\end{description}
-The built-in function \verb@vars()@ returns a dictionary representing
-the current local name space. The effect of modifications to this
-dictionary on the name space are undefined.%
-\footnote{The current implementation returns the dictionary actually
+The built-in functions \verb@globals()@ and \verb@locals()@ returns a
+dictionary representing the current global and local name space,
+respectively. The effect of modifications to this dictionary on the
+name space are undefined.%
+\footnote{The current implementations return the dictionary actually
used to implement the name space, {\em except} for functions, where
the optimizer may cause the local name space to be implemented
-differently.}
+differently, and \verb@locals()@ returns a read-only dictionary.}
\section{Exceptions}
\verb@None@):
\begin{verbatim}
-expression_stmt: expression_list
+expression_stmt: condition_list
\end{verbatim}
-An expression statement evaluates the expression list (which may be a
-single expression). If the value is not \verb@None@, it is converted
+An expression statement evaluates the condition list (which may be a
+single condition).
+\indexii{expression}{list}
+
+In interactive mode, if the value is not \verb@None@, it is converted
to a string using the rules for string conversions (expressions in
reverse quotes), and the resulting string is written to standard
output (see section \ref{print}) on a line by itself.
-\indexii{expression}{list}
+(The exception for \verb@None@ is made so that procedure calls, which
+are syntactically equivalent to expressions, do not cause any output.)
\ttindex{None}
\indexii{string}{conversion}
\index{output}
\indexii{standard}{output}
\indexii{writing}{values}
-
-(The exception for \verb@None@ is made so that procedure calls, which
-are syntactically equivalent to expressions, do not cause any output.
-A tuple with only \verb@None@ items is written normally.)
\indexii{procedure}{call}
\section{Assignment statements}
\begin{verbatim}
def f(arg): pass # a function that does nothing (yet)
-class C: pass # an class with no methods (yet)
+class C: pass # a class with no methods (yet)
\end{verbatim}
\section{The {\tt del} statement}
\stindex{raise}
\begin{verbatim}
-raise_stmