- master
- + `Stable buildbots <http://buildbot.python.org/3.x.stable/>`_
+ + `Stable buildbots <https://buildbot.python.org/3.x.stable/>`_
- 3.9
- + `Stable buildbots <http://buildbot.python.org/3.9.stable/>`_
+ + `Stable buildbots <https://buildbot.python.org/3.9.stable/>`_
- 3.8
- + `Stable buildbots <http://buildbot.python.org/3.8.stable/>`_
+ + `Stable buildbots <https://buildbot.python.org/3.8.stable/>`_
- 3.7
- + `Stable buildbots <http://buildbot.python.org/3.7.stable/>`_
+ + `Stable buildbots <https://buildbot.python.org/3.7.stable/>`_
Thank You
This guide only covers the basic tools for creating extensions provided
as part of this version of CPython. Third party tools like
-`Cython <http://cython.org/>`_, `cffi <https://cffi.readthedocs.io>`_,
-`SWIG <http://www.swig.org>`_ and `Numba <https://numba.pydata.org/>`_
+`Cython <https://cython.org/>`_, `cffi <https://cffi.readthedocs.io>`_,
+`SWIG <https://www.swig.org>`_ and `Numba <https://numba.pydata.org/>`_
offer both simpler and more sophisticated approaches to creating C and C++
extensions for Python.
Can Python be compiled to machine code, C or some other language?
-----------------------------------------------------------------
-`Cython <http://cython.org/>`_ compiles a modified version of Python with
-optional annotations into C extensions. `Nuitka <http://www.nuitka.net/>`_ is
+`Cython <https://cython.org/>`_ compiles a modified version of Python with
+optional annotations into C extensions. `Nuitka <https://www.nuitka.net/>`_ is
an up-and-coming compiler of Python into C++ code, aiming to support the full
Python language.
to perform a garbage collection, obtain debugging statistics, and tune the
collector's parameters.
-Other implementations (such as `Jython <http://www.jython.org>`_ or
-`PyPy <http://www.pypy.org>`_), however, can rely on a different mechanism
+Other implementations (such as `Jython <https://www.jython.org>`_ or
+`PyPy <https://www.pypy.org>`_), however, can rely on a different mechanism
such as a full-blown garbage collector. This difference can cause some
subtle porting problems if your Python code depends on the behavior of the
reference counting implementation.
.. XXX make sure these all work
-`Cython <http://cython.org>`_ and its relative `Pyrex
+`Cython <https://cython.org>`_ and its relative `Pyrex
<https://www.cosc.canterbury.ac.nz/greg.ewing/python/Pyrex/>`_ are compilers
that accept a slightly modified form of Python and generate the corresponding
C code. Cython and Pyrex make it possible to write an extension without having
If you need to interface to some C or C++ library for which no Python extension
currently exists, you can try wrapping the library's data types and functions
-with a tool such as `SWIG <http://www.swig.org>`_. `SIP
+with a tool such as `SWIG <https://www.swig.org>`_. `SIP
<https://riverbankcomputing.com/software/sip/intro>`__, `CXX
<http://cxx.sourceforge.net/>`_ `Boost
-<http://www.boost.org/libs/python/doc/index.html>`_, or `Weave
+<https://www.boost.org/libs/python/doc/index.html>`_, or `Weave
<https://github.com/scipy/weave>`_ are also
alternatives for wrapping C++ libraries.
Yes, you can inherit from built-in classes such as :class:`int`, :class:`list`,
:class:`dict`, etc.
-The Boost Python Library (BPL, http://www.boost.org/libs/python/doc/index.html)
+The Boost Python Library (BPL, https://www.boost.org/libs/python/doc/index.html)
provides a way of doing this from C++ (i.e. you can inherit from an extension
class written in C++ using the BPL).
detrimental to readability).
If you have reached the limit of what pure Python can allow, there are tools
-to take you further away. For example, `Cython <http://cython.org>`_ can
+to take you further away. For example, `Cython <https://cython.org>`_ can
compile a slightly modified version of Python code into a C extension, and
can be used on many different platforms. Cython can take advantage of
compilation (and optional type annotations) to make your code significantly
.. _Migrating C extensions: http://python3porting.com/cextensions.html
.. _Porting guide: https://py3c.readthedocs.io/en/latest/guide.html
-.. _Cython: http://cython.org/
+.. _Cython: https://cython.org/
.. _CFFI: https://cffi.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
`the Python Developer's Guide <https://devguide.python.org/>`_ to
learn more about submitting patches to Python.
-* `Writing Programs with NCURSES <http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/ncurses-intro.html>`_:
+* `Writing Programs with NCURSES <https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/ncurses-intro.html>`_:
a lengthy tutorial for C programmers.
* `The ncurses man page <https://linux.die.net/man/3/ncurses>`_
-* `The ncurses FAQ <http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/ncurses.faq.html>`_
+* `The ncurses FAQ <https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/ncurses.faq.html>`_
* `"Use curses... don't swear" <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eN1eZtjLEnU>`_:
video of a PyCon 2013 talk on controlling terminals using curses or Urwid.
* `"Console Applications with Urwid" <http://www.pyvideo.org/video/1568/console-applications-with-urwid>`_:
design approaches described in these chapters are applicable to functional-style
Python code.
-http://www.defmacro.org/ramblings/fp.html: A general introduction to functional
+https://www.defmacro.org/ramblings/fp.html: A general introduction to functional
programming that uses Java examples and has a lengthy historical introduction.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming: General Wikipedia entry
Python-specific
---------------
-http://gnosis.cx/TPiP/: The first chapter of David Mertz's book
+https://gnosis.cx/TPiP/: The first chapter of David Mertz's book
:title-reference:`Text Processing in Python` discusses functional programming
for text processing, in the section titled "Utilizing Higher-Order Functions in
Text Processing".
.. _caniusepython3: https://pypi.org/project/caniusepython3
-.. _cheat sheet: http://python-future.org/compatible_idioms.html
+.. _cheat sheet: https://python-future.org/compatible_idioms.html
.. _coverage.py: https://pypi.org/project/coverage
-.. _Futurize: http://python-future.org/automatic_conversion.html
+.. _Futurize: https://python-future.org/automatic_conversion.html
.. _importlib2: https://pypi.org/project/importlib2
.. _Modernize: https://python-modernize.readthedocs.io/
.. _mypy: http://mypy-lang.org/
.. _Python 3 Q & A: https://ncoghlan-devs-python-notes.readthedocs.io/en/latest/python3/questions_and_answers.html
.. _pytype: https://github.com/google/pytype
-.. _python-future: http://python-future.org/
+.. _python-future: https://python-future.org/
.. _python-porting: https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-porting/
.. _six: https://pypi.org/project/six
.. _tox: https://pypi.org/project/tox
(9 minutes 36 seconds).
To help understand the standard, Jukka Korpela has written `an introductory
-guide <http://jkorpela.fi/unicode/guide.html>`_ to reading the
+guide <https://jkorpela.fi/unicode/guide.html>`_ to reading the
Unicode character tables.
Another `good introductory article <https://www.joelonsoftware.com/2003/10/08/the-absolute-minimum-every-software-developer-absolutely-positively-must-know-about-unicode-and-character-sets-no-excuses/>`_
----------
One section of `Mastering Python 3 Input/Output
-<http://pyvideo.org/video/289/pycon-2010--mastering-python-3-i-o>`_,
+<https://pyvideo.org/video/289/pycon-2010--mastering-python-3-i-o>`_,
a PyCon 2010 talk by David Beazley, discusses text processing and binary data handling.
The `PDF slides for Marc-André Lemburg's presentation "Writing Unicode-aware
and localize an application. These slides cover Python 2.x only.
`The Guts of Unicode in Python
-<http://pyvideo.org/video/1768/the-guts-of-unicode-in-python>`_
+<https://pyvideo.org/video/1768/the-guts-of-unicode-in-python>`_
is a PyCon 2013 talk by Benjamin Peterson that discusses the internal Unicode
representation in Python 3.3.
:class:`http.client.HTTPMessage` instance.
Typical headers include 'Content-length', 'Content-type', and so on. See the
-`Quick Reference to HTTP Headers <http://jkorpela.fi/http.html>`_
+`Quick Reference to HTTP Headers <https://jkorpela.fi/http.html>`_
for a useful listing of HTTP headers with brief explanations of their meaning
and use.
def moving_average(iterable, n=3):
# moving_average([40, 30, 50, 46, 39, 44]) --> 40.0 42.0 45.0 43.0
- # http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_average
+ # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_average
it = iter(iterable)
d = deque(itertools.islice(it, n-1))
d.appendleft(0)
.. seealso::
- `Pattern Matching: The Gestalt Approach <http://www.drdobbs.com/database/pattern-matching-the-gestalt-approach/184407970>`_
+ `Pattern Matching: The Gestalt Approach <https://www.drdobbs.com/database/pattern-matching-the-gestalt-approach/184407970>`_
Discussion of a similar algorithm by John W. Ratcliff and D. E. Metzener. This
- was published in `Dr. Dobb's Journal <http://www.drdobbs.com/>`_ in July, 1988.
