@\b@ Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When
the expansion occurs within double quotes, each parameter
expands to a separate word. That is, "$\b$@\b@" is equivalent to "$\b$1\b1"
- "$\b$2\b2" ... When there are no positional parameters, "$\b$@\b@" and $\b$@\b@
- expand to nothing (i.e., they are removed).
+ "$\b$2\b2" ... If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word,
+ the expansion of the first parameter is joined with the begin-
+ ning part of the original word, and the expansion of the last
+ parameter is joined with the last part of the original word.
+ When there are no positional parameters, "$\b$@\b@" and $\b$@\b@ expand to
+ nothing (i.e., they are removed).
#\b# Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal.
?\b? Expands to the status of the most recently executed foreground
pipeline.
The command argument to the -\b-c\bc invocation option.
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO
An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source
- files corresponding to each member of @var{FUNCNAME}.
+ files corresponding to each member of F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE.
$\b${\b{B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO[\b[_\b$_\bi]\b]}\b} is the line number in the source file where
$\b${\b{F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE[\b[_\b$_\bi _\b+ _\b1]\b]}\b} was called. The corresponding source file
name is $\b${\b{B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSO\bOU\bUR\bRC\bCE\bE[\b[_\b$_\bi _\b+ _\b1]\b]}\b}.\b. U\bUs\bse\be L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO t\bto\bo o\bob\bbt\bta\bai\bin\bn t\bth\bhe\be c\bcu\bur\br-\b-
C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_C\bCW\bWO\bOR\bRD\bD
An index into $\b${\b{C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDS\bS}\b} of the word containing the current
- cursor position. This variable is available only in shell
- functions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see
+ cursor position. This variable is available only in shell func-
+ tions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see
P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn below).
C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
value of each array member separated by the first character of the I\bIF\bFS\bS
special variable, and ${_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[@]} expands each element of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to a sep-
arate word. When there are no array members, ${_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[@]} expands to
- nothing. This is analogous to the expansion of the special parameters
- *\b* and @\b@ (see S\bSp\bpe\bec\bci\bia\bal\bl P\bPa\bar\bra\bam\bme\bet\bte\ber\brs\bs above). ${#_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]} expands to
- the length of ${_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]}. If _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt is *\b* or @\b@, the expan-
- sion is the number of elements in the array. Referencing an array
- variable without a subscript is equivalent to referencing element zero.
-
- The u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt builtin is used to destroy arrays. u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]
- destroys the array element at index _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt. u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, where _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
- is an array, or u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt], where _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt is *\b* or @\b@,
+ nothing. If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the
+ expansion of the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of
+ the original word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined
+ with the last part of the original word. This is analogous to the
+ expansion of the special parameters *\b* and @\b@ (see S\bSp\bpe\bec\bci\bia\bal\bl P\bPa\bar\bra\bam\bme\bet\bte\ber\brs\bs
+ above). ${#_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]} expands to the length of ${_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\b-
+ _\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]}. If _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt is *\b* or @\b@, the expansion is the number of ele-
+ ments in the array. Referencing an array variable without a subscript
+ is equivalent to referencing element zero.
+
+ The u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt builtin is used to destroy arrays. u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]
+ destroys the array element at index _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt. u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, where _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
+ is an array, or u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt], where _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt is *\b* or @\b@,
removes the entire array.
- The d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be, l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdo\bon\bnl\bly\by builtins each accept a -\b-a\ba option to
- specify an array. The r\bre\bea\bad\bd builtin accepts a -\b-a\ba option to assign a
- list of words read from the standard input to an array. The s\bse\bet\bt and
- d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtins display array values in a way that allows them to be
+ The d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be, l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdo\bon\bnl\bly\by builtins each accept a -\b-a\ba option to
+ specify an array. The r\bre\bea\bad\bd builtin accepts a -\b-a\ba option to assign a
+ list of words read from the standard input to an array. The s\bse\bet\bt and
+ d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtins display array values in a way that allows them to be
reused as assignments.
E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN
Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been split into
- words. There are seven kinds of expansion performed: _\bb_\br_\ba_\bc_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn,
- _\bt_\bi_\bl_\bd_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br _\ba_\bn_\bd _\bv_\ba_\br_\bi_\ba_\bb_\bl_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\bi_\bt_\bu_\b-
+ words. There are seven kinds of expansion performed: _\bb_\br_\ba_\bc_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn,
+ _\bt_\bi_\bl_\bd_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br _\ba_\bn_\bd _\bv_\ba_\br_\bi_\ba_\bb_\bl_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\bi_\bt_\bu_\b-
_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\ba_\br_\bi_\bt_\bh_\bm_\be_\bt_\bi_\bc _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd _\bs_\bp_\bl_\bi_\bt_\bt_\bi_\bn_\bg, and _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bh_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn.
- The order of expansions is: brace expansion, tilde expansion, parame-
- ter, variable and arithmetic expansion and command substitution (done
+ The order of expansions is: brace expansion, tilde expansion, parame-
+ ter, variable and arithmetic expansion and command substitution (done
in a left-to-right fashion), word splitting, and pathname expansion.
On systems that can support it, there is an additional expansion avail-
able: _\bp_\br_\bo_\bc_\be_\bs_\bs _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\bi_\bt_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn.
Only brace expansion, word splitting, and pathname expansion can change
- the number of words of the expansion; other expansions expand a single
- word to a single word. The only exceptions to this are the expansions
+ the number of words of the expansion; other expansions expand a single
+ word to a single word. The only exceptions to this are the expansions
of "$\b$@\b@" and "$\b${\b{_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[\b[@\b@]\b]}\b}" as explained above (see P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bET\bTE\bER\bRS\bS).
B\bBr\bra\bac\bce\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
_\bB_\br_\ba_\bc_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be gener-
- ated. This mechanism is similar to _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bh_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn, but the file-
+ ated. This mechanism is similar to _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bh_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn, but the file-
names generated need not exist. Patterns to be brace expanded take the
form of an optional _\bp_\br_\be_\ba_\bm_\bb_\bl_\be, followed by either a series of comma-sep-
- arated strings or a sequence expression between a pair of braces, fol-
- lowed by an optional _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bt_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt. The preamble is prefixed to each
+ arated strings or a sequence expression between a pair of braces, fol-
+ lowed by an optional _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bt_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt. The preamble is prefixed to each
string contained within the braces, and the postscript is then appended
to each resulting string, expanding left to right.
- Brace expansions may be nested. The results of each expanded string
- are not sorted; left to right order is preserved. For example,
+ Brace expansions may be nested. The results of each expanded string
+ are not sorted; left to right order is preserved. For example,
a{\b{d,c,b}\b}e expands into `ade ace abe'.
- A sequence expression takes the form {\b{_\bx.\b..\b._\by}\b}, where _\bx and _\by are either
+ A sequence expression takes the form {\b{_\bx.\b..\b._\by}\b}, where _\bx and _\by are either
integers or single characters. When integers are supplied, the expres-
- sion expands to each number between _\bx and _\by, inclusive. When charac-
- ters are supplied, the expression expands to each character lexico-
+ sion expands to each number between _\bx and _\by, inclusive. When charac-
+ ters are supplied, the expression expands to each character lexico-
graphically between _\bx and _\by, inclusive. Note that both _\bx and _\by must be
of the same type.
Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions, and any char-
- acters special to other expansions are preserved in the result. It is
- strictly textual. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh does not apply any syntactic interpretation to
+ acters special to other expansions are preserved in the result. It is
+ strictly textual. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh does not apply any syntactic interpretation to
the context of the expansion or the text between the braces.
- A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening and
- closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma or a valid sequence
- expression. Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged.
+ A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening and
+ closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma or a valid sequence
+ expression. Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged.
A {\b{ or ,\b, may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its being considered
- part of a brace expression. To avoid conflicts with parameter expan-
+ part of a brace expression. To avoid conflicts with parameter expan-
sion, the string $\b${\b{ is not considered eligible for brace expansion.
This construct is typically used as shorthand when the common prefix of
or
chown root /usr/{ucb/{ex,edit},lib/{ex?.?*,how_ex}}
- Brace expansion introduces a slight incompatibility with historical
- versions of s\bsh\bh. s\bsh\bh does not treat opening or closing braces specially
- when they appear as part of a word, and preserves them in the output.
- B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh removes braces from words as a consequence of brace expansion.
- For example, a word entered to s\bsh\bh as _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b{_\b1_\b,_\b2_\b} appears identically in
- the output. The same word is output as _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2 after expansion by
- b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. If strict compatibility with s\bsh\bh is desired, start b\bba\bas\bsh\bh with the
+ Brace expansion introduces a slight incompatibility with historical
+ versions of s\bsh\bh. s\bsh\bh does not treat opening or closing braces specially
+ when they appear as part of a word, and preserves them in the output.
+ B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh removes braces from words as a consequence of brace expansion.
+ For example, a word entered to s\bsh\bh as _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b{_\b1_\b,_\b2_\b} appears identically in
+ the output. The same word is output as _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2 after expansion by
+ b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. If strict compatibility with s\bsh\bh is desired, start b\bba\bas\bsh\bh with the
+\b+B\bB option or disable brace expansion with the +\b+B\bB option to the s\bse\bet\bt com-
mand (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
T\bTi\bil\bld\bde\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
- If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character (`~\b~'), all of the
- characters preceding the first unquoted slash (or all characters, if
- there is no unquoted slash) are considered a _\bt_\bi_\bl_\bd_\be_\b-_\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx. If none of
- the characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the characters in the
- tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a possible _\bl_\bo_\bg_\bi_\bn _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
- If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the
- value of the shell parameter H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE. If H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE is unset, the home direc-
- tory of the user executing the shell is substituted instead. Other-
- wise, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory associated
+ If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character (`~\b~'), all of the
+ characters preceding the first unquoted slash (or all characters, if
+ there is no unquoted slash) are considered a _\bt_\bi_\bl_\bd_\be_\b-_\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx. If none of
+ the characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the characters in the
+ tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a possible _\bl_\bo_\bg_\bi_\bn _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
+ If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the
+ value of the shell parameter H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE. If H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE is unset, the home direc-
+ tory of the user executing the shell is substituted instead. Other-
+ wise, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory associated
with the specified login name.
- If the tilde-prefix is a `~+', the value of the shell variable P\bPW\bWD\bD
+ If the tilde-prefix is a `~+', the value of the shell variable P\bPW\bWD\bD
replaces the tilde-prefix. If the tilde-prefix is a `~-', the value of
- the shell variable O\bOL\bLD\bDP\bPW\bWD\bD, if it is set, is substituted. If the char-
- acters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a number _\bN,
- optionally prefixed by a `+' or a `-', the tilde-prefix is replaced
+ the shell variable O\bOL\bLD\bDP\bPW\bWD\bD, if it is set, is substituted. If the char-
+ acters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a number _\bN,
+ optionally prefixed by a `+' or a `-', the tilde-prefix is replaced
with the corresponding element from the directory stack, as it would be
displayed by the d\bdi\bir\brs\bs builtin invoked with the tilde-prefix as an argu-
- ment. If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix con-
+ ment. If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix con-
sist of a number without a leading `+' or `-', `+' is assumed.
If the login name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the word is
Each variable assignment is checked for unquoted tilde-prefixes immedi-
ately following a :\b: or =\b=. In these cases, tilde expansion is also per-
- formed. Consequently, one may use file names with tildes in assign-
+ formed. Consequently, one may use file names with tildes in assign-
ments to P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, M\bMA\bAI\bIL\bLP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, and C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, and the shell assigns the expanded
value.
P\bPa\bar\bra\bam\bme\bet\bte\ber\br E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
The `$\b$' character introduces parameter expansion, command substitution,
- or arithmetic expansion. The parameter name or symbol to be expanded
- may be enclosed in braces, which are optional but serve to protect the
- variable to be expanded from characters immediately following it which
+ or arithmetic expansion. The parameter name or symbol to be expanded
+ may be enclosed in braces, which are optional but serve to protect the
+ variable to be expanded from characters immediately following it which
could be interpreted as part of the name.
- When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first `}\b}' not
- escaped by a backslash or within a quoted string, and not within an
+ When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first `}\b}' not
+ escaped by a backslash or within a quoted string, and not within an
embedded arithmetic expansion, command substitution, or paramter expan-
sion.
${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br}
- The value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is substituted. The braces are required
- when _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is a positional parameter with more than one
+ The value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is substituted. The braces are required
+ when _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is a positional parameter with more than one
digit, or when _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is followed by a character which is not
to be interpreted as part of its name.
If the first character of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an exclamation point, a level of
- variable indirection is introduced. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh uses the value of the vari-
- able formed from the rest of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br as the name of the variable;
- this variable is then expanded and that value is used in the rest of
- the substitution, rather than the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br itself. This is
+ variable indirection is introduced. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh uses the value of the vari-
+ able formed from the rest of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br as the name of the variable;
+ this variable is then expanded and that value is used in the rest of
+ the substitution, rather than the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br itself. This is
known as _\bi_\bn_\bd_\bi_\br_\be_\bc_\bt _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn. The exceptions to this are the expansions
- of ${!_\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx*} and ${!\b!_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\b@]} described below. The exclamation point
- must immediately follow the left brace in order to introduce indirec-
+ of ${!_\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx*} and ${!\b!_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\b@]} described below. The exclamation point
+ must immediately follow the left brace in order to introduce indirec-
tion.
In each of the cases below, _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is subject to tilde expansion, parame-
- ter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. When
- not performing substring expansion, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh tests for a parameter that is
- unset or null; omitting the colon results in a test only for a parame-
+ ter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. When
+ not performing substring expansion, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh tests for a parameter that is
+ unset or null; omitting the colon results in a test only for a parame-
ter that is unset.
${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br:\b:-\b-_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd}
- U\bUs\bse\be D\bDe\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt V\bVa\bal\blu\bue\bes\bs. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is unset or null, the expan-
- sion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is substituted. Otherwise, the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br
+ U\bUs\bse\be D\bDe\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt V\bVa\bal\blu\bue\bes\bs. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is unset or null, the expan-
+ sion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is substituted. Otherwise, the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br
is substituted.
${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br:\b:=\b=_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd}
- A\bAs\bss\bsi\big\bgn\bn D\bDe\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt V\bVa\bal\blu\bue\bes\bs. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is unset or null, the
+ A\bAs\bss\bsi\big\bgn\bn D\bDe\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt V\bVa\bal\blu\bue\bes\bs. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is unset or null, the
expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is assigned to _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br. The value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\b-
- _\be_\bt_\be_\br is then substituted. Positional parameters and special
+ _\be_\bt_\be_\br is then substituted. Positional parameters and special
parameters may not be assigned to in this way.
${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br:\b:?\b?_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd}
- D\bDi\bis\bsp\bpl\bla\bay\by E\bEr\brr\bro\bor\br i\bif\bf N\bNu\bul\bll\bl o\bor\br U\bUn\bns\bse\bet\bt. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is null or unset,
- the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd (or a message to that effect if _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is
- not present) is written to the standard error and the shell, if
+ D\bDi\bis\bsp\bpl\bla\bay\by E\bEr\brr\bro\bor\br i\bif\bf N\bNu\bul\bll\bl o\bor\br U\bUn\bns\bse\bet\bt. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is null or unset,
+ the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd (or a message to that effect if _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is
+ not present) is written to the standard error and the shell, if
it is not interactive, exits. Otherwise, the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br
is substituted.
${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br:\b:+\b+_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd}
- U\bUs\bse\be A\bAl\blt\bte\ber\brn\bna\bat\bte\be V\bVa\bal\blu\bue\be. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is null or unset, nothing is
+ U\bUs\bse\be A\bAl\blt\bte\ber\brn\bna\bat\bte\be V\bVa\bal\blu\bue\be. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is null or unset, nothing is
substituted, otherwise the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is substituted.
${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br:\b:_\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt}
${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br:\b:_\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt:\b:_\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh}
- S\bSu\bub\bbs\bst\btr\bri\bin\bng\bg E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn.\b. Expands to up to _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh characters of
- _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br starting at the character specified by _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt. If
- _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh is omitted, expands to the substring of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br start-
+ S\bSu\bub\bbs\bst\btr\bri\bin\bng\bg E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn.\b. Expands to up to _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh characters of
+ _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br starting at the character specified by _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt. If
+ _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh is omitted, expands to the substring of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br start-
ing at the character specified by _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt. _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh and _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt are
- arithmetic expressions (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN below).
- _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh must evaluate to a number greater than or equal to zero.
- If _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt evaluates to a number less than zero, the value is
- used as an offset from the end of the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br. If
- _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is @\b@, the result is _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh positional parameters
+ arithmetic expressions (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN below).
+ _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh must evaluate to a number greater than or equal to zero.
+ If _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt evaluates to a number less than zero, the value is
+ used as an offset from the end of the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br. If
+ _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is @\b@, the result is _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh positional parameters
beginning at _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an array name indexed by @
- or *, the result is the _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh members of the array beginning
- with ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br[_\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt]}. Substring indexing is zero-based
- unless the positional parameters are used, in which case the
+ or *, the result is the _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh members of the array beginning
+ with ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br[_\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt]}. Substring indexing is zero-based
+ unless the positional parameters are used, in which case the
indexing starts at 1.
${!\b!_\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx*\b*}
${!\b!_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\b@]}
${!\b!_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\b*]}
- If _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an array variable, expands to the list of array
- indices (keys) assigned in _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not an array,
- expands to 0 if _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set and null otherwise. When _\b@ is used
+ If _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an array variable, expands to the list of array
+ indices (keys) assigned in _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not an array,
+ expands to 0 if _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set and null otherwise. When _\b@ is used
and the expansion appears within double quotes, each key expands
to a separate word.
${#\b#_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br}
- The length in characters of the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is substi-
- tuted. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is *\b* or @\b@, the value substituted is the
- number of positional parameters. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an array name
- subscripted by *\b* or @\b@, the value substituted is the number of
+ The length in characters of the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is substi-
+ tuted. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is *\b* or @\b@, the value substituted is the
+ number of positional parameters. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an array name
+ subscripted by *\b* or @\b@, the value substituted is the number of
elements in the array.
${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br#\b#_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd}
${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br#\b##\b#_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd}
- The _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is expanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname
+ The _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is expanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname
expansion. If the pattern matches the beginning of the value of
- _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br, then the result of the expansion is the expanded
+ _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br, then the result of the expansion is the expanded
value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br with the shortest matching pattern (the ``#\b#''
case) or the longest matching pattern (the ``#\b##\b#'' case) deleted.
If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is @\b@ or *\b*, the pattern removal operation is applied
- to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the
- resultant list. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an array variable subscripted
- with @\b@ or *\b*, the pattern removal operation is applied to each
- member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant
+ to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the
+ resultant list. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an array variable subscripted
+ with @\b@ or *\b*, the pattern removal operation is applied to each
+ member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant
list.
${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br%\b%_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd}
${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br%\b%%\b%_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd}
- The _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is expanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname
- expansion. If the pattern matches a trailing portion of the
+ The _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is expanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname
+ expansion. If the pattern matches a trailing portion of the
expanded value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br, then the result of the expansion is
- the expanded value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br with the shortest matching pat-
- tern (the ``%\b%'' case) or the longest matching pattern (the
- ``%\b%%\b%'' case) deleted. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is @\b@ or *\b*, the pattern
- removal operation is applied to each positional parameter in
- turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is
- an array variable subscripted with @\b@ or *\b*, the pattern removal
- operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and
+ the expanded value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br with the shortest matching pat-
+ tern (the ``%\b%'' case) or the longest matching pattern (the
+ ``%\b%%\b%'' case) deleted. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is @\b@ or *\b*, the pattern
+ removal operation is applied to each positional parameter in
+ turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is
+ an array variable subscripted with @\b@ or *\b*, the pattern removal
+ operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and
the expansion is the resultant list.
${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br/\b/_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn/\b/_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg}
${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br/\b//\b/_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn/\b/_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg}
The _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn is expanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname
- expansion. _\bP_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is expanded and the longest match of _\bp_\ba_\bt_\b-
- _\bt_\be_\br_\bn against its value is replaced with _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg. In the first
- form, only the first match is replaced. The second form causes
- all matches of _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn to be replaced with _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg. If _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn
- begins with #\b#, it must match at the beginning of the expanded
- value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br. If _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn begins with %\b%, it must match at
- the end of the expanded value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br. If _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is null,
- matches of _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn are deleted and the /\b/ following _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn may
- be omitted. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is @\b@ or *\b*, the substitution operation
- is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the expan-
- sion is the resultant list. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an array variable
- subscripted with @\b@ or *\b*, the substitution operation is applied
- to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the
+ expansion. _\bP_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is expanded and the longest match of _\bp_\ba_\bt_\b-
+ _\bt_\be_\br_\bn against its value is replaced with _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg. In the first
+ form, only the first match is replaced. The second form causes
+ all matches of _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn to be replaced with _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg. If _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn
+ begins with #\b#, it must match at the beginning of the expanded
+ value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br. If _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn begins with %\b%, it must match at
+ the end of the expanded value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br. If _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is null,
+ matches of _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn are deleted and the /\b/ following _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn may
+ be omitted. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is @\b@ or *\b*, the substitution operation
+ is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the expan-
+ sion is the resultant list. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an array variable
+ subscripted with @\b@ or *\b*, the substitution operation is applied
+ to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the
resultant list.
C\bCo\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd S\bSu\bub\bbs\bst\bti\bit\btu\but\bti\bio\bon\bn
`\b`_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd`\b`
B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh performs the expansion by executing _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd and replacing the com-
- mand substitution with the standard output of the command, with any
+ mand substitution with the standard output of the command, with any
trailing newlines deleted. Embedded newlines are not deleted, but they
- may be removed during word splitting. The command substitution $\b$(\b(c\bca\bat\bt
+ may be removed during word splitting. The command substitution $\b$(\b(c\bca\bat\bt
_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be)\b) can be replaced by the equivalent but faster $\b$(\b(<\b< _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be)\b).
- When the old-style backquote form of substitution is used, backslash
- retains its literal meaning except when followed by $\b$, `\b`, or \\b\. The
+ When the old-style backquote form of substitution is used, backslash
+ retains its literal meaning except when followed by $\b$, `\b`, or \\b\. The
first backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the command sub-
- stitution. When using the $(_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd) form, all characters between the
+ stitution. When using the $(_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd) form, all characters between the
parentheses make up the command; none are treated specially.
Command substitutions may be nested. To nest when using the backquoted
form, escape the inner backquotes with backslashes.
- If the substitution appears within double quotes, word splitting and
+ If the substitution appears within double quotes, word splitting and
pathname expansion are not performed on the results.
A\bAr\bri\bit\bth\bhm\bme\bet\bti\bic\bc E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
- Arithmetic expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic expression
- and the substitution of the result. The format for arithmetic expan-
+ Arithmetic expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic expression
+ and the substitution of the result. The format for arithmetic expan-
sion is:
$\b$(\b((\b(_\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn)\b))\b)
- The _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn is treated as if it were within double quotes, but a
- double quote inside the parentheses is not treated specially. All
+ The _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn is treated as if it were within double quotes, but a
+ double quote inside the parentheses is not treated specially. All
tokens in the expression undergo parameter expansion, string expansion,
- command substitution, and quote removal. Arithmetic expansions may be
+ command substitution, and quote removal. Arithmetic expansions may be
nested.
- The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below under
+ The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below under
A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN. If _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn is invalid, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh prints a message
indicating failure and no substitution occurs.
P\bPr\bro\boc\bce\bes\bss\bs S\bSu\bub\bbs\bst\bti\bit\btu\but\bti\bio\bon\bn
- _\bP_\br_\bo_\bc_\be_\bs_\bs _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\bi_\bt_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is supported on systems that support named pipes
- (_\bF_\bI_\bF_\bO_\bs) or the /\b/d\bde\bev\bv/\b/f\bfd\bd method of naming open files. It takes the form
- of <\b<(\b(_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b) or >\b>(\b(_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b). The process _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is run with its input or out-
+ _\bP_\br_\bo_\bc_\be_\bs_\bs _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\bi_\bt_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is supported on systems that support named pipes
+ (_\bF_\bI_\bF_\bO_\bs) or the /\b/d\bde\bev\bv/\b/f\bfd\bd method of naming open files. It takes the form
+ of <\b<(\b(_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b) or >\b>(\b(_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b). The process _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is run with its input or out-
put connected to a _\bF_\bI_\bF_\bO or some file in /\b/d\bde\bev\bv/\b/f\bfd\bd. The name of this file
- is passed as an argument to the current command as the result of the
- expansion. If the >\b>(\b(_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b) form is used, writing to the file will pro-
- vide input for _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt. If the <\b<(\b(_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b) form is used, the file passed as
+ is passed as an argument to the current command as the result of the
+ expansion. If the >\b>(\b(_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b) form is used, writing to the file will pro-
+ vide input for _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt. If the <\b<(\b(_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b) form is used, the file passed as
an argument should be read to obtain the output of _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt.
- When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with
- parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic
+ When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with
+ parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic
expansion.
W\bWo\bor\brd\bd S\bSp\bpl\bli\bit\btt\bti\bin\bng\bg
- The shell scans the results of parameter expansion, command substitu-
- tion, and arithmetic expansion that did not occur within double quotes
+ The shell scans the results of parameter expansion, command substitu-
+ tion, and arithmetic expansion that did not occur within double quotes
for _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd _\bs_\bp_\bl_\bi_\bt_\bt_\bi_\bn_\bg.
- The shell treats each character of I\bIF\bFS\bS as a delimiter, and splits the
+ The shell treats each character of I\bIF\bFS\bS as a delimiter, and splits the
results of the other expansions into words on these characters. If I\bIF\bFS\bS
- is unset, or its value is exactly <\b<s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be>\b><\b<t\bta\bab\bb>\b><\b<n\bne\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be>\b>, the default,
- then any sequence of I\bIF\bFS\bS characters serves to delimit words. If I\bIF\bFS\bS
- has a value other than the default, then sequences of the whitespace
- characters s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be and t\bta\bab\bb are ignored at the beginning and end of the
- word, as long as the whitespace character is in the value of I\bIF\bFS\bS (an
- I\bIF\bFS\bS whitespace character). Any character in I\bIF\bFS\bS that is not I\bIF\bFS\bS
+ is unset, or its value is exactly <\b<s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be>\b><\b<t\bta\bab\bb>\b><\b<n\bne\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be>\b>, the default,
+ then any sequence of I\bIF\bFS\bS characters serves to delimit words. If I\bIF\bFS\bS
+ has a value other than the default, then sequences of the whitespace
+ characters s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be and t\bta\bab\bb are ignored at the beginning and end of the
+ word, as long as the whitespace character is in the value of I\bIF\bFS\bS (an
+ I\bIF\bFS\bS whitespace character). Any character in I\bIF\bFS\bS that is not I\bIF\bFS\bS
whitespace, along with any adjacent I\bIF\bFS\bS whitespace characters, delimits
- a field. A sequence of I\bIF\bFS\bS whitespace characters is also treated as a
+ a field. A sequence of I\bIF\bFS\bS whitespace characters is also treated as a
delimiter. If the value of I\bIF\bFS\bS is null, no word splitting occurs.
- Explicit null arguments ("\b""\b" or '\b''\b') are retained. Unquoted implicit
+ Explicit null arguments ("\b""\b" or '\b''\b') are retained. Unquoted implicit
null arguments, resulting from the expansion of parameters that have no
- values, are removed. If a parameter with no value is expanded within
+ values, are removed. If a parameter with no value is expanded within
double quotes, a null argument results and is retained.
Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting is performed.
P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
- After word splitting, unless the -\b-f\bf option has been set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh scans
- each word for the characters *\b*, ?\b?, and [\b[. If one of these characters
- appears, then the word is regarded as a _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn, and replaced with an
- alphabetically sorted list of file names matching the pattern. If no
- matching file names are found, and the shell option n\bnu\bul\bll\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb is dis-
- abled, the word is left unchanged. If the n\bnu\bul\bll\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb option is set, and
- no matches are found, the word is removed. If the f\bfa\bai\bil\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell
- option is set, and no matches are found, an error message is printed
- and the command is not executed. If the shell option n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\beg\bgl\blo\bob\bb is
- enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alpha-
- betic characters. When a pattern is used for pathname expansion, the
- character `\b``\b`.\b.'\b''\b' at the start of a name or immediately following a
- slash must be matched explicitly, unless the shell option d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb is
- set. When matching a pathname, the slash character must always be
- matched explicitly. In other cases, the `\b``\b`.\b.'\b''\b' character is not
- treated specially. See the description of s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt below under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL
- B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS for a description of the n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\beg\bgl\blo\bob\bb, n\bnu\bul\bll\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb, f\bfa\bai\bil\bl-\b-
+ After word splitting, unless the -\b-f\bf option has been set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh scans
+ each word for the characters *\b*, ?\b?, and [\b[. If one of these characters
+ appears, then the word is regarded as a _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn, and replaced with an
+ alphabetically sorted list of file names matching the pattern. If no
+ matching file names are found, and the shell option n\bnu\bul\bll\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb is dis-
+ abled, the word is left unchanged. If the n\bnu\bul\bll\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb option is set, and
+ no matches are found, the word is removed. If the f\bfa\bai\bil\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell
+ option is set, and no matches are found, an error message is printed
+ and the command is not executed. If the shell option n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\beg\bgl\blo\bob\bb is
+ enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alpha-
+ betic characters. When a pattern is used for pathname expansion, the
+ character `\b``\b`.\b.'\b''\b' at the start of a name or immediately following a
+ slash must be matched explicitly, unless the shell option d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb is
+ set. When matching a pathname, the slash character must always be
+ matched explicitly. In other cases, the `\b``\b`.\b.'\b''\b' character is not
+ treated specially. See the description of s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt below under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL
+ B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS for a description of the n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\beg\bgl\blo\bob\bb, n\bnu\bul\bll\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb, f\bfa\bai\bil\bl-\b-
g\bgl\blo\bob\bb, and d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell options.
- The G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE shell variable may be used to restrict the set of file
- names matching a _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn. If G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is set, each matching file
- name that also matches one of the patterns in G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is removed
+ The G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE shell variable may be used to restrict the set of file
+ names matching a _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn. If G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is set, each matching file
+ name that also matches one of the patterns in G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is removed
from the list of matches. The file names `\b``\b`.\b.'\b''\b' and `\b``\b`.\b..\b.'\b''\b' are always
- ignored when G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is set and not null. However, setting G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bG-\b-
- N\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE to a non-null value has the effect of enabling the d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell
+ ignored when G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is set and not null. However, setting G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bG-\b-
+ N\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE to a non-null value has the effect of enabling the d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell
option, so all other file names beginning with a `\b``\b`.\b.'\b''\b' will match. To
- get the old behavior of ignoring file names beginning with a `\b``\b`.\b.'\b''\b',
- make `\b``\b`.\b.*\b*'\b''\b' one of the patterns in G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE. The d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb option is
+ get the old behavior of ignoring file names beginning with a `\b``\b`.\b.'\b''\b',
+ make `\b``\b`.\b.*\b*'\b''\b' one of the patterns in G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE. The d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb option is
disabled when G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is unset.
P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg
Any character that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern
- characters described below, matches itself. The NUL character may not
- occur in a pattern. A backslash escapes the following character; the
- escaping backslash is discarded when matching. The special pattern
+ characters described below, matches itself. The NUL character may not
+ occur in a pattern. A backslash escapes the following character; the
+ escaping backslash is discarded when matching. The special pattern
characters must be quoted if they are to be matched literally.
The special pattern characters have the following meanings:
*\b* Matches any string, including the null string.
?\b? Matches any single character.
- [\b[.\b..\b..\b.]\b] Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of charac-
+ [\b[.\b..\b..\b.]\b] Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of charac-
ters separated by a hyphen denotes a _\br_\ba_\bn_\bg_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn; any char-
- acter that sorts between those two characters, inclusive, using
- the current locale's collating sequence and character set, is
- matched. If the first character following the [\b[ is a !\b! or a ^\b^
- then any character not enclosed is matched. The sorting order
- of characters in range expressions is determined by the current
- locale and the value of the L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCO\bOL\bLL\bLA\bAT\bTE\bE shell variable, if set.
- A -\b- may be matched by including it as the first or last charac-
+ acter that sorts between those two characters, inclusive, using
+ the current locale's collating sequence and character set, is
+ matched. If the first character following the [\b[ is a !\b! or a ^\b^
+ then any character not enclosed is matched. The sorting order
+ of characters in range expressions is determined by the current
+ locale and the value of the L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCO\bOL\bLL\bLA\bAT\bTE\bE shell variable, if set.
+ A -\b- may be matched by including it as the first or last charac-
ter in the set. A ]\b] may be matched by including it as the first
character in the set.
- Within [\b[ and ]\b], _\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\be_\br _\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs_\be_\bs can be specified using the
- syntax [\b[:\b:_\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs:\b:]\b], where _\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs is one of the following classes
+ Within [\b[ and ]\b], _\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\be_\br _\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs_\be_\bs can be specified using the
+ syntax [\b[:\b:_\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs:\b:]\b], where _\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs is one of the following classes
defined in the POSIX.2 standard:
- a\bal\bln\bnu\bum\bm a\bal\blp\bph\bha\ba a\bas\bsc\bci\bii\bi b\bbl\bla\ban\bnk\bk c\bcn\bnt\btr\brl\bl d\bdi\big\bgi\bit\bt g\bgr\bra\bap\bph\bh l\blo\bow\bwe\ber\br p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\bt p\bpu\bun\bnc\bct\bt
+ a\bal\bln\bnu\bum\bm a\bal\blp\bph\bha\ba a\bas\bsc\bci\bii\bi b\bbl\bla\ban\bnk\bk c\bcn\bnt\btr\brl\bl d\bdi\big\bgi\bit\bt g\bgr\bra\bap\bph\bh l\blo\bow\bwe\ber\br p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\bt p\bpu\bun\bnc\bct\bt
s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be u\bup\bpp\bpe\ber\br w\bwo\bor\brd\bd x\bxd\bdi\big\bgi\bit\bt
A character class matches any character belonging to that class.
- The w\bwo\bor\brd\bd character class matches letters, digits, and the char-
+ The w\bwo\bor\brd\bd character class matches letters, digits, and the char-
acter _.
- Within [\b[ and ]\b], an _\be_\bq_\bu_\bi_\bv_\ba_\bl_\be_\bn_\bc_\be _\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs can be specified using the
- syntax [\b[=\b=_\bc=\b=]\b], which matches all characters with the same colla-
- tion weight (as defined by the current locale) as the character
+ Within [\b[ and ]\b], an _\be_\bq_\bu_\bi_\bv_\ba_\bl_\be_\bn_\bc_\be _\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs can be specified using the
+ syntax [\b[=\b=_\bc=\b=]\b], which matches all characters with the same colla-
+ tion weight (as defined by the current locale) as the character
_\bc.
Within [\b[ and ]\b], the syntax [\b[.\b._\bs_\by_\bm_\bb_\bo_\bl.\b.]\b] matches the collating sym-
bol _\bs_\by_\bm_\bb_\bo_\bl.
If the e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell option is enabled using the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin, several
- extended pattern matching operators are recognized. In the following
+ extended pattern matching operators are recognized. In the following
description, a _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn_\b-_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is a list of one or more patterns separated
by a |\b|. Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the fol-
lowing sub-patterns:
Q\bQu\buo\bot\bte\be R\bRe\bem\bmo\bov\bva\bal\bl
After the preceding expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the charac-
- ters \\b\, '\b', and "\b" that did not result from one of the above expansions
+ ters \\b\, '\b', and "\b" that did not result from one of the above expansions
are removed.
R\bRE\bED\bDI\bIR\bRE\bEC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
- Before a command is executed, its input and output may be _\br_\be_\bd_\bi_\br_\be_\bc_\bt_\be_\bd
- using a special notation interpreted by the shell. Redirection may
- also be used to open and close files for the current shell execution
+ Before a command is executed, its input and output may be _\br_\be_\bd_\bi_\br_\be_\bc_\bt_\be_\bd
+ using a special notation interpreted by the shell. Redirection may
+ also be used to open and close files for the current shell execution
environment. The following redirection operators may precede or appear
anywhere within a _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd or may follow a _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd. Redirections
are processed in the order they appear, from left to right.
- In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is omit-
- ted, and the first character of the redirection operator is <\b<, the
- redirection refers to the standard input (file descriptor 0). If the
- first character of the redirection operator is >\b>, the redirection
+ In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is omit-
+ ted, and the first character of the redirection operator is <\b<, the
+ redirection refers to the standard input (file descriptor 0). If the
+ first character of the redirection operator is >\b>, the redirection
refers to the standard output (file descriptor 1).
- The word following the redirection operator in the following descrip-
- tions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion, tilde
+ The word following the redirection operator in the following descrip-
+ tions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion, tilde
expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expan-
- sion, quote removal, pathname expansion, and word splitting. If it
+ sion, quote removal, pathname expansion, and word splitting. If it
expands to more than one word, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh reports an error.
- Note that the order of redirections is significant. For example, the
+ Note that the order of redirections is significant. For example, the
command
ls >\b> dirlist 2>\b>&\b&1
- directs both standard output and standard error to the file _\bd_\bi_\br_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt,
+ directs both standard output and standard error to the file _\bd_\bi_\br_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt,
while the command
ls 2>\b>&\b&1 >\b> dirlist
- directs only the standard output to file _\bd_\bi_\br_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt, because the standard
- error was duplicated as standard output before the standard output was
+ directs only the standard output to file _\bd_\bi_\br_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt, because the standard
+ error was duplicated as standard output before the standard output was
redirected to _\bd_\bi_\br_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt.
B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh handles several filenames specially when they are used in redirec-
tions, as described in the following table:
/\b/d\bde\bev\bv/\b/f\bfd\bd/\b/_\bf_\bd
- If _\bf_\bd is a valid integer, file descriptor _\bf_\bd is dupli-
+ If _\bf_\bd is a valid integer, file descriptor _\bf_\bd is dupli-
cated.
/\b/d\bde\bev\bv/\b/s\bst\btd\bdi\bin\bn
File descriptor 0 is duplicated.
File descriptor 2 is duplicated.
/\b/d\bde\bev\bv/\b/t\btc\bcp\bp/\b/_\bh_\bo_\bs_\bt/\b/_\bp_\bo_\br_\bt
If _\bh_\bo_\bs_\bt is a valid hostname or Internet address, and _\bp_\bo_\br_\bt
- is an integer port number or service name, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts
+ is an integer port number or service name, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts
to open a TCP connection to the corresponding socket.
/\b/d\bde\bev\bv/\b/u\bud\bdp\bp/\b/_\bh_\bo_\bs_\bt/\b/_\bp_\bo_\br_\bt
If _\bh_\bo_\bs_\bt is a valid hostname or Internet address, and _\bp_\bo_\br_\bt
- is an integer port number or service name, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts
+ is an integer port number or service name, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts
to open a UDP connection to the corresponding socket.
A failure to open or create a file causes the redirection to fail.
R\bRe\bed\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bti\bin\bng\bg I\bIn\bnp\bpu\but\bt
Redirection of input causes the file whose name results from the expan-
- sion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd to be opened for reading on file descriptor _\bn, or the
+ sion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd to be opened for reading on file descriptor _\bn, or the
standard input (file descriptor 0) if _\bn is not specified.
The general format for redirecting input is:
[_\bn]<\b<_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
R\bRe\bed\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bti\bin\bng\bg O\bOu\but\btp\bpu\but\bt
- Redirection of output causes the file whose name results from the
+ Redirection of output causes the file whose name results from the
expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd to be opened for writing on file descriptor _\bn, or the
standard output (file descriptor 1) if _\bn is not specified. If the file
- does not exist it is created; if it does exist it is truncated to zero
+ does not exist it is created; if it does exist it is truncated to zero
size.
The general format for redirecting output is:
[_\bn]>\b>_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
- If the redirection operator is >\b>, and the n\bno\boc\bcl\blo\bob\bbb\bbe\ber\br option to the s\bse\bet\bt
- builtin has been enabled, the redirection will fail if the file whose
- name results from the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd exists and is a regular file.
+ If the redirection operator is >\b>, and the n\bno\boc\bcl\blo\bob\bbb\bbe\ber\br option to the s\bse\bet\bt
+ builtin has been enabled, the redirection will fail if the file whose
+ name results from the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd exists and is a regular file.
If the redirection operator is >\b>|\b|, or the redirection operator is >\b> and
- the n\bno\boc\bcl\blo\bob\bbb\bbe\ber\br option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command is not enabled, the
+ the n\bno\boc\bcl\blo\bob\bbb\bbe\ber\br option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command is not enabled, the
redirection is attempted even if the file named by _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd exists.
A\bAp\bpp\bpe\ben\bnd\bdi\bin\bng\bg R\bRe\bed\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bte\bed\bd O\bOu\but\btp\bpu\but\bt
- Redirection of output in this fashion causes the file whose name
- results from the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd to be opened for appending on file
- descriptor _\bn, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if _\bn is not
+ Redirection of output in this fashion causes the file whose name
+ results from the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd to be opened for appending on file
+ descriptor _\bn, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if _\bn is not
specified. If the file does not exist it is created.
The general format for appending output is:
R\bRe\bed\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bti\bin\bng\bg S\bSt\bta\ban\bnd\bda\bar\brd\bd O\bOu\but\btp\bpu\but\bt a\ban\bnd\bd S\bSt\bta\ban\bnd\bda\bar\brd\bd E\bEr\brr\bro\bor\br
- B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and the stan-
- dard error output (file descriptor 2) to be redirected to the file
+ B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and the stan-
+ dard error output (file descriptor 2) to be redirected to the file
whose name is the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd with this construct.
- There are two formats for redirecting standard output and standard
+ There are two formats for redirecting standard output and standard
error:
&\b&>\b>_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
>\b>_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd 2>\b>&\b&1
H\bHe\ber\bre\be D\bDo\boc\bcu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bts\bs
- This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the
- current source until a line containing only _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd (with no trailing
- blanks) is seen. All of the lines read up to that point are then used
+ This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the
+ current source until a line containing only _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd (with no trailing
+ blanks) is seen. All of the lines read up to that point are then used
as the standard input for a command.
The format of here-documents is:
_\bh_\be_\br_\be_\b-_\bd_\bo_\bc_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt
_\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt_\be_\br
- No parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, or
+ No parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, or
pathname expansion is performed on _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd. If any characters in _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd are
- quoted, the _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt_\be_\br is the result of quote removal on _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, and the
- lines in the here-document are not expanded. If _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is unquoted, all
- lines of the here-document are subjected to parameter expansion, com-
- mand substitution, and arithmetic expansion. In the latter case, the
- character sequence \\b\<\b<n\bne\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be>\b> is ignored, and \\b\ must be used to quote
+ quoted, the _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt_\be_\br is the result of quote removal on _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, and the
+ lines in the here-document are not expanded. If _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is unquoted, all
+ lines of the here-document are subjected to parameter expansion, com-
+ mand substitution, and arithmetic expansion. In the latter case, the
+ character sequence \\b\<\b<n\bne\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be>\b> is ignored, and \\b\ must be used to quote
the characters \\b\, $\b$, and `\b`.
If the redirection operator is <\b<<\b<-\b-, then all leading tab characters are
- stripped from input lines and the line containing _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt_\be_\br. This
- allows here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural
+ stripped from input lines and the line containing _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt_\be_\br. This
+ allows here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural
fashion.
H\bHe\ber\bre\be S\bSt\btr\bri\bin\bng\bgs\bs
[_\bn]<\b<&\b&_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
is used to duplicate input file descriptors. If _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd expands to one or
- more digits, the file descriptor denoted by _\bn is made to be a copy of
- that file descriptor. If the digits in _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd do not specify a file
- descriptor open for input, a redirection error occurs. If _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd evalu-
- ates to -\b-, file descriptor _\bn is closed. If _\bn is not specified, the
+ more digits, the file descriptor denoted by _\bn is made to be a copy of
+ that file descriptor. If the digits in _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd do not specify a file
+ descriptor open for input, a redirection error occurs. If _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd evalu-
+ ates to -\b-, file descriptor _\bn is closed. If _\bn is not specified, the
standard input (file descriptor 0) is used.
The operator
[_\bn]>\b>&\b&_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
- is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If _\bn is not
- specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used. If the
- digits in _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd do not specify a file descriptor open for output, a
+ is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If _\bn is not
+ specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used. If the
+ digits in _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd do not specify a file descriptor open for output, a
redirection error occurs. As a special case, if _\bn is omitted, and _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
does not expand to one or more digits, the standard output and standard
error are redirected as described previously.
[_\bn]<\b<&\b&_\bd_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bt-\b-
- moves the file descriptor _\bd_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bt to file descriptor _\bn, or the standard
+ moves the file descriptor _\bd_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bt to file descriptor _\bn, or the standard
input (file descriptor 0) if _\bn is not specified. _\bd_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bt is closed after
being duplicated to _\bn.
[_\bn]>\b>&\b&_\bd_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bt-\b-
- moves the file descriptor _\bd_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bt to file descriptor _\bn, or the standard
+ moves the file descriptor _\bd_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bt to file descriptor _\bn, or the standard
output (file descriptor 1) if _\bn is not specified.
O\bOp\bpe\ben\bni\bin\bng\bg F\bFi\bil\ble\be D\bDe\bes\bsc\bcr\bri\bip\bpt\bto\bor\brs\bs f\bfo\bor\br R\bRe\bea\bad\bdi\bin\bng\bg a\ban\bnd\bd W\bWr\bri\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg
[_\bn]<\b<>\b>_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
- causes the file whose name is the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd to be opened for
- both reading and writing on file descriptor _\bn, or on file descriptor 0
+ causes the file whose name is the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd to be opened for
+ both reading and writing on file descriptor _\bn, or on file descriptor 0
if _\bn is not specified. If the file does not exist, it is created.
A\bAL\bLI\bIA\bAS\bSE\bES\bS
- _\bA_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs_\be_\bs allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used as
- the first word of a simple command. The shell maintains a list of
- aliases that may be set and unset with the a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs and u\bun\bna\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs builtin
- commands (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below). The first word of each
- simple command, if unquoted, is checked to see if it has an alias. If
- so, that word is replaced by the text of the alias. The characters /\b/,
- $\b$, `\b`, and =\b= and any of the shell _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\be_\br_\bs or quoting characters
+ _\bA_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs_\be_\bs allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used as
+ the first word of a simple command. The shell maintains a list of
+ aliases that may be set and unset with the a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs and u\bun\bna\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs builtin
+ commands (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below). The first word of each
+ simple command, if unquoted, is checked to see if it has an alias. If
+ so, that word is replaced by the text of the alias. The characters /\b/,
+ $\b$, `\b`, and =\b= and any of the shell _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\be_\br_\bs or quoting characters
listed above may not appear in an alias name. The replacement text may
- contain any valid shell input, including shell metacharacters. The
- first word of the replacement text is tested for aliases, but a word
- that is identical to an alias being expanded is not expanded a second
- time. This means that one may alias l\bls\bs to l\bls\bs -\b-F\bF, for instance, and
- b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not try to recursively expand the replacement text. If the
- last character of the alias value is a _\bb_\bl_\ba_\bn_\bk, then the next command
+ contain any valid shell input, including shell metacharacters. The
+ first word of the replacement text is tested for aliases, but a word
+ that is identical to an alias being expanded is not expanded a second
+ time. This means that one may alias l\bls\bs to l\bls\bs -\b-F\bF, for instance, and
+ b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not try to recursively expand the replacement text. If the
+ last character of the alias value is a _\bb_\bl_\ba_\bn_\bk, then the next command
word following the alias is also checked for alias expansion.
Aliases are created and listed with the a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs command, and removed with
the u\bun\bna\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs command.
- There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text. If
- arguments are needed, a shell function should be used (see F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS
+ There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text. If
+ arguments are needed, a shell function should be used (see F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS
below).
- Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless the
- e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bse\bes\bs shell option is set using s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt (see the description of
+ Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless the
+ e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bse\bes\bs shell option is set using s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt (see the description of
s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
- The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are somewhat
- confusing. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh always reads at least one complete line of input
- before executing any of the commands on that line. Aliases are
- expanded when a command is read, not when it is executed. Therefore,
- an alias definition appearing on the same line as another command does
- not take effect until the next line of input is read. The commands
+ The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are somewhat
+ confusing. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh always reads at least one complete line of input
+ before executing any of the commands on that line. Aliases are
+ expanded when a command is read, not when it is executed. Therefore,
+ an alias definition appearing on the same line as another command does
+ not take effect until the next line of input is read. The commands
following the alias definition on that line are not affected by the new
- alias. This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed.
- Aliases are expanded when a function definition is read, not when the
- function is executed, because a function definition is itself a com-
+ alias. This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed.
+ Aliases are expanded when a function definition is read, not when the
+ function is executed, because a function definition is itself a com-
pound command. As a consequence, aliases defined in a function are not
- available until after that function is executed. To be safe, always
- put alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs in com-
+ available until after that function is executed. To be safe, always
+ put alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs in com-
pound commands.
For almost every purpose, aliases are superseded by shell functions.
F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS
- A shell function, defined as described above under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR,
- stores a series of commands for later execution. When the name of a
- shell function is used as a simple command name, the list of commands
+ A shell function, defined as described above under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR,
+ stores a series of commands for later execution. When the name of a
+ shell function is used as a simple command name, the list of commands
associated with that function name is executed. Functions are executed
- in the context of the current shell; no new process is created to
- interpret them (contrast this with the execution of a shell script).
- When a function is executed, the arguments to the function become the
+ in the context of the current shell; no new process is created to
+ interpret them (contrast this with the execution of a shell script).
+ When a function is executed, the arguments to the function become the
positional parameters during its execution. The special parameter #\b# is
- updated to reflect the change. Special parameter 0 is unchanged. The
- first element of the F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE variable is set to the name of the func-
- tion while the function is executing. All other aspects of the shell
- execution environment are identical between a function and its caller
+ updated to reflect the change. Special parameter 0 is unchanged. The
+ first element of the F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE variable is set to the name of the func-
+ tion while the function is executing. All other aspects of the shell
+ execution environment are identical between a function and its caller
with the exception that the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap (see the description of the t\btr\bra\bap\bp
builtin under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below) is not inherited unless the
function has been given the t\btr\bra\bac\bce\be attribute (see the description of the
- d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin below) or the -\b-o\bo f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\btr\bra\bac\bce\be shell option has been
- enabled with the s\bse\bet\bt builtin (in which case all functions inherit the
+ d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin below) or the -\b-o\bo f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\btr\bra\bac\bce\be shell option has been
+ enabled with the s\bse\bet\bt builtin (in which case all functions inherit the
D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap).
- Variables local to the function may be declared with the l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl builtin
+ Variables local to the function may be declared with the l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl builtin
command. Ordinarily, variables and their values are shared between the
function and its caller.
- If the builtin command r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is executed in a function, the function
- completes and execution resumes with the next command after the func-
- tion call. Any command associated with the R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN trap is executed
+ If the builtin command r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is executed in a function, the function
+ completes and execution resumes with the next command after the func-
+ tion call. Any command associated with the R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN trap is executed
before execution resumes. When a function completes, the values of the
- positional parameters and the special parameter #\b# are restored to the
+ positional parameters and the special parameter #\b# are restored to the
values they had prior to the function's execution.
- Function names and definitions may be listed with the -\b-f\bf option to the
+ Function names and definitions may be listed with the -\b-f\bf option to the
d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be or t\bty\byp\bpe\bes\bse\bet\bt builtin commands. The -\b-F\bF option to d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be or t\bty\byp\bpe\be-\b-
- s\bse\bet\bt will list the function names only (and optionally the source file
- and line number, if the e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg shell option is enabled). Functions
- may be exported so that subshells automatically have them defined with
- the -\b-f\bf option to the e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt builtin. Note that shell functions and
- variables with the same name may result in multiple identically-named
+ s\bse\bet\bt will list the function names only (and optionally the source file
+ and line number, if the e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg shell option is enabled). Functions
+ may be exported so that subshells automatically have them defined with
+ the -\b-f\bf option to the e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt builtin. Note that shell functions and
+ variables with the same name may result in multiple identically-named
entries in the environment passed to the shell's children. Care should
be taken in cases where this may cause a problem.
- Functions may be recursive. No limit is imposed on the number of
+ Functions may be recursive. No limit is imposed on the number of
recursive calls.
A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
- The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, under certain
- circumstances (see the l\ble\bet\bt and d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin commands and A\bAr\bri\bit\bth\bhm\bme\bet\bti\bic\bc
- E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn). Evaluation is done in fixed-width integers with no check
- for overflow, though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as an error.
- The operators and their precedence, associativity, and values are the
- same as in the C language. The following list of operators is grouped
- into levels of equal-precedence operators. The levels are listed in
+ The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, under certain
+ circumstances (see the l\ble\bet\bt and d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin commands and A\bAr\bri\bit\bth\bhm\bme\bet\bti\bic\bc
+ E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn). Evaluation is done in fixed-width integers with no check
+ for overflow, though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as an error.
+ The operators and their precedence, associativity, and values are the
+ same as in the C language. The following list of operators is grouped
+ into levels of equal-precedence operators. The levels are listed in
order of decreasing precedence.
_\bi_\bd+\b++\b+ _\bi_\bd-\b--\b-
_\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b1 ,\b, _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2
comma
- Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is per-
+ Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is per-
formed before the expression is evaluated. Within an expression, shell
- variables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter
- expansion syntax. A shell variable that is null or unset evaluates to
+ variables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter
+ expansion syntax. A shell variable that is null or unset evaluates to
0 when referenced by name without using the parameter expansion syntax.
- The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression when
- it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the _\bi_\bn_\bt_\be_\bg_\be_\br
+ The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression when
+ it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the _\bi_\bn_\bt_\be_\bg_\be_\br
attribute using d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be -\b-i\bi is assigned a value. A null value evaluates
- to 0. A shell variable need not have its integer attribute turned on
+ to 0. A shell variable need not have its integer attribute turned on
to be used in an expression.
Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers. A leading
- 0x or 0X denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, numbers take the form
- [_\bb_\ba_\bs_\be_\b#]n, where _\bb_\ba_\bs_\be is a decimal number between 2 and 64 representing
+ 0x or 0X denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, numbers take the form
+ [_\bb_\ba_\bs_\be_\b#]n, where _\bb_\ba_\bs_\be is a decimal number between 2 and 64 representing
the arithmetic base, and _\bn is a number in that base. If _\bb_\ba_\bs_\be_\b# is omit-
- ted, then base 10 is used. The digits greater than 9 are represented
- by the lowercase letters, the uppercase letters, @, and _, in that
- order. If _\bb_\ba_\bs_\be is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and uppercase
- letters may be used interchangably to represent numbers between 10 and
+ ted, then base 10 is used. The digits greater than 9 are represented
+ by the lowercase letters, the uppercase letters, @, and _, in that
+ order. If _\bb_\ba_\bs_\be is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and uppercase
+ letters may be used interchangably to represent numbers between 10 and
35.
- Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in
- parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence rules
+ Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in
+ parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence rules
above.
C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS
- Conditional expressions are used by the [\b[[\b[ compound command and the
- t\bte\bes\bst\bt and [\b[ builtin commands to test file attributes and perform string
- and arithmetic comparisons. Expressions are formed from the following
- unary or binary primaries. If any _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be argument to one of the pri-
+ Conditional expressions are used by the [\b[[\b[ compound command and the
+ t\bte\bes\bst\bt and [\b[ builtin commands to test file attributes and perform string
+ and arithmetic comparisons. Expressions are formed from the following
+ unary or binary primaries. If any _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be argument to one of the pri-
maries is of the form _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bf_\bd_\b/_\bn, then file descriptor _\bn is checked. If
- the _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be argument to one of the primaries is one of _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bs_\bt_\bd_\bi_\bn,
- _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bs_\bt_\bd_\bo_\bu_\bt, or _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bs_\bt_\bd_\be_\br_\br, file descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively,
+ the _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be argument to one of the primaries is one of _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bs_\bt_\bd_\bi_\bn,
+ _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bs_\bt_\bd_\bo_\bu_\bt, or _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bs_\bt_\bd_\be_\br_\br, file descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively,
is checked.
+ Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow sym-
+ bolic links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the link
+ itself.
+
-\b-a\ba _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists.
-\b-b\bb _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
-\b-S\bS _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists and is a socket.
-\b-N\bN _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
- True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists and has been modified since it was last
+ True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists and has been modified since it was last
read.
_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 -n\bnt\bt _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2
- True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 is newer (according to modification date) than
+ True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 is newer (according to modification date) than
_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2, or if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 exists and _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2 does not.
_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 -o\bot\bt _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2
- True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 is older than _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2, or if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2 exists and _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1
+ True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 is older than _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2, or if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2 exists and _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1
does not.
_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 -\b-e\bef\bf _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2
- True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 and _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2 refer to the same device and inode num-
+ True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 and _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2 refer to the same device and inode num-
bers.
-\b-o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
- True if shell option _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is enabled. See the list of
- options under the description of the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt
+ True if shell option _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is enabled. See the list of
+ options under the description of the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt
builtin below.
-\b-z\bz _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg
True if the length of _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is zero.
True if the strings are not equal.
_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1 <\b< _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2
- True if _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1 sorts before _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2 lexicographically in the
+ True if _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1 sorts before _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2 lexicographically in the
current locale.
_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1 >\b> _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2
- True if _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1 sorts after _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2 lexicographically in the
+ True if _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1 sorts after _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2 lexicographically in the
current locale.
_\ba_\br_\bg_\b1 O\bOP\bP _\ba_\br_\bg_\b2
- O\bOP\bP is one of -\b-e\beq\bq, -\b-n\bne\be, -\b-l\blt\bt, -\b-l\ble\be, -\b-g\bgt\bt, or -\b-g\bge\be. These arithmetic
- binary operators return true if _\ba_\br_\bg_\b1 is equal to, not equal to,
- less than, less than or equal to, greater than, or greater than
- or equal to _\ba_\br_\bg_\b2, respectively. _\bA_\br_\bg_\b1 and _\ba_\br_\bg_\b2 may be positive
+ O\bOP\bP is one of -\b-e\beq\bq, -\b-n\bne\be, -\b-l\blt\bt, -\b-l\ble\be, -\b-g\bgt\bt, or -\b-g\bge\be. These arithmetic
+ binary operators return true if _\ba_\br_\bg_\b1 is equal to, not equal to,
+ less than, less than or equal to, greater than, or greater than
+ or equal to _\ba_\br_\bg_\b2, respectively. _\bA_\br_\bg_\b1 and _\ba_\br_\bg_\b2 may be positive
or negative integers.
S\bSI\bIM\bMP\bPL\bLE\bE C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN
- When a simple command is executed, the shell performs the following
+ When a simple command is executed, the shell performs the following
expansions, assignments, and redirections, from left to right.
- 1. The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments
- (those preceding the command name) and redirections are saved
+ 1. The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments
+ (those preceding the command name) and redirections are saved
for later processing.
- 2. The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are
- expanded. If any words remain after expansion, the first word
- is taken to be the name of the command and the remaining words
+ 2. The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are
+ expanded. If any words remain after expansion, the first word
+ is taken to be the name of the command and the remaining words
are the arguments.
3. Redirections are performed as described above under R\bRE\bED\bDI\bIR\bRE\bEC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN.
4. The text after the =\b= in each variable assignment undergoes tilde
expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
- expansion, and quote removal before being assigned to the vari-
+ expansion, and quote removal before being assigned to the vari-
able.
If no command name results, the variable assignments affect the current
- shell environment. Otherwise, the variables are added to the environ-
- ment of the executed command and do not affect the current shell envi-
- ronment. If any of the assignments attempts to assign a value to a
- readonly variable, an error occurs, and the command exits with a non-
+ shell environment. Otherwise, the variables are added to the environ-
+ ment of the executed command and do not affect the current shell envi-
+ ronment. If any of the assignments attempts to assign a value to a
+ readonly variable, an error occurs, and the command exits with a non-
zero status.
- If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not
- affect the current shell environment. A redirection error causes the
+ If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not
+ affect the current shell environment. A redirection error causes the
command to exit with a non-zero status.
- If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as
- described below. Otherwise, the command exits. If one of the expan-
- sions contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command
- is the exit status of the last command substitution performed. If
+ If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as
+ described below. Otherwise, the command exits. If one of the expan-
+ sions contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command
+ is the exit status of the last command substitution performed. If
there were no command substitutions, the command exits with a status of
zero.
C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
- After a command has been split into words, if it results in a simple
- command and an optional list of arguments, the following actions are
+ After a command has been split into words, if it results in a simple
+ command and an optional list of arguments, the following actions are
taken.
- If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to locate
- it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that function is
- invoked as described above in F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS. If the name does not match a
- function, the shell searches for it in the list of shell builtins. If
+ If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to locate
+ it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that function is
+ invoked as described above in F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS. If the name does not match a
+ function, the shell searches for it in the list of shell builtins. If
a match is found, that builtin is invoked.
- If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, and contains no
- slashes, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh searches each element of the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH for a directory con-
- taining an executable file by that name. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh uses a hash table to
- remember the full pathnames of executable files (see h\bha\bas\bsh\bh under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL
- B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below). A full search of the directories in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is
- performed only if the command is not found in the hash table. If the
- search is unsuccessful, the shell prints an error message and returns
+ If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, and contains no
+ slashes, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh searches each element of the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH for a directory con-
+ taining an executable file by that name. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh uses a hash table to
+ remember the full pathnames of executable files (see h\bha\bas\bsh\bh under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL
+ B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below). A full search of the directories in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is
+ performed only if the command is not found in the hash table. If the
+ search is unsuccessful, the shell prints an error message and returns
an exit status of 127.
- If the search is successful, or if the command name contains one or
+ If the search is successful, or if the command name contains one or
more slashes, the shell executes the named program in a separate execu-
tion environment. Argument 0 is set to the name given, and the remain-
ing arguments to the command are set to the arguments given, if any.
- If this execution fails because the file is not in executable format,
- and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl _\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt, a
- file containing shell commands. A subshell is spawned to execute it.
- This subshell reinitializes itself, so that the effect is as if a new
- shell had been invoked to handle the script, with the exception that
- the locations of commands remembered by the parent (see h\bha\bas\bsh\bh below
+ If this execution fails because the file is not in executable format,
+ and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl _\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt, a
+ file containing shell commands. A subshell is spawned to execute it.
+ This subshell reinitializes itself, so that the effect is as if a new
+ shell had been invoked to handle the script, with the exception that
+ the locations of commands remembered by the parent (see h\bha\bas\bsh\bh below
under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS) are retained by the child.
- If the program is a file beginning with #\b#!\b!, the remainder of the first
- line specifies an interpreter for the program. The shell executes the
+ If the program is a file beginning with #\b#!\b!, the remainder of the first
+ line specifies an interpreter for the program. The shell executes the
specified interpreter on operating systems that do not handle this exe-
cutable format themselves. The arguments to the interpreter consist of
- a single optional argument following the interpreter name on the first
- line of the program, followed by the name of the program, followed by
+ a single optional argument following the interpreter name on the first
+ line of the program, followed by the name of the program, followed by
the command arguments, if any.
C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN E\bEN\bNV\bVI\bIR\bRO\bON\bNM\bME\bEN\bNT\bT
- The shell has an _\be_\bx_\be_\bc_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn _\be_\bn_\bv_\bi_\br_\bo_\bn_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt, which consists of the follow-
+ The shell has an _\be_\bx_\be_\bc_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn _\be_\bn_\bv_\bi_\br_\bo_\bn_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt, which consists of the follow-
ing:
- +\bo open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by
+ +\bo open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by
redirections supplied to the e\bex\bxe\bec\bc builtin
- +\bo the current working directory as set by c\bcd\bd, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd, or p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd, or
+ +\bo the current working directory as set by c\bcd\bd, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd, or p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd, or
inherited by the shell at invocation
- +\bo the file creation mode mask as set by u\bum\bma\bas\bsk\bk or inherited from
+ +\bo the file creation mode mask as set by u\bum\bma\bas\bsk\bk or inherited from
the shell's parent
+\bo current traps set by t\btr\bra\bap\bp
+\bo shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with s\bse\bet\bt
or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment
- +\bo shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the
+ +\bo shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the
shell's parent in the environment
- +\bo options enabled at invocation (either by default or with com-
+ +\bo options enabled at invocation (either by default or with com-
mand-line arguments) or by s\bse\bet\bt
+\bo options enabled by s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt
+\bo shell aliases defined with a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs
- +\bo various process IDs, including those of background jobs, the
+ +\bo various process IDs, including those of background jobs, the
value of $\b$$\b$, and the value of $\b$P\bPP\bPI\bID\bD
- When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function is to be
- executed, it is invoked in a separate execution environment that con-
- sists of the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are inher-
+ When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function is to be
+ executed, it is invoked in a separate execution environment that con-
+ sists of the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are inher-
ited from the shell.
- +\bo the shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions
+ +\bo the shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions
specified by redirections to the command
+\bo the current working directory
+\bo the file creation mode mask
- +\bo shell variables and functions marked for export, along with
+ +\bo shell variables and functions marked for export, along with
variables exported for the command, passed in the environment
+\bo traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from
the shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored
- A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the
+ A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the
shell's execution environment.
- Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, and asyn-
- chronous commands are invoked in a subshell environment that is a
- duplicate of the shell environment, except that traps caught by the
- shell are reset to the values that the shell inherited from its parent
+ Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, and asyn-
+ chronous commands are invoked in a subshell environment that is a
+ duplicate of the shell environment, except that traps caught by the
+ shell are reset to the values that the shell inherited from its parent
at invocation. Builtin commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline
- are also executed in a subshell environment. Changes made to the sub-
+ are also executed in a subshell environment. Changes made to the sub-
shell environment cannot affect the shell's execution environment.
- If a command is followed by a &\b& and job control is not active, the
- default standard input for the command is the empty file _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bn_\bu_\bl_\bl.
- Otherwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the
+ If a command is followed by a &\b& and job control is not active, the
+ default standard input for the command is the empty file _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bn_\bu_\bl_\bl.
+ Otherwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the
calling shell as modified by redirections.
E\bEN\bNV\bVI\bIR\bRO\bON\bNM\bME\bEN\bNT\bT
- When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings called the
+ When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings called the
_\be_\bn_\bv_\bi_\br_\bo_\bn_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt. This is a list of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be-_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be pairs, of the form
_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be.
- The shell provides several ways to manipulate the environment. On
+ The shell provides several ways to manipulate the environment. On
invocation, the shell scans its own environment and creates a parameter
- for each name found, automatically marking it for _\be_\bx_\bp_\bo_\br_\bt to child pro-
- cesses. Executed commands inherit the environment. The e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt and
- d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be -\b-x\bx commands allow parameters and functions to be added to and
+ for each name found, automatically marking it for _\be_\bx_\bp_\bo_\br_\bt to child pro-
+ cesses. Executed commands inherit the environment. The e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt and
+ d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be -\b-x\bx commands allow parameters and functions to be added to and
deleted from the environment. If the value of a parameter in the envi-
- ronment is modified, the new value becomes part of the environment,
- replacing the old. The environment inherited by any executed command
- consists of the shell's initial environment, whose values may be modi-
- fied in the shell, less any pairs removed by the u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt command, plus
+ ronment is modified, the new value becomes part of the environment,
+ replacing the old. The environment inherited by any executed command
+ consists of the shell's initial environment, whose values may be modi-
+ fied in the shell, less any pairs removed by the u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt command, plus
any additions via the e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt and d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be -\b-x\bx commands.
- The environment for any _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd or function may be augmented
- temporarily by prefixing it with parameter assignments, as described
+ The environment for any _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd or function may be augmented
+ temporarily by prefixing it with parameter assignments, as described
above in P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bET\bTE\bER\bRS\bS. These assignment statements affect only the envi-
ronment seen by that command.
- If the -\b-k\bk option is set (see the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command below), then _\ba_\bl_\bl
- parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command, not
+ If the -\b-k\bk option is set (see the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command below), then _\ba_\bl_\bl
+ parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command, not
just those that precede the command name.
- When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh invokes an external command, the variable _\b_ is set to the
- full file name of the command and passed to that command in its envi-
+ When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh invokes an external command, the variable _\b_ is set to the
+ full file name of the command and passed to that command in its envi-
ronment.
E\bEX\bXI\bIT\bT S\bST\bTA\bAT\bTU\bUS\bS
For the shell's purposes, a command which exits with a zero exit status
- has succeeded. An exit status of zero indicates success. A non-zero
- exit status indicates failure. When a command terminates on a fatal
+ has succeeded. An exit status of zero indicates success. A non-zero
+ exit status indicates failure. When a command terminates on a fatal
signal _\bN, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh uses the value of 128+_\bN as the exit status.
- If a command is not found, the child process created to execute it
- returns a status of 127. If a command is found but is not executable,
+ If a command is not found, the child process created to execute it
+ returns a status of 127. If a command is found but is not executable,
the return status is 126.
If a command fails because of an error during expansion or redirection,
the exit status is greater than zero.
- Shell builtin commands return a status of 0 (_\bt_\br_\bu_\be) if successful, and
- non-zero (_\bf_\ba_\bl_\bs_\be) if an error occurs while they execute. All builtins
+ Shell builtin commands return a status of 0 (_\bt_\br_\bu_\be) if successful, and
+ non-zero (_\bf_\ba_\bl_\bs_\be) if an error occurs while they execute. All builtins
return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage.
- B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh itself returns the exit status of the last command executed,
- unless a syntax error occurs, in which case it exits with a non-zero
+ B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh itself returns the exit status of the last command executed,
+ unless a syntax error occurs, in which case it exits with a non-zero
value. See also the e\bex\bxi\bit\bt builtin command below.
S\bSI\bIG\bGN\bNA\bAL\bLS\bS
- When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores
+ When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores
S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTE\bER\bRM\bM (so that k\bki\bil\bll\bl 0\b0 does not kill an interactive shell), and S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT
- is caught and handled (so that the w\bwa\bai\bit\bt builtin is interruptible). In
- all cases, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh ignores S\bSI\bIG\bGQ\bQU\bUI\bIT\bT. If job control is in effect, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
+ is caught and handled (so that the w\bwa\bai\bit\bt builtin is interruptible). In
+ all cases, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh ignores S\bSI\bIG\bGQ\bQU\bUI\bIT\bT. If job control is in effect, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
ignores S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTT\bTI\bIN\bN, S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTT\bTO\bOU\bU, and S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTS\bST\bTP\bP.
Non-builtin commands run by b\bba\bas\bsh\bh have signal handlers set to the values
- inherited by the shell from its parent. When job control is not in
- effect, asynchronous commands ignore S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT and S\bSI\bIG\bGQ\bQU\bUI\bIT\bT in addition to
- these inherited handlers. Commands run as a result of command substi-
+ inherited by the shell from its parent. When job control is not in
+ effect, asynchronous commands ignore S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT and S\bSI\bIG\bGQ\bQU\bUI\bIT\bT in addition to
+ these inherited handlers. Commands run as a result of command substi-
tution ignore the keyboard-generated job control signals S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTT\bTI\bIN\bN, S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bT-\b-
T\bTO\bOU\bU, and S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTS\bST\bTP\bP.
- The shell exits by default upon receipt of a S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP. Before exiting,
- an interactive shell resends the S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP to all jobs, running or
+ The shell exits by default upon receipt of a S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP. Before exiting,
+ an interactive shell resends the S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP to all jobs, running or
stopped. Stopped jobs are sent S\bSI\bIG\bGC\bCO\bON\bNT\bT to ensure that they receive the
- S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP. To prevent the shell from sending the signal to a particular
- job, it should be removed from the jobs table with the d\bdi\bis\bso\bow\bwn\bn builtin
- (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below) or marked to not receive S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP
+ S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP. To prevent the shell from sending the signal to a particular
+ job, it should be removed from the jobs table with the d\bdi\bis\bso\bow\bwn\bn builtin
+ (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below) or marked to not receive S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP
using d\bdi\bis\bso\bow\bwn\bn -\b-h\bh.
- If the h\bhu\bup\bpo\bon\bne\bex\bxi\bit\bt shell option has been set with s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh sends a
+ If the h\bhu\bup\bpo\bon\bne\bex\bxi\bit\bt shell option has been set with s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh sends a
S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP to all jobs when an interactive login shell exits.
- If 0for which a trap has been set, the trap will not be executed until
- the command completes. When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is waiting for an asynchronous com-
- mand via the w\bwa\bai\bit\bt builtin, the reception of a signal for which a trap
- has been set will cause the w\bwa\bai\bit\bt builtin to return immediately with an
- exit status greater than 128, immediately after which the trap is exe-
+ If 0for which a trap has been set, the trap will not be executed until
+ the command completes. When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is waiting for an asynchronous com-
+ mand via the w\bwa\bai\bit\bt builtin, the reception of a signal for which a trap
+ has been set will cause the w\bwa\bai\bit\bt builtin to return immediately with an
+ exit status greater than 128, immediately after which the trap is exe-
cuted.
J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL
- _\bJ_\bo_\bb _\bc_\bo_\bn_\bt_\br_\bo_\bl refers to the ability to selectively stop (_\bs_\bu_\bs_\bp_\be_\bn_\bd) the
+ _\bJ_\bo_\bb _\bc_\bo_\bn_\bt_\br_\bo_\bl refers to the ability to selectively stop (_\bs_\bu_\bs_\bp_\be_\bn_\bd) the
execution of processes and continue (_\br_\be_\bs_\bu_\bm_\be) their execution at a later
- point. A user typically employs this facility via an interactive
+ point. A user typically employs this facility via an interactive
interface supplied jointly by the system's terminal driver and b\bba\bas\bsh\bh.
- The shell associates a _\bj_\bo_\bb with each pipeline. It keeps a table of
- currently executing jobs, which may be listed with the j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs command.
- When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh starts a job asynchronously (in the _\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd), it prints a
+ The shell associates a _\bj_\bo_\bb with each pipeline. It keeps a table of
+ currently executing jobs, which may be listed with the j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs command.
+ When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh starts a job asynchronously (in the _\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd), it prints a
line that looks like:
[1] 25647
indicating that this job is job number 1 and that the process ID of the
last process in the pipeline associated with this job is 25647. All of
- the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh
+ the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh
uses the _\bj_\bo_\bb abstraction as the basis for job control.
- To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job control,
+ To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job control,
the operating system maintains the notion of a _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bt_\be_\br_\bm_\bi_\bn_\ba_\bl _\bp_\br_\bo_\bc_\be_\bs_\bs
_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bp _\bI_\bD. Members of this process group (processes whose process group
ID is equal to the current terminal process group ID) receive keyboard-
- generated signals such as S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT. These processes are said to be in
- the _\bf_\bo_\br_\be_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd. _\bB_\ba_\bc_\bk_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd processes are those whose process group ID
+ generated signals such as S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT. These processes are said to be in
+ the _\bf_\bo_\br_\be_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd. _\bB_\ba_\bc_\bk_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd processes are those whose process group ID
differs from the terminal's; such processes are immune to keyboard-gen-
- erated signals. Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or
+ erated signals. Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or
write to the terminal. Background processes which attempt to read from
(write to) the terminal are sent a S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTT\bTI\bIN\bN (\b(S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTT\bTO\bOU\bU)\b) signal by the ter-
minal driver, which, unless caught, suspends the process.
- If the operating system on which b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is running supports job control,
+ If the operating system on which b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is running supports job control,
b\bba\bas\bsh\bh contains facilities to use it. Typing the _\bs_\bu_\bs_\bp_\be_\bn_\bd character (typ-
ically ^\b^Z\bZ, Control-Z) while a process is running causes that process to
- be stopped and returns control to b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. Typing the _\bd_\be_\bl_\ba_\by_\be_\bd _\bs_\bu_\bs_\bp_\be_\bn_\bd
- character (typically ^\b^Y\bY, Control-Y) causes the process to be stopped
- when it attempts to read input from the terminal, and control to be
- returned to b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. The user may then manipulate the state of this job,
- using the b\bbg\bg command to continue it in the background, the f\bfg\bg command
+ be stopped and returns control to b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. Typing the _\bd_\be_\bl_\ba_\by_\be_\bd _\bs_\bu_\bs_\bp_\be_\bn_\bd
+ character (typically ^\b^Y\bY, Control-Y) causes the process to be stopped
+ when it attempts to read input from the terminal, and control to be
+ returned to b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. The user may then manipulate the state of this job,
+ using the b\bbg\bg command to continue it in the background, the f\bfg\bg command
to continue it in the foreground, or the k\bki\bil\bll\bl command to kill it. A ^\b^Z\bZ
takes effect immediately, and has the additional side effect of causing
pending output and typeahead to be discarded.
There are a number of ways to refer to a job in the shell. The charac-
ter %\b% introduces a job name. Job number _\bn may be referred to as %\b%n\bn. A
- job may also be referred to using a prefix of the name used to start
- it, or using a substring that appears in its command line. For exam-
+ job may also be referred to using a prefix of the name used to start
+ it, or using a substring that appears in its command line. For exam-
ple, %\b%c\bce\be refers to a stopped c\bce\be job. If a prefix matches more than one
- job, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh reports an error. Using %\b%?\b?c\bce\be, on the other hand, refers to
+ job, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh reports an error. Using %\b%?\b?c\bce\be, on the other hand, refers to
any job containing the string c\bce\be in its command line. If the substring
- matches more than one job, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh reports an error. The symbols %\b%%\b% and
- %\b%+\b+ refer to the shell's notion of the _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bj_\bo_\bb, which is the last
- job stopped while it was in the foreground or started in the back-
- ground. The _\bp_\br_\be_\bv_\bi_\bo_\bu_\bs _\bj_\bo_\bb may be referenced using %\b%-\b-. In output per-
- taining to jobs (e.g., the output of the j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs command), the current job
- is always flagged with a +\b+, and the previous job with a -\b-.
-
- Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground: %\b%1\b1 is
- a synonym for `\b``\b`f\bfg\bg %\b%1\b1'\b''\b', bringing job 1 from the background into the
- foreground. Similarly, `\b``\b`%\b%1\b1 &\b&'\b''\b' resumes job 1 in the background,
+ matches more than one job, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh reports an error. The symbols %\b%%\b% and
+ %\b%+\b+ refer to the shell's notion of the _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bj_\bo_\bb, which is the last
+ job stopped while it was in the foreground or started in the back-
+ ground. The _\bp_\br_\be_\bv_\bi_\bo_\bu_\bs _\bj_\bo_\bb may be referenced using %\b%-\b-. In output
+ pertaining to jobs (e.g., the output of the j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs command), the current
+ job is always flagged with a +\b+, and the previous job with a -\b-.
+
+ Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground: %\b%1\b1 is
+ a synonym for `\b``\b`f\bfg\bg %\b%1\b1'\b''\b', bringing job 1 from the background into the
+ foreground. Similarly, `\b``\b`%\b%1\b1 &\b&'\b''\b' resumes job 1 in the background,
equivalent to `\b``\b`b\bbg\bg %\b%1\b1'\b''\b'.
- The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state. Normally,
+ The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state. Normally,
b\bba\bas\bsh\bh waits until it is about to print a prompt before reporting changes
- in a job's status so as to not interrupt any other output. If the -\b-b\bb
+ in a job's status so as to not interrupt any other output. If the -\b-b\bb
option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command is enabled, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh reports such changes
- immediately. Any trap on S\bSI\bIG\bGC\bCH\bHL\bLD\bD is executed for each child that
+ immediately. Any trap on S\bSI\bIG\bGC\bCH\bHL\bLD\bD is executed for each child that
exits.
- If an attempt to exit b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is made while jobs are stopped, the shell
+ If an attempt to exit b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is made while jobs are stopped, the shell
prints a warning message. The j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs command may then be used to inspect
their status. If a second attempt to exit is made without an interven-
- ing command, the shell does not print another warning, and the stopped
+ ing command, the shell does not print another warning, and the stopped
jobs are terminated.
P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG
When executing interactively, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh displays the primary prompt P\bPS\bS1\b1 when
- it is ready to read a command, and the secondary prompt P\bPS\bS2\b2 when it
- needs more input to complete a command. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh allows these prompt
- strings to be customized by inserting a number of backslash-escaped
+ it is ready to read a command, and the secondary prompt P\bPS\bS2\b2 when it
+ needs more input to complete a command. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh allows these prompt
+ strings to be customized by inserting a number of backslash-escaped
special characters that are decoded as follows:
\\b\a\ba an ASCII bell character (07)
- \\b\d\bd the date in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May
+ \\b\d\bd the date in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May
26")
\\b\D\bD{\b{_\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt}\b}
- the _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is passed to _\bs_\bt_\br_\bf_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3) and the result is
- inserted into the prompt string; an empty _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt results
+ the _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is passed to _\bs_\bt_\br_\bf_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3) and the result is
+ inserted into the prompt string; an empty _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt results
in a locale-specific time representation. The braces are
required
\\b\e\be an ASCII escape character (033)
\\b\l\bl the basename of the shell's terminal device name
\\b\n\bn newline
\\b\r\br carriage return
- \\b\s\bs the name of the shell, the basename of $\b$0\b0 (the portion
+ \\b\s\bs the name of the shell, the basename of $\b$0\b0 (the portion
following the final slash)
\\b\t\bt the current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format
\\b\T\bT the current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format
\\b\u\bu the username of the current user
\\b\v\bv the version of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh (e.g., 2.00)
\\b\V\bV the release of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh, version + patch level (e.g., 2.00.0)
- \\b\w\bw the current working directory, with $\b$H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE abbreviated
+ \\b\w\bw the current working directory, with $\b$H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE abbreviated
with a tilde
\\b\W\bW the basename of the current working directory, with $\b$H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE
abbreviated with a tilde
\\b\$\b$ if the effective UID is 0, a #\b#, otherwise a $\b$
\\b\_\bn_\bn_\bn the character corresponding to the octal number _\bn_\bn_\bn
\\b\\\b\ a backslash
- \\b\[\b[ begin a sequence of non-printing characters, which could
- be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the
+ \\b\[\b[ begin a sequence of non-printing characters, which could
+ be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the
prompt
\\b\]\b] end a sequence of non-printing characters
- The command number and the history number are usually different: the
- history number of a command is its position in the history list, which
- may include commands restored from the history file (see H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY
- below), while the command number is the position in the sequence of
- commands executed during the current shell session. After the string
- is decoded, it is expanded via parameter expansion, command substitu-
- tion, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal, subject to the value of
- the p\bpr\bro\bom\bmp\bpt\btv\bva\bar\brs\bs shell option (see the description of the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt command
+ The command number and the history number are usually different: the
+ history number of a command is its position in the history list, which
+ may include commands restored from the history file (see H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY
+ below), while the command number is the position in the sequence of
+ commands executed during the current shell session. After the string
+ is decoded, it is expanded via parameter expansion, command substitu-
+ tion, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal, subject to the value of
+ the p\bpr\bro\bom\bmp\bpt\btv\bva\bar\brs\bs shell option (see the description of the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt command
under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
- This is the library that handles reading input when using an interac-
+ This is the library that handles reading input when using an interac-
tive shell, unless the -\b--\b-n\bno\boe\bed\bdi\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg option is given at shell invocation.
By default, the line editing commands are similar to those of emacs. A
- vi-style line editing interface is also available. To turn off line
- editing after the shell is running, use the +\b+o\bo e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs or +\b+o\bo v\bvi\bi options
+ vi-style line editing interface is also available. To turn off line
+ editing after the shell is running, use the +\b+o\bo e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs or +\b+o\bo v\bvi\bi options
to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be N\bNo\bot\bta\bat\bti\bio\bon\bn
In this section, the emacs-style notation is used to denote keystrokes.
- Control keys are denoted by C-_\bk_\be_\by, e.g., C-n means Control-N. Simi-
- larly, _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba keys are denoted by M-_\bk_\be_\by, so M-x means Meta-X. (On key-
- boards without a _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba key, M-_\bx means ESC _\bx, i.e., press the Escape key
+ Control keys are denoted by C-_\bk_\be_\by, e.g., C-n means Control-N. Simi-
+ larly, _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba keys are denoted by M-_\bk_\be_\by, so M-x means Meta-X. (On key-
+ boards without a _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba key, M-_\bx means ESC _\bx, i.e., press the Escape key
then the _\bx key. This makes ESC the _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx. The combination M-C-_\bx
- means ESC-Control-_\bx, or press the Escape key then hold the Control key
+ means ESC-Control-_\bx, or press the Escape key then hold the Control key
while pressing the _\bx key.)
Readline commands may be given numeric _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs, which normally act as
- a repeat count. Sometimes, however, it is the sign of the argument
- that is significant. Passing a negative argument to a command that
- acts in the forward direction (e.g., k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be) causes that command to
- act in a backward direction. Commands whose behavior with arguments
+ a repeat count. Sometimes, however, it is the sign of the argument
+ that is significant. Passing a negative argument to a command that
+ acts in the forward direction (e.g., k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be) causes that command to
+ act in a backward direction. Commands whose behavior with arguments
deviates from this are noted below.
- When a command is described as _\bk_\bi_\bl_\bl_\bi_\bn_\bg text, the text deleted is saved
+ When a command is described as _\bk_\bi_\bl_\bl_\bi_\bn_\bg text, the text deleted is saved
for possible future retrieval (_\by_\ba_\bn_\bk_\bi_\bn_\bg). The killed text is saved in a
_\bk_\bi_\bl_\bl _\br_\bi_\bn_\bg. Consecutive kills cause the text to be accumulated into one
unit, which can be yanked all at once. Commands which do not kill text
separate the chunks of text on the kill ring.
R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be I\bIn\bni\bit\bti\bia\bal\bli\biz\bza\bat\bti\bio\bon\bn
- Readline is customized by putting commands in an initialization file
- (the _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file). The name of this file is taken from the value of
- the I\bIN\bNP\bPU\bUT\bTR\bRC\bC variable. If that variable is unset, the default is
- _\b~_\b/_\b._\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc. When a program which uses the readline library starts up,
+ Readline is customized by putting commands in an initialization file
+ (the _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file). The name of this file is taken from the value of
+ the I\bIN\bNP\bPU\bUT\bTR\bRC\bC variable. If that variable is unset, the default is
+ _\b~_\b/_\b._\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc. When a program which uses the readline library starts up,
the initialization file is read, and the key bindings and variables are
- set. There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the readline
- initialization file. Blank lines are ignored. Lines beginning with a
- #\b# are comments. Lines beginning with a $\b$ indicate conditional con-
+ set. There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the readline
+ initialization file. Blank lines are ignored. Lines beginning with a
+ #\b# are comments. Lines beginning with a $\b$ indicate conditional con-
structs. Other lines denote key bindings and variable settings.
- The default key-bindings may be changed with an _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file. Other
+ The default key-bindings may be changed with an _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file. Other
programs that use this library may add their own commands and bindings.
For example, placing
M-Control-u: universal-argument
or
C-Meta-u: universal-argument
- into the _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc would make M-C-u execute the readline command _\bu_\bn_\bi_\bv_\be_\br_\b-
+ into the _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc would make M-C-u execute the readline command _\bu_\bn_\bi_\bv_\be_\br_\b-
_\bs_\ba_\bl_\b-_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt.
- The following symbolic character names are recognized: _\bR_\bU_\bB_\bO_\bU_\bT, _\bD_\bE_\bL,
+ The following symbolic character names are recognized: _\bR_\bU_\bB_\bO_\bU_\bT, _\bD_\bE_\bL,
_\bE_\bS_\bC, _\bL_\bF_\bD, _\bN_\bE_\bW_\bL_\bI_\bN_\bE, _\bR_\bE_\bT, _\bR_\bE_\bT_\bU_\bR_\bN, _\bS_\bP_\bC, _\bS_\bP_\bA_\bC_\bE, and _\bT_\bA_\bB.
- In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound to a
+ In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound to a
string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a _\bm_\ba_\bc_\br_\bo).
R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be K\bKe\bey\by B\bBi\bin\bnd\bdi\bin\bng\bgs\bs
- The syntax for controlling key bindings in the _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file is simple.
- All that is required is the name of the command or the text of a macro
- and a key sequence to which it should be bound. The name may be speci-
+ The syntax for controlling key bindings in the _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file is simple.
+ All that is required is the name of the command or the text of a macro
+ and a key sequence to which it should be bound. The name may be speci-
fied in one of two ways: as a symbolic key name, possibly with _\bM_\be_\bt_\ba_\b- or
_\bC_\bo_\bn_\bt_\br_\bo_\bl_\b- prefixes, or as a key sequence.
Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word
Control-o: "> output"
- In the above example, _\bC_\b-_\bu is bound to the function u\bun\bni\biv\bve\ber\brs\bsa\bal\bl-\b-a\bar\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bt,
- _\bM_\b-_\bD_\bE_\bL is bound to the function b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd, and _\bC_\b-_\bo is bound to
- run the macro expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the
+ In the above example, _\bC_\b-_\bu is bound to the function u\bun\bni\biv\bve\ber\brs\bsa\bal\bl-\b-a\bar\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bt,
+ _\bM_\b-_\bD_\bE_\bL is bound to the function b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd, and _\bC_\b-_\bo is bound to
+ run the macro expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the
text ``> output'' into the line).
- In the second form, "\b"k\bke\bey\bys\bse\beq\bq"\b":_\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be or _\bm_\ba_\bc_\br_\bo, k\bke\bey\bys\bse\beq\bq differs
- from k\bke\bey\byn\bna\bam\bme\be above in that strings denoting an entire key sequence may
- be specified by placing the sequence within double quotes. Some GNU
- Emacs style key escapes can be used, as in the following example, but
+ In the second form, "\b"k\bke\bey\bys\bse\beq\bq"\b":_\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be or _\bm_\ba_\bc_\br_\bo, k\bke\bey\bys\bse\beq\bq differs
+ from k\bke\bey\byn\bna\bam\bme\be above in that strings denoting an entire key sequence may
+ be specified by placing the sequence within double quotes. Some GNU
+ Emacs style key escapes can be used, as in the following example, but
the symbolic character names are not recognized.
"\C-u": universal-argument
"\e[11~": "Function Key 1"
In this example, _\bC_\b-_\bu is again bound to the function u\bun\bni\biv\bve\ber\brs\bsa\bal\bl-\b-a\bar\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bt.
- _\bC_\b-_\bx _\bC_\b-_\br is bound to the function r\bre\be-\b-r\bre\bea\bad\bd-\b-i\bin\bni\bit\bt-\b-f\bfi\bil\ble\be, and _\bE_\bS_\bC _\b[ _\b1 _\b1 _\b~ is
+ _\bC_\b-_\bx _\bC_\b-_\br is bound to the function r\bre\be-\b-r\bre\bea\bad\bd-\b-i\bin\bni\bit\bt-\b-f\bfi\bil\ble\be, and _\bE_\bS_\bC _\b[ _\b1 _\b1 _\b~ is
bound to insert the text ``Function Key 1''.
The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences is
\\b\"\b" literal "
\\b\'\b' literal '
- In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set of
+ In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set of
backslash escapes is available:
\\b\a\ba alert (bell)
\\b\b\bb backspace
\\b\r\br carriage return
\\b\t\bt horizontal tab
\\b\v\bv vertical tab
- \\b\_\bn_\bn_\bn the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value
+ \\b\_\bn_\bn_\bn the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value
_\bn_\bn_\bn (one to three digits)
- \\b\x\bx_\bH_\bH the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal
+ \\b\x\bx_\bH_\bH the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal
value _\bH_\bH (one or two hex digits)
When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must be used
to indicate a macro definition. Unquoted text is assumed to be a func-
- tion name. In the macro body, the backslash escapes described above
- are expanded. Backslash will quote any other character in the macro
+ tion name. In the macro body, the backslash escapes described above
+ are expanded. Backslash will quote any other character in the macro
text, including " and '.
- B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh allows the current readline key bindings to be displayed or modi-
- fied with the b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd builtin command. The editing mode may be switched
- during interactive use by using the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin com-
+ B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh allows the current readline key bindings to be displayed or modi-
+ fied with the b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd builtin command. The editing mode may be switched
+ during interactive use by using the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin com-
mand (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs
s\bse\bet\bt _\bv_\ba_\br_\bi_\ba_\bb_\bl_\be_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be
- Except where noted, readline variables can take the values O\bOn\bn or O\bOf\bff\bf.
+ Except where noted, readline variables can take the values O\bOn\bn or O\bOf\bff\bf.
The variables and their default values are:
b\bbe\bel\bll\bl-\b-s\bst\bty\byl\ble\be (\b(a\bau\bud\bdi\bib\bbl\ble\be)\b)
- Controls what happens when readline wants to ring the terminal
+ Controls what happens when readline wants to ring the terminal
bell. If set to n\bno\bon\bne\be, readline never rings the bell. If set to
- v\bvi\bis\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be, readline uses a visible bell if one is available. If
+ v\bvi\bis\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be, readline uses a visible bell if one is available. If
set to a\bau\bud\bdi\bib\bbl\ble\be, readline attempts to ring the terminal's bell.
c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn (\b(`\b``\b`#\b#'\b''\b')\b)
- The string that is inserted when the readline i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt
+ The string that is inserted when the readline i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt
command is executed. This command is bound to M\bM-\b-#\b# in emacs mode
and to #\b# in vi command mode.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn-\b-i\big\bgn\bno\bor\bre\be-\b-c\bca\bas\bse\be (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
If set to O\bOn\bn, readline performs filename matching and completion
in a case-insensitive fashion.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn-\b-q\bqu\bue\ber\bry\by-\b-i\bit\bte\bem\bms\bs (\b(1\b10\b00\b0)\b)
- This determines when the user is queried about viewing the num-
- ber of possible completions generated by the p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\be-\b-
- t\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs command. It may be set to any integer value greater than
- or equal to zero. If the number of possible completions is
+ This determines when the user is queried about viewing the num-
+ ber of possible completions generated by the p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\be-\b-
+ t\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs command. It may be set to any integer value greater than
+ or equal to zero. If the number of possible completions is
greater than or equal to the value of this variable, the user is
- asked whether or not he wishes to view them; otherwise they are
+ asked whether or not he wishes to view them; otherwise they are
simply listed on the terminal.
c\bco\bon\bnv\bve\ber\brt\bt-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, readline will convert characters with the eighth
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, readline will convert characters with the eighth
bit set to an ASCII key sequence by stripping the eighth bit and
- prefixing an escape character (in effect, using escape as the
+ prefixing an escape character (in effect, using escape as the
_\bm_\be_\bt_\ba _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx).
d\bdi\bis\bsa\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
If set to O\bOn\bn, readline will inhibit word completion. Completion
- characters will be inserted into the line as if they had been
+ characters will be inserted into the line as if they had been
mapped to s\bse\bel\blf\bf-\b-i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt.
e\bed\bdi\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be (\b(e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs)\b)
Controls whether readline begins with a set of key bindings sim-
v\bvi\bi.
e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-k\bke\bey\byp\bpa\bad\bd (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
When set to O\bOn\bn, readline will try to enable the application key-
- pad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable the
+ pad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable the
arrow keys.
e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-t\bti\bil\bld\bde\be (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to o\bon\bn, tilde expansion is performed when readline
+ If set to o\bon\bn, tilde expansion is performed when readline
attempts word completion.
h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by-\b-p\bpr\bre\bes\bse\ber\brv\bve\be-\b-p\bpo\boi\bin\bnt\bt
- If set to o\bon\bn, the history code attempts to place point at the
- same location on each history line retrived with p\bpr\bre\bev\bvi\bio\bou\bus\bs-\b-h\bhi\bis\bs-\b-
+ If set to o\bon\bn, the history code attempts to place point at the
+ same location on each history line retrived with p\bpr\bre\bev\bvi\bio\bou\bus\bs-\b-h\bhi\bis\bs-\b-
t\bto\bor\bry\by or n\bne\bex\bxt\bt-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by.
h\bho\bor\bri\biz\bzo\bon\bnt\bta\bal\bl-\b-s\bsc\bcr\bro\bol\bll\bl-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- When set to O\bOn\bn, makes readline use a single line for display,
+ When set to O\bOn\bn, makes readline use a single line for display,
scrolling the input horizontally on a single screen line when it
- becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a
+ becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a
new line.
i\bin\bnp\bpu\but\bt-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, readline will enable eight-bit input (that is, it
- will not strip the high bit from the characters it reads),
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, readline will enable eight-bit input (that is, it
+ will not strip the high bit from the characters it reads),
regardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The name
m\bme\bet\bta\ba-\b-f\bfl\bla\bag\bg is a synonym for this variable.
i\bis\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-t\bte\ber\brm\bmi\bin\bna\bat\bto\bor\brs\bs (\b(`\b``\b`C\bC-\b-[\b[C\bC-\b-J\bJ'\b''\b')\b)
- The string of characters that should terminate an incremental
- search without subsequently executing the character as a com-
- mand. If this variable has not been given a value, the charac-
+ The string of characters that should terminate an incremental
+ search without subsequently executing the character as a com-
+ mand. If this variable has not been given a value, the charac-
ters _\bE_\bS_\bC and _\bC_\b-_\bJ will terminate an incremental search.
k\bke\bey\bym\bma\bap\bp (\b(e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs)\b)
- Set the current readline keymap. The set of valid keymap names
- is _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\bd_\ba_\br_\bd_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bc_\bt_\bl_\bx_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\b-
- _\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, and _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bi_\bn_\bs_\be_\br_\bt. _\bv_\bi is equivalent to _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd; _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs is
- equivalent to _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\bd_\ba_\br_\bd. The default value is _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs; the
+ Set the current readline keymap. The set of valid keymap names
+ is _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\bd_\ba_\br_\bd_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bc_\bt_\bl_\bx_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\b-
+ _\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, and _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bi_\bn_\bs_\be_\br_\bt. _\bv_\bi is equivalent to _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd; _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs is
+ equivalent to _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\bd_\ba_\br_\bd. The default value is _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs; the
value of e\bed\bdi\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be also affects the default keymap.
m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-d\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bri\bie\bes\bs (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
If set to O\bOn\bn, completed directory names have a slash appended.
m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-m\bmo\bod\bdi\bif\bfi\bie\bed\bd-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\bes\bs (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, history lines that have been modified are dis-
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, history lines that have been modified are dis-
played with a preceding asterisk (*\b*).
m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-s\bsy\bym\bml\bli\bin\bnk\bke\bed\bd-\b-d\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bri\bie\bes\bs (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
If set to O\bOn\bn, completed names which are symbolic links to direc-
- tories have a slash appended (subject to the value of
+ tories have a slash appended (subject to the value of
m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-d\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bri\bie\bes\bs).
m\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh-\b-h\bhi\bid\bdd\bde\ben\bn-\b-f\bfi\bil\ble\bes\bs (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
- This variable, when set to O\bOn\bn, causes readline to match files
- whose names begin with a `.' (hidden files) when performing
- filename completion, unless the leading `.' is supplied by the
+ This variable, when set to O\bOn\bn, causes readline to match files
+ whose names begin with a `.' (hidden files) when performing
+ filename completion, unless the leading `.' is supplied by the
user in the filename to be completed.
o\bou\but\btp\bpu\but\bt-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, readline will display characters with the eighth
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, readline will display characters with the eighth
bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape sequence.
p\bpa\bag\bge\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, readline uses an internal _\bm_\bo_\br_\be-like pager to dis-
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, readline uses an internal _\bm_\bo_\br_\be-like pager to dis-
play a screenful of possible completions at a time.
p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\bt-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs-\b-h\bho\bor\bri\biz\bzo\bon\bnt\bta\bal\bll\bly\by (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, readline will display completions with matches
- sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, readline will display completions with matches
+ sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the
screen.
s\bsh\bho\bow\bw-\b-a\bal\bll\bl-\b-i\bif\bf-\b-a\bam\bmb\bbi\big\bgu\buo\bou\bus\bs (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- This alters the default behavior of the completion functions.
+ This alters the default behavior of the completion functions.
If set to o\bon\bn, words which have more than one possible completion
- cause the matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing
+ cause the matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing
the bell.
s\bsh\bho\bow\bw-\b-a\bal\bll\bl-\b-i\bif\bf-\b-u\bun\bnm\bmo\bod\bdi\bif\bfi\bie\bed\bd (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- This alters the default behavior of the completion functions in
+ This alters the default behavior of the completion functions in
a fashion similar to s\bsh\bho\bow\bw-\b-a\bal\bll\bl-\b-i\bif\bf-\b-a\bam\bmb\bbi\big\bgu\buo\bou\bus\bs. If set to o\bon\bn, words
- which have more than one possible completion without any possi-
- ble partial completion (the possible completions don't share a
- common prefix) cause the matches to be listed immediately
+ which have more than one possible completion without any possi-
+ ble partial completion (the possible completions don't share a
+ common prefix) cause the matches to be listed immediately
instead of ringing the bell.
v\bvi\bis\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-s\bst\bta\bat\bts\bs (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, a character denoting a file's type as reported by
- _\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt(2) is appended to the filename when listing possible com-
- pletions.
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, a character denoting a file's type as reported by
+ _\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt(2) is appended to the filename when listing possible
+ completions.
R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be C\bCo\bon\bnd\bdi\bit\bti\bio\bon\bna\bal\bl C\bCo\bon\bns\bst\btr\bru\buc\bct\bts\bs
- Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional
- compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings
- and variable settings to be performed as the result of tests. There
+ Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional
+ compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings
+ and variable settings to be performed as the result of tests. There
are four parser directives used.
- $\b$i\bif\bf The $\b$i\bif\bf construct allows bindings to be made based on the edit-
- ing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using
- readline. The text of the test extends to the end of the line;
+ $\b$i\bif\bf The $\b$i\bif\bf construct allows bindings to be made based on the edit-
+ ing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using
+ readline. The text of the test extends to the end of the line;
no characters are required to isolate it.
- m\bmo\bod\bde\be The m\bmo\bod\bde\be=\b= form of the $\b$i\bif\bf directive is used to test
- whether readline is in emacs or vi mode. This may be
- used in conjunction with the s\bse\bet\bt k\bke\bey\bym\bma\bap\bp command, for
- instance, to set bindings in the _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\bd_\ba_\br_\bd and
- _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bc_\bt_\bl_\bx keymaps only if readline is starting out in
+ m\bmo\bod\bde\be The m\bmo\bod\bde\be=\b= form of the $\b$i\bif\bf directive is used to test
+ whether readline is in emacs or vi mode. This may be
+ used in conjunction with the s\bse\bet\bt k\bke\bey\bym\bma\bap\bp command, for
+ instance, to set bindings in the _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\bd_\ba_\br_\bd and
+ _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bc_\bt_\bl_\bx keymaps only if readline is starting out in
emacs mode.
- t\bte\ber\brm\bm The t\bte\ber\brm\bm=\b= form may be used to include terminal-specific
+ t\bte\ber\brm\bm The t\bte\ber\brm\bm=\b= form may be used to include terminal-specific
key bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by
the terminal's function keys. The word on the right side
of the =\b= is tested against the both full name of the ter-
- minal and the portion of the terminal name before the
- first -\b-. This allows _\bs_\bu_\bn to match both _\bs_\bu_\bn and _\bs_\bu_\bn_\b-_\bc_\bm_\bd,
+ minal and the portion of the terminal name before the
+ first -\b-. This allows _\bs_\bu_\bn to match both _\bs_\bu_\bn and _\bs_\bu_\bn_\b-_\bc_\bm_\bd,
for instance.
a\bap\bpp\bpl\bli\bic\bca\bat\bti\bio\bon\bn
The a\bap\bpp\bpl\bli\bic\bca\bat\bti\bio\bon\bn construct is used to include application-
specific settings. Each program using the readline
- library sets the _\ba_\bp_\bp_\bl_\bi_\bc_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, and an initialization
+ library sets the _\ba_\bp_\bp_\bl_\bi_\bc_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, and an initialization
file can test for a particular value. This could be used
- to bind key sequences to functions useful for a specific
- program. For instance, the following command adds a key
- sequence that quotes the current or previous word in
+ to bind key sequences to functions useful for a specific
+ program. For instance, the following command adds a key
+ sequence that quotes the current or previous word in
Bash:
$\b$i\bif\bf Bash
test fails.
$\b$i\bin\bnc\bcl\blu\bud\bde\be
- This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads
- commands and bindings from that file. For example, the follow-
+ This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads
+ commands and bindings from that file. For example, the follow-
ing directive would read _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc:
$\b$i\bin\bnc\bcl\blu\bud\bde\be _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc
S\bSe\bea\bar\brc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg
- Readline provides commands for searching through the command history
+ Readline provides commands for searching through the command history
(see H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY below) for lines containing a specified string. There are
two search modes: _\bi_\bn_\bc_\br_\be_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\ba_\bl and _\bn_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bi_\bn_\bc_\br_\be_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\ba_\bl.
- Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the
- search string. As each character of the search string is typed, read-
+ Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the
+ search string. As each character of the search string is typed, read-
line displays the next entry from the history matching the string typed
- so far. An incremental search requires only as many characters as
- needed to find the desired history entry. The characters present in
- the value of the i\bis\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-t\bte\ber\brm\bmi\bin\bna\bat\bto\bor\brs\bs variable are used to terminate an
+ so far. An incremental search requires only as many characters as
+ needed to find the desired history entry. The characters present in
+ the value of the i\bis\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-t\bte\ber\brm\bmi\bin\bna\bat\bto\bor\brs\bs variable are used to terminate an
incremental search. If that variable has not been assigned a value the
- Escape and Control-J characters will terminate an incremental search.
- Control-G will abort an incremental search and restore the original
- line. When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the
+ Escape and Control-J characters will terminate an incremental search.
+ Control-G will abort an incremental search and restore the original
+ line. When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the
search string becomes the current line.
- To find other matching entries in the history list, type Control-S or
- Control-R as appropriate. This will search backward or forward in the
- history for the next entry matching the search string typed so far.
- Any other key sequence bound to a readline command will terminate the
- search and execute that command. For instance, a _\bn_\be_\bw_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be will termi-
+ To find other matching entries in the history list, type Control-S or
+ Control-R as appropriate. This will search backward or forward in the
+ history for the next entry matching the search string typed so far.
+ Any other key sequence bound to a readline command will terminate the
+ search and execute that command. For instance, a _\bn_\be_\bw_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be will termi-
nate the search and accept the line, thereby executing the command from
the history list.
Readline remembers the last incremental search string. If two Control-
- Rs are typed without any intervening characters defining a new search
+ Rs are typed without any intervening characters defining a new search
string, any remembered search string is used.
- Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting
- to search for matching history lines. The search string may be typed
+ Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting
+ to search for matching history lines. The search string may be typed
by the user or be part of the contents of the current line.
R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be C\bCo\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd N\bNa\bam\bme\bes\bs
- The following is a list of the names of the commands and the default
+ The following is a list of the names of the commands and the default
key sequences to which they are bound. Command names without an accom-
panying key sequence are unbound by default. In the following descrip-
- tions, _\bp_\bo_\bi_\bn_\bt refers to the current cursor position, and _\bm_\ba_\br_\bk refers to
- a cursor position saved by the s\bse\bet\bt-\b-m\bma\bar\brk\bk command. The text between the
+ tions, _\bp_\bo_\bi_\bn_\bt refers to the current cursor position, and _\bm_\ba_\br_\bk refers to
+ a cursor position saved by the s\bse\bet\bt-\b-m\bma\bar\brk\bk command. The text between the
point and mark is referred to as the _\br_\be_\bg_\bi_\bo_\bn.
C\bCo\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bds\bs f\bfo\bor\br M\bMo\bov\bvi\bin\bng\bg
Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are composed of
alphanumeric characters (letters and digits).
b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-b\bb)\b)
- Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words
+ Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words
are composed of alphanumeric characters (letters and digits).
c\bcl\ble\bea\bar\br-\b-s\bsc\bcr\bre\bee\ben\bn (\b(C\bC-\b-l\bl)\b)
- Clear the screen leaving the current line at the top of the
- screen. With an argument, refresh the current line without
+ Clear the screen leaving the current line at the top of the
+ screen. With an argument, refresh the current line without
clearing the screen.
r\bre\bed\bdr\bra\baw\bw-\b-c\bcu\bur\brr\bre\ben\bnt\bt-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be
Refresh the current line.
C\bCo\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bds\bs f\bfo\bor\br M\bMa\ban\bni\bip\bpu\bul\bla\bat\bti\bin\bng\bg t\bth\bhe\be H\bHi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by
a\bac\bcc\bce\bep\bpt\bt-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be (\b(N\bNe\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be,\b, R\bRe\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn)\b)
Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is. If this line
- is non-empty, add it to the history list according to the state
- of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL variable. If the line is a modified history
+ is non-empty, add it to the history list according to the state
+ of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL variable. If the line is a modified history
line, then restore the history line to its original state.
p\bpr\bre\bev\bvi\bio\bou\bus\bs-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(C\bC-\b-p\bp)\b)
Fetch the previous command from the history list, moving back in
the list.
n\bne\bex\bxt\bt-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(C\bC-\b-n\bn)\b)
- Fetch the next command from the history list, moving forward in
+ Fetch the next command from the history list, moving forward in
the list.
b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bnn\bni\bin\bng\bg-\b-o\bof\bf-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(M\bM-\b-<\b<)\b)
Move to the first line in the history.
e\ben\bnd\bd-\b-o\bof\bf-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(M\bM-\b->\b>)\b)
- Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently
+ Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently
being entered.
r\bre\bev\bve\ber\brs\bse\be-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(C\bC-\b-r\br)\b)
- Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up'
- through the history as necessary. This is an incremental
+ Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up'
+ through the history as necessary. This is an incremental
search.
f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(C\bC-\b-s\bs)\b)
- Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down'
- through the history as necessary. This is an incremental
+ Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down'
+ through the history as necessary. This is an incremental
search.
n\bno\bon\bn-\b-i\bin\bnc\bcr\bre\bem\bme\ben\bnt\bta\bal\bl-\b-r\bre\bev\bve\ber\brs\bse\be-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(M\bM-\b-p\bp)\b)
Search backward through the history starting at the current line
- using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the
+ using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the
user.
n\bno\bon\bn-\b-i\bin\bnc\bcr\bre\bem\bme\ben\bnt\bta\bal\bl-\b-f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(M\bM-\b-n\bn)\b)
- Search forward through the history using a non-incremental
+ Search forward through the history using a non-incremental
search for a string supplied by the user.
h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd
- Search forward through the history for the string of characters
- between the start of the current line and the point. This is a
+ Search forward through the history for the string of characters
+ between the start of the current line and the point. This is a
non-incremental search.
h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd
Search backward through the history for the string of characters
- between the start of the current line and the point. This is a
+ between the start of the current line and the point. This is a
non-incremental search.
y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-n\bnt\bth\bh-\b-a\bar\brg\bg (\b(M\bM-\b-C\bC-\b-y\by)\b)
- Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually the
+ Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually the
second word on the previous line) at point. With an argument _\bn,
- insert the _\bnth word from the previous command (the words in the
- previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument
+ insert the _\bnth word from the previous command (the words in the
+ previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument
inserts the _\bnth word from the end of the previous command.
y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-l\bla\bas\bst\bt-\b-a\bar\brg\bg (\b(M\bM-\b-.\b.,\b, M\bM-\b-_\b_)\b)
- Insert the last argument to the previous command (the last word
- of the previous history entry). With an argument, behave
- exactly like y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-n\bnt\bth\bh-\b-a\bar\brg\bg. Successive calls to y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-l\bla\bas\bst\bt-\b-a\bar\brg\bg
- move back through the history list, inserting the last argument
+ Insert the last argument to the previous command (the last word
+ of the previous history entry). With an argument, behave
+ exactly like y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-n\bnt\bth\bh-\b-a\bar\brg\bg. Successive calls to y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-l\bla\bas\bst\bt-\b-a\bar\brg\bg
+ move back through the history list, inserting the last argument
of each line in turn.
s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be (\b(M\bM-\b-C\bC-\b-e\be)\b)
Expand the line as the shell does. This performs alias and his-
tory expansion as well as all of the shell word expansions. See
- H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN below for a description of history expansion.
+ H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN below for a description of history expansion.
h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be (\b(M\bM-\b-^\b^)\b)
- Perform history expansion on the current line. See H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY
+ Perform history expansion on the current line. See H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY
E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN below for a description of history expansion.
m\bma\bag\bgi\bic\bc-\b-s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be
- Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a
+ Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a
space. See H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN below for a description of history
expansion.
a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be
- Perform alias expansion on the current line. See A\bAL\bLI\bIA\bAS\bSE\bES\bS above
+ Perform alias expansion on the current line. See A\bAL\bLI\bIA\bAS\bSE\bES\bS above
for a description of alias expansion.
h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by-\b-a\ban\bnd\bd-\b-a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be
Perform history and alias expansion on the current line.
i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt-\b-l\bla\bas\bst\bt-\b-a\bar\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bt (\b(M\bM-\b-.\b.,\b, M\bM-\b-_\b_)\b)
A synonym for y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-l\bla\bas\bst\bt-\b-a\bar\brg\bg.
o\bop\bpe\ber\bra\bat\bte\be-\b-a\ban\bnd\bd-\b-g\bge\bet\bt-\b-n\bne\bex\bxt\bt (\b(C\bC-\b-o\bo)\b)
- Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line
- relative to the current line from the history for editing. Any
+ Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line
+ relative to the current line from the history for editing. Any
argument is ignored.
e\bed\bdi\bit\bt-\b-a\ban\bnd\bd-\b-e\bex\bxe\bec\bcu\but\bte\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bxC\bC-\b-e\be)\b)
- Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the
- result as shell commands. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh attempts to invoke $\b$F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT,
+ Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the
+ result as shell commands. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh attempts to invoke $\b$F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT,
$\b$E\bED\bDI\bIT\bTO\bOR\bR, and _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs as the editor, in that order.
C\bCo\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bds\bs f\bfo\bor\br C\bCh\bha\ban\bng\bgi\bin\bng\bg T\bTe\bex\bxt\bt
d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br (\b(C\bC-\b-d\bd)\b)
- Delete the character at point. If point is at the beginning of
- the line, there are no characters in the line, and the last
+ Delete the character at point. If point is at the beginning of
+ the line, there are no characters in the line, and the last
character typed was not bound to d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br, then return E\bEO\bOF\bF.
b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br (\b(R\bRu\bub\bbo\bou\but\bt)\b)
- Delete the character behind the cursor. When given a numeric
+ Delete the character behind the cursor. When given a numeric
argument, save the deleted text on the kill ring.
f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br
- Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at
+ Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at
the end of the line, in which case the character behind the cur-
sor is deleted.
q\bqu\buo\bot\bte\bed\bd-\b-i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt (\b(C\bC-\b-q\bq,\b, C\bC-\b-v\bv)\b)
- Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is how
+ Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is how
to insert characters like C\bC-\b-q\bq, for example.
t\bta\bab\bb-\b-i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt (\b(C\bC-\b-v\bv T\bTA\bAB\bB)\b)
Insert a tab character.
s\bse\bel\blf\bf-\b-i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt (\b(a\ba,\b, b\bb,\b, A\bA,\b, 1\b1,\b, !\b!,\b, .\b..\b..\b.)\b)
Insert the character typed.
t\btr\bra\ban\bns\bsp\bpo\bos\bse\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\brs\bs (\b(C\bC-\b-t\bt)\b)
- Drag the character before point forward over the character at
- point, moving point forward as well. If point is at the end of
- the line, then this transposes the two characters before point.
+ Drag the character before point forward over the character at
+ point, moving point forward as well. If point is at the end of
+ the line, then this transposes the two characters before point.
Negative arguments have no effect.
t\btr\bra\ban\bns\bsp\bpo\bos\bse\be-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bds\bs (\b(M\bM-\b-t\bt)\b)
- Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving
- point over that word as well. If point is at the end of the
+ Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving
+ point over that word as well. If point is at the end of the
line, this transposes the last two words on the line.
u\bup\bpc\bca\bas\bse\be-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-u\bu)\b)
- Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative
+ Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative
argument, uppercase the previous word, but do not move point.
d\bdo\bow\bwn\bnc\bca\bas\bse\be-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-l\bl)\b)
- Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative
+ Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative
argument, lowercase the previous word, but do not move point.
c\bca\bap\bpi\bit\bta\bal\bli\biz\bze\be-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-c\bc)\b)
- Capitalize the current (or following) word. With a negative
+ Capitalize the current (or following) word. With a negative
argument, capitalize the previous word, but do not move point.
o\bov\bve\ber\brw\bwr\bri\bit\bte\be-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be
- Toggle overwrite mode. With an explicit positive numeric argu-
+ Toggle overwrite mode. With an explicit positive numeric argu-
ment, switches to overwrite mode. With an explicit non-positive
numeric argument, switches to insert mode. This command affects
- only e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs mode; v\bvi\bi mode does overwrite differently. Each call
+ only e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs mode; v\bvi\bi mode does overwrite differently. Each call
to _\br_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be_\b(_\b) starts in insert mode. In overwrite mode, charac-
- ters bound to s\bse\bel\blf\bf-\b-i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt replace the text at point rather than
- pushing the text to the right. Characters bound to b\bba\bac\bck\bk-\b-
- w\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br replace the character before point with a
+ ters bound to s\bse\bel\blf\bf-\b-i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt replace the text at point rather than
+ pushing the text to the right. Characters bound to b\bba\bac\bck\bk-\b-
+ w\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br replace the character before point with a
space. By default, this command is unbound.
K\bKi\bil\bll\bli\bin\bng\bg a\ban\bnd\bd Y\bYa\ban\bnk\bki\bin\bng\bg
b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx R\bRu\bub\bbo\bou\but\bt)\b)
Kill backward to the beginning of the line.
u\bun\bni\bix\bx-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be-\b-d\bdi\bis\bsc\bca\bar\brd\bd (\b(C\bC-\b-u\bu)\b)
- Kill backward from point to the beginning of the line. The
+ Kill backward from point to the beginning of the line. The
killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-w\bwh\bho\bol\ble\be-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be
- Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point
+ Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point
is.
k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-d\bd)\b)
- Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between
- words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the
+ Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between
+ words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the
same as those used by f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd.
b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-R\bRu\bub\bbo\bou\but\bt)\b)
- Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as
+ Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as
those used by b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd.
u\bun\bni\bix\bx-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd-\b-r\bru\bub\bbo\bou\but\bt (\b(C\bC-\b-w\bw)\b)
- Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word bound-
+ Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word bound-
ary. The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
u\bun\bni\bix\bx-\b-f\bfi\bil\ble\ben\bna\bam\bme\be-\b-r\bru\bub\bbo\bou\but\bt
- Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash
- character as the word boundaries. The killed text is saved on
+ Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash
+ character as the word boundaries. The killed text is saved on
the kill-ring.
d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-h\bho\bor\bri\biz\bzo\bon\bnt\bta\bal\bl-\b-s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be (\b(M\bM-\b-\\b\)\b)
Delete all spaces and tabs around point.
c\bco\bop\bpy\by-\b-r\bre\beg\bgi\bio\bon\bn-\b-a\bas\bs-\b-k\bki\bil\bll\bl
Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer.
c\bco\bop\bpy\by-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd
- Copy the word before point to the kill buffer. The word bound-
+ Copy the word before point to the kill buffer. The word bound-
aries are the same as b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd.
c\bco\bop\bpy\by-\b-f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd
- Copy the word following point to the kill buffer. The word
+ Copy the word following point to the kill buffer. The word
boundaries are the same as f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd.
y\bya\ban\bnk\bk (\b(C\bC-\b-y\by)\b)
Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point.
y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-p\bpo\bop\bp (\b(M\bM-\b-y\by)\b)
- Rotate the kill ring, and yank the new top. Only works follow-
+ Rotate the kill ring, and yank the new top. Only works follow-
ing y\bya\ban\bnk\bk or y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-p\bpo\bop\bp.
N\bNu\bum\bme\ber\bri\bic\bc A\bAr\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bts\bs
d\bdi\big\bgi\bit\bt-\b-a\bar\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bt (\b(M\bM-\b-0\b0,\b, M\bM-\b-1\b1,\b, .\b..\b..\b.,\b, M\bM-\b--\b-)\b)
- Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a
+ Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a
new argument. M-- starts a negative argument.
u\bun\bni\biv\bve\ber\brs\bsa\bal\bl-\b-a\bar\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bt
- This is another way to specify an argument. If this command is
- followed by one or more digits, optionally with a leading minus
- sign, those digits define the argument. If the command is fol-
- lowed by digits, executing u\bun\bni\biv\bve\ber\brs\bsa\bal\bl-\b-a\bar\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bt again ends the
- numeric argument, but is otherwise ignored. As a special case,
- if this command is immediately followed by a character that is
- neither a digit or minus sign, the argument count for the next
- command is multiplied by four. The argument count is initially
- one, so executing this function the first time makes the argu-
+ This is another way to specify an argument. If this command is
+ followed by one or more digits, optionally with a leading minus
+ sign, those digits define the argument. If the command is fol-
+ lowed by digits, executing u\bun\bni\biv\bve\ber\brs\bsa\bal\bl-\b-a\bar\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bt again ends the
+ numeric argument, but is otherwise ignored. As a special case,
+ if this command is immediately followed by a character that is
+ neither a digit or minus sign, the argument count for the next
+ command is multiplied by four. The argument count is initially
+ one, so executing this function the first time makes the argu-
ment count four, a second time makes the argument count sixteen,
and so on.
C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bin\bng\bg
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be (\b(T\bTA\bAB\bB)\b)
- Attempt to perform completion on the text before point. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh
+ Attempt to perform completion on the text before point. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh
attempts completion treating the text as a variable (if the text
- begins with $\b$), username (if the text begins with ~\b~), hostname
- (if the text begins with @\b@), or command (including aliases and
+ begins with $\b$), username (if the text begins with ~\b~), hostname
+ (if the text begins with @\b@), or command (including aliases and
functions) in turn. If none of these produces a match, filename
completion is attempted.
p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(M\bM-\b-?\b?)\b)
List the possible completions of the text before point.
i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(M\bM-\b-*\b*)\b)
- Insert all completions of the text before point that would have
+ Insert all completions of the text before point that would have
been generated by p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs.
m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be
- Similar to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be, but replaces the word to be completed with
- a single match from the list of possible completions. Repeated
- execution of m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be steps through the list of possible
- completions, inserting each match in turn. At the end of the
+ Similar to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be, but replaces the word to be completed with
+ a single match from the list of possible completions. Repeated
+ execution of m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be steps through the list of possible
+ completions, inserting each match in turn. At the end of the
list of completions, the bell is rung (subject to the setting of
b\bbe\bel\bll\bl-\b-s\bst\bty\byl\ble\be) and the original text is restored. An argument of _\bn
- moves _\bn positions forward in the list of matches; a negative
- argument may be used to move backward through the list. This
- command is intended to be bound to T\bTA\bAB\bB, but is unbound by
+ moves _\bn positions forward in the list of matches; a negative
+ argument may be used to move backward through the list. This
+ command is intended to be bound to T\bTA\bAB\bB, but is unbound by
default.
d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br-\b-o\bor\br-\b-l\bli\bis\bst\bt
- Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning
- or end of the line (like d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br). If at the end of the
+ Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning
+ or end of the line (like d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br). If at the end of the
line, behaves identically to p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs. This command
is unbound by default.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-f\bfi\bil\ble\ben\bna\bam\bme\be (\b(M\bM-\b-/\b/)\b)
List the possible completions of the text before point, treating
it as a filename.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-u\bus\bse\ber\brn\bna\bam\bme\be (\b(M\bM-\b-~\b~)\b)
- Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
+ Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
username.
p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-u\bus\bse\ber\brn\bna\bam\bme\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx ~\b~)\b)
List the possible completions of the text before point, treating
it as a username.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-v\bva\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\be (\b(M\bM-\b-$\b$)\b)
- Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
+ Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
shell variable.
p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-v\bva\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx $\b$)\b)
List the possible completions of the text before point, treating
it as a shell variable.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-h\bho\bos\bst\btn\bna\bam\bme\be (\b(M\bM-\b-@\b@)\b)
- Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
+ Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
hostname.
p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-h\bho\bos\bst\btn\bna\bam\bme\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx @\b@)\b)
List the possible completions of the text before point, treating
it as a hostname.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-!\b!)\b)
- Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
- command name. Command completion attempts to match the text
- against aliases, reserved words, shell functions, shell
+ Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
+ command name. Command completion attempts to match the text
+ against aliases, reserved words, shell functions, shell
builtins, and finally executable filenames, in that order.
p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx !\b!)\b)
List the possible completions of the text before point, treating
it as a command name.
d\bdy\byn\bna\bam\bmi\bic\bc-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(M\bM-\b-T\bTA\bAB\bB)\b)
- Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing the text
- against lines from the history list for possible completion
+ Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing the text
+ against lines from the history list for possible completion
matches.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-i\bin\bnt\bto\bo-\b-b\bbr\bra\bac\bce\bes\bs (\b(M\bM-\b-{\b{)\b)
Perform filename completion and insert the list of possible com-
- pletions enclosed within braces so the list is available to the
+ pletions enclosed within braces so the list is available to the
shell (see B\bBr\bra\bac\bce\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn above).
K\bKe\bey\byb\bbo\boa\bar\brd\bd M\bMa\bac\bcr\bro\bos\bs
s\bst\bta\bar\brt\bt-\b-k\bkb\bbd\bd-\b-m\bma\bac\bcr\bro\bo (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx (\b()\b)
- Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard
+ Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard
macro.
e\ben\bnd\bd-\b-k\bkb\bbd\bd-\b-m\bma\bac\bcr\bro\bo (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx )\b))\b)
Stop saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro
and store the definition.
c\bca\bal\bll\bl-\b-l\bla\bas\bst\bt-\b-k\bkb\bbd\bd-\b-m\bma\bac\bcr\bro\bo (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx e\be)\b)
- Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the char-
+ Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the char-
acters in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard.
M\bMi\bis\bsc\bce\bel\bll\bla\ban\bne\beo\bou\bus\bs
r\bre\be-\b-r\bre\bea\bad\bd-\b-i\bin\bni\bit\bt-\b-f\bfi\bil\ble\be (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx C\bC-\b-r\br)\b)
- Read in the contents of the _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file, and incorporate any
+ Read in the contents of the _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file, and incorporate any
bindings or variable assignments found there.
a\bab\bbo\bor\brt\bt (\b(C\bC-\b-g\bg)\b)
- Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal's bell
+ Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal's bell
(subject to the setting of b\bbe\bel\bll\bl-\b-s\bst\bty\byl\ble\be).
d\bdo\bo-\b-u\bup\bpp\bpe\ber\brc\bca\bas\bse\be-\b-v\bve\ber\brs\bsi\bio\bon\bn (\b(M\bM-\b-a\ba,\b, M\bM-\b-b\bb,\b, M\bM-\b-_\bx,\b, .\b..\b..\b.)\b)
- If the metafied character _\bx is lowercase, run the command that
+ If the metafied character _\bx is lowercase, run the command that
is bound to the corresponding uppercase character.
p\bpr\bre\bef\bfi\bix\bx-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba (\b(E\bES\bSC\bC)\b)
Metafy the next character typed. E\bES\bSC\bC f\bf is equivalent to M\bMe\bet\bta\ba-\b-f\bf.
u\bun\bnd\bdo\bo (\b(C\bC-\b-_\b_,\b, C\bC-\b-x\bx C\bC-\b-u\bu)\b)
Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.
r\bre\bev\bve\ber\brt\bt-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be (\b(M\bM-\b-r\br)\b)
- Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the
- u\bun\bnd\bdo\bo command enough times to return the line to its initial
+ Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the
+ u\bun\bnd\bdo\bo command enough times to return the line to its initial
state.
t\bti\bil\bld\bde\be-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-&\b&)\b)
Perform tilde expansion on the current word.
s\bse\bet\bt-\b-m\bma\bar\brk\bk (\b(C\bC-\b-@\b@,\b, M\bM-\b-<\b<s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be>\b>)\b)
- Set the mark to the point. If a numeric argument is supplied,
+ Set the mark to the point. If a numeric argument is supplied,
the mark is set to that position.
e\bex\bxc\bch\bha\ban\bng\bge\be-\b-p\bpo\boi\bin\bnt\bt-\b-a\ban\bnd\bd-\b-m\bma\bar\brk\bk (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx C\bC-\b-x\bx)\b)
- Swap the point with the mark. The current cursor position is
- set to the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved
+ Swap the point with the mark. The current cursor position is
+ set to the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved
as the mark.
c\bch\bha\bar\bra\bac\bct\bte\ber\br-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh (\b(C\bC-\b-]\b])\b)
A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of
- that character. A negative count searches for previous occur-
+ that character. A negative count searches for previous occur-
rences.
c\bch\bha\bar\bra\bac\bct\bte\ber\br-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-C\bC-\b-]\b])\b)
- A character is read and point is moved to the previous occur-
- rence of that character. A negative count searches for subse-
+ A character is read and point is moved to the previous occur-
+ rence of that character. A negative count searches for subse-
quent occurrences.
i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt (\b(M\bM-\b-#\b#)\b)
- Without a numeric argument, the value of the readline c\bco\bom\bm-\b-
- m\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn variable is inserted at the beginning of the current
+ Without a numeric argument, the value of the readline c\bco\bom\bm-\b-
+ m\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn variable is inserted at the beginning of the current
line. If a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a
- toggle: if the characters at the beginning of the line do not
- match the value of c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn, the value is inserted, other-
+ toggle: if the characters at the beginning of the line do not
+ match the value of c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn, the value is inserted, other-
wise the characters in c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn are deleted from the begin-
- ning of the line. In either case, the line is accepted as if a
- newline had been typed. The default value of c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn
- causes this command to make the current line a shell comment.
- If a numeric argument causes the comment character to be
+ ning of the line. In either case, the line is accepted as if a
+ newline had been typed. The default value of c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn
+ causes this command to make the current line a shell comment.
+ If a numeric argument causes the comment character to be
removed, the line will be executed by the shell.
g\bgl\blo\bob\bb-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-g\bg)\b)
- The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname
- expansion, with an asterisk implicitly appended. This pattern
- is used to generate a list of matching file names for possible
+ The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname
+ expansion, with an asterisk implicitly appended. This pattern
+ is used to generate a list of matching file names for possible
completions.
g\bgl\blo\bob\bb-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx *\b*)\b)
- The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname
- expansion, and the list of matching file names is inserted,
- replacing the word. If a numeric argument is supplied, an
+ The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname
+ expansion, and the list of matching file names is inserted,
+ replacing the word. If a numeric argument is supplied, an
asterisk is appended before pathname expansion.
g\bgl\blo\bob\bb-\b-l\bli\bis\bst\bt-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx g\bg)\b)
- The list of expansions that would have been generated by
- g\bgl\blo\bob\bb-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd is displayed, and the line is redrawn. If a
- numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before
+ The list of expansions that would have been generated by
+ g\bgl\blo\bob\bb-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd is displayed, and the line is redrawn. If a
+ numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before
pathname expansion.
d\bdu\bum\bmp\bp-\b-f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs
- Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the read-
+ Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the read-
line output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, the out-
- put is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an
+ put is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an
_\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file.
d\bdu\bum\bmp\bp-\b-v\bva\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs
Print all of the settable readline variables and their values to
- the readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied,
- the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
+ the readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied,
+ the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
of an _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file.
d\bdu\bum\bmp\bp-\b-m\bma\bac\bcr\bro\bos\bs
- Print all of the readline key sequences bound to macros and the
+ Print all of the readline key sequences bound to macros and the
strings they ouput. If a numeric argument is supplied, the out-
- put is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an
+ put is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an
_\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file.
d\bdi\bis\bsp\bpl\bla\bay\by-\b-s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-v\bve\ber\brs\bsi\bio\bon\bn (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx C\bC-\b-v\bv)\b)
- Display version information about the current instance of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh.
