Make many cast functions error safe

Make many cast functions error safe

This adjusts many C functions underlying casts to support soft errors.
This is in preparation for a future feature where conversion errors in
casts can be caught.

This patch covers cast functions that can be adjusted easily by
changing ereport to ereturn or making other light changes.  The
underlying helper functions were already changed to support soft
errors some time ago as part of soft error support in type input
functions.

Other casts and types will require some more work and are being kept
as separate patches.

Author: jian he <jian.universality@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Amul Sul <sulamul@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Corey Huinker <corey.huinker@gmail.com>
Discussion: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/CADkLM%3Dfv1JfY4Ufa-jcwwNbjQixNViskQ8jZu3Tz_p656i_4hQ%40mail.gmail.com