each line of a multi-line command in the same history entry, adding semicolons where necessary to preserve syntactic correctness. -The lithist +The lithist shell option causes the shell to save the command with embedded newlines instead of semicolons. -The shopt builtin is used to set these options. -See section 4.2 Bash Builtin Commands, for a description of shopt. -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    9.2 Bash History Builtins

    - -

    - -Bash provides two builtin commands which manipulate the +The shopt builtin is used to set these options. +See Bash Builtins, for a description of shopt. +

    +
    + +
    +

    +Next: , Previous: , Up: Using History Interactively   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    9.2 Bash History Builtins

    + + +

    Bash provides two builtin commands which manipulate the history list and history file. -

    - -

    - -
    fc -
    -
     
    fc [-e ename] [-lnr] [first] [last]
-fc -s [pat=rep] [command]
-

    - -The first form selects a range of commands from first to -last from the history list and displays or edits and re-executes +

    +
    +
    fc
    +
    +
    +
    fc [-e ename] [-lnr] [first] [last]
+fc -s [pat=rep] [command]
+
    + +

    The first form selects a range of commands from first to +last from the history list and displays or edits and re-executes them. -Both first and -last may be specified as a string (to locate the most recent +Both first and +last may be specified as a string (to locate the most recent command beginning with that string) or as a number (an index into the history list, where a negative number is used as an offset from the -current command number). If last is not specified it is set to -first. If first is not specified it is set to the previous -command for editing and -16 for listing. If the `-l' flag is -given, the commands are listed on standard output. The `-n' flag -suppresses the command numbers when listing. The `-r' flag +current command number). If last is not specified it is set to +first. If first is not specified it is set to the previous +command for editing and -16 for listing. If the -l flag is +given, the commands are listed on standard output. The -n flag +suppresses the command numbers when listing. The -r flag reverses the order of the listing. Otherwise, the editor given by -ename is invoked on a file containing those commands. If -ename is not given, the value of the following variable expansion -is used: ${FCEDIT:-${EDITOR:-vi}}. This says to use the -value of the FCEDIT variable if set, or the value of the -EDITOR variable if that is set, or vi if neither is set. +ename is invoked on a file containing those commands. If +ename is not given, the value of the following variable expansion +is used: ${FCEDIT:-${EDITOR:-vi}}. This says to use the +value of the FCEDIT variable if set, or the value of the +EDITOR variable if that is set, or vi if neither is set. When editing is complete, the edited commands are echoed and executed. -

    - -In the second form, command is re-executed after each instance -of pat in the selected command is replaced by rep. -command is intepreted the same as first above. -

    - -A useful alias to use with the fc command is r='fc -s', so -that typing `r cc' runs the last command beginning with cc -and typing `r' re-executes the last command (see section 6.6 Aliases). -

    - -

    history -
    -
     
    history [n]
+
    
+
    In the second form, command is re-executed after each instance
+of pat in the selected command is replaced by rep.
+command is intepreted the same as first above.
+
    
+
    A useful alias to use with the fc command is r='fc -s', so
+that typing ‘r cc’ runs the last command beginning with cc
+and typing ‘r’ re-executes the last command (see Aliases).
+
    
+
+
    history
    
+
    
+
    
+
    history [n]
 history -c
-history -d offset
-history [-anrw] [filename]
-history -ps arg
-

    - -With no options, display the history list with line numbers. -Lines prefixed with a `*' have been modified. -An argument of n lists only the last n lines. -If the shell variable HISTTIMEFORMAT is set and not null, -it is used as a format string for strftime to display +history -d offset +history [-anrw] [filename] +history -ps arg + + +

    With no options, display the history list with line numbers. +Lines prefixed with a ‘*’ have been modified. +An argument of n lists only the last n lines. +If the shell variable HISTTIMEFORMAT is set and not null, +it is used as a format string for strftime to display the time stamp associated with each displayed history entry. No intervening blank is printed between the formatted time stamp and the history line. -

    - -Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: -

    - -

    -
    -c -
    Clear the history list. This may be combined +

    +

    Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: +

    +
    +
    -c
    +

    Clear the history list. This may be combined with the other options to replace the history list completely. -

    - -

    -d offset -
    Delete the history entry at position offset. -offset should be specified as it appears when the history is +

    +
    +
    -d offset
    +

    Delete the history entry at position offset. +offset should be specified as it appears when the history is displayed. -

    - -

    -a -
    Append the new -history lines (history lines entered since the beginning of the -current Bash session) to the history file. -

    - -

    -n -
    Append the history lines not already read from the history file +

    +
    +
    -a
    +

    Append the new history lines to the history file. +These are history lines entered since the beginning of the current +Bash session, but not already appended to the history file. +

    +
    +
    -n
    +

    Append the history lines not already read from the history file to the current history list. These are lines appended to the history file since the beginning of the current Bash session. -

    - -

    -r -
    Read the history file and append its contents to +

    +
    +
    -r
    +

    Read the history file and append its contents to the history list. -

    - -

    -w -
    Write out the current history list to the history file. -

    - -

    -p -
    Perform history substitution on the args and display the result +

    +
    +
    -w
    +

    Write out the current history list to the history file. +

    +
    +
    -p
    +

    Perform history substitution on the args and display the result on the standard output, without storing the results in the history list. -

    - -

    -s -
    The args are added to the end of +

    +
    +
    -s
    +

    The args are added to the end of the history list as a single entry. -

    - -

    -

    +

    +
    +
    -When any of the `-w', `-r', `-a', or `-n' options is -used, if filename +

    When any of the -w, -r, -a, or -n options is +used, if filename is given, then it is used as the history file. If not, then -the value of the HISTFILE variable is used. -

    - -

    -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    9.3 History Expansion

    - -

    - -The History library provides a history expansion feature that is similar -to the history expansion provided by csh. This section +the value of the HISTFILE variable is used. +

    +
    +
    + +
    + +
    +

    +Previous: , Up: Using History Interactively   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    9.3 History Expansion

    + + +

    The History library provides a history expansion feature that is similar +to the history expansion provided by csh. This section describes the syntax used to manipulate the history information. -

    - -History expansions introduce words from the history list into +

    +

    History expansions introduce words from the history list into the input stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the arguments to a previous command into the current input line, or fix errors in previous commands quickly. -

    - -History expansion takes place in two parts. The first is to determine +

    +

    History expansion is performed immediately after a complete line +is read, before the shell breaks it into words. +

    +

    History expansion takes place in two parts. The first is to determine which line from the history list should be used during substitution. The second is to select portions of that line for inclusion into the current one. The line selected from the history is called the -event, and the portions of that line that are acted upon are -called words. Various modifiers are available to manipulate +event, and the portions of that line that are acted upon are +called words. Various modifiers are available to manipulate the selected words. The line is broken into words in the same fashion that Bash does, so that several words surrounded by quotes are considered one word. History expansions are introduced by the appearance of the -history expansion character, which is `!' by default. -Only `\' and `'' may be used to escape the history expansion -character. -

    - -Several shell options settable with the shopt -builtin (see section 4.2 Bash Builtin Commands) may be used to tailor +history expansion character, which is ‘!’ by default. +Only ‘\’ and ‘'’ may be used to escape the history expansion +character, but the history expansion character is +also treated as quoted if it immediately precedes the closing double quote +in a double-quoted string. +

    +

    Several shell options settable with the shopt +builtin (see Bash Builtins) may be used to tailor the behavior of history expansion. If the -histverify shell option is enabled, and Readline +histverify shell option is enabled, and Readline is being used, history substitutions are not immediately passed to the shell parser. Instead, the expanded line is reloaded into the Readline editing buffer for further modification. -If Readline is being used, and the histreedit +If Readline is being used, and the histreedit shell option is enabled, a failed history expansion will be reloaded into the Readline editing buffer for correction. -The `-p' option to the history builtin command +The -p option to the history builtin command may be used to see what a history expansion will do before using it. -The `-s' option to the history builtin may be used to +The -s option to the history builtin may be used to add commands to the end of the history list without actually executing them, so that they are available for subsequent recall. This is most useful in conjunction with Readline. -

    - -The shell allows control of the various characters used by the -history expansion mechanism with the histchars variable, -as explained above (see section 5.2 Bash Variables). The shell uses +

    +

    The shell allows control of the various characters used by the +history expansion mechanism with the histchars variable, +as explained above (see Bash Variables). The shell uses the history comment character to mark history timestamps when writing the history file. -

    - -

    - - - -
    9.3.1 Event Designators  How to specify which history line to use.
    9.3.2 Word Designators  Specifying which words are of interest.
    9.3.3 Modifiers  Modifying the results of substitution.
    -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    9.3.1 Event Designators

    - -

    - -An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the +

    + + + + +
    • Event Designators:  How to specify which history line to use. +
    • Word Designators:  Specifying which words are of interest. +
    • Modifiers:  Modifying the results of substitution. +
    + +
    + +
    +

    +Next: , Up: History Interaction   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    9.3.1 Event Designators

    + + +

    An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the history list. Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to the current position in the history list. - -

    - -

    - -
    ! -
    Start a history substitution, except when followed by a space, tab, -the end of the line, `=' or `(' (when the -extglob shell option is enabled using the shopt builtin). -

    - -

    !n -
    Refer to command line n. -

    - -

    !-n -
    Refer to the command n lines back. -

    - -

    !! -
    Refer to the previous command. This is a synonym for `!-1'. -

    - -

    !string -
    Refer to the most recent command + +

    +
    +
    !
    +

    Start a history substitution, except when followed by a space, tab, +the end of the line, ‘=’ or ‘(’ (when the +extglob shell option is enabled using the shopt builtin). +

    +
    +
    !n
    +

    Refer to command line n. +

    +
    +
    !-n
    +

    Refer to the command n lines back. +

    +
    +
    !!
    +

    Refer to the previous command. This is a synonym for ‘!-1’. +

    +
    +
    !string
    +

    Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position in the history list -starting with string. -

    - -

    !?string[?] -
    Refer to the most recent command +starting with string. +

    +
    +
    !?string[?]
    +

    Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position in the history list -containing string. +containing string. The trailing -`?' may be omitted if the string is followed immediately by +‘?’ may be omitted if the string is followed immediately by a newline. -

    - -

    ^string1^string2^ -
    Quick Substitution. Repeat the last command, replacing string1 -with string2. Equivalent to -!!:s/string1/string2/. -

    - -

    !# -
    The entire command line typed so far. -

    - -

    -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    9.3.2 Word Designators

    - -

    - -Word designators are used to select desired words from the event. -A `:' separates the event specification from the word designator. It -may be omitted if the word designator begins with a `^', `$', -`*', `-', or `%'. Words are numbered from the beginning +

    +
    +
    ^string1^string2^
    +

    Quick Substitution. Repeat the last command, replacing string1 +with string2. Equivalent to +!!:s/string1/string2/. +

    +
    +
    !#
    +

    The entire command line typed so far. +

    +
    +
    + +
    + +
    +

    +Next: , Previous: , Up: History Interaction   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    9.3.2 Word Designators

    + +

    Word designators are used to select desired words from the event. +A ‘:’ separates the event specification from the word designator. It +may be omitted if the word designator begins with a ‘^’, ‘$’, +‘*’, ‘-’, or ‘%’. Words are numbered from the beginning of the line, with the first word being denoted by 0 (zero). Words are inserted into the current line separated by single spaces. -

    - -For example, -

    - -

    -
    !! -
    designates the preceding command. When you type this, the preceding +

    +

    For example, +

    +
    +
    !!
    +

    designates the preceding command. When you type this, the preceding command is repeated in toto. -

    - -

    !!:$ -
    designates the last argument of the preceding command. This may be -shortened to !$. -

    - -

    !fi:2 -
    designates the second argument of the most recent command starting with -the letters fi. -
    -

    - -Here are the word designators: - -

    - -
    0 (zero) -
    The 0th word. For many applications, this is the command word. -

    - -

    n -
    The nth word. -

    - -

    ^ -
    The first argument; that is, word 1. -

    - -

    $ -
    The last argument. -

    - -

    % -
    The word matched by the most recent `?string?' search. -

    - -

    x-y -
    A range of words; `-y' abbreviates `0-y'. -

    - -

    * -
    All of the words, except the 0th. This is a synonym for `1-$'. -It is not an error to use `*' if there is just one word in the event; +

    +
    +
    !!:$
    +

    designates the last argument of the preceding command. This may be +shortened to !$. +

    +
    +
    !fi:2
    +

    designates the second argument of the most recent command starting with +the letters fi. +

    +
    + +

    Here are the word designators: +

    +
    +
    0 (zero)
    +

    The 0th word. For many applications, this is the command word. +

    +
    +
    n
    +

    The nth word. +

    +
    +
    ^
    +

    The first argument; that is, word 1. +

    +
    +
    $
    +

    The last argument. +

    +
    +
    %
    +

    The word matched by the most recent ‘?string?’ search. +

    +
    +
    x-y
    +

    A range of words; ‘-y’ abbreviates ‘0-y’. +

    +
    +
    *
    +

    All of the words, except the 0th. This is a synonym for ‘1-$’. +It is not an error to use ‘*’ if there is just one word in the event; the empty string is returned in that case. -

    - -

    x* -
    Abbreviates `x-$' -

    - -

    x- -
    Abbreviates `x-$' like `x*', but omits the last word. -

    - -

    -

    - -If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the +

    +
    +
    x*
    +

    Abbreviates ‘x-$’ +

    +
    +
    x-
    +

    Abbreviates ‘x-$’ like ‘x*’, but omits the last word. +

    +
    +
    + +

    If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the previous command is used as the event. -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    9.3.3 Modifiers

    - -

    - -After the optional word designator, you can add a sequence of one or more -of the following modifiers, each preceded by a `:'. -

    - -

    - -
    h -
    Remove a trailing pathname component, leaving only the head. -

    - -

    t -
    Remove all leading pathname components, leaving the tail. -

    - -

    r -
    Remove a trailing suffix of the form `.suffix', leaving +

    +
    + +
    +

    +Previous: , Up: History Interaction   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    9.3.3 Modifiers

    + +

    After the optional word designator, you can add a sequence of one or more +of the following modifiers, each preceded by a ‘:’. +

    +
    +
    h
    +

    Remove a trailing pathname component, leaving only the head. +

    +
    +
    t
    +

    Remove all leading pathname components, leaving the tail. +

    +
    +
    r
    +

    Remove a trailing suffix of the form ‘.suffix’, leaving the basename. -

    - -

    e -
    Remove all but the trailing suffix. -

    - -

    p -
    Print the new command but do not execute it. -

    - -

    q -
    Quote the substituted words, escaping further substitutions. -

    - -

    x -
    Quote the substituted words as with `q', +

    +
    +
    e
    +

    Remove all but the trailing suffix. +

    +
    +
    p
    +

    Print the new command but do not execute it. +

    +
    +
    q
    +

    Quote the substituted words, escaping further substitutions. +

    +
    +
    x
    +

    Quote the substituted words as with ‘q’, but break into words at spaces, tabs, and newlines. -

    - -

    s/old/new/ -
    Substitute new for the first occurrence of old in the -event line. Any delimiter may be used in place of `/'. -The delimiter may be quoted in old and new -with a single backslash. If `&' appears in new, -it is replaced by old. A single backslash will quote -the `&'. The final delimiter is optional if it is the last +

    +
    +
    s/old/new/
    +

    Substitute new for the first occurrence of old in the +event line. Any delimiter may be used in place of ‘/’. +The delimiter may be quoted in old and new +with a single backslash. If ‘&’ appears in new, +it is replaced by old. A single backslash will quote +the ‘&’. The final delimiter is optional if it is the last character on the input line. -

    - -

    & -
    Repeat the previous substitution. -

    - -

    g -
    a -
    Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line. Used in -conjunction with `s', as in gs/old/new/, -or with `&'. -

    - -

    G -
    Apply the following `s' modifier once to each word in the event. -

    - -

    -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    10. Installing Bash

    - -

    - -This chapter provides basic instructions for installing Bash on +

    +
    +
    &
    +

    Repeat the previous substitution. +

    +
    +
    g
    +
    a
    +

    Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line. Used in +conjunction with ‘s’, as in gs/old/new/, +or with ‘&’. +

    +
    +
    G
    +

    Apply the following ‘s’ modifier once to each word in the event. +

    +
    +
    + +
    + +
    +

    +Next: , Previous: , Up: Top   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    10 Installing Bash

    + +

    This chapter provides basic instructions for installing Bash on the various supported platforms. The distribution supports the -GNU operating systems, nearly every version of Unix, and several +GNU operating systems, nearly every version of Unix, and several non-Unix systems such as BeOS and Interix. Other independent ports exist for -MS-DOS, OS/2, and Windows platforms. -

    - -

    - - - + + + + + +
    10.1 Basic Installation  Installation instructions.
    10.2 Compilers and Options  How to set special options for various - systems.
    10.3 Compiling For Multiple Architectures  How to compile Bash for more +MS-DOS, OS/2, and Windows platforms. +

    + + + + - - - - - -
    • Basic Installation:  Installation instructions. +
    • Compilers and Options:  How to set special options for various + systems. +
    • Compiling For Multiple Architectures:  How to compile Bash for more than one kind of system from - the same source tree.
    10.4 Installation Names  How to set the various paths used by the installation.
    10.5 Specifying the System Type  How to configure Bash for a particular system.
    10.6 Sharing Defaults  How to share default configuration values among GNU - programs.
    10.7 Operation Controls  Options recognized by the configuration program.
    10.8 Optional Features  How to enable and disable optional features when - building Bash.
    -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    10.1 Basic Installation

    - -

    - -These are installation instructions for Bash. -

    - -The simplest way to compile Bash is: -

    - -

      -
    1. -cd to the directory containing the source code and type -`./configure' to configure Bash for your system. If you're -using csh on an old version of System V, you might need to -type `sh ./configure' instead to prevent csh from trying -to execute configure itself. -

      - -Running configure takes some time. + the same source tree. +

    • Installation Names:  How to set the various paths used by the installation. +
    • Specifying the System Type:  How to configure Bash for a particular system. +
    • Sharing Defaults:  How to share default configuration values among GNU + programs. +
    • Operation Controls:  Options recognized by the configuration program. +
    • Optional Features:  How to enable and disable optional features when + building Bash. +
    + +
    + +
    +

    +Next: , Up: Installing Bash   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    10.1 Basic Installation

    + + + + + +

    These are installation instructions for Bash. +

    +

    The simplest way to compile Bash is: +

    +
      +
    1. cd to the directory containing the source code and type +‘./configure’ to configure Bash for your system. If you’re +using csh on an old version of System V, you might need to +type ‘sh ./configure’ instead to prevent csh from trying +to execute configure itself. + +

      Running configure takes some time. While running, it prints messages telling which features it is checking for. -

      - -

    2. -Type `make' to compile Bash and build the bashbug bug +

      +
    3. Type ‘make’ to compile Bash and build the bashbug bug reporting script. -

      -

    4. -Optionally, type `make tests' to run the Bash test suite. -

      +

    5. Optionally, type ‘make tests’ to run the Bash test suite. -
    6. -Type `make install' to install bash and bashbug. +
    7. Type ‘make install’ to install bash and bashbug. This will also install the manual pages and Info file. -

      -

    -

    + -The configure shell script attempts to guess correct +

    The configure shell script attempts to guess correct values for various system-dependent variables used during -compilation. It uses those values to create a `Makefile' in +compilation. It uses those values to create a Makefile in each directory of the package (the top directory, the -`builtins', `doc', and `support' directories, -each directory under `lib', and several others). It also creates a -`config.h' file containing system-dependent definitions. -Finally, it creates a shell script named config.status that you +builtins, doc, and support directories, +each directory under lib, and several others). It also creates a +config.h file containing system-dependent definitions. +Finally, it creates a shell script named config.status that you can run in the future to recreate the current configuration, a -file `config.cache' that saves the results of its tests to -speed up reconfiguring, and a file `config.log' containing -compiler output (useful mainly for debugging configure). +file config.cache that saves the results of its tests to +speed up reconfiguring, and a file config.log containing +compiler output (useful mainly for debugging configure). If at some point -`config.cache' contains results you don't want to keep, you +config.cache contains results you don’t want to keep, you may remove or edit it. -

    - -To find out more about the options and arguments that the -configure script understands, type -

    - -
     
    bash-2.04$ ./configure --help
-

    - -at the Bash prompt in your Bash source directory. -

    - -If you need to do unusual things to compile Bash, please -try to figure out how configure could check whether or not +

    +

    To find out more about the options and arguments that the +configure script understands, type +

    +
    +
    bash-2.04$ ./configure --help
+
    + +

    at the Bash prompt in your Bash source directory. +

    +

    If you need to do unusual things to compile Bash, please +try to figure out how configure could check whether or not to do them, and mail diffs or instructions to -bash-maintainers@gnu.org so they can be +bash-maintainers@gnu.org so they can be considered for the next release. -

    - -The file `configure.ac' is used to create configure +

    +

    The file configure.ac is used to create configure by a program called Autoconf. You only need -`configure.ac' if you want to change it or regenerate -configure using a newer version of Autoconf. If +configure.ac if you want to change it or regenerate +configure using a newer version of Autoconf. If you do this, make sure you are using Autoconf version 2.50 or newer. -

    - -You can remove the program binaries and object files from the -source code directory by typing `make clean'. To also remove the -files that configure created (so you can compile Bash for -a different kind of computer), type `make distclean'. -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    10.2 Compilers and Options

    - -

    - -Some systems require unusual options for compilation or linking -that the configure script does not know about. You can -give configure initial values for variables by setting +