+ Display version information about the current instance of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh.
P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn
- When word completion is attempted for an argument to a command for
- which a completion specification (a _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc) has been defined using
- the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be builtin (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below), the pro-
+ When word completion is attempted for an argument to a command for
+ which a completion specification (a _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc) has been defined using
+ the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be builtin (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below), the pro-
grammable completion facilities are invoked.
- First, the command name is identified. If a compspec has been defined
+ First, the command name is identified. If a compspec has been defined
for that command, the compspec is used to generate the list of possible
- completions for the word. If the command word is a full pathname, a
- compspec for the full pathname is searched for first. If no compspec
- is found for the full pathname, an attempt is made to find a compspec
+ completions for the word. If the command word is a full pathname, a
+ compspec for the full pathname is searched for first. If no compspec
+ is found for the full pathname, an attempt is made to find a compspec
for the portion following the final slash.
- Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of
- matching words. If a compspec is not found, the default b\bba\bas\bsh\bh comple-
+ Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of
+ matching words. If a compspec is not found, the default b\bba\bas\bsh\bh comple-
tion as described above under C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bin\bng\bg is performed.
- First, the actions specified by the compspec are used. Only matches
- which are prefixed by the word being completed are returned. When the
- -\b-f\bf or -\b-d\bd option is used for filename or directory name completion, the
+ First, the actions specified by the compspec are used. Only matches
+ which are prefixed by the word being completed are returned. When the
+ -\b-f\bf or -\b-d\bd option is used for filename or directory name completion, the
shell variable F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is used to filter the matches.
- Any completions specified by a filename expansion pattern to the -\b-G\bG
+ Any completions specified by a filename expansion pattern to the -\b-G\bG
option are generated next. The words generated by the pattern need not
- match the word being completed. The G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE shell variable is not
+ match the word being completed. The G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE shell variable is not
used to filter the matches, but the F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE variable is used.
- Next, the string specified as the argument to the -\b-W\bW option is consid-
- ered. The string is first split using the characters in the I\bIF\bFS\bS spe-
- cial variable as delimiters. Shell quoting is honored. Each word is
- then expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and
- variable expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and
- pathname expansion, as described above under E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN. The results
- are split using the rules described above under W\bWo\bor\brd\bd S\bSp\bpl\bli\bit\btt\bti\bin\bng\bg. The
+ Next, the string specified as the argument to the -\b-W\bW option is consid-
+ ered. The string is first split using the characters in the I\bIF\bFS\bS spe-
+ cial variable as delimiters. Shell quoting is honored. Each word is
+ then expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and
+ variable expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and
+ pathname expansion, as described above under E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN. The results
+ are split using the rules described above under W\bWo\bor\brd\bd S\bSp\bpl\bli\bit\btt\bti\bin\bng\bg. The
results of the expansion are prefix-matched against the word being com-
pleted, and the matching words become the possible completions.
- After these matches have been generated, any shell function or command
- specified with the -\b-F\bF and -\b-C\bC options is invoked. When the command or
+ After these matches have been generated, any shell function or command
+ specified with the -\b-F\bF and -\b-C\bC options is invoked. When the command or
function is invoked, the C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE and C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_P\bPO\bOI\bIN\bNT\bT variables are
- assigned values as described above under S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs. If a shell
- function is being invoked, the C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDS\bS and C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_C\bCW\bWO\bOR\bRD\bD variables are
- also set. When the function or command is invoked, the first argument
- is the name of the command whose arguments are being completed, the
- second argument is the word being completed, and the third argument is
- the word preceding the word being completed on the current command
+ assigned values as described above under S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs. If a shell
+ function is being invoked, the C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDS\bS and C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_C\bCW\bWO\bOR\bRD\bD variables are
+ also set. When the function or command is invoked, the first argument
+ is the name of the command whose arguments are being completed, the
+ second argument is the word being completed, and the third argument is
+ the word preceding the word being completed on the current command
line. No filtering of the generated completions against the word being
completed is performed; the function or command has complete freedom in
generating the matches.
- Any function specified with -\b-F\bF is invoked first. The function may use
- any of the shell facilities, including the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpg\bge\ben\bn builtin described
- below, to generate the matches. It must put the possible completions
+ Any function specified with -\b-F\bF is invoked first. The function may use
+ any of the shell facilities, including the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpg\bge\ben\bn builtin described
+ below, to generate the matches. It must put the possible completions
in the C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPR\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY array variable.
- Next, any command specified with the -\b-C\bC option is invoked in an envi-
- ronment equivalent to command substitution. It should print a list of
- completions, one per line, to the standard output. Backslash may be
+ Next, any command specified with the -\b-C\bC option is invoked in an envi-
+ ronment equivalent to command substitution. It should print a list of
+ completions, one per line, to the standard output. Backslash may be
used to escape a newline, if necessary.
- After all of the possible completions are generated, any filter speci-
- fied with the -\b-X\bX option is applied to the list. The filter is a pat-
- tern as used for pathname expansion; a &\b& in the pattern is replaced
- with the text of the word being completed. A literal &\b& may be escaped
- with a backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match.
- Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list.
+ After all of the possible completions are generated, any filter speci-
+ fied with the -\b-X\bX option is applied to the list. The filter is a pat-
+ tern as used for pathname expansion; a &\b& in the pattern is replaced
+ with the text of the word being completed. A literal &\b& may be escaped
+ with a backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match.
+ Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list.
A leading !\b! negates the pattern; in this case any completion not match-
ing the pattern will be removed.
added to each member of the completion list, and the result is returned
to the readline completion code as the list of possible completions.
- If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the
- -\b-o\bo d\bdi\bir\brn\bna\bam\bme\bes\bs option was supplied to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be when the compspec was
+ If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the
+ -\b-o\bo d\bdi\bir\brn\bna\bam\bme\bes\bs option was supplied to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be when the compspec was
defined, directory name completion is attempted.
- If the -\b-o\bo p\bpl\blu\bus\bsd\bdi\bir\brs\bs option was supplied to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be when the compspec
+ If the -\b-o\bo p\bpl\blu\bus\bsd\bdi\bir\brs\bs option was supplied to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be when the compspec
was defined, directory name completion is attempted and any matches are
added to the results of the other actions.
- By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned
- to the completion code as the full set of possible completions. The
+ By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned
+ to the completion code as the full set of possible completions. The
default b\bba\bas\bsh\bh completions are not attempted, and the readline default of
filename completion is disabled. If the -\b-o\bo b\bba\bas\bsh\bhd\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt option was sup-
- plied to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be when the compspec was defined, the b\bba\bas\bsh\bh default com-
+ plied to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be when the compspec was defined, the b\bba\bas\bsh\bh default com-
pletions are attempted if the compspec generates no matches. If the -\b-o\bo
- d\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt option was supplied to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be when the compspec was defined,
- readline's default completion will be performed if the compspec (and,
+ d\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt option was supplied to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be when the compspec was defined,
+ readline's default completion will be performed if the compspec (and,
if attempted, the default b\bba\bas\bsh\bh completions) generate no matches.
- When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired,
- the programmable completion functions force readline to append a slash
- to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to
- the value of the m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-d\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bri\bie\bes\bs readline variable, regardless of the
+ When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired,
+ the programmable completion functions force readline to append a slash
+ to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to
+ the value of the m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-d\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bri\bie\bes\bs readline variable, regardless of the
setting of the m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-s\bsy\bym\bml\bli\bin\bnk\bke\bed\bd-\b-d\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bri\bie\bes\bs readline variable.
H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY
- When the -\b-o\bo h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin is enabled, the shell
+ When the -\b-o\bo h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin is enabled, the shell
provides access to the _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd _\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by, the list of commands previously
- typed. The value of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTS\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE variable is used as the number of
+ typed. The value of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTS\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE variable is used as the number of
commands to save in a history list. The text of the last H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTS\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE com-
- mands (default 500) is saved. The shell stores each command in the
- history list prior to parameter and variable expansion (see E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN
- above) but after history expansion is performed, subject to the values
+ mands (default 500) is saved. The shell stores each command in the
+ history list prior to parameter and variable expansion (see E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN
+ above) but after history expansion is performed, subject to the values
of the shell variables H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE and H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL.
On startup, the history is initialized from the file named by the vari-
- able H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE (default _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b__\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by). The file named by the value
- of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is truncated, if necessary, to contain no more than the
+ able H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE (default _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b__\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by). The file named by the value
+ of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is truncated, if necessary, to contain no more than the
number of lines specified by the value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bES\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE. When an inter-
- active shell exits, the last $\b$H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTS\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE lines are copied from the his-
+ active shell exits, the last $\b$H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTS\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE lines are copied from the his-
tory list to $\b$H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE. If the h\bhi\bis\bst\bta\bap\bpp\bpe\ben\bnd\bd shell option is enabled (see
the description of s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below), the lines
- are appended to the history file, otherwise the history file is over-
- written. If H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is unset, or if the history file is unwritable,
- the history is not saved. After saving the history, the history file
- is truncated to contain no more than H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bES\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE lines. If H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE-\b-
+ are appended to the history file, otherwise the history file is over-
+ written. If H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is unset, or if the history file is unwritable,
+ the history is not saved. After saving the history, the history file
+ is truncated to contain no more than H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bES\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE lines. If H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE-\b-
S\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE is not set, no truncation is performed.
- The builtin command f\bfc\bc (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below) may be used
+ The builtin command f\bfc\bc (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below) may be used
to list or edit and re-execute a portion of the history list. The h\bhi\bis\bs-\b-
- t\bto\bor\bry\by builtin may be used to display or modify the history list and
- manipulate the history file. When using command-line editing, search
- commands are available in each editing mode that provide access to the
+ t\bto\bor\bry\by builtin may be used to display or modify the history list and
+ manipulate the history file. When using command-line editing, search
+ commands are available in each editing mode that provide access to the
history list.
- The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history
+ The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history
list. The H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL and H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE variables may be set to cause the
shell to save only a subset of the commands entered. The c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt shell
- option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each line of a
- multi-line command in the same history entry, adding semicolons where
- necessary to preserve syntactic correctness. The l\bli\bit\bth\bhi\bis\bst\bt shell option
- causes the shell to save the command with embedded newlines instead of
+ option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each line of a
+ multi-line command in the same history entry, adding semicolons where
+ necessary to preserve syntactic correctness. The l\bli\bit\bth\bhi\bis\bst\bt shell option
+ causes the shell to save the command with embedded newlines instead of
semicolons. See the description of the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin below under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL
B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS for information on setting and unsetting shell
options.
H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN
- The shell supports a history expansion feature that is similar to the
- history expansion in c\bcs\bsh\bh.\b. This section describes what syntax features
- are available. This feature is enabled by default for interactive
+ The shell supports a history expansion feature that is similar to the
+ history expansion in c\bcs\bsh\bh.\b. This section describes what syntax features
+ are available. This feature is enabled by default for interactive
shells, and can be disabled using the +\b+H\bH option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin com-
mand (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below). Non-interactive shells do not
perform history expansion by default.
History expansions introduce words from the history list into the input
- stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the arguments to a
+ stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the arguments to a
previous command into the current input line, or fix errors in previous
commands quickly.
- History expansion is performed immediately after a complete line is
- read, before the shell breaks it into words. It takes place in two
- parts. The first is to determine which line from the history list to
+ History expansion is performed immediately after a complete line is
+ read, before the shell breaks it into words. It takes place in two
+ parts. The first is to determine which line from the history list to
use during substitution. The second is to select portions of that line
for inclusion into the current one. The line selected from the history
- is the _\be_\bv_\be_\bn_\bt, and the portions of that line that are acted upon are
- _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bs. Various _\bm_\bo_\bd_\bi_\bf_\bi_\be_\br_\bs are available to manipulate the selected
+ is the _\be_\bv_\be_\bn_\bt, and the portions of that line that are acted upon are
+ _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bs. Various _\bm_\bo_\bd_\bi_\bf_\bi_\be_\br_\bs are available to manipulate the selected
words. The line is broken into words in the same fashion as when read-
- ing input, so that several _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\be_\br-separated words surrounded by
- quotes are considered one word. History expansions are introduced by
- the appearance of the history expansion character, which is !\b! by
- default. Only backslash (\\b\) and single quotes can quote the history
+ ing input, so that several _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\be_\br-separated words surrounded by
+ quotes are considered one word. History expansions are introduced by
+ the appearance of the history expansion character, which is !\b! by
+ default. Only backslash (\\b\) and single quotes can quote the history
expansion character.
- Several characters inhibit history expansion if found immediately fol-
- lowing the history expansion character, even if it is unquoted: space,
- tab, newline, carriage return, and =\b=. If the e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell option is
+ Several characters inhibit history expansion if found immediately fol-
+ lowing the history expansion character, even if it is unquoted: space,
+ tab, newline, carriage return, and =\b=. If the e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell option is
enabled, (\b( will also inhibit expansion.
- Several shell options settable with the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin may be used to
- tailor the behavior of history expansion. If the h\bhi\bis\bst\btv\bve\ber\bri\bif\bfy\by shell
+ Several shell options settable with the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin may be used to
+ tailor the behavior of history expansion. If the h\bhi\bis\bst\btv\bve\ber\bri\bif\bfy\by shell
option is enabled (see the description of the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin), and r\bre\bea\bad\bd-\b-
l\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, history substitutions are not immediately passed to
- the shell parser. Instead, the expanded line is reloaded into the
+ the shell parser. Instead, the expanded line is reloaded into the
r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be editing buffer for further modification. If r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being
used, and the h\bhi\bis\bst\btr\bre\bee\bed\bdi\bit\bt shell option is enabled, a failed history sub-
stitution will be reloaded into the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be editing buffer for correc-
- tion. The -\b-p\bp option to the h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by builtin command may be used to see
+ tion. The -\b-p\bp option to the h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by builtin command may be used to see
what a history expansion will do before using it. The -\b-s\bs option to the
- h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by builtin may be used to add commands to the end of the history
- list without actually executing them, so that they are available for
+ h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by builtin may be used to add commands to the end of the history
+ list without actually executing them, so that they are available for
subsequent recall.
- The shell allows control of the various characters used by the history
+ The shell allows control of the various characters used by the history
expansion mechanism (see the description of h\bhi\bis\bst\btc\bch\bha\bar\brs\bs above under S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl
V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs).
E\bEv\bve\ben\bnt\bt D\bDe\bes\bsi\big\bgn\bna\bat\bto\bor\brs\bs
- An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the his-
+ An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the his-
tory list.
- !\b! Start a history substitution, except when followed by a b\bbl\bla\ban\bnk\bk,
- newline, carriage return, = or ( (when the e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell option
+ !\b! Start a history substitution, except when followed by a b\bbl\bla\ban\bnk\bk,
+ newline, carriage return, = or ( (when the e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell option
is enabled using the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin).
!\b!_\bn Refer to command line _\bn.
!\b!-\b-_\bn Refer to the current command line minus _\bn.
!\b!_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg
Refer to the most recent command starting with _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg.
!\b!?\b?_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg[\b[?\b?]\b]
- Refer to the most recent command containing _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg. The trail-
+ Refer to the most recent command containing _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg. The trail-
ing ?\b? may be omitted if _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is followed immediately by a new-
line.
^\b^_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1^\b^_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2^\b^
- Quick substitution. Repeat the last command, replacing _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1
+ Quick substitution. Repeat the last command, replacing _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1
with _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2. Equivalent to ``!!:s/_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1/_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2/'' (see M\bMo\bod\bd-\b-
i\bif\bfi\bie\ber\brs\bs below).
!\b!#\b# The entire command line typed so far.
W\bWo\bor\brd\bd D\bDe\bes\bsi\big\bgn\bna\bat\bto\bor\brs\bs
- Word designators are used to select desired words from the event. A :\b:
- separates the event specification from the word designator. It may be
- omitted if the word designator begins with a ^\b^, $\b$, *\b*, -\b-, or %\b%. Words
- are numbered from the beginning of the line, with the first word being
- denoted by 0 (zero). Words are inserted into the current line sepa-
+ Word designators are used to select desired words from the event. A :\b:
+ separates the event specification from the word designator. It may be
+ omitted if the word designator begins with a ^\b^, $\b$, *\b*, -\b-, or %\b%. Words
+ are numbered from the beginning of the line, with the first word being
+ denoted by 0 (zero). Words are inserted into the current line sepa-
rated by single spaces.
0\b0 (\b(z\bze\ber\bro\bo)\b)
$\b$ The last argument.
%\b% The word matched by the most recent `?_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg?' search.
_\bx-\b-_\by A range of words; `-_\by' abbreviates `0-_\by'.
- *\b* All of the words but the zeroth. This is a synonym for `_\b1_\b-_\b$'.
- It is not an error to use *\b* if there is just one word in the
+ *\b* All of the words but the zeroth. This is a synonym for `_\b1_\b-_\b$'.
+ It is not an error to use *\b* if there is just one word in the
event; the empty string is returned in that case.
x\bx*\b* Abbreviates _\bx_\b-_\b$.
x\bx-\b- Abbreviates _\bx_\b-_\b$ like x\bx*\b*, but omits the last word.
- If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the
+ If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the
previous command is used as the event.
M\bMo\bod\bdi\bif\bfi\bie\ber\brs\bs
- After the optional word designator, there may appear a sequence of one
+ After the optional word designator, there may appear a sequence of one
or more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a `:'.
h\bh Remove a trailing file name component, leaving only the head.
e\be Remove all but the trailing suffix.
p\bp Print the new command but do not execute it.
q\bq Quote the substituted words, escaping further substitutions.
- x\bx Quote the substituted words as with q\bq, but break into words at
+ x\bx Quote the substituted words as with q\bq, but break into words at
b\bbl\bla\ban\bnk\bks\bs and newlines.
s\bs/\b/_\bo_\bl_\bd/\b/_\bn_\be_\bw/\b/
- Substitute _\bn_\be_\bw for the first occurrence of _\bo_\bl_\bd in the event
- line. Any delimiter can be used in place of /. The final
- delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the event
- line. The delimiter may be quoted in _\bo_\bl_\bd and _\bn_\be_\bw with a single
- backslash. If & appears in _\bn_\be_\bw, it is replaced by _\bo_\bl_\bd. A sin-
- gle backslash will quote the &. If _\bo_\bl_\bd is null, it is set to
- the last _\bo_\bl_\bd substituted, or, if no previous history substitu-
+ Substitute _\bn_\be_\bw for the first occurrence of _\bo_\bl_\bd in the event
+ line. Any delimiter can be used in place of /. The final
+ delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the event
+ line. The delimiter may be quoted in _\bo_\bl_\bd and _\bn_\be_\bw with a single
+ backslash. If & appears in _\bn_\be_\bw, it is replaced by _\bo_\bl_\bd. A sin-
+ gle backslash will quote the &. If _\bo_\bl_\bd is null, it is set to
+ the last _\bo_\bl_\bd substituted, or, if no previous history substitu-
tions took place, the last _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg in a !\b!?\b?_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg[\b[?\b?]\b] search.
&\b& Repeat the previous substitution.
g\bg Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line. This is
- used in conjunction with `:\b:s\bs' (e.g., `:\b:g\bgs\bs/\b/_\bo_\bl_\bd/\b/_\bn_\be_\bw/\b/') or `:\b:&\b&'.
- If used with `:\b:s\bs', any delimiter can be used in place of /, and
- the final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of
+ used in conjunction with `:\b:s\bs' (e.g., `:\b:g\bgs\bs/\b/_\bo_\bl_\bd/\b/_\bn_\be_\bw/\b/') or `:\b:&\b&'.
+ If used with `:\b:s\bs', any delimiter can be used in place of /, and
+ the final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of
the event line. An a\ba may be used as a synonym for g\bg.
- G\bG Apply the following `s\bs' modifier once to each word in the event
+ G\bG Apply the following `s\bs' modifier once to each word in the event
line.
S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS
as accepting options preceded by -\b- accepts -\b--\b- to signify the end of the
options.
:\b: [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]
- No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs
- and performing any specified redirections. A zero exit code is
+ No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs
+ and performing any specified redirections. A zero exit code is
returned.
.\b. _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]
s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]
- Read and execute commands from _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be in the current shell
- environment and return the exit status of the last command exe-
- cuted from _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be does not contain a slash, file
- names in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH are used to find the directory containing _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b-
- _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. The file searched for in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH need not be executable.
- When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is not in _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be, the current directory is
- searched if no file is found in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH. If the s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\bep\bpa\bat\bth\bh option
- to the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin command is turned off, the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is not
- searched. If any _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs are supplied, they become the posi-
- tional parameters when _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is executed. Otherwise the
- positional parameters are unchanged. The return status is the
- status of the last command exited within the script (0 if no
- commands are executed), and false if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found or
+ Read and execute commands from _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be in the current shell
+ environment and return the exit status of the last command
+ executed from _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be does not contain a slash,
+ file names in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH are used to find the directory containing
+ _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. The file searched for in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH need not be executable.
+ When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is not in _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be, the current directory is
+ searched if no file is found in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH. If the s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\bep\bpa\bat\bth\bh option
+ to the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin command is turned off, the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is not
+ searched. If any _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs are supplied, they become the posi-
+ tional parameters when _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is executed. Otherwise the
+ positional parameters are unchanged. The return status is the
+ status of the last command exited within the script (0 if no
+ commands are executed), and false if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found or
cannot be read.
a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs [-\b-p\bp] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be] ...]
A\bAl\bli\bia\bas\bs with no arguments or with the -\b-p\bp option prints the list of
- aliases in the form a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be on standard output. When
- arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be whose
+ aliases in the form a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be on standard output. When
+ arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be whose
_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be is given. A trailing space in _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be causes the next word
to be checked for alias substitution when the alias is expanded.
- For each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be in the argument list for which no _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be is sup-
- plied, the name and value of the alias is printed. A\bAl\bli\bia\bas\bs
- returns true unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is given for which no alias has been
+ For each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be in the argument list for which no _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be is sup-
+ plied, the name and value of the alias is printed. A\bAl\bli\bia\bas\bs
+ returns true unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is given for which no alias has been
defined.
- b\bbg\bg [_\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc]
- Resume the suspended job _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc in the background, as if it had
- been started with &\b&. If _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not present, the shell's
- notion of the _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bj_\bo_\bb is used. b\bbg\bg _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc returns 0 unless
- run when job control is disabled or, when run with job control
- enabled, if _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc was not found or started without job con-
- trol.
+ b\bbg\bg [_\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc ...]
+ Resume each suspended job _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc in the background, as if it
+ had been started with &\b&. If _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not present, the shell's
+ notion of the _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bj_\bo_\bb is used. b\bbg\bg _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc returns 0 unless
+ run when job control is disabled or, when run with job control
+ enabled, if the last _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc was not found or was started with-
+ out job control.
b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd [-\b-m\bm _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp] [-\b-l\blp\bps\bsv\bvP\bPS\bSV\bV]
b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd [-\b-m\bm _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp] [-\b-q\bq _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [-\b-u\bu _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [-\b-r\br _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq]
b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd [-\b-m\bm _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp] -\b-x\bx _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq:_\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd [-\b-m\bm _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp] _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq:_\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd _\br_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
- Display current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key and function bindings, bind a key
- sequence to a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be function or macro, or set a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
- variable. Each non-option argument is a command as it would
- appear in _\b._\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc, but each binding or command must be passed
- as a separate argument; e.g., '"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file'.
+ Display current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key and function bindings, bind a key
+ sequence to a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be function or macro, or set a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
+ variable. Each non-option argument is a command as it would
+ appear in _\b._\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc, but each binding or command must be passed
+ as a separate argument; e.g., '"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file'.
Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
-\b-m\bm _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp
Use _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp as the keymap to be affected by the subsequent
bindings. Acceptable _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp names are _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\b-
- _\bd_\ba_\br_\bd_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bc_\bt_\bl_\bx_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bm_\bo_\bv_\be_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd,
- and _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bi_\bn_\bs_\be_\br_\bt. _\bv_\bi is equivalent to _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd; _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs is
+ _\bd_\ba_\br_\bd_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bc_\bt_\bl_\bx_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bm_\bo_\bv_\be_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd,
+ and _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bi_\bn_\bs_\be_\br_\bt. _\bv_\bi is equivalent to _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd; _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs is
equivalent to _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\bd_\ba_\br_\bd.
-\b-l\bl List the names of all r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be functions.
- -\b-p\bp Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be function names and bindings in such a
+ -\b-p\bp Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be function names and bindings in such a
way that they can be re-read.
-\b-P\bP List current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be function names and bindings.
- -\b-v\bv Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be variable names and values in such a way
+ -\b-v\bv Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be variable names and values in such a way
that they can be re-read.
-\b-V\bV List current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be variable names and values.
- -\b-s\bs Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key sequences bound to macros and the
- strings they output in such a way that they can be re-
+ -\b-s\bs Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key sequences bound to macros and the
+ strings they output in such a way that they can be re-
read.
- -\b-S\bS Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key sequences bound to macros and the
+ -\b-S\bS Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key sequences bound to macros and the
strings they output.
-\b-f\bf _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
Read key bindings from _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
-\b-r\br _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq
Remove any current binding for _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq.
-\b-x\bx _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq:\b:_\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
- Cause _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd to be executed whenever _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq is
+ Cause _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd to be executed whenever _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq is
entered.
- The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is given or
+ The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is given or
an error occurred.
b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk [_\bn]
- Exit from within a f\bfo\bor\br, w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be, u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl, or s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt loop. If _\bn is
- specified, break _\bn levels. _\bn must be >= 1. If _\bn is greater
- than the number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are
+ Exit from within a f\bfo\bor\br, w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be, u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl, or s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt loop. If _\bn is
+ specified, break _\bn levels. _\bn must be >= 1. If _\bn is greater
+ than the number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are
exited. The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing
a loop when b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk is executed.
b\bbu\bui\bil\blt\bti\bin\bn _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]
- Execute the specified shell builtin, passing it _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs, and
+ Execute the specified shell builtin, passing it _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs, and
return its exit status. This is useful when defining a function
- whose name is the same as a shell builtin, retaining the func-
+ whose name is the same as a shell builtin, retaining the func-
tionality of the builtin within the function. The c\bcd\bd builtin is
- commonly redefined this way. The return status is false if
+ commonly redefined this way. The return status is false if
_\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn is not a shell builtin command.
c\bcd\bd [-\b-L\bL|\b|-\b-P\bP] [_\bd_\bi_\br]
- Change the current directory to _\bd_\bi_\br. The variable H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE is the
- default _\bd_\bi_\br. The variable C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH defines the search path for
- the directory containing _\bd_\bi_\br. Alternative directory names in
- C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH are separated by a colon (:). A null directory name in
- C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is the same as the current directory, i.e., ``.\b.''. If
- _\bd_\bi_\br begins with a slash (/), then C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is not used. The -\b-P\bP
- option says to use the physical directory structure instead of
- following symbolic links (see also the -\b-P\bP option to the s\bse\bet\bt
+ Change the current directory to _\bd_\bi_\br. The variable H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE is the
+ default _\bd_\bi_\br. The variable C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH defines the search path for
+ the directory containing _\bd_\bi_\br. Alternative directory names in
+ C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH are separated by a colon (:). A null directory name in
+ C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is the same as the current directory, i.e., ``.\b.''. If
+ _\bd_\bi_\br begins with a slash (/), then C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is not used. The -\b-P\bP
+ option says to use the physical directory structure instead of
+ following symbolic links (see also the -\b-P\bP option to the s\bse\bet\bt
builtin command); the -\b-L\bL option forces symbolic links to be fol-
- lowed. An argument of -\b- is equivalent to $\b$O\bOL\bLD\bDP\bPW\bWD\bD. If a non-
- empty directory name from C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is used, or if -\b- is the first
- argument, and the directory change is successful, the absolute
+ lowed. An argument of -\b- is equivalent to $\b$O\bOL\bLD\bDP\bPW\bWD\bD. If a non-
+ empty directory name from C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is used, or if -\b- is the first
+ argument, and the directory change is successful, the absolute
pathname of the new working directory is written to the standard
- output. The return value is true if the directory was success-
+ output. The return value is true if the directory was success-
fully changed; false otherwise.
c\bca\bal\bll\ble\ber\br [_\be_\bx_\bp_\br]
Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell func-
- tion or a script executed with the .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins. With-
+ tion or a script executed with the .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins. With-
out _\be_\bx_\bp_\br, c\bca\bal\bll\ble\ber\br displays the line number and source filename of
- the current subroutine call. If a non-negative integer is sup-
+ the current subroutine call. If a non-negative integer is sup-
plied as _\be_\bx_\bp_\br, c\bca\bal\bll\ble\ber\br displays the line number, subroutine name,
- and source file corresponding to that position in the current
- execution call stack. This extra information may be used, for
- example, to print a stack trace. The current frame is frame 0.
- The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a sub-
- routine call or _\be_\bx_\bp_\br does not correspond to a valid position in
+ and source file corresponding to that position in the current
+ execution call stack. This extra information may be used, for
+ example, to print a stack trace. The current frame is frame 0.
+ The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a sub-
+ routine call or _\be_\bx_\bp_\br does not correspond to a valid position in
the call stack.
c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd [-\b-p\bpV\bVv\bv] _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
- Run _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd with _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs suppressing the normal shell function
- lookup. Only builtin commands or commands found in the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH are
- executed. If the -\b-p\bp option is given, the search for _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is
- performed using a default value for P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH that is guaranteed to
- find all of the standard utilities. If either the -\b-V\bV or -\b-v\bv
+ Run _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd with _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs suppressing the normal shell function
+ lookup. Only builtin commands or commands found in the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH are
+ executed. If the -\b-p\bp option is given, the search for _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is
+ performed using a default value for P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH that is guaranteed to
+ find all of the standard utilities. If either the -\b-V\bV or -\b-v\bv
option is supplied, a description of _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is printed. The -\b-v\bv
- option causes a single word indicating the command or file name
+ option causes a single word indicating the command or file name
used to invoke _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd to be displayed; the -\b-V\bV option produces a
- more verbose description. If the -\b-V\bV or -\b-v\bv option is supplied,
- the exit status is 0 if _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd was found, and 1 if not. If
+ more verbose description. If the -\b-V\bV or -\b-v\bv option is supplied,
+ the exit status is 0 if _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd was found, and 1 if not. If
neither option is supplied and an error occurred or _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd can-
- not be found, the exit status is 127. Otherwise, the exit sta-
+ not be found, the exit status is 127. Otherwise, the exit sta-
tus of the c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd builtin is the exit status of _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpg\bge\ben\bn [_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd]
- Generate possible completion matches for _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd according to the
- _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bns, which may be any option accepted by the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be
- builtin with the exception of -\b-p\bp and -\b-r\br, and write the matches
- to the standard output. When using the -\b-F\bF or -\b-C\bC options, the
- various shell variables set by the programmable completion
+ Generate possible completion matches for _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd according to the
+ _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bns, which may be any option accepted by the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be
+ builtin with the exception of -\b-p\bp and -\b-r\br, and write the matches
+ to the standard output. When using the -\b-F\bF or -\b-C\bC options, the
+ various shell variables set by the programmable completion
facilities, while available, will not have useful values.
- The matches will be generated in the same way as if the pro-
- grammable completion code had generated them directly from a
+ The matches will be generated in the same way as if the pro-
+ grammable completion code had generated them directly from a
completion specification with the same flags. If _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is speci-
fied, only those completions matching _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd will be displayed.
- The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
+ The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
or no matches were generated.
- c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be [-\b-a\bab\bbc\bcd\bde\bef\bfg\bgj\bjk\bks\bsu\buv\bv] [-\b-o\bo _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [-\b-A\bA _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [-\b-G\bG _\bg_\bl_\bo_\bb_\bp_\ba_\bt] [-\b-W\bW
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be [-\b-a\bab\bbc\bcd\bde\bef\bfg\bgj\bjk\bks\bsu\buv\bv] [-\b-o\bo _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [-\b-A\bA _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [-\b-G\bG _\bg_\bl_\bo_\bb_\bp_\ba_\bt] [-\b-W\bW
_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt] [-\b-P\bP _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx] [-\b-S\bS _\bs_\bu_\bf_\bf_\bi_\bx]
[-\b-X\bX _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt] [-\b-F\bF _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [-\b-C\bC _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd] _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be _\b._\b._\b.]
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be -\b-p\bpr\br [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- Specify how arguments to each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be should be completed. If the
- -\b-p\bp option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing
- completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them
+ Specify how arguments to each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be should be completed. If the
+ -\b-p\bp option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing
+ completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them
to be reused as input. The -\b-r\br option removes a completion spec-
- ification for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, or, if no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are supplied, all com-
+ ification for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, or, if no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are supplied, all com-
pletion specifications.
- The process of applying these completion specifications when
- word completion is attempted is described above under P\bPr\bro\bo-\b-
+ The process of applying these completion specifications when
+ word completion is attempted is described above under P\bPr\bro\bo-\b-
g\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn.
- Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The
- arguments to the -\b-G\bG, -\b-W\bW, and -\b-X\bX options (and, if necessary, the
- -\b-P\bP and -\b-S\bS options) should be quoted to protect them from expan-
+ Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The
+ arguments to the -\b-G\bG, -\b-W\bW, and -\b-X\bX options (and, if necessary, the
+ -\b-P\bP and -\b-S\bS options) should be quoted to protect them from expan-
sion before the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be builtin is invoked.
-\b-o\bo _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn
- The _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn controls several aspects of the comp-
- spec's behavior beyond the simple generation of comple-
- tions. _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn may be one of:
+ The _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn controls several aspects of the comp-
+ spec's behavior beyond the simple generation of
+ completions. _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn may be one of:
b\bba\bas\bsh\bhd\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt
Perform the rest of the default b\bba\bas\bsh\bh completions
if the compspec generates no matches.
- d\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt Use readline's default filename completion if
+ d\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt Use readline's default filename completion if
the compspec generates no matches.
d\bdi\bir\brn\bna\bam\bme\bes\bs
- Perform directory name completion if the comp-
+ Perform directory name completion if the comp-
spec generates no matches.
f\bfi\bil\ble\ben\bna\bam\bme\bes\bs
- Tell readline that the compspec generates file-
- names, so it can perform any filename-specific
- processing (like adding a slash to directory
+ Tell readline that the compspec generates file-
+ names, so it can perform any filename-specific
+ processing (like adding a slash to directory
names or suppressing trailing spaces). Intended
to be used with shell functions.
- n\bno\bos\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be Tell readline not to append a space (the
- default) to words completed at the end of the
+ n\bno\bos\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be Tell readline not to append a space (the
+ default) to words completed at the end of the
line.
-\b-A\bA _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn
- The _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn may be one of the following to generate a
+ The _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn may be one of the following to generate a
list of possible completions:
a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs Alias names. May also be specified as -\b-a\ba.
a\bar\brr\bra\bay\byv\bva\bar\br
Array variable names.
b\bbi\bin\bnd\bdi\bin\bng\bg R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key binding names.
- b\bbu\bui\bil\blt\bti\bin\bn Names of shell builtin commands. May also be
+ b\bbu\bui\bil\blt\bti\bin\bn Names of shell builtin commands. May also be
specified as -\b-b\bb.
c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd Command names. May also be specified as -\b-c\bc.
d\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bry\by
d\bdi\bis\bsa\bab\bbl\ble\bed\bd
Names of disabled shell builtins.
e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\bed\bd Names of enabled shell builtins.
- e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt Names of exported shell variables. May also be
+ e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt Names of exported shell variables. May also be
specified as -\b-e\be.
f\bfi\bil\ble\be File names. May also be specified as -\b-f\bf.
f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\bti\bio\bon\bn
h\bhe\bel\blp\bpt\bto\bop\bpi\bic\bc
Help topics as accepted by the h\bhe\bel\blp\bp builtin.
h\bho\bos\bst\btn\bna\bam\bme\be
- Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by
+ Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by
the H\bHO\bOS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE shell variable.
- j\bjo\bob\bb Job names, if job control is active. May also
+ j\bjo\bob\bb Job names, if job control is active. May also
be specified as -\b-j\bj.
- k\bke\bey\byw\bwo\bor\brd\bd Shell reserved words. May also be specified as
+ k\bke\bey\byw\bwo\bor\brd\bd Shell reserved words. May also be specified as
-\b-k\bk.
r\bru\bun\bnn\bni\bin\bng\bg Names of running jobs, if job control is active.
s\bse\ber\brv\bvi\bic\bce\be Service names. May also be specified as -\b-s\bs.
- s\bse\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bt Valid arguments for the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt
+ s\bse\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bt Valid arguments for the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt
builtin.
- s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt Shell option names as accepted by the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt
+ s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt Shell option names as accepted by the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt
builtin.
s\bsi\big\bgn\bna\bal\bl Signal names.
s\bst\bto\bop\bpp\bpe\bed\bd Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active.
Names of all shell variables. May also be spec-
ified as -\b-v\bv.
-\b-G\bG _\bg_\bl_\bo_\bb_\bp_\ba_\bt
- The filename expansion pattern _\bg_\bl_\bo_\bb_\bp_\ba_\bt is expanded to
+ The filename expansion pattern _\bg_\bl_\bo_\bb_\bp_\ba_\bt is expanded to
generate the possible completions.
-\b-W\bW _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt
- The _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is split using the characters in the I\bIF\bFS\bS
- special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word
- is expanded. The possible completions are the members
- of the resultant list which match the word being com-
+ The _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is split using the characters in the I\bIF\bFS\bS
+ special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word
+ is expanded. The possible completions are the members
+ of the resultant list which match the word being com-
pleted.
-\b-C\bC _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
- _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is executed in a subshell environment, and its
+ _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is executed in a subshell environment, and its
output is used as the possible completions.
-\b-F\bF _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn
- The shell function _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed in the current
- shell environment. When it finishes, the possible com-
- pletions are retrieved from the value of the C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPR\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY
+ The shell function _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed in the current
+ shell environment. When it finishes, the possible com-
+ pletions are retrieved from the value of the C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPR\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY
array variable.
-\b-X\bX _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt
- _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt is a pattern as used for filename expansion.
- It is applied to the list of possible completions
- generated by the preceding options and arguments, and
- each completion matching _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt is removed from the
- list. A leading !\b! in _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt negates the pattern; in
- this case, any completion not matching _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt is
- removed.
+ _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt is a pattern as used for filename expansion.
+ It is applied to the list of possible completions gener-
+ ated by the preceding options and arguments, and each
+ completion matching _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt is removed from the list.
+ A leading !\b! in _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt negates the pattern; in this
+ case, any completion not matching _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt is removed.
-\b-P\bP _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx
- _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx is added at the beginning of each possible com-
+ _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx is added at the beginning of each possible com-
pletion after all other options have been applied.
-\b-S\bS _\bs_\bu_\bf_\bf_\bi_\bx
_\bs_\bu_\bf_\bf_\bi_\bx is appended to each possible completion after all
other options have been applied.
- The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
- an option other than -\b-p\bp or -\b-r\br is supplied without a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be argu-
- ment, an attempt is made to remove a completion specification
+ The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
+ an option other than -\b-p\bp or -\b-r\br is supplied without a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be argu-
+ ment, an attempt is made to remove a completion specification
for a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be for which no specification exists, or an error occurs
adding a completion specification.
c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be [_\bn]
Resume the next iteration of the enclosing f\bfo\bor\br, w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be, u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl, or
- s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt loop. If _\bn is specified, resume at the _\bnth enclosing
- loop. _\bn must be >= 1. If _\bn is greater than the number of
- enclosing loops, the last enclosing loop (the ``top-level''
+ s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt loop. If _\bn is specified, resume at the _\bnth enclosing
+ loop. _\bn must be >= 1. If _\bn is greater than the number of
+ enclosing loops, the last enclosing loop (the ``top-level''
loop) is resumed. The return value is 0 unless the shell is not
executing a loop when c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be is executed.
d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be [-\b-a\baf\bfF\bFi\bir\brt\btx\bx] [-\b-p\bp] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be] ...]
t\bty\byp\bpe\bes\bse\bet\bt [-\b-a\baf\bfF\bFi\bir\brt\btx\bx] [-\b-p\bp] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be] ...]
- Declare variables and/or give them attributes. If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are
- given then display the values of variables. The -\b-p\bp option will
- display the attributes and values of each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. When -\b-p\bp is
- used, additional options are ignored. The -\b-F\bF option inhibits
- the display of function definitions; only the function name and
+ Declare variables and/or give them attributes. If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are
+ given then display the values of variables. The -\b-p\bp option will
+ display the attributes and values of each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. When -\b-p\bp is
+ used, additional options are ignored. The -\b-F\bF option inhibits
+ the display of function definitions; only the function name and
attributes are printed. If the e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg shell option is enabled
- using s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt, the source file name and line number where the
- function is defined are displayed as well. The -\b-F\bF option
- implies -\b-f\bf. The following options can be used to restrict out-
- put to variables with the specified attribute or to give vari-
+ using s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt, the source file name and line number where the
+ function is defined are displayed as well. The -\b-F\bF option
+ implies -\b-f\bf. The following options can be used to restrict out-
+ put to variables with the specified attribute or to give vari-
ables attributes:
-\b-a\ba Each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs above).
-\b-f\bf Use function names only.
-\b-i\bi The variable is treated as an integer; arithmetic evalua-
- tion (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN )\b) is performed when the
+ tion (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN )\b) is performed when the
variable is assigned a value.
-\b-r\br Make _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes readonly. These names cannot then be assigned
values by subsequent assignment statements or unset.
- -\b-t\bt Give each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be the _\bt_\br_\ba_\bc_\be attribute. Traced functions
+ -\b-t\bt Give each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be the _\bt_\br_\ba_\bc_\be attribute. Traced functions
inherit the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap from the calling shell. The trace
attribute has no special meaning for variables.
- -\b-x\bx Mark _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes for export to subsequent commands via the
+ -\b-x\bx Mark _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes for export to subsequent commands via the
environment.
- Using `+' instead of `-' turns off the attribute instead, with
- the exception that +\b+a\ba may not be used to destroy an array vari-
- able. When used in a function, makes each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be local, as with
- the l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl command. If a variable name is followed by =_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be,
- the value of the variable is set to _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. The return value is
+ Using `+' instead of `-' turns off the attribute instead, with
+ the exception that +\b+a\ba may not be used to destroy an array vari-
+ able. When used in a function, makes each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be local, as with
+ the l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl command. If a variable name is followed by =_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be,
+ the value of the variable is set to _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. The return value is
0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an attempt is made to
- define a function using ``-f foo=bar'', an attempt is made to
- assign a value to a readonly variable, an attempt is made to
- assign a value to an array variable without using the compound
- assignment syntax (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs above), one of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a
- valid shell variable name, an attempt is made to turn off read-
- only status for a readonly variable, an attempt is made to turn
+ define a function using ``-f foo=bar'', an attempt is made to
+ assign a value to a readonly variable, an attempt is made to
+ assign a value to an array variable without using the compound
+ assignment syntax (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs above), one of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a
+ valid shell variable name, an attempt is made to turn off read-
+ only status for a readonly variable, an attempt is made to turn
off array status for an array variable, or an attempt is made to
display a non-existent function with -\b-f\bf.
d\bdi\bir\brs\bs [\b[-\b-c\bcl\blp\bpv\bv]\b] [\b[+\b+_\bn]\b] [\b[-\b-_\bn]\b]
- Without options, displays the list of currently remembered
- directories. The default display is on a single line with
- directory names separated by spaces. Directories are added to
- the list with the p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd command; the p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd command removes
+ Without options, displays the list of currently remembered
+ directories. The default display is on a single line with
+ directory names separated by spaces. Directories are added to
+ the list with the p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd command; the p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd command removes
entries from the list.
+\b+_\bn Displays the _\bnth entry counting from the left of the list
shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs when invoked without options, starting with
zero.
- -\b-_\bn Displays the _\bnth entry counting from the right of the
+ -\b-_\bn Displays the _\bnth entry counting from the right of the
list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs when invoked without options, starting
with zero.
-\b-c\bc Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the
entries.
- -\b-l\bl Produces a longer listing; the default listing format
+ -\b-l\bl Produces a longer listing; the default listing format
uses a tilde to denote the home directory.
-\b-p\bp Print the directory stack with one entry per line.
- -\b-v\bv Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pre-
+ -\b-v\bv Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pre-
fixing each entry with its index in the stack.
- The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is supplied or _\bn
+ The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is supplied or _\bn
indexes beyond the end of the directory stack.
d\bdi\bis\bso\bow\bwn\bn [-\b-a\bar\br] [-\b-h\bh] [_\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc ...]
- Without options, each _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is removed from the table of
- active jobs. If the -\b-h\bh option is given, each _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not
+ Without options, each _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is removed from the table of
+ active jobs. If the -\b-h\bh option is given, each _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not
removed from the table, but is marked so that S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP is not sent
- to the job if the shell receives a S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP. If no _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is
- present, and neither the -\b-a\ba nor the -\b-r\br option is supplied, the
- _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bj_\bo_\bb is used. If no _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is supplied, the -\b-a\ba option
- means to remove or mark all jobs; the -\b-r\br option without a _\bj_\bo_\bb_\b-
- _\bs_\bp_\be_\bc argument restricts operation to running jobs. The return
+ to the job if the shell receives a S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP. If no _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is
+ present, and neither the -\b-a\ba nor the -\b-r\br option is supplied, the
+ _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bj_\bo_\bb is used. If no _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is supplied, the -\b-a\ba option
+ means to remove or mark all jobs; the -\b-r\br option without a _\bj_\bo_\bb_\b-
+ _\bs_\bp_\be_\bc argument restricts operation to running jobs. The return
value is 0 unless a _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc does not specify a valid job.
e\bec\bch\bho\bo [-\b-n\bne\beE\bE] [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
- Output the _\ba_\br_\bgs, separated by spaces, followed by a newline.
+ Output the _\ba_\br_\bgs, separated by spaces, followed by a newline.
The return status is always 0. If -\b-n\bn is specified, the trailing
- newline is suppressed. If the -\b-e\be option is given, interpreta-
- tion of the following backslash-escaped characters is enabled.
- The -\b-E\bE option disables the interpretation of these escape char-
- acters, even on systems where they are interpreted by default.
- The x\bxp\bpg\bg_\b_e\bec\bch\bho\bo shell option may be used to dynamically determine
- whether or not e\bec\bch\bho\bo expands these escape characters by default.
- e\bec\bch\bho\bo does not interpret -\b--\b- to mean the end of options. e\bec\bch\bho\bo
+ newline is suppressed. If the -\b-e\be option is given, interpreta-
+ tion of the following backslash-escaped characters is enabled.
+ The -\b-E\bE option disables the interpretation of these escape char-
+ acters, even on systems where they are interpreted by default.
+ The x\bxp\bpg\bg_\b_e\bec\bch\bho\bo shell option may be used to dynamically determine
+ whether or not e\bec\bch\bho\bo expands these escape characters by default.
+ e\bec\bch\bho\bo does not interpret -\b--\b- to mean the end of options. e\bec\bch\bho\bo
interprets the following escape sequences:
\\b\a\ba alert (bell)
\\b\b\bb backspace
\\b\t\bt horizontal tab
\\b\v\bv vertical tab
\\b\\\b\ backslash
- \\b\0\b0_\bn_\bn_\bn the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value
+ \\b\0\b0_\bn_\bn_\bn the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value
_\bn_\bn_\bn (zero to three octal digits)
- \\b\_\bn_\bn_\bn the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value
+ \\b\_\bn_\bn_\bn the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value
_\bn_\bn_\bn (one to three octal digits)
- \\b\x\bx_\bH_\bH the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal
+ \\b\x\bx_\bH_\bH the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal
value _\bH_\bH (one or two hex digits)
e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be [-\b-a\bad\bdn\bnp\bps\bs] [-\b-f\bf _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin
+ Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin
allows a disk command which has the same name as a shell builtin
- to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though
- the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands.
- If -\b-n\bn is used, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is disabled; otherwise, _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are
+ to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though
+ the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands.
+ If -\b-n\bn is used, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is disabled; otherwise, _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are
enabled. For example, to use the t\bte\bes\bst\bt binary found via the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH
- instead of the shell builtin version, run ``enable -n test''.
- The -\b-f\bf option means to load the new builtin command _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from
+ instead of the shell builtin version, run ``enable -n test''.
+ The -\b-f\bf option means to load the new builtin command _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from
shared object _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, on systems that support dynamic loading.
- The -\b-d\bd option will delete a builtin previously loaded with -\b-f\bf.
+ The -\b-d\bd option will delete a builtin previously loaded with -\b-f\bf.
If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are given, or if the -\b-p\bp option is supplied,
a list of shell builtins is printed. With no other option argu-
- ments, the list consists of all enabled shell builtins. If -\b-n\bn
- is supplied, only disabled builtins are printed. If -\b-a\ba is sup-
- plied, the list printed includes all builtins, with an indica-
- tion of whether or not each is enabled. If -\b-s\bs is supplied, the
- output is restricted to the POSIX _\bs_\bp_\be_\bc_\bi_\ba_\bl builtins. The return
- value is 0 unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a shell builtin or there is an
+ ments, the list consists of all enabled shell builtins. If -\b-n\bn
+ is supplied, only disabled builtins are printed. If -\b-a\ba is sup-
+ plied, the list printed includes all builtins, with an indica-
+ tion of whether or not each is enabled. If -\b-s\bs is supplied, the
+ output is restricted to the POSIX _\bs_\bp_\be_\bc_\bi_\ba_\bl builtins. The return
+ value is 0 unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a shell builtin or there is an
error loading a new builtin from a shared object.
e\bev\bva\bal\bl [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
- The _\ba_\br_\bgs are read and concatenated together into a single com-
- mand. This command is then read and executed by the shell, and
- its exit status is returned as the value of e\bev\bva\bal\bl. If there are
+ The _\ba_\br_\bgs are read and concatenated together into a single com-
+ mand. This command is then read and executed by the shell, and
+ its exit status is returned as the value of e\bev\bva\bal\bl. If there are
no _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs, or only null arguments, e\bev\bva\bal\bl returns 0.
e\bex\bxe\bec\bc [-\b-c\bcl\bl] [-\b-a\ba _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]]
- If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is specified, it replaces the shell. No new process
- is created. The _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs become the arguments to _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd. If
+ If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is specified, it replaces the shell. No new process
+ is created. The _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs become the arguments to _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd. If
the -\b-l\bl option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the begin-
ning of the zeroth arg passed to _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd. This is what _\bl_\bo_\bg_\bi_\bn(1)
does. The -\b-c\bc option causes _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd to be executed with an empty
- environment. If -\b-a\ba is supplied, the shell passes _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be as the
- zeroth argument to the executed command. If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd cannot be
- executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits, unless
- the shell option e\bex\bxe\bec\bcf\bfa\bai\bil\bl is enabled, in which case it returns
- failure. An interactive shell returns failure if the file can-
- not be executed. If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is not specified, any redirections
- take effect in the current shell, and the return status is 0.
+ environment. If -\b-a\ba is supplied, the shell passes _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be as the
+ zeroth argument to the executed command. If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd cannot be
+ executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits, unless
+ the shell option e\bex\bxe\bec\bcf\bfa\bai\bil\bl is enabled, in which case it returns
+ failure. An interactive shell returns failure if the file can-
+ not be executed. If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is not specified, any redirections
+ take effect in the current shell, and the return status is 0.
If there is a redirection error, the return status is 1.
e\bex\bxi\bit\bt [_\bn]
- Cause the shell to exit with a status of _\bn. If _\bn is omitted,
+ Cause the shell to exit with a status of _\bn. If _\bn is omitted,
the exit status is that of the last command executed. A trap on
E\bEX\bXI\bIT\bT is executed before the shell terminates.
e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt [-\b-f\bfn\bn] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd]] ...
e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt -\b-p\bp
- The supplied _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are marked for automatic export to the envi-
- ronment of subsequently executed commands. If the -\b-f\bf option is
- given, the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs refer to functions. If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are given, or
- if the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, a list of all names that are
- exported in this shell is printed. The -\b-n\bn option causes the
- export property to be removed from each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If a variable
- name is followed by =_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, the value of the variable is set to
- _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd. e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt returns an exit status of 0 unless an invalid
- option is encountered, one of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a valid shell
+ The supplied _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are marked for automatic export to the envi-
+ ronment of subsequently executed commands. If the -\b-f\bf option is
+ given, the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs refer to functions. If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are given, or
+ if the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, a list of all names that are
+ exported in this shell is printed. The -\b-n\bn option causes the
+ export property to be removed from each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If a variable
+ name is followed by =_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, the value of the variable is set to
+ _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd. e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt returns an exit status of 0 unless an invalid
+ option is encountered, one of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a valid shell
variable name, or -\b-f\bf is supplied with a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be that is not a func-
tion.
f\bfc\bc [-\b-e\be _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b-n\bnl\blr\br] [_\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt] [_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt]
f\bfc\bc -\b-s\bs [_\bp_\ba_\bt=_\br_\be_\bp] [_\bc_\bm_\bd]
- Fix Command. In the first form, a range of commands from _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt
- to _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt is selected from the history list. _\bF_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt and _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt may
- be specified as a string (to locate the last command beginning
- with that string) or as a number (an index into the history
+ Fix Command. In the first form, a range of commands from _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt
+ to _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt is selected from the history list. _\bF_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt and _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt may
+ be specified as a string (to locate the last command beginning
+ with that string) or as a number (an index into the history
list, where a negative number is used as an offset from the cur-
rent command number). If _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt is not specified it is set to the
- current command for listing (so that ``fc -l -10'' prints the
+ current command for listing (so that ``fc -l -10'' prints the
last 10 commands) and to _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt otherwise. If _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt is not spec-
- ified it is set to the previous command for editing and -16 for
+ ified it is set to the previous command for editing and -16 for
listing.
- The -\b-n\bn option suppresses the command numbers when listing. The
- -\b-r\br option reverses the order of the commands. If the -\b-l\bl option
- is given, the commands are listed on standard output. Other-
- wise, the editor given by _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is invoked on a file containing
- those commands. If _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not given, the value of the F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT
- variable is used, and the value of E\bED\bDI\bIT\bTO\bOR\bR if F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT is not set.
- If neither variable is set, _\bv_\bi is used. When editing is com-
+ The -\b-n\bn option suppresses the command numbers when listing. The
+ -\b-r\br option reverses the order of the commands. If the -\b-l\bl option
+ is given, the commands are listed on standard output. Other-
+ wise, the editor given by _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is invoked on a file containing
+ those commands. If _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not given, the value of the F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT
+ variable is used, and the value of E\bED\bDI\bIT\bTO\bOR\bR if F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT is not set.
+ If neither variable is set, _\bv_\bi is used. When editing is com-
plete, the edited commands are echoed and executed.
- In the second form, _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is re-executed after each instance
- of _\bp_\ba_\bt is replaced by _\br_\be_\bp. A useful alias to use with this is
- ``r="fc -s"'', so that typing ``r cc'' runs the last command
+ In the second form, _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is re-executed after each instance
+ of _\bp_\ba_\bt is replaced by _\br_\be_\bp. A useful alias to use with this is
+ ``r="fc -s"'', so that typing ``r cc'' runs the last command
beginning with ``cc'' and typing ``r'' re-executes the last com-
mand.
- If the first form is used, the return value is 0 unless an
- invalid option is encountered or _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt or _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt specify history
- lines out of range. If the -\b-e\be option is supplied, the return
+ If the first form is used, the return value is 0 unless an
+ invalid option is encountered or _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt or _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt specify history
+ lines out of range. If the -\b-e\be option is supplied, the return
value is the value of the last command executed or failure if an
error occurs with the temporary file of commands. If the second
- form is used, the return status is that of the command re-exe-
- cuted, unless _\bc_\bm_\bd does not specify a valid history line, in
+ form is used, the return status is that of the command re-exe-
+ cuted, unless _\bc_\bm_\bd does not specify a valid history line, in
which case f\bfc\bc returns failure.
f\bfg\bg [_\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc]
- Resume _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc in the foreground, and make it the current job.
+ Resume _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc in the foreground, and make it the current job.
If _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not present, the shell's notion of the _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bj_\bo_\bb
- is used. The return value is that of the command placed into
- the foreground, or failure if run when job control is disabled
+ is used. The return value is that of the command placed into
+ the foreground, or failure if run when job control is disabled
or, when run with job control enabled, if _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc does not spec-
- ify a valid job or _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc specifies a job that was started
+ ify a valid job or _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc specifies a job that was started
without job control.
g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bs]
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is used by shell procedures to parse positional parame-
- ters. _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg contains the option characters to be recog-
- nized; if a character is followed by a colon, the option is
- expected to have an argument, which should be separated from it
- by white space. The colon and question mark characters may not
- be used as option characters. Each time it is invoked, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs
- places the next option in the shell variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, initializing
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is used by shell procedures to parse positional parame-
+ ters. _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg contains the option characters to be recog-
+ nized; if a character is followed by a colon, the option is
+ expected to have an argument, which should be separated from it
+ by white space. The colon and question mark characters may not
+ be used as option characters. Each time it is invoked, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs
+ places the next option in the shell variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, initializing
_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be if it does not exist, and the index of the next argument to
be processed into the variable O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD. O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD is initialized to
- 1 each time the shell or a shell script is invoked. When an
- option requires an argument, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs places that argument into
- the variable O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG. The shell does not reset O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD automati-
- cally; it must be manually reset between multiple calls to
+ 1 each time the shell or a shell script is invoked. When an
+ option requires an argument, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs places that argument into
+ the variable O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG. The shell does not reset O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD automati-
+ cally; it must be manually reset between multiple calls to
g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs within the same shell invocation if a new set of parame-
ters is to be used.
- When the end of options is encountered, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs exits with a
- return value greater than zero. O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD is set to the index of
+ When the end of options is encountered, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs exits with a
+ return value greater than zero. O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD is set to the index of
the first non-option argument, and n\bna\bam\bme\be is set to ?.
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs normally parses the positional parameters, but if more
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs normally parses the positional parameters, but if more
arguments are given in _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs parses those instead.
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs can report errors in two ways. If the first character
- of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is a colon, _\bs_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\bt error reporting is used. In
- normal operation diagnostic messages are printed when invalid
- options or missing option arguments are encountered. If the
- variable O\bOP\bPT\bTE\bER\bRR\bR is set to 0, no error messages will be dis-
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs can report errors in two ways. If the first character
+ of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is a colon, _\bs_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\bt error reporting is used. In
+ normal operation diagnostic messages are printed when invalid
+ options or missing option arguments are encountered. If the
+ variable O\bOP\bPT\bTE\bER\bRR\bR is set to 0, no error messages will be dis-
played, even if the first character of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is not a colon.
If an invalid option is seen, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs places ? into _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be and, if
- not silent, prints an error message and unsets O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG. If
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is silent, the option character found is placed in
+ not silent, prints an error message and unsets O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG. If
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is silent, the option character found is placed in
O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG and no diagnostic message is printed.
- If a required argument is not found, and g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is not silent,
- a question mark (?\b?) is placed in _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG is unset, and a
- diagnostic message is printed. If g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is silent, then a
- colon (:\b:) is placed in _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be and O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG is set to the option
+ If a required argument is not found, and g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is not silent,
+ a question mark (?\b?) is placed in _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG is unset, and a
+ diagnostic message is printed. If g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is silent, then a
+ colon (:\b:) is placed in _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be and O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG is set to the option
character found.
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is
found. It returns false if the end of options is encountered or
an error occurs.
h\bha\bas\bsh\bh [-\b-l\blr\br] [-\b-p\bp _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b-d\bdt\bt] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be]
- For each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, the full file name of the command is determined
+ For each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, the full file name of the command is determined
by searching the directories in $\b$P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH and remembered. If the -\b-p\bp
option is supplied, no path search is performed, and _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is
used as the full file name of the command. The -\b-r\br option causes
- the shell to forget all remembered locations. The -\b-d\bd option
+ the shell to forget all remembered locations. The -\b-d\bd option
causes the shell to forget the remembered location of each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
- If the -\b-t\bt option is supplied, the full pathname to which each
- _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be corresponds is printed. If multiple _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are
- supplied with -\b-t\bt, the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is printed before the hashed full
+ If the -\b-t\bt option is supplied, the full pathname to which each
+ _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be corresponds is printed. If multiple _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are
+ supplied with -\b-t\bt, the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is printed before the hashed full
pathname. The -\b-l\bl option causes output to be displayed in a for-
- mat that may be reused as input. If no arguments are given, or
+ mat that may be reused as input. If no arguments are given, or
if only -\b-l\bl is supplied, information about remembered commands is
- printed. The return status is true unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found
+ printed. The return status is true unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found
or an invalid option is supplied.
h\bhe\bel\blp\bp [-\b-s\bs] [_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn]
- Display helpful information about builtin commands. If _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn
- is specified, h\bhe\bel\blp\bp gives detailed help on all commands matching
- _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn; otherwise help for all the builtins and shell control
- structures is printed. The -\b-s\bs option restricts the information
- displayed to a short usage synopsis. The return status is 0
+ Display helpful information about builtin commands. If _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn
+ is specified, h\bhe\bel\blp\bp gives detailed help on all commands matching
+ _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn; otherwise help for all the builtins and shell control
+ structures is printed. The -\b-s\bs option restricts the information
+ displayed to a short usage synopsis. The return status is 0
unless no command matches _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn.
h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by [\b[_\bn]\b]
h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by -\b-s\bs _\ba_\br_\bg [_\ba_\br_\bg _\b._\b._\b.]
With no options, display the command history list with line num-
bers. Lines listed with a *\b* have been modified. An argument of
- _\bn lists only the last _\bn lines. If the shell variable H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bE-\b-
- F\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT is set and not null, it is used as a format string for
- _\bs_\bt_\br_\bf_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3) to display the time stamp associated with each dis-
- played history entry. No intervening blank is printed between
- the formatted time stamp and the history line. If _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is
- supplied, it is used as the name of the history file; if not,
- the value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is used. Options, if supplied, have the
+ _\bn lists only the last _\bn lines. If the shell variable H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bE-\b-
+ F\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT is set and not null, it is used as a format string for
+ _\bs_\bt_\br_\bf_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3) to display the time stamp associated with each dis-
+ played history entry. No intervening blank is printed between
+ the formatted time stamp and the history line. If _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is
+ supplied, it is used as the name of the history file; if not,
+ the value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is used. Options, if supplied, have the
following meanings:
-\b-c\bc Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.
-\b-d\bd _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt
Delete the history entry at position _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt.
- -\b-a\ba Append the ``new'' history lines (history lines entered
- since the beginning of the current b\bba\bas\bsh\bh session) to the
+ -\b-a\ba Append the ``new'' history lines (history lines entered
+ since the beginning of the current b\bba\bas\bsh\bh session) to the
history file.
- -\b-n\bn Read the history lines not already read from the history
- file into the current history list. These are lines
- appended to the history file since the beginning of the
+ -\b-n\bn Read the history lines not already read from the history
+ file into the current history list. These are lines
+ appended to the history file since the beginning of the
current b\bba\bas\bsh\bh session.
-\b-r\br Read the contents of the history file and use them as the
current history.
- -\b-w\bw Write the current history to the history file, overwrit-
+ -\b-w\bw Write the current history to the history file, overwrit-
ing the history file's contents.
- -\b-p\bp Perform history substitution on the following _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs and
- display the result on the standard output. Does not
- store the results in the history list. Each _\ba_\br_\bg must be
+ -\b-p\bp Perform history substitution on the following _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs and
+ display the result on the standard output. Does not
+ store the results in the history list. Each _\ba_\br_\bg must be
quoted to disable normal history expansion.
- -\b-s\bs Store the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs in the history list as a single entry.
- The last command in the history list is removed before
+ -\b-s\bs Store the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs in the history list as a single entry.
+ The last command in the history list is removed before
the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs are added.
If the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT is set, the time stamp information associ-
- ated with each history entry is written to the history file.
- The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered,
- an error occurs while reading or writing the history file, an
- invalid _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt is supplied as an argument to -\b-d\bd, or the history
+ ated with each history entry is written to the history file.
+ The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered,
+ an error occurs while reading or writing the history file, an
+ invalid _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt is supplied as an argument to -\b-d\bd, or the history
expansion supplied as an argument to -\b-p\bp fails.
j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs [-\b-l\bln\bnp\bpr\brs\bs] [ _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc ... ]
The first form lists the active jobs. The options have the fol-
lowing meanings:
-\b-l\bl List process IDs in addition to the normal information.
- -\b-p\bp List only the process ID of the job's process group
+ -\b-p\bp List only the process ID of the job's process group
leader.
- -\b-n\bn Display information only about jobs that have changed
- status since the user was last notified of their status.
+ -\b-n\bn Display information only about jobs that have changed
+ status since the user was last notified of their status.
-\b-r\br Restrict output to running jobs.