+ was published in `Dr. Dobb's Journal <https://www.drdobbs.com/>`_ in July, 1988.
.. _sequence-matcher:
The original GNU :program:`gettext` only supported C or C++ source
code but its extended version :program:`xgettext` scans code written
in a number of languages, including Python, to find strings marked as
-translatable. `Babel <http://babel.pocoo.org/>`__ is a Python
+translatable. `Babel <https://babel.pocoo.org/>`__ is a Python
internationalization library that includes a :file:`pybabel` script to
extract and compile message catalogs. François Pinard's program
called :program:`xpot` does a similar job and is available as part of
302 Found
>>> data = response.read()
>>> data
- b'Redirecting to <a href="http://bugs.python.org/issue12524">http://bugs.python.org/issue12524</a>'
+ b'Redirecting to <a href="https://bugs.python.org/issue12524">https://bugs.python.org/issue12524</a>'
>>> conn.close()
Client side ``HTTP PUT`` requests are very similar to ``POST`` requests. The
*object_hook* is an optional function that will be called with the result of
any object literal decoded (a :class:`dict`). The return value of
*object_hook* will be used instead of the :class:`dict`. This feature can be used
- to implement custom decoders (e.g. `JSON-RPC <http://www.jsonrpc.org>`_
+ to implement custom decoders (e.g. `JSON-RPC <https://www.jsonrpc.org>`_
class hinting).
*object_pairs_hook* is an optional function that will be called with the
*object_hook*, if specified, will be called with the result of every JSON
object decoded and its return value will be used in place of the given
:class:`dict`. This can be used to provide custom deserializations (e.g. to
- support `JSON-RPC <http://www.jsonrpc.org>`_ class hinting).
+ support `JSON-RPC <https://www.jsonrpc.org>`_ class hinting).
*object_pairs_hook*, if specified will be called with the result of every
JSON object decoded with an ordered list of pairs. The return value of
.. note::
On POSIX systems, in accordance with `IEEE Std 1003.1 2013 Edition; 4.13
- Pathname Resolution <http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/basedefs/V1_chap04.html#tag_04_13>`_,
+ Pathname Resolution <https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/basedefs/V1_chap04.html#tag_04_13>`_,
if a pathname begins with exactly two slashes, the first component
following the leading characters may be interpreted in an implementation-defined
manner, although more than two leading characters shall be treated as a
.. note::
On Unix-based systems, :func:`scandir` uses the system's
- `opendir() <http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/opendir.html>`_
+ `opendir() <https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/opendir.html>`_
and
- `readdir() <http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/readdir_r.html>`_
+ `readdir() <https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/readdir_r.html>`_
functions. On Windows, it uses the Win32
`FindFirstFileW <https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa364418(v=vs.85).aspx>`_
and
:py:data:`GRND_NONBLOCK`.
See also the `Linux getrandom() manual page
- <http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/getrandom.2.html>`_.
+ <https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/getrandom.2.html>`_.
.. availability:: Linux 3.17 and newer.
.. note::
Applications should not
- `store passwords in a recoverable format <http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/257.html>`_,
+ `store passwords in a recoverable format <https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/257.html>`_,
whether plain text or encrypted. They should be salted and hashed
using a cryptographically strong one-way (irreversible) hash function.
http://www.manpagez.com/man/3/copyfile/
.. _`Other Environment Variables`:
- http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/7908799/xbd/envvar.html#tag_002_003
+ https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/7908799/xbd/envvar.html#tag_002_003
.. seealso::
- `Secure File Descriptor Handling <http://udrepper.livejournal.com/20407.html>`_
+ `Secure File Descriptor Handling <https://udrepper.livejournal.com/20407.html>`_
for a more thorough explanation.
.. availability:: Linux >= 2.6.27.
[1.4591308524824727, 1.8035946855390597, 2.175091447274739]
Normal distributions can be used to approximate `Binomial
-distributions <http://mathworld.wolfram.com/BinomialDistribution.html>`_
+distributions <https://mathworld.wolfram.com/BinomialDistribution.html>`_
when the sample size is large and when the probability of a successful
trial is near 50%.
functionality makes it easier to translate than other built-in string
formatting facilities in Python. As an example of a library built on template
strings for i18n, see the
-`flufl.i18n <http://flufli18n.readthedocs.io/en/latest/>`_ package.