    +

    You can remove the program binaries and object files from the +source code directory by typing ‘make clean’. To also remove the +files that configure created (so you can compile Bash for +a different kind of computer), type ‘make distclean’. +

    +
    + +
    +

    +Next: , Previous: , Up: Installing Bash   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    10.2 Compilers and Options

    + +

    Some systems require unusual options for compilation or linking +that the configure script does not know about. You can +give configure initial values for variables by setting them in the environment. Using a Bourne-compatible shell, you can do that on the command line like this: -

    - -
     
    CC=c89 CFLAGS=-O2 LIBS=-lposix ./configure
-

    - -On systems that have the env program, you can do it like this: -

    - -
     
    env CPPFLAGS=-I/usr/local/include LDFLAGS=-s ./configure
-

    - -The configuration process uses GCC to build Bash if it +

    +
    +
    CC=c89 CFLAGS=-O2 LIBS=-lposix ./configure
+
    + +

    On systems that have the env program, you can do it like this: +

    +
    +
    env CPPFLAGS=-I/usr/local/include LDFLAGS=-s ./configure
+
    + +

    The configuration process uses GCC to build Bash if it is available. -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    10.3 Compiling For Multiple Architectures

    - -

    - -You can compile Bash for more than one kind of computer at the +

    +
    + +
    +

    +Next: , Previous: , Up: Installing Bash   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    10.3 Compiling For Multiple Architectures

    + +

    You can compile Bash for more than one kind of computer at the same time, by placing the object files for each architecture in their -own directory. To do this, you must use a version of make that -supports the VPATH variable, such as GNU make. -cd to the +own directory. To do this, you must use a version of make that +supports the VPATH variable, such as GNU make. +cd to the directory where you want the object files and executables to go and run -the configure script from the source directory. You may need to -supply the `--srcdir=PATH' argument to tell configure where the -source files are. configure automatically checks for the -source code in the directory that configure is in and in `..'. -

    - -If you have to use a make that does not supports the VPATH +the configure script from the source directory. You may need to +supply the --srcdir=PATH argument to tell configure where the +source files are. configure automatically checks for the +source code in the directory that configure is in and in ‘..’. +

    +

    If you have to use a make that does not supports the VPATH variable, you can compile Bash for one architecture at a time in the source code directory. After you have installed -Bash for one architecture, use `make distclean' before +Bash for one architecture, use ‘make distclean’ before reconfiguring for another architecture. -

    - -Alternatively, if your system supports symbolic links, you can use the -`support/mkclone' script to create a build tree which has -symbolic links back to each file in the source directory. Here's an +

    +

    Alternatively, if your system supports symbolic links, you can use the +support/mkclone script to create a build tree which has +symbolic links back to each file in the source directory. Here’s an example that creates a build directory in the current directory from a -source directory `/usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0': -

    - -
     
    bash /usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0/support/mkclone -s /usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0 .
-

    +source directory /usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0: +

    +
    +
    bash /usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0/support/mkclone -s /usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0 .
+
    -The mkclone script requires Bash, so you must have already built +

    The mkclone script requires Bash, so you must have already built Bash for at least one architecture before you can create build directories for other architectures. -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    10.4 Installation Names

    - -

    - -By default, `make install' will install into -`/usr/local/bin', `/usr/local/man', etc. You can -specify an installation prefix other than `/usr/local' by -giving configure the option `--prefix=PATH', -or by specifying a value for the DESTDIR `make' -variable when running `make install'. -

    - -You can specify separate installation prefixes for +

    +
    + +
    +

    +Next: , Previous: , Up: Installing Bash   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    10.4 Installation Names

    + +

    By default, ‘make install’ will install into +/usr/local/bin, /usr/local/man, etc. You can +specify an installation prefix other than /usr/local by +giving configure the option --prefix=PATH, +or by specifying a value for the DESTDIR ‘make’ +variable when running ‘make install’. +

    +

    You can specify separate installation prefixes for architecture-specific files and architecture-independent files. -If you give configure the option -`--exec-prefix=PATH', `make install' will use -PATH as the prefix for installing programs and libraries. +If you give configure the option +--exec-prefix=PATH, ‘make install’ will use +PATH as the prefix for installing programs and libraries. Documentation and other data files will still use the regular prefix. -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    10.5 Specifying the System Type

    - -

    - -There may be some features configure can not figure out +

    +
    + +
    +

    +Next: , Previous: , Up: Installing Bash   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    10.5 Specifying the System Type

    + +

    There may be some features configure can not figure out automatically, but need to determine by the type of host Bash -will run on. Usually configure can figure that +will run on. Usually configure can figure that out, but if it prints a message saying it can not guess the host -type, give it the `--host=TYPE' option. `TYPE' can -either be a short name for the system type, such as `sun4', -or a canonical name with three fields: `CPU-COMPANY-SYSTEM' -(e.g., `i386-unknown-freebsd4.2'). -

    - -See the file `support/config.sub' for the possible +type, give it the --host=TYPE option. ‘TYPE’ can +either be a short name for the system type, such as ‘sun4’, +or a canonical name with three fields: ‘CPU-COMPANY-SYSTEM’ +(e.g., ‘i386-unknown-freebsd4.2’). +

    +

    See the file support/config.sub for the possible values of each field. -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    10.6 Sharing Defaults

    - -

    - -If you want to set default values for configure scripts to +

    +
    + +
    +

    +Next: , Previous: , Up: Installing Bash   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    10.6 Sharing Defaults

    + +

    If you want to set default values for configure scripts to share, you can create a site shell script called -config.site that gives default values for variables like -CC, cache_file, and prefix. configure -looks for `PREFIX/share/config.site' if it exists, then -`PREFIX/etc/config.site' if it exists. Or, you can set the -CONFIG_SITE environment variable to the location of the site -script. A warning: the Bash configure looks for a site script, -but not all configure scripts do. -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    10.7 Operation Controls

    - -

    - -configure recognizes the following options to control how it +config.site that gives default values for variables like +CC, cache_file, and prefix. configure +looks for PREFIX/share/config.site if it exists, then +PREFIX/etc/config.site if it exists. Or, you can set the +CONFIG_SITE environment variable to the location of the site +script. A warning: the Bash configure looks for a site script, +but not all configure scripts do. +

    +
    + +
    +

    +Next: , Previous: , Up: Installing Bash   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    10.7 Operation Controls

    + +

    configure recognizes the following options to control how it operates. -

    - -

    - -
    --cache-file=file -
    Use and save the results of the tests in -file instead of `./config.cache'. Set file to -`/dev/null' to disable caching, for debugging -configure. -

    - -

    --help -
    Print a summary of the options to configure, and exit. -

    - -

    --quiet -
    --silent -
    -q -
    Do not print messages saying which checks are being made. -

    - -

    --srcdir=dir -
    Look for the Bash source code in directory dir. Usually -configure can determine that directory automatically. -

    - -

    --version -
    Print the version of Autoconf used to generate the configure +

    +
    +
    --cache-file=file
    +

    Use and save the results of the tests in +file instead of ./config.cache. Set file to +/dev/null to disable caching, for debugging +configure. +

    +
    +
    --help
    +

    Print a summary of the options to configure, and exit. +

    +
    +
    --quiet
    +
    --silent
    +
    -q
    +

    Do not print messages saying which checks are being made. +

    +
    +
    --srcdir=dir
    +

    Look for the Bash source code in directory dir. Usually +configure can determine that directory automatically. +

    +
    +
    --version
    +

    Print the version of Autoconf used to generate the configure script, and exit. -

    -

    - -configure also accepts some other, not widely used, boilerplate -options. `configure --help' prints the complete list. -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    10.8 Optional Features

    - -

    - -The Bash configure has a number of `--enable-feature' -options, where feature indicates an optional part of Bash. -There are also several `--with-package' options, -where package is something like `bash-malloc' or `purify'. +

    +
    + +

    configure also accepts some other, not widely used, boilerplate +options. ‘configure --help’ prints the complete list. +

    +
    + +
    +

    +Previous: , Up: Installing Bash   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    10.8 Optional Features

    + +

    The Bash configure has a number of --enable-feature +options, where feature indicates an optional part of Bash. +There are also several --with-package options, +where package is something like ‘bash-malloc’ or ‘purify’. To turn off the default use of a package, use -`--without-package'. To configure Bash without a feature -that is enabled by default, use `--disable-feature'. -

    - -Here is a complete list of the `--enable-' and -`--with-' options that the Bash configure recognizes. -

    - -

    -
    --with-afs -
    Define if you are using the Andrew File System from Transarc. -

    - -

    --with-bash-malloc -
    Use the Bash version of -malloc in the directory `lib/malloc'. This is not the same -malloc that appears in GNU libc, but an older version -originally derived from the 4.2 BSD malloc. This malloc +--without-package. To configure Bash without a feature +that is enabled by default, use --disable-feature. +

    +

    Here is a complete list of the --enable- and +--with- options that the Bash configure recognizes. +

    +
    +
    --with-afs
    +

    Define if you are using the Andrew File System from Transarc. +

    +
    +
    --with-bash-malloc
    +

    Use the Bash version of +malloc in the directory lib/malloc. This is not the same +malloc that appears in GNU libc, but an older version +originally derived from the 4.2 BSD malloc. This malloc is very fast, but wastes some space on each allocation. This option is enabled by default. -The `NOTES' file contains a list of systems for -which this should be turned off, and configure disables this +The NOTES file contains a list of systems for +which this should be turned off, and configure disables this option automatically for a number of systems. -

    - -

    --with-curses -
    Use the curses library instead of the termcap library. This should +

    +
    +
    --with-curses
    +

    Use the curses library instead of the termcap library. This should be supplied if your system has an inadequate or incomplete termcap database. -

    - -

    --with-gnu-malloc -
    A synonym for --with-bash-malloc. -

    - -

    --with-installed-readline[=PREFIX] -
    Define this to make Bash link with a locally-installed version of Readline -rather than the version in `lib/readline'. This works only with -Readline 5.0 and later versions. If PREFIX is yes or not -supplied, configure uses the values of the make variables -includedir and libdir, which are subdirectories of prefix +

    +
    +
    --with-gnu-malloc
    +

    A synonym for --with-bash-malloc. +

    +
    +
    --with-installed-readline[=PREFIX]
    +

    Define this to make Bash link with a locally-installed version of Readline +rather than the version in lib/readline. This works only with +Readline 5.0 and later versions. If PREFIX is yes or not +supplied, configure uses the values of the make variables +includedir and libdir, which are subdirectories of prefix by default, to find the installed version of Readline if it is not in the standard system include and library directories. -If PREFIX is no, Bash links with the version in -`lib/readline'. -If PREFIX is set to any other value, configure treats it as +If PREFIX is no, Bash links with the version in +lib/readline. +If PREFIX is set to any other value, configure treats it as a directory pathname and looks for the installed version of Readline in subdirectories of that directory -(include files in PREFIX/include and the library in -PREFIX/lib). -

    - -

    --with-purify -
    Define this to use the Purify memory allocation checker from Rational +(include files in PREFIX/include and the library in +PREFIX/lib). +

    +
    +
    --with-purify
    +

    Define this to use the Purify memory allocation checker from Rational Software. -

    - -

    --enable-minimal-config -
    This produces a shell with minimal features, close to the historical +

    +
    +
    --enable-minimal-config
    +

    This produces a shell with minimal features, close to the historical Bourne shell. -

    -

    +

    +
    -There are several `--enable-' options that alter how Bash is +

    There are several --enable- options that alter how Bash is compiled and linked, rather than changing run-time features. -

    - -

    -
    --enable-largefile -
    Enable support for large files if the operating system requires special compiler options +

    +
    +
    --enable-largefile
    +

    Enable support for large files if the operating system requires special compiler options to build programs which can access large files. This is enabled by default, if the operating system provides large file support. -

    - -

    --enable-profiling -
    This builds a Bash binary that produces profiling information to be -processed by gprof each time it is executed. -

    - -

    --enable-static-link -
    This causes Bash to be linked statically, if gcc is being used. -This could be used to build a version to use as root's shell. -
    -

    - -The `minimal-config' option can be used to disable all of +

    +
    +
    --enable-profiling
    +

    This builds a Bash binary that produces profiling information to be +processed by gprof each time it is executed. +

    +
    +
    --enable-static-link
    +

    This causes Bash to be linked statically, if gcc is being used. +This could be used to build a version to use as root’s shell. +

    +
    + +

    The ‘minimal-config’ option can be used to disable all of the following options, but it is processed first, so individual -options may be enabled using `enable-feature'. -

    - -All of the following options except for `disabled-builtins', -`directpand-default', and -`xpg-echo-default' are +options may be enabled using ‘enable-feature’. +

    +

    All of the following options except for ‘disabled-builtins’, +‘direxpand-default’, and +‘xpg-echo-default’ are enabled by default, unless the operating system does not provide the necessary support. -

    - -

    -
    --enable-alias -
    Allow alias expansion and include the alias and unalias -builtins (see section 6.6 Aliases). -

    - -

    --enable-arith-for-command -
    Include support for the alternate form of the for command -that behaves like the C language for statement -(see section 3.2.4.1 Looping Constructs). -

    - -

    --enable-array-variables -
    Include support for one-dimensional array shell variables -(see section 6.7 Arrays). -

    - -

    --enable-bang-history -
    Include support for csh-like history substitution -(see section 9.3 History Expansion). -

    - -

    --enable-brace-expansion -
    Include csh-like brace expansion -( b{a,b}c ==> bac bbc ). -See 3.5.1 Brace Expansion, for a complete description. -

    - -

    --enable-casemod-attributes -
    Include support for case-modifying attributes in the declare builtin -and assignment statements. Variables with the uppercase attribute, +

    +
    +
    --enable-alias
    +

    Allow alias expansion and include the alias and unalias +builtins (see Aliases). +

    +
    +
    --enable-arith-for-command
    +

    Include support for the alternate form of the for command +that behaves like the C language for statement +(see Looping Constructs). +

    +
    +
    --enable-array-variables
    +

    Include support for one-dimensional array shell variables +(see Arrays). +

    +
    +
    --enable-bang-history
    +

    Include support for csh-like history substitution +(see History Interaction). +

    +
    +
    --enable-brace-expansion
    +

    Include csh-like brace expansion +( b{a,b}c → bac bbc ). +See Brace Expansion, for a complete description. +

    +
    +
    --enable-casemod-attributes
    +

    Include support for case-modifying attributes in the declare builtin +and assignment statements. Variables with the uppercase attribute, for example, will have their values converted to uppercase upon assignment. -

    - -

    --enable-casemod-expansion -
    Include support for case-modifying word expansions. -

    - -

    --enable-command-timing -
    Include support for recognizing time as a reserved word and for -displaying timing statistics for the pipeline following time -(see section 3.2.2 Pipelines). +

    +
    +
    --enable-casemod-expansion
    +

    Include support for case-modifying word expansions. +

    +
    +
    --enable-command-timing
    +

    Include support for recognizing time as a reserved word and for +displaying timing statistics for the pipeline following time +(see Pipelines). This allows pipelines as well as shell builtins and functions to be timed. -

    - -

    --enable-cond-command -
    Include support for the [[ conditional command. -(see section 3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs). -

    - -

    --enable-cond-regexp -
    Include support for matching POSIX regular expressions using the -`=~' binary operator in the [[ conditional command. -(see section 3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs). -

    - -

    --enable-coprocesses -
    Include support for coprocesses and the coproc reserved word -(see section 3.2.2 Pipelines). -

    - -

    --enable-debugger -
    Include support for the bash debugger (distributed separately). -

    - -

    --enable-direxpand-default -
    Cause the direxpand shell option (see section 4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin) +

    +
    +
    --enable-cond-command
    +

    Include support for the [[ conditional command. +(see Conditional Constructs). +

    +
    +
    --enable-cond-regexp
    +

    Include support for matching POSIX regular expressions using the +‘=~’ binary operator in the [[ conditional command. +(see Conditional Constructs). +

    +
    +
    --enable-coprocesses
    +

    Include support for coprocesses and the coproc reserved word +(see Pipelines). +

    +
    +
    --enable-debugger
    +

    Include support for the bash debugger (distributed separately). +

    +
    +
    --enable-direxpand-default
    +

    Cause the direxpand shell option (see The Shopt Builtin) to be enabled by default when the shell starts. It is normally disabled by default. -

    - -

    --enable-directory-stack -
    Include support for a csh-like directory stack and the -pushd, popd, and dirs builtins -(see section 6.8 The Directory Stack). -

    - -

    --enable-disabled-builtins -
    Allow builtin commands to be invoked via `builtin xxx' -even after xxx has been disabled using `enable -n xxx'. -See 4.2 Bash Builtin Commands, for details of the builtin and -enable builtin commands. -

    - -

    --enable-dparen-arithmetic -
    Include support for the ((...)) command -(see section 3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs). -

    - -

    --enable-extended-glob -
    Include support for the extended pattern matching features described -above under 3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching. -

    - -

    --enable-extended-glob-default -
    Set the default value of the extglob shell option described -above under 4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin to be enabled. -

    - -

    --enable-glob-asciirange-default -
    Set the default value of the globasciiranges shell option described -above under 4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin to be enabled. +

    +
    +
    --enable-directory-stack
    +

    Include support for a csh-like directory stack and the +pushd, popd, and dirs builtins +(see The Directory Stack). +

    +
    +
    --enable-disabled-builtins
    +

    Allow builtin commands to be invoked via ‘builtin xxx’ +even after xxx has been disabled using ‘enable -n xxx’. +See Bash Builtins, for details of the builtin and +enable builtin commands. +

    +
    +
    --enable-dparen-arithmetic
    +

    Include support for the ((…)) command +(see Conditional Constructs). +

    +
    +
    --enable-extended-glob
    +

    Include support for the extended pattern matching features described +above under Pattern Matching. +

    +
    +
    --enable-extended-glob-default
    +

    Set the default value of the extglob shell option described +above under The Shopt Builtin to be enabled. +

    +
    +
    --enable-function-import
    +

    Include support for importing function definitions exported by another +instance of the shell from the environment. This option is enabled by +default. +

    +
    +
    --enable-glob-asciirange-default
    +

    Set the default value of the globasciiranges shell option described +above under The Shopt Builtin to be enabled. This controls the behavior of character ranges when used in pattern matching bracket expressions. -

    - -

    --enable-help-builtin -
    Include the help builtin, which displays help on shell builtins and -variables (see section 4.2 Bash Builtin Commands). -

    - -

    --enable-history -
    Include command history and the fc and history -builtin commands (see section 9.1 Bash History Facilities). -

    - -

    --enable-job-control -
    This enables the job control features (see section 7. Job Control), +

    +
    +
    --enable-help-builtin
    +

    Include the help builtin, which displays help on shell builtins and +variables (see Bash Builtins). +

    +
    +
    --enable-history
    +

    Include command history and the fc and history +builtin commands (see Bash History Facilities). +

    +
    +
    --enable-job-control
    +

    This enables the job control features (see Job Control), if the operating system supports them. -

    - -

    --enable-multibyte -
    This enables support for multibyte characters if the operating +

    +
    +
    --enable-multibyte
    +

    This enables support for multibyte characters if the operating system provides the necessary support. -

    - -

    --enable-net-redirections -
    This enables the special handling of filenames of the form -/dev/tcp/host/port and -/dev/udp/host/port -when used in redirections (see section 3.6 Redirections). -

    - -

    --enable-process-substitution -
    This enables process substitution (see section 3.5.6 Process Substitution) if +

    +
    +
    --enable-net-redirections
    +

    This enables the special handling of filenames of the form +/dev/tcp/host/port and +/dev/udp/host/port +when used in redirections (see Redirections). +

    +
    +
    --enable-process-substitution
    +

    This enables process substitution (see Process Substitution) if the operating system provides the necessary support. -

    - -

    --enable-progcomp -
    Enable the programmable completion facilities -(see section 8.6 Programmable Completion). +

    +
    +
    --enable-progcomp
    +

    Enable the programmable completion facilities +(see Programmable Completion). If Readline is not enabled, this option has no effect. -

    - -

    --enable-prompt-string-decoding -
    Turn on the interpretation of a number of backslash-escaped characters -in the $PS1, $PS2, $PS3, and $PS4 prompt -strings. See 6.9 Controlling the Prompt, for a complete list of prompt +

    +
    +
    --enable-prompt-string-decoding
    +

    Turn on the interpretation of a number of backslash-escaped characters +in the $PS1, $PS2, $PS3, and $PS4 prompt +strings. See Controlling the Prompt, for a complete list of prompt string escape sequences. -

    - -

    --enable-readline -
    Include support for command-line editing and history with the Bash -version of the Readline library (see section 8. Command Line Editing). -

    - -

    --enable-restricted -
    Include support for a restricted shell. If this is enabled, Bash, -when called as rbash, enters a restricted mode. See -6.10 The Restricted Shell, for a description of restricted mode. -

    - -

    --enable-select -
    Include the select compound command, which allows the generation of -simple menus (see section 3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs). -

    - -

    --enable-separate-helpfiles -
    Use external files for the documentation displayed by the help builtin +

    +
    +
    --enable-readline
    +

    Include support for command-line editing and history with the Bash +version of the Readline library (see Command Line Editing). +

    +
    +
    --enable-restricted
    +

    Include support for a restricted shell. If this is enabled, Bash, +when called as rbash, enters a restricted mode. See +The Restricted Shell, for a description of restricted mode. +

    +
    +
    --enable-select
    +

    Include the select compound command, which allows the generation of +simple menus (see Conditional Constructs). +

    +
    +
    --enable-separate-helpfiles
    +

    Use external files for the documentation displayed by the help builtin instead of storing the text internally. -