-\b-s\bs Restrict output to stopped jobs.
- If _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is given, output is restricted to information about
- that job. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is
+ If _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is given, output is restricted to information about
+ that job. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is
encountered or an invalid _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is supplied.
If the -\b-x\bx option is supplied, j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs replaces any _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc found in
- _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd or _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs with the corresponding process group ID, and
+ _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd or _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs with the corresponding process group ID, and
executes _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd passing it _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs, returning its exit status.
k\bki\bil\bll\bl [-\b-s\bs _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc | -\b-n\bn _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm | -\b-_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc] [_\bp_\bi_\bd | _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc] ...
k\bki\bil\bll\bl -\b-l\bl [_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc | _\be_\bx_\bi_\bt_\b__\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt_\bu_\bs]
- Send the signal named by _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc or _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm to the processes
- named by _\bp_\bi_\bd or _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc. _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is either a case-insensitive
- signal name such as S\bSI\bIG\bGK\bKI\bIL\bLL\bL (with or without the S\bSI\bIG\bG prefix) or
- a signal number; _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm is a signal number. If _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not
- present, then S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTE\bER\bRM\bM is assumed. An argument of -\b-l\bl lists the
- signal names. If any arguments are supplied when -\b-l\bl is given,
- the names of the signals corresponding to the arguments are
+ Send the signal named by _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc or _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm to the processes
+ named by _\bp_\bi_\bd or _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc. _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is either a case-insensitive
+ signal name such as S\bSI\bIG\bGK\bKI\bIL\bLL\bL (with or without the S\bSI\bIG\bG prefix) or
+ a signal number; _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm is a signal number. If _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not
+ present, then S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTE\bER\bRM\bM is assumed. An argument of -\b-l\bl lists the
+ signal names. If any arguments are supplied when -\b-l\bl is given,
+ the names of the signals corresponding to the arguments are
listed, and the return status is 0. The _\be_\bx_\bi_\bt_\b__\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt_\bu_\bs argument to
- -\b-l\bl is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit
- status of a process terminated by a signal. k\bki\bil\bll\bl returns true
- if at least one signal was successfully sent, or false if an
+ -\b-l\bl is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit
+ status of a process terminated by a signal. k\bki\bil\bll\bl returns true
+ if at least one signal was successfully sent, or false if an
error occurs or an invalid option is encountered.
l\ble\bet\bt _\ba_\br_\bg [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
Each _\ba_\br_\bg is an arithmetic expression to be evaluated (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bH-\b-
- M\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN). If the last _\ba_\br_\bg evaluates to 0, l\ble\bet\bt returns
+ M\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN). If the last _\ba_\br_\bg evaluates to 0, l\ble\bet\bt returns
1; 0 is returned otherwise.
l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl [_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be] ...]
- For each argument, a local variable named _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is created, and
- assigned _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. The _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn can be any of the options accepted
+ For each argument, a local variable named _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is created, and
+ assigned _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. The _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn can be any of the options accepted
by d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be. When l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl is used within a function, it causes the
- variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to have a visible scope restricted to that func-
+ variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to have a visible scope restricted to that func-
tion and its children. With no operands, l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl writes a list of
- local variables to the standard output. It is an error to use
+ local variables to the standard output. It is an error to use
l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl when not within a function. The return status is 0 unless
- l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl is used outside a function, an invalid _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is supplied,
+ l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl is used outside a function, an invalid _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is supplied,
or _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is a readonly variable.
l\blo\bog\bgo\bou\but\bt Exit a login shell.
p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd [-n\bn] [+_\bn] [-_\bn]
- Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments,
- removes the top directory from the stack, and performs a c\bcd\bd to
+ Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments,
+ removes the top directory from the stack, and performs a c\bcd\bd to
the new top directory. Arguments, if supplied, have the follow-
ing meanings:
- +\b+_\bn Removes the _\bnth entry counting from the left of the list
- shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with zero. For example: ``popd
+ +\b+_\bn Removes the _\bnth entry counting from the left of the list
+ shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with zero. For example: ``popd
+0'' removes the first directory, ``popd +1'' the second.
-\b-_\bn Removes the _\bnth entry counting from the right of the list
- shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with zero. For example: ``popd
- -0'' removes the last directory, ``popd -1'' the next to
+ shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with zero. For example: ``popd
+ -0'' removes the last directory, ``popd -1'' the next to
last.
- -\b-n\bn Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing
- directories from the stack, so that only the stack is
+ -\b-n\bn Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing
+ directories from the stack, so that only the stack is
manipulated.
- If the p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd command is successful, a d\bdi\bir\brs\bs is performed as well,
- and the return status is 0. p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd returns false if an invalid
+ If the p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd command is successful, a d\bdi\bir\brs\bs is performed as well,
+ and the return status is 0. p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd returns false if an invalid
option is encountered, the directory stack is empty, a non-exis-
tent directory stack entry is specified, or the directory change
fails.
p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]
- Write the formatted _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs to the standard output under the
- control of the _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt. The _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is a character string which
- contains three types of objects: plain characters, which are
- simply copied to standard output, character escape sequences,
- which are converted and copied to the standard output, and for-
- mat specifications, each of which causes printing of the next
+ Write the formatted _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs to the standard output under the
+ control of the _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt. The _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is a character string which
+ contains three types of objects: plain characters, which are
+ simply copied to standard output, character escape sequences,
+ which are converted and copied to the standard output, and for-
+ mat specifications, each of which causes printing of the next
successive _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt. In addition to the standard _\bp_\br_\bi_\bn_\bt_\bf(1) for-
- mats, %\b%b\bb causes p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf to expand backslash escape sequences in
- the corresponding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt (except that \\b\c\bc terminates output,
+ mats, %\b%b\bb causes p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf to expand backslash escape sequences in
+ the corresponding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt (except that \\b\c\bc terminates output,
backslashes in \\b\'\b', \\b\"\b", and \\b\?\b? are not removed, and octal escapes
- beginning with \\b\0\b0 may contain up to four digits), and %\b%q\bq causes
+ beginning with \\b\0\b0 may contain up to four digits), and %\b%q\bq causes
p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf to output the corresponding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt in a format that can
be reused as shell input.
- The _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is reused as necessary to consume all of the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\b-
+ The _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is reused as necessary to consume all of the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\b-
_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs. If the _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt requires more _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs than are supplied,
- the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or
- null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. The return
+ the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or
+ null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. The return
value is zero on success, non-zero on failure.
p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd [-\b-n\bn] [_\bd_\bi_\br]
p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd [-\b-n\bn] [+_\bn] [-_\bn]
- Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates
- the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working
+ Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates
+ the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working
directory. With no arguments, exchanges the top two directories
- and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty. Arguments,
+ and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty. Arguments,
if supplied, have the following meanings:
- +\b+_\bn Rotates the stack so that the _\bnth directory (counting
- from the left of the list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with
+ +\b+_\bn Rotates the stack so that the _\bnth directory (counting
+ from the left of the list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with
zero) is at the top.
- -\b-_\bn Rotates the stack so that the _\bnth directory (counting
- from the right of the list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with
+ -\b-_\bn Rotates the stack so that the _\bnth directory (counting
+ from the right of the list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with
zero) is at the top.
- -\b-n\bn Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding
- directories to the stack, so that only the stack is
+ -\b-n\bn Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding
+ directories to the stack, so that only the stack is
manipulated.
_\bd_\bi_\br Adds _\bd_\bi_\br to the directory stack at the top, making it the
new current working directory.
If the p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd command is successful, a d\bdi\bir\brs\bs is performed as well.
- If the first form is used, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd returns 0 unless the cd to _\bd_\bi_\br
- fails. With the second form, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd returns 0 unless the direc-
- tory stack is empty, a non-existent directory stack element is
- specified, or the directory change to the specified new current
+ If the first form is used, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd returns 0 unless the cd to _\bd_\bi_\br
+ fails. With the second form, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd returns 0 unless the direc-
+ tory stack is empty, a non-existent directory stack element is
+ specified, or the directory change to the specified new current
directory fails.
p\bpw\bwd\bd [-\b-L\bLP\bP]
- Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory.
+ Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory.
The pathname printed contains no symbolic links if the -\b-P\bP option
is supplied or the -\b-o\bo p\bph\bhy\bys\bsi\bic\bca\bal\bl option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command
- is enabled. If the -\b-L\bL option is used, the pathname printed may
- contain symbolic links. The return status is 0 unless an error
- occurs while reading the name of the current directory or an
+ is enabled. If the -\b-L\bL option is used, the pathname printed may
+ contain symbolic links. The return status is 0 unless an error
+ occurs while reading the name of the current directory or an
invalid option is supplied.
r\bre\bea\bad\bd [-\b-e\ber\brs\bs] [-\b-u\bu _\bf_\bd] [-\b-t\bt _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt] [-\b-a\ba _\ba_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b-p\bp _\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt] [-\b-n\bn _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs] [-\b-d\bd
_\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- One line is read from the standard input, or from the file
- descriptor _\bf_\bd supplied as an argument to the -\b-u\bu option, and the
+ One line is read from the standard input, or from the file
+ descriptor _\bf_\bd supplied as an argument to the -\b-u\bu option, and the
first word is assigned to the first _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, the second word to the
- second _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, and so on, with leftover words and their interven-
- ing separators assigned to the last _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If there are fewer
+ second _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, and so on, with leftover words and their interven-
+ ing separators assigned to the last _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If there are fewer
words read from the input stream than names, the remaining names
- are assigned empty values. The characters in I\bIF\bFS\bS are used to
- split the line into words. The backslash character (\\b\) may be
- used to remove any special meaning for the next character read
- and for line continuation. Options, if supplied, have the fol-
+ are assigned empty values. The characters in I\bIF\bFS\bS are used to
+ split the line into words. The backslash character (\\b\) may be
+ used to remove any special meaning for the next character read
+ and for line continuation. Options, if supplied, have the fol-
lowing meanings:
-\b-a\ba _\ba_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array
new values are assigned. Other _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are
ignored.
-\b-d\bd _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm
- The first character of _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm is used to terminate the
+ The first character of _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm is used to terminate the
input line, rather than newline.
-\b-e\be If the standard input is coming from a terminal, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
(see R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE above) is used to obtain the line.
-\b-n\bn _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs
- r\bre\bea\bad\bd returns after reading _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters rather than
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bd returns after reading _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters rather than
waiting for a complete line of input.
-\b-p\bp _\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt
Display _\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt on standard error, without a trailing new-
line, before attempting to read any input. The prompt is
displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.
-\b-r\br Backslash does not act as an escape character. The back-
- slash is considered to be part of the line. In particu-
- lar, a backslash-newline pair may not be used as a line
+ slash is considered to be part of the line. In particu-
+ lar, a backslash-newline pair may not be used as a line
continuation.
-\b-s\bs Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, charac-
ters are not echoed.
-\b-t\bt _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt
- Cause r\bre\bea\bad\bd to time out and return failure if a complete
- line of input is not read within _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt seconds. This
- option has no effect if r\bre\bea\bad\bd is not reading input from
+ Cause r\bre\bea\bad\bd to time out and return failure if a complete
+ line of input is not read within _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt seconds. This
+ option has no effect if r\bre\bea\bad\bd is not reading input from
the terminal or a pipe.
-\b-u\bu _\bf_\bd Read input from file descriptor _\bf_\bd.
If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are supplied, the line read is assigned to the vari-
- able R\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY. The return code is zero, unless end-of-file is
- encountered, r\bre\bea\bad\bd times out, or an invalid file descriptor is
+ able R\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY. The return code is zero, unless end-of-file is
+ encountered, r\bre\bea\bad\bd times out, or an invalid file descriptor is
supplied as the argument to -\b-u\bu.
r\bre\bea\bad\bdo\bon\bnl\bly\by [-\b-a\bap\bpf\bf] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd] ...]
- The given _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are marked readonly; the values of these _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs
- may not be changed by subsequent assignment. If the -\b-f\bf option
- is supplied, the functions corresponding to the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are so
+ The given _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are marked readonly; the values of these _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs
+ may not be changed by subsequent assignment. If the -\b-f\bf option
+ is supplied, the functions corresponding to the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are so
marked. The -\b-a\ba option restricts the variables to arrays. If no
- _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are given, or if the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, a
- list of all readonly names is printed. The -\b-p\bp option causes
- output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.
- If a variable name is followed by =_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, the value of the vari-
- able is set to _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd. The return status is 0 unless an invalid
- option is encountered, one of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a valid shell
+ _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are given, or if the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, a
+ list of all readonly names is printed. The -\b-p\bp option causes
+ output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.
+ If a variable name is followed by =_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, the value of the vari-
+ able is set to _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd. The return status is 0 unless an invalid
+ option is encountered, one of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a valid shell
variable name, or -\b-f\bf is supplied with a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be that is not a func-
tion.
r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn [_\bn]
- Causes a function to exit with the return value specified by _\bn.
- If _\bn is omitted, the return status is that of the last command
- executed in the function body. If used outside a function, but
- during execution of a script by the .\b. (s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be) command, it
+ Causes a function to exit with the return value specified by _\bn.
+ If _\bn is omitted, the return status is that of the last command
+ executed in the function body. If used outside a function, but
+ during execution of a script by the .\b. (s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be) command, it
causes the shell to stop executing that script and return either
- _\bn or the exit status of the last command executed within the
- script as the exit status of the script. If used outside a
- function and not during execution of a script by .\b., the return
+ _\bn or the exit status of the last command executed within the
+ script as the exit status of the script. If used outside a
+ function and not during execution of a script by .\b., the return
status is false. Any command associated with the R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN trap is
- executed before execution resumes after the function or script.
+ executed before execution resumes after the function or script.
s\bse\bet\bt [-\b--\b-a\bab\bbe\bef\bfh\bhk\bkm\bmn\bnp\bpt\btu\buv\bvx\bxB\bBC\bCH\bHP\bP] [-\b-o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
- Without options, the name and value of each shell variable are
- displayed in a format that can be reused as input. The output
- is sorted according to the current locale. When options are
- specified, they set or unset shell attributes. Any arguments
- remaining after the options are processed are treated as values
+ Without options, the name and value of each shell variable are
+ displayed in a format that can be reused as input. The output
+ is sorted according to the current locale. When options are
+ specified, they set or unset shell attributes. Any arguments
+ remaining after the options are processed are treated as values
for the positional parameters and are assigned, in order, to $\b$1\b1,
- $\b$2\b2, .\b..\b..\b. $\b$_\bn. Options, if specified, have the following mean-
+ $\b$2\b2, .\b..\b..\b. $\b$_\bn. Options, if specified, have the following mean-
ings:
- -\b-a\ba Automatically mark variables and functions which are
- modified or created for export to the environment of
+ -\b-a\ba Automatically mark variables and functions which are
+ modified or created for export to the environment of
subsequent commands.
- -\b-b\bb Report the status of terminated background jobs immedi-
+ -\b-b\bb Report the status of terminated background jobs immedi-
ately, rather than before the next primary prompt. This
is effective only when job control is enabled.
- -\b-e\be Exit immediately if a _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR
+ -\b-e\be Exit immediately if a _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR
above) exits with a non-zero status. The shell does not
- exit if the command that fails is part of the command
- list immediately following a w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl keyword,
- part of the test in an _\bi_\bf statement, part of a &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b|
+ exit if the command that fails is part of the command
+ list immediately following a w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl keyword,
+ part of the test in an _\bi_\bf statement, part of a &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b|
list, or if the command's return value is being inverted
- via !\b!. A trap on E\bER\bRR\bR, if set, is executed before the
+ via !\b!. A trap on E\bER\bRR\bR, if set, is executed before the
shell exits.
-\b-f\bf Disable pathname expansion.
- -\b-h\bh Remember the location of commands as they are looked up
+ -\b-h\bh Remember the location of commands as they are looked up
for execution. This is enabled by default.
- -\b-k\bk All arguments in the form of assignment statements are
- placed in the environment for a command, not just those
+ -\b-k\bk All arguments in the form of assignment statements are
+ placed in the environment for a command, not just those
that precede the command name.
- -\b-m\bm Monitor mode. Job control is enabled. This option is
- on by default for interactive shells on systems that
- support it (see J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL above). Background pro-
- cesses run in a separate process group and a line con-
- taining their exit status is printed upon their comple-
+ -\b-m\bm Monitor mode. Job control is enabled. This option is
+ on by default for interactive shells on systems that
+ support it (see J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL above). Background pro-
+ cesses run in a separate process group and a line con-
+ taining their exit status is printed upon their comple-
tion.
-\b-n\bn Read commands but do not execute them. This may be used
- to check a shell script for syntax errors. This is
+ to check a shell script for syntax errors. This is
ignored by interactive shells.
-\b-o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
The _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be can be one of the following:
Same as -\b-a\ba.
b\bbr\bra\bac\bce\bee\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd
Same as -\b-B\bB.
- e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs Use an emacs-style command line editing inter-
+ e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs Use an emacs-style command line editing inter-
face. This is enabled by default when the shell
is interactive, unless the shell is started with
the -\b--\b-n\bno\boe\bed\bdi\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg option.
H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY. This option is on by default in inter-
active shells.
i\big\bgn\bno\bor\bre\bee\beo\bof\bf
- The effect is as if the shell command
- ``IGNOREEOF=10'' had been executed (see S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl
+ The effect is as if the shell command
+ ``IGNOREEOF=10'' had been executed (see S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl
V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs above).
k\bke\bey\byw\bwo\bor\brd\bd Same as -\b-k\bk.
m\bmo\bon\bni\bit\bto\bor\br Same as -\b-m\bm.
p\bph\bhy\bys\bsi\bic\bca\bal\bl
Same as -\b-P\bP.
p\bpi\bip\bpe\bef\bfa\bai\bil\bl
- If set, the return value of a pipeline is the
- value of the last (rightmost) command to exit
- with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands
- in the pipeline exit successfully. This option
+ If set, the return value of a pipeline is the
+ value of the last (rightmost) command to exit
+ with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands
+ in the pipeline exit successfully. This option
is disabled by default.
- p\bpo\bos\bsi\bix\bx Change the behavior of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh where the default
+ p\bpo\bos\bsi\bix\bx Change the behavior of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh where the default
operation differs from the POSIX 1003.2 standard
to match the standard (_\b`_\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be).
p\bpr\bri\biv\bvi\bil\ble\beg\bge\bed\bd
v\bvi\bi Use a vi-style command line editing interface.
x\bxt\btr\bra\bac\bce\be Same as -\b-x\bx.
If -\b-o\bo is supplied with no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, the values of the
- current options are printed. If +\b+o\bo is supplied with no
- _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, a series of s\bse\bet\bt commands to recreate the
- current option settings is displayed on the standard
+ current options are printed. If +\b+o\bo is supplied with no
+ _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, a series of s\bse\bet\bt commands to recreate the
+ current option settings is displayed on the standard
output.
- -\b-p\bp Turn on _\bp_\br_\bi_\bv_\bi_\bl_\be_\bg_\be_\bd mode. In this mode, the $\b$E\bEN\bNV\bV and
- $\b$B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEN\bNV\bV files are not processed, shell functions are
- not inherited from the environment, and the S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS
- variable, if it appears in the environment, is ignored.
- If the shell is started with the effective user (group)
- id not equal to the real user (group) id, and the -\b-p\bp
- option is not supplied, these actions are taken and the
+ -\b-p\bp Turn on _\bp_\br_\bi_\bv_\bi_\bl_\be_\bg_\be_\bd mode. In this mode, the $\b$E\bEN\bNV\bV and
+ $\b$B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEN\bNV\bV files are not processed, shell functions are
+ not inherited from the environment, and the S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS
+ variable, if it appears in the environment, is ignored.
+ If the shell is started with the effective user (group)
+ id not equal to the real user (group) id, and the -\b-p\bp
+ option is not supplied, these actions are taken and the
effective user id is set to the real user id. If the -\b-p\bp
- option is supplied at startup, the effective user id is
+ option is supplied at startup, the effective user id is
not reset. Turning this option off causes the effective
- user and group ids to be set to the real user and group
+ user and group ids to be set to the real user and group
ids.
-\b-t\bt Exit after reading and executing one command.
-\b-u\bu Treat unset variables as an error when performing param-
- eter expansion. If expansion is attempted on an unset
+ eter expansion. If expansion is attempted on an unset
variable, the shell prints an error message, and, if not
interactive, exits with a non-zero status.
-\b-v\bv Print shell input lines as they are read.
- -\b-x\bx After expanding each _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, f\bfo\bor\br command, c\bca\bas\bse\be
+ -\b-x\bx After expanding each _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, f\bfo\bor\br command, c\bca\bas\bse\be
command, s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt command, or arithmetic f\bfo\bor\br command, dis-
- play the expanded value of P\bPS\bS4\b4, followed by the command
+ play the expanded value of P\bPS\bS4\b4, followed by the command
and its expanded arguments or associated word list.
- -\b-B\bB The shell performs brace expansion (see B\bBr\bra\bac\bce\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
+ -\b-B\bB The shell performs brace expansion (see B\bBr\bra\bac\bce\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
above). This is on by default.
- -\b-C\bC If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not overwrite an existing file with
- the >\b>, >\b>&\b&, and <\b<>\b> redirection operators. This may be
+ -\b-C\bC If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not overwrite an existing file with
+ the >\b>, >\b>&\b&, and <\b<>\b> redirection operators. This may be
overridden when creating output files by using the redi-
rection operator >\b>|\b| instead of >\b>.
-\b-E\bE If set, any trap on E\bER\bRR\bR is inherited by shell functions,
- command substitutions, and commands executed in a sub-
- shell environment. The E\bER\bRR\bR trap is normally not inher-
+ command substitutions, and commands executed in a sub-
+ shell environment. The E\bER\bRR\bR trap is normally not inher-
ited in such cases.
-\b-H\bH Enable !\b! style history substitution. This option is on
by default when the shell is interactive.
- -\b-P\bP If set, the shell does not follow symbolic links when
- executing commands such as c\bcd\bd that change the current
+ -\b-P\bP If set, the shell does not follow symbolic links when
+ executing commands such as c\bcd\bd that change the current
working directory. It uses the physical directory
structure instead. By default, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh follows the logical
- chain of directories when performing commands which
+ chain of directories when performing commands which
change the current directory.
- -\b-T\bT If set, any trap on D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG is inherited by shell func-
+ -\b-T\bT If set, any trap on D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG is inherited by shell func-
tions, command substitutions, and commands executed in a
- subshell environment. The D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap is normally not
+ subshell environment. The D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap is normally not
inherited in such cases.
- -\b--\b- If no arguments follow this option, then the positional
+ -\b--\b- If no arguments follow this option, then the positional
parameters are unset. Otherwise, the positional parame-
- ters are set to the _\ba_\br_\bgs, even if some of them begin
+ ters are set to the _\ba_\br_\bgs, even if some of them begin
with a -\b-.
- -\b- Signal the end of options, cause all remaining _\ba_\br_\bgs to
+ -\b- Signal the end of options, cause all remaining _\ba_\br_\bgs to
be assigned to the positional parameters. The -\b-x\bx and -\b-v\bv
options are turned off. If there are no _\ba_\br_\bgs, the posi-
tional parameters remain unchanged.
- The options are off by default unless otherwise noted. Using +
- rather than - causes these options to be turned off. The
- options can also be specified as arguments to an invocation of
- the shell. The current set of options may be found in $\b$-\b-. The
+ The options are off by default unless otherwise noted. Using +
+ rather than - causes these options to be turned off. The
+ options can also be specified as arguments to an invocation of
+ the shell. The current set of options may be found in $\b$-\b-. The
return status is always true unless an invalid option is encoun-
tered.
s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt [_\bn]
- The positional parameters from _\bn+1 ... are renamed to $\b$1\b1 .\b..\b..\b..\b.
- Parameters represented by the numbers $\b$#\b# down to $\b$#\b#-_\bn+1 are
- unset. _\bn must be a non-negative number less than or equal to
- $\b$#\b#. If _\bn is 0, no parameters are changed. If _\bn is not given,
- it is assumed to be 1. If _\bn is greater than $\b$#\b#, the positional
- parameters are not changed. The return status is greater than
+ The positional parameters from _\bn+1 ... are renamed to $\b$1\b1 .\b..\b..\b..\b.
+ Parameters represented by the numbers $\b$#\b# down to $\b$#\b#-_\bn+1 are
+ unset. _\bn must be a non-negative number less than or equal to
+ $\b$#\b#. If _\bn is 0, no parameters are changed. If _\bn is not given,
+ it is assumed to be 1. If _\bn is greater than $\b$#\b#, the positional
+ parameters are not changed. The return status is greater than
zero if _\bn is greater than $\b$#\b# or less than zero; otherwise 0.
s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt [-\b-p\bpq\bqs\bsu\bu] [-\b-o\bo] [_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
Toggle the values of variables controlling optional shell behav-
ior. With no options, or with the -\b-p\bp option, a list of all set-
table options is displayed, with an indication of whether or not
- each is set. The -\b-p\bp option causes output to be displayed in a
- form that may be reused as input. Other options have the fol-
+ each is set. The -\b-p\bp option causes output to be displayed in a
+ form that may be reused as input. Other options have the fol-
lowing meanings:
-\b-s\bs Enable (set) each _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
-\b-u\bu Disable (unset) each _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
- -\b-q\bq Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status
+ -\b-q\bq Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status
indicates whether the _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set or unset. If multi-
- ple _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are given with -\b-q\bq, the return sta-
- tus is zero if all _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are enabled; non-zero other-
+ ple _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are given with -\b-q\bq, the return sta-
+ tus is zero if all _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are enabled; non-zero other-
wise.
- -\b-o\bo Restricts the values of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to be those defined for
+ -\b-o\bo Restricts the values of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to be those defined for
the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin.
- If either -\b-s\bs or -\b-u\bu is used with no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments, the dis-
+ If either -\b-s\bs or -\b-u\bu is used with no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments, the dis-
play is limited to those options which are set or unset, respec-
- tively. Unless otherwise noted, the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt options are disabled
+ tively. Unless otherwise noted, the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt options are disabled
(unset) by default.
- The return status when listing options is zero if all _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs
- are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting
- options, the return status is zero unless an _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a
+ The return status when listing options is zero if all _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs
+ are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting
+ options, the return status is zero unless an _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a
valid shell option.
The list of s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt options is:
c\bcd\bda\bab\bbl\ble\be_\b_v\bva\bar\brs\bs
- If set, an argument to the c\bcd\bd builtin command that is
- not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable
+ If set, an argument to the c\bcd\bd builtin command that is
+ not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable
whose value is the directory to change to.
c\bcd\bds\bsp\bpe\bel\bll\bl If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory com-
- ponent in a c\bcd\bd command will be corrected. The errors
+ ponent in a c\bcd\bd command will be corrected. The errors
checked for are transposed characters, a missing charac-
- ter, and one character too many. If a correction is
- found, the corrected file name is printed, and the com-
- mand proceeds. This option is only used by interactive
+ ter, and one character too many. If a correction is
+ found, the corrected file name is printed, and the com-
+ mand proceeds. This option is only used by interactive
shells.
c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkh\bha\bas\bsh\bh
If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh checks that a command found in the hash ta-
- ble exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed
- command no longer exists, a normal path search is per-
+ ble exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed
+ command no longer exists, a normal path search is per-
formed.
c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkw\bwi\bin\bns\bsi\biz\bze\be
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh checks the window size after each command
- and, if necessary, updates the values of L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bES\bS and
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh checks the window size after each command
+ and, if necessary, updates the values of L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bES\bS and
C\bCO\bOL\bLU\bUM\bMN\bNS\bS.
- c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to save all lines of a multiple-
- line command in the same history entry. This allows
+ c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to save all lines of a multiple-
+ line command in the same history entry. This allows
easy re-editing of multi-line commands.
- d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh includes filenames beginning with a `.' in
+ d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh includes filenames beginning with a `.' in
the results of pathname expansion.
e\bex\bxe\bec\bcf\bfa\bai\bil\bl
If set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it can-
- not execute the file specified as an argument to the
- e\bex\bxe\bec\bc builtin command. An interactive shell does not
+ not execute the file specified as an argument to the
+ e\bex\bxe\bec\bc builtin command. An interactive shell does not
exit if e\bex\bxe\bec\bc fails.
e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bse\bes\bs
- If set, aliases are expanded as described above under
+ If set, aliases are expanded as described above under
A\bAL\bLI\bIA\bAS\bSE\bES\bS. This option is enabled by default for interac-
tive shells.
e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg
- If set, behavior intended for use by debuggers is
+ If set, behavior intended for use by debuggers is
enabled:
1\b1.\b. The -\b-F\bF option to the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin displays the
source file name and line number corresponding to
each function name supplied as an argument.
- 2\b2.\b. If the command run by the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap returns a
- non-zero value, the next command is skipped and
+ 2\b2.\b. If the command run by the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap returns a
+ non-zero value, the next command is skipped and
not executed.
- 3\b3.\b. If the command run by the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap returns a
- value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub-
- routine (a shell function or a shell script exe-
- cuted by the .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins), a call to
+ 3\b3.\b. If the command run by the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap returns a
+ value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub-
+ routine (a shell function or a shell script exe-
+ cuted by the .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins), a call to
r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is simulated.
e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb If set, the extended pattern matching features described
above under P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn are enabled.
e\bex\bxt\btq\bqu\buo\bot\bte\be
- If set, $\b$'_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg' and $\b$"_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg" quoting is performed
- within $\b${\b{_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br}\b} expansions enclosed in double
+ If set, $\b$'_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg' and $\b$"_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg" quoting is performed
+ within $\b${\b{_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br}\b} expansions enclosed in double
quotes. This option is enabled by default.
f\bfa\bai\bil\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
- If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during
+ If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during
pathname expansion result in an expansion error.
f\bfo\bor\brc\bce\be_\b_f\bfi\big\bgn\bno\bor\bre\be
- If set, the suffixes specified by the F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE shell
- variable cause words to be ignored when performing word
+ If set, the suffixes specified by the F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE shell
+ variable cause words to be ignored when performing word
completion even if the ignored words are the only possi-
ble completions. See S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL V\bVA\bAR\bRI\bIA\bAB\bBL\bLE\bES\bS above for a
- description of F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE. This option is enabled by
+ description of F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE. This option is enabled by
default.
g\bgn\bnu\bu_\b_e\ber\brr\brf\bfm\bmt\bt
If set, shell error messages are written in the standard
GNU error message format.
h\bhi\bis\bst\bta\bap\bpp\bpe\ben\bnd\bd
- If set, the history list is appended to the file named
- by the value of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE variable when the shell
+ If set, the history list is appended to the file named
+ by the value of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE variable when the shell
exits, rather than overwriting the file.
h\bhi\bis\bst\btr\bre\bee\bed\bdi\bit\bt
- If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, a user is given the
+ If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, a user is given the
opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitution.
h\bhi\bis\bst\btv\bve\ber\bri\bif\bfy\by
- If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, the results of his-
- tory substitution are not immediately passed to the
- shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded
+ If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, the results of his-
+ tory substitution are not immediately passed to the
+ shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded
into the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be editing buffer, allowing further modi-
fication.
h\bho\bos\bst\btc\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be
If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh will attempt to
- perform hostname completion when a word containing a @\b@
- is being completed (see C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bin\bng\bg under R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
+ perform hostname completion when a word containing a @\b@
+ is being completed (see C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bin\bng\bg under R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
above). This is enabled by default.
h\bhu\bup\bpo\bon\bne\bex\bxi\bit\bt
If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh will send S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP to all jobs when an inter-
active login shell exits.
i\bin\bnt\bte\ber\bra\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be_\b_c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bts\bs
If set, allow a word beginning with #\b# to cause that word
- and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored
- in an interactive shell (see C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bME\bEN\bNT\bTS\bS above). This
+ and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored
+ in an interactive shell (see C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bME\bEN\bNT\bTS\bS above). This
option is enabled by default.
- l\bli\bit\bth\bhi\bis\bst\bt If set, and the c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt option is enabled, multi-line
+ l\bli\bit\bth\bhi\bis\bst\bt If set, and the c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt option is enabled, multi-line
commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines
rather than using semicolon separators where possible.
l\blo\bog\bgi\bin\bn_\b_s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl
- The shell sets this option if it is started as a login
- shell (see I\bIN\bNV\bVO\bOC\bCA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above). The value may not be
+ The shell sets this option if it is started as a login
+ shell (see I\bIN\bNV\bVO\bOC\bCA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above). The value may not be
changed.
m\bma\bai\bil\blw\bwa\bar\brn\bn
- If set, and a file that b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is checking for mail has
- been accessed since the last time it was checked, the
- message ``The mail in _\bm_\ba_\bi_\bl_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be has been read'' is dis-
+ If set, and a file that b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is checking for mail has
+ been accessed since the last time it was checked, the
+ message ``The mail in _\bm_\ba_\bi_\bl_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be has been read'' is dis-
played.
n\bno\bo_\b_e\bem\bmp\bpt\bty\by_\b_c\bcm\bmd\bd_\b_c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn
- If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh will not
+ If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh will not
attempt to search the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH for possible completions when
completion is attempted on an empty line.
n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\beg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh matches filenames in a case-insensitive
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh matches filenames in a case-insensitive
fashion when performing pathname expansion (see P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be
E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn above).
n\bnu\bul\bll\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh allows patterns which match no files (see
- P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn above) to expand to a null string,
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh allows patterns which match no files (see
+ P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn above) to expand to a null string,
rather than themselves.
p\bpr\bro\bog\bgc\bco\bom\bmp\bp
If set, the programmable completion facilities (see P\bPr\bro\bo-\b-
enabled by default.
p\bpr\bro\bom\bmp\bpt\btv\bva\bar\brs\bs
If set, prompt strings undergo parameter expansion, com-
- mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote
- removal after being expanded as described in P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG
+ mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote
+ removal after being expanded as described in P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG
above. This option is enabled by default.
r\bre\bes\bst\btr\bri\bic\bct\bte\bed\bd_\b_s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl
- The shell sets this option if it is started in
+ The shell sets this option if it is started in
restricted mode (see R\bRE\bES\bST\bTR\bRI\bIC\bCT\bTE\bED\bD S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL below). The value
- may not be changed. This is not reset when the startup
- files are executed, allowing the startup files to dis-
+ may not be changed. This is not reset when the startup
+ files are executed, allowing the startup files to dis-
cover whether or not a shell is restricted.
s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt_\b_v\bve\ber\brb\bbo\bos\bse\be
- If set, the s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt builtin prints an error message when
+ If set, the s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt builtin prints an error message when
the shift count exceeds the number of positional parame-
ters.
s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\bep\bpa\bat\bth\bh
If set, the s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be (.\b.) builtin uses the value of P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH to
- find the directory containing the file supplied as an
+ find the directory containing the file supplied as an
argument. This option is enabled by default.
x\bxp\bpg\bg_\b_e\bec\bch\bho\bo
- If set, the e\bec\bch\bho\bo builtin expands backslash-escape
+ If set, the e\bec\bch\bho\bo builtin expands backslash-escape
sequences by default.
s\bsu\bus\bsp\bpe\ben\bnd\bd [-\b-f\bf]
- Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a S\bSI\bIG\bGC\bCO\bON\bNT\bT
- signal. The -\b-f\bf option says not to complain if this is a login
- shell; just suspend anyway. The return status is 0 unless the
+ Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a S\bSI\bIG\bGC\bCO\bON\bNT\bT
+ signal. The -\b-f\bf option says not to complain if this is a login
+ shell; just suspend anyway. The return status is 0 unless the
shell is a login shell and -\b-f\bf is not supplied, or if job control
is not enabled.
t\bte\bes\bst\bt _\be_\bx_\bp_\br
[\b[ _\be_\bx_\bp_\br ]\b]
- Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of the
- conditional expression _\be_\bx_\bp_\br. Each operator and operand must be
- a separate argument. Expressions are composed of the primaries
+ Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of the
+ conditional expression _\be_\bx_\bp_\br. Each operator and operand must be
+ a separate argument. Expressions are composed of the primaries
described above under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS.
- Expressions may be combined using the following operators,
+ Expressions may be combined using the following operators,
listed in decreasing order of precedence.
!\b! _\be_\bx_\bp_\br True if _\be_\bx_\bp_\br is false.
(\b( _\be_\bx_\bp_\br )\b)
- Returns the value of _\be_\bx_\bp_\br. This may be used to override
+ Returns the value of _\be_\bx_\bp_\br. This may be used to override
the normal precedence of operators.
_\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b1 -a\ba _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2
True if both _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b1 and _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2 are true.
null.
2 arguments
If the first argument is !\b!, the expression is true if and
- only if the second argument is null. If the first argu-
- ment is one of the unary conditional operators listed
- above under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS, the expression is
+ only if the second argument is null. If the first argu-
+ ment is one of the unary conditional operators listed
+ above under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS, the expression is
true if the unary test is true. If the first argument is
not a valid unary conditional operator, the expression is
false.
3 arguments
- If the second argument is one of the binary conditional
+ If the second argument is one of the binary conditional
operators listed above under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS, the
result of the expression is the result of the binary test
- using the first and third arguments as operands. If the
- first argument is !\b!, the value is the negation of the
- two-argument test using the second and third arguments.
+ using the first and third arguments as operands. If the
+ first argument is !\b!, the value is the negation of the
+ two-argument test using the second and third arguments.
If the first argument is exactly (\b( and the third argument
- is exactly )\b), the result is the one-argument test of the
- second argument. Otherwise, the expression is false.
- The -\b-a\ba and -\b-o\bo operators are considered binary operators
+ is exactly )\b), the result is the one-argument test of the
+ second argument. Otherwise, the expression is false.
+ The -\b-a\ba and -\b-o\bo operators are considered binary operators
in this case.
4 arguments
If the first argument is !\b!, the result is the negation of
- the three-argument expression composed of the remaining
+ the three-argument expression composed of the remaining
arguments. Otherwise, the expression is parsed and eval-
- uated according to precedence using the rules listed
+ uated according to precedence using the rules listed
above.
5 or more arguments
- The expression is parsed and evaluated according to
+ The expression is parsed and evaluated according to
precedence using the rules listed above.
- t\bti\bim\bme\bes\bs Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and
+ t\bti\bim\bme\bes\bs Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and
for processes run from the shell. The return status is 0.
t\btr\bra\bap\bp [-\b-l\blp\bp] [[_\ba_\br_\bg] _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc ...]
- The command _\ba_\br_\bg is to be read and executed when the shell
- receives signal(s) _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc. If _\ba_\br_\bg is absent (and there is a
- single _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc) or -\b-, each specified signal is reset to its
- original disposition (the value it had upon entrance to the
- shell). If _\ba_\br_\bg is the null string the signal specified by each
- _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes.
- If _\ba_\br_\bg is not present and -\b-p\bp has been supplied, then the trap
- commands associated with each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc are displayed. If no
- arguments are supplied or if only -\b-p\bp is given, t\btr\bra\bap\bp prints the
- list of commands associated with each signal. The -\b-l\bl option
- causes the shell to print a list of signal names and their cor-
- responding numbers. Each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is either a signal name
- defined in <_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\ba_\bl_\b._\bh>, or a signal number. Signal names are
- case insensitive and the SIG prefix is optional. If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc
- is E\bEX\bXI\bIT\bT (0) the command _\ba_\br_\bg is executed on exit from the shell.
- If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG, the command _\ba_\br_\bg is executed before every
+ The command _\ba_\br_\bg is to be read and executed when the shell
+ receives signal(s) _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc. If _\ba_\br_\bg is absent (and there is a
+ single _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc) or -\b-, each specified signal is reset to its
+ original disposition (the value it had upon entrance to the
+ shell). If _\ba_\br_\bg is the null string the signal specified by each
+ _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes.
+ If _\ba_\br_\bg is not present and -\b-p\bp has been supplied, then the trap
+ commands associated with each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc are displayed. If no
+ arguments are supplied or if only -\b-p\bp is given, t\btr\bra\bap\bp prints the
+ list of commands associated with each signal. The -\b-l\bl option
+ causes the shell to print a list of signal names and their cor-
+ responding numbers. Each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is either a signal name
+ defined in <_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\ba_\bl_\b._\bh>, or a signal number. Signal names are
+ case insensitive and the SIG prefix is optional. If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc
+ is E\bEX\bXI\bIT\bT (0) the command _\ba_\br_\bg is executed on exit from the shell.
+ If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG, the command _\ba_\br_\bg is executed before every
_\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, _\bf_\bo_\br command, _\bc_\ba_\bs_\be command, _\bs_\be_\bl_\be_\bc_\bt command, every
arithmetic _\bf_\bo_\br command, and before the first command executes in
- a shell function (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR above). Refer to the
- description of the e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb option to the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin for
- details of its effect on the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap. If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is E\bER\bRR\bR,
- the command _\ba_\br_\bg is executed whenever a simple command has a
- non-zero exit status, subject to the following conditions. The
- E\bER\bRR\bR trap is not executed if the failed command is part of the
- command list immediately following a w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl keyword,
+ a shell function (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR above). Refer to the
+ description of the e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg option to the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin for
+ details of its effect on the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap. If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is E\bER\bRR\bR,
+ the command _\ba_\br_\bg is executed whenever a simple command has a
+ non-zero exit status, subject to the following conditions. The
+ E\bER\bRR\bR trap is not executed if the failed command is part of the
+ command list immediately following a w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl keyword,
part of the test in an _\bi_\bf statement, part of a &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b| list, or
- if the command's return value is being inverted via !\b!. These
- are the same conditions obeyed by the e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt option. If a
+ if the command's return value is being inverted via !\b!. These
+ are the same conditions obeyed by the e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt option. If a
_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN, the command _\ba_\br_\bg is executed each time a shell
function or a script executed with the .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins fin-
ishes executing. Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot
- be trapped or reset. Trapped signals are reset to their origi-
- nal values in a child process when it is created. The return
- status is false if any _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is invalid; otherwise t\btr\bra\bap\bp
+ be trapped or reset. Trapped signals are reset to their origi-
+ nal values in a child process when it is created. The return
+ status is false if any _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is invalid; otherwise t\btr\bra\bap\bp
returns true.
t\bty\byp\bpe\be [-\b-a\baf\bft\btp\bpP\bP] _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- With no options, indicate how each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be would be interpreted if
+ With no options, indicate how each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be would be interpreted if
used as a command name. If the -\b-t\bt option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints a
- string which is one of _\ba_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs, _\bk_\be_\by_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn, or
- _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be if _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an alias, shell reserved word, function,
- builtin, or disk file, respectively. If the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found,
- then nothing is printed, and an exit status of false is
- returned. If the -\b-p\bp option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be either returns the
+ string which is one of _\ba_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs, _\bk_\be_\by_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn, or
+ _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be if _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an alias, shell reserved word, function,
+ builtin, or disk file, respectively. If the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found,
+ then nothing is printed, and an exit status of false is
+ returned. If the -\b-p\bp option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be either returns the
name of the disk file that would be executed if _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be were speci-
fied as a command name, or nothing if ``type -t name'' would not
- return _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be. The -\b-P\bP option forces a P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH search for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be,
+ return _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be. The -\b-P\bP option forces a P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH search for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be,
even if ``type -t name'' would not return _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be. If a command is
- hashed, -\b-p\bp and -\b-P\bP print the hashed value, not necessarily the
+ hashed, -\b-p\bp and -\b-P\bP print the hashed value, not necessarily the
file that appears first in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH. If the -\b-a\ba option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be
- prints all of the places that contain an executable named _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
- This includes aliases and functions, if and only if the -\b-p\bp
- option is not also used. The table of hashed commands is not
- consulted when using -\b-a\ba. The -\b-f\bf option suppresses shell func-
- tion lookup, as with the c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd builtin. t\bty\byp\bpe\be returns true if
+ prints all of the places that contain an executable named _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
+ This includes aliases and functions, if and only if the -\b-p\bp
+ option is not also used. The table of hashed commands is not
+ consulted when using -\b-a\ba. The -\b-f\bf option suppresses shell func-
+ tion lookup, as with the c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd builtin. t\bty\byp\bpe\be returns true if
any of the arguments are found, false if none are found.
u\bul\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt [-\b-S\bSH\bHa\bac\bcd\bdf\bfl\blm\bmn\bnp\bps\bst\btu\buv\bv [_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt]]
- Provides control over the resources available to the shell and
- to processes started by it, on systems that allow such control.
+ Provides control over the resources available to the shell and
+ to processes started by it, on systems that allow such control.
The -\b-H\bH and -\b-S\bS options specify that the hard or soft limit is set
- for the given resource. A hard limit cannot be increased once
- it is set; a soft limit may be increased up to the value of the
- hard limit. If neither -\b-H\bH nor -\b-S\bS is specified, both the soft
- and hard limits are set. The value of _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt can be a number in
+ for the given resource. A hard limit cannot be increased once
+ it is set; a soft limit may be increased up to the value of the
+ hard limit. If neither -\b-H\bH nor -\b-S\bS is specified, both the soft
+ and hard limits are set. The value of _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt can be a number in
the unit specified for the resource or one of the special values
- h\bha\bar\brd\bd, s\bso\bof\bft\bt, or u\bun\bnl\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bte\bed\bd, which stand for the current hard
- limit, the current soft limit, and no limit, respectively. If
- _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is omitted, the current value of the soft limit of the
- resource is printed, unless the -\b-H\bH option is given. When more
- than one resource is specified, the limit name and unit are
+ h\bha\bar\brd\bd, s\bso\bof\bft\bt, or u\bun\bnl\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bte\bed\bd, which stand for the current hard
+ limit, the current soft limit, and no limit, respectively. If
+ _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is omitted, the current value of the soft limit of the
+ resource is printed, unless the -\b-H\bH option is given. When more
+ than one resource is specified, the limit name and unit are
printed before the value. Other options are interpreted as fol-
lows:
-\b-a\ba All current limits are reported
-\b-p\bp The pipe size in 512-byte blocks (this may not be set)
-\b-s\bs The maximum stack size
-\b-t\bt The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds
- -\b-u\bu The maximum number of processes available to a single
+ -\b-u\bu The maximum number of processes available to a single
user
- -\b-v\bv The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the
+ -\b-v\bv The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the
shell
If _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is given, it is the new value of the specified resource
(the -\b-a\ba option is display only). If no option is given, then -\b-f\bf
- is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for -\b-t\bt,
- which is in seconds, -\b-p\bp, which is in units of 512-byte blocks,
- and -\b-n\bn and -\b-u\bu, which are unscaled values. The return status is
- 0 unless an invalid option or argument is supplied, or an error
+ is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for -\b-t\bt,
+ which is in seconds, -\b-p\bp, which is in units of 512-byte blocks,
+ and -\b-n\bn and -\b-u\bu, which are unscaled values. The return status is
+ 0 unless an invalid option or argument is supplied, or an error
occurs while setting a new limit.
u\bum\bma\bas\bsk\bk [-\b-p\bp] [-\b-S\bS] [_\bm_\bo_\bd_\be]
The user file-creation mask is set to _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be. If _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be begins with
- a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is
- interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by
- _\bc_\bh_\bm_\bo_\bd(1). If _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be is omitted, the current value of the mask is
- printed. The -\b-S\bS option causes the mask to be printed in sym-
- bolic form; the default output is an octal number. If the -\b-p\bp
+ a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is
+ interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by
+ _\bc_\bh_\bm_\bo_\bd(1). If _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be is omitted, the current value of the mask is
+ printed. The -\b-S\bS option causes the mask to be printed in sym-
+ bolic form; the default output is an octal number. If the -\b-p\bp
option is supplied, and _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be is omitted, the output is in a form
that may be reused as input. The return status is 0 if the mode
- was successfully changed or if no _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be argument was supplied,
+ was successfully changed or if no _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be argument was supplied,
and false otherwise.
u\bun\bna\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs [-a\ba] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- Remove each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from the list of defined aliases. If -\b-a\ba is
- supplied, all alias definitions are removed. The return value
+ Remove each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from the list of defined aliases. If -\b-a\ba is
+ supplied, all alias definitions are removed. The return value
is true unless a supplied _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a defined alias.
u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt [-f\bfv\bv] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- For each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, remove the corresponding variable or function.
+ For each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, remove the corresponding variable or function.
If no options are supplied, or the -\b-v\bv option is given, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
- refers to a shell variable. Read-only variables may not be
+ refers to a shell variable. Read-only variables may not be
unset. If -\b-f\bf is specifed, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be refers to a shell function,
- and the function definition is removed. Each unset variable or
- function is removed from the environment passed to subsequent
+ and the function definition is removed. Each unset variable or
+ function is removed from the environment passed to subsequent
commands. If any of R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM, S\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS, L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO, H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCM\bMD\bD, F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE,
- G\bGR\bRO\bOU\bUP\bPS\bS, or D\bDI\bIR\bRS\bST\bTA\bAC\bCK\bK are unset, they lose their special proper-
- ties, even if they are subsequently reset. The exit status is
+ G\bGR\bRO\bOU\bUP\bPS\bS, or D\bDI\bIR\bRS\bST\bTA\bAC\bCK\bK are unset, they lose their special proper-
+ ties, even if they are subsequently reset. The exit status is
true unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is readonly.
w\bwa\bai\bit\bt [_\bn]
- Wait for the specified process and return its termination sta-
- tus. _\bn may be a process ID or a job specification; if a job
- spec is given, all processes in that job's pipeline are waited
- for. If _\bn is not given, all currently active child processes
+ Wait for the specified process and return its termination sta-
+ tus. _\bn may be a process ID or a job specification; if a job
+ spec is given, all processes in that job's pipeline are waited
+ for. If _\bn is not given, all currently active child processes
are waited for, and the return status is zero. If _\bn specifies a
- non-existent process or job, the return status is 127. Other-
- wise, the return status is the exit status of the last process
+ non-existent process or job, the return status is 127. Other-
+ wise, the return status is the exit status of the last process
or job waited for.
R\bRE\bES\bST\bTR\bRI\bIC\bCT\bTE\bED\bD S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL
If b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is started with the name r\brb\bba\bas\bsh\bh, or the -\b-r\br option is supplied at
- invocation, the shell becomes restricted. A restricted shell is used
- to set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell. It
- behaves identically to b\bba\bas\bsh\bh with the exception that the following are
+ invocation, the shell becomes restricted. A restricted shell is used
+ to set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell. It
+ behaves identically to b\bba\bas\bsh\bh with the exception that the following are
disallowed or not performed:
+\bo changing directories with c\bcd\bd
+\bo specifying command names containing /\b/
- +\bo specifying a file name containing a /\b/ as an argument to the .\b.
+ +\bo specifying a file name containing a /\b/ as an argument to the .\b.
builtin command
- +\bo Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the
+ +\bo Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the
-\b-p\bp option to the h\bha\bas\bsh\bh builtin command
- +\bo importing function definitions from the shell environment at
+ +\bo importing function definitions from the shell environment at
startup
- +\bo parsing the value of S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS from the shell environment at
+ +\bo parsing the value of S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS from the shell environment at
startup
- +\bo redirecting output using the >, >|, <>, >&, &>, and >> redirec-
+ +\bo redirecting output using the >, >|, <>, >&, &>, and >> redirec-
tion operators
+\bo using the e\bex\bxe\bec\bc builtin command to replace the shell with another
command
- +\bo adding or deleting builtin commands with the -\b-f\bf and -\b-d\bd options
+ +\bo adding or deleting builtin commands with the -\b-f\bf and -\b-d\bd options
to the e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be builtin command
- +\bo Using the e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be builtin command to enable disabled shell
+ +\bo Using the e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be builtin command to enable disabled shell
builtins
+\bo specifying the -\b-p\bp option to the c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd builtin command
These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read.
When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed (see C\bCO\bOM\bM-\b-
- M\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above), r\brb\bba\bas\bsh\bh turns off any restrictions in the shell
+ M\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above), r\brb\bba\bas\bsh\bh turns off any restrictions in the shell
spawned to execute the script.
S\bSE\bEE\bE A\bAL\bLS\bSO\bO
_\bB_\ba_\bs_\bh _\bR_\be_\bf_\be_\br_\be_\bn_\bc_\be _\bM_\ba_\bn_\bu_\ba_\bl, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey
_\bT_\bh_\be _\bG_\bn_\bu _\bR_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be _\bL_\bi_\bb_\br_\ba_\br_\by, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey
_\bT_\bh_\be _\bG_\bn_\bu _\bH_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by _\bL_\bi_\bb_\br_\ba_\br_\by, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey
- _\bP_\bo_\br_\bt_\ba_\bb_\bl_\be _\bO_\bp_\be_\br_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bn_\bg _\bS_\by_\bs_\bt_\be_\bm _\bI_\bn_\bt_\be_\br_\bf_\ba_\bc_\be _\b(_\bP_\bO_\bS_\bI_\bX_\b) _\bP_\ba_\br_\bt _\b2_\b: _\bS_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl _\ba_\bn_\bd _\bU_\bt_\bi_\bl_\bi_\b-
+ _\bP_\bo_\br_\bt_\ba_\bb_\bl_\be _\bO_\bp_\be_\br_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bn_\bg _\bS_\by_\bs_\bt_\be_\bm _\bI_\bn_\bt_\be_\br_\bf_\ba_\bc_\be _\b(_\bP_\bO_\bS_\bI_\bX_\b) _\bP_\ba_\br_\bt _\b2_\b: _\bS_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl _\ba_\bn_\bd _\bU_\bt_\bi_\bl_\bi_\b-
_\bt_\bi_\be_\bs, IEEE
_\bs_\bh(1), _\bk_\bs_\bh(1), _\bc_\bs_\bh(1)
_\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs(1), _\bv_\bi(1)
_\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\br_\bc
The individual per-interactive-shell startup file
_\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b__\bl_\bo_\bg_\bo_\bu_\bt
- The individual login shell cleanup file, executed when a login
+ The individual login shell cleanup file, executed when a login
shell exits
_\b~_\b/_\b._\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc
Individual _\br_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be initialization file
B\bBU\bUG\bG R\bRE\bEP\bPO\bOR\bRT\bTS\bS
If you find a bug in b\bba\bas\bsh\bh,\b, you should report it. But first, you should
- make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest
- version of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. The latest version is always available from
+ make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest
+ version of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. The latest version is always available from
_\bf_\bt_\bp_\b:_\b/_\b/_\bf_\bt_\bp_\b._\bg_\bn_\bu_\b._\bo_\br_\bg_\b/_\bp_\bu_\bb_\b/_\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b/.
- Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\bb_\bu_\bg
- command to submit a bug report. If you have a fix, you are encouraged
- to mail that as well! Suggestions and `philosophical' bug reports may
- be mailed to _\bb_\bu_\bg_\b-_\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b@_\bg_\bn_\bu_\b._\bo_\br_\bg or posted to the Usenet newsgroup
+ Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\bb_\bu_\bg
+ command to submit a bug report. If you have a fix, you are encouraged
+ to mail that as well! Suggestions and `philosophical' bug reports may
+ be mailed to _\bb_\bu_\bg_\b-_\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b@_\bg_\bn_\bu_\b._\bo_\br_\bg or posted to the Usenet newsgroup
g\bgn\bnu\bu.\b.b\bba\bas\bsh\bh.\b.b\bbu\bug\bg.
ALL bug reports should include:
A description of the bug behaviour
A short script or `recipe' which exercises the bug
- _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\bb_\bu_\bg inserts the first three items automatically into the template
+ _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\bb_\bu_\bg inserts the first three items automatically into the template
it provides for filing a bug report.
Comments and bug reports concerning this manual page should be directed
Shell builtin commands and functions are not stoppable/restartable.
Compound commands and command sequences of the form `a ; b ; c' are not
- handled gracefully when process suspension is attempted. When a pro-
+ handled gracefully when process suspension is attempted. When a pro-
cess is stopped, the shell immediately executes the next command in the
sequence. It suffices to place the sequence of commands between paren-
theses to force it into a subshell, which may be stopped as a unit.
- Commands inside of $\b$(\b(...)\b) command substitution are not parsed until
- substitution is attempted. This will delay error reporting until some
+ Commands inside of $\b$(\b(...)\b) command substitution are not parsed until
+ substitution is attempted. This will delay error reporting until some
time after the command is entered. For example, unmatched parentheses,
- even inside shell comments, will result in error messages while the
+ even inside shell comments, will result in error messages while the
construct is being read.
Array variables may not (yet) be exported.
%!PS-Adobe-3.0
%%Creator: groff version 1.18.1
-%%CreationDate: Mon Jul 19 16:03:47 2004
+%%CreationDate: Mon Aug 30 08:27:13 2004
%%DocumentNeededResources: font Times-Roman
%%+ font Times-Bold
%%+ font Times-Italic
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-(pand to nothing \(i.e., the).15 F 2.532(ya)-.15 G .032(re remo)-2.532 F
--.15(ve)-.15 G(d\).).15 E F1(#)108 273.6 Q F0
+($1)A F0 2.613("")C F1($2)-2.613 E F0 2.613(".)C(..)-2.613 E .134
+(If the double-quoted e)144 261.6 R .134(xpansion occurs within a w)-.15
+F .135(ord, the e)-.1 F .135
+(xpansion of the \214rst parameter is joined)-.15 F .151(with the be)144
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+(ve)-.15 G(d\).).15 E F1(#)108 309.6 Q F0
(Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal.)31 E F1(?)
-108 285.6 Q F0(Expands to the status of the most recently e)31 E -.15
-(xe)-.15 G(cuted fore).15 E(ground pipeline.)-.15 E F1<ad>108 297.6 Q F0
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(In a \(\) subshell, it e)5.214 F .214
(xpands to the process ID of the current)-.15 F
-(shell, not the subshell.)144 333.6 Q F1(!)108 345.6 Q F0
+(shell, not the subshell.)144 369.6 Q F1(!)108 381.6 Q F0
(Expands to the process ID of the most recently e)32.67 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
-(cuted background \(asynchronous\) command.).15 E F1(0)108 357.6 Q F0
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1.692(Expands to the name of the shell or shell script.)31 F 1.691
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(When checking mail, this parameter holds the name of the mail \214le)
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(tt)-2.641 G .142(he top of the stack.)-2.641 F .142
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-(2004 June 26)147.345 E(8)202.335 E 0 Cg EP
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%%Page: 9 9
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--.95 E F0 .005(An array v)144 108 R .005
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(he portion of the string matching the entire re)-2.507 F .006(gular e)
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(ilable only in shell functions and e).25 F 1.208(xternal com-)-.15 F
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(current cursor position is at the end of the current command, the v)144
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(ilable only in shell functions and e).25 F 2.006(xternal commands)-.15
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(ariable containing the names of all shell functions currently in the e)
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F .81(xists only when a shell function is e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.31
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-F(properties, e)144 172.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G
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-(cial properties, e)144 225.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5
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2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1
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-(Automatically set to the name of the current host.)144 295.2 Q F1
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-(is e)2.829 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.829(cuting. The).15 F(def)144 592.8 Q
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--2.5 E(GNU Bash-3.0)72 768 Q(2004 June 26)147.345 E(10)197.335 E 0 Cg EP
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+(is unset, it loses its special)2.658 F(properties, e)144 230.4 Q -.15
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%%Page: 13 13
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
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-(lence classes, and collating sequences).25 F(within pathname e)144 120
-Q(xpansion and pattern matching.)-.15 E F1(LC_CTYPE)108 132 Q F0 1.936
-(This v)144 144 R 1.936
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+(ariable determines the collation order used when sorting the results o\
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+168 R 1.464(vior of range e)-.2 F 1.465(xpressions, equi)-.15 F -.25(va)
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(ariable determines the interpretation of characters and the beha)-.25 F
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-F0(This v)144 180 Q(ariable determines the locale used to translate dou\
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(Used by the)5.99 F F1(select)3.718 E F0 -.2(bu)3.718 G 1.219(iltin com\
mand to determine the column length for printing selection lists.).2 F
-(Automatically set upon receipt of a SIGWINCH.)144 228 Q F1(MAIL)108 240
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Q F0 .188(If this parameter is set to a \214le name and the)8.78 F/F2 9
/Times-Bold@0 SF(MAILP)2.687 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 -.25(va)
2.437 G .187(riable is not set,).25 F F1(bash)2.687 E F0 .187
-(informs the user)2.687 F(of the arri)144 252 Q -.25(va)-.25 G 2.5(lo)
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.25 G 2.5(fm)-2.5 G(ail in the speci\214ed \214le.)-2.5 E F1(MAILCHECK)
-108 264 Q F0 .098(Speci\214es ho)144 276 R 2.598(wo)-.25 G .098
+108 324 Q F0 .098(Speci\214es ho)144 336 R 2.598(wo)-.25 G .098
(ften \(in seconds\))-2.598 F F1(bash)2.598 E F0 .098(checks for mail.)
2.598 F .098(The def)5.098 F .098(ault is 60 seconds.)-.1 F .099
(When it is time)5.099 F .224(to check for mail, the shell does so befo\
-re displaying the primary prompt.)144 288 R .223(If this v)5.223 F .223
-(ariable is unset,)-.25 F .066(or set to a v)144 300 R .066(alue that i\
+re displaying the primary prompt.)144 348 R .223(If this v)5.223 F .223
+(ariable is unset,)-.25 F .066(or set to a v)144 360 R .066(alue that i\
s not a number greater than or equal to zero, the shell disables mail c\
-hecking.)-.25 F F1(MAILP)108 312 Q -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 2.815(Ac)
-144 324 S .314(olon-separated list of \214le names to be check)-2.815 F
+hecking.)-.25 F F1(MAILP)108 372 Q -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 2.815(Ac)
+144 384 S .314(olon-separated list of \214le names to be check)-2.815 F
.314(ed for mail.)-.1 F .314(The message to be printed when mail)5.314 F
-(arri)144 336 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.42(si).15 G 3.42(nap)-3.42 G .92(artic\
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ular \214le may be speci\214ed by separating the \214le name from the m\
-essage with a)-3.42 F 2.808(`?'. When)144 348 R .308(used in the te)
+essage with a)-3.42 F 2.808(`?'. When)144 408 R .308(used in the te)
2.808 F .308(xt of the message,)-.15 F F1($_)2.808 E F0 -.15(ex)2.808 G
.308(pands to the name of the current mail\214le.).15 F(Exam-)5.307 E
-(ple:)144 360 Q F1(MAILP)144 372 Q -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0(='/v)A
+(ple:)144 420 Q F1(MAILP)144 432 Q -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0(='/v)A
(ar/mail/bfox?"Y)-.25 E(ou ha)-1.1 E .3 -.15(ve m)-.2 H
-(ail":~/shell\255mail?"$_ has mail!"').15 E F1(Bash)144 384 Q F0 .388
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(supplies a def)2.888 F .388(ault v)-.1 F .388(alue for this v)-.25 F
.388(ariable, b)-.25 F .389
(ut the location of the user mail \214les that it uses is)-.2 F
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-(\).)A F1(OPTERR)108 408 Q F0 .39(If set to the v)144 420 R .39(alue 1,)
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+(\).)A F1(OPTERR)108 468 Q F0 .39(If set to the v)144 480 R .39(alue 1,)
-.25 F F1(bash)2.89 E F0 .389(displays error messages generated by the)
2.889 F F1(getopts)2.889 E F0 -.2(bu)2.889 G .389(iltin command \(see).2
-F F2 .359(SHELL B)144 432 R(UIL)-.09 E .359(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0
+F F2 .359(SHELL B)144 492 R(UIL)-.09 E .359(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0
(belo)2.609 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(OPTERR)5.359 E F0 .36
(is initialized to 1 each time the shell is in)2.609 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1
-(ke).2 G(d).1 E(or a shell script is e)144 444 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.)
-.15 E F1 -.74(PA)108 456 S(TH)-.21 E F0 .588
+(ke).2 G(d).1 E(or a shell script is e)144 504 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.)