+`flufl.i18n <https://flufli18n.readthedocs.io/en/latest/>`_ package.
.. index:: single: $ (dollar); in template strings
.. rubric:: Citations
-.. [C99] ISO/IEC 9899:1999. "Programming languages -- C." A public draft of this standard is available at http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1256.pdf\ .
+.. [C99] ISO/IEC 9899:1999. "Programming languages -- C." A public draft of this standard is available at https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1256.pdf\ .
* `Python and Tkinter Programming <https://www.packtpub.com/product/python-gui-programming-with-tkinter/9781788835886>`_
By Alan Moore. (ISBN 978-1788835886)
- * `Programming Python <http://learning-python.com/about-pp4e.html>`_
+ * `Programming Python <https://learning-python.com/about-pp4e.html>`_
By Mark Lutz; has excellent coverage of Tkinter. (ISBN 978-0596158101)
* `Tcl and the Tk Toolkit (2nd edition) <https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/032133633X>`_
.. seealso::
- The `Pillow <http://python-pillow.org/>`_ package adds support for
+ The `Pillow <https://python-pillow.org/>`_ package adds support for
formats such as BMP, JPEG, TIFF, and WebP, among others.
.. _tkinter-file-handlers:
Added support of unmarshalling additional types used by Apache XML-RPC
implementation for numerics: ``i1``, ``i2``, ``i8``, ``biginteger``,
``float`` and ``bigdecimal``.
- See http://ws.apache.org/xmlrpc/types.html for a description.
+ See https://ws.apache.org/xmlrpc/types.html for a description.
.. seealso::
- `XML-RPC HOWTO <http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/XML-RPC-HOWTO/index.html>`_
+ `XML-RPC HOWTO <https://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/XML-RPC-HOWTO/index.html>`_
A good description of XML-RPC operation and client software in several languages.
Contains pretty much everything an XML-RPC client developer needs to know.
The :mod:`socket` module uses the functions, :func:`getaddrinfo`, and
:func:`getnameinfo`, which are coded in separate source files from the WIDE
-Project, http://www.wide.ad.jp/. ::
+Project, https://www.wide.ad.jp/. ::
Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1997, and 1998 WIDE Project.
All rights reserved.
Python implemented in Java. This implementation can be used as a scripting
language for Java applications, or can be used to create applications using the
Java class libraries. It is also often used to create tests for Java libraries.
- More information can be found at `the Jython website <http://www.jython.org/>`_.
+ More information can be found at `the Jython website <https://www.jython.org/>`_.
Python for .NET
This implementation actually uses the CPython implementation, but is a managed
An alternate Python for .NET. Unlike Python.NET, this is a complete Python
implementation that generates IL, and compiles Python code directly to .NET
assemblies. It was created by Jim Hugunin, the original creator of Jython. For
- more information, see `the IronPython website <http://ironpython.net/>`_.
+ more information, see `the IronPython website <https://ironpython.net/>`_.
PyPy
An implementation of Python written completely in Python. It supports several
and a Just in Time compiler. One of the goals of the project is to encourage
experimentation with the language itself by making it easier to modify the
interpreter (since it is written in Python). Additional information is
- available on `the PyPy project's home page <http://pypy.org/>`_.
+ available on `the PyPy project's home page <https://pypy.org/>`_.
Each of these implementations varies in some way from the language as documented
in this manual, or introduces specific information beyond what's covered in the
Reserved for use by Jython_.
-.. _Jython: http://www.jython.org/
+.. _Jython: https://www.jython.org/
.. _using-on-envvars:
:program:`BBEdit` or :program:`TextWrangler` from Bare Bones Software (see
http://www.barebones.com/products/bbedit/index.html) are good choices, as is
:program:`TextMate` (see https://macromates.com/). Other editors include
-:program:`Gvim` (http://macvim-dev.github.io/macvim/) and :program:`Aquamacs`
+:program:`Gvim` (https://macvim-dev.github.io/macvim/) and :program:`Aquamacs`
(http://aquamacs.org/).
To run your script from the Terminal window you must make sure that
The sqlite3 package
-------------------
-The pysqlite module (http://www.pysqlite.org), a wrapper for the SQLite embedded
+The pysqlite module (https://www.pysqlite.org), a wrapper for the SQLite embedded
database, has been added to the standard library under the package name
:mod:`sqlite3`.
of Stellenbosch, South Africa. Martin von Löwis put a
lot of effort into importing existing bugs and patches from
SourceForge; his scripts for this import operation are at
-``http://svn.python.org/view/tracker/importer/`` and may be useful to
+``https://svn.python.org/view/tracker/importer/`` and may be useful to
other projects wishing to move from SourceForge to Roundup.
.. seealso::
https://bugs.python.org
The Python bug tracker.
- http://bugs.jython.org:
+ https://bugs.jython.org:
The Jython bug tracker.
http://roundup.sourceforge.net/
Roundup downloads and documentation.
- http://svn.python.org/view/tracker/importer/
+ https://svn.python.org/view/tracker/importer/
Martin von Löwis's conversion scripts.
New Documentation Format: reStructuredText Using Sphinx
`Scheme's numerical tower <https://www.gnu.org/software/guile/manual/html_node/Numerical-Tower.html#Numerical-Tower>`__, from the Guile manual.
- `Scheme's number datatypes <http://schemers.org/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-H-9.html#%_sec_6.2>`__ from the R5RS Scheme specification.
+ `Scheme's number datatypes <https://schemers.org/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-H-9.html#%_sec_6.2>`__ from the R5RS Scheme specification.
The :mod:`fractions` Module
constructor was extended with an *object_pairs_hook* parameter to
allow :class:`OrderedDict` instances to be built by the decoder.
Support was also added for third-party tools like
- `PyYAML <http://pyyaml.org/>`_.
+ `PyYAML <https://pyyaml.org/>`_.
.. seealso::
The new version features better Python 3.x compatibility, various bug fixes,
and adds several new BerkeleyDB flags and methods.
(Updated by Jesús Cea Avión; :issue:`8156`. The pybsddb
- changelog can be read at http://hg.jcea.es/pybsddb/file/tip/ChangeLog.)
+ changelog can be read at https://hg.jcea.es/pybsddb/file/tip/ChangeLog.)
* The :mod:`bz2` module's :class:`~bz2.BZ2File` now supports the context
management protocol, so you can write ``with bz2.BZ2File(...) as f:``.
https://pypi.org/project/unittest2.
When used from the command line, the module can automatically discover
-tests. It's not as fancy as `py.test <http://pytest.org>`__ or
+tests. It's not as fancy as `py.test <https://pytest.org>`__ or
`nose <https://nose.readthedocs.io/>`__, but provides a
simple way to run tests kept within a set of package directories. For example,
the following command will search the :file:`test/` subdirectory for
completely redesigned as short getting started and FAQ documents. Most
packaging documentation has now been moved out to the Python Packaging
Authority maintained `Python Packaging User Guide
-<http://packaging.python.org>`__ and the documentation of the individual
+<https://packaging.python.org>`__ and the documentation of the individual
projects.
However, as this migration is currently still incomplete, the legacy
returns an ordered dictionary with the values appearing in the same order as
the underlying tuple indices. The :mod:`json` module is being built-out with
an *object_pairs_hook* to allow OrderedDicts to be built by the decoder.
-Support was also added for third-party tools like `PyYAML <http://pyyaml.org/>`_.
+Support was also added for third-party tools like `PyYAML <https://pyyaml.org/>`_.
.. seealso::
Code Repository
===============
-In addition to the existing Subversion code repository at http://svn.python.org
+In addition to the existing Subversion code repository at https://svn.python.org
there is now a `Mercurial <https://www.mercurial-scm.org/>`_ repository at
https://hg.python.org/\ .
in integer bignum arithmetic the differences can be significantly higher.
The following table is meant as an illustration. Benchmarks are available
-at http://www.bytereef.org/mpdecimal/quickstart.html.
+at https://www.bytereef.org/mpdecimal/quickstart.html.
+---------+-------------+--------------+-------------+
| | decimal.py | _decimal | speedup |
------
The :func:`~imghdr.what` function now recognizes the
-`OpenEXR <http://www.openexr.com>`_ format
+`OpenEXR <https://www.openexr.com>`_ format
(contributed by Martin Vignali and Claudiu Popa in :issue:`20295`),
and the `WebP <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebP>`_ format
(contributed by Fabrice Aneche and Claudiu Popa in :issue:`20197`.)
.. seealso::
- `importlib_resources <http://importlib-resources.readthedocs.io/en/latest/>`_
+ `importlib_resources <https://importlib-resources.readthedocs.io/en/latest/>`_
-- a PyPI backport for earlier Python versions.
projects / thirdparty / Python / cpython.git / commitdiff