    - -

    --enable-single-help-strings -
    Store the text displayed by the help builtin as a single string for +

    +
    +
    --enable-single-help-strings
    +

    Store the text displayed by the help builtin as a single string for each help topic. This aids in translating the text to different languages. You may need to disable this if your compiler cannot handle very long string literals. -

    - -

    --enable-strict-posix-default -
    Make Bash POSIX-conformant by default (see section 6.11 Bash POSIX Mode). -

    - -

    --enable-usg-echo-default -
    A synonym for --enable-xpg-echo-default. -

    - -

    --enable-xpg-echo-default -
    Make the echo builtin expand backslash-escaped characters by default, -without requiring the `-e' option. -This sets the default value of the xpg_echo shell option to on, -which makes the Bash echo behave more like the version specified in +

    +
    +
    --enable-strict-posix-default
    +

    Make Bash POSIX-conformant by default (see Bash POSIX Mode). +

    +
    +
    --enable-usg-echo-default
    +

    A synonym for --enable-xpg-echo-default. +

    +
    +
    --enable-xpg-echo-default
    +

    Make the echo builtin expand backslash-escaped characters by default, +without requiring the -e option. +This sets the default value of the xpg_echo shell option to on, +which makes the Bash echo behave more like the version specified in the Single Unix Specification, version 3. -See section 4.2 Bash Builtin Commands, for a description of the escape sequences that -echo recognizes. -

    -

    - -The file `config-top.h' contains C Preprocessor -`#define' statements for options which are not settable from -configure. +See Bash Builtins, for a description of the escape sequences that +echo recognizes. +

    +
    + +

    The file config-top.h contains C Preprocessor +‘#define’ statements for options which are not settable from +configure. Some of these are not meant to be changed; beware of the consequences if you do. Read the comments associated with each definition for more information about its effect. -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    A. Reporting Bugs

    - -

    - -Please report all bugs you find in Bash. +

    +
    + +
    +

    +Next: , Previous: , Up: Top   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    Appendix A Reporting Bugs

    + +

    Please report all bugs you find in Bash. But first, you should make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest version of Bash. The latest version of Bash is always available for FTP from -ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/. -

    - -Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the -bashbug command to submit a bug report. +ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/. +

    +

    Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the +bashbug command to submit a bug report. If you have a fix, you are encouraged to mail that as well! -Suggestions and `philosophical' bug reports may be mailed -to bug-bash@gnu.org or posted to the Usenet -newsgroup gnu.bash.bug. -

    - -All bug reports should include: -

      -
    • -The version number of Bash. -
    • -The hardware and operating system. -
    • -The compiler used to compile Bash. -
    • -A description of the bug behaviour. -
    • -A short script or `recipe' which exercises the bug and may be used +Suggestions and ‘philosophical’ bug reports may be mailed +to bug-bash@gnu.org or posted to the Usenet +newsgroup gnu.bash.bug. +

      +

      All bug reports should include: +

        +
      • The version number of Bash. +
      • The hardware and operating system. +
      • The compiler used to compile Bash. +
      • A description of the bug behaviour. +
      • A short script or ‘recipe’ which exercises the bug and may be used to reproduce it. -
      -

      +

    -bashbug inserts the first three items automatically into +

    bashbug inserts the first three items automatically into the template it provides for filing a bug report. -

    - -Please send all reports concerning this manual to -bug-bash@gnu.org. -

    - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    [ < ][ > ]   [ << ][ Up ][ >> ]         [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ]
    -

    B. Major Differences From The Bourne Shell

    - -

    - -Bash implements essentially the same grammar, parameter and +

    +

    Please send all reports concerning this manual to +bug-bash@gnu.org. +

    +
    + +
    +

    +Next: , Previous: , Up: Top   [Contents][Index]

    +
    + +

    Appendix B Major Differences From The Bourne Shell

    + +

    Bash implements essentially the same grammar, parameter and variable expansion, redirection, and quoting as the Bourne Shell. -Bash uses the POSIX standard as the specification of +Bash uses the POSIX standard as the specification of how these features are to be implemented. There are some differences between the traditional Bourne shell and Bash; this section quickly details the differences of significance. A number of these differences are explained in greater depth in previous sections. -This section uses the version of sh included in SVR4.2 (the +This section uses the version of sh included in SVR4.2 (the last version of the historical Bourne shell) as the baseline reference. -

    - -

    @@ -316,7 +321,7 @@ be the name of a file containing shell commands. If bash -is invoked in this fashion, +is invoked in this fashion, $0 is set to the name of the file, and the positional parameters @@ -339,13 +344,14 @@ for the script. A login shell is one whose first character of argument zero is a -, -or one started with the +or one started with the --login option.

    An interactive shell is one started without non-option arguments +(unless -s is specified) and without the -c @@ -408,7 +414,8 @@ The option may be used when the shell is started to inhibit this behavior.

    -When a login shell exits, +When an interactive login shell exits, +or a non-interactive login shell executes the exit builtin command, bash reads and executes commands from the file ~/.bash_logout, if it @@ -584,7 +591,7 @@ The following definitions are used throughout the rest of this document.

    -
    blank +
    blank
    A space or tab. @@ -598,7 +605,7 @@ Also known as a
    name
    -A +A word consisting only of alphanumeric characters and underscores, and @@ -615,7 +622,7 @@ A character that, when unquoted, separates words. One of the following:

    -| & ; ( ) < > space tab +| & ; ( ) < > space tab newline

    @@ -631,7 +638,7 @@ symbols:

    -|| & && ; ;; ( ) | |& <newline> +|| & && ; ;; ;& ;;& ( ) | |& <newline>

    @@ -646,8 +653,8 @@ the first word of a simple command (see SHELL GRAMMAR -below) or the third word of a -case +below) or the third word of a +case or for @@ -831,7 +838,7 @@ command to terminate in turn. The return status is the exit status of the last command executed.

    -AND and OR lists are sequences of one of more pipelines separated by the +AND and OR lists are sequences of one or more pipelines separated by the && and || control operators, respectively. AND and OR lists are executed with left associativity. An AND list has the form @@ -936,10 +943,10 @@ right of the operator is considered a pattern and matched according to the rules described below under Pattern Matching, as if the extglob shell option were enabled. The = operator is equivalent to ==. -If the shell option +If the nocasematch -is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case +shell option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. The return value is 0 if the string matches (==) or does not match (!=) the pattern, and 1 otherwise. @@ -951,15 +958,15 @@ to be matched as a string. An additional binary operator, =~, is available, with the same precedence as == and !=. When it is used, the string to the right of the operator is considered -an extended regular expression and matched accordingly (as in regex(3)). +an extended regular expression and matched accordingly (as in regex(3)). The return value is 0 if the string matches the pattern, and 1 otherwise. If the regular expression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional expression's return value is 2. -If the shell option +If the nocasematch -is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case +shell option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force the quoted portion to be matched as a string. @@ -1109,15 +1116,15 @@ as for pathname expansion (see below). The word is expanded using tilde -expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic substitution, +expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command substitution, process substitution and quote removal. Each pattern examined is expanded using tilde -expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic substitution, +expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command substitution, and process substitution. -If the shell option +If the nocasematch -is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case +shell option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. When a match is found, the corresponding list is executed. If the ;; operator is used, no subsequent matches are attempted after @@ -1132,7 +1139,7 @@ pattern matches. Otherwise, it is the exit status of the last command executed in list.

    if list; then list; [ elif list; then list; ] ... [ else list; ] fi
    The -if +if list @@ -1150,7 +1157,7 @@ last command executed, or zero if no condition tested true. The while command continuously executes the list list-2 as long as the last command in the list list-1 returns an exit status of zero. The until command is identical -to the while command, except that the test is negated; +to the while command, except that the test is negated: list-2 is executed as long as the last command in @@ -1237,11 +1244,13 @@ This defines a function named name. The reserved word function is optional. If the function reserved word is supplied, the parentheses are optional. The body of the function is the compound command -compound-command +compound-command (see Compound Commands above). That command is usually a list of commands between { and }, but -may be any command listed under Compound Commands above. +may be any command listed under Compound Commands above, +with one exception: If the function reserved word is used, but the +parentheses are not supplied, the braces are required. compound-command is executed whenever name is specified as the name of a simple command. When in posix mode, name may not be the name of one of the @@ -1289,7 +1298,7 @@ option is on by default in interactive shells.

    QUOTING

    Quoting is used to remove the special meaning of certain -characters or words to the shell. Quoting can be used to +characters or words to the shell. Quoting can be used to disable special treatment for special characters, to prevent reserved words from being recognized as such, and to prevent parameter expansion. @@ -1345,6 +1354,8 @@ of all characters within the quotes, with the exception of and, when history expansion is enabled, !. +When the shell is in posix mode, the ! has no special meaning +within double quotes, even when history expansion is enabled. The characters $ @@ -1444,6 +1455,10 @@ single quote
    double quote +
    \? + +
    +question mark
    \nnn
    @@ -1581,7 +1596,7 @@ Assignment statements may also appear as arguments to the and local -builtin commands. +builtin commands (declaration commands). When in posix mode, these builtins may appear in a command after one or more instances of the command builtin and retain these assignment statement properties. @@ -1590,6 +1605,8 @@ assignment statement properties. In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value to a shell variable or array index, the += operator can be used to append to or add to the variable's previous value. +This includes arguments to builtin commands such as declare that +accept assignment statements (declaration commands). When += is applied to a variable for which the integer attribute has been set, value is evaluated as an arithmetic expression and added to the variable's current value, which is also evaluated. @@ -1610,9 +1627,11 @@ A variable can be assigned the nameref attribute using the (see the descriptions of declare and local below) to create a nameref, or a reference to another variable. This allows variables to be manipulated indirectly. -Whenever the nameref variable is referenced or assigned to, the operation -is actually performed on the variable specified by the nameref variable's -value. +Whenever the nameref variable is referenced, assigned to, unset, or has +its attributes modified (other than using or changing the nameref +attribute itself), the +operation is actually performed on the variable specified by the nameref +variable's value. A nameref is commonly used within shell functions to refer to a variable whose name is passed as an argument to the function. For instance, if a variable name is passed to a shell function as its first @@ -1626,13 +1645,14 @@ argument, running

    inside the function creates a nameref variable ref whose value is the variable name passed as the first argument. -References and assignments to ref are treated as references and -assignments to the variable whose name was passed as $1. +References and assignments to ref, and changes to its attributes, +are treated as references, assignments, and attribute modifications +to the variable whose name was passed as $1. If the control variable in a for loop has the nameref attribute, the list of words can be a list of shell variables, and a name reference will be established for each word in the list, in turn, when the loop is executed. -Array variables cannot be given the -n attribute. +Array variables cannot be given the nameref attribute. However, nameref variables can reference array variables and subscripted array variables. Namerefs can be unset using the -n option to the unset builtin. @@ -1685,8 +1705,7 @@ expands to a separate word. In contexts where it is performed, those words are subject to further word splitting and pathname expansion. When the expansion occurs within double quotes, it expands to a single word -with the value of each parameter separated by the first character -of the +with the value of each parameter separated by the first character of the IFS @@ -1719,7 +1738,7 @@ If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the original word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last part of the original word. -When there are no positional parameters, "$@" and +When there are no positional parameters, "$@" and $@ expand to nothing (i.e., they are removed). @@ -1854,8 +1873,14 @@ that do not require bash to be re-initialized.

    An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal list of aliases as maintained by the alias builtin. -Elements added to this array appear in the alias list; unsetting array -elements cause aliases to be removed from the alias list. +Elements added to this array appear in the alias list; however, +unsetting array elements currently does not cause aliases to be removed +from the alias list. +If +BASH_ALIASES + +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset.
    BASH_ARGC
    @@ -1907,8 +1932,14 @@ builtin below)
    An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal hash table of commands as maintained by the hash builtin. -Elements added to this array appear in the hash table; unsetting array -elements cause commands to be removed from the hash table. +Elements added to this array appear in the hash table; however, +unsetting array elements currently does not cause command names to be removed +from the hash table. +If +BASH_CMDS + +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset.
    BASH_COMMAND
    @@ -1938,6 +1969,14 @@ Use to obtain the current line number. +
    BASH_LOADABLES_PATH + +
    +A colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks for +dynamically loadable builtins specified by the +enable + +command.
    BASH_REMATCH
    @@ -2136,7 +2175,7 @@ Assignments to FUNCNAME -have no effect and return an error status. +have no effect. If FUNCNAME @@ -2159,11 +2198,11 @@ information.
    An array variable containing the list of groups of which the current user is a member. -Assignments to +Assignments to GROUPS -have no effect and return an error status. +have no effect. If GROUPS @@ -2336,7 +2375,7 @@ builtin command when no arguments are supplied.
    Each time this parameter is referenced, the number of seconds since shell invocation is returned. If a -value is assigned to +value is assigned to SECONDS, @@ -2524,6 +2563,22 @@ Similar to used when the shell is invoked in POSIX mode. +
    EXECIGNORE + +
    +A colon-separated list of shell patterns (see Pattern Matching) +defining the list of filenames to be ignored by command search using +PATH. +Files whose full pathnames match one of these patterns are not considered +executable files for the purposes of completion and command execution +via PATH lookup. +This does not affect the behavior of the [, test, and [[ +commands. +Full pathnames in the command hash table are not subject to EXECIGNORE. +Use this variable to ignore shared library files that have the executable +bit set, but are not executable files. +The pattern matching honors the setting of the extglob shell +option.
    FCEDIT
    @@ -2577,7 +2632,7 @@ lines which begin with a space character are not saved in the history list. -A value of +A value of ignoredups causes lines matching the previous history entry to not be saved. @@ -2648,6 +2703,8 @@ not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of HISTIGNORE. +The pattern matching honors the setting of the extglob shell +option.
    HISTSIZE
    @@ -2794,6 +2851,11 @@ strings preceded by a $.
    This variable determines the locale category used for number formatting. +
    LC_TIME + +
    +This variable determines the locale category used for data and time +formatting.
    LINES
    @@ -2832,11 +2894,11 @@ greater than or equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking.
    MAILPATH
    -A colon-separated list of filenames to be checked for mail. +A colon-separated list of filenames to be checked for mail. The message to be printed when mail arrives in a particular file may be specified by separating the filename from the message with a `?'. When used in the text of the message, $_ expands to the name of -the current mailfile. +the current mailfile. Example:

    @@ -2846,7 +2908,9 @@ Example: Bash -supplies a default value for this variable, but the location of the user +can be configured to supply +a default value for this variable (there is no value by default), +but the location of the user mail files that it uses is system dependent (e.g., /var/mail/$USER).

    @@ -2891,8 +2955,10 @@ and is set by the administrator who installs bash. A common value is + /usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin. +
    POSIXLY_CORRECT
    @@ -2920,6 +2986,15 @@ trailing directory components to retain when expanding the \w and below). Characters removed are replaced with an ellipsis. +
    PS0 + +
    +The value of this parameter is expanded (see +PROMPTING + + +below) and displayed by interactive shells after reading a command +and before the command is executed.
    PS1
    @@ -3128,7 +3203,7 @@ There is no maximum limit on the size of an array, nor any requirement that members be indexed or assigned contiguously. Indexed arrays are referenced using integers (including arithmetic -expressions) and are zero-based; associative arrays are referenced +expressions) and are zero-based; associative arrays are referenced using arbitrary strings. Unless otherwise noted, indexed array indices must be non-negative integers.

    @@ -3219,18 +3294,24 @@ of the special parameters * and @ (see above). ${#name[subscript]} expands to the length of ${name[subscript]}. If subscript is * or @, the expansion is the number of elements in the array. -Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to -referencing the array with a subscript of 0. If the subscript used to reference an element of an indexed array -evaluates to a number less than zero, it is +evaluates to a number less than zero, it is interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of the array, so negative indices count back from the end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last element.

    +Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to +referencing the array with a subscript of 0. +Any reference to a variable using a valid subscript is legal, and +bash + +will create an array if necessary. +

    + An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a value. The null string is a valid value.

    @@ -3270,7 +3351,7 @@ option to specify an indexed array and a -A option to specify an associative array. -If both options are supplied, +If both options are supplied, -A takes precedence. @@ -3326,6 +3407,11 @@ same time as tilde, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and command substitution.

    +After these expansions are performed, quote characters present in the +original word are removed unless they have been quoted themselves +(quote removal). +

    + Only brace expansion, word splitting, and pathname expansion can change the number of words of the expansion; other expansions expand a single word to a single word. @@ -3447,7 +3533,7 @@ is desired, start bash with the -+B ++B option or disable brace expansion with the +B @@ -3570,12 +3656,16 @@ The parameter is a shell parameter as described above

    If the first character of parameter is an exclamation point (!), +and parameter is not a nameref, it introduces a level of variable indirection. Bash uses the value of the variable formed from the rest of parameter as the name of the variable; this variable is then expanded and that value is used in the rest of the substitution, rather than the value of parameter itself. This is known as indirect expansion. +If parameter is a nameref, this expands to the name of the +variable referenced by parameter instead of performing the +complete indirect expansion. The exceptions to this are the expansions of ${!prefix*} and ${!name[@]} described below. The exclamation point must immediately follow the left brace in order to @@ -3691,7 +3781,7 @@ zero. Substring expansion applied to an associative array produces undefined results.

    -Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parameters +Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parameters are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by default. If offset is 0, and the positional parameters are used, $0 is prefixed to the list. @@ -3728,7 +3818,7 @@ If is * -or +or @, the value substituted is the number of positional parameters. @@ -3754,7 +3844,7 @@ array, and an index of -1 references the last element.

    ${parameter##word}
    Remove matching prefix pattern. -The +The word is expanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname @@ -3840,6 +3930,11 @@ If pattern begins with %, it must match at the end of the expanded value of parameter. If string is null, matches of pattern are deleted and the / following pattern may be omitted. +If the +nocasematch + +shell option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case +of alphabetic characters. If parameter @@ -3905,6 +4000,72 @@ or the case modification operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +
    ${parameter@operator}
    +Parameter transformation. +The expansion is either a transformation of the value of parameter +or information about parameter itself, depending on the value of +operator. Each operator is a single letter: +

    +

    + +
    +
    Q + +
    +The expansion is a string that is the value of parameter quoted in a +format that can be reused as input. +
    E + +
    +The expansion is a string that is the value of parameter with backslash +escape sequences expanded as with the $'...' quoting mechansim. +
    P + +
    +The expansion is a string that is the result of expanding the value of +parameter as if it were a prompt string (see PROMPTING below). +
    A + +
    +The expansion is a string in the form of +an assignment statement or declare command that, if +evaluated, will recreate parameter with its attributes and value. +
    a + +
    +The expansion is a string consisting of flag values representing +parameter's attributes. + +
    +

    + +If +parameter + +is +@ + +or +*, + +the operation is applied to each positional +parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +If +parameter + +is an array variable subscripted with +@ + +or +*, + +the case modification operation is applied to each member of the +array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +

    +The result of the expansion is subject to word splitting and pathname +expansion as described below. +

    +
     

    Command Substitution

    @@ -3928,8 +4089,8 @@ or Bash -performs the expansion by executing command and -replacing the command substitution with the standard output of the +performs the expansion by executing command in a subshell environment +and replacing the command substitution with the standard output of the command, with any trailing newlines deleted. Embedded newlines are not deleted, but they may be removed during word splitting. @@ -4000,23 +4161,27 @@ prints a message indicating failure and no substitution occurs.

    -Process substitution is supported on systems that support named -pipes (FIFOs) or the /dev/fd method of naming open files. +Process substitution allows a process's input or output to be +referred to using a filename. It takes the form of <(list) or >(list). -The process list is run with its input or output connected to a -FIFO or some file in /dev/fd. The name of this file is +The process list is run asynchronously, and its input or output +appears as a filename. +This filename is passed as an argument to the current command as the result of the -expansion. If the >(list) form is used, writing to +expansion. +If the >(list) form is used, writing to the file will provide input for list. If the <(list) form is used, the file passed as an argument should be read to obtain the output of list. +Process substitution is supported on systems that support named +pipes (FIFOs) or the /dev/fd method of naming open files.

    When available, process substitution is performed -simultaneously with parameter and variable expansion, +simultaneously with parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion.   @@ -4070,10 +4235,12 @@ If has a value other than the default, then sequences of the whitespace characters -space +space, + +tab, and -tab +newline are ignored at the beginning and end of the word, as long as the whitespace character is in the @@ -4111,11 +4278,18 @@ If the value of is null, no word splitting occurs.

    -Explicit null arguments ("" or aqaq) are retained. +Explicit null arguments ("" or aqaq) are retained +and passed to commands as empty strings. Unquoted implicit null arguments, resulting from the expansion of parameters that have no values, are removed. If a parameter with no value is expanded within double quotes, a -null argument results and is retained. +null argument results and is retained +and passed to a command as an empty string. +When a quoted null argument appears as part of a word whose expansion is +non-null, the null argument is removed. +That is, the word +-daqaq becomes -d after word splitting and +null argument removal.

    Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting @@ -4156,7 +4330,7 @@ and the shell option nullglob is not enabled, the word is left unchanged. -If the +If the nullglob option is set, and no matches are found, @@ -4222,6 +4396,11 @@ is set, each matching filename that also matches one of the patterns in is removed from the list of matches. +If the nocaseglob option is set, the matching against the patterns in +GLOBIGNORE + + +is performed without regard to case. The filenames ``.'' @@ -4261,6 +4440,8 @@ option is disabled when is unset. +The pattern matching honors the setting of the extglob shell +option.

    Pattern Matching @@ -4338,7 +4519,7 @@ or enable the globasciiranges shell option. -A +A - may be matched by including it as the first or last character @@ -4382,7 +4563,7 @@ The word character class matches letters, digits, and the character _. Within [ -and +and ], an equivalence class can be specified using the syntax @@ -4397,7 +4578,7 @@ the character c. Within [ -and +and ], the syntax [.symbol.] matches the collating symbol @@ -4503,7 +4684,7 @@ If it expands to more than one word, reports an error.

    -Note that the order of redirections is significant. For example, +Note that the order of redirections is significant. For example, the command

    @@ -4513,7 +4694,7 @@ ls > dirlist 2>&1

    -directs both standard output and standard error to the file +directs both standard output and standard error to the file dirlist, while the command @@ -4535,7 +4716,10 @@ before the standard output was redirected to

    Bash handles several filenames specially when they are used in -redirections, as described in the following table: +redirections, as described in the following table. +If the operating system on which bash is running provides these +special files, bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them +internally with the behavior described below.

    @@ -4775,7 +4959,7 @@ current source until a line containing only (with no trailing blanks) is seen. All of the lines read up to that point are then used as the standard -input for a command. +input (or file descriptor n if n is specified) for a command.

    The format of here-documents is: @@ -4783,7 +4967,7 @@ The format of here-documents is: 

    -<<[-]word
+[n]<<[-]word
         here-document
 delimiter
    @@ -4796,10 +4980,10 @@ No parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, or pathname expansion is performed on word. -If any characters in +If any part of word -are quoted, the +is quoted, the delimiter is the result of quote removal on @@ -4843,7 +5027,7 @@ A variant of here documents, the format is: 

    -<<<word
+[n]<<<word
    @@ -4854,8 +5038,9 @@ The word undergoes brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal. Pathname expansion and word splitting are not performed. -The result is supplied as a single string to the command on its -standard input. +The result is supplied as a single string, with a newline appended, +to the command on its +standard input (or file descriptor n if n is specified).  

    Duplicating File Descriptors

    @@ -5076,7 +5261,7 @@ on that line are not affected by the new alias. This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed. Aliases are expanded when a function definition is read, not when the function is executed, because a function definition -is itself a compound command. As a consequence, aliases +is itself a command. As a consequence, aliases defined in a function are not available until after that function is executed. To be safe, always put alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use @@ -5118,7 +5303,7 @@ is executing. All other aspects of the shell execution environment are identical between a function and its caller -with these exceptions: the +with these exceptions: the DEBUG @@ -5227,7 +5412,7 @@ By default, no limit is imposed on the number of recursive calls. The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, under certain circumstances (see the let and declare builtin -commands and Arithmetic Expansion). +commands, the (( compound command, and Arithmetic Expansion). Evaluation is done in fixed-width integers with no check for overflow, though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as an error. The operators and their precedence, associativity, and values @@ -5336,7 +5521,7 @@ is a decimal number between 2 and 64 representing the arithmetic base, and n is a number in that base. If base# is omitted, then base 10 is used. When specifying n, -the digits greater< than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters, +the digits greater than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters, the uppercase letters, @, and _, in that order. If base is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and uppercase letters may be used interchangeably to represent numbers between 10 @@ -5353,6 +5538,11 @@ Conditional expressions are used by the [[ compound command and the test and [ builtin commands to test file attributes and perform string and arithmetic comparisons. Expressions are formed from the following unary or binary primaries. +Bash handles several filenames specially when they are used in +expressions. +If the operating system on which bash is running provides these +special files, bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them +internally with this behavior: If any file argument to one of the primaries is of the form /dev/fd/n, then file descriptor n is checked. If the file argument to one of the primaries is one of @@ -5679,7 +5869,7 @@ If the program is a file beginning with the remainder of the first line specifies an interpreter for the program. The shell executes the specified interpreter on operating systems that do not -handle this executable format themselves. The arguments to the +handle this executable format themselves. The arguments to the interpreter consist of a single optional argument following the interpreter name on the first line of the program, followed by the name of the program, followed by the command @@ -5747,7 +5937,7 @@ shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored

    A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the -shell's execution environment. +shell's execution environment.

    Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, @@ -5776,7 +5966,7 @@ When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings called the environment. -This is a list of +This is a list of name-value pairs, of the form name=value. @@ -5825,7 +6015,7 @@ These assignment statements affect only the environment seen by that command.

    -If the +If the -k option is set (see the @@ -5855,12 +6045,12 @@ The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the waitpid system call or equivalent function. Exit statuses fall between 0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may use values above 125 specially. Exit statuses from shell builtins and -compound commands are also limited to this range. Under certain +compound commands are also limited to this range. Under certain circumstances, the shell will use special values to indicate specific failure modes.

    -For the shell's purposes, a command which exits with a +For the shell's purposes, a command which exits with a zero exit status has succeeded. An exit status of zero indicates success. A non-zero exit status indicates failure. When a command terminates on a fatal signal N, bash uses @@ -5878,8 +6068,9 @@ the exit status is greater than zero. Shell builtin commands return a status of 0 (true) if successful, and non-zero (false) if an error occurs -while they execute. -All builtins return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage. +while they execute. +All builtins return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage, +generally invalid options or missing arguments.

    Bash itself returns the exit status of the last command @@ -5964,14 +6155,14 @@ to ensure that they receive the To prevent the shell from sending the signal to a particular job, it should be removed from the -jobs table with the +jobs table with the disown builtin (see SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS -below) or marked +below) or marked to not receive SIGHUP @@ -5989,7 +6180,7 @@ shell option has been set with bash -sends a +sends a SIGHUP @@ -5998,7 +6189,7 @@ to all jobs when an interactive login shell exits. If bash is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal for which a trap has been set, the trap will not be executed until -the command completes. +the command completes. When bash is waiting for an asynchronous command via the wait builtin, the reception of a signal for which a trap has been set will cause the wait builtin to return immediately with an exit status @@ -6070,7 +6261,7 @@ user so specifies with stty tostop, write to the terminal. Background processes which attempt to read from (write to when stty tostop is in effect) the -terminal are sent a +terminal are sent a SIGTTIN (SIGTTOU) @@ -6093,7 +6284,7 @@ character (typically ^Z, Control-Z) while a process is running -causes that process to be stopped and returns control to +causes that process to be stopped and returns control to bash. Typing the @@ -6163,7 +6354,7 @@ refer to the shell's notion of the which is the last job stopped while it was in the foreground or started in the background. -The +The previous job may be referenced using @@ -6204,7 +6395,7 @@ Normally, waits until it is about to print a prompt before reporting changes in a job's status so as to not interrupt -any other output. If the +any other output. If the -b option to the @@ -6232,14 +6423,14 @@ jobs and their statuses. The jobs -command may then be used to inspect their status. +command may then be used to inspect their status. If a second attempt to exit is made without an intervening command, the shell does not print another warning, and any stopped jobs are terminated.  

    PROMPTING

    -When executing interactively, +When executing interactively, bash displays the primary prompt @@ -6253,6 +6444,12 @@ when it is ready to read a command, and the secondary prompt when it needs more input to complete a command. Bash +displays +PS0 + +after it reads a command but before executing it. +Bash + allows these prompt strings to be customized by inserting a number of backslash-escaped special characters that are decoded as follows:
    @@ -6460,11 +6657,11 @@ builtin. In this section, the Emacs-style notation is used to denote keystrokes. Control keys are denoted by C-key, e.g., C-n -means Control-N. Similarly, +means Control-N. Similarly, meta keys are denoted by M-key, so M-x means Meta-X. (On keyboards -without a +without a meta key, M-x means ESC x, i.e., press the Escape key @@ -6487,7 +6684,7 @@ which normally act as a repeat count. Sometimes, however, it is the sign of the argument that is significant. Passing a negative argument to a command that acts in the forward direction (e.g., kill-line) causes that command to act in a -backward direction. +backward direction. Commands whose behavior with arguments deviates from this are noted below.

    @@ -6496,7 +6693,7 @@ When a command is described as killing text, the text deleted is saved for possible future retrieval (yanking). The killed text is saved in a kill ring. Consecutive kills cause the text to be -accumulated into one unit, which can be yanked all at once. +accumulated into one unit, which can be yanked all at once. Commands which do not kill text separate the chunks of text on the kill ring.   @@ -6525,7 +6722,7 @@ Other lines denote key bindings and variable settings.

    The default key-bindings may be changed with an -inputrc +inputrc file. Other programs that use this library may add their own commands @@ -6544,7 +6741,7 @@ or C-Meta-u: universal-argument

    -into the +into the inputrc would make M-C-u execute the readline command @@ -6588,7 +6785,7 @@ The syntax for controlling key bindings in the file is simple. All that is required is the name of the command or the text of a macro and a key sequence to which -it should be bound. The name may be specified in one of two ways: +it should be bound. The name may be specified in one of two ways: as a symbolic key name, possibly with Meta- or Control- prefixes, or as a key sequence.

    @@ -6666,7 +6863,7 @@ is again bound to the function is bound to the function re-read-init-file, -and +and ESC [ 1 1 ~ is bound to insert the text @@ -6832,11 +7029,23 @@ If set to audible, readline attempts to ring the terminal's bell. If set to On, readline attempts to bind the control characters treated specially by the kernel's terminal driver to their readline equivalents. +

    blink-matching-paren (Off) + +
    +If set to On, readline attempts to briefly move the cursor to an +opening parenthesis when a closing parenthesis is inserted. +
    colored-completion-prefix (Off) + +
    +If set to On, when listing completions, readline displays the +common prefix of the set of possible completions using a different color. +The color definitions are taken from the value of the LS_COLORS +environment variable.
    colored-stats (Off)
    If set to On, readline displays possible completions using different -colors to indicate their file type. +colors to indicate their file type. The color definitions are taken from the value of the LS_COLORS environment variable.
    comment-begin (``#'') @@ -6853,11 +7062,26 @@ in emacs mode and to # in vi command mode. +
    completion-display-width (-1) + +
    +The number of screen columns used to display possible matches +when performing completion. +The value is ignored if it is less than 0 or greater than the terminal +screen width. +A value of 0 will cause matches to be displayed one per line. +The default value is -1.
    completion-ignore-case (Off)
    If set to On, readline performs filename matching and completion in a case-insensitive fashion. +
    completion-map-case (Off) + +
    +If set to On, and completion-ignore-case is enabled, readline +treats hyphens (-) and underscores (_) as equivalent when +performing case-insensitive filename matching and completion.
    completion-prefix-display-length (0)
    @@ -6883,12 +7107,20 @@ If set to On, readline will convert characters with the eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by stripping the eighth bit and prefixing an escape character (in effect, using escape as the meta prefix). +The default is On, but readline will set it to Off if the +locale contains eight-bit characters.
    disable-completion (Off)
    If set to On, readline will inhibit word completion. Completion characters will be inserted into the line as if they had been mapped to self-insert. +
    echo-control-characters (On) + +
    +When set to On, on operating systems that indicate they support it, +readline echoes a character corresponding to a signal generated from the +keyboard.
    editing-mode (emacs)
    @@ -6902,12 +7134,14 @@ can be set to either or vi. -
    echo-control-characters (On) +
    enable-bracketed-paste (Off)
    -When set to On, on operating systems that indicate they support it, -readline echoes a character corresponding to a signal generated from the -keyboard. +When set to On, readline will configure the terminal in a way +that will enable it to insert each paste into the editing buffer as a +single string of characters, instead of treating each character as if +it had been read from the keyboard. This can prevent pasted characters +from being interpreted as editing commands.
    enable-keypad (Off)
    @@ -6931,7 +7165,7 @@ attempts word completion. If set to On, the history code attempts to place point at the same location on each history line retrieved with previous-history or next-history. -
    history-size (0) +
    history-size (unset)
    Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history list. @@ -6939,7 +7173,10 @@ If set to zero, any existing history entries are deleted and no new entries are saved. If set to a value less than zero, the number of history entries is not limited. -By default, the number of history entries is not limited. +By default, the number of history entries is set to the value of the +HISTSIZE shell variable. +If an attempt is made to set history-size to a non-numeric value, +the maximum number of history entries will be set to 500.
    horizontal-scroll-mode (Off)
    @@ -6950,11 +7187,13 @@ becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a new line.
    If set to On, readline will enable eight-bit input (that is, -it will not strip the high bit from the characters it reads), +it will not strip the eighth bit from the characters it reads), regardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The name meta-flag is a synonym for this variable. +The default is Off, but readline will set it to On if the +locale contains eight-bit characters.
    isearch-terminators (``C-[C-J'')
    @@ -6978,6 +7217,16 @@ the value of editing-mode also affects the default keymap. +
    emacs-mode-string (@) + +
    +This string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary +prompt when emacs editing mode is active. The value is expanded like a +key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and +backslash escape sequences is available. +Use the \1 and \2 escapes to begin and end sequences of +non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control +sequence into the mode string.
    keyseq-timeout (500)
    @@ -7012,7 +7261,7 @@ have a slash appended (subject to the value of
    This variable, when set to On, causes readline to match files whose -names begin with a `.' (hidden files) when performing filename +names begin with a `.' (hidden files) when performing filename completion. If set to Off, the leading `.' must be supplied by the user in the filename to be completed. @@ -7028,6 +7277,8 @@ the list. If set to On, readline will display characters with the eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape sequence. +The default is Off, but readline will set it to On if the +locale contains eight-bit characters.
    page-completions (On)
    @@ -7041,7 +7292,7 @@ sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the screen.
    revert-all-at-newline (Off)
    -If set to On, readline will undo all changes to history lines +If set to On, readline will undo all changes to history lines before returning when accept-line is executed. By default, history lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists across calls to readline. @@ -7081,6 +7332,28 @@ performing completion in the middle of a word. If enabled, readline does not insert characters from the completion that match characters after point in the word being completed, so portions of the word following the cursor are not duplicated. +
    vi-cmd-mode-string ((cmd)) + +
    +This string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary +prompt when vi editing mode is active and in command mode. +The value is expanded like a +key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and +backslash escape sequences is available. +Use the \1 and \2 escapes to begin and end sequences of +non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control +sequence into the mode string. +
    vi-ins-mode-string ((ins)) + +
    +This string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary +prompt when vi editing mode is active and in insertion mode. +The value is expanded like a +key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and +backslash escape sequences is available. +Use the \1 and \2 escapes to begin and end sequences of +non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control +sequence into the mode string.
    visible-stats (Off)
    @@ -7100,7 +7373,7 @@ bindings and variable settings to be performed as the result of tests. There are four parser directives used.
    $if
    -The +The $if construct allows bindings to be made based on the @@ -7122,7 +7395,7 @@ key bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by the terminal's function keys. The word on the right side of the = -is tested against the both full name of the terminal and the portion +is tested against both the full name of the terminal and the portion of the terminal name before the first -. This allows sun @@ -7518,7 +7791,7 @@ Negative arguments have no effect. Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving point over that word as well. If point is at the end of the line, this transposes -the last two words on the line. +the last two words on the line.
    upcase-word (M-u)
    @@ -7542,7 +7815,7 @@ switches to overwrite mode. With an explicit non-positive numeric argument, switches to insert mode. This command affects only emacs mode; vi mode does overwrite differently. Each call to readline() starts in insert mode. -In overwrite mode, characters bound to self-insert replace +In overwrite mode, characters bound to self-insert replace the text at point rather than pushing the text to the right. Characters bound to backward-delete-char replace the character before point with a space. By default, this command is unbound. @@ -7573,7 +7846,7 @@ The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
    Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is. -
    kill-word (M-d) +
    kill-word (M-d)
    Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between @@ -7584,13 +7857,13 @@ Word boundaries are the same as those used by forward-word.
    Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as those used by backward-word. -
    shell-kill-word (M-d) +
    shell-kill-word
    Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the same as those used by shell-forward-word. -
    shell-backward-kill-word (M-Rubout) +
    shell-backward-kill-word
    Kill the word behind point. @@ -7666,7 +7939,7 @@ If the command is followed by digits, executing again ends the numeric argument, but is otherwise ignored. As a special case, if this command is immediately followed by a -character that is neither a digit or minus sign, the argument count +character that is neither a digit nor minus sign, the argument count for the next command is multiplied by four. The argument count is initially one, so executing this function the first time makes the argument count four, a second time makes the @@ -7920,10 +8193,10 @@ Without a numeric argument, the value of the readline comment-begin variable is inserted at the beginning of the current line. -If a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if +If a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if the characters at the beginning of the line do not match the value of comment-begin, the value is inserted, otherwise -the characters in comment-begin are deleted from the beginning of +the characters in comment-begin are deleted from the beginning of the line. In either case, the line is accepted as if a newline had been typed. The default value of @@ -8059,7 +8332,7 @@ Shell quoting is honored. Each word is then expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, -as described above under +as described above under EXPANSION. @@ -8087,7 +8360,7 @@ and variables are assigned values as described above under Shell Variables. -If a shell function is being invoked, the +If a shell function is being invoked, the COMP_WORDS @@ -8133,6 +8406,11 @@ is removed before attempting a match. Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list. A leading ! negates the pattern; in this case any completion not matching the pattern will be removed. +If the +nocasematch + +shell option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case +of alphabetic characters.

    Finally, any prefix and suffix specified with the -P and -S @@ -8166,7 +8444,7 @@ generate no matches. When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired, the programmable completion functions force readline to append a slash -to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to +to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to the value of the mark-directories readline variable, regardless of the setting of the mark-symlinked-directories readline variable.

    @@ -8414,7 +8692,9 @@ quotes are considered one word. History expansions are introduced by the appearance of the history expansion character, which is ! by default. Only backslash (\) and single quotes can quote -the history expansion character. +the history expansion character, but the history expansion character is +also treated as quoted if it immediately precedes the closing double quote +in a double-quoted string.

    Several characters inhibit history expansion if found immediately @@ -8563,7 +8843,7 @@ The entire command line typed so far.

    Word designators are used to select desired words from the event. -A +A : separates the event specification from the word designator. @@ -8757,7 +9037,8 @@ accepts to signify the end of the options. The :, true, false, and test builtins do not accept options and do not treat -- specially. -The exit, logout, break, continue, let, +The exit, logout, return, +break, continue, let, and shift builtins accept and process arguments beginning with - without requiring --. Other builtins that accept arguments but are not specified as accepting @@ -8772,7 +9053,8 @@ No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding arguments and performing any specified -redirections. A zero exit code is returned. +redirections. +The return status is zero.

    . filename [arguments]
    source filename [arguments]
    @@ -8819,6 +9101,12 @@ is not searched. If any arguments are supplied, they become the positional parameters when filename is executed. Otherwise the positional parameters are unchanged. +If the -T option is enabled, source inherits any trap on +DEBUG; if it is not, any DEBUG trap string is saved and +restored around the call to source, and source unsets the +DEBUG trap while it executes. +If -T is not set, and the sourced file changes +the DEBUG trap, the new value is retained when source completes. The return status is the status of the last command exited within the script (0 if no commands are executed), and false if filename @@ -8832,7 +9120,7 @@ option prints the list of aliases in the form alias name=value on standard output. When arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for each name whose value is given. -A trailing space in value causes the next word to be +A trailing space in value causes the next word to be checked for alias substitution when the alias is expanded. For each name in the argument list for which no value is supplied, the name and value of the alias is printed. @@ -8860,7 +9148,7 @@ or was started without job control.
    bind [-m keymap] -f filename
    bind [-m keymap] -x keyseq:shell-command
    bind [-m keymap] keyseq:function-name
    -
    bind readline-command
    +
    bind [-m keymap] keyseq:readline-command
    Display current readline @@ -8896,7 +9184,8 @@ names are vi-move, vi-command, and vi-insert. -vi is equivalent to vi-command; emacs is +vi is equivalent to vi-command (vi-move is also +a synonym); emacs is equivalent to emacs-standard.
    -l @@ -9020,7 +9309,7 @@ Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell function or a script executed with the . or source builtins). Without expr, caller displays the line number and source filename of the current subroutine call. -If a non-negative integer is supplied as expr, caller +If a non-negative integer is supplied as expr, caller displays the line number, subroutine name, and source file corresponding to that position in the current execution call stack. This extra information may be used, for example, to print a stack trace. The @@ -9064,7 +9353,7 @@ then CDPATH -is not used. The +is not used. The -P option causes cd to use the physical directory structure @@ -9119,8 +9408,8 @@ Run with args -suppressing the normal shell function lookup. Only builtin -commands or commands found in the +suppressing the normal shell function lookup. +Only builtin commands or commands found in the PATH @@ -9259,6 +9548,10 @@ Intended to be used with shell functions.
    Tell readline not to quote the completed words if they are filenames (quoting filenames is the default). +
    nosort + +
    +Tell readline not to sort the list of possible completions alphabetically.
    nospace
    @@ -9267,7 +9560,7 @@ the end of the line.
    plusdirs
    -After any matches defined by the compspec are generated, +After any matches defined by the compspec are generated, directory name completion is attempted and any matches are added to the results of the other actions.
    @@ -9506,8 +9799,8 @@ The option inhibits the display of function definitions; only the function name and attributes are printed. If the extdebug shell option is enabled using shopt, -the source file name and line number where the function is defined -are displayed as well. The +the source file name and line number where each name +is defined are displayed as well. The -F option implies @@ -9563,10 +9856,11 @@ The upper-case attribute is disabled. Give each name the nameref attribute, making it a name reference to another variable. That other variable is defined by the value of name. -All references and assignments to name, except for changing the +All references, assignments, and attribute modifications +to name, except those using or changing the -n attribute itself, are performed on the variable referenced by name's value. -The -n attribute cannot be applied to array variables. +The nameref attribute cannot be applied to array variables.