+.15 E F1 -.74(PA)108 516 S(TH)-.21 E F0 .588
(The search path for commands.)9.91 F .587
(It is a colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks)
-5.588 F .471(for commands \(see)144 468 R F2 .471(COMMAND EXECUTION)
+5.588 F .471(for commands \(see)144 528 R F2 .471(COMMAND EXECUTION)
2.971 F F0(belo)2.722 E 2.972(w\). A)-.25 F .472
-(zero-length \(null\) directory name in the)2.972 F -.25(va)144 480 S
+(zero-length \(null\) directory name in the)2.972 F -.25(va)144 540 S
.345(lue of).25 F F1 -.74(PA)2.845 G(TH)-.21 E F0 .345
(indicates the current directory)2.845 F 5.345(.A)-.65 G .344
(null directory name may appear as tw)-2.5 F 2.844(oa)-.1 G(djacent)
--2.844 E .867(colons, or as an initial or trailing colon.)144 492 R .868
+-2.844 E .867(colons, or as an initial or trailing colon.)144 552 R .868
(The def)5.868 F .868(ault path is system-dependent, and is set by the)
--.1 F 26.329(administrator who installs)144 504 R F1(bash)28.829 E F0
+-.1 F 26.329(administrator who installs)144 564 R F1(bash)28.829 E F0
31.329(.A)C 26.328(common v)-2.501 F 26.328(alue is)-.25 F/F3 10
-/Courier@0 SF(/usr/gnu/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/ucb:/bin:/usr/bin)144 516
-Q F0(.)A F1(POSIXL)108 528 Q(Y_CORRECT)-.92 E F0 .471(If this v)144 540
+/Courier@0 SF(/usr/gnu/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/ucb:/bin:/usr/bin)144 576
+Q F0(.)A F1(POSIXL)108 588 Q(Y_CORRECT)-.92 E F0 .471(If this v)144 600
R .471(ariable is in the en)-.25 F .471(vironment when)-.4 F F1(bash)
2.971 E F0 .471(starts, the shell enters)2.971 F/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
.472(posix mode)2.972 F F0 .472(before reading)2.972 F .011
-(the startup \214les, as if the)144 552 R F1(\255\255posix)2.511 E F0
+(the startup \214les, as if the)144 612 R F1(\255\255posix)2.511 E F0
(in)2.511 E -.2(vo)-.4 G .011(cation option had been supplied.).2 F .011
-(If it is set while the shell is)5.011 F(running,)144 564 Q F1(bash)2.5
+(If it is set while the shell is)5.011 F(running,)144 624 Q F1(bash)2.5
E F0(enables)2.5 E F4(posix mode)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C 2.5(si)-2.5 G 2.5(ft)
-2.5 G(he command)-2.5 E F3(set -o posix)2.5 E F0(had been e)2.5 E -.15
-(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(PR)108 576 Q(OMPT_COMMAND)-.3 E F0
-(If set, the v)144 588 Q(alue is e)-.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
+(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(PR)108 636 Q(OMPT_COMMAND)-.3 E F0
+(If set, the v)144 648 Q(alue is e)-.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cuted as a command prior to issuing each primary prompt.).15 E F1(PS1)
-108 600 Q F0 .064(The v)19.33 F .065(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F
+108 660 Q F0 .064(The v)19.33 F .065(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F
.065(xpanded \(see)-.15 F F2(PR)2.565 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)2.315 E
-.065(w\) and used as the primary prompt)-.25 F 2.5(string. The)144 612 R
+.065(w\) and used as the primary prompt)-.25 F 2.5(string. The)144 672 R
(def)2.5 E(ault v)-.1 E(alue is `)-.25 E(`)-.74 E F1(\\s\255\\v\\$)A F0
--.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(PS2)108 624 Q F0 .005(The v)19.33 F .005
+-.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(PS2)108 684 Q F0 .005(The v)19.33 F .005
(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .005(xpanded as with)-.15 F F1(PS1)
2.505 E F0 .004(and used as the secondary prompt string.)2.505 F(The)
-5.004 E(def)144 636 Q(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(>)A F0 -.74('')2.5 G
-(.).74 E F1(PS3)108 648 Q F0 1.115(The v)19.33 F 1.115
+5.004 E(def)144 696 Q(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(>)A F0 -.74('')2.5 G
+(.).74 E F1(PS3)108 708 Q F0 1.115(The v)19.33 F 1.115
(alue of this parameter is used as the prompt for the)-.25 F F1(select)
3.615 E F0 1.116(command \(see)3.616 F F2 1.116(SHELL GRAM-)3.616 F(MAR)
-144 660 Q F0(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(PS4)108 672 Q F0
-1.099(The v)19.33 F 1.099(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F 1.099
-(xpanded as with)-.15 F F1(PS1)3.599 E F0 1.099(and the v)3.599 F 1.098
-(alue is printed before each com-)-.25 F(mand)144 684 Q F1(bash)3.725 E
-F0 1.225(displays during an e)3.725 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.225
-(cution trace.).15 F 1.226(The \214rst character of)6.225 F F2(PS4)3.726
-E F0 1.226(is replicated multiple)3.476 F(times, as necessary)144 696 Q
-2.5(,t)-.65 G 2.5(oi)-2.5 G(ndicate multiple le)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
-(ls of indirection.).15 E(The def)5 E(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(+)A F0
--.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E(GNU Bash-3.0)72 768 Q(2004 June 26)147.345 E(13)
-197.335 E 0 Cg EP
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+(2004 June 26)147.345 E(13)197.335 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL)108 84 Q F0 .664
-(The full pathname to the shell is k)144 96 R .664(ept in this en)-.1 F
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-(it is not set when the shell)3.164 F(starts,)144 108 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0
-(assigns to it the full pathname of the current user')2.5 E 2.5(sl)-.55
-G(ogin shell.)-2.5 E F1(TIMEFORMA)108 120 Q(T)-.95 E F0 .826(The v)144
-132 R .826
+-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(PS4)108 84 Q F0 1.099(The v)19.33 F 1.099
+(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F 1.099(xpanded as with)-.15 F F1(PS1)
+3.599 E F0 1.099(and the v)3.599 F 1.098
+(alue is printed before each com-)-.25 F(mand)144 96 Q F1(bash)3.725 E
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+(cution trace.).15 F 1.226(The \214rst character of)6.225 F/F2 9
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+(times, as necessary)144 108 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G 2.5(oi)-2.5 G
+(ndicate multiple le)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ls of indirection.).15 E
+(The def)5 E(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(+)A F0 -.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1
+(SHELL)108 120 Q F0 .664(The full pathname to the shell is k)144 132 R
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+F .663(it is not set when the shell)3.164 F(starts,)144 144 Q F1(bash)
+2.5 E F0(assigns to it the full pathname of the current user')2.5 E 2.5
+(sl)-.55 G(ogin shell.)-2.5 E F1(TIMEFORMA)108 156 Q(T)-.95 E F0 .826
+(The v)144 168 R .826
(alue of this parameter is used as a format string specifying ho)-.25 F
3.327(wt)-.25 G .827(he timing information for)-3.327 F .649
-(pipelines pre\214x)144 144 R .649(ed with the)-.15 F F1(time)3.149 E F0
+(pipelines pre\214x)144 180 R .649(ed with the)-.15 F F1(time)3.149 E F0
(reserv)3.149 E .649(ed w)-.15 F .648(ord should be displayed.)-.1 F
(The)5.648 E F1(%)3.148 E F0 .648(character introduces)3.148 F .711
-(an escape sequence that is e)144 156 R .711(xpanded to a time v)-.15 F
+(an escape sequence that is e)144 192 R .711(xpanded to a time v)-.15 F
.712(alue or other information.)-.25 F .712(The escape sequences)5.712 F
-(and their meanings are as follo)144 168 Q
-(ws; the braces denote optional portions.)-.25 E F1(%%)144 186 Q F0 2.5
-(Al)30 G(iteral)-2.5 E F1(%)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(%[)144 198 Q/F2 10
+(and their meanings are as follo)144 204 Q
+(ws; the braces denote optional portions.)-.25 E F1(%%)144 222 Q F0 2.5
+(Al)30 G(iteral)-2.5 E F1(%)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(%[)144 234 Q/F3 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(p)A F1(][l]R)A F0(The elapsed time in seconds.)11.68
-E F1(%[)144 210 Q F2(p)A F1(][l]U)A F0
-(The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode.)11.68 E F1(%[)144 222 Q
-F2(p)A F1(][l]S)A F0(The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.)
-13.34 E F1(%P)144 234 Q F0
+E F1(%[)144 246 Q F3(p)A F1(][l]U)A F0
+(The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode.)11.68 E F1(%[)144 258 Q
+F3(p)A F1(][l]S)A F0(The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.)
+13.34 E F1(%P)144 270 Q F0
(The CPU percentage, computed as \(%U + %S\) / %R.)33.89 E .87
-(The optional)144 250.8 R F2(p)3.37 E F0 .87(is a digit specifying the)
-3.37 F F2(pr)3.37 E(ecision)-.37 E F0 3.37(,t)C .87
+(The optional)144 286.8 R F3(p)3.37 E F0 .87(is a digit specifying the)
+3.37 F F3(pr)3.37 E(ecision)-.37 E F0 3.37(,t)C .87
(he number of fractional digits after a decimal)-3.37 F 2.525(point. A)
-144 262.8 R -.25(va)2.525 G .025
+144 298.8 R -.25(va)2.525 G .025
(lue of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output.).25 F .026
(At most three places after the)5.025 F .538
-(decimal point may be speci\214ed; v)144 274.8 R .538(alues of)-.25 F F2
+(decimal point may be speci\214ed; v)144 310.8 R .538(alues of)-.25 F F3
(p)3.038 E F0 .537(greater than 3 are changed to 3.)3.037 F(If)5.537 E
-F2(p)3.037 E F0 .537(is not speci\214ed,)3.037 F(the v)144 286.8 Q
-(alue 3 is used.)-.25 E .667(The optional)144 303.6 R F1(l)3.167 E F0
+F3(p)3.037 E F0 .537(is not speci\214ed,)3.037 F(the v)144 322.8 Q
+(alue 3 is used.)-.25 E .667(The optional)144 339.6 R F1(l)3.167 E F0
.668(speci\214es a longer format, including minutes, of the form)3.168 F
-F2(MM)3.168 E F0(m)A F2(SS)A F0(.)A F2(FF)A F0 3.168(s. The)B -.25(va)
-3.168 G(lue).25 E(of)144 315.6 Q F2(p)2.5 E F0
+F3(MM)3.168 E F0(m)A F3(SS)A F0(.)A F3(FF)A F0 3.168(s. The)B -.25(va)
+3.168 G(lue).25 E(of)144 351.6 Q F3(p)2.5 E F0
(determines whether or not the fraction is included.)2.5 E 13.365
-(If this v)144 332.4 R 13.365(ariable is not set,)-.25 F F1(bash)15.865
+(If this v)144 368.4 R 13.365(ariable is not set,)-.25 F F1(bash)15.865
E F0 13.364(acts as if it had the v)15.865 F(alue)-.25 E F1($'\\nr)144
-344.4 Q(eal\\t%3lR\\nuser\\t%3lU\\nsys%3lS')-.18 E F0 5.031(.I)C 2.531
+380.4 Q(eal\\t%3lR\\nuser\\t%3lU\\nsys%3lS')-.18 E F0 5.031(.I)C 2.531
(ft)-5.031 G .031(he v)-2.531 F .031
(alue is null, no timing information is displayed.)-.25 F 2.5(At)144
-356.4 S(railing ne)-2.5 E
+392.4 S(railing ne)-2.5 E
(wline is added when the format string is displayed.)-.25 E F1(TMOUT)108
-373.2 Q F0 .718(If set to a v)144 385.2 R .717(alue greater than zero,)
+409.2 Q F0 .718(If set to a v)144 421.2 R .717(alue greater than zero,)
-.25 F F1(TMOUT)3.217 E F0 .717(is treated as the def)3.217 F .717
(ault timeout for the)-.1 F F1 -.18(re)3.217 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.217
-G(iltin.).2 E(The)144 397.2 Q F1(select)2.542 E F0 .042
+G(iltin.).2 E(The)144 433.2 Q F1(select)2.542 E F0 .042
(command terminates if input does not arri)2.542 F .342 -.15(ve a)-.25 H
(fter).15 E F1(TMOUT)2.542 E F0 .042(seconds when input is com-)2.542 F
-.886(ing from a terminal.)144 409.2 R .886(In an interacti)5.886 F 1.185
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-.15(ve s)-.25 H .885(hell, the v).15 F .885
-(alue is interpreted as the number of seconds to)-.25 F -.1(wa)144 421.2
+(alue is interpreted as the number of seconds to)-.25 F -.1(wa)144 457.2
S .546(it for input after issuing the primary prompt.).1 F F1(Bash)5.546
E F0 .546(terminates after w)3.046 F .546(aiting for that number of)-.1
-F(seconds if input does not arri)144 433.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1
-(auto_r)108 450 Q(esume)-.18 E F0 .531(This v)144 462 R .531
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(ariable controls ho)-.25 F 3.031(wt)-.25 G .531
(he shell interacts with the user and job control.)-3.031 F .53
-(If this v)5.53 F .53(ariable is set,)-.25 F .538(single w)144 474 R
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.538(ord simple commands without redirections are treated as candidates\
- for resumption of an)-.1 F -.15(ex)144 486 S .367(isting stopped job)
+ for resumption of an)-.1 F -.15(ex)144 522 S .367(isting stopped job)
.15 F 5.367(.T)-.4 G .366(here is no ambiguity allo)-5.367 F .366
(wed; if there is more than one job be)-.25 F .366(ginning with)-.15 F
1.124(the string typed, the job most recently accessed is selected.)144
-498 R(The)6.125 E F2(name)3.985 E F0 1.125(of a stopped job, in this)
-3.805 F(conte)144 510 Q 1.133(xt, is the command line used to start it.)
--.15 F 1.133(If set to the v)6.133 F(alue)-.25 E F2 -.2(ex)3.633 G(act)
+534 R(The)6.125 E F3(name)3.985 E F0 1.125(of a stopped job, in this)
+3.805 F(conte)144 546 Q 1.133(xt, is the command line used to start it.)
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.2 E F0 3.632(,t).68 G 1.132(he string supplied must)-3.632 F .624
-(match the name of a stopped job e)144 522 R .624(xactly; if set to)-.15
-F F2(substring)3.125 E F0 3.125(,t).22 G .625
+(match the name of a stopped job e)144 558 R .624(xactly; if set to)-.15
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(he string supplied needs to match a)-3.125 F .885
-(substring of the name of a stopped job)144 534 R 5.884(.T)-.4 G(he)
--5.884 E F2(substring)3.724 E F0 -.25(va)3.604 G .884(lue pro).25 F .884
-(vides functionality analogous to)-.15 F(the)144 546 Q F1(%?)3.333 E F0
-.833(job identi\214er \(see)5.833 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .834(JOB CONTR)
-3.334 F(OL)-.27 E F0(belo)3.084 E 3.334(w\). If)-.25 F .834(set to an)
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-(alue, the supplied string)-.25 F .314
-(must be a pre\214x of a stopped job')144 558 R 2.814(sn)-.55 G .314
+(substring of the name of a stopped job)144 570 R 5.884(.T)-.4 G(he)
+-5.884 E F3(substring)3.724 E F0 -.25(va)3.604 G .884(lue pro).25 F .884
+(vides functionality analogous to)-.15 F(the)144 582 Q F1(%?)3.333 E F0
+.833(job identi\214er \(see)5.833 F F2 .834(JOB CONTR)3.334 F(OL)-.27 E
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+-.15 G .834(ther v)-3.334 F .834(alue, the supplied string)-.25 F .314
+(must be a pre\214x of a stopped job')144 594 R 2.814(sn)-.55 G .314
(ame; this pro)-2.814 F .314(vides functionality analogous to the)-.15 F
-F1(%)2.814 E F0 .314(job iden-)2.814 F(ti\214er)144 570 Q(.)-.55 E F1
-(histchars)108 586.8 Q F0 2.069(The tw)144 598.8 R 4.57(oo)-.1 G 4.57
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+(histchars)108 622.8 Q F0 2.069(The tw)144 634.8 R 4.57(oo)-.1 G 4.57
(rt)-4.57 G 2.07(hree characters which control history e)-4.57 F 2.07
-(xpansion and tok)-.15 F 2.07(enization \(see)-.1 F F3(HIST)4.57 E(OR)
--.162 E(Y)-.315 E(EXP)144 610.8 Q(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.466 E 3.716
-(w\). The)-.25 F 1.216(\214rst character is the)3.716 F F2 1.215
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+(w\). The)-.25 F 1.216(\214rst character is the)3.716 F F3 1.215
(history e)3.715 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(character)3.715 E 3.715(,t)-.4 G
1.215(he character which)-3.715 F .798(signals the start of a history e)
-144 622.8 R .798(xpansion, normally `)-.15 F F1(!)A F0 3.298('. The)B
-.798(second character is the)3.298 F F2(quic)3.298 E 3.298(ks)-.2 G
-(ubstitu-)-3.298 E(tion)144 634.8 Q F0(character)2.74 E 2.74(,w)-.4 G
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+(ubstitu-)-3.298 E(tion)144 670.8 Q F0(character)2.74 E 2.74(,w)-.4 G
.239(hich is used as shorthand for re-running the pre)-2.74 F .239
(vious command entered, substitut-)-.25 F .575
-(ing one string for another in the command.)144 646.8 R .575(The def)
+(ing one string for another in the command.)144 682.8 R .575(The def)
5.575 F .575(ault is `)-.1 F F1(^)A F0 3.075('. The)B .576
(optional third character is the)3.076 F .223(character which indicates\
that the remainder of the line is a comment when found as the \214rst \
-char)144 658.8 R(-)-.2 E 1.293(acter of a w)144 670.8 R 1.293
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(ord, normally `)-.1 F F1(#)A F0 3.793('. The)B 1.294
(history comment character causes history substitution to be)3.794 F .38
-(skipped for the remaining w)144 682.8 R .38(ords on the line.)-.1 F
+(skipped for the remaining w)144 718.8 R .38(ords on the line.)-.1 F
.379(It does not necessarily cause the shell parser to treat)5.379 F
-(the rest of the line as a comment.)144 694.8 Q(GNU Bash-3.0)72 768 Q
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(2004 June 26)147.345 E(14)197.335 E 0 Cg EP
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(ariable, and ${)-.25 F F2(name)A F0 1.375([@]} e)B 1.375
(xpands each element of)-.15 F F2(name)3.875 E F0 1.375(to a separate w)
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-1.004(This is analogous to the e)6.004 F 1.003(xpansion of the)-.15 F
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-3.194 E F0(\(see)3.194 E F1 .694(Special P)3.194 F(arameters)-.1 E F0
-(abo)3.194 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.194(\). ${#).15 F F2(name)A F0([)A F2
-(subscript)A F0 .694(]} e)B .694(xpands to the length)-.15 F .155(of ${)
-108 350.4 R F2(name)A F0([)A F2(subscript)A F0 2.655(]}. If)B F2
-(subscript)2.655 E F0(is)2.655 E F1(*)2.655 E F0(or)2.655 E F1(@)2.655 E
-F0 2.655(,t)C .154(he e)-2.655 F .154
-(xpansion is the number of elements in the array)-.15 F 5.154(.R)-.65 G
-(efer)-5.154 E(-)-.2 E(encing an array v)108 362.4 Q
-(ariable without a subscript is equi)-.25 E -.25(va)-.25 G
-(lent to referencing element zero.).25 E(The)108 379.2 Q F1(unset)2.766
-E F0 -.2(bu)2.766 G .267(iltin is used to destro).2 F 2.767(ya)-.1 G
-(rrays.)-2.767 E F1(unset)5.267 E F2(name)2.767 E F0([)A F2(subscript)A
-F0 2.767(]d)C(estro)-2.767 E .267(ys the array element at inde)-.1 F(x)
--.15 E F2(sub-)2.767 E(script)108 391.2 Q F0(.)A F1(unset)5.301 E F2
-(name)2.801 E F0 2.801(,w)C(here)-2.801 E F2(name)2.801 E F0 .301
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-(name)2.801 E F0([)A F2(subscript)A F0 .3(], where)B F2(subscript)2.8 E
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-E F1 -.18(re)3.67 G(adonly).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.67 G 1.17
-(iltins each accept a).2 F F1<ad61>3.671 E F0 1.171
-(option to specify an array)3.671 F 6.171(.T)-.65 G(he)-6.171 E F1 -.18
-(re)3.671 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.671 G(iltin).2 E .441(accepts a)108 432
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+(xpansion of the \214rst parameter is joined with the be)-.15 F .759
+(ginning part of the original w)-.15 F(ord,)-.1 E .516(and the e)108
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+(xpansion is the number of ele-)-.15 F .733(ments in the array)108 386.4
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+(lent to referencing element).25 F(zero.)108 398.4 Q(The)108 415.2 Q F1
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+(ya)-.1 G(rrays.)-2.767 E F1(unset)5.267 E F2(name)2.767 E F0([)A F2
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(ords read from the standard input to an array)-.1 F 5.441(.T)-.65 G(he)
--5.441 E F1(set)2.941 E F0(and)2.941 E F1(declar)2.94 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2
-(bu)108 444 S(iltins display array v).2 E(alues in a w)-.25 E
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+(bu)108 480 S(iltins display array v).2 E(alues in a w)-.25 E
(ay that allo)-.1 E(ws them to be reused as assignments.)-.25 E/F4 10.95
-/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXP)72 460.8 Q(ANSION)-.81 E F0 .76(Expansion is perfo\
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+/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXP)72 496.8 Q(ANSION)-.81 E F0 .76(Expansion is perfo\
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(ords. There)-.1 F .76(are se)3.26 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.26(nk).15 G .76
-(inds of)-3.26 F -.15(ex)108 484.8 S .37(pansion performed:).15 F F2(br)
-2.869 E .369(ace e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F2 .369(tilde e)
+(inds of)-3.26 F -.15(ex)108 520.8 S .369(pansion performed:).15 F F2
+(br)2.869 E .369(ace e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F2 .369(tilde e)
2.869 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F2(par)2.869 E .369
-(ameter and variable e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F2 .369
-(command sub-)2.869 F(stitution)108 496.8 Q F0(,).24 E F2(arithmetic e)
+(ameter and variable e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F2 .37
+(command sub-)2.869 F(stitution)108 532.8 Q F0(,).24 E F2(arithmetic e)
2.5 E(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F2(wor)2.5 E 2.5(ds)-.37 G(plitting)-2.5
E F0 2.5(,a).22 G(nd)-2.5 E F2(pathname e)2.5 E(xpansion)-.2 E F0(.).24
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+E .471(The order of e)108 549.6 R .471(xpansions is: brace e)-.15 F .471
(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .471(xpansion, parameter)-.15 F 2.971(,v)-.4 G
-.471(ariable and arithmetic e)-3.221 F(xpansion)-.15 E
-(and command substitution \(done in a left-to-right f)108 525.6 Q
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+(and command substitution \(done in a left-to-right f)108 561.6 Q
(ashion\), w)-.1 E(ord splitting, and pathname e)-.1 E(xpansion.)-.15 E
-(On systems that can support it, there is an additional e)108 542.4 Q
+(On systems that can support it, there is an additional e)108 578.4 Q
(xpansion a)-.15 E -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable:).25 E F2(pr)2.5 E
-(ocess substitution)-.45 E F0(.)A 1.487(Only brace e)108 559.2 R 1.487
-(xpansion, w)-.15 F 1.487(ord splitting, and pathname e)-.1 F 1.487
-(xpansion can change the number of w)-.15 F 1.486(ords of the)-.1 F -.15
-(ex)108 571.2 S 1.164(pansion; other e).15 F 1.164(xpansions e)-.15 F
-1.164(xpand a single w)-.15 F 1.165(ord to a single w)-.1 F 3.665
-(ord. The)-.1 F 1.165(only e)3.665 F 1.165(xceptions to this are the)
--.15 F -.15(ex)108 583.2 S(pansions of ").15 E F1($@)A F0 2.5("a)C(nd ")
+(ocess substitution)-.45 E F0(.)A 1.486(Only brace e)108 595.2 R 1.486
+(xpansion, w)-.15 F 1.486(ord splitting, and pathname e)-.1 F 1.487
+(xpansion can change the number of w)-.15 F 1.487(ords of the)-.1 F -.15
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-2.5 E F1(${)A F2(name)A F1([@]})A F0 2.5("a)C 2.5(se)-2.5 G
(xplained abo)-2.65 E .3 -.15(ve \()-.15 H(see).15 E F3 -.666(PA)2.5 G
-(RAMETERS).666 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(\).)A F1(Brace Expansion)87 600 Q
-F2(Br)108.58 612 Q .606(ace e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 .606
+(RAMETERS).666 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(\).)A F1(Brace Expansion)87 636 Q
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(is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be generated.)3.346 F
-.606(This mechanism is similar)5.606 F(to)108 624 Q F2 .415(pathname e)
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2.915 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 2.915(,b)C .415
(ut the \214lenames generated need not e)-3.115 F 2.915(xist. P)-.15 F
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-(he)-2.915 E .152(form of an optional)108 636 R F2(pr)2.652 E(eamble)
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(he preamble is pre\214x)-5.563 F .563(ed to each string)-.15 F .659(co\
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-(xpanded string are not sorted; left to right order is)-.15 F(preserv)
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-(xpression e)-.15 F .401(xpands to each number between)-.15 F F2(x)2.901
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E .688(are supplied, the e)108 84 R .688(xpression e)-.15 F .688
-(xpands to each character le)-.15 F .688(xicographically between)-.15 F
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-(,i)C(nclusi)-3.187 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.687(.N).15 G(ote)-5.687 E
-(that both)108 96 Q F1(x)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(y)2.5 E F0
-(must be of the same type.)2.5 E .581(Brace e)108 112.8 R .581
-(xpansion is performed before an)-.15 F 3.081(yo)-.15 G .581(ther e)
--3.081 F .581(xpansions, and an)-.15 F 3.082(yc)-.15 G .582
-(haracters special to other e)-3.082 F(xpansions)-.15 E .016
-(are preserv)108 124.8 R .016(ed in the result.)-.15 F .016
-(It is strictly te)5.016 F(xtual.)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Bash)
-5.016 E F0 .015(does not apply an)2.516 F 2.515(ys)-.15 G .015
-(yntactic interpretation to the con-)-2.515 F(te)108 136.8 Q
+-.35 E(preserv)108 84 Q 2.5(ed. F)-.15 F(or e)-.15 E(xample, a)-.15 E/F1
+10/Times-Bold@0 SF({)A F0(d,c,b)A F1(})A F0 2.5(ee)C
+(xpands into `ade ace abe'.)-2.65 E 3.133(As)108 100.8 S .633(equence e)
+-3.133 F .633(xpression tak)-.15 F .633(es the form)-.1 F F1({)3.133 E
+/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(x)A F1(..)A F2(y)A F1(})A F0 3.133(,w)C(here)
+-3.133 E F2(x)3.133 E F0(and)3.134 E F2(y)3.134 E F0 .634
+(are either inte)3.134 F .634(gers or single characters.)-.15 F(When)
+5.634 E(inte)108 112.8 Q .402(gers are supplied, the e)-.15 F .402
+(xpression e)-.15 F .401(xpands to each number between)-.15 F F2(x)2.901
+E F0(and)2.901 E F2(y)2.901 E F0 2.901(,i)C(nclusi)-2.901 E -.15(ve)-.25
+G 5.401(.W).15 G .401(hen characters)-5.401 F .687(are supplied, the e)
+108 124.8 R .688(xpression e)-.15 F .688(xpands to each character le)
+-.15 F .688(xicographically between)-.15 F F2(x)3.188 E F0(and)3.188 E
+F2(y)3.188 E F0 3.188(,i)C(nclusi)-3.188 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.688(.N).15 G
+(ote)-5.688 E(that both)108 136.8 Q F2(x)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F2(y)2.5 E
+F0(must be of the same type.)2.5 E .582(Brace e)108 153.6 R .582
+(xpansion is performed before an)-.15 F 3.082(yo)-.15 G .581(ther e)
+-3.082 F .581(xpansions, and an)-.15 F 3.081(yc)-.15 G .581
+(haracters special to other e)-3.081 F(xpansions)-.15 E .015
+(are preserv)108 165.6 R .015(ed in the result.)-.15 F .015
+(It is strictly te)5.015 F(xtual.)-.15 E F1(Bash)5.016 E F0 .016
+(does not apply an)2.516 F 2.516(ys)-.15 G .016
+(yntactic interpretation to the con-)-2.516 F(te)108 177.6 Q
(xt of the e)-.15 E(xpansion or the te)-.15 E(xt between the braces.)
--.15 E 3.632(Ac)108 153.6 S 1.132(orrectly-formed brace e)-3.632 F 1.132
+-.15 E 3.633(Ac)108 194.4 S 1.133(orrectly-formed brace e)-3.633 F 1.132
(xpansion must contain unquoted opening and closing braces, and at leas\
-t one)-.15 F 3.441(unquoted comma or a v)108 165.6 R 3.441
+t one)-.15 F 3.44(unquoted comma or a v)108 206.4 R 3.441
(alid sequence e)-.25 F 5.941(xpression. An)-.15 F 5.941(yi)-.15 G 3.441
-(ncorrectly formed brace e)-5.941 F 3.44(xpansion is left)-.15 F 2.755
-(unchanged. A)108 177.6 R F2({)2.755 E F0(or)2.755 E F2(,)2.755 E F0
+(ncorrectly formed brace e)-5.941 F 3.441(xpansion is left)-.15 F 2.755
+(unchanged. A)108 218.4 R F1({)2.755 E F0(or)2.755 E F1(,)2.755 E F0
.255(may be quoted with a backslash to pre)2.755 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .255
-(nt its being considered part of a brace e).15 F(xpres-)-.15 E 2.911
-(sion. T)108 189.6 R 2.911(oa)-.8 G -.2(vo)-3.111 G .411
+(nt its being considered part of a brace e).15 F(xpres-)-.15 E 2.91
+(sion. T)108 230.4 R 2.91(oa)-.8 G -.2(vo)-3.11 G .41
(id con\215icts with parameter e).2 F .411(xpansion, the string)-.15 F
-F2(${)2.911 E F0 .41(is not considered eligible for brace e)2.911 F
-(xpan-)-.15 E(sion.)108 201.6 Q 1.476(This construct is typically used \
+F1(${)2.911 E F0 .411(is not considered eligible for brace e)2.911 F
+(xpan-)-.15 E(sion.)108 242.4 Q 1.476(This construct is typically used \
as shorthand when the common pre\214x of the strings to be generated is)
-108 218.4 R(longer than in the abo)108 230.4 Q .3 -.15(ve ex)-.15 H
-(ample:).15 E(mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,ne)144 247.2 Q -.65(w,)-.25
-G(dist,b).65 E(ugs})-.2 E(or)108 259.2 Q(cho)144 271.2 Q
+108 259.2 R(longer than in the abo)108 271.2 Q .3 -.15(ve ex)-.15 H
+(ample:).15 E(mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,ne)144 288 Q -.65(w,)-.25 G
+(dist,b).65 E(ugs})-.2 E(or)108 300 Q(cho)144 312 Q
(wn root /usr/{ucb/{e)-.25 E(x,edit},lib/{e)-.15 E(x?.?*,ho)-.15 E(w_e)
--.25 E(x}})-.15 E .618(Brace e)108 288 R .618
+-.25 E(x}})-.15 E .618(Brace e)108 328.8 R .618
(xpansion introduces a slight incompatibility with historical v)-.15 F
-.618(ersions of)-.15 F F2(sh)3.118 E F0(.)A F2(sh)5.618 E F0 .618
-(does not treat open-)3.118 F .247
-(ing or closing braces specially when the)108 300 R 2.747(ya)-.15 G .247
-(ppear as part of a w)-2.747 F .248(ord, and preserv)-.1 F .248
-(es them in the output.)-.15 F F2(Bash)5.248 E F0(remo)108 312 Q -.15
+.618(ersions of)-.15 F F1(sh)3.118 E F0(.)A F1(sh)5.618 E F0 .618
+(does not treat open-)3.118 F .248
+(ing or closing braces specially when the)108 340.8 R 2.748(ya)-.15 G
+.247(ppear as part of a w)-2.748 F .247(ord, and preserv)-.1 F .247
+(es them in the output.)-.15 F F1(Bash)5.247 E F0(remo)108 352.8 Q -.15
(ve)-.15 G 3.53(sb).15 G 1.03(races from w)-3.53 F 1.03
(ords as a consequence of brace e)-.1 F 3.53(xpansion. F)-.15 F 1.03
-(or e)-.15 F 1.03(xample, a w)-.15 F 1.03(ord entered to)-.1 F F2(sh)
-3.53 E F0(as)3.53 E F1(\214le{1,2})108 324 Q F0 .514
-(appears identically in the output.)3.014 F .515(The same w)5.515 F .515
-(ord is output as)-.1 F F1 .515(\214le1 \214le2)4.925 F F0 .515(after e)
-3.035 F .515(xpansion by)-.15 F F2(bash)3.015 E F0(.)A .437
-(If strict compatibility with)108 336 R F2(sh)2.936 E F0 .436
-(is desired, start)2.936 F F2(bash)2.936 E F0 .436(with the)2.936 F F2
-(+B)2.936 E F0 .436(option or disable brace e)2.936 F .436
-(xpansion with the)-.15 F F2(+B)108 348 Q F0(option to the)2.5 E F2(set)
-2.5 E F0(command \(see)2.5 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09
-E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F2 -.18(Ti)87 364.8 S
-(lde Expansion).18 E F0 1.086(If a w)108 376.8 R 1.086(ord be)-.1 F
-1.086(gins with an unquoted tilde character \(`)-.15 F F2(~)A F0 1.087
-('\), all of the characters preceding the \214rst unquoted)B .185(slash\
- \(or all characters, if there is no unquoted slash\) are considered a)
-108 388.8 R F1(tilde-pr)2.685 E(e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.185(.I)C 2.685(fn)
--5.185 G .185(one of the characters)-2.685 F .725(in the tilde-pre\214x\
- are quoted, the characters in the tilde-pre\214x follo)108 400.8 R .726
-(wing the tilde are treated as a possible)-.25 F F1(lo)108 412.8 Q .523
-(gin name)-.1 F F0 5.523(.I)C 3.023(ft)-5.523 G .523
+(or e)-.15 F 1.03(xample, a w)-.15 F 1.03(ord entered to)-.1 F F1(sh)
+3.53 E F0(as)3.53 E F2(\214le{1,2})108 364.8 Q F0 .515
+(appears identically in the output.)3.015 F .515(The same w)5.515 F .515
+(ord is output as)-.1 F F2 .514(\214le1 \214le2)4.925 F F0 .514(after e)
+3.034 F .514(xpansion by)-.15 F F1(bash)3.014 E F0(.)A .436
+(If strict compatibility with)108 376.8 R F1(sh)2.936 E F0 .436
+(is desired, start)2.936 F F1(bash)2.936 E F0 .436(with the)2.936 F F1
+(+B)2.936 E F0 .436(option or disable brace e)2.936 F .437
+(xpansion with the)-.15 F F1(+B)108 388.8 Q F0(option to the)2.5 E F1
+(set)2.5 E F0(command \(see)2.5 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E
+(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1 -.18(Ti)
+87 405.6 S(lde Expansion).18 E F0 1.087(If a w)108 417.6 R 1.087(ord be)
+-.1 F 1.087(gins with an unquoted tilde character \(`)-.15 F F1(~)A F0
+1.086('\), all of the characters preceding the \214rst unquoted)B .185(\
+slash \(or all characters, if there is no unquoted slash\) are consider\
+ed a)108 429.6 R F2(tilde-pr)2.685 E(e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.185(.I)C 2.685
+(fn)-5.185 G .185(one of the characters)-2.685 F .726(in the tilde-pre\
+\214x are quoted, the characters in the tilde-pre\214x follo)108 441.6 R
+.725(wing the tilde are treated as a possible)-.25 F F2(lo)108 453.6 Q
+.522(gin name)-.1 F F0 5.522(.I)C 3.022(ft)-5.522 G .522
(his login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the v)
--3.023 F .522(alue of the shell parameter)-.25 F F3(HOME)108 424.8 Q/F4
-9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If)4.786 E F3(HOME)2.786 E F0 .287
-(is unset, the home directory of the user e)2.536 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .287
-(cuting the shell is substituted instead.).15 F(Other)5.287 E(-)-.2 E(w\
+-3.022 F .523(alue of the shell parameter)-.25 F F3(HOME)108 465.6 Q/F4
+9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If)4.787 E F3(HOME)2.787 E F0 .287
+(is unset, the home directory of the user e)2.537 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .286
+(cuting the shell is substituted instead.).15 F(Other)5.286 E(-)-.2 E(w\
ise, the tilde-pre\214x is replaced with the home directory associated \
-with the speci\214ed login name.)108 436.8 Q .093
-(If the tilde-pre\214x is a `~+', the v)108 453.6 R .092
+with the speci\214ed login name.)108 477.6 Q .092
+(If the tilde-pre\214x is a `~+', the v)108 494.4 R .092
(alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(PWD)2.592 E F0 .092
-(replaces the tilde-pre\214x.)2.342 F .092(If the tilde-pre\214x is)
-5.092 F 3.403(a`)108 465.6 S .903(~\255', the v)-3.403 F .903
+(replaces the tilde-pre\214x.)2.342 F .093(If the tilde-pre\214x is)
+5.093 F 3.404(a`)108 506.4 S .904(~\255', the v)-3.404 F .904
(alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(OLDPWD)3.404 E F4(,)A F0
-.904(if it is set, is substituted.)3.154 F .904(If the characters follo)
-5.904 F .904(wing the)-.25 F 1.642
-(tilde in the tilde-pre\214x consist of a number)108 477.6 R F1(N)4.142
-E F0 4.142(,o)C 1.642(ptionally pre\214x)-4.142 F 1.641
-(ed by a `+' or a `\255', the tilde-pre\214x is)-.15 F 1.437(replaced w\
+.904(if it is set, is substituted.)3.154 F .903(If the characters follo)
+5.903 F .903(wing the)-.25 F 1.641
+(tilde in the tilde-pre\214x consist of a number)108 518.4 R F2(N)4.141
+E F0 4.142(,o)C 1.642(ptionally pre\214x)-4.142 F 1.642
+(ed by a `+' or a `\255', the tilde-pre\214x is)-.15 F 1.438(replaced w\
ith the corresponding element from the directory stack, as it w)108
-489.6 R 1.438(ould be displayed by the)-.1 F F2(dirs)3.938 E F0 -.2(bu)
-108 501.6 S .455(iltin in).2 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.955(dw).1 G
-.455(ith the tilde-pre\214x as an ar)-2.955 F 2.954(gument. If)-.18 F
-.454(the characters follo)2.954 F .454
+530.4 R 1.437(ould be displayed by the)-.1 F F1(dirs)3.937 E F0 -.2(bu)
+108 542.4 S .454(iltin in).2 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.954(dw).1 G
+.454(ith the tilde-pre\214x as an ar)-2.954 F 2.954(gument. If)-.18 F
+.454(the characters follo)2.954 F .455
(wing the tilde in the tilde-pre\214x)-.25 F
(consist of a number without a leading `+' or `\255', `+' is assumed.)
-108 513.6 Q(If the login name is in)108 530.4 Q -.25(va)-.4 G
+108 554.4 Q(If the login name is in)108 571.2 Q -.25(va)-.4 G
(lid, or the tilde e).25 E(xpansion f)-.15 E(ails, the w)-.1 E
-(ord is unchanged.)-.1 E .826(Each v)108 547.2 R .826
+(ord is unchanged.)-.1 E .827(Each v)108 588 R .827
(ariable assignment is check)-.25 F .827(ed for unquoted tilde-pre\214x)
--.1 F .827(es immediately follo)-.15 F .827(wing a)-.25 F F2(:)3.327 E
-F0(or)3.327 E F2(=)3.327 E F0 5.827(.I)C 3.327(nt)-5.827 G(hese)-3.327 E
-.467(cases, tilde e)108 559.2 R .467(xpansion is also performed.)-.15 F
-(Consequently)5.467 E 2.967(,o)-.65 G .466
-(ne may use \214le names with tildes in assignments)-2.967 F(to)108
-571.2 Q F3 -.666(PA)2.5 G(TH)-.189 E F4(,)A F3(MAILP)2.25 E -.855(AT)
--.666 G(H).855 E F4(,)A F0(and)2.25 E F3(CDP)2.5 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H)
-.855 E F4(,)A F0(and the shell assigns the e)2.25 E(xpanded v)-.15 E
-(alue.)-.25 E F2 -.1(Pa)87 588 S(rameter Expansion).1 E F0 1.605(The `)
-108 600 R F2($)A F0 4.105('c)C 1.605(haracter introduces parameter e)
--4.105 F 1.606(xpansion, command substitution, or arithmetic e)-.15 F
-4.106(xpansion. The)-.15 F .407(parameter name or symbol to be e)108 612
-R .407(xpanded may be enclosed in braces, which are optional b)-.15 F
-.406(ut serv)-.2 F 2.906(et)-.15 G 2.906(op)-2.906 G(ro-)-2.906 E .032
-(tect the v)108 624 R .032(ariable to be e)-.25 F .032
-(xpanded from characters immediately follo)-.15 F .033
-(wing it which could be interpreted as part)-.25 F(of the name.)108 636
-Q 1.19(When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the \214rst `)
-108 652.8 R F2(})A F0 3.689('n)C 1.189
-(ot escaped by a backslash or within a)-3.689 F .052
-(quoted string, and not within an embedded arithmetic e)108 664.8 R .053
-(xpansion, command substitution, or paramter e)-.15 F(xpan-)-.15 E
-(sion.)108 676.8 Q(${)108 693.6 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0(})A 1.205
-(The v)144 705.6 R 1.205(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)3.705 E(ameter)-.15 E F0
-1.204(is substituted.)3.705 F 1.204(The braces are required when)6.204 F
-F1(par)4.954 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.204(is a positional)4.434 F .264
-(parameter with more than one digit, or when)144 717.6 R F1(par)4.014 E
-(ameter)-.15 E F0 .264(is follo)3.494 F .264
-(wed by a character which is not to)-.25 F
-(be interpreted as part of its name.)144 729.6 Q(GNU Bash-3.0)72 768 Q
-(2004 June 26)147.345 E(16)197.335 E 0 Cg EP
+-.1 F .827(es immediately follo)-.15 F .827(wing a)-.25 F F1(:)3.326 E
+F0(or)3.326 E F1(=)3.326 E F0 5.826(.I)C 3.326(nt)-5.826 G(hese)-3.326 E
+.466(cases, tilde e)108 600 R .466(xpansion is also performed.)-.15 F
+(Consequently)5.467 E 2.967(,o)-.65 G .467
+(ne may use \214le names with tildes in assignments)-2.967 F(to)108 612
+Q F3 -.666(PA)2.5 G(TH)-.189 E F4(,)A F3(MAILP)2.25 E -.855(AT)-.666 G
+(H).855 E F4(,)A F0(and)2.25 E F3(CDP)2.5 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F4
+(,)A F0(and the shell assigns the e)2.25 E(xpanded v)-.15 E(alue.)-.25 E
+F1 -.1(Pa)87 628.8 S(rameter Expansion).1 E F0 1.606(The `)108 640.8 R
+F1($)A F0 4.106('c)C 1.606(haracter introduces parameter e)-4.106 F
+1.605(xpansion, command substitution, or arithmetic e)-.15 F 4.105
+(xpansion. The)-.15 F .406(parameter name or symbol to be e)108 652.8 R
+.407(xpanded may be enclosed in braces, which are optional b)-.15 F .407
+(ut serv)-.2 F 2.907(et)-.15 G 2.907(op)-2.907 G(ro-)-2.907 E .033
+(tect the v)108 664.8 R .033(ariable to be e)-.25 F .033
+(xpanded from characters immediately follo)-.15 F .032
+(wing it which could be interpreted as part)-.25 F(of the name.)108
+676.8 Q 1.189
+(When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the \214rst `)108
+693.6 R F1(})A F0 3.69('n)C 1.19(ot escaped by a backslash or within a)
+-3.69 F .053(quoted string, and not within an embedded arithmetic e)108
+705.6 R .052(xpansion, command substitution, or paramter e)-.15 F(xpan-)
+-.15 E(sion.)108 717.6 Q(GNU Bash-3.0)72 768 Q(2004 June 26)147.345 E
+(16)197.335 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E 1.509(If the \214rst character of)108 84 R/F1 10/Times-Italic@0
-SF(par)4.009 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.509(is an e)4.009 F 1.509
-(xclamation point, a le)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.009(lo).15 G 4.008(fv)
--4.009 G 1.508(ariable indirection is introduced.)-4.258 F/F2 10
-/Times-Bold@0 SF(Bash)108 96 Q F0 .106(uses the v)2.606 F .106
-(alue of the v)-.25 F .106(ariable formed from the rest of)-.25 F F1
-(par)2.606 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .106(as the name of the v)2.606 F .106
-(ariable; this v)-.25 F(ari-)-.25 E .352(able is then e)108 108 R .352
-(xpanded and that v)-.15 F .351
+-.35 E(${)108 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0(})A
+1.204(The v)144 96 R 1.204(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)3.704 E(ameter)-.15 E
+F0 1.204(is substituted.)3.704 F 1.204(The braces are required when)
+6.204 F F1(par)4.955 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.205(is a positional)4.435 F
+.264(parameter with more than one digit, or when)144 108 R F1(par)4.014
+E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .264(is follo)3.494 F .264
+(wed by a character which is not to)-.25 F
+(be interpreted as part of its name.)144 120 Q 1.508
+(If the \214rst character of)108 136.8 R F1(par)4.009 E(ameter)-.15 E F0
+1.509(is an e)4.009 F 1.509(xclamation point, a le)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
+4.009(lo).15 G 4.009(fv)-4.009 G 1.509
+(ariable indirection is introduced.)-4.259 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Bash)
+108 148.8 Q F0 .106(uses the v)2.606 F .106(alue of the v)-.25 F .106
+(ariable formed from the rest of)-.25 F F1(par)2.606 E(ameter)-.15 E F0
+.106(as the name of the v)2.606 F .106(ariable; this v)-.25 F(ari-)-.25
+E .351(able is then e)108 160.8 R .351(xpanded and that v)-.15 F .352
(alue is used in the rest of the substitution, rather than the v)-.25 F
-.351(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.851 E(ame-)-.15 E(ter)108 120 Q F0 2.519
-(itself. This)2.519 F .019(is kno)2.519 F .019(wn as)-.25 F F1(indir)
-2.519 E .019(ect e)-.37 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 5.019(.T)C .019(he e)-5.019
-F .02(xceptions to this are the e)-.15 F .02(xpansions of ${!)-.15 F F1
-(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F0 .02(*} and)B(${)108 132 Q F2(!)A F1(name)A F0([)A
-F1(@)A F0 .763(]} described belo)B 4.563 -.65(w. T)-.25 H .763(he e).65
+.352(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.852 E(ame-)-.15 E(ter)108 172.8 Q F0 2.52
+(itself. This)2.52 F .02(is kno)2.52 F .02(wn as)-.25 F F1(indir)2.52 E
+.02(ect e)-.37 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 5.019(.T)C .019(he e)-5.019 F .019
+(xceptions to this are the e)-.15 F .019(xpansions of ${!)-.15 F F1(pr)A
+(e\214x)-.37 E F0 .019(*} and)B(${)108 184.8 Q F2(!)A F1(name)A F0([)A
+F1(@)A F0 .762(]} described belo)B 4.563 -.65(w. T)-.25 H .763(he e).65
F .763(xclamation point must immediately follo)-.15 F 3.263(wt)-.25 G
-.763(he left brace in order to)-3.263 F(introduce indirection.)108 144 Q
-.334(In each of the cases belo)108 160.8 R -.65(w,)-.25 G F1(wor)3.484 E
-(d)-.37 E F0 .334(is subject to tilde e)2.834 F .334
+.763(he left brace in order to)-3.263 F(introduce indirection.)108 196.8
+Q .334(In each of the cases belo)108 213.6 R -.65(w,)-.25 G F1(wor)3.484
+E(d)-.37 E F0 .334(is subject to tilde e)2.834 F .334
(xpansion, parameter e)-.15 F .334(xpansion, command substitution,)-.15
-F 1.418(and arithmetic e)108 172.8 R 3.918(xpansion. When)-.15 F 1.418
+F 1.417(and arithmetic e)108 225.6 R 3.918(xpansion. When)-.15 F 1.418
(not performing substring e)3.918 F(xpansion,)-.15 E F2(bash)3.918 E F0
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-398.4 Q F2 1.697(Command substitution)108 410.4 R F0(allo)4.197 E 1.697
-(ws the output of a command to replace the command name.)-.25 F 1.698
-(There are tw)6.698 F(o)-.1 E(forms:)108 422.4 Q F1($\()144 444 Q F2
-(command)A F1(\))1.666 E F0(or)108 456 Q F1(`)144 468 Q F2(command)A F1
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+(There are tw)6.697 F(o)-.1 E(forms:)108 482.4 Q F2($\()144 504 Q F1
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(railing ne)-3.268 F .768(wlines deleted.)-.25 F .768(Embedded ne)5.768
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-(ym)-.15 G .719(ay be remo)-3.219 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.219(dd).15 G .719
-(uring w)-3.219 F .719(ord splitting.)-.1 F .719
-(The command substitution)5.719 F F1($\(cat)3.219 E F2(\214le)3.219 E F1
-(\))A F0 .718(can be replaced by the)3.219 F(equi)108 520.8 Q -.25(va)
--.25 G(lent b).25 E(ut f)-.2 E(aster)-.1 E F1($\(<)2.5 E F2(\214le)2.5 E
-F1(\))A F0(.)A 1.724(When the old-style backquote form of substitution \
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+(uring w)-3.218 F .719(ord splitting.)-.1 F .719
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-(gument should be read to obtain the output of)-.18 E F3(list)2.5 E F0
-(.)A .897(When a)108 189.6 R -.25(va)-.2 G .896(ilable, process substit\
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-(The shell scans the results of parameter e)108 230.4 R 1.143
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-(xpansion that)-.15 F(did not occur within double quotes for)108 242.4 Q
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-(The shell treats each character of)108 259.2 R F1(IFS)2.563 E F0 .063
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--.55 G 3.752(ft)-6.252 G 1.252(he v)-3.752 F 1.252(alue of)-.25 F F1
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--.18 F F4 .833("").833 G F0(or)3.466 E F4 .833('')5.132 G F0 4.3(\)a)C
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1.102(pressions is determined by the current locale and the v).15 F
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-(shell option is enabled using the)3.204 F F1(shopt)3.205 E F0 -.2(bu)
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(pattern-list)2.755 E F0 .255
-(is a list of one or more patterns separated by a)2.755 F F1(|)2.755 E
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F0(.)A(Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the follo)
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+108 462 Q(wing sub-patterns:)-.25 E F1(?\()144 486 Q F4(pattern-list)
+.833 E F1(\)).833 E F0(Matches zero or one occurrence of the gi)180 498
+Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(*\()144 510 Q F4
(pattern-list).833 E F1(\)).833 E F0
-(Matches zero or one occurrence of the gi)180 399.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
-(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(*\()144 411.6 Q F2(pattern-list).833 E F1
-(\)).833 E F0(Matches zero or more occurrences of the gi)180 423.6 Q
--.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(+\()144 435.6 Q F2
-(pattern-list).833 E F1(\)).833 E F0
-(Matches one or more occurrences of the gi)180 447.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G
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-(\)).833 E F0(Matches e)180 471.6 Q(xactly one of the gi)-.15 E -.15(ve)
--.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(!\()144 483.6 Q F2(pattern-list)
-.833 E F1(\)).833 E F0(Matches an)180 495.6 Q(ything e)-.15 E
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+(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(+\()144 534 Q F4(pattern-list).833 E F1(\))
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(xcept one of the gi)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E
-F1(Quote Remo)87 512.4 Q -.1(va)-.1 G(l).1 E F0 1.08
-(After the preceding e)108 524.4 R 1.08
+F1(Quote Remo)87 610.8 Q -.1(va)-.1 G(l).1 E F0 1.081
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(xpansions, all unquoted occurrences of the characters)-.15 F F1(\\)3.58
-E F0(,)A F1(')3.58 E F0 3.58(,a)C(nd)-3.58 E F1(")4.413 E F0 1.081
-(that did not result)4.414 F(from one of the abo)108 536.4 Q .3 -.15
-(ve ex)-.15 H(pansions are remo).15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E/F3 10.95
-/Times-Bold@0 SF(REDIRECTION)72 553.2 Q F0 .545(Before a command is e)
-108 565.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .545(cuted, its input and output may be).15 F
-F2 -.37(re)3.045 G(dir).37 E(ected)-.37 E F0 .545
-(using a special notation interpreted)3.815 F .616(by the shell.)108
-577.2 R .617(Redirection may also be used to open and close \214les for\
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--.4 E 3.275(ment. The)108 589.2 R(follo)3.275 E .774
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-R .447(wing descriptions, if the \214le descriptor number is omitted, a\
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(he redirection refers to the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\).)
--2.866 F .365(If the \214rst character of the)5.366 F
-(redirection operator is)108 642 Q F1(>)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C
-(he redirection refers to the standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\).)
--2.5 E .824(The w)108 658.8 R .824(ord follo)-.1 F .824
-(wing the redirection operator in the follo)-.25 F .825
-(wing descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is sub-)-.25 F .773
-(jected to brace e)108 670.8 R .773(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .773
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-(File descriptor 1 is duplicated.)180 235.2 Q F2(/de)144 247.2 Q
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-180 319.2 Q F1(host)2.996 E F0 .496(is a v)2.996 F .496
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--.1 E 2.5(Af)108 348 S
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(ailure to open or create a \214le causes the redirection to f)-2.6 E
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(Redirection of output causes the \214le whose name results from the e)
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--.15(ex)108 475.2 S(ist it is created; if it does e).15 E
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
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-/Times-Italic@0 SF(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(Of the tw)108 112.8 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G
+-.35 E(The general format for appending output is:)108 84 Q([)144 100.8
+Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0(])A/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(>>)A F1(wor)A
+(d)-.37 E F2(Redir)87 122.4 Q(ecting Standard Output and Standard Err)
+-.18 E(or)-.18 E(Bash)108 134.4 Q F0(allo)3.141 E .642(ws both the stan\
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+\214le descriptor 2\) to)-.25 F
+(be redirected to the \214le whose name is the e)108 146.4 Q
+(xpansion of)-.15 E F1(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F0(with this construct.)3.27
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+(ormats for redirecting standard output and standard error:)-2.5 E F2
+(&>)144 180 Q F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(and)108 192 Q F2(>&)144 204 Q F1(wor)
+A(d)-.37 E F0(Of the tw)108 220.8 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G
(orms, the \214rst is preferred.)-2.5 E(This is semantically equi)5 E
--.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1(>)144 129.6 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(2)2.5
-E F1(>&)A F0(1)A F1(Her)87 146.4 Q 2.5(eD)-.18 G(ocuments)-2.5 E F0 .33
+-.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F2(>)144 237.6 Q F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(2)2.5
+E F2(>&)A F0(1)A F2(Her)87 254.4 Q 2.5(eD)-.18 G(ocuments)-2.5 E F0 .33
(This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the cu\
-rrent source until a line containing only)108 158.4 R F2(wor)108.34
-170.4 Q(d)-.37 E F0 .684(\(with no trailing blanks\) is seen.)3.954 F
+rrent source until a line containing only)108 266.4 R F1(wor)108.34
+278.4 Q(d)-.37 E F0 .683(\(with no trailing blanks\) is seen.)3.953 F
.684
(All of the lines read up to that point are then used as the standard)
-5.684 F(input for a command.)108 182.4 Q
-(The format of here-documents is:)108 199.2 Q F1(<<)144 216 Q F0([)A F1
-<ad>A F0(])A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E(her)164 228 Q(e-document)-.37 E
-(delimiter)144 240 Q F0 .127(No parameter e)108 256.8 R .127
+5.684 F(input for a command.)108 290.4 Q
+(The format of here-documents is:)108 307.2 Q F2(<<)144 324 Q F0([)A F2
+<ad>A F0(])A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E(her)164 336 Q(e-document)-.37 E
+(delimiter)144 348 Q F0 .128(No parameter e)108 364.8 R .127
(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic e)-.15 F .127
-(xpansion, or pathname e)-.15 F .128(xpansion is performed)-.15 F(on)108
-268.8 Q F2(wor)3.275 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.775(.I).77 G 3.275(fa)-5.775 G
-1.075 -.15(ny c)-3.275 H .774(haracters in).15 F F2(wor)3.614 E(d)-.37 E
-F0 .774(are quoted, the)4.044 F F2(delimiter)3.624 E F0 .774
-(is the result of quote remo)4.004 F -.25(va)-.15 G 3.274(lo).25 G(n)
--3.274 E F2(wor)3.274 E(d)-.37 E F0 3.274(,a).77 G(nd)-3.274 E .904
-(the lines in the here-document are not e)108 280.8 R 3.405(xpanded. If)
--.15 F F2(wor)3.405 E(d)-.37 E F0 .905
-(is unquoted, all lines of the here-document are)3.405 F .695
-(subjected to parameter e)108 292.8 R .695
-(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F 3.194
-(xpansion. In)-.15 F .694(the latter case, the)3.194 F
-(character sequence)108 304.8 Q F1(\\<newline>)2.5 E F0(is ignored, and)
-2.5 E F1(\\)2.5 E F0(must be used to quote the characters)2.5 E F1(\\)
-2.5 E F0(,)A F1($)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F1(`)2.5 E F0(.)A .601
-(If the redirection operator is)108 321.6 R F1(<<\255)3.101 E F0 3.101
+(xpansion, or pathname e)-.15 F .127(xpansion is performed)-.15 F(on)108
+376.8 Q F1(wor)3.274 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.774(.I).77 G 3.274(fa)-5.774 G
+1.074 -.15(ny c)-3.274 H .774(haracters in).15 F F1(wor)3.614 E(d)-.37 E
+F0 .774(are quoted, the)4.044 F F1(delimiter)3.624 E F0 .774
+(is the result of quote remo)4.004 F -.25(va)-.15 G 3.275(lo).25 G(n)
+-3.275 E F1(wor)3.275 E(d)-.37 E F0 3.275(,a).77 G(nd)-3.275 E .905
+(the lines in the here-document are not e)108 388.8 R 3.405(xpanded. If)
+-.15 F F1(wor)3.405 E(d)-.37 E F0 .904
+(is unquoted, all lines of the here-document are)3.405 F .694
+(subjected to parameter e)108 400.8 R .695
+(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F 3.195
+(xpansion. In)-.15 F .695(the latter case, the)3.195 F
+(character sequence)108 412.8 Q F2(\\<newline>)2.5 E F0(is ignored, and)
+2.5 E F2(\\)2.5 E F0(must be used to quote the characters)2.5 E F2(\\)
+2.5 E F0(,)A F2($)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F2(`)2.5 E F0(.)A .602
+(If the redirection operator is)108 429.6 R F2(<<\255)3.101 E F0 3.101
(,t)C .601(hen all leading tab characters are stripped from input lines\
- and the line)-3.101 F(containing)108 333.6 Q F2(delimiter)2.5 E F0 5
+ and the line)-3.101 F(containing)108 441.6 Q F1(delimiter)2.5 E F0 5
(.T).73 G(his allo)-5 E
(ws here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural f)
--.25 E(ashion.)-.1 E F1(Her)87 350.4 Q 2.5(eS)-.18 G(trings)-2.5 E F0
-2.5(Av)108 362.4 S(ariant of here documents, the format is:)-2.75 E F1
-(<<<)144 379.2 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(The)108 396 Q F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37
+-.25 E(ashion.)-.1 E F2(Her)87 458.4 Q 2.5(eS)-.18 G(trings)-2.5 E F0
+2.5(Av)108 470.4 S(ariant of here documents, the format is:)-2.75 E F2
+(<<<)144 487.2 Q F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(The)108 504 Q F1(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37
E F0(is e)2.5 E
-(xpanded and supplied to the command on its standard input.)-.15 E F1
-(Duplicating File Descriptors)87 412.8 Q F0(The redirection operator)108
-424.8 Q([)144 441.6 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<&)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .127
-(is used to duplicate input \214le descriptors.)108 458.4 R(If)5.127 E
-F2(wor)2.967 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.397 G .126
+(xpanded and supplied to the command on its standard input.)-.15 E F2
+(Duplicating File Descriptors)87 520.8 Q F0(The redirection operator)108
+532.8 Q([)144 549.6 Q F1(n)A F0(])A F2(<&)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .126
+(is used to duplicate input \214le descriptors.)108 566.4 R(If)5.127 E
+F1(wor)2.967 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.397 G .127
(pands to one or more digits, the \214le descriptor denoted).15 F(by)108
-470.4 Q F2(n)3.317 E F0 .457(is made to be a cop)3.197 F 2.957(yo)-.1 G
-2.957(ft)-2.957 G .457(hat \214le descriptor)-2.957 F 5.457(.I)-.55 G
-2.957(ft)-5.457 G .457(he digits in)-2.957 F F2(wor)3.298 E(d)-.37 E F0
-.458(do not specify a \214le descriptor open)3.728 F .15
-(for input, a redirection error occurs.)108 482.4 R(If)5.15 E F2(wor)
-2.99 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)3.42 G .15(luates to).25 F F1<ad>2.65 E F0
-2.649<2c8c>C .149(le descriptor)-2.649 F F2(n)3.009 E F0 .149
-(is closed.)2.889 F(If)5.149 E F2(n)3.009 E F0 .149(is not speci\214ed,)
-2.889 F(the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) is used.)108 494.4 Q
-(The operator)108 511.2 Q([)144 528 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>&)A F2(wor)A(d)
--.37 E F0 .443
-(is used similarly to duplicate output \214le descriptors.)108 544.8 R
-(If)5.443 E F2(n)3.304 E F0 .444
-(is not speci\214ed, the standard output \(\214le descrip-)3.184 F 1.358
-(tor 1\) is used.)108 556.8 R 1.358(If the digits in)6.358 F F2(wor)
-4.198 E(d)-.37 E F0 1.357(do not specify a \214le descriptor open for o\
-utput, a redirection error)4.628 F 2.596(occurs. As)108 568.8 R 2.596
-(as)2.596 G .096(pecial case, if)-2.596 F F2(n)2.596 E F0 .096
-(is omitted, and)2.596 F F2(wor)2.596 E(d)-.37 E F0 .096(does not e)
+578.4 Q F1(n)3.318 E F0 .458(is made to be a cop)3.198 F 2.958(yo)-.1 G
+2.958(ft)-2.958 G .457(hat \214le descriptor)-2.958 F 5.457(.I)-.55 G
+2.957(ft)-5.457 G .457(he digits in)-2.957 F F1(wor)3.297 E(d)-.37 E F0
+.457(do not specify a \214le descriptor open)3.727 F .149
+(for input, a redirection error occurs.)108 590.4 R(If)5.149 E F1(wor)
+2.989 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)3.419 G .149(luates to).25 F F2<ad>2.649 E
+F0 2.65<2c8c>C .15(le descriptor)-2.65 F F1(n)3.01 E F0 .15(is closed.)
+2.89 F(If)5.15 E F1(n)3.01 E F0 .15(is not speci\214ed,)2.89 F
+(the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) is used.)108 602.4 Q
+(The operator)108 619.2 Q([)144 636 Q F1(n)A F0(])A F2(>&)A F1(wor)A(d)
+-.37 E F0 .444
+(is used similarly to duplicate output \214le descriptors.)108 652.8 R
+(If)5.444 E F1(n)3.304 E F0 .443
+(is not speci\214ed, the standard output \(\214le descrip-)3.183 F 1.357
+(tor 1\) is used.)108 664.8 R 1.357(If the digits in)6.357 F F1(wor)
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+utput, a redirection error)4.627 F 2.597(occurs. As)108 676.8 R 2.597
+(as)2.597 G .097(pecial case, if)-2.597 F F1(n)2.596 E F0 .096
+(is omitted, and)2.596 F F1(wor)2.596 E(d)-.37 E F0 .096(does not e)
2.596 F .096(xpand to one or more digits, the standard out-)-.15 F
-(put and standard error are redirected as described pre)108 580.8 Q
-(viously)-.25 E(.)-.65 E F1(Mo)87 597.6 Q(ving File Descriptors)-.1 E F0
-(The redirection operator)108 609.6 Q([)144 626.4 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<&)
-A F2(digit)A F1<ad>A F0(mo)108 643.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.036(st).15 G
-.536(he \214le descriptor)-3.036 F F2(digit)3.036 E F0 .536
-(to \214le descriptor)3.036 F F2(n)3.036 E F0 3.036(,o).24 G 3.036(rt)
--3.036 G .535(he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-3.036 F F2
-(n)3.035 E F0 .535(is not speci-)3.035 F(\214ed.)108 655.2 Q F2(digit)5
-E F0(is closed after being duplicated to)2.5 E F2(n)2.5 E F0(.)A
-(Similarly)108 672 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he redirection operator)-2.5 E([)144
-688.8 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>&)A F2(digit)A F1<ad>A F0(mo)108 705.6 Q -.15
-(ve)-.15 G 2.785(st).15 G .285(he \214le descriptor)-2.785 F F2(digit)
-2.785 E F0 .285(to \214le descriptor)2.785 F F2(n)2.785 E F0 2.785(,o)
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-(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.785 F F2(n)2.786 E F0
-.286(is not speci-)2.786 F(\214ed.)108 717.6 Q(GNU Bash-3.0)72 768 Q
+(put and standard error are redirected as described pre)108 688.8 Q
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+(The redirection operator)108 717.6 Q(GNU Bash-3.0)72 768 Q
(2004 June 26)147.345 E(22)197.335 E 0 Cg EP
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-(or Reading and Writing)-.25 E F0(The redirection operator)108 96 Q([)
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-F0 1.349(causes the \214le whose name is the e)108 129.6 R 1.349
-(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)4.189 E(d)-.37 E F0 1.349
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+(to \214le descriptor)3.035 F F1(n)3.035 E F0 3.035(,o).24 G 3.035(rt)
+-3.035 G .536(he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-3.035 F F1
+(n)3.036 E F0 .536(is not speci-)3.036 F(\214ed.)108 112.8 Q F1(digit)5
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+(digit)2.786 E F0 .286(to \214le descriptor)2.786 F F1(n)2.786 E F0
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+(Opening File Descriptors f)87 192 Q(or Reading and Writing)-.25 E F0
+(The redirection operator)108 204 Q([)144 220.8 Q F1(n)A F0(])A F2(<>)A
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+237.6 R 1.349(xpansion of)-.15 F F1(wor)4.189 E(d)-.37 E F0 1.349
(to be opened for both reading and writing on \214le)4.619 F(descriptor)
-108 141.6 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o).24 G 2.5(ro)-2.5 G 2.5<6e8c>-2.5 G
-(le descriptor 0 if)-2.5 E F2(n)2.86 E F0(is not speci\214ed.)2.74 E
+108 249.6 Q F1(n)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o).24 G 2.5(ro)-2.5 G 2.5<6e8c>-2.5 G
+(le descriptor 0 if)-2.5 E F1(n)2.86 E F0(is not speci\214ed.)2.74 E
(If the \214le does not e)5 E(xist, it is created.)-.15 E/F3 10.95
-/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)72 158.4 Q F2(Aliases)108 170.4 Q F0(allo)3.173
-E 3.173(was)-.25 G .674(tring to be substituted for a w)-3.173 F .674
-(ord when it is used as the \214rst w)-.1 F .674
+/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)72 266.4 Q F1(Aliases)108 278.4 Q F0(allo)3.174
+E 3.174(was)-.25 G .674(tring to be substituted for a w)-3.174 F .674
+(ord when it is used as the \214rst w)-.1 F .673
(ord of a simple command.)-.1 F .394(The shell maintains a list of alia\
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-(and)2.893 E F1(unalias)2.893 E F0 -.2(bu)2.893 G .393(iltin commands).2
-F(\(see)108 194.4 Q/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.979(SHELL B)4.479 F(UIL)-.09
-E 1.979(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)4.229 E 4.48(w\). The)-.25 F 1.98
-(\214rst w)4.48 F 1.98(ord of each simple command, if unquoted, is)-.1 F
-(check)108 206.4 Q .473(ed to see if it has an alias.)-.1 F .473
-(If so, that w)5.473 F .472(ord is replaced by the te)-.1 F .472
-(xt of the alias.)-.15 F .472(The characters)5.472 F F1(/)2.972 E F0(,)A
-F1($)2.972 E F0(,)A F1(`)2.972 E F0(,)A(and)108 218.4 Q F1(=)3.611 E F0
-1.111(and an)3.611 F 3.611(yo)-.15 G 3.611(ft)-3.611 G 1.111(he shell)
--3.611 F F2(metac)3.612 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.112
-(or quoting characters listed abo)3.612 F 1.412 -.15(ve m)-.15 H 1.112
-(ay not appear in an alias).15 F 3.62(name. The)108 230.4 R 1.12
-(replacement te)3.62 F 1.119(xt may contain an)-.15 F 3.619(yv)-.15 G
-1.119(alid shell input, including shell metacharacters.)-3.869 F 1.119
-(The \214rst)6.119 F -.1(wo)108 242.4 S .513(rd of the replacement te).1
-F .513(xt is tested for aliases, b)-.15 F .513(ut a w)-.2 F .514
-(ord that is identical to an alias being e)-.1 F .514(xpanded is)-.15 F
-.296(not e)108 254.4 R .296(xpanded a second time.)-.15 F .296
-(This means that one may alias)5.296 F F1(ls)2.796 E F0(to)2.796 E F1
-.296(ls \255F)2.796 F F0 2.796(,f)C .295(or instance, and)-2.796 F F1
-(bash)2.795 E F0 .295(does not try)2.795 F .542(to recursi)108 266.4 R
--.15(ve)-.25 G .542(ly e).15 F .542(xpand the replacement te)-.15 F
-3.042(xt. If)-.15 F .543(the last character of the alias v)3.042 F .543
-(alue is a)-.25 F F2(blank)3.043 E F0 3.043(,t).67 G .543(hen the ne)
--3.043 F(xt)-.15 E(command w)108 278.4 Q(ord follo)-.1 E
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+1.98(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)4.23 E 4.48(w\). The)-.25 F 1.98
+(\214rst w)4.48 F 1.979(ord of each simple command, if unquoted, is)-.1
+F(check)108 314.4 Q .472(ed to see if it has an alias.)-.1 F .472
+(If so, that w)5.472 F .473(ord is replaced by the te)-.1 F .473
+(xt of the alias.)-.15 F .473(The characters)5.473 F F2(/)2.973 E F0(,)A
+F2($)2.973 E F0(,)A F2(`)2.973 E F0(,)A(and)108 326.4 Q F2(=)3.612 E F0
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+-3.612 F F1(metac)3.612 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.112
+(or quoting characters listed abo)3.612 F 1.411 -.15(ve m)-.15 H 1.111
+(ay not appear in an alias).15 F 3.619(name. The)108 338.4 R 1.119
+(replacement te)3.619 F 1.119(xt may contain an)-.15 F 3.619(yv)-.15 G
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+(The \214rst)6.12 F -.1(wo)108 350.4 S .514(rd of the replacement te).1
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+(ord that is identical to an alias being e)-.1 F .513(xpanded is)-.15 F
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+(This means that one may alias)5.295 F F2(ls)2.796 E F0(to)2.796 E F2
+.296(ls \255F)2.796 F F0 2.796(,f)C .296(or instance, and)-2.796 F F2
+(bash)2.796 E F0 .296(does not try)2.796 F .543(to recursi)108 374.4 R
+-.15(ve)-.25 G .543(ly e).15 F .543(xpand the replacement te)-.15 F
+3.043(xt. If)-.15 F .543(the last character of the alias v)3.043 F .542
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+-3.042 F(xt)-.15 E(command w)108 386.4 Q(ord follo)-.1 E
(wing the alias is also check)-.25 E(ed for alias e)-.1 E(xpansion.)-.15
-E(Aliases are created and listed with the)108 295.2 Q F1(alias)2.5 E F0
-(command, and remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(dw).15 G(ith the)-2.5 E F1
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+(command, and remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(dw).15 G(ith the)-2.5 E F2
(unalias)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E .284
-(There is no mechanism for using ar)108 312 R .284
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(guments in the replacement te)-.18 F 2.784(xt. If)-.15 F(ar)2.784 E
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-(Aliases are not e)108 340.8 R 1.22
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+(Aliases are not e)108 448.8 R 1.22
(xpanded when the shell is not interacti)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.72(,u)
-.15 G 1.22(nless the)-3.72 F F1(expand_aliases)3.72 E F0 1.22
-(shell option is set)3.72 F(using)108 352.8 Q F1(shopt)2.5 E F0
-(\(see the description of)2.5 E F1(shopt)2.5 E F0(under)2.5 E F4
+.15 G 1.22(nless the)-3.72 F F2(expand_aliases)3.72 E F0 1.22
+(shell option is set)3.72 F(using)108 460.8 Q F2(shopt)2.5 E F0
+(\(see the description of)2.5 E F2(shopt)2.5 E F0(under)2.5 E F4
(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25
-E .436
+E .435
(The rules concerning the de\214nition and use of aliases are some)108
-369.6 R .435(what confusing.)-.25 F F1(Bash)5.435 E F0(al)2.935 E -.1
-(wa)-.1 G .435(ys reads at least).1 F .337
-(one complete line of input before e)108 381.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .338
+477.6 R .436(what confusing.)-.25 F F2(Bash)5.436 E F0(al)2.936 E -.1
+(wa)-.1 G .436(ys reads at least).1 F .338
+(one complete line of input before e)108 489.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .338
(cuting an).15 F 2.838(yo)-.15 G 2.838(ft)-2.838 G .338
-(he commands on that line.)-2.838 F .338(Aliases are e)5.338 F .338
-(xpanded when)-.15 F 3.404(ac)108 393.6 S .904
-(ommand is read, not when it is e)-3.404 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.404
+(he commands on that line.)-2.838 F .337(Aliases are e)5.337 F .337
+(xpanded when)-.15 F 3.403(ac)108 501.6 S .904
+(ommand is read, not when it is e)-3.403 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.404
(cuted. Therefore,).15 F .904
-(an alias de\214nition appearing on the same line as)3.404 F 1.161
-(another command does not tak)108 405.6 R 3.662(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.662
+(an alias de\214nition appearing on the same line as)3.404 F 1.162
+(another command does not tak)108 513.6 R 3.662(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.662
G 1.162(ect until the ne).25 F 1.162(xt line of input is read.)-.15 F
-1.162(The commands follo)6.162 F 1.162(wing the)-.25 F .277
-(alias de\214nition on that line are not af)108 417.6 R .277
+1.161(The commands follo)6.161 F 1.161(wing the)-.25 F .277
+(alias de\214nition on that line are not af)108 525.6 R .277
(fected by the ne)-.25 F 2.777(wa)-.25 G 2.777(lias. This)-2.777 F(beha)
-2.777 E .277(vior is also an issue when functions)-.2 F .698(are e)108
-429.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.198(cuted. Aliases).15 F .698(are e)3.198 F
+2.777 E .277(vior is also an issue when functions)-.2 F .699(are e)108
+537.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.199(cuted. Aliases).15 F .699(are e)3.199 F
.699(xpanded when a function de\214nition is read, not when the functio\
-n is e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted,).15 E .495
-(because a function de\214nition is itself a compound command.)108 441.6
-R .494(As a consequence, aliases de\214ned in a func-)5.494 F .084
-(tion are not a)108 453.6 R -.25(va)-.2 G .084
+n is e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted,).15 E .494
+(because a function de\214nition is itself a compound command.)108 549.6
+R .495(As a consequence, aliases de\214ned in a func-)5.494 F .085
+(tion are not a)108 561.6 R -.25(va)-.2 G .084
(ilable until after that function is e).25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.584
(cuted. T).15 F 2.584(ob)-.8 G 2.584(es)-2.584 G .084(afe, al)-2.584 F
--.1(wa)-.1 G .085(ys put alias de\214nitions on a sepa-).1 F
-(rate line, and do not use)108 465.6 Q F1(alias)2.5 E F0
-(in compound commands.)2.5 E -.15(Fo)108 482.4 S 2.5(ra).15 G(lmost e)
+-.1(wa)-.1 G .084(ys put alias de\214nitions on a sepa-).1 F
+(rate line, and do not use)108 573.6 Q F2(alias)2.5 E F0
+(in compound commands.)2.5 E -.15(Fo)108 590.4 S 2.5(ra).15 G(lmost e)
-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
(ry purpose, aliases are superseded by shell functions.).15 E F3
-(FUNCTIONS)72 499.2 Q F0 3.468(As)108 511.2 S .968
-(hell function, de\214ned as described abo)-3.468 F 1.267 -.15(ve u)-.15
+(FUNCTIONS)72 607.2 Q F0 3.467(As)108 619.2 S .967
+(hell function, de\214ned as described abo)-3.467 F 1.267 -.15(ve u)-.15
H(nder).15 E F4 .967(SHELL GRAMMAR)3.467 F/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0
-.967(stores a series of commands for)3.217 F 1.001(later e)108 523.2 R
--.15(xe)-.15 G 3.501(cution. When).15 F 1.002(the name of a shell funct\
-ion is used as a simple command name, the list of com-)3.501 F .316
-(mands associated with that function name is e)108 535.2 R -.15(xe)-.15
-G 2.816(cuted. Functions).15 F .316(are e)2.816 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .315
-(cuted in the conte).15 F .315(xt of the current)-.15 F .035
-(shell; no ne)108 547.2 R 2.535(wp)-.25 G .036
-(rocess is created to interpret them \(contrast this with the e)-2.535 F
--.15(xe)-.15 G .036(cution of a shell script\).).15 F .036(When a)5.036
-F .64(function is e)108 559.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .64(cuted, the ar).15 F
+.968(stores a series of commands for)3.217 F 1.002(later e)108 631.2 R
+-.15(xe)-.15 G 3.502(cution. When).15 F 1.002(the name of a shell funct\
+ion is used as a simple command name, the list of com-)3.502 F .315
+(mands associated with that function name is e)108 643.2 R -.15(xe)-.15
+G 2.816(cuted. Functions).15 F .316(are e)2.816 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .316
+(cuted in the conte).15 F .316(xt of the current)-.15 F .036
+(shell; no ne)108 655.2 R 2.536(wp)-.25 G .036
+(rocess is created to interpret them \(contrast this with the e)-2.536 F
+-.15(xe)-.15 G .036(cution of a shell script\).).15 F .035(When a)5.035
+F .639(function is e)108 667.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .639(cuted, the ar).15 F
.639
(guments to the function become the positional parameters during its e)
--.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cution.).15 E .532(The special parameter)108 571.2
-R F1(#)3.032 E F0 .532(is updated to re\215ect the change.)3.032 F .533
-(Special parameter 0 is unchanged.)5.532 F .533(The \214rst ele-)5.533 F
-1.018(ment of the)108 583.2 R F4(FUNCN)3.518 E(AME)-.18 E F0 -.25(va)
-3.268 G 1.017
+-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cution.).15 E .533(The special parameter)108 679.2
+R F2(#)3.033 E F0 .532(is updated to re\215ect the change.)3.033 F .532
+(Special parameter 0 is unchanged.)5.532 F .532(The \214rst ele-)5.532 F
+1.017(ment of the)108 691.2 R F4(FUNCN)3.517 E(AME)-.18 E F0 -.25(va)
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(riable is set to the name of the function while the function is e).25 F
--.15(xe)-.15 G 3.517(cuting. All).15 F 1.285
-(other aspects of the shell e)108 595.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.285
+-.15(xe)-.15 G 3.518(cuting. All).15 F 1.285
+(other aspects of the shell e)108 703.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.285
(cution en).15 F 1.285
(vironment are identical between a function and its caller with the)-.4
-F -.15(ex)108 607.2 S 1.961(ception that the).15 F F4(DEB)4.461 E(UG)
--.09 E F0 1.961(trap \(see the description of the)4.211 F F1(trap)4.46 E
-F0 -.2(bu)4.46 G 1.96(iltin under).2 F F4 1.96(SHELL B)4.46 F(UIL)-.09 E
-1.96(TIN COM-)-.828 F(MANDS)108 619.2 Q F0(belo)2.342 E .092
+F -.15(ex)108 715.2 S 1.96(ception that the).15 F F4(DEB)4.46 E(UG)-.09
+E F0 1.961(trap \(see the description of the)4.21 F F2(trap)4.461 E F0
+-.2(bu)4.461 G 1.961(iltin under).2 F F4 1.961(SHELL B)4.461 F(UIL)-.09
+E 1.961(TIN COM-)-.828 F(MANDS)108 727.2 Q F0(belo)2.343 E .092
(w\) is not inherited unless the function has been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)
--.25 G 2.592(nt).15 G(he)-2.592 E F1(trace)2.592 E F0(attrib)2.592 E
-.092(ute \(see the description of)-.2 F(the)108 631.2 Q F4(declar)3.116
-E(e)-.162 E F0 -.2(bu)2.866 G .616(iltin belo).2 F .616(w\) or the)-.25
-F F1 .616(\255o functrace)3.116 F F0 .616
-(shell option has been enabled with the)3.116 F F1(set)3.115 E F0 -.2
-(bu)3.115 G .615(iltin \(in which).2 F(case all functions inherit the)
-108 643.2 Q F1(DEB)2.5 E(UG)-.1 E F0(trap\).)2.5 E -1.11(Va)108 660 S
-.655(riables local to the function may be declared with the)1.11 F F1
-(local)3.155 E F0 -.2(bu)3.156 G .656(iltin command.).2 F(Ordinarily)
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(alues are shared between the function and its caller)-.25 E(.)-.55 E
-.044(If the b)108 688.8 R .043(uiltin command)-.2 F F1 -.18(re)2.543 G
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(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .043(is e)2.543 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .043
(cuted in a function, the function completes and e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
-.043(cution resumes with).15 F 1.011(the ne)108 700.8 R 1.011
+.044(cution resumes with).15 F 1.012(the ne)108 153.6 R 1.012
(xt command after the function call.)-.15 F(An)6.011 E 3.511(yc)-.15 G
-1.011(ommand associated with the)-3.511 F F1(RETURN)3.512 E F0 1.012
-(trap is e)3.512 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E .214(before e)108 712.8 R
--.15(xe)-.15 G .214(cution resumes.).15 F .213
-(When a function completes, the v)5.214 F .213
+1.011(ommand associated with the)-3.511 F F2(RETURN)3.511 E F0 1.011
+(trap is e)3.511 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E .213(before e)108 165.6 R
+-.15(xe)-.15 G .213(cution resumes.).15 F .213
+(When a function completes, the v)5.213 F .214
(alues of the positional parameters and the spe-)-.25 F(cial parameter)
-108 724.8 Q F1(#)2.5 E F0(are restored to the v)2.5 E(alues the)-.25 E
+108 177.6 Q F2(#)2.5 E F0(are restored to the v)2.5 E(alues the)-.25 E
2.5(yh)-.15 G(ad prior to the function')-2.5 E 2.5(se)-.55 G -.15(xe)
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--.35 E 1.358(Function names and de\214nitions may be listed with the)108
-84 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad66>3.858 E F0 1.358(option to the)3.858 F
-F1(declar)3.858 E(e)-.18 E F0(or)3.859 E F1(typeset)3.859 E F0 -.2(bu)
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-.89(option to)3.39 F F1(declar)3.39 E(e)-.18 E F0(or)3.39 E F1(typeset)
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+-2.65 G(cution.).15 E 1.359
+(Function names and de\214nitions may be listed with the)108 194.4 R F2
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+(declar)3.39 E(e)-.18 E F0(or)3.39 E F2(typeset)3.39 E F0 .89
(will list the function names only \(and optionally the source)3.39 F
-.326(\214le and line number)108 108 R 2.826(,i)-.4 G 2.826(ft)-2.826 G
-(he)-2.826 E F1(extdeb)2.826 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .326
-(shell option is enabled\).)2.826 F .327(Functions may be e)5.327 F .327
-(xported so that subshells)-.15 F .012(automatically ha)108 120 R .312
--.15(ve t)-.2 H .011(hem de\214ned with the).15 F F
1<ad66>2.511 E F0
-.011(option to the)2.511 F F1(export)2.511 E F0 -.2(bu)2.511 G 2.511
-(iltin. Note).2 F .011(that shell functions and v)2.511 F(ari-)-.25 E
-.187(ables with the same name may result in multiple identically-named \
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-108 144 Q 2.5(sc)-.55 G 2.5(hildren. Care)-2.5 F(should be tak)2.5 E
+.327(\214le and line number)108 218.4 R 2.827(,i)-.4 G 2.827(ft)-2.827 G
+(he)-2.827 E F2(extdeb)2.827 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .326
+(shell option is enabled\).)2.827 F .326(Functions may be e)5.326 F .326
+(xported so that subshells)-.15 F .011(automatically ha)108 230.4 R .311
+-.15(ve t)-.2 H .011(hem de\214ned with the).15 F F
2<ad66>2.511 E F0
+.011(option to the)2.511 F F2(export)2.511 E F0 -.2(bu)2.511 G 2.511
+(iltin. Note).2 F .012(that shell functions and v)2.511 F(ari-)-.25 E
+.188(ables with the same name may result in multiple identically-named \
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+108 254.4 Q 2.5(sc)-.55 G 2.5(hildren. Care)-2.5 F(should be tak)2.5 E
(en in cases where this may cause a problem.)-.1 E
-(Functions may be recursi)108 160.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 5(.N).15 G 2.5(ol)
+(Functions may be recursi)108 271.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 5(.N).15 G 2.5(ol)
-5 G(imit is imposed on the number of recursi)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve c)-.25 H
-(alls.).15 E/F2 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(ARITHMETIC EV)72 177.6 Q(ALU)
--1.478 E -1.04(AT)-.657 G(ION)1.04 E F0 2.298(The shell allo)108 189.6 R
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--.25 G 2.297(luated, under certain circumstances \(see the).25 F F1(let)
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-2.705(\). Ev)B .205(aluation is done in \214x)-.25 F .206(ed-width inte)
--.15 F .206(gers with no)-.15 F .429(check for o)108 213.6 R -.15(ve)
--.15 G(r\215o).15 E 1.729 -.65(w, t)-.25 H .429(hough di).65 F .428
-(vision by 0 is trapped and \215agged as an error)-.25 F 5.428(.T)-.55 G
-.428(he operators and their prece-)-5.428 F 1.919(dence, associati)108
-225.6 R(vity)-.25 E 4.419(,a)-.65 G 1.919(nd v)-4.419 F 1.919
-(alues are the same as in the C language.)-.25 F 1.92(The follo)6.92 F
-1.92(wing list of operators is)-.25 F(grouped into le)108 237.6 Q -.15
+(alls.).15 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(ARITHMETIC EV)72 288 Q(ALU)-1.478
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+(alues are the same as in the C language.)-.25 F 1.919(The follo)6.919 F
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(ve)-.25 G(ls of equal-precedence operators.).15 E(The le)5 E -.15(ve)
--.25 G(ls are listed in order of decreasing precedence.).15 E/F3 10
-/Times-Italic@0 SF(id)108
254.4 Q F1(++)A F3(id)2.5 E F1<adad>A F0 -.25
-(va)144 266.4 S(riable post-increment and post-decrement).25 E F1(++)108
-278.4 Q F3(id)A F1<adad>2.5 E F3(id)A F0 -.25(va)144 290.4 S
-(riable pre-increment and pre-decrement).25 E F1 2.5<ad2b>108 302.4 S F0
-(unary minus and plus)19.6 E F1 2.5(!~)108 314.4 S F0
-(logical and bitwise ne)24.34 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(tion).05 E F1(**)108
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-(left and right bitwise shifts)10.7 E F1(<= >= < >)108 374.4 Q F0
-(comparison)144 386.4 Q F1(== !=)108 398.4 Q F0(equality and inequality)
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-(conditional operator)144 482.4 Q F1 2.5(=*)108 494.4 S 2.5(=/)-2.5 G
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364.8 Q F2(++)A F4(id)2.5 E F2<adad>A F0 -.25
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-(Shell v)108 547.2 R .68(ariables are allo)-.25 F .68
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(cuted, it is in).15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.926(di).1 G 2.926(nas)
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1.056
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(alues inherited from the shell')-.25 F 2.806(sp)-.55 G .306
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G 2.858(cation. Builtin).2 F .359(commands that are in)2.859 F -.2(vo)
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266.4 R F3<ad6b>
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3.31 G .81(iltin command belo).2 F .81(w\), then)-.25 F F2(all)3.64 E F0
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--.15(ve s)-.25 H 2.046(hell resends the).15 F F3(SIGHUP)108 484.8 Q F0
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1.005(to all jobs, running or stopped.)3.255 F 1.004
-(Stopped jobs are sent)6.005 F F3(SIGCONT)3.504 E F0 1.004
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-(ve t)-.25 H(he).15 E F3(SIGHUP)108 496.8 Q F4(.)A F0 2.529 -.8(To p)
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-(SIGHUP)108 520.8 Q F0(using)2.25 E F1(diso)2.5 E(wn \255h)-.1 E F0(.)A
-.166(If the)108 537.6 R F1(huponexit)2.666 E F0 .166
-(shell option has been set with)2.666 F F1(shopt)2.666 E F0(,)A F1(bash)
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+(SIGHUP)108 633.6 Q F0(using)2.25 E F3(diso)2.5 E(wn \255h)-.1 E F0(.)A
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(to all jobs when an interacti)2.416 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(login shell e)108
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-(If 0for which a trap has been set, the trap will not be e)108 566.4 R
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-.15(xe)-.15 G .076(cuted until the command completes.).15 F(When)5.076
-E F1(bash)2.576 E F0(is)2.576 E -.1(wa)108 578.4 S .826
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2.87 G .369(iltin to return immediately with an e).2 F .369
(xit status greater than 128, immediately)-.15 F
-(after which the trap is e)108 602.4 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F5
-(JOB CONTR)72 619.2 Q(OL)-.329 E F2 -.25(Jo)108 631.2 S 4.567(bc).25 G
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(he user may then manipulate the state of this job, using the)-5.892 F
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1.208(as in the fore)-.1 F 1.208(ground or started in the background.)
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2.987(no)-5.487 G .487
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-(nd the pre)-2.5 E(vious job with a)-.25 E F
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-(prompt before reporting changes in a job')108 480 R 2.658(ss)-.55 G
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(if the ef)28.22 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve U)-.25 H(ID is 0, a).15 E F1
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-(the character corresponding to the octal number)18.22 E F2(nnn)2.5 E F1
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(xe)-.15 G .541(cuted during the cur).15 F(-)-.2 E .546
-(rent shell session.)108 376.8 R .546
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(After the string is decoded, it is e)5.546 F .546
(xpanded via parameter e)-.15 F .546(xpansion, command substitu-)-.15 F
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E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin \(see).2 E F3(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)
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-(Readline Notation)87 482.4 Q F0 .567
-(In this section, the emacs-style notation is used to denote k)108 494.4
+(Readline Notation)87 602.4 Q F0 .567
+(In this section, the emacs-style notation is used to denote k)108 614.4
R -.15(ey)-.1 G(strok).15 E 3.068(es. Control)-.1 F -.1(ke)3.068 G .568
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(ound to a string that is inserted when the k)-2.709 F .509 -.15(ey i)
--.1 H(s).15 E(pressed \(a)108 240 Q F1(macr)2.5 E(o)-.45 E F0(\).)A/F2
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-(The syntax for controlling k)108 268.8 R .666 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .366
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+(Readline K)87 381.6 Q(ey Bindings)-.25 E F0 .366
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(indings in the).15 F F1(inputr)2.876 E(c)-.37 E F0 .366
(\214le is simple.)3.176 F .366(All that is required is the name of the)
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(equence to which it should be bound. The name may be speci-).15 F .853
-(\214ed in one of tw)108 292.8 R 3.353(ow)-.1 G .853
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(ays: as a symbolic k)-3.453 F 1.153 -.15(ey n)-.1 H .853
(ame, possibly with).15 F F1(Meta\255)3.353 E F0(or)3.353 E F1(Contr)
3.353 E(ol\255)-.45 E F0(pre\214x)3.353 E .853(es, or as a k)-.15 F -.15
-(ey)-.1 G(sequence.)108 304.8 Q 1.542(When using the form)108 321.6 R F2
+(ey)-.1 G(sequence.)108 429.6 Q 1.542(When using the form)108 446.4 R F2
-.1(ke)4.042 G(yname).1 E F0(:)A F1(function\255name).833 E F0(or)4.042
E F1(macr)4.042 E(o)-.45 E F0(,)A F1 -.1(ke)4.042 G(yname)-.2 E F0 1.542
(is the name of a k)4.222 F 1.841 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.541(pelled out in)
-.15 F 2.5(English. F)108 333.6 R(or e)-.15 E(xample:)-.15 E
-(Control-u: uni)144 357.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18
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-(Control-o: "> output")144 381.6 Q .698(In the abo)108 398.4 R .998 -.15
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+(Control-o: "> output")144 506.4 Q .698(In the abo)108 523.2 R .998 -.15
(ve ex)-.15 H(ample,).15 E F1(C\255u)3.038 E F0 .698
(is bound to the function)3.448 F F2(uni)3.198 E -.1(ve)-.1 G
(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(,)A F1(M\255DEL)3.878 E F0 .698
-(is bound to the func-)3.728 F(tion)108 410.4 Q F2
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(backward\255kill\255w)2.759 E(ord)-.1 E F0 2.759(,a)C(nd)-2.759 E F1
(C\255o)2.599 E F0 .258(is bound to run the macro e)2.939 F .258
(xpressed on the right hand side \(that is, to)-.15 F(insert the te)108
-422.4 Q(xt)-.15 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF 6(>o)2.5 G(utput)-6 E F0
-(into the line\).)2.5 E .055(In the second form,)108 439.2 R F2("k)2.555
-E(eyseq")-.1 E F0(:)A F1(function\255name).833 E F0(or)2.555 E F1(macr)
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2.555 E(o)-.45 E F0(,)A F2 -.1(ke)2.555 G(yseq).1 E F0(dif)2.556 E .056
(fers from)-.25 F F2 -.1(ke)2.556 G(yname).1 E F0(abo)2.556 E .356 -.15
(ve i)-.15 H 2.556(nt).15 G .056(hat strings)-2.556 F 1.284
-(denoting an entire k)108 451.2 R 1.584 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.284(equence m\
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-(Some)6.284 E .385(GNU Emacs style k)108 463.2 R .685 -.15(ey e)-.1 H
-.385(scapes can be used, as in the follo).15 F .385(wing e)-.25 F .386
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(xample, b)-.15 F .386(ut the symbolic character names)-.2 F
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--.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E
-("\\C\255x\\C\255r": re\255read\255init\255\214le)144 511.2 Q
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3.065 F .315(ain bound to the function)-.05 F F2(uni)2.815 E -.1(ve)-.1
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-(an escape character)28.78 E F2(\\\\)144 616.8 Q F0(backslash)30.44 E F2
-(\\")144 628.8 Q F0(literal ")27.67 E F2(\\')144 640.8 Q F0(literal ')
-29.89 E(In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second s\
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-(\\a)144 669.6 Q F0(alert \(bell\))28.22 E F2(\\b)144 681.6 Q F0
-(backspace)27.66 E F2(\\d)144 693.6 Q F0(delete)27.66 E F2(\\f)144 705.6
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+(The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences is)108 693.6 Q F2
+<5c43ad>144 705.6 Q F0(control pre\214x)20.3 E F2<5c4dad>144 717.6 Q F0
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%%Page: 32 32
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-(\\t)144 96 Q F0(horizontal tab)29.89 E F1(\\v)144 108 Q F0 -.15(ve)
-28.22 G(rtical tab).15 E F1(\\)144 120 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(nnn)A
-F0(the eight-bit character whose v)18.22 E(alue is the octal v)-.25 E
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--.25 E(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F2(HH)2.5 E F0(\(one or tw)2.5 E
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-(When entering the te)108 148.8 R 1.141(xt of a macro, single or double\
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-(Unquoted te)108 160.8 R .09(xt is assumed to be a function name.)-.15 F
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+acs style escape sequences, a second set of backslash escapes is a)108
+136.8 Q -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable:).25 E F1(\\a)144 148.8 Q F0
+(alert \(bell\))28.22 E F1(\\b)144 160.8 Q F0(backspace)27.66 E F1(\\d)
+144 172.8 Q F0(delete)27.66 E F1(\\f)144 184.8 Q F0(form feed)29.89 E F1
+(\\n)144 196.8 Q F0(ne)27.66 E(wline)-.25 E F1(\\r)144 208.8 Q F0
+(carriage return)28.78 E F1(\\t)144 220.8 Q F0(horizontal tab)29.89 E F1
+(\\v)144 232.8 Q F0 -.15(ve)28.22 G(rtical tab).15 E F1(\\)144 244.8 Q
+/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(nnn)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)18.22
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+dicate a macro de\214nition.)-.15 F .09(Unquoted te)108 285.6 R .09
+(xt is assumed to be a function name.)-.15 F .089(In the macro body)
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(indings to be displayed or modi\214ed with the).15 F F1(bind)2.93 E F0
-.2(bu)2.93 G .43(iltin command.).2 F .046
-(The editing mode may be switched during interacti)108 201.6 R .346 -.15
+(The editing mode may be switched during interacti)108 326.4 R .346 -.15
(ve u)-.25 H .046(se by using the).15 F F1<ad6f>2.545 E F0 .045
(option to the)2.545 F F1(set)2.545 E F0 -.2(bu)2.545 G .045
-(iltin command).2 F(\(see)108 213.6 Q/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E
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(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1
-(Readline V)87 230.4 Q(ariables)-.92 E F0 .043(Readline has v)108 242.4
+(Readline V)87 355.2 Q(ariables)-.92 E F0 .043(Readline has v)108 367.2
R .043(ariables that can be used to further customize its beha)-.25 F
(vior)-.2 E 5.043(.A)-.55 G -.25(va)-2.5 G .043
-(riable may be set in the).25 F F2(inpu-)2.554 E(tr)108 254.4 Q(c)-.37 E
-F0(\214le with a statement of the form)2.81 E F1(set)144 271.2 Q F2
+(riable may be set in the).25 F F2(inpu-)2.554 E(tr)108 379.2 Q(c)-.37 E
+F0(\214le with a statement of the form)2.81 E F1(set)144 396 Q F2
(variable\255name value)2.5 E F0 .489(Except where noted, readline v)108
-288 R .489(ariables can tak)-.25 F 2.989(et)-.1 G .489(he v)-2.989 F
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(alues)-.25 E F1(On)2.989 E F0(or)2.989 E F1(Off)2.989 E F0 5.489(.T)C
.489(he v)-5.489 F .488(ariables and their def)-.25 F .488(ault v)-.1 F
-(al-)-.25 E(ues are:)108 300 Q F1(bell\255style \(audible\))108 316.8 Q
-F0 .01(Controls what happens when readline w)144 328.8 R .011
+(al-)-.25 E(ues are:)108 424.8 Q F1(bell\255style \(audible\))108 441.6
+Q F0 .01(Controls what happens when readline w)144 453.6 R .011
(ants to ring the terminal bell.)-.1 F .011(If set to)5.011 F F1(none)
2.511 E F0 2.511(,r)C .011(eadline ne)-2.511 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E
-.94(rings the bell.)144 340.8 R .94(If set to)5.94 F F1(visible)3.44 E
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F0 3.44(,r)C .94(eadline uses a visible bell if one is a)-3.44 F -.25
(va)-.2 G 3.44(ilable. If).25 F .94(set to)3.44 F F1(audible)3.44 E F0
-(,)A(readline attempts to ring the terminal')144 352.8 Q 2.5(sb)-.55 G
-(ell.)-2.5 E F1(comment\255begin \(`)108 364.8 Q(`#')-.63 E('\))-.63 E
-F0 .884(The string that is inserted when the readline)144 376.8 R F1
+(,)A(readline attempts to ring the terminal')144 477.6 Q 2.5(sb)-.55 G
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-3.385(cuted. This).15 F(com-)3.385 E(mand is bound to)144 388.8 Q F1
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(M\255#)2.5 E F0(in emacs mode and to)2.5 E F1(#)2.5 E F0
-(in vi command mode.)2.5 E F1(completion\255ignor)108 400.8 Q
-(e\255case \(Off\))-.18 E F0(If set to)144 412.8 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5
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(,r)C(eadline performs \214lename matching and completion in a case\255\
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-(completion\255query\255items \(100\))108 424.8 Q F0 .53
-(This determines when the user is queried about vie)144 436.8 R .529
+(completion\255query\255items \(100\))108 549.6 Q F0 .53
+(This determines when the user is queried about vie)144 561.6 R .529
(wing the number of possible completions gen-)-.25 F .56(erated by the)
-144 448.8 R F1(possible\255completions)3.06 E F0 3.06(command. It)3.06 F
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.561(may be set to an)3.061 F 3.061(yi)-.15 G(nte)-3.061 E .561(ger v)
--.15 F .561(alue greater than or)-.25 F .783(equal to zero.)144 460.8 R
+-.15 F .561(alue greater than or)-.25 F .783(equal to zero.)144 585.6 R
.783(If the number of possible completions is greater than or equal to \
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+the v)5.783 F .782(alue of this)-.25 F -.25(va)144 597.6 S .237
(riable, the user is ask).25 F .237(ed whether or not he wishes to vie)
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-.237(re simply listed)-2.737 F(on the terminal.)144 484.8 Q F1(con)108
-496.8 Q -.1(ve)-.4 G(rt\255meta \(On\)).1 E F0 .613(If set to)144 508.8
+.237(re simply listed)-2.737 F(on the terminal.)144 609.6 Q F1(con)108
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R F1(On)3.113 E F0 3.113(,r)C .613(eadline will con)-3.113 F -.15(ve)-.4
G .613(rt characters with the eighth bit set to an ASCII k).15 F .912
-.15(ey s)-.1 H .612(equence by).15 F .541
(stripping the eighth bit and pre\214xing an escape character \(in ef)
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+108 669.6 Q F0 .038(If set to)144 681.6 R F1(On)2.538 E F0 2.538(,r)C
.038(eadline will inhibit w)-2.538 F .038(ord completion.)-.1 F .038
(Completion characters will be inserted into the)5.038 F(line as if the)
-144 568.8 Q 2.5(yh)-.15 G(ad been mapped to)-2.5 E F1(self-insert)2.5 E
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-(Controls whether readline be)144 592.8 R .253(gins with a set of k)-.15
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F .553 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .253(indings similar to).15 F F2(emacs)2.753 E F0
(or)2.753 E F2(vi)2.753 E F0(.)A F1(editing\255mode)5.253 E F0
-(can be set to either)144 604.8 Q F1(emacs)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1(vi)2.5 E
-F0(.)A F1(enable\255k)108 616.8 Q(eypad \(Off\))-.1 E F0 .893
-(When set to)144 628.8 R F1(On)3.393 E F0 3.393(,r)C .893
-(eadline will try to enable the application k)-3.393 F -.15(ey)-.1 G
-.893(pad when it is called.).15 F .892(Some sys-)5.893 F
-(tems need this to enable the arro)144 640.8 Q 2.5(wk)-.25 G -.15(ey)
--2.6 G(s.).15 E F1(expand\255tilde \(Off\))108 652.8 Q F0(If set to)144
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--.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(horizontal\255scr)108 84 Q
-(oll\255mode \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .449(When set to)144 96 R F1(On)2.949 E
-F0 2.949(,m)C(ak)-2.949 E .448
+-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(enable\255k)108 84 Q(eypad \(Off\))-.1 E F0
+.893(When set to)144 96 R F1(On)3.393 E F0 3.393(,r)C .893
+(eadline will try to enable the application k)-3.393 F -.15(ey)-.1 G
+.893(pad when it is called.).15 F .892(Some sys-)5.893 F
+(tems need this to enable the arro)144 108 Q 2.5(wk)-.25 G -.15(ey)-2.6
+G(s.).15 E F1(expand\255tilde \(Off\))108 120 Q F0(If set to)144 132 Q
+F1(on)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(ilde e)-2.5 E
+(xpansion is performed when readline attempts w)-.15 E(ord completion.)
+-.1 E F1(history-pr)108 144 Q(eser)-.18 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(-point).1 E F0
+1.492(If set to)144 156 R F1(on)3.992 E F0 3.992(,t)C 1.493(he history \
+code attempts to place point at the same location on each history line)
+-3.992 F(retri)144 168 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(dw).15 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(pr)
+2.5 E -.15(ev)-.18 G(ious-history).15 E F0(or)2.5 E F1(next-history)2.5
+E F0(.)A F1(horizontal\255scr)108 180 Q(oll\255mode \(Off\))-.18 E F0
+.449(When set to)144 192 R F1(On)2.949 E F0 2.949(,m)C(ak)-2.949 E .448
(es readline use a single line for display)-.1 F 2.948(,s)-.65 G .448
(crolling the input horizontally on a)-2.948 F 1.194(single screen line\
when it becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a\
- ne)144 108 R(w)-.25 E(line.)144 120 Q F1(input\255meta \(Off\))108 132
-Q F0 .228(If set to)144 144 R F1(On)2.728 E F0 2.728(,r)C .227(eadline \
+ ne)144 204 R(w)-.25 E(line.)144 216 Q F1(input\255meta \(Off\))108 228
+Q F0 .228(If set to)144 240 R F1(On)2.728 E F0 2.728(,r)C .227(eadline \
will enable eight-bit input \(that is, it will not strip the high bit f\
-rom the char)-2.728 F(-)-.2 E .956(acters it reads\), re)144 156 R -.05
+rom the char)-2.728 F(-)-.2 E .956(acters it reads\), re)144 252 R -.05
(ga)-.15 G .956(rdless of what the terminal claims it can support.).05 F
.957(The name)5.956 F F1(meta\255\215ag)3.457 E F0 .957(is a)3.457 F
-(synon)144 168 Q(ym for this v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(isear)108 180 Q
+(synon)144 264 Q(ym for this v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(isear)108 276 Q
(ch\255terminators \(`)-.18 E(`C\255[C\255J')-.63 E('\))-.63 E F0 .439(\
The string of characters that should terminate an incremental search wi\
-thout subsequently e)144 192 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E .934
-(ing the character as a command.)144 204 R .935(If this v)5.935 F .935
+thout subsequently e)144 288 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E .934
+(ing the character as a command.)144 300 R .935(If this v)5.935 F .935
(ariable has not been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.435(nav).15 G .935
(alue, the characters)-3.685 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ESC)3.435 E F0
-(and)144 216 Q F2(C\255J)2.5 E F0(will terminate an incremental search.)
-2.5 E F1 -.1(ke)108 228 S(ymap \(emacs\)).1 E F0 2.021
-(Set the current readline k)144 240 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 4.521(map. The).15 F
+(and)144 312 Q F2(C\255J)2.5 E F0(will terminate an incremental search.)
+2.5 E F1 -.1(ke)108 324 S(ymap \(emacs\)).1 E F0 2.021
+(Set the current readline k)144 336 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 4.521(map. The).15 F
2.021(set of v)4.521 F 2.021(alid k)-.25 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.021
(map names is).15 F F2 2.02(emacs, emacs\255standar)4.52 F(d,)-.37 E
-.068(emacs\255meta, emacs\255ctlx, vi, vi\255command)144 252 R F0 2.568
+.068(emacs\255meta, emacs\255ctlx, vi, vi\255command)144 348 R F0 2.568
(,a)C(nd)-2.568 E F2(vi\255insert)2.568 E F0(.).68 E F2(vi)5.068 E F0
.068(is equi)2.568 F -.25(va)-.25 G .068(lent to).25 F F2(vi\255command)
-2.569 E F0(;)A F2(emacs)2.569 E F0 1.544(is equi)144 264 R -.25(va)-.25
+2.569 E F0(;)A F2(emacs)2.569 E F0 1.544(is equi)144 360 R -.25(va)-.25
G 1.544(lent to).25 F F2(emacs\255standar)4.044 E(d)-.37 E F0 6.544(.T)C
1.544(he def)-6.544 F 1.544(ault v)-.1 F 1.544(alue is)-.25 F F2(emacs)
4.044 E F0 4.044(;t).27 G 1.544(he v)-4.044 F 1.544(alue of)-.25 F F1
-(editing\255mode)4.043 E F0(also)4.043 E(af)144 276 Q(fects the def)-.25
-E(ault k)-.1 E -.15(ey)-.1 G(map.).15 E F1(mark\255dir)108 288 Q
-(ectories \(On\))-.18 E F0(If set to)144 300 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,c)C
+(editing\255mode)4.043 E F0(also)4.043 E(af)144 372 Q(fects the def)-.25
+E(ault k)-.1 E -.15(ey)-.1 G(map.).15 E F1(mark\255dir)108 384 Q
+(ectories \(On\))-.18 E F0(If set to)144 396 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,c)C
(ompleted directory names ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a s)-.2 H(lash appended.)
-.15 E F1(mark\255modi\214ed\255lines \(Off\))108 312 Q F0(If set to)144
-324 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,h)C(istory lines that ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve b)
+.15 E F1(mark\255modi\214ed\255lines \(Off\))108 408 Q F0(If set to)144
+420 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,h)C(istory lines that ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve b)
-.2 H(een modi\214ed are displayed with a preceding asterisk \().15 E F1
-(*)A F0(\).)A F1(mark\255symlink)108 336 Q(ed\255dir)-.1 E
-(ectories \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .175(If set to)144 348 R F1(On)2.675 E F0
+(*)A F0(\).)A F1(mark\255symlink)108 432 Q(ed\255dir)-.1 E
+(ectories \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .175(If set to)144 444 R F1(On)2.675 E F0
2.675(,c)C .175
(ompleted names which are symbolic links to directories ha)-2.675 F .475
--.15(ve a s)-.2 H .175(lash appended \(sub-).15 F(ject to the v)144 360
+-.15(ve a s)-.2 H .175(lash appended \(sub-).15 F(ject to the v)144 456
Q(alue of)-.25 E F1(mark\255dir)2.5 E(ectories)-.18 E F0(\).)A F1
-(match\255hidden\255\214les \(On\))108 372 Q F0 .193(This v)144 384 R
+(match\255hidden\255\214les \(On\))108 468 Q F0 .193(This v)144 480 R
.193(ariable, when set to)-.25 F F1(On)2.693 E F0 2.693(,c)C .192
(auses readline to match \214les whose names be)-2.693 F .192
(gin with a `.)-.15 F 2.692('\()-.7 G(hidden)-2.692 E 1.023
(\214les\) when performing \214lename completion, unless the leading `.)
-144 396 R 3.523('i)-.7 G 3.523(ss)-3.523 G 1.024
-(upplied by the user in the)-3.523 F(\214lename to be completed.)144 408
-Q F1(output\255meta \(Off\))108 420 Q F0 .507(If set to)144 432 R F1(On)
+144 492 R 3.523('i)-.7 G 3.523(ss)-3.523 G 1.024
+(upplied by the user in the)-3.523 F(\214lename to be completed.)144 504
+Q F1(output\255meta \(Off\))108 516 Q F0 .507(If set to)144 528 R F1(On)
3.007 E F0 3.007(,r)C .507(eadline will display characters with the eig\
-hth bit set directly rather than as a meta-)-3.007 F(pre\214x)144 444 Q
-(ed escape sequence.)-.15 E F1(page\255completions \(On\))108 456 Q F0
-.808(If set to)144 468 R F1(On)3.308 E F0 3.308(,r)C .808
+hth bit set directly rather than as a meta-)-3.007 F(pre\214x)144 540 Q
+(ed escape sequence.)-.15 E F1(page\255completions \(On\))108 552 Q F0
+.808(If set to)144 564 R F1(On)3.308 E F0 3.308(,r)C .808
(eadline uses an internal)-3.308 F F2(mor)3.308 E(e)-.37 E F0(-lik)A
3.308(ep)-.1 G .808(ager to display a screenful of possible comple-)
--3.308 F(tions at a time.)144 480 Q F1
-(print\255completions\255horizontally \(Off\))108 492 Q F0 1.319
-(If set to)144 504 R F1(On)3.819 E F0 3.819(,r)C 1.318(eadline will dis\
+-3.308 F(tions at a time.)144 576 Q F1
+(print\255completions\255horizontally \(Off\))108 588 Q F0 1.319
+(If set to)144 600 R F1(On)3.819 E F0 3.819(,r)C 1.318(eadline will dis\
play completions with matches sorted horizontally in alphabetical)-3.819
-F(order)144 516 Q 2.5(,r)-.4 G(ather than do)-2.5 E(wn the screen.)-.25
-E F1(sho)108 528 Q(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous \(Off\))-.1 E F0 .477
-(This alters the def)144 540 R .477(ault beha)-.1 F .477
+F(order)144 612 Q 2.5(,r)-.4 G(ather than do)-2.5 E(wn the screen.)-.25
+E F1(sho)108 624 Q(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous \(Off\))-.1 E F0 .477
+(This alters the def)144 636 R .477(ault beha)-.1 F .477
(vior of the completion functions.)-.2 F .478(If set to)5.478 F F1(on)
2.978 E F0 2.978(,w)C .478(ords which ha)-3.078 F .778 -.15(ve m)-.2 H
(ore).15 E 1.264(than one possible completion cause the matches to be l\
-isted immediately instead of ringing the)144 552 R(bell.)144 564 Q F1
-(sho)108 576 Q(w\255all\255if\255unmodi\214ed \(Off\))-.1 E F0 5.345
-(This alters the def)144 588 R 5.345(ault beha)-.1 F 5.345
+isted immediately instead of ringing the)144 648 R(bell.)144 660 Q F1
+(sho)108 672 Q(w\255all\255if\255unmodi\214ed \(Off\))-.1 E F0 5.345
+(This alters the def)144 684 R 5.345(ault beha)-.1 F 5.345
(vior of the completion functions in a f)-.2 F 5.346(ashion similar to)
--.1 F F1(sho)144 600 Q(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous)-.1 E F0 6.923(.I)C
+-.1 F F1(sho)144 696 Q(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous)-.1 E F0 6.923(.I)C
4.423(fs)-6.923 G 1.923(et to)-4.423 F F1(on)4.423 E F0 4.423(,w)C 1.923
(ords which ha)-4.523 F 2.222 -.15(ve m)-.2 H 1.922
-(ore than one possible completion).15 F 1.039(without an)144 612 R 3.539
+(ore than one possible completion).15 F 1.039(without an)144 708 R 3.539
(yp)-.15 G 1.039
(ossible partial completion \(the possible completions don')-3.539 F
3.539(ts)-.18 G 1.04(hare a common pre\214x\))-3.539 F(cause the matche\
-s to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell.)144 624 Q F1
-(visible\255stats \(Off\))108 636 Q F0 .847(If set to)144 648 R F1(On)
-3.346 E F0 3.346(,ac)C .846(haracter denoting a \214le')-3.346 F 3.346
-(st)-.55 G .846(ype as reported by)-3.346 F F2(stat)3.346 E F0 .846
-(\(2\) is appended to the \214lename)B
-(when listing possible completions.)144 660 Q F1
-(Readline Conditional Constructs)87 676.8 Q F0 .05
-(Readline implements a f)108 688.8 R .05(acility similar in spirit to t\
-he conditional compilation features of the C preprocessor)-.1 F .097
-(which allo)108 700.8 R .097(ws k)-.25 F .396 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .096
-(indings and v).15 F .096
-(ariable settings to be performed as the result of tests.)-.25 F .096
-(There are four parser)5.096 F(directi)108 712.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
-(su).15 G(sed.)-2.5 E(GNU Bash-3.0)72 768 Q(2004 June 26)147.345 E(33)
-197.335 E 0 Cg EP
+s to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell.)144 720 Q
+(GNU Bash-3.0)72 768 Q(2004 June 26)147.345 E(33)197.335 E 0 Cg EP
%%Page: 34 34
%%BeginPageSetup
BP
%%EndPageSetup
/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF($if)108 84 Q F0(The)24.89 E F1($if)2.962 E
+-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(visible\255stats \(Off\))108 84 Q F0 .847
+(If set to)144 96 R F1(On)3.346 E F0 3.346(,ac)C .846
+(haracter denoting a \214le')-3.346 F 3.346(st)-.55 G .846
+(ype as reported by)-3.346 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(stat)3.346 E F0
+.846(\(2\) is appended to the \214lename)B
+(when listing possible completions.)144 108 Q F1
+(Readline Conditional Constructs)87 124.8 Q F0 .05
+(Readline implements a f)108 136.8 R .05(acility similar in spirit to t\
+he conditional compilation features of the C preprocessor)-.1 F .097
+(which allo)108 148.8 R .097(ws k)-.25 F .396 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .096
+(indings and v).15 F .096
+(ariable settings to be performed as the result of tests.)-.25 F .096
+(There are four parser)5.096 F(directi)108 160.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
+(su).15 G(sed.)-2.5 E F1($if)108 177.6 Q F0(The)24.89 E F1($if)2.962 E
F0 .462(construct allo)2.962 F .463(ws bindings to be made based on the\
editing mode, the terminal being used,)-.25 F .478
-(or the application using readline.)144 96 R .477(The te)5.477 F .477
+(or the application using readline.)144 189.6 R .477(The te)5.477 F .477
(xt of the test e)-.15 F .477
(xtends to the end of the line; no characters)-.15 F
-(are required to isolate it.)144 108 Q F1(mode)144 124.8 Q F0(The)12.67
-E F1(mode=)3.711 E F0 1.211(form of the)3.711 F F1($if)3.711 E F0
+(are required to isolate it.)144 201.6 Q F1(mode)144 218.4 Q F0(The)
+12.67 E F1(mode=)3.711 E F0 1.211(form of the)3.711 F F1($if)3.711 E F0
(directi)3.711 E 1.511 -.15(ve i)-.25 H 3.711(su).15 G 1.211
(sed to test whether readline is in emacs or vi)-3.711 F 3.065
-(mode. This)180 136.8 R .565(may be used in conjunction with the)3.065 F
+(mode. This)180 230.4 R .565(may be used in conjunction with the)3.065 F
F1 .565(set k)3.065 F(eymap)-.1 E F0 .565(command, for instance, to)
-3.065 F .735(set bindings in the)180 148.8 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
-(emacs\255standar)3.235 E(d)-.37 E F0(and)3.235 E F2(emacs\255ctlx)3.235
-E F0 -.1(ke)3.235 G .735(ymaps only if readline is starting)-.05 F
-(out in emacs mode.)180 160.8 Q F1(term)144 177.6 Q F0(The)15.46 E F1
-(term=)3.197 E F0 .696
+3.065 F .735(set bindings in the)180 242.4 R F2(emacs\255standar)3.235 E
+(d)-.37 E F0(and)3.235 E F2(emacs\255ctlx)3.235 E F0 -.1(ke)3.235 G .735
+(ymaps only if readline is starting)-.05 F(out in emacs mode.)180 254.4
+Q F1(term)144 271.2 Q F0(The)15.46 E F1(term=)3.197 E F0 .696
(form may be used to include terminal-speci\214c k)3.197 F .996 -.15
-(ey b)-.1 H .696(indings, perhaps to bind).15 F .654(the k)180 189.6 R
+(ey b)-.1 H .696(indings, perhaps to bind).15 F .654(the k)180 283.2 R
.954 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .654(equences output by the terminal').15 F 3.154
(sf)-.55 G .654(unction k)-3.154 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 3.154(s. The).15 F -.1
-(wo)3.154 G .654(rd on the right side of).1 F(the)180 201.6 Q F1(=)3.232
+(wo)3.154 G .654(rd on the right side of).1 F(the)180 295.2 Q F1(=)3.232
E F0 .732(is tested ag)3.232 F .732(ainst the both full name of the ter\
minal and the portion of the terminal)-.05 F(name before the \214rst)180
-
213.6 Q F1<ad>2.5 E F0 5(.T)C(his allo)-5 E(ws)-.25 E F2(sun)2.84 E F0
+
307.2 Q F1<ad>2.5 E F0 5(.T)C(his allo)-5 E(ws)-.25 E F2(sun)2.84 E F0
(to match both)2.74 E F2(sun)2.84 E F0(and)2.74 E F2(sun\255cmd)2.5 E F0
-2.5(,f).77 G(or instance.)-2.5 E F1(application)144 230.4 Q F0(The)180
-242.4 Q F1(application)3.003 E F0 .503
+2.5(,f).77 G(or instance.)-2.5 E F1(application)144 324 Q F0(The)180 336
+Q F1(application)3.003 E F0 .503
(construct is used to include application-speci\214c settings.)3.003 F
.503(Each program)5.503 F .114(using the readline library sets the)180
-254.4 R F2 .114(application name)2.614 F F0 2.614(,a)C .114
+348 R F2 .114(application name)2.614 F F0 2.614(,a)C .114
(nd an initialization \214le can test for a)-2.614 F .5(particular v)180
-266.4 R 3(alue. This)-.25 F .501(could be used to bind k)3 F .801 -.15
+360 R 3(alue. This)-.25 F .501(could be used to bind k)3 F .801 -.15
(ey s)-.1 H .501(equences to functions useful for a spe-).15 F .397
-(ci\214c program.)180 278.4 R -.15(Fo)5.397 G 2.896(ri).15 G .396
+(ci\214c program.)180 372 R -.15(Fo)5.397 G 2.896(ri).15 G .396
(nstance, the follo)-2.896 F .396(wing command adds a k)-.25 F .696 -.15
-(ey s)-.1 H .396(equence that quotes the).15 F(current or pre)180 290.4
-Q(vious w)-.25 E(ord in Bash:)-.1 E F1($if)180 314.4 Q F0(Bash)2.5 E 2.5
-(#Q)180 326.4 S(uote the current or pre)-2.5 E(vious w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E
-("\\C\255xq": "\\eb\\"\\ef\\"")180 338.4 Q F1($endif)180 350.4 Q($endif)
-108 367.2 Q F0(This command, as seen in the pre)9.33 E(vious e)-.25 E
+(ey s)-.1 H .396(equence that quotes the).15 F(current or pre)180 384 Q
+(vious w)-.25 E(ord in Bash:)-.1 E F1($if)180 408 Q F0(Bash)2.5 E 2.5
+(#Q)180 420 S(uote the current or pre)-2.5 E(vious w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E
+("\\C\255xq": "\\eb\\"\\ef\\"")180 432 Q F1($endif)180 444 Q($endif)108
+460.8 Q F0(This command, as seen in the pre)9.33 E(vious e)-.25 E
(xample, terminates an)-.15 E F1($if)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E F1($else)
-108 384 Q F0(Commands in this branch of the)15.45 E F1($if)2.5 E F0
+108 477.6 Q F0(Commands in this branch of the)15.45 E F1($if)2.5 E F0
(directi)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(re e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
-(cuted if the test f).15 E(ails.)-.1 E F1($include)108 400.8 Q F0 .356
-(This directi)144 412.8 R .656 -.15(ve t)-.25 H(ak).15 E .356
+(cuted if the test f).15 E(ails.)-.1 E F1($include)108 494.4 Q F0 .356
+(This directi)144 506.4 R .656 -.15(ve t)-.25 H(ak).15 E .356
(es a single \214lename as an ar)-.1 F .357
(gument and reads commands and bindings from that)-.18 F 2.5(\214le. F)
-144 424.8 R(or e)-.15 E(xample, the follo)-.15 E(wing directi)-.25 E .3
+144 518.4 R(or e)-.15 E(xample, the follo)-.15 E(wing directi)-.25 E .3
-.15(ve w)-.25 H(ould read).05 E F2(/etc/inputr)2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(:)A F1
-($include)144 448.8 Q F2(/etc/inputr)5.833 E(c)-.37 E F1(Sear)87 465.6 Q
-(ching)-.18 E F0 .835(Readline pro)108 477.6 R .835
+($include)144 542.4 Q F2(/etc/inputr)5.833 E(c)-.37 E F1(Sear)87 559.2 Q
+(ching)-.18 E F0 .835(Readline pro)108 571.2 R .835
(vides commands for searching through the command history \(see)-.15 F
/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)3.334 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0(belo)3.084 E
-.834(w\) for lines)-.25 F(containing a speci\214ed string.)108 489.6 Q
+.834(w\) for lines)-.25 F(containing a speci\214ed string.)108 583.2 Q
(There are tw)5 E 2.5(os)-.1 G(earch modes:)-2.5 E F2(incr)2.51 E
(emental)-.37 E F0(and)3.01 E F2(non-incr)2.5 E(emental)-.37 E F0(.).51
-E .697(Incremental searches be)108 506.4 R .697
+E .697(Incremental searches be)108 600 R .697
(gin before the user has \214nished typing the search string.)-.15 F
.698(As each character of the)5.698 F .113
-(search string is typed, readline displays the ne)108 518.4 R .112
+(search string is typed, readline displays the ne)108 612 R .112
(xt entry from the history matching the string typed so f)-.15 F(ar)-.1
E 5.112(.A)-.55 G(n)-5.112 E .542
-(incremental search requires only as man)108 530.4 R 3.042(yc)-.15 G
-.542(haracters as needed to \214nd the desired history entry)-3.042 F
-5.542(.T)-.65 G .542(he char)-5.542 F(-)-.2 E .224
-(acters present in the v)108 542.4 R .224(alue of the)-.25 F F1(isear)
-2.724 E(ch-terminators)-.18 E F0 -.25(va)2.724 G .224
+(incremental search requires only as man)108 624 R 3.042(yc)-.15 G .542
+(haracters as needed to \214nd the desired history entry)-3.042 F 5.542
+(.T)-.65 G .542(he char)-5.542 F(-)-.2 E .224(acters present in the v)
+108 636 R .224(alue of the)-.25 F F1(isear)2.724 E(ch-terminators)-.18 E
+F0 -.25(va)2.724 G .224
(riable are used to terminate an incremental search.).25 F .66
-(If that v)108 554.4 R .66(ariable has not been assigned a v)-.25 F .66
+(If that v)108 648 R .66(ariable has not been assigned a v)-.25 F .66
(alue the Escape and Control-J characters will terminate an incre-)-.25
-F .097(mental search.)108 566.4 R .096(Control-G will abort an incremen\
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+(attempts to in)144 552 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G F3($FCEDIT)2.6 E/F4 9
/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3($EDIT)2.25 E(OR)-.162 E F4(,)A F0(and)2.25 E F2
(emacs)2.5 E F0(as the editor)2.5 E 2.5(,i)-.4 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G
-(hat order)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1(Commands f)87 496.8 Q(or Changing T)-.25 E
-(ext)-.92 E(delete\255char \(C\255d\))108 508.8 Q F0 .358
-(Delete the character at point.)144 520.8 R .358(If point is at the be)
+(hat order)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1(Commands f)87 568.8 Q(or Changing T)-.25 E
+(ext)-.92 E(delete\255char \(C\255d\))108 580.8 Q F0 .358
+(Delete the character at point.)144 592.8 R .358(If point is at the be)
5.358 F .358(ginning of the line, there are no characters in the)-.15 F
-(line, and the last character typed w)144 532.8 Q(as not bound to)-.1 E
+(line, and the last character typed w)144 604.8 Q(as not bound to)-.1 E
F1(delete\255char)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(hen return)-2.5 E F3(EOF)2.5 E F4(.)
-A F1(backward\255delete\255char \(Rubout\))108 544.8 Q F0 .552
-(Delete the character behind the cursor)144 556.8 R 5.553(.W)-.55 G .553
+A F1(backward\255delete\255char \(Rubout\))108 616.8 Q F0 .552
+(Delete the character behind the cursor)144 628.8 R 5.553(.W)-.55 G .553
(hen gi)-5.553 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.053(nan).15 G .553(umeric ar)-3.053 F
.553(gument, sa)-.18 F .853 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .553(he deleted te).15 F
-.553(xt on)-.15 F(the kill ring.)144 568.8 Q F1 -.25(fo)108 580.8 S
+.553(xt on)-.15 F(the kill ring.)144 640.8 Q F1 -.25(fo)108 652.8 S
(rward\255backward\255delete\255char).25 E F0 .474
-(Delete the character under the cursor)144 592.8 R 2.974(,u)-.4 G .474
+(Delete the character under the cursor)144 664.8 R 2.974(,u)-.4 G .474
(nless the cursor is at the end of the line, in which case the)-2.974 F
-(character behind the cursor is deleted.)144 604.8 Q F1
-(quoted\255insert \(C\255q, C\255v\))108 616.8 Q F0 .778(Add the ne)144
-628.8 R .779(xt character typed to the line v)-.15 F 3.279
+(character behind the cursor is deleted.)144 676.8 Q F1
+(quoted\255insert \(C\255q, C\255v\))108 688.8 Q F0 .778(Add the ne)144
+700.8 R .779(xt character typed to the line v)-.15 F 3.279
(erbatim. This)-.15 F .779(is ho)3.279 F 3.279(wt)-.25 G 3.279(oi)-3.279
G .779(nsert characters lik)-3.279 F(e)-.1 E F1(C\255q)3.279 E F0 3.279
-(,f)C(or)-3.279 E -.15(ex)144 640.8 S(ample.).15 E F1
-(tab\255insert \(C\255v T)108 652.8 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0
-(Insert a tab character)144 664.8 Q(.)-.55 E F1
-(self\255insert \(a, b, A, 1, !, ...\))108 676.8 Q F0
-(Insert the character typed.)144 688.8 Q F1
-(transpose\255chars \(C\255t\))108 700.8 Q F0 .322
-(Drag the character before point forw)144 712.8 R .321(ard o)-.1 F -.15
-(ve)-.15 G 2.821(rt).15 G .321(he character at point, mo)-2.821 F .321
-(ving point forw)-.15 F .321(ard as well.)-.1 F 1.182
-(If point is at the end of the line, then this transposes the tw)144
-724.8 R 3.683(oc)-.1 G 1.183(haracters before point.)-3.683 F(Ne)6.183 E
--.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(GNU Bash-3.0)72 768 Q
+(,f)C(or)-3.279 E -.15(ex)144 712.8 S(ample.).15 E(GNU Bash-3.0)72 768 Q
(2004 June 26)147.345 E(36)197.335 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E(ar)144 84 Q(guments ha)-.18 E .3 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.5(oe).15 G
--.25(ff)-2.5 G(ect.).25 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(transpose\255w)108 96 Q
-(ords \(M\255t\))-.1 E F0 .024(Drag the w)144 108 R .024
-(ord before point past the w)-.1 F .023(ord after point, mo)-.1 F .023
-(ving point o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.523(rt).15 G .023(hat w)-2.523 F
-.023(ord as well.)-.1 F .023(If point)5.023 F
-(is at the end of the line, this transposes the last tw)144 120 Q 2.5
-(ow)-.1 G(ords on the line.)-2.6 E F1(upcase\255w)108 132 Q
-(ord \(M\255u\))-.1 E F0 1.698(Uppercase the current \(or follo)144 144
+-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(tab\255insert \(C\255v T)108 84 Q(AB\))-.9
+E F0(Insert a tab character)144 96 Q(.)-.55 E F1
+(self\255insert \(a, b, A, 1, !, ...\))108 108 Q F0
+(Insert the character typed.)144 120 Q F1(transpose\255chars \(C\255t\))
+108 132 Q F0 .322(Drag the character before point forw)144 144 R .321
+(ard o)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.821(rt).15 G .321
+(he character at point, mo)-2.821 F .321(ving point forw)-.15 F .321
+(ard as well.)-.1 F 1.182
+(If point is at the end of the line, then this transposes the tw)144 156
+R 3.683(oc)-.1 G 1.183(haracters before point.)-3.683 F(Ne)6.183 E -.05
+(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ar)144 168 Q(guments ha)-.18 E .3
+-.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.5(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.5 G(ect.).25 E F1
+(transpose\255w)108 180 Q(ords \(M\255t\))-.1 E F0 .024(Drag the w)144
+192 R .024(ord before point past the w)-.1 F .023(ord after point, mo)
+-.1 F .023(ving point o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.523(rt).15 G .023(hat w)
+-2.523 F .023(ord as well.)-.1 F .023(If point)5.023 F
+(is at the end of the line, this transposes the last tw)144 204 Q 2.5
+(ow)-.1 G(ords on the line.)-2.6 E F1(upcase\255w)108 216 Q
+(ord \(M\255u\))-.1 E F0 1.698(Uppercase the current \(or follo)144 228
R 1.698(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.198(ord. W)-.1 F 1.698(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)
-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.999 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.699
-(ument, uppercase the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 156 S(rd, b).1 E
-(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(do)108 168 Q
-(wncase\255w)-.1 E(ord \(M\255l\))-.1 E F0(Lo)144 180 Q 1.648
+(ument, uppercase the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 240 S(rd, b).1 E
+(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(do)108 252 Q
+(wncase\255w)-.1 E(ord \(M\255l\))-.1 E F0(Lo)144 264 Q 1.648
(wercase the current \(or follo)-.25 F 1.648(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.148
(ord. W)-.1 F 1.647(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.947 -.15
(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.647(ument, lo).18 F 1.647(wercase the pre)
--.25 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 192 S(rd, b).1 E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3
--.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(capitalize\255w)108 204 Q
-(ord \(M\255c\))-.1 E F0 1.974(Capitalize the current \(or follo)144 216
+-.25 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 276 S(rd, b).1 E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3
+-.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(capitalize\255w)108 288 Q
+(ord \(M\255c\))-.1 E F0 1.974(Capitalize the current \(or follo)144 300
R 1.974(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.474(ord. W)-.1 F 1.974(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)
-.15 G(ti).05 E 2.274 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.975
-(ument, capitalize the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 228 S(rd, b).1
-E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1 -.1(ove)108 240
-S(rwrite\255mode).1 E F0 -.8(To)144 252 S .438(ggle o).8 F -.15(ve)-.15
+(ument, capitalize the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 312 S(rd, b).1
+E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1 -.1(ove)108 324
+S(rwrite\255mode).1 E F0 -.8(To)144 336 S .438(ggle o).8 F -.15(ve)-.15
G .438(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4(Wi)5.438 G .438(th an e).4 F .438
(xplicit positi)-.15 F .737 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .437(umeric ar).15 F .437
(gument, switches to o)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .437(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4
-(Wi)144 264 S .78(th an e).4 F .781(xplicit non-positi)-.15 F 1.081 -.15
+(Wi)144 348 S .78(th an e).4 F .781(xplicit non-positi)-.15 F 1.081 -.15
(ve n)-.25 H .781(umeric ar).15 F .781(gument, switches to insert mode.)
--.18 F .781(This command af)5.781 F(fects)-.25 E(only)144 276 Q F1
+-.18 F .781(This command af)5.781 F(fects)-.25 E(only)144 360 Q F1
(emacs)4.395 E F0(mode;)4.395 E F1(vi)4.395 E F0 1.894(mode does o)4.395
F -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.894(rwrite dif).15 F(ferently)-.25 E 6.894(.E)-.65 G
1.894(ach call to)-6.894 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.37(re)4.394 G
(adline\(\)).37 E F0 1.894(starts in insert)4.394 F 3.968(mode. In)144
-288 R -.15(ove)3.968 G 1.468(rwrite mode, characters bound to).15 F F1
+372 R -.15(ove)3.968 G 1.468(rwrite mode, characters bound to).15 F F1
(self\255insert)3.969 E F0 1.469(replace the te)3.969 F 1.469
-(xt at point rather than)-.15 F .958(pushing the te)144 300 R .958
+(xt at point rather than)-.15 F .958(pushing the te)144 384 R .958
(xt to the right.)-.15 F .957(Characters bound to)5.958 F F1
(backward\255delete\255char)3.457 E F0 .957(replace the character)3.457
-F(before point with a space.)144 312 Q(By def)5 E
-(ault, this command is unbound.)-.1 E F1(Killing and Y)87 328.8 Q
-(anking)-.85 E(kill\255line \(C\255k\))108 340.8 Q F0(Kill the te)144
-352.8 Q(xt from point to the end of the line.)-.15 E F1
-(backward\255kill\255line \(C\255x Rubout\))108 364.8 Q F0(Kill backw)
-144 376.8 Q(ard to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E F1
-(unix\255line\255discard \(C\255u\))108 388.8 Q F0(Kill backw)144 400.8
+F(before point with a space.)144 396 Q(By def)5 E
+(ault, this command is unbound.)-.1 E F1(Killing and Y)87 412.8 Q
+(anking)-.85 E(kill\255line \(C\255k\))108 424.8 Q F0(Kill the te)144
+436.8 Q(xt from point to the end of the line.)-.15 E F1
+(backward\255kill\255line \(C\255x Rubout\))108 448.8 Q F0(Kill backw)
+144 460.8 Q(ard to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E F1
+(unix\255line\255discard \(C\255u\))108 472.8 Q F0(Kill backw)144 484.8
Q(ard from point to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E
(The killed te)5 E(xt is sa)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5(nt)
--2.5 G(he kill-ring.)-2.5 E F1(kill\255whole\255line)108 412.8 Q F0
+-2.5 G(he kill-ring.)-2.5 E F1(kill\255whole\255line)108 496.8 Q F0
(Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is.)144
-424.8 Q F1(kill\255w)108 436.8 Q(ord \(M\255d\))-.1 E F0 .728
-(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 448.8 R .729
+508.8 Q F1(kill\255w)108 520.8 Q(ord \(M\255d\))-.1 E F0 .728
+(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 532.8 R .729
(ord, or if between w)-.1 F .729(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F .729
-(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 460.8 S
+(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 544.8 S
(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1 -.25(fo)2.5 G
-(rward\255w).25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(backward\255kill\255w)108 472.8 Q
-(ord \(M\255Rubout\))-.1 E F0(Kill the w)144 484.8 Q(ord behind point.)
+(rward\255w).25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(backward\255kill\255w)108 556.8 Q
+(ord \(M\255Rubout\))-.1 E F0(Kill the w)144 568.8 Q(ord behind point.)
-.1 E -.8(Wo)5 G(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1
-(backward\255w)2.5 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(unix\255w)108 496.8 Q
-(ord\255rubout \(C\255w\))-.1 E F0 .365(Kill the w)144 508.8 R .365
+(backward\255w)2.5 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(unix\255w)108 580.8 Q
+(ord\255rubout \(C\255w\))-.1 E F0 .365(Kill the w)144 592.8 R .365
(ord behind point, using white space as a w)-.1 F .364(ord boundary)-.1
F 5.364(.T)-.65 G .364(he killed te)-5.364 F .364(xt is sa)-.15 F -.15
(ve)-.2 G 2.864(do).15 G 2.864(nt)-2.864 G(he)-2.864 E(kill-ring.)144
-520.8 Q F1(unix\255\214lename\255rubout)108 532.8 Q F0 .166(Kill the w)
-144 544.8 R .166
+604.8 Q F1(unix\255\214lename\255rubout)108 616.8 Q F0 .166(Kill the w)
+144 628.8 R .166
(ord behind point, using white space and the slash character as the w)
--.1 F .167(ord boundaries.)-.1 F(The)5.167 E(killed te)144 556.8 Q
+-.1 F .167(ord boundaries.)-.1 F(The)5.167 E(killed te)144 640.8 Q
(xt is sa)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G(he kill-ring.)
--2.5 E F1(delete\255horizontal\255space \(M\255\\\))108 568.8 Q F0
-(Delete all spaces and tabs around point.)144 580.8 Q F1(kill\255r)108
-592.8 Q(egion)-.18 E F0(Kill the te)144 604.8 Q(xt in the current re)
--.15 E(gion.)-.15 E F1(copy\255r)108 616.8 Q(egion\255as\255kill)-.18 E
-F0(Cop)144 628.8 Q 2.5(yt)-.1 G(he te)-2.5 E(xt in the re)-.15 E
-(gion to the kill b)-.15 E(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E(.)-.55 E F1
-(copy\255backward\255w)108 640.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(Cop)144 652.8 Q 4.801
-(yt)-.1 G 2.301(he w)-4.801 F 2.301(ord before point to the kill b)-.1 F
-(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 7.301(.T)-.55 G 2.301(he w)-7.301 F 2.3
-(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1(back-)4.8 E(ward\255w)144 664.8
-Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(copy\255f)108 676.8 Q(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E
-F0(Cop)144 688.8 Q 4.507(yt)-.1 G 2.007(he w)-4.507 F 2.007(ord follo)
--.1 F 2.007(wing point to the kill b)-.25 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 7.008
-(.T)-.55 G 2.008(he w)-7.008 F 2.008(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1
-F F1 -.25(fo)4.508 G -.37(r-).25 G(ward\255w)144 700.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)
-A(GNU Bash-3.0)72 768 Q(2004 June 26)147.345 E(37)197.335 E 0 Cg EP
+-2.5 E F1(delete\255horizontal\255space \(M\255\\\))108 652.8 Q F0
+(Delete all spaces and tabs around point.)144 664.8 Q F1(kill\255r)108
+676.8 Q(egion)-.18 E F0(Kill the te)144 688.8 Q(xt in the current re)
+-.15 E(gion.)-.15 E F1(copy\255r)108 700.8 Q(egion\255as\255kill)-.18 E
+F0(Cop)144 712.8 Q 2.5(yt)-.1 G(he te)-2.5 E(xt in the re)-.15 E
+(gion to the kill b)-.15 E(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E(.)-.55 E(GNU Bash-3.0)72
+768 Q(2004 June 26)147.345 E(37)197.335 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(yank \(C\255y\))108 84 Q F0 -1(Ya)144 96 S
-(nk the top of the kill ring into the b)1 E(uf)-.2 E(fer at point.)-.25
-E F1(yank\255pop \(M\255y\))108 108 Q F0
-(Rotate the kill ring, and yank the ne)144 120 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G 2.5
+-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(copy\255backward\255w)108 84 Q(ord)-.1 E F0
+(Cop)144 96 Q 4.801(yt)-.1 G 2.301(he w)-4.801 F 2.301
+(ord before point to the kill b)-.1 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 7.301(.T)-.55
+G 2.301(he w)-7.301 F 2.3(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1(back-)
+4.8 E(ward\255w)144 108 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(copy\255f)108 120 Q
+(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Cop)144 132 Q 4.507(yt)-.1 G 2.007
+(he w)-4.507 F 2.007(ord follo)-.1 F 2.007(wing point to the kill b)-.25
+F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 7.008(.T)-.55 G 2.008(he w)-7.008 F 2.008
+(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1 -.25(fo)4.508 G -.37(r-).25 G
+(ward\255w)144 144 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(yank \(C\255y\))108 156 Q F0 -1
+(Ya)144 168 S(nk the top of the kill ring into the b)1 E(uf)-.2 E
+(fer at point.)-.25 E F1(yank\255pop \(M\255y\))108 180 Q F0
+(Rotate the kill ring, and yank the ne)144 192 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G 2.5
(op. Only)-2.5 F -.1(wo)2.5 G(rks follo).1 E(wing)-.25 E F1(yank)2.5 E
-F0(or)2.5 E F1(yank\255pop)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(Numeric Ar)87 136.8 Q
-(guments)-.1 E(digit\255ar)108 148.8 Q
+F0(or)2.5 E F1(yank\255pop)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(Numeric Ar)87 208.8 Q
+(guments)-.1 E(digit\255ar)108 220.8 Q
(gument \(M\2550, M\2551, ..., M\255\255\))-.1 E F0 .642
-(Add this digit to the ar)144 160.8 R .641
+(Add this digit to the ar)144 232.8 R .641
(gument already accumulating, or start a ne)-.18 F 3.141(wa)-.25 G -.18
(rg)-3.141 G 3.141(ument. M\255\255).18 F .641(starts a ne)3.141 F(g-)
--.15 E(ati)144 172.8 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G(ument.).18 E F1
-(uni)108 184.8 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0 .778
-(This is another w)144 196.8 R .779(ay to specify an ar)-.1 F 3.279
+-.15 E(ati)144 244.8 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G(ument.).18 E F1
+(uni)108 256.8 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0 .778
+(This is another w)144 268.8 R .779(ay to specify an ar)-.1 F 3.279
(gument. If)-.18 F .779(this command is follo)3.279 F .779
(wed by one or more digits,)-.25 F 1.376
(optionally with a leading minus sign, those digits de\214ne the ar)144
-208.8 R 3.876(gument. If)-.18 F 1.376(the command is fol-)3.876 F(lo)144
-220.8 Q 1.17(wed by digits, e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(uni)
+280.8 R 3.876(gument. If)-.18 F 1.376(the command is fol-)3.876 F(lo)144
+292.8 Q 1.17(wed by digits, e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(uni)
3.67 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(ag)3.67 E 1.17
(ain ends the numeric ar)-.05 F 1.17(gument, b)-.18 F 1.17(ut is other)
--.2 F(-)-.2 E .899(wise ignored.)144 232.8 R .898
+-.2 F(-)-.2 E .899(wise ignored.)144 304.8 R .898
(As a special case, if this command is immediately follo)5.899 F .898
(wed by a character that is)-.25 F .243
-(neither a digit or minus sign, the ar)144 244.8 R .243
+(neither a digit or minus sign, the ar)144 316.8 R .243
(gument count for the ne)-.18 F .243(xt command is multiplied by four)
--.15 F 5.243(.T)-.55 G(he)-5.243 E(ar)144 256.8 Q .378
+-.15 F 5.243(.T)-.55 G(he)-5.243 E(ar)144 328.8 Q .378
(gument count is initially one, so e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .378
(cuting this function the \214rst time mak).15 F .378(es the ar)-.1 F
-.378(gument count)-.18 F(four)144 268.8 Q 2.5(,as)-.4 G(econd time mak)
+.378(gument count)-.18 F(four)144 340.8 Q 2.5(,as)-.4 G(econd time mak)
-2.5 E(es the ar)-.1 E(gument count sixteen, and so on.)-.18 E F1
-(Completing)87 285.6 Q(complete \(T)108 297.6 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 1.137
-(Attempt to perform completion on the te)144 309.6 R 1.137
+(Completing)87 357.6 Q(complete \(T)108 369.6 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 1.137
+(Attempt to perform completion on the te)144 381.6 R 1.137
(xt before point.)-.15 F F1(Bash)6.137 E F0 1.137
-(attempts completion treating the)3.637 F(te)144 321.6 Q .533(xt as a v)
+(attempts completion treating the)3.637 F(te)144 393.6 Q .533(xt as a v)
-.15 F .533(ariable \(if the te)-.25 F .533(xt be)-.15 F .533(gins with)
-.15 F F1($)3.033 E F0 .533(\), username \(if the te)B .532(xt be)-.15 F
.532(gins with)-.15 F F1(~)3.032 E F0 .532(\), hostname \(if the)B(te)
-144 333.6 Q .701(xt be)-.15 F .701(gins with)-.15 F F1(@)3.201 E F0 .701
+144 405.6 Q .701(xt be)-.15 F .701(gins with)-.15 F F1(@)3.201 E F0 .701
(\), or command \(including aliases and functions\) in turn.)B .702
(If none of these pro-)5.701 F
-(duces a match, \214lename completion is attempted.)144 345.6 Q F1
-(possible\255completions \(M\255?\))108 357.6 Q F0
-(List the possible completions of the te)144 369.6 Q(xt before point.)
--.15 E F1(insert\255completions \(M\255*\))108 381.6 Q F0 .783
-(Insert all completions of the te)144 393.6 R .783
+(duces a match, \214lename completion is attempted.)144 417.6 Q F1
+(possible\255completions \(M\255?\))108 429.6 Q F0
+(List the possible completions of the te)144 441.6 Q(xt before point.)
+-.15 E F1(insert\255completions \(M\255*\))108 453.6 Q F0 .783
+(Insert all completions of the te)144 465.6 R .783
(xt before point that w)-.15 F .783(ould ha)-.1 F 1.083 -.15(ve b)-.2 H
.783(een generated by).15 F F1(possible\255com-)3.282 E(pletions)144
-405.6 Q F0(.)A F1(menu\255complete)108 417.6 Q F0 .928(Similar to)144
-429.6 R F1(complete)3.428 E F0 3.428(,b)C .929(ut replaces the w)-3.628
+477.6 Q F0(.)A F1(menu\255complete)108 489.6 Q F0 .928(Similar to)144
+501.6 R F1(complete)3.428 E F0 3.428(,b)C .929(ut replaces the w)-3.628
F .929(ord to be completed with a single match from the list of)-.1 F
-1.194(possible completions.)144 441.6 R 1.194(Repeated e)6.194 F -.15
+1.194(possible completions.)144 513.6 R 1.194(Repeated e)6.194 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G 1.194(cution of).15 F F1(menu\255complete)3.694 E F0 1.193
(steps through the list of possible)3.694 F .828
-(completions, inserting each match in turn.)144 453.6 R .828
+(completions, inserting each match in turn.)144 525.6 R .828
(At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung)5.828 F .727
-(\(subject to the setting of)144 465.6 R F1(bell\255style)3.227 E F0
+(\(subject to the setting of)144 537.6 R F1(bell\255style)3.227 E F0
3.227(\)a)C .727(nd the original te)-3.227 F .727(xt is restored.)-.15 F
.727(An ar)5.727 F .727(gument of)-.18 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)3.227
E F0(mo)3.227 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(s).15 E F2(n)3.227 E F0 1.73
-(positions forw)144 477.6 R 1.73(ard in the list of matches; a ne)-.1 F
+(positions forw)144 549.6 R 1.73(ard in the list of matches; a ne)-.1 F
-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 2.03 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.73
(ument may be used to mo).18 F 2.03 -.15(ve b)-.15 H(ackw).15 E(ard)-.1
-E(through the list.)144 489.6 Q(This command is intended to be bound to)
+E(through the list.)144 561.6 Q(This command is intended to be bound to)
5 E F1 -.9(TA)2.5 G(B).9 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut is unbound by def)-2.7 E
-(ault.)-.1 E F1(delete\255char\255or\255list)108 501.6 Q F0 .234
-(Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the be)144 513.6 R
+(ault.)-.1 E F1(delete\255char\255or\255list)108 573.6 Q F0 .234
+(Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the be)144 585.6 R
.234(ginning or end of the line \(lik)-.15 F(e)-.1 E F1(delete\255char)
-2.734 E F0(\).)A .425(If at the end of the line, beha)144 525.6 R -.15
+2.734 E F0(\).)A .425(If at the end of the line, beha)144 597.6 R -.15
(ve)-.2 G 2.925(si).15 G .425(dentically to)-2.925 F F1
(possible\255completions)2.925 E F0 5.425(.T)C .425
-(his command is unbound)-5.425 F(by def)144 537.6 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1
-(complete\255\214lename \(M\255/\))108 549.6 Q F0
-(Attempt \214lename completion on the te)144 561.6 Q(xt before point.)
--.15 E F1(possible\255\214lename\255completions \(C\255x /\))108 573.6 Q
-F0(List the possible completions of the te)144 585.6 Q
+(his command is unbound)-5.425 F(by def)144 609.6 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1
+(complete\255\214lename \(M\255/\))108 621.6 Q F0
+(Attempt \214lename completion on the te)144 633.6 Q(xt before point.)
+-.15 E F1(possible\255\214lename\255completions \(C\255x /\))108 645.6 Q
+F0(List the possible completions of the te)144 657.6 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a \214lename.)-.15 E F1
-(complete\255user)108 597.6 Q(name \(M\255~\))-.15 E F0
-(Attempt completion on the te)144 609.6 Q
+(complete\255user)108 669.6 Q(name \(M\255~\))-.15 E F0
+(Attempt completion on the te)144 681.6 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F1(possible\255user)
-108 621.6 Q(name\255completions \(C\255x ~\))-.15 E F0
-(List the possible completions of the te)144 633.6 Q
-(xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F1(complete\255v)108
-645.6 Q(ariable \(M\255$\))-.1 E F0(Attempt completion on the te)144
-657.6 Q(xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E
-F1(possible\255v)108 669.6 Q(ariable\255completions \(C\255x $\))-.1 E
-F0(List the possible completions of the te)144 681.6 Q
-(xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1
-(complete\255hostname \(M\255@\))108 693.6 Q F0
-(Attempt completion on the te)144 705.6 Q
-(xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E(GNU Bash-3.0)72 768
+108 693.6 Q(name\255completions \(C\255x ~\))-.15 E F0
+(List the possible completions of the te)144 705.6 Q
+(xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E(GNU Bash-3.0)72 768
Q(2004 June 26)147.345 E(38)197.335 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF
-(possible\255hostname\255completions \(C\255x @\))108 84 Q F0
-(List the possible completions of the te)144 96 Q
+-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(complete\255v)108 84 Q(ariable \(M\255$\))
+-.1 E F0(Attempt completion on the te)144 96 Q
+(xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1
+(possible\255v)108 108 Q(ariable\255completions \(C\255x $\))-.1 E F0
+(List the possible completions of the te)144 120 Q
+(xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1
+(complete\255hostname \(M\255@\))108 132 Q F0
+(Attempt completion on the te)144 144 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E F1
-(complete\255command \(M\255!\))108 108 Q F0 .581
-(Attempt completion on the te)144 120 R .581
+(possible\255hostname\255completions \(C\255x @\))108 156 Q F0
+(List the possible completions of the te)144 168 Q
+(xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E F1
+(complete\255command \(M\255!\))108 180 Q F0 .581
+(Attempt completion on the te)144 192 R .581
(xt before point, treating it as a command name.)-.15 F .58
-(Command comple-)5.58 F .715(tion attempts to match the te)144 132 R
+(Command comple-)5.58 F .715(tion attempts to match the te)144 204 R
.715(xt ag)-.15 F .715(ainst aliases, reserv)-.05 F .715(ed w)-.15 F
.715(ords, shell functions, shell b)-.1 F .715(uiltins, and)-.2 F
-(\214nally e)144 144 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
+(\214nally e)144 216 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cutable \214lenames, in that order).15 E(.)-.55 E F1
-(possible\255command\255completions \(C\255x !\))108 156 Q F0
-(List the possible completions of the te)144 168 Q
+(possible\255command\255completions \(C\255x !\))108 228 Q F0
+(List the possible completions of the te)144 240 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a command name.)-.15 E F1
-(dynamic\255complete\255history \(M\255T)108 180 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 .425
-(Attempt completion on the te)144 192 R .425
+(dynamic\255complete\255history \(M\255T)108 252 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 .425
+(Attempt completion on the te)144 264 R .425
(xt before point, comparing the te)-.15 F .425(xt ag)-.15 F .424
(ainst lines from the history list)-.05 F
-(for possible completion matches.)144 204 Q F1
-(complete\255into\255braces \(M\255{\))108 216 Q F0 .4(Perform \214lena\
+(for possible completion matches.)144 276 Q F1
+(complete\255into\255braces \(M\255{\))108 288 Q F0 .4(Perform \214lena\
me completion and insert the list of possible completions enclosed with\
-in braces so)144 228 R(the list is a)144 240 Q -.25(va)-.2 G
+in braces so)144 300 R(the list is a)144 312 Q -.25(va)-.2 G
(ilable to the shell \(see).25 E F1(Brace Expansion)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E
--.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1 -.25(Ke)87 256.8 S(yboard Macr).25 E(os)-.18
-E(start\255kbd\255macr)108 268.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x \()-2.5 E(\))
-.833 E F0(Be)144 280.8 Q(gin sa)-.15 E
+-.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1 -.25(Ke)87 328.8 S(yboard Macr).25 E(os)-.18
+E(start\255kbd\255macr)108 340.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x \()-2.5 E(\))
+.833 E F0(Be)144 352.8 Q(gin sa)-.15 E
(ving the characters typed into the current k)-.2 E -.15(ey)-.1 G
-(board macro.).15 E F1(end\255kbd\255macr)108 292.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G
-(C\255x \))-2.5 E(\)).833 E F0(Stop sa)144 304.8 Q
+(board macro.).15 E F1(end\255kbd\255macr)108 364.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G
+(C\255x \))-2.5 E(\)).833 E F0(Stop sa)144 376.8 Q
(ving the characters typed into the current k)-.2 E -.15(ey)-.1 G
(board macro and store the de\214nition.).15 E F1
-(call\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 316.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x e\))-2.5
-E F0(Re-e)144 328.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G 1(cute the last k).15 F -.15(ey)-.1
+(call\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 388.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x e\))-2.5
+E F0(Re-e)144 400.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G 1(cute the last k).15 F -.15(ey)-.1
G .999(board macro de\214ned, by making the characters in the macro app\
-ear as if).15 F(typed at the k)144 340.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G(board.).15 E F1
-(Miscellaneous)87
357.6 Q -.18(re)108 369.6 S<ad72>.18 E
+ear as if).15 F(typed at the k)144 412.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G(board.).15 E F1
+(Miscellaneous)87
429.6 Q -.18(re)108 441.6 S<ad72>.18 E
(ead\255init\255\214le \(C\255x C\255r\))-.18 E F0 1.776
-(Read in the contents of the)144 381.6 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(inputr)
+(Read in the contents of the)144 453.6 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(inputr)
4.276 E(c)-.37 E F0 1.777(\214le, and incorporate an)4.276 F 4.277(yb)
-.15 G 1.777(indings or v)-4.277 F 1.777(ariable assignments)-.25 F
-(found there.)144 393.6 Q F1(abort \(C\255g\))108 405.6 Q F0 3.249
-(Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal')144 417.6 R
+(found there.)144 465.6 Q F1(abort \(C\255g\))108 477.6 Q F0 3.249
+(Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal')144 489.6 R
5.748(sb)-.55 G 3.248(ell \(subject to the setting of)-5.748 F F1
-(bell\255style)144 429.6 Q F0(\).)A F1(do\255upper)108 441.6 Q
+(bell\255style)144 501.6 Q F0(\).)A F1(do\255upper)108 513.6 Q
(case\255v)-.18 E(ersion \(M\255a, M\255b, M\255)-.1 E F2(x)A F1 2.5(,.)
-C(..\))-2.5 E F0 1.755(If the meta\214ed character)144 453.6 R F2(x)
+C(..\))-2.5 E F0 1.755(If the meta\214ed character)144 525.6 R F2(x)
4.255 E F0 1.755(is lo)4.255 F 1.756
(wercase, run the command that is bound to the corresponding)-.25 F
-(uppercase character)144 465.6 Q(.)-.55 E F1(pr)108 477.6 Q
-(e\214x\255meta \(ESC\))-.18 E F0(Metafy the ne)144 489.6 Q
+(uppercase character)144 537.6 Q(.)-.55 E F1(pr)108 549.6 Q
+(e\214x\255meta \(ESC\))-.18 E F0(Metafy the ne)144 561.6 Q
(xt character typed.)-.15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(ESC)5 E F1(f)2.25 E F0
(is equi)2.5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1(Meta\255f)2.5 E F0(.)A F1
-(undo \(C\255_, C\255x C\255u\))108 501.6 Q F0
-(Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.)144 513.6 Q F1
--2.29 -.18(re v)108 525.6 T(ert\255line \(M\255r\)).08 E F0 1.095
-(Undo all changes made to this line.)144 537.6 R 1.095(This is lik)6.095
+(undo \(C\255_, C\255x C\255u\))108 573.6 Q F0
+(Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.)144 585.6 Q F1
+-2.29 -.18(re v)108 597.6 T(ert\255line \(M\255r\)).08 E F0 1.095
+(Undo all changes made to this line.)144 609.6 R 1.095(This is lik)6.095
F 3.595(ee)-.1 G -.15(xe)-3.745 G 1.095(cuting the).15 F F1(undo)3.595 E
F0 1.095(command enough times to)3.595 F
-(return the line to its initial state.)144 549.6 Q F1
-(tilde\255expand \(M\255&\))108 561.6 Q F0(Perform tilde e)144 573.6 Q
+(return the line to its initial state.)144 621.6 Q F1
+(tilde\255expand \(M\255&\))108 633.6 Q F0(Perform tilde e)144 645.6 Q
(xpansion on the current w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E F1
-(set\255mark \(C\255@, M\255<space>\))108 585.6 Q F0
-(Set the mark to the point.)144 597.6 Q(If a numeric ar)5 E
+(set\255mark \(C\255@, M\255<space>\))108 657.6 Q F0
+(Set the mark to the point.)144 669.6 Q(If a numeric ar)5 E
(gument is supplied, the mark is set to that position.)-.18 E F1
-(exchange\255point\255and\255mark \(C\255x C\255x\))108 609.6 Q F0(Sw)
-144 621.6 Q .282(ap the point with the mark.)-.1 F .283
+(exchange\255point\255and\255mark \(C\255x C\255x\))108 681.6 Q F0(Sw)
+144 693.6 Q .282(ap the point with the mark.)-.1 F .283
(The current cursor position is set to the sa)5.283 F -.15(ve)-.2 G
2.783(dp).15 G .283(osition, and the old)-2.783 F(cursor position is sa)
-144 633.6 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(da).15 G 2.5(st)-2.5 G(he mark.)-2.5 E F1
-(character\255sear)108 645.6 Q(ch \(C\255]\))-.18 E F0 3.036(Ac)144
-657.6 S .536(haracter is read and point is mo)-3.036 F -.15(ve)-.15 G
-3.035(dt).15 G 3.035(ot)-3.035 G .535(he ne)-3.035 F .535
-(xt occurrence of that character)-.15 F 5.535(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E -.05
-(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .835 -.15(ve c)-.25 H(ount).15 E(searches for pre)
-144 669.6 Q(vious occurrences.)-.25 E F1(character\255sear)108 681.6 Q
-(ch\255backward \(M\255C\255]\))-.18 E F0 3.543(Ac)144 693.6 S 1.043
-(haracter is read and point is mo)-3.543 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.544(dt).15 G
-3.544(ot)-3.544 G 1.044(he pre)-3.544 F 1.044
-(vious occurrence of that character)-.25 F 6.044(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E
--.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
-(count searches for subsequent occurrences.)144 705.6 Q(GNU Bash-3.0)72
-768 Q(2004 June 26)147.345 E(39)197.335 E 0 Cg EP
+144 705.6 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(da).15 G 2.5(st)-2.5 G(he mark.)-2.5 E
+(GNU Bash-3.0)72 768 Q(2004 June 26)147.345 E(39)197.335 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(insert\255comment \(M\255#\))108 84 Q F0
--.4(Wi)144 96 S .481(thout a numeric ar).4 F .481(gument, the v)-.18 F
-.481(alue of the readline)-.25 F F1(comment\255begin)2.981 E F0 -.25(va)
-2.981 G .48(riable is inserted at the).25 F(be)144 108 Q .097
+-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(character\255sear)108 84 Q(ch \(C\255]\))
+-.18 E F0 3.036(Ac)144 96 S .536(haracter is read and point is mo)-3.036
+F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.035(dt).15 G 3.035(ot)-3.035 G .535(he ne)-3.035 F
+.535(xt occurrence of that character)-.15 F 5.535(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E
+-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .835 -.15(ve c)-.25 H(ount).15 E
+(searches for pre)144 108 Q(vious occurrences.)-.25 E F1
+(character\255sear)108 120 Q(ch\255backward \(M\255C\255]\))-.18 E F0
+3.543(Ac)144 132 S 1.043(haracter is read and point is mo)-3.543 F -.15
+(ve)-.15 G 3.544(dt).15 G 3.544(ot)-3.544 G 1.044(he pre)-3.544 F 1.044
+(vious occurrence of that character)-.25 F 6.044(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E
+-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
+(count searches for subsequent occurrences.)144 144 Q F1
+(insert\255comment \(M\255#\))108 156 Q F0 -.4(Wi)144 168 S .481
+(thout a numeric ar).4 F .481(gument, the v)-.18 F .481
+(alue of the readline)-.25 F F1(comment\255begin)2.981 E F0 -.25(va)
+2.981 G .48(riable is inserted at the).25 F(be)144 180 Q .097
(ginning of the current line.)-.15 F .098(If a numeric ar)5.097 F .098
(gument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle:)-.18 F(if)5.098 E
-.322(the characters at the be)144 120 R .321
+.322(the characters at the be)144 192 R .321
(ginning of the line do not match the v)-.15 F .321(alue of)-.25 F F1
(comment\255begin)2.821 E F0 2.821(,t)C .321(he v)-2.821 F .321(alue is)
--.25 F 1.013(inserted, otherwise the characters in)144 132 R F1
+-.25 F 1.013(inserted, otherwise the characters in)144 204 R F1
(comment-begin)3.514 E F0 1.014(are deleted from the be)3.514 F 1.014
(ginning of the line.)-.15 F 1.469
-(In either case, the line is accepted as if a ne)144 144 R 1.468
+(In either case, the line is accepted as if a ne)144 216 R 1.468
(wline had been typed.)-.25 F 1.468(The def)6.468 F 1.468(ault v)-.1 F
-1.468(alue of)-.25 F F1(com-)3.968 E(ment\255begin)144 156 Q F0 .839
+1.468(alue of)-.25 F F1(com-)3.968 E(ment\255begin)144 228 Q F0 .839
(causes this command to mak)3.339 F 3.339(et)-.1 G .839
(he current line a shell comment.)-3.339 F .84(If a numeric ar)5.84 F
-(gu-)-.18 E(ment causes the comment character to be remo)144 168 Q -.15
+(gu-)-.18 E(ment causes the comment character to be remo)144 240 Q -.15
(ve)-.15 G(d, the line will be e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
-(cuted by the shell.).15 E F1(glob\255complete\255w)108 180 Q
-(ord \(M\255g\))-.1 E F0 .792(The w)144 192 R .791
+(cuted by the shell.).15 E F1(glob\255complete\255w)108 252 Q
+(ord \(M\255g\))-.1 E F0 .792(The w)144 264 R .791
(ord before point is treated as a pattern for pathname e)-.1 F .791
-(xpansion, with an asterisk implicitly)-.15 F 2.5(appended. This)144 204
+(xpansion, with an asterisk implicitly)-.15 F 2.5(appended. This)144 276
R(pattern is used to generate a list of matching \214le names for possi\
-ble completions.)2.5 E F1(glob\255expand\255w)108 216 Q
-(ord \(C\255x *\))-.1 E F0 .371(The w)144 228 R .372
+ble completions.)2.5 E F1(glob\255expand\255w)108 288 Q
+(ord \(C\255x *\))-.1 E F0 .371(The w)144 300 R .372
(ord before point is treated as a pattern for pathname e)-.1 F .372
(xpansion, and the list of matching \214le)-.15 F .516
-(names is inserted, replacing the w)144 240 R 3.016(ord. If)-.1 F 3.016
+(names is inserted, replacing the w)144 312 R 3.016(ord. If)-.1 F 3.016
(an)3.016 G .516(umeric ar)-3.016 F .516
(gument is supplied, an asterisk is appended)-.18 F(before pathname e)
-144 252 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(glob\255list\255expansions \(C\255x g\))
-108 264 Q F0 .923(The list of e)144 276 R .923(xpansions that w)-.15 F
+144 324 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(glob\255list\255expansions \(C\255x g\))
+108 336 Q F0 .923(The list of e)144 348 R .923(xpansions that w)-.15 F
.923(ould ha)-.1 F 1.223 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .923(een generated by).15 F F1
(glob\255expand\255w)3.423 E(ord)-.1 E F0 .923(is displayed, and)3.423 F
-.872(the line is redra)144 288 R 3.372(wn. If)-.15 F 3.372(an)3.372 G
+.872(the line is redra)144 360 R 3.372(wn. If)-.15 F 3.372(an)3.372 G
.872(umeric ar)-3.372 F .872
(gument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before pathname)-.18 F -.15
-(ex)144 300 S(pansion.).15 E F1(dump\255functions)108 312 Q F0 .626
-(Print all of the functions and their k)144 324 R .926 -.15(ey b)-.1 H
+(ex)144 372 S(pansion.).15 E F1(dump\255functions)108 384 Q F0 .626
+(Print all of the functions and their k)144 396 R .926 -.15(ey b)-.1 H
.627(indings to the readline output stream.).15 F .627(If a numeric ar)
5.627 F(gu-)-.18 E
-(ment is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)144 336 Q
+(ment is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)144 408 Q
(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(inputr)
-2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255v)108 348 Q(ariables)-.1 E F0
-1.8(Print all of the settable readline v)144 360 R 1.799
+2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255v)108 420 Q(ariables)-.1 E F0
+1.8(Print all of the settable readline v)144 432 R 1.799
(ariables and their v)-.25 F 1.799(alues to the readline output stream.)
--.25 F 1.799(If a)6.799 F .304(numeric ar)144 372 R .304
+-.25 F 1.799(If a)6.799 F .304(numeric ar)144 444 R .304
(gument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)-.18 F .304
-(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F2(inputr)144 384 Q(c)-.37 E F0
-(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255macr)108 396 Q(os)-.18 E F0 .756
-(Print all of the readline k)144 408 R 1.056 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .756
+(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F2(inputr)144 456 Q(c)-.37 E F0
+(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255macr)108 468 Q(os)-.18 E F0 .756
+(Print all of the readline k)144 480 R 1.056 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .756
(equences bound to macros and the strings the).15 F 3.256(yo)-.15 G
-3.256(uput. If)-3.256 F 3.255(an)3.255 G(umeric)-3.255 E(ar)144 420 Q
+3.256(uput. If)-3.256 F 3.255(an)3.255 G(umeric)-3.255 E(ar)144 492 Q
.528(gument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)-.18 F .528
(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F2(inputr)3.028 E(c)-.37 E F0
-(\214le.)144 432 Q F1(display\255shell\255v)108 444 Q
-(ersion \(C\255x C\255v\))-.1 E F0(Display v)144 456 Q
+(\214le.)144 504 Q F1(display\255shell\255v)108 516 Q
+(ersion \(C\255x C\255v\))-.1 E F0(Display v)144 528 Q
(ersion information about the current instance of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E
-F0(.)A F1(Pr)87 472.8 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0 .147(When w)108
-484.8 R .147(ord completion is attempted for an ar)-.1 F .147
+F0(.)A F1(Pr)87 544.8 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0 .147(When w)108
+556.8 R .147(ord completion is attempted for an ar)-.1 F .147
(gument to a command for which a completion speci\214cation \(a)-.18 F
-F2(compspec)108 496.8 Q F0 3.828(\)h)C 1.329
+F2(compspec)108 568.8 Q F0 3.828(\)h)C 1.329
(as been de\214ned using the)-3.828 F F1(complete)3.829 E F0 -.2(bu)
3.829 G 1.329(iltin \(see).2 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.329(SHELL B)3.829
F(UIL)-.09 E 1.329(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.579 E 1.329(w\), the)
--.25 F(programmable completion f)108 508.8 Q(acilities are in)-.1 E -.2
+-.25 F(programmable completion f)108 580.8 Q(acilities are in)-.1 E -.2
(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E .334
-(First, the command name is identi\214ed.)108 525.6 R .333
+(First, the command name is identi\214ed.)108 597.6 R .333
(If a compspec has been de\214ned for that command, the compspec is)
5.334 F .587
-(used to generate the list of possible completions for the w)108 537.6 R
+(used to generate the list of possible completions for the w)108 609.6 R
3.087(ord. If)-.1 F .587(the command w)3.087 F .587
(ord is a full pathname, a)-.1 F 1.181
-(compspec for the full pathname is searched for \214rst.)108 549.6 R
+(compspec for the full pathname is searched for \214rst.)108 621.6 R
1.18(If no compspec is found for the full pathname, an)6.181 F
-(attempt is made to \214nd a compspec for the portion follo)108 561.6 Q
+(attempt is made to \214nd a compspec for the portion follo)108 633.6 Q
(wing the \214nal slash.)-.25 E .817(Once a compspec has been found, it\
- is used to generate the list of matching w)108 578.4 R 3.317(ords. If)
+ is used to generate the list of matching w)108 650.4 R 3.317(ords. If)
-.1 F 3.317(ac)3.317 G .817(ompspec is not)-3.317 F(found, the def)108
-590.4 Q(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(completion as described abo)2.5 E .3
+662.4 Q(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(completion as described abo)2.5 E .3
-.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1(Completing)2.5 E F0(is performed.)2.5 E
-.464(First, the actions speci\214ed by the compspec are used.)108 607.2
+.464(First, the actions speci\214ed by the compspec are used.)108 679.2
R .463(Only matches which are pre\214x)5.464 F .463(ed by the w)-.15 F
-.463(ord being)-.1 F .595(completed are returned.)108 619.2 R .595
+.463(ord being)-.1 F .595(completed are returned.)108 691.2 R .595
(When the)5.595 F F1<ad66>3.095 E F0(or)3.095 E F1<ad64>3.095 E F0 .596
(option is used for \214lename or directory name completion, the)3.095 F
-(shell v)108 631.2 Q(ariable)-.25 E F3(FIGNORE)2.5 E F0
-(is used to \214lter the matches.)2.25 E(An)108 648 Q 2.585(yc)-.15 G
+(shell v)108 703.2 Q(ariable)-.25 E F3(FIGNORE)2.5 E F0
+(is used to \214lter the matches.)2.25 E(An)108 720 Q 2.585(yc)-.15 G
.085(ompletions speci\214ed by a \214lename e)-2.585 F .085
(xpansion pattern to the)-.15 F F1<ad47>2.585 E F0 .085
(option are generated ne)2.585 F 2.585(xt. The)-.15 F -.1(wo)2.585 G
-(rds).1 E .843(generated by the pattern need not match the w)108 660 R
-.844(ord being completed.)-.1 F(The)5.844 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.344 E F0
-.844(shell v)3.094 F .844(ariable is)-.25 F
-(not used to \214lter the matches, b)108 672 Q(ut the)-.2 E F3(FIGNORE)
-2.5 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable is used.).25 E(Ne)108 688.8 Q .321
-(xt, the string speci\214ed as the ar)-.15 F .321(gument to the)-.18 F
-F1<ad57>2.821 E F0 .32(option is considered.)2.821 F .32
-(The string is \214rst split using the)5.32 F .412(characters in the)108
-700.8 R F3(IFS)2.912 E F0 .412(special v)2.662 F .412
-(ariable as delimiters.)-.25 F .412(Shell quoting is honored.)5.412 F
-.413(Each w)5.412 F .413(ord is then e)-.1 F(xpanded)-.15 E 1.64
-(using brace e)108 712.8 R 1.64(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F 1.64
-(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F 1.64(ariable e)-.25 F 1.64
-(xpansion, command substitution, arith-)-.15 F 1.344(metic e)108 724.8 R
-1.344(xpansion, and pathname e)-.15 F 1.344(xpansion, as described abo)
--.15 F 1.644 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3(EXP)3.844 E(ANSION)-.666 E
-/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 1.345(The results are split)5.844 F
-(GNU Bash-3.0)72 768 Q(2004 June 26)147.345 E(40)197.335 E 0 Cg EP
+(rds).1 E(GNU Bash-3.0)72 768 Q(2004 June 26)147.345 E(40)197.335 E 0 Cg
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%%Page: 41 41
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E 1.265(using the rules described abo)108 84 R 1.565 -.15(ve u)-.15
-H(nder).15 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.75(Wo)3.765 G 1.265(rd Splitting)
-.75 F F0 6.265(.T)C 1.265(he results of the e)-6.265 F 1.265
-(xpansion are pre\214x-matched)-.15 F(ag)108 96 Q(ainst the w)-.05 E
+-.35 E .843(generated by the pattern need not match the w)108 84 R .844
+(ord being completed.)-.1 F(The)5.844 E/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(GLOBIGNORE)
+3.344 E F0 .844(shell v)3.094 F .844(ariable is)-.25 F
+(not used to \214lter the matches, b)108 96 Q(ut the)-.2 E F1(FIGNORE)
+2.5 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable is used.).25 E(Ne)108 112.8 Q .321
+(xt, the string speci\214ed as the ar)-.15 F .321(gument to the)-.18 F
+/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad57>2.821 E F0 .32(option is considered.)2.821 F
+.32(The string is \214rst split using the)5.32 F .412(characters in the)
+108 124.8 R F1(IFS)2.912 E F0 .412(special v)2.662 F .412
+(ariable as delimiters.)-.25 F .412(Shell quoting is honored.)5.412 F
+.413(Each w)5.412 F .413(ord is then e)-.1 F(xpanded)-.15 E 1.64
+(using brace e)108 136.8 R 1.64(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F 1.64
+(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F 1.64(ariable e)-.25 F 1.64
+(xpansion, command substitution, arith-)-.15 F 1.344(metic e)108 148.8 R
+1.344(xpansion, and pathname e)-.15 F 1.344(xpansion, as described abo)
+-.15 F 1.644 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1(EXP)3.844 E(ANSION)-.666 E
+/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 1.345(The results are split)5.844 F 1.265
+(using the rules described abo)108 160.8 R 1.565 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder)
+.15 E F2 -.75(Wo)3.765 G 1.265(rd Splitting).75 F F0 6.265(.T)C 1.265
+(he results of the e)-6.265 F 1.265(xpansion are pre\214x-matched)-.15 F
+(ag)108 172.8 Q(ainst the w)-.05 E
(ord being completed, and the matching w)-.1 E
(ords become the possible completions.)-.1 E 1.237
-(After these matches ha)108 112.8 R 1.537 -.15(ve b)-.2 H 1.237
+(After these matches ha)108 189.6 R 1.537 -.15(ve b)-.2 H 1.237
(een generated, an).15 F 3.737(ys)-.15 G 1.238
-(hell function or command speci\214ed with the)-3.737 F F
1<ad46>3.738 E
-F0(and)3.738 E F1<ad43>3.738 E F0 .513(options is in)108 124.8 R -.2(vo)
+(hell function or command speci\214ed with the)-3.737 F F
2<ad46>3.738 E
+F0(and)3.738 E F2<ad43>3.738 E F0 .513(options is in)108 201.6 R -.2(vo)
-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.013(d. When).1 F .513(the command or function is in)
-3.013 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .513(d, the).1 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF
-(COMP_LINE)3.013 E F0(and)2.763 E F2(COMP_POINT)3.013 E F0 -.25(va)2.763
-G(ri-).25 E .872(ables are assigned v)108 136.8 R .872
-(alues as described abo)-.25 F 1.172 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 .873
-(Shell V)3.372 F(ariables)-.92 E F0 5.873(.I)C 3.373(fas)-5.873 G .873
-(hell function is being in)-3.373 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d,).1 E
-(the)108 148.8 Q F2(COMP_W)5.261 E(ORDS)-.09 E F0(and)5.011 E F2
-(COMP_CW)5.26 E(ORD)-.09 E F0 -.25(va)5.01 G 2.76(riables are also set.)
-.25 F 2.76(When the function or command is)7.76 F(in)108 160.8 Q -.2(vo)
--.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .403(d, the \214rst ar).1 F .404
-(gument is the name of the command whose ar)-.18 F .404
-(guments are being completed, the second)-.18 F(ar)108 172.8 Q .52
+3.013 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .513(d, the).1 F F1(COMP_LINE)3.013 E
+F0(and)2.763 E F1(COMP_POINT)3.013 E F0 -.25(va)2.763 G(ri-).25 E .872
+(ables are assigned v)108 213.6 R .872(alues as described abo)-.25 F
+1.172 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2 .873(Shell V)3.372 F(ariables)-.92
+E F0 5.873(.I)C 3.373(fas)-5.873 G .873(hell function is being in)-3.373
+F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d,).1 E(the)108 225.6 Q F1(COMP_W)5.261 E
+(ORDS)-.09 E F0(and)5.011 E F1(COMP_CW)5.26 E(ORD)-.09 E F0 -.25(va)5.01
+G 2.76(riables are also set.).25 F 2.76(When the function or command is)
+7.76 F(in)108 237.6 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .403(d, the \214rst ar).1
+F .404(gument is the name of the command whose ar)-.18 F .404
+(guments are being completed, the second)-.18 F(ar)108 249.6 Q .52
(gument is the w)-.18 F .52(ord being completed, and the third ar)-.1 F
.52(gument is the w)-.18 F .52(ord preceding the w)-.1 F .52
-(ord being com-)-.1 F .103(pleted on the current command line.)108 184.8
+(ord being com-)-.1 F .103(pleted on the current command line.)108 261.6
R .104(No \214ltering of the generated completions ag)5.104 F .104
(ainst the w)-.05 F .104(ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted is performed; the \
function or command has complete freedom in generating the matches.)108
-196.8 Q(An)108 213.6 Q 2.938(yf)-.15 G .437(unction speci\214ed with)
--2.938 F F
1<ad46>2.937 E F0 .437(is in)2.937 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G
+273.6 Q(An)108 290.4 Q 2.938(yf)-.15 G .437(unction speci\214ed with)
+-2.938 F F
2<ad46>2.937 E F0 .437(is in)2.937 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G
2.937<648c>.1 G 2.937(rst. The)-2.937 F .437(function may use an)2.937 F
2.937(yo)-.15 G 2.937(ft)-2.937 G .437(he shell f)-2.937 F .437
-(acilities, including)-.1 F(the)108 225.6 Q F1(compgen)2.956 E F0 -.2
+(acilities, including)-.1 F(the)108 302.4 Q F2(compgen)2.956 E F0 -.2
(bu)2.956 G .456(iltin described belo).2 F 1.756 -.65(w, t)-.25 H 2.956
(og).65 G .456(enerate the matches.)-2.956 F .457
-(It must put the possible completions in the)5.456 F F2(COMPREPL)108
-237.6 Q(Y)-.828 E F0(array v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E(Ne)108 254.4 Q .081
+(It must put the possible completions in the)5.456 F F1(COMPREPL)108
+314.4 Q(Y)-.828 E F0(array v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E(Ne)108 331.2 Q .081
(xt, an)-.15 F 2.581(yc)-.15 G .081(ommand speci\214ed with the)-2.581 F
-F
1<ad43>2.581 E F0 .081(option is in)2.581 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G
+F
2<ad43>2.581 E F0 .081(option is in)2.581 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G
2.581(di).1 G 2.58(na)-2.581 G 2.58(ne)-2.58 G -.4(nv)-2.58 G .08
(ironment equi).4 F -.25(va)-.25 G .08(lent to command sub-).25 F 2.858
-(stitution. It)108 266.4 R .359(should print a list of completions, one\
+(stitution. It)108 343.2 R .359(should print a list of completions, one\
per line, to the standard output.)2.858 F .359(Backslash may be used)
-5.359 F(to escape a ne)108 278.4 Q(wline, if necessary)-.25 E(.)-.65 E
-.377(After all of the possible completions are generated, an)108 295.2 R
-2.877<798c>-.15 G .377(lter speci\214ed with the)-2.877 F F
1<ad58>2.876
-E F0 .376(option is applied to the)2.876 F 3.181(list. The)108 307.2 R
+5.359 F(to escape a ne)108 355.2 Q(wline, if necessary)-.25 E(.)-.65 E
+.377(After all of the possible completions are generated, an)108 372 R
+2.877<798c>-.15 G .377(lter speci\214ed with the)-2.877 F F
2<ad58>2.876
+E F0 .376(option is applied to the)2.876 F 3.181(list. The)108 384 R
.681(\214lter is a pattern as used for pathname e)3.181 F .681
-(xpansion; a)-.15 F F1(&)3.181 E F0 .682
+(xpansion; a)-.15 F F2(&)3.181 E F0 .682
(in the pattern is replaced with the te)3.182 F .682(xt of)-.15 F .523
-(the w)108 319.2 R .523(ord being completed.)-.1 F 3.023(Al)5.523 G
-(iteral)-3.023 E F1(&)3.023 E F0 .522
+(the w)108 396 R .523(ord being completed.)-.1 F 3.023(Al)5.523 G
+(iteral)-3.023 E F2(&)3.023 E F0 .522
(may be escaped with a backslash; the backslash is remo)3.022 F -.15(ve)
--.15 G 3.022(db).15 G(efore)-3.022 E .849(attempting a match.)108 331.2
-R(An)5.849 E 3.349(yc)-.15 G .849
+-.15 G 3.022(db).15 G(efore)-3.022 E .849(attempting a match.)108 408 R
+(An)5.849 E 3.349(yc)-.15 G .849
(ompletion that matches the pattern will be remo)-3.349 F -.15(ve)-.15 G
-3.35(df).15 G .85(rom the list.)-3.35 F 3.35(Al)5.85 G(eading)-3.35 E F1
-(!)3.35 E F0(ne)108 343.2 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G
+3.35(df).15 G .85(rom the list.)-3.35 F 3.35(Al)5.85 G(eading)-3.35 E F2
+(!)3.35 E F0(ne)108 420 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G
(tes the pattern; in this case an).05 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G
(ompletion not matching the pattern will be remo)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G
-(d.).15 E(Finally)108 360 Q 3.087(,a)-.65 G .887 -.15(ny p)-3.087 H .587
-(re\214x and suf).15 F .587(\214x speci\214ed with the)-.25 F F1<ad50>
-
3.087 E F0(and)3.087 E F1<ad53>3.087 E F0 .587
+(d.).15 E(Finally)108 436.8 Q 3.087(,a)-.65 G .887 -.15(ny p)-3.087 H
+.587(re\214x and suf).15 F .587(\214x speci\214ed with the)-.25 F F2
+
<ad50>3.087 E F0(and)3.087 E F2<ad53>3.087 E F0 .587
(options are added to each member of the com-)3.087 F(pletion list, and\
the result is returned to the readline completion code as the list of \
-possible completions.)108 372 Q .246(If the pre)108 388.8 R .247
+possible completions.)108 448.8 Q .246(If the pre)108 465.6 R .247
(viously-applied actions do not generate an)-.25 F 2.747(ym)-.15 G .247
-(atches, and the)-2.747 F F1 .247(\255o dir)2.747 F(names)-.15 E F0 .247
-(option w)2.747 F .247(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)108 400.8 Q F0
+(atches, and the)-2.747 F F2 .247(\255o dir)2.747 F(names)-.15 E F0 .247
+(option w)2.747 F .247(as supplied to)-.1 F F2(complete)108 477.6 Q F0
(when the compspec w)2.5 E
(as de\214ned, directory name completion is attempted.)-.1 E .462
-(If the)108 417.6 R F1 .462(\255o plusdirs)2.962 F F0 .462(option w)
-2.962 F .462(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)2.962 E F0 .462
+(If the)108 494.4 R F2 .462(\255o plusdirs)2.962 F F0 .462(option w)
+2.962 F .462(as supplied to)-.1 F F2(complete)2.962 E F0 .462
(when the compspec w)2.962 F .462(as de\214ned, directory name com-)-.1
-F(pletion is attempted and an)108 429.6 Q 2.5(ym)-.15 G
+F(pletion is attempted and an)108 506.4 Q 2.5(ym)-.15 G
(atches are added to the results of the other actions.)-2.5 E .559
-(By def)108 446.4 R .559(ault, if a compspec is found, whate)-.1 F -.15
+(By def)108 523.2 R .559(ault, if a compspec is found, whate)-.1 F -.15
(ve)-.25 G 3.059(ri).15 G 3.059(tg)-3.059 G .56
(enerates is returned to the completion code as the full set)-3.059 F
-.632(of possible completions.)108 458.4 R .632(The def)5.632 F(ault)-.1
-E F1(bash)3.132 E F0 .631
+.632(of possible completions.)108 535.2 R .632(The def)5.632 F(ault)-.1
+E F2(bash)3.132 E F0 .631
(completions are not attempted, and the readline def)3.131 F .631
-(ault of \214le-)-.1 F .558(name completion is disabled.)108 470.4 R
-.558(If the)5.558 F F1 .559(\255o bashdefault)3.059 F F0 .559(option w)
-3.059 F .559(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)3.059 E F0 .559
-(when the compspec)3.059 F -.1(wa)108 482.4 S 3.172(sd).1 G .672
-(e\214ned, the)-3.172 F F1(bash)3.172 E F0(def)3.172 E .671
+(ault of \214le-)-.1 F .558(name completion is disabled.)108 547.2 R
+.558(If the)5.558 F F2 .559(\255o bashdefault)3.059 F F0 .559(option w)
+3.059 F .559(as supplied to)-.1 F F2(complete)3.059 E F0 .559
+(when the compspec)3.059 F -.1(wa)108 559.2 S 3.172(sd).1 G .672
+(e\214ned, the)-3.172 F F2(bash)3.172 E F0(def)3.172 E .671
(ault completions are attempted if the compspec generates no matches.)
--.1 F .671(If the)5.671 F F1<ad6f>3.171 E(default)108 494.4 Q F0 1.207
-(option w)3.706 F 1.207(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)3.707 E F0
+-.1 F .671(If the)5.671 F F2<ad6f>3.171 E(default)108 571.2 Q F0 1.207
+(option w)3.706 F 1.207(as supplied to)-.1 F F2(complete)3.707 E F0
1.207(when the compspec w)3.707 F 1.207(as de\214ned, readline')-.1 F
3.707(sd)-.55 G(ef)-3.707 E 1.207(ault completion)-.1 F
(will be performed if the compspec \(and, if attempted, the def)108
-506.4 Q(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(completions\) generate no matches.)
+583.2 Q(ault)-.1 E F2(bash)2.5 E F0(completions\) generate no matches.)
2.5 E .245(When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is \
-desired, the programmable completion func-)108 523.2 R .632(tions force\
- readline to append a slash to completed names which are symbolic links\
- to directories, subject)108 535.2 R 2.762(to the v)108 547.2 R 2.762
-(alue of the)-.25 F F1(mark\255dir)5.262 E(ectories)-.18 E F0 2.761
+desired, the programmable completion func-)108 600 R .632(tions force r\
+eadline to append a slash to completed names which are symbolic links t\
+o directories, subject)108 612 R 2.762(to the v)108 624 R 2.762
+(alue of the)-.25 F F2(mark\255dir)5.262 E(ectories)-.18 E F0 2.761
(readline v)5.262 F 2.761(ariable, re)-.25 F -.05(ga)-.15 G 2.761
-(rdless of the setting of the).05 F F1(mark-sym-)5.261 E(link)108 559.2
-Q(ed\255dir)-.1 E(ectories)-.18 E F0(readline v)2.5 E(ariable.)-.25 E/F3
-10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)72 576 Q(OR)-.197 E(Y)-.383 E F0 .371
-(When the)108 588 R F1 .371(\255o history)2.871 F F0 .371(option to the)
-2.871 F F1(set)2.872 E F0 -.2(bu)2.872 G .372
-(iltin is enabled, the shell pro).2 F .372(vides access to the)-.15 F/F4
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-(Refer to the most recent command containing)144 108 R F2(string)3.522 E
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-(may be omitted if)3.522 F F2(string)3.862 E F0(is)3.742 E(follo)144 120
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Q(wed immediately by a ne)-.25 E(wline.)-.25 E/F3 12/Times-Bold@0 SF(^)
-108 137 Q F2(string1)-5 I F3(^)5 I F2(string2)-5 I F3(^)5 I F0 2.63
-(Quick substitution.)144 144 R 2.629(Repeat the last command, replacing)
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+(Quick substitution.)144 204 R 2.629(Repeat the last command, replacing)
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G(see)-2.5 E F1(Modi\214ers)2.5 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(!#)108
-168 Q F0(The entire command line typed so f)27.67 E(ar)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F1
--.75(Wo)87 184.8 S(rd Designators).75 E F0 -.8(Wo)108 196.8 S 1.313
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(rd designators are used to select desired w).8 F 1.314(ords from the e)
-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.814(nt. A).15 F F1(:)3.814 E F0 1.314
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3.029(tm)-5.529 G .529(ay be omitted if the w)-3.029 F .529
(ord designator be)-.1 F .529(gins with a)-.15 F F1(^)3.029 E F0(,)A F1
($)3.029 E F0(,)A F1(*)3.029 E F0(,)A F1<ad>3.029 E F0 3.029(,o)C(r)
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2.5(ord. F)-.1 F(or the shell, this is the command w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E
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21.6 Q F1<ad>A F2(y)A F0 2.5(Ar)
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81.6 Q F1<ad>A F2(y)A F0 2.5(Ar)
20.65 G(ange of w)-2.5 E(ords; `\255)-.1 E F2(y)A F0 2.5('a)C(bbre)-2.5
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(All of the w)31 F .316(ords b)-.1 F .316(ut the zeroth.)-.2 F .315
(This is a synon)5.315 F .315(ym for `)-.15 F F2(1\255$)A F0 2.815
('. It)B .315(is not an error to use)2.815 F F1(*)2.815 E F0 .315
-(if there is)2.815 F(just one w)144 345.6 Q(ord in the e)-.1 E -.15(ve)
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E F1(x*)2.5 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut omits the last w)-2.7 E(ord.)-.1 E(If a w)
-108 386.4 Q(ord designator is supplied without an e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
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(nt speci\214cation, the pre).15 E(vious command is used as the e)-.25 E
--.15(ve)-.25 G(nt.).15 E F1(Modi\214ers)87 403.2 Q F0 .183
-(After the optional w)108 415.2 R .183(ord designator)-.1 F 2.683(,t)-.4
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+(After the optional w)108 475.2 R .183(ord designator)-.1 F 2.683(,t)-.4
G .184(here may appear a sequence of one or more of the follo)-2.683 F
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(railing \214le name component, lea).15 E(ving only the head.)-.2 E F1
-(t)108 456 Q F0(Remo)32.67 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H
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(ll leading \214le name components, lea).15 E(ving the tail.)-.2 E F1(r)
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-(ving the basename.)-.2 E F1(e)108 480 Q F0(Remo)31.56 E .3 -.15(ve a)
--.15 H(ll b).15 E(ut the trailing suf)-.2 E(\214x.)-.25 E F1(p)108 492 Q
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F0(Print the ne)30.44 E 2.5(wc)-.25 G(ommand b)-2.5 E(ut do not e)-.2 E
--.15(xe)-.15 G(cute it.).15 E F1(q)108 504 Q F0(Quote the substituted w)
-30.44 E(ords, escaping further substitutions.)-.1 E F1(x)108 516 Q F0
+-.15(xe)-.15 G(cute it.).15 E F1(q)108 564 Q F0(Quote the substituted w)
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(Quote the substituted w)31 E(ords as with)-.1 E F1(q)2.5 E F0 2.5(,b)C
(ut break into w)-2.7 E(ords at)-.1 E F1(blanks)2.5 E F0(and ne)2.5 E
-(wlines.)-.25 E F1(s/)108 528 Q F2(old)A F1(/)A F2(ne)A(w)-.15 E F1(/)A
-F0(Substitute)144 540 Q F2(ne)3.082 E(w)-.15 E F0 .221
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(for the \214rst occurrence of)3.032 F F2(old)2.951 E F0 .221(in the e)
3.491 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .221(nt line.).15 F(An)5.221 E 2.721(yd)-.15 G
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(The \214nal delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the e)
5.616 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .617(nt line.).15 F .617(The delimiter may)5.617
-F .666(be quoted in)144 564 R F2(old)3.396 E F0(and)3.936 E F2(ne)3.526
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E(w)-.15 E F0 .666(with a single backslash.)3.476 F .666
(If & appears in)5.666 F F2(ne)3.166 E(w)-.15 E F0 3.166(,i).31 G 3.166
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5.274 E F2(old)3.004 E F0 .274(is null, it is set to the last)3.544 F F2
(old)3.005 E F0 .275(substituted, or)3.545 F 2.775(,i)-.4 G 2.775(fn)
-2.775 G 2.775(op)-2.775 G(re)-2.775 E(vi-)-.25 E
-(ous history substitutions took place, the last)144 588 Q F2(string)2.84
+(ous history substitutions took place, the last)144 648 Q F2(string)2.84
E F0(in a)2.72 E F1(!?)2.5 E F2(string)A F1([?])A F0(search.)5 E F1(&)
-108 600 Q F0(Repeat the pre)27.67 E(vious substitution.)-.25 E F1(g)108
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+108 660 Q F0(Repeat the pre)27.67 E(vious substitution.)-.25 E F1(g)108
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(rt).15 G .398(he entire e)-2.898 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .398(nt line.).15 F
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-(e.g.,)-2.897 E(`)144 624 Q F1(:gs/)A F2(old)A F1(/)A F2(ne)A(w)-.15 E
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F1(/)A F0 1.218('\) or `)B F1(:&)A F0 3.718('. If)B 1.218(used with `)
3.718 F F1(:s)A F0 1.218(', an)B 3.718(yd)-.15 G 1.219
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-(delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the e)144 636 R
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-(may be used as a synon)2.589 F .089(ym for)-.15 F F1(g)144 648 Q F0(.)A
-F1(G)108 660 Q F0(Apply the follo)28.22 E(wing `)-.25 E F1(s)A F0 2.5
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
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-SF(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A .452(No ef)144 96 R .452
-(fect; the command does nothing be)-.25 F .452(yond e)-.15 F(xpanding)
--.15 E F2(ar)3.282 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .451(and performing an)3.221 F
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-(zero e)2.5 E(xit code is returned.)-.15 E F1(.)110.5 124.8 Q F2
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+(Unless otherwise noted, each b)108 112.8 R .062(uiltin command documen\
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+(to signify the end of the options.)2.5 E F1(:)108 142.8 Q F0([)2.5 E/F3
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+(xpanding)-.15 E F3(ar)3.282 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .451(and performing an)
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+(cute commands from).15 F F3(\214lename)5.43 E F0 1.02
(in the current shell en)3.7 F 1.02(vironment and return the e)-.4 F
-(xit)-.15 E 1.68(status of the last command e)144 160.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G
-1.68(cuted from).15 F F2(\214lename)4.18 E F0 6.68(.I).18 G(f)-6.68 E F2
+(xit)-.15 E 1.68(status of the last command e)144 219.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G
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(\214lename)6.09 E F0 1.68(does not contain a slash, \214le)4.36 F .608
-(names in)144 172.8 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.108 G(TH)-.189 E
-F0 .608(are used to \214nd the directory containing)2.858 F F2
+(names in)144 231.6 R/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.108 G(TH)-.189 E
+F0 .608(are used to \214nd the directory containing)2.858 F F3
(\214lename)3.108 E F0 5.608(.T).18 G .608(he \214le searched for in)
--5.608 F F3 -.666(PA)3.108 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .833(need not be e)144 184.8
+-5.608 F F4 -.666(PA)3.108 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .833(need not be e)144 243.6
R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.333(cutable. When).15 F F1(bash)3.333 E F0 .832
-(is not in)3.333 F F2 .832(posix mode)3.332 F F0 3.332(,t)C .832
+(is not in)3.333 F F3 .832(posix mode)3.332 F F0 3.332(,t)C .832
(he current directory is searched if no)-3.332 F .981
-(\214le is found in)144 196.8 R F3 -.666(PA)3.481 G(TH)-.189 E/F4 9
+(\214le is found in)144 255.6 R F4 -.666(PA)3.481 G(TH)-.189 E/F5 9
/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .981(If the)5.481 F F1(sour)3.481 E(cepath)-.18
E F0 .981(option to the)3.481 F F1(shopt)3.481 E F0 -.2(bu)3.481 G .981
-(iltin command is turned of).2 F .982(f, the)-.25 F F3 -.666(PA)144
-208.8 S(TH)-.189 E F0 .112(is not searched.)2.363 F .112(If an)5.112 F
-(y)-.15 E F2(ar)2.612 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .112(are supplied, the)2.612 F
-2.612(yb)-.15 G .112(ecome the positional parameters when)-2.612 F F2
-(\214lename)144 220.8 Q F0 .341(is e)2.841 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.841
+(iltin command is turned of).2 F .982(f, the)-.25 F F4 -.666(PA)144
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+(y)-.15 E F3(ar)2.612 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .112(are supplied, the)2.612 F
+2.612(yb)-.15 G .112(ecome the positional parameters when)-2.612 F F3
+(\214lename)144 279.6 Q F0 .341(is e)2.841 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.841
(cuted. Otherwise).15 F .341(the positional parameters are unchanged.)
2.841 F .342(The return status is the)5.342 F .716
-(status of the last command e)144 232.8 R .716
+(status of the last command e)144 291.6 R .716
(xited within the script \(0 if no commands are e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
-.716(cuted\), and f).15 F .715(alse if)-.1 F F2(\214lename)145.91 244.8
-Q F0(is not found or cannot be read.)2.68 E F1(alias)108 261.6 Q F0([)
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-C(..])-2.5 E F1(Alias)144 273.6 Q F0 2.724(with no ar)5.224 F 2.724
+.716(cuted\), and f).15 F .715(alse if)-.1 F F3(\214lename)145.91 303.6
+Q F0(is not found or cannot be read.)2.68 E F1(alias)108 320.4 Q F0([)
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+C(..])-2.5 E F1(Alias)144 332.4 Q F0 2.724(with no ar)5.224 F 2.724
(guments or with the)-.18 F F1<ad70>5.224 E F0 2.724
(option prints the list of aliases in the form)5.224 F F1(alias)5.225 E
-F2(name)144 285.6 Q F0(=)A F2(value)A F0 .58(on standard output.)3.08 F
+F3(name)144 344.4 Q F0(=)A F3(value)A F0 .58(on standard output.)3.08 F
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-(tory is written to the standard output.)144 427.2 R 1.164(The return v)
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-(as successfully)-.1 F(changed; f)144 439.2 Q(alse otherwise.)-.1 E F1
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(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.062 G 3.062(iltins. W).2 F(ithout)-.4 E F2 -.2
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-.254(subroutine call.)144 492 R .254(If a non-ne)5.254 F -.05(ga)-.15 G
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-(does not corre-)3.02 F(spond to a v)144 540 Q
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04.8 R F1<ad56>2.674 E F0(or)2.674 E F1
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40.8 R F1<ad56>2.674 E F0(or)2.674 E F1
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%%Page: 46 46
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--.1 E F1<ad43>144 384 Q F3(command)2.5 E(command)184 396 Q F0 1.056
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-184 408 Q F1<ad46>144 420 Q F3(function)2.5 E F0 1.18
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3.204 E F0 .704(is remo)3.204 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.204(df).15 G .704
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-(tes the pattern;).05 F(in this case, an)184 516 Q 2.5(yc)-.15 G
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(ginning of each possible completion after all other options ha)-.15 F
--.15(ve)-.2 G(been applied.)184 552 Q F1<ad53>144 564 Q F3(suf)2.5 E
+-.15(ve)-.2 G(been applied.)184 612 Q F1<ad53>144 624 Q F3(suf)2.5 E
2.81(\214x suf)-.18 F<8c78>-.18 E F0
(is appended to each possible completion after all other options ha)2.5
-E .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een applied.).15 E .466(The return v)144 580.8 R
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(lid option is supplied, an option other than).25 F F1<ad70>2.967 E F0
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-1.361(ompletion speci\214cation for a).15 F F3(name)144 604.8 Q F0
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(xists, or an error occurs adding a completion speci\214cation.)-.15 E
-F1(continue)108 621.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F3(n)A F0(])A 1.753(Resume the ne)144
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(2004 June 26)147.345 E(47)197.335 E 0 Cg EP
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(he)-2.966 E 1.308(source \214le name and line number where the functio\
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08 R(The)6.308 E F1<ad46>
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20 R F1<ad66>2.69 E F0 5.19(.T)C .19
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56 R(The)6.308 E F1<ad46>
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68 R F1<ad66>2.69 E F0 5.19(.T)C .19
(he follo)-5.19 F .191(wing options can be used to restrict output to v)
--.25 F .191(ariables with the speci-)-.25 F(\214ed attrib)144 132 Q
+-.25 F .191(ariables with the speci-)-.25 F(\214ed attrib)144 180 Q
(ute or to gi)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve v)-.25 H(ariables attrib)-.1 E(utes:)-.2
-E F1<ad61>144 144 Q F0(Each)25.3 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)2.5 E F0
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--.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1<ad66>144 156 Q F0(Use function names only)
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+E F1<ad61>144 192 Q F0(Each)25.3 E F2(name)2.5 E F0(is an array v)2.5 E
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(ariable is treated as an inte)-.25 F .558(ger; arithmetic e)-.15 F -.25
(va)-.25 G .558(luation \(see).25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .557
-(ARITHMETIC EV)3.058 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E(TION \))180 180 Q F0
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(is performed when the v)2.25 E(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 E(alue.)
--.25 E F1<ad72>144 192 Q F0(Mak)25.86 E(e)-.1 E F2(name)5.046 E F0 5.046
+-.25 E F1<ad72>144 240 Q F0(Mak)25.86 E(e)-.1 E F2(name)5.046 E F0 5.046
(sr)C(eadonly)-5.046 E 7.546(.T)-.65 G 2.546
(hese names cannot then be assigned v)-7.546 F 2.547
-(alues by subsequent)-.25 F(assignment statements or unset.)180 204 Q F1
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3.431 E F0(the)3.431 E F2(tr)3.431 E(ace)-.15 E F0(attrib)3.431 E 3.431
(ute. T)-.2 F .931(raced functions inherit the)-.35 F F1(DEB)3.431 E(UG)
--.1 E F0 .93(trap from the)3.43 F(calling shell.)180 228 Q
+-.1 E F0 .93(trap from the)3.43 F(calling shell.)180 276 Q
(The trace attrib)5 E(ute has no special meaning for v)-.2 E(ariables.)
--.25 E F1<ad78>144 240 Q F0(Mark)25.3 E F2(name)2.5 E F0 2.5(sf)C(or e)
+-.25 E F1<ad78>144 288 Q F0(Mark)25.3 E F2(name)2.5 E F0 2.5(sf)C(or e)
-2.5 E(xport to subsequent commands via the en)-.15 E(vironment.)-.4 E
-.336(Using `+' instead of `\255' turns of)144 256.8 R 2.837(ft)-.25 G
+.336(Using `+' instead of `\255' turns of)144 304.8 R 2.837(ft)-.25 G
.337(he attrib)-2.837 F .337(ute instead, with the e)-.2 F .337
(xception that)-.15 F F1(+a)2.837 E F0 .337(may not be used)2.837 F .793
-(to destro)144 268.8 R 3.293(ya)-.1 G 3.293(na)-3.293 G .793(rray v)
+(to destro)144 316.8 R 3.293(ya)-.1 G 3.293(na)-3.293 G .793(rray v)
-3.293 F 3.293(ariable. When)-.25 F .793(used in a function, mak)3.293 F
.793(es each)-.1 F F2(name)3.293 E F0 .793(local, as with the)3.293 F F1
-(local)3.292 E F0 2.842(command. If)144 280.8 R 2.842(av)2.842 G .342
+(local)3.292 E F0 2.842(command. If)144 328.8 R 2.842(av)2.842 G .342
(ariable name is follo)-3.092 F .342(wed by =)-.25 F F2(value)A F0 2.842
(,t)C .342(he v)-2.842 F .342(alue of the v)-.25 F .343
(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(value)2.843 E F0 5.343(.T)C(he)-5.343 E
-.801(return v)144 292.8 R .801(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4
+.801(return v)144 340.8 R .801(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4
G .8
(lid option is encountered, an attempt is made to de\214ne a function)
-.25 F(using)144 304.8 Q/F4 10/Courier@0 SF 1.038(\255f foo=bar)3.538 F
+.25 F(using)144 352.8 Q/F4 10/Courier@0 SF 1.038(\255f foo=bar)3.538 F
F0 3.538(,a)C 3.538(na)-3.538 G 1.038(ttempt is made to assign a v)
-3.538 F 1.038(alue to a readonly v)-.25 F 1.039(ariable, an attempt is)
--.25 F .974(made to assign a v)144 316.8 R .974(alue to an array v)-.25
+-.25 F .974(made to assign a v)144 364.8 R .974(alue to an array v)-.25
F .974(ariable without using the compound assignment syntax \(see)-.25 F
-F1(Arrays)144 328.8 Q F0(abo)2.86 E -.15(ve)-.15 G .36(\), one of the)
+F1(Arrays)144 376.8 Q F0(abo)2.86 E -.15(ve)-.15 G .36(\), one of the)
.15 F F2(names)2.86 E F0 .36(is not a v)2.86 F .36(alid shell v)-.25 F
.36(ariable name, an attempt is made to turn of)-.25 F(f)-.25 E .057
-(readonly status for a readonly v)144 340.8 R .057
+(readonly status for a readonly v)144 388.8 R .057
(ariable, an attempt is made to turn of)-.25 F 2.556(fa)-.25 G .056
(rray status for an array v)-2.556 F(ari-)-.25 E
-(able, or an attempt is made to display a non-e)144 352.8 Q
+(able, or an attempt is made to display a non-e)144 400.8 Q
(xistent function with)-.15 E F1<ad66>2.5 E F0(.)A F1
-(dirs [\255clpv] [+)108
369.6 Q F2(n)A F1 2.5(][)C<ad>-2.5 E F2(n)A F1
-(])A F0 -.4(Wi)144 381.6 S .328
+(dirs [\255clpv] [+)108
417.6 Q F2(n)A F1 2.5(][)C<ad>-2.5 E F2(n)A F1
+(])A F0 -.4(Wi)144 429.6 S .328
(thout options, displays the list of currently remembered directories.)
.4 F .329(The def)5.329 F .329(ault display is on a)-.1 F 1.238
-(single line with directory names separated by spaces.)144 393.6 R 1.238
-(Directories are added to the list with the)6.238 F F1(pushd)144 405.6 Q
+(single line with directory names separated by spaces.)144 441.6 R 1.238
+(Directories are added to the list with the)6.238 F F1(pushd)144 453.6 Q
F0(command; the)2.5 E F1(popd)2.5 E F0(command remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G
-2.5(se).15 G(ntries from the list.)-2.5 E F1(+)144 417.6 Q F2(n)A F0
+2.5(se).15 G(ntries from the list.)-2.5 E F1(+)144 465.6 Q F2(n)A F0
1.564(Displays the)25.3 F F2(n)4.064 E F0 1.565
(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B 1.565(wn by)-.25 F F1
(dirs)4.065 E F0 1.565(when in)4.065 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E
-(without options, starting with zero.)180 429.6 Q F1<ad>144 441.6 Q F2
+(without options, starting with zero.)180 477.6 Q F1<ad>144 489.6 Q F2
(n)A F0 1.194(Displays the)25.3 F F2(n)3.694 E F0 1.194
(th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.194(wn by)-.25 F
F1(dirs)3.694 E F0 1.194(when in)3.694 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E
-(without options, starting with zero.)180 453.6 Q F1<ad63>144 465.6 Q F0
+(without options, starting with zero.)180 501.6 Q F1<ad63>144 513.6 Q F0
(Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries.)25.86 E F1
-<ad6c>144 477.6 Q F0 .324(Produces a longer listing; the def)27.52 F
+<ad6c>144 525.6 Q F0 .324(Produces a longer listing; the def)27.52 F
.324(ault listing format uses a tilde to denote the home direc-)-.1 F
-(tory)180 489.6 Q(.)-.65 E F1<ad70>144 501.6 Q F0
+(tory)180 537.6 Q(.)-.65 E F1<ad70>144 549.6 Q F0
(Print the directory stack with one entry per line.)24.74 E F1<ad76>144
-513.6 Q F0 .273(Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pre\
+561.6 Q F0 .273(Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pre\
\214xing each entry with its inde)25.3 F 2.772(xi)-.15 G 2.772(nt)-2.772
-G(he)-2.772 E(stack.)180 525.6 Q .257(The return v)144 542.4 R .258
+G(he)-2.772 E(stack.)180 573.6 Q .257(The return v)144 590.4 R .258
(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .258
(lid option is supplied or).25 F F2(n)2.758 E F0(inde)2.758 E -.15(xe)
-.15 G 2.758(sb).15 G -.15(ey)-2.758 G .258(ond the end of the direc-)
-.15 F(tory stack.)144 554.4 Q F1(diso)108 571.2 Q(wn)-.1 E F0([)2.5 E F1
+.15 F(tory stack.)144 602.4 Q F1(diso)108 619.2 Q(wn)-.1 E F0([)2.5 E F1
(\255ar)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad68>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(jobspec)-2.5 E F0
-(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 583.2 S .331(thout options, each).4 F F2(jobspec)
+(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 631.2 S .331(thout options, each).4 F F2(jobspec)
4.571 E F0 .331(is remo)3.141 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.831(df).15 G .331
(rom the table of acti)-2.831 F .63 -.15(ve j)-.25 H 2.83(obs. If).15 F
(the)2.83 E F1<ad68>2.83 E F0 .33(option is gi)2.83 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(n,)
-.15 E(each)144 595.2 Q F2(jobspec)4.52 E F0 .28(is not remo)3.09 F -.15
+.15 E(each)144 643.2 Q F2(jobspec)4.52 E F0 .28(is not remo)3.09 F -.15
(ve)-.15 G 2.78(df).15 G .28(rom the table, b)-2.78 F .28(ut is mark)-.2
F .28(ed so that)-.1 F F3(SIGHUP)2.78 E F0 .281
-(is not sent to the job if)2.53 F .224(the shell recei)144 607.2 R -.15
+(is not sent to the job if)2.53 F .224(the shell recei)144 655.2 R -.15
(ve)-.25 G 2.724(sa).15 G F3(SIGHUP)A/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .224
(If no)4.724 F F2(jobspec)4.464 E F0 .224(is present, and neither the)
3.034 F F1<ad61>2.724 E F0 .224(nor the)2.724 F F1<ad72>2.724 E F0 .223
-(option is sup-)2.724 F .651(plied, the)144 619.2 R F2(curr)3.151 E .651
+(option is sup-)2.724 F .651(plied, the)144 667.2 R F2(curr)3.151 E .651
(ent job)-.37 F F0 .651(is used.)3.151 F .652(If no)5.651 F F2(jobspec)
4.892 E F0 .652(is supplied, the)3.462 F F1<ad61>3.152 E F0 .652
(option means to remo)3.152 F .952 -.15(ve o)-.15 H 3.152(rm).15 G(ark)
--3.152 E .435(all jobs; the)144 6
31.2 R F1<ad72>2.935 E F0 .435
+-3.152 E .435(all jobs; the)144 6
79.2 R F1<ad72>2.935 E F0 .435
(option without a)2.935 F F2(jobspec)4.675 E F0(ar)3.245 E .434
(gument restricts operation to running jobs.)-.18 F .434(The return)
-5.434 F -.25(va)144 643.2 S(lue is 0 unless a).25 E F2(jobspec)4.24 E F0
-(does not specify a v)2.81 E(alid job)-.25 E(.)-.4 E F1(echo)108 660 Q
-F0([)2.5 E F1(\255neE)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E
-.394(Output the)144 672 R F2(ar)2.894 E(g)-.37 E F0 .394
+5.434 F -.25(va)144 691.2 S(lue is 0 unless a).25 E F2(jobspec)4.24 E F0
+(does not specify a v)2.81 E(alid job)-.25 E(.)-.4 E(GNU Bash-3.0)72 768
+Q(2004 June 26)147.345 E(48)197.335 E 0 Cg EP
+%%Page: 49 49
+%%BeginPageSetup
+BP
+%%EndPageSetup
+/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
+-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(echo)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255neE)A F0
+2.5(][)C/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E .394
+(Output the)144 96 R F2(ar)2.894 E(g)-.37 E F0 .394
(s, separated by spaces, follo)B .395(wed by a ne)-.25 F 2.895
(wline. The)-.25 F .395(return status is al)2.895 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .395
(ys 0.).1 F(If)5.395 E F1<ad6e>2.895 E F0 .549
-(is speci\214ed, the trailing ne)144 684 R .548(wline is suppressed.)
+(is speci\214ed, the trailing ne)144 108 R .548(wline is suppressed.)
-.25 F .548(If the)5.548 F F1<ad65>3.048 E F0 .548(option is gi)3.048 F
--.15(ve)-.25 G .548(n, interpretation of the fol-).15 F(lo)144 696 Q
+-.15(ve)-.25 G .548(n, interpretation of the fol-).15 F(lo)144 120 Q
.052(wing backslash-escaped characters is enabled.)-.25 F(The)5.052 E F1
<ad45>2.552 E F0 .053(option disables the interpretation of these)2.553
-F 1.503(escape characters, e)144 708 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.003(no).15 G
+F 1.503(escape characters, e)144 132 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.003(no).15 G
4.003(ns)-4.003 G 1.502(ystems where the)-4.003 F 4.002(ya)-.15 G 1.502
(re interpreted by def)-4.002 F 4.002(ault. The)-.1 F F1(xpg_echo)4.002
E F0(shell)4.002 E .009
-(option may be used to dynamically determine whether or not)144 720 R F1
+(option may be used to dynamically determine whether or not)144 144 R F1
(echo)2.509 E F0 -.15(ex)2.51 G .01(pands these escape characters).15 F
-(GNU Bash-3.0)72 768 Q(2004 June 26)147.345 E(48)197.335 E 0 Cg EP
-%%Page: 49 49
-%%BeginPageSetup
-BP
-%%EndPageSetup
-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E .66(by def)144 84 R(ault.)-.1 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(echo)5.66 E
-F0 .66(does not interpret)3.16 F F1<adad>3.16 E F0 .659
+.66(by def)144 156 R(ault.)-.1 E F1(echo)5.66 E F0 .66
+(does not interpret)3.16 F F1<adad>3.16 E F0 .659
(to mean the end of options.)3.159 F F1(echo)5.659 E F0 .659
-(interprets the follo)3.159 F(wing)-.25 E(escape sequences:)144 96 Q F1
-(\\a)144 108 Q F0(alert \(bell\))28.22 E F1(\\b)144 120 Q F0(backspace)
-27.66 E F1(\\c)144 132 Q F0(suppress trailing ne)28.78 E(wline)-.25 E F1
-(\\e)144 144 Q F0(an escape character)28.78 E F1(\\f)144 156 Q F0
-(form feed)29.89 E F1(\\n)144 168 Q F0(ne)27.66 E 2.5(wl)-.25 G(ine)-2.5
-E F1(\\r)144 180 Q F0(carriage return)28.78 E F1(\\t)144 192 Q F0
-(horizontal tab)29.89 E F1(\\v)144 204 Q F0 -.15(ve)28.22 G(rtical tab)
-.15 E F1(\\\\)144 216 Q F0(backslash)30.44 E F1(\\0)144 228 Q/F2 10
-/Times-Italic@0 SF(nnn)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)13.22 E
+(interprets the follo)3.159 F(wing)-.25 E(escape sequences:)144 168 Q F1
+(\\a)144 180 Q F0(alert \(bell\))28.22 E F1(\\b)144 192 Q F0(backspace)
+27.66 E F1(\\c)144 204 Q F0(suppress trailing ne)28.78 E(wline)-.25 E F1
+(\\e)144 216 Q F0(an escape character)28.78 E F1(\\f)144 228 Q F0
+(form feed)29.89 E F1(\\n)144 240 Q F0(ne)27.66 E 2.5(wl)-.25 G(ine)-2.5
+E F1(\\r)144 252 Q F0(carriage return)28.78 E F1(\\t)144 264 Q F0
+(horizontal tab)29.89 E F1(\\v)144 276 Q F0 -.15(ve)28.22 G(rtical tab)
+.15 E F1(\\\\)144 288 Q F0(backslash)30.44 E F1(\\0)144 300 Q F2(nnn)A
+F0(the eight-bit character whose v)13.22 E(alue is the octal v)-.25 E
+(alue)-.25 E F2(nnn)2.5 E F0(\(zero to three octal digits\))2.5 E F1(\\)
+144 312 Q F2(nnn)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)18.22 E
(alue is the octal v)-.25 E(alue)-.25 E F2(nnn)2.5 E F0
-(\(zero to three octal digits\))2.5 E F1(\\)144 240 Q F2(nnn)A F0
-(the eight-bit character whose v)18.22 E(alue is the octal v)-.25 E
-(alue)-.25 E F2(nnn)2.5 E F0(\(one to three octal digits\))2.5 E F1(\\x)
-144 252 Q F2(HH)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)13.78 E
-(alue is the he)-.25 E(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F2(HH)2.5 E F0
-(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh)-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E F1
-(enable)108 268.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255adnps)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad66>-2.5 E
-F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .277
-(Enable and disable b)144 280.8 R .278(uiltin shell commands.)-.2 F .278
-(Disabling a b)5.278 F .278(uiltin allo)-.2 F .278
-(ws a disk command which has)-.25 F .834(the same name as a shell b)144
-292.8 R .834(uiltin to be e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .834
-(cuted without specifying a full pathname, e).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.333
-(nt).15 G(hough)-3.333 E .989(the shell normally searches for b)144
-304.8 R .989(uiltins before disk commands.)-.2 F(If)5.989 E F1<ad6e>
-3.489 E F0 .99(is used, each)3.49 F F2(name)3.49 E F0 .99(is dis-)3.49 F
-1.582(abled; otherwise,)144 316.8 R F2(names)4.082 E F0 1.582
-(are enabled.)4.082 F -.15(Fo)6.582 G 4.082(re).15 G 1.582
-(xample, to use the)-4.232 F F1(test)4.082 E F0 1.582
-(binary found via the)4.082 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)4.081 G(TH)
--.189 E F0 .08(instead of the shell b)144 328.8 R .08(uiltin v)-.2 F .08
-(ersion, run)-.15 F/F4 10/Courier@0 SF .081(enable -n test)2.58 F F0
-5.081(.T)C(he)-5.081 E F1<ad66>2.581 E F0 .081
-(option means to load the ne)2.581 F(w)-.25 E -.2(bu)144 340.8 S 1.525
+(\(one to three octal digits\))2.5 E F1(\\x)144 324 Q F2(HH)A F0
+(the eight-bit character whose v)13.78 E(alue is the he)-.25 E
+(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F2(HH)2.5 E F0(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh)
+-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E F1(enable)108 340.8 Q F0([)2.5 E
+F1(\255adnps)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad66>-2.5 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)
+C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .277(Enable and disable b)144 352.8 R
+.278(uiltin shell commands.)-.2 F .278(Disabling a b)5.278 F .278
+(uiltin allo)-.2 F .278(ws a disk command which has)-.25 F .834
+(the same name as a shell b)144 364.8 R .834(uiltin to be e)-.2 F -.15
+(xe)-.15 G .834(cuted without specifying a full pathname, e).15 F -.15
+(ve)-.25 G 3.333(nt).15 G(hough)-3.333 E .989
+(the shell normally searches for b)144 376.8 R .989
+(uiltins before disk commands.)-.2 F(If)5.989 E F1<ad6e>3.489 E F0 .99
+(is used, each)3.49 F F2(name)3.49 E F0 .99(is dis-)3.49 F 1.582
+(abled; otherwise,)144 388.8 R F2(names)4.082 E F0 1.582(are enabled.)
+4.082 F -.15(Fo)6.582 G 4.082(re).15 G 1.582(xample, to use the)-4.232 F
+F1(test)4.082 E F0 1.582(binary found via the)4.082 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0
+SF -.666(PA)4.081 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .08(instead of the shell b)144 400.8 R
+.08(uiltin v)-.2 F .08(ersion, run)-.15 F/F4 10/Courier@0 SF .081
+(enable -n test)2.58 F F0 5.081(.T)C(he)-5.081 E F1<ad66>2.581 E F0 .081
+(option means to load the ne)2.581 F(w)-.25 E -.2(bu)144 412.8 S 1.525
(iltin command).2 F F2(name)4.385 E F0 1.524(from shared object)4.204 F
F2(\214lename)4.024 E F0 4.024(,o).18 G 4.024(ns)-4.024 G 1.524
-(ystems that support dynamic loading.)-4.024 F(The)144
352.8 Q F1<ad64>
+(ystems that support dynamic loading.)-4.024 F(The)144
424.8 Q F1<ad64>
2.866 E F0 .366(option will delete a b)2.866 F .366(uiltin pre)-.2 F
.366(viously loaded with)-.25 F F1<ad66>2.867 E F0 5.367(.I)C 2.867(fn)
-5.367 G(o)-2.867 E F2(name)2.867 E F0(ar)2.867 E .367(guments are gi)
--.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .367(n, or).15 F .399(if the)144
364.8 R F1<ad70>
+-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .367(n, or).15 F .399(if the)144
436.8 R F1<ad70>
2.899 E F0 .399(option is supplied, a list of shell b)2.899 F .399
(uiltins is printed.)-.2 F -.4(Wi)5.399 G .399(th no other option ar).4
F .398(guments, the)-.18 F .098(list consists of all enabled shell b)144
-
376.8 R 2.598(uiltins. If)-.2 F F1<ad6e>2.598 E F0 .098
+
448.8 R 2.598(uiltins. If)-.2 F F1<ad6e>2.598 E F0 .098
(is supplied, only disabled b)2.598 F .099(uiltins are printed.)-.2 F
(If)5.099 E F1<ad61>2.599 E F0 1.917
-(is supplied, the list printed includes all b)144 388.8 R 1.916
+(is supplied, the list printed includes all b)144 460.8 R 1.916
(uiltins, with an indication of whether or not each is)-.2 F 2.878
-(enabled. If)144 4
00.8 R F1<ad73>2.878 E F0 .379
+(enabled. If)144 4
72.8 R F1<ad73>2.878 E F0 .379
(is supplied, the output is restricted to the POSIX)2.878 F F2(special)
2.879 E F0 -.2(bu)2.879 G 2.879(iltins. The).2 F .379(return v)2.879 F
-(alue)-.25 E .995(is 0 unless a)144 412.8 R F2(name)3.855 E F0 .994
+(alue)-.25 E .995(is 0 unless a)144 484.8 R F2(name)3.855 E F0 .994
(is not a shell b)3.675 F .994(uiltin or there is an error loading a ne)
-.2 F 3.494(wb)-.25 G .994(uiltin from a shared)-3.694 F(object.)144
-424.8 Q F1 -2.3 -.15(ev a)108 441.6 T(l).15 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37
-E F0(...])2.5 E(The)144 453.6 Q F2(ar)3.17 E(g)-.37 E F0 3.17(sa)C .671
+496.8 Q F1 -2.3 -.15(ev a)108 513.6 T(l).15 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37
+E F0(...])2.5 E(The)144 525.6 Q F2(ar)3.17 E(g)-.37 E F0 3.17(sa)C .671
(re read and concatenated together into a single command.)-3.17 F .671
-(This command is then read)5.671 F .495(and e)144 465.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G
+(This command is then read)5.671 F .495(and e)144 537.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G
.495(cuted by the shell, and its e).15 F .495
(xit status is returned as the v)-.15 F .495(alue of)-.25 F F1 -2.3 -.15
(ev a)2.995 H(l).15 E F0 5.495(.I)C 2.995(ft)-5.495 G .495(here are no)
--2.995 F F2(ar)2.995 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,).27 E(or only null ar)144 477.6 Q
+-2.995 F F2(ar)2.995 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,).27 E(or only null ar)144 549.6 Q
(guments,)-.18 E F1 -2.3 -.15(ev a)2.5 H(l).15 E F0(returns 0.)2.5 E F1
-(exec)108
494.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255cl)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad61>-2.5 E F2
+(exec)108
566.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255cl)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad61>-2.5 E F2
(name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(command)-2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)
--.37 E F0(]])A(If)144 506.4 Q F2(command)3.005 E F0 .305
+-.37 E F0(]])A(If)144 578.4 Q F2(command)3.005 E F0 .305
(is speci\214ed, it replaces the shell.)3.575 F .305(No ne)5.305 F 2.805
(wp)-.25 G .306(rocess is created.)-2.805 F(The)5.306 E F2(ar)3.136 E
-(guments)-.37 E F0(become)3.076 E .177(the ar)144 518.4 R .177
+(guments)-.37 E F0(become)3.076 E .177(the ar)144 590.4 R .177
(guments to)-.18 F F2(command)2.676 E F0 5.176(.I)C 2.676(ft)-5.176 G
(he)-2.676 E F1<ad6c>2.676 E F0 .176
(option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the be)2.676 F .176
-(ginning of)-.15 F .159(the zeroth ar)144 530.4 R 2.659(gp)-.18 G .159
+(ginning of)-.15 F .159(the zeroth ar)144 602.4 R 2.659(gp)-.18 G .159
(assed to)-2.659 F F2(command)2.659 E F0 5.159(.T).77 G .159
(his is what)-5.159 F F2(lo)2.659 E(gin)-.1 E F0 .159(\(1\) does.).24 F
(The)5.16 E F1<ad63>2.66 E F0 .16(option causes)2.66 F F2(command)2.86 E
-F0(to)3.43 E 1.196(be e)144 542.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.196
+F0(to)3.43 E 1.196(be e)144 614.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.196
(cuted with an empty en).15 F 3.696(vironment. If)-.4 F F1<ad61>3.696 E
F0 1.196(is supplied, the shell passes)3.696 F F2(name)4.055 E F0 1.195
-(as the zeroth)3.875 F(ar)144 554.4 Q .02(gument to the e)-.18 F -.15
+(as the zeroth)3.875 F(ar)144 626.4 Q .02(gument to the e)-.18 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G .02(cuted command.).15 F(If)5.02 E F2(command)2.72 E F0 .02
(cannot be e)3.29 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .02
-(cuted for some reason, a non-inter).15 F(-)-.2 E(acti)144 566.4 Q 1.067
+(cuted for some reason, a non-inter).15 F(-)-.2 E(acti)144 638.4 Q 1.067
-.15(ve s)-.25 H .767(hell e).15 F .767(xits, unless the shell option)
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(option suppresses the command numbers when listing.)2.522 F(The)5.022 E
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1<ad72>2.522 E F0 .022(option re)2.522 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .022
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(When editing is complete, the edited commands are echoed and)5.95 F
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(cuted or f).15 F .787
(ailure if an error occurs with the temporary \214le of commands.)-.1 F
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(ailure if run when job control is disabled or)-.1 F 2.862(,w)-.4 G .362
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-F0 .004(does not specify a v)2.814 F .004(alid job or)-.25 F F1(jobspec)
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(The colon and question mark char)5.579 F(-)-.2 E 1.665
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36 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad73>A F2(sigspec)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F1
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96 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad73>A F2(sigspec)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F1
<ad6e>2.5 E F2(signum)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F1<ad>2.5 E F2(sigspec)A F0 2.5
(][)C F2(pid)-2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F2(jobspec)2.5 E F0 2.5(].)C(..)-2.5 E F1
-(kill \255l)108 348 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(sigspec)A F0(|)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G
-(it_status).2 E F0(])A .119(Send the signal named by)144 360 R F2
+(kill \255l)108 408 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(sigspec)A F0(|)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G
+(it_status).2 E F0(])A .119(Send the signal named by)144 420 R F2
(sigspec)2.959 E F0(or)2.929 E F2(signum)2.959 E F0 .119
(to the processes named by)2.939 F F2(pid)3.87 E F0(or)3.39 E F2
(jobspec)2.62 E F0(.).31 E F2(sigspec)5.46 E F0(is)2.93 E .319
-(either a case-insensiti)144 372 R .619 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .319
+(either a case-insensiti)144 432 R .619 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .319
(ignal name such as).15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGKILL)2.819 E F0 .318
(\(with or without the)2.569 F F3(SIG)2.818 E F0 .318
-(pre\214x\) or a signal)2.568 F(number;)144 384 Q F2(signum)4.188 E F0
+(pre\214x\) or a signal)2.568 F(number;)144 444 Q F2(signum)4.188 E F0
1.349(is a signal number)4.168 F 6.349(.I)-.55 G(f)-6.349 E F2(sigspec)
4.189 E F0 1.349(is not present, then)4.159 F F3(SIGTERM)3.849 E F0
-1.349(is assumed.)3.599 F(An)6.349 E(ar)144 396 Q .523(gument of)-.18 F
+1.349(is assumed.)3.599 F(An)6.349 E(ar)144 456 Q .523(gument of)-.18 F
F1<ad6c>3.023 E F0 .523(lists the signal names.)3.023 F .523(If an)5.523
F 3.023(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-3.023 G .523(uments are supplied when).18 F
F1<ad6c>3.023 E F0 .523(is gi)3.023 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .523(n, the names)
-.15 F .28(of the signals corresponding to the ar)144 408 R .28
+.15 F .28(of the signals corresponding to the ar)144 468 R .28
(guments are listed, and the return status is 0.)-.18 F(The)5.28 E F2
--.2(ex)2.78 G(it_status).2 E F0(ar)144 420 Q .378(gument to)-.18 F F1
+-.2(ex)2.78 G(it_status).2 E F0(ar)144 480 Q .378(gument to)-.18 F F1
<ad6c>2.878 E F0 .378
(is a number specifying either a signal number or the e)2.878 F .377
-(xit status of a process termi-)-.15 F .593(nated by a signal.)144 432 R
+(xit status of a process termi-)-.15 F .593(nated by a signal.)144 492 R
F1(kill)5.593 E F0 .593(returns true if at least one signal w)3.093 F
.593(as successfully sent, or f)-.1 F .594(alse if an error)-.1 F
-(occurs or an in)144 444 Q -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered.).25
-E F1(let)108 460.8 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0
-(...])2.5 E(Each)144 472.8 Q F2(ar)3.965 E(g)-.37 E F0 1.135
+(occurs or an in)144 504 Q -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered.).25
+E F1(let)108 520.8 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0
+(...])2.5 E(Each)144 532.8 Q F2(ar)3.965 E(g)-.37 E F0 1.135
(is an arithmetic e)3.855 F 1.134(xpression to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25
G 1.134(luated \(see).25 F F3 1.134(ARITHMETIC EV)3.634 F(ALU)-1.215 E
-.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(\).)A F0 1.134(If the)
-5.634 F(last)144 484.8 Q F2(ar)2.83 E(g)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)2.72 G
+5.634 F(last)144 544.8 Q F2(ar)2.83 E(g)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)2.72 G
(luates to 0,).25 E F1(let)2.5 E F0(returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.)
-2.5 E F1(local)108 501.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(option)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)
--2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 513.6 S
+2.5 E F1(local)108 561.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(option)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)
+-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 573.6 S
2.56(re).15 G .06(ach ar)-2.56 F .06(gument, a local v)-.18 F .06
(ariable named)-.25 F F2(name)2.92 E F0 .06(is created, and assigned)
2.74 F F2(value)2.56 E F0 5.06(.T).18 G(he)-5.06 E F2(option)2.56 E F0
-.06(can be)2.56 F(an)144 525.6 Q 3.153(yo)-.15 G 3.153(ft)-3.153 G .653
+.06(can be)2.56 F(an)144 585.6 Q 3.153(yo)-.15 G 3.153(ft)-3.153 G .653
(he options accepted by)-3.153 F F1(declar)3.153 E(e)-.18 E F0 5.652(.W)
C(hen)-5.652 E F1(local)3.152 E F0 .652
(is used within a function, it causes the v)3.152 F(ari-)-.25 E(able)144
-537.6 Q F2(name)3.72 E F0 .86(to ha)3.54 F 1.16 -.15(ve a v)-.2 H .861
+597.6 Q F2(name)3.72 E F0 .86(to ha)3.54 F 1.16 -.15(ve a v)-.2 H .861
(isible scope restricted to that function and its children.).15 F -.4
-(Wi)5.861 G .861(th no operands,).4 F F1(local)144 549.6 Q F0 1.165
+(Wi)5.861 G .861(th no operands,).4 F F1(local)144 609.6 Q F0 1.165
(writes a list of local v)3.665 F 1.165
(ariables to the standard output.)-.25 F 1.165(It is an error to use)
6.165 F F1(local)3.664 E F0 1.164(when not)3.664 F .232
-(within a function.)144 561.6 R .233(The return status is 0 unless)5.232
+(within a function.)144 621.6 R .233(The return status is 0 unless)5.232
F F1(local)2.733 E F0 .233(is used outside a function, an in)2.733 F
-.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F2(name)3.093 E F0(is)2.913 E(supplied, or)144
-573.6 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0(is a readonly v)2.5 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1
-(logout)108 590.4 Q F0(Exit a login shell.)9.33 E F1(popd)108 607.2 Q F0
+633.6 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0(is a readonly v)2.5 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1
+(logout)108 650.4 Q F0(Exit a login shell.)9.33 E F1(popd)108 667.2 Q F0
<5bad>2.5 E F1(n)A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F2(n)A F0 2.5(][)C<ad>-2.5 E F2
-(n)A F0(])A(Remo)144 619.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.8(se).15 G .3
+(n)A F0(])A(Remo)144 679.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.8(se).15 G .3
(ntries from the directory stack.)-2.8 F -.4(Wi)5.299 G .299(th no ar).4
F .299(guments, remo)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.799(st).15 G .299
(he top directory from the)-2.799 F 1.478(stack, and performs a)144
-631.2 R F1(cd)3.978 E F0 1.479(to the ne)3.978 F 3.979(wt)-.25 G 1.479
+691.2 R F1(cd)3.978 E F0 1.479(to the ne)3.978 F 3.979(wt)-.25 G 1.479
(op directory)-3.979 F 6.479(.A)-.65 G -.18(rg)-6.479 G 1.479
(uments, if supplied, ha).18 F 1.779 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.479(he follo).15
-F(wing)-.25 E(meanings:)144 643.2 Q F1(+)144 655.2 Q F2(n)A F0(Remo)25.3
+F(wing)-.25 E(meanings:)144 703.2 Q F1(+)144 715.2 Q F2(n)A F0(Remo)25.3
E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.64(st).15 G(he)-2.64 E F2(n)2.64 E F0 .14
(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B .14(wn by)-.25 F F1
(dirs)2.64 E F0 2.64(,s)C .14(tarting with zero.)-2.64 F -.15(Fo)180
-667.2 S 2.5(re).15 G(xample:)-2.65 E/F5 10/Courier@0 SF(popd +0)2.5 E F0
+727.2 S 2.5(re).15 G(xample:)-2.65 E/F5 10/Courier@0 SF(popd +0)2.5 E F0
(remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he \214rst directory)-2.5 E(,)
--.65 E F5(popd +1)2.5 E F0(the second.)2.5 E F1<ad>144 679.2 Q F2(n)A F0
-(Remo)25.3 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.759(st).15 G(he)-3.759 E F2(n)3.759 E F0
-1.259(th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.26(wn by)-.25
-F F1(dirs)3.76 E F0 3.76(,s)C 1.26(tarting with)-3.76 F 2.5(zero. F)180
-691.2 R(or e)-.15 E(xample:)-.15 E F5(popd -0)2.5 E F0(remo)2.5 E -.15
-(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he last directory)-2.5 E(,)-.65 E F5(popd -1)2.5
-E F0(the ne)2.5 E(xt to last.)-.15 E F1<ad6e>144 703.2 Q F0 .551
-(Suppresses the normal change of directory when remo)24.74 F .551
-(ving directories from the stack, so)-.15 F
-(that only the stack is manipulated.)180 715.2 Q(GNU Bash-3.0)72 768 Q
+-.65 E F5(popd +1)2.5 E F0(the second.)2.5 E(GNU Bash-3.0)72 768 Q
(2004 June 26)147.345 E(52)197.335 E 0 Cg EP
%%Page: 53 53
%%BeginPageSetup
BP
%%EndPageSetup
/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E .643(If the)144 84 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(popd)3.143 E F0 .643
-(command is successful, a)3.143 F F1(dirs)3.143 E F0 .644
-(is performed as well, and the return status is 0.)3.143 F F1(popd)5.644
-E F0 .416(returns f)144 96 R .416(alse if an in)-.1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .415
+-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad>144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0
+(Remo)25.3 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.759(st).15 G(he)-3.759 E F2(n)3.759 E F0
+1.259(th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.26(wn by)-.25
+F F1(dirs)3.76 E F0 3.76(,s)C 1.26(tarting with)-3.76 F 2.5(zero. F)180
+96 R(or e)-.15 E(xample:)-.15 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF(popd -0)2.5 E F0
+(remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he last directory)-2.5 E(,)-.65
+E F3(popd -1)2.5 E F0(the ne)2.5 E(xt to last.)-.15 E F1<ad6e>144 108 Q
+F0 .551(Suppresses the normal change of directory when remo)24.74 F .551
+(ving directories from the stack, so)-.15 F
+(that only the stack is manipulated.)180 120 Q .643(If the)144 136.8 R
+F1(popd)3.143 E F0 .643(command is successful, a)3.143 F F1(dirs)3.143 E
+F0 .644(is performed as well, and the return status is 0.)3.143 F F1
+(popd)5.644 E F0 .416(returns f)144 148.8 R .416(alse if an in)-.1 F
+-.25(va)-.4 G .415
(lid option is encountered, the directory stack is empty).25 F 2.915
(,an)-.65 G(on-e)-2.915 E .415(xistent direc-)-.15 F
-(tory stack entry is speci\214ed, or the directory change f)144 108 Q
-(ails.)-.1 E F1(printf)108 124.8 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(format)2.5 E
-F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A .372(Write the formatted)144
-136.8 R F2(ar)2.872 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .372
+(tory stack entry is speci\214ed, or the directory change f)144 160.8 Q
+(ails.)-.1 E F1(printf)108 177.6 Q F2(format)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A
+(guments)-.37 E F0(])A .372(Write the formatted)144 189.6 R F2(ar)2.872
+E(guments)-.37 E F0 .372
(to the standard output under the control of the)2.872 F F2(format)2.872
E F0 5.372(.T)C(he)-5.372 E F2(format)2.872 E F0 1.804(is a character s\
tring which contains three types of objects: plain characters, which ar\
-e simply)144 148.8 R .158
+e simply)144 201.6 R .158
(copied to standard output, character escape sequences, which are con)
-144 160.8 R -.15(ve)-.4 G .159(rted and copied to the stan-).15 F .499(\
+144 213.6 R -.15(ve)-.4 G .159(rted and copied to the stan-).15 F .499(\
dard output, and format speci\214cations, each of which causes printing\
- of the ne)144 172.8 R .499(xt successi)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F2(ar)
-3.149 E(gu-)-.37 E(ment)144 184.8 Q F0 5.423(.I)C 2.923(na)-5.423 G .423
+ of the ne)144 225.6 R .499(xt successi)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F2(ar)
+3.149 E(gu-)-.37 E(ment)144 237.6 Q F0 5.423(.I)C 2.923(na)-5.423 G .423
(ddition to the standard)-2.923 F F2(printf)2.923 E F0 .424
(\(1\) formats,)B F1(%b)2.924 E F0(causes)2.924 E F1(printf)2.924 E F0
.424(to e)2.924 F .424(xpand backslash escape)-.15 F .934
-(sequences in the corresponding)144 196.8 R F2(ar)3.434 E(gument)-.37 E
+(sequences in the corresponding)144 249.6 R F2(ar)3.434 E(gument)-.37 E
F0(\(e)3.434 E .934(xcept that)-.15 F F1(\\c)3.434 E F0 .934
(terminates output, backslashes in)3.434 F F1(\\')3.433 E F0(,)A F1(\\")
-3.433 E F0(,)A(and)144 208.8 Q F1(\\?)3.421 E F0 .921(are not remo)3.421
+3.433 E F0(,)A(and)144 261.6 Q F1(\\?)3.421 E F0 .921(are not remo)3.421
F -.15(ve)-.15 G .922(d, and octal escapes be).15 F .922(ginning with)
-.15 F F1(\\0)3.422 E F0 .922(may contain up to four digits\), and)3.422
-F F1(%q)144 220.8 Q F0(causes)3.631 E F1(printf)3.631 E F0 1.131
+F F1(%q)144 273.6 Q F0(causes)3.631 E F1(printf)3.631 E F0 1.131
(to output the corresponding)3.631 F F2(ar)3.631 E(gument)-.37 E F0 1.13
-(in a format that can be reused as shell)3.631 F(input.)144 232.8 Q(The)
-144 256.8 Q F2(format)3.423 E F0 .923
+(in a format that can be reused as shell)3.631 F(input.)144 285.6 Q(The)
+144 309.6 Q F2(format)3.423 E F0 .923
(is reused as necessary to consume all of the)3.423 F F2(ar)3.423 E
(guments)-.37 E F0 5.923(.I)C 3.423(ft)-5.923 G(he)-3.423 E F2(format)
-3.423 E F0 .924(requires more)3.424 F F2(ar)144 268.8 Q(guments)-.37 E
+3.423 E F0 .924(requires more)3.424 F F2(ar)144 321.6 Q(guments)-.37 E
F0 .033(than are supplied, the e)2.534 F .033
(xtra format speci\214cations beha)-.15 F .333 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 2.533(si)
.15 G 2.533(faz)-2.533 G .033(ero v)-2.533 F .033(alue or null string,)
--.25 F(as appropriate, had been supplied.)144 280.8 Q(The return v)5 E
+-.25 F(as appropriate, had been supplied.)144 333.6 Q(The return v)5 E
(alue is zero on success, non-zero on f)-.25 E(ailure.)-.1 E F1(pushd)
-108
297.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6e>A F0 2.5(][)C F2(dir)-2.5 E F0(])A F1
-(pushd)108 3
09.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6e>A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F2(n)A F0
+108
350.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6e>A F0 2.5(][)C F2(dir)-2.5 E F0(])A F1
+(pushd)108 3
62.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6e>A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F2(n)A F0
2.5(][)C<ad>-2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .639(Adds a directory to the top of th\
-e directory stack, or rotates the stack, making the ne)144 321.6 R 3.14
-(wt)-.25 G .64(op of the)-3.14 F 1.316(stack the current w)144 333.6 R
+e directory stack, or rotates the stack, making the ne)144 374.4 R 3.14
+(wt)-.25 G .64(op of the)-3.14 F 1.316(stack the current w)144 386.4 R
1.316(orking directory)-.1 F 6.316(.W)-.65 G 1.315(ith no ar)-6.716 F
1.315(guments, e)-.18 F 1.315(xchanges the top tw)-.15 F 3.815(od)-.1 G
1.315(irectories and)-3.815 F .871
-(returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty)144 345.6 R 5.871(.A)
+(returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty)144 398.4 R 5.871(.A)
-.65 G -.18(rg)-5.871 G .872(uments, if supplied, ha).18 F 1.172 -.15
-(ve t)-.2 H .872(he follo).15 F .872(wing mean-)-.25 F(ings:)144 357.6 Q
-F1(+)144 369.6 Q F2(n)A F0 1.268(Rotates the stack so that the)25.3 F F2
+(ve t)-.2 H .872(he follo).15 F .872(wing mean-)-.25 F(ings:)144 410.4 Q
+F1(+)144 422.4 Q F2(n)A F0 1.268(Rotates the stack so that the)25.3 F F2
(n)3.768 E F0 1.267
(th directory \(counting from the left of the list sho)B 1.267(wn by)
--.25 F F1(dirs)180 381.6 Q F0 2.5(,s)C
-(tarting with zero\) is at the top.)-2.5 E F1<ad>144 393.6 Q F2(n)A F0
+-.25 F F1(dirs)180 434.4 Q F0 2.5(,s)C
+(tarting with zero\) is at the top.)-2.5 E F1<ad>144 446.4 Q F2(n)A F0
.92(Rotates the stack so that the)25.3 F F2(n)3.42 E F0 .92
(th directory \(counting from the right of the list sho)B .92(wn by)-.25
-F F1(dirs)180 405.6 Q F0 2.5(,s)C(tarting with zero\) is at the top.)
--2.5 E F1<ad6e>144 417.6 Q F0 .902(Suppresses the normal change of dire\
+F F1(dirs)180 458.4 Q F0 2.5(,s)C(tarting with zero\) is at the top.)
+-2.5 E F1<ad6e>144 470.4 Q F0 .902(Suppresses the normal change of dire\
ctory when adding directories to the stack, so that)24.74 F
-(only the stack is manipulated.)180 429.6 Q F2(dir)144.35 441.6 Q F0
+(only the stack is manipulated.)180 482.4 Q F2(dir)144.35 494.4 Q F0
(Adds)23.98 E F2(dir)2.85 E F0
(to the directory stack at the top, making it the ne)3.23 E 2.5(wc)-.25
-G(urrent w)-2.5 E(orking directory)-.1 E(.)-.65 E .488(If the)144 458.4
+G(urrent w)-2.5 E(orking directory)-.1 E(.)-.65 E .488(If the)144 511.2
R F1(pushd)2.988 E F0 .488(command is successful, a)2.988 F F1(dirs)
2.988 E F0 .488(is performed as well.)2.988 F .489
(If the \214rst form is used,)5.488 F F1(pushd)2.989 E F0 1.04
-(returns 0 unless the cd to)144 470.4 R F2(dir)3.89 E F0 -.1(fa)4.27 G
+(returns 0 unless the cd to)144 523.2 R F2(dir)3.89 E F0 -.1(fa)4.27 G
3.539(ils. W).1 F 1.039(ith the second form,)-.4 F F1(pushd)3.539 E F0
1.039(returns 0 unless the directory)3.539 F .846(stack is empty)144
-482.4 R 3.346(,an)-.65 G(on-e)-3.346 E .847(xistent directory stack ele\
+535.2 R 3.346(,an)-.65 G(on-e)-3.346 E .847(xistent directory stack ele\
ment is speci\214ed, or the directory change to the)-.15 F
-(speci\214ed ne)144 494.4 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(urrent directory f)-2.5 E
-(ails.)-.1 E F1(pwd)108 511.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255LP)A F0(])A .845
-(Print the absolute pathname of the current w)144 523.2 R .845
+(speci\214ed ne)144 547.2 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(urrent directory f)-2.5 E
+(ails.)-.1 E F1(pwd)108 564 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255LP)A F0(])A .845
+(Print the absolute pathname of the current w)144 576 R .845
(orking directory)-.1 F 5.844(.T)-.65 G .844
(he pathname printed contains no)-5.844 F .181(symbolic links if the)144
-535.2 R F1<ad50>2.681 E F0 .181(option is supplied or the)2.681 F F1
-.181(\255o ph)2.681 F(ysical)-.15 E F0 .181(option to the)2.681 F F1
-(set)2.681 E F0 -.2(bu)2.681 G .182(iltin command is).2 F 3.264
-
(enabled. If)144 547.2 R(the)3.264 E F1<ad4c>3.264 E F0 .763
+588 R F1<ad50>2.681 E F0 .181(option is supplied or the)2.681 F F1 .181
+(\255o ph)2.681 F(ysical)-.15 E F0 .181(option to the)2.681 F F1(set)
+2.681 E F0 -.2(bu)2.681 G .182(iltin command is).2 F 3.264(enabled. If)
+
144 600 R(the)3.264 E F1<ad4c>3.264 E F0 .763
(option is used, the pathname printed may contain symbolic links.)3.264
F .763(The return)5.763 F 1.36(status is 0 unless an error occurs while\
- reading the name of the current directory or an in)144 559.2 R -.25(va)
--.4 G(lid).25 E(option is supplied.)144 571.2 Q F1 -.18(re)108 588 S(ad)
+ reading the name of the current directory or an in)144 612 R -.25(va)
+-.4 G(lid).25 E(option is supplied.)144 624 Q F1 -.18(re)108 640.8 S(ad)
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(If the standard input is coming from a terminal,)25.86 F F1 -.18(re)
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(nput. The)-2.5 F
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(If input is coming from a terminal, characters are not echoed.)5 E F1
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28.8 Q(gument to)-.18 E F8<ad75>2.5 E F4(.)A F8
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(option is supplied, a list of all r)3.557 F 1.057
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05.6 Q F8<ad70>2.577 E F4
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77.6 Q F8<ad66>2.5 E F4
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(n)3.391 E F4 .631(or the exit status of the last command exe-)3.211 F
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R .54(If used outside a function and not)5.54 F .037
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-(Any command associated with)5.038 F(the)144 542.4 Q F8(RETURN)2.5 E F4
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S .246(thout options, the name and value of each shell variable ar).55 F
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(ptions, if speci\214ed, have the following meanings:)-5 E F8<ad61>144
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--.18 F(export to the envir)184 643.2 Q(onment of subsequent commands.)
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(Report the status of terminated backgr)27.83 F .096
(ound jobs immediately)-.18 F 2.596(,r)-1.11 G .096(ather than befor)
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(is ef)2.5 E(fective only when job contr)-.18 E(ol is enabled.)-.18 E F8
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-(Disable pathname expansion.)30.05 E F1<ad68>144 96 Q F2 .592
-(Remember the location of commands as they ar)27.83 F 3.092(el)-.18 G
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-(emacs)184 288 Q F2 .412
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(Use an emacs-style command line editing interface.)12.23 F .412
(This is enabled by)5.412 F .358(default when the shell is interactive,\
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12 Q F2(option.)2.5 E F1(errtrace)184 324 Q F2(Same as)5.56 E F1<ad45>
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2(.)A F1(functrace)184 336 Q F2(Same as)224 348 Q F1<ad54>2.5 E
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1<ad43>2.5 E F2(.)A F1(noexec)184 540 Q F2(Same as)8.89 E F1<ad6e>2.5
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-Q F2(Same as)12.22 E F1<ad62>2.5 E F2(.)A F1(nounset)184 576 Q F2
-(Same as)224 588 Q F1<ad75>2.5 E F2(.)A F1(onecmd)184 600 Q F2(Same as)
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48 Q F1(option.)2.5 E F2(errtrace)184 360 Q F1(Same as)5.56 E F2<ad45>
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(Use a vi-style command line editing interface.)31.11 E F1(xtrace)184
-1
44 Q F2(Same as)13.34 E F1<ad78>2.5 E F2(.)A(If)184 162 Q F1<ad6f>4.63
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-(commands to)4.411 F -.18(re)184 186 S(cr).18 E(eate the curr)-.18 E
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68 Q F2(Same as)13.34 E F1<ad78>2.5 E F2(.)A(If)184 186 Q F1<ad6f>4.63
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-(utput.)-2.5 E F1<ad70>144 198 Q F2 -.9(Tu)27.83 G .853(rn on).9 F F3
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70 R F1<ad70>2.997 E F2 .498
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F F1<ad70>3.185 E F2 .684(option is supplied at startup, the ef)3.185 F
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.752(urning this option of)-.9 F 3.252(fc)-.18 G .752(auses the ef)
-3.252 F .753(fective user and gr)-.18 F(oup)-.18 E
-(ids to be set to the r)184 282 Q(eal user and gr)-.18 E(oup ids.)-.18 E
-F1<ad74>144 294 Q F2(Exit after r)30.61 E
-(eading and executing one command.)-.18 E F1<ad75>144 306 Q F2 -.88 -.9
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+(eading and executing one command.)-.18 E F1<ad75>144 330 Q F2 -.88 -.9
(Tr e)27.83 H 2.498(at unset variables as an err).9 F 2.498
(or when performing parameter expansion.)-.18 F(If)7.498 E .869
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(After expanding each)28.94 F F3 2.637(simple command)5.137 F F2(,)A F1
(for)5.137 E F2(command,)5.137 E F1(case)5.136 E F2(command,)5.136 E F1
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-(lowed by the command and its expanded ar)184 378 Q
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(guments or associated wor)-.18 E 2.5(dl)-.18 G(ist.)-2.5 E F1<ad42>144
-390 Q F2 .484(The shell performs brace expansion \(see)27.27 F F1 .484
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(Brace Expansion)2.984 F F2 2.984(above\). This)2.984 F .484(is on by)
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+2.984 F(default.)184 426 Q F1<ad43>144 438 Q F2 .077(If set,)26.72 F F1
(bash)2.577 E F2 .077(does not overwrite an existing \214le with the)
2.577 F F1(>)2.578 E F2(,)A F1(>&)2.578 E F2 2.578(,a)C(nd)-2.578 E F1
(<>)2.578 E F2 -.18(re)2.578 G(dir).18 E(ection)-.18 E 2.645
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-(eating output \214les by using the r)-.18 F(edi-)-.18 E -.18(re)184 438
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S(ction operator).18 E F1(>|)2.5 E F2(instead of)2.5 E F1(>)2.5 E F2(.)A
-F1<ad45>144 450 Q F2 .901(If set, any trap on)27.83 F F1(ERR)3.402 E F2
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-(and commands executed in a subshell envir)184 462 R 3.25(onment. The)
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-.18 F F1(ERR)3.25 E F2 .75(trap is normally)3.25 F
-(not inherited in such cases.)184 474 Q F1<ad48>144 486 Q F2(Enable)
+(not inherited in such cases.)184 498 Q F1<ad48>144 510 Q F2(Enable)
25.61 E F1(!)2.515 E F2 .015(style history substitution.)5.015 F .016
(This option is on by default when the shell is)5.016 F(interactive.)184
-498 Q F1<ad50>144 510 Q F2 .693(If set, the shell does not follow symbo\
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+522 Q F1<ad50>144 534 Q F2 .693(If set, the shell does not follow symbo\
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E F2 1.069(that change the curr)3.569 F 1.069(ent working dir)-.18 F
(ectory)-.18 E 6.069(.I)-1.11 G 3.569(tu)-6.069 G 1.07
-(ses the physical dir)-3.569 F(ectory)-.18 E(str)184 534 Q(uctur)-.08 E
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2.912(ei)-.18 G 2.912(nstead. By)-2.912 F(default,)2.912 E F1(bash)2.912
E F2 .412(follows the logical chain of dir)2.912 F .411(ectories when)
--.18 F(performing commands which change the curr)184 546 Q(ent dir)-.18
-E(ectory)-.18 E(.)-1.11 E F1<ad54>144 558 Q F2 1.25(If set, any trap on)
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+E(ectory)-.18 E(.)-1.11 E F1<ad54>144 582 Q F2 1.25(If set, any trap on)
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1.781(If no ar)27.88 F 1.782
(guments follow this option, then the positional parameters ar)-.18 F
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(et to the)-3.803 F F3(ar)3.803 E(g)-.18 E F2 1.303
-(s, even if some of them)B(begin with a)184 6
18 Q F1<ad>2.5 E F2(.)A F1
-<ad>144 630 Q F2 1.295(Signal the end of options, cause all r)33.94 F
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42 Q F1<ad>2.5 E F2(.)A F1
+<ad>144 654 Q F2 1.295(Signal the end of options, cause all r)33.94 F
(emaining)-.18 E F3(ar)3.796 E(g)-.18 E F2 3.796(st)C 3.796(ob)-3.796 G
3.796(ea)-3.796 G 1.296(ssigned to the posi-)-3.796 F .042
-(tional parameters.)184 6
42 R(The)5.042 E F1<ad78>2.542 E F2(and)2.542 E
+(tional parameters.)184 6
66 R(The)5.042 E F1<ad78>2.542 E F2(and)2.542 E
F1<ad76>2.542 E F2 .041(options ar)2.541 F 2.541(et)-.18 G .041
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-(The options ar)144 670.8 R 2.62(eo)-.18 G .48 -.18(ff b)-2.62 H 2.62
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(yd).18 G .121(efault unless otherwise noted.)-2.62 F .121
(Using + rather than \255 causes these)5.121 F .278
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(options can also be speci\214ed as ar)2.777 F .277
-(guments to an invocation)-.18 F .722(of the shell.)144 694.8 R .723
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(The curr)5.723 F .723(ent set of options may be found in)-.18 F F1
<24ad>3.223 E F2 5.723(.T)C .723(he r)-5.723 F .723
-(eturn status is always)-.18 F(tr)144 706.8 Q
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(ue unless an invalid option is encounter)-.08 E(ed.)-.18 E F0
(GNU Bash-3.0)72 768 Q(2004 June 26)147.345 E(56)197.335 E 0 Cg EP
%%Page: 57 57
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-(builtin for details of its ef)3.699 F 1.198(fect on the)-.18 F F2
-(DEBUG)144 609.6 Q F1 3.153(trap. If)3.153 F(a)3.153 E F5(sigspec)3.563
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+% Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved.
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+%%CreationDate: 1991 Aug 20 16:46:24
+% Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved.
+11 dict begin
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+%%BeginFont: CMR8
+%!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMR8 1.0
+%%CreationDate: 1991 Aug 20 16:39:40
+% Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved.
+11 dict begin
+/FontInfo 7 dict dup begin
+/version (1.0) readonly def
+/Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def
+/FullName (CMR8) readonly def
+/FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
+/Weight (Medium) readonly def
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+/isFixedPitch false def
+end readonly def
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+/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
+/Encoding 256 array
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+/UniqueID 5000791 def
+currentdict end
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+% Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved.
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+(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)34
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+(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)44
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+(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)43 b Fb(23)150
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+(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)
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(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)
-f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)47
-b Fb(3)150 506 y(nativ)n(e)25 b(languages)14 b Fc(.)h(.)d(.)g(.)h(.)f
-(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)
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-b(readline)12 b Fc(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h
-(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)38
-b Fb(85)150 851 y Fr(O)150 969 y Fb(op)r(erator,)27 b(shell)15
-b Fc(.)e(.)g(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)
-g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)41
-b Fb(3)150 1225 y Fr(P)150 1344 y Fb(parameter)25 b(expansion)14
-b Fc(.)f(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)
-f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)40 b Fb(18)150 1432 y(parameters)14
-b Fc(.)e(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)
-g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)39
-b Fb(15)150 1521 y(parameters,)26 b(p)r(ositional)9 b
-Fc(.)14 b(.)e(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h
-(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)34 b Fb(15)150 1609 y(parameters,)26
-b(sp)r(ecial)f Fc(.)12 b(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)
-f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)49
-b Fb(15)150 1698 y(pathname)24 b(expansion)19 b Fc(.)12
-b(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f
-(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)44 b Fb(22)150 1786 y(pattern)25
-b(matc)n(hing)18 b Fc(.)12 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)
-f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)43
-b Fb(23)150 1875 y(pip)r(eline)15 b Fc(.)e(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g
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+(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)33
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+(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)50 b Fb(3)150
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(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)
-f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)41 b
-Fb(8)150 1963 y(POSIX)8 b Fc(.)k(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)
-f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g
-(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)34 b Fb(3)150
-2052 y(POSIX)25 b(Mo)r(de)10 b Fc(.)i(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h
-(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)
-h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)35 b Fb(76)150 2140 y(pro)r(cess)27
-b(group)7 b Fc(.)13 b(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g
-(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)
-g(.)h(.)33 b Fb(3)150 2229 y(pro)r(cess)27 b(group)e(ID)f
-Fc(.)12 b(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f
-(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)50
-b Fb(3)150 2317 y(pro)r(cess)27 b(substitution)10 b Fc(.)i(.)h(.)f(.)g
-(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)
-f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)36 b Fb(22)150 2406 y(programmable)25
-b(completion)16 b Fc(.)c(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)
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-g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h
-(.)32 b Fb(75)150 2750 y Fr(Q)150 2869 y Fb(quoting)19
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-(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)
-g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)46 b Fb(6)150 2957 y(quoting,)26 b(ANSI)12
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-f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)38
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+(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)38
b Fb(6)150 3213 y Fr(R)150 3332 y Fb(Readline,)26 b(ho)n(w)g(to)g(use)
14 b Fc(.)e(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f
(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)39 b Fb(84)150 3421
b Fb(76)2025 473 y(return)25 b(status)19 b Fc(.)13 b(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)
g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h
(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)45 b Fb(3)2025
-707 y Fr(S)2025 823 y Fb(shell)26 b(arithmetic)12 b Fc(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g
+707 y Fr(S)2025 823 y Fb(shell)26 b(arithmetic)12 b Fc(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)g
(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)
f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)38 b Fb(70)2025 910 y(shell)26
b(function)11 b Fc(.)i(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g
b Fb(22)2025 3304 y Fr(Y)2025 3421 y Fb(y)n(anking)25
b(text)7 b Fc(.)k(.)i(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h
(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)
-g(.)33 b Fb(87)p eop
+g(.)33 b Fb(87)p eop end
%%Trailer
-end
+
userdict /end-hook known{end-hook}if
%%EOF
projects / thirdparty / bash.git / commitdiff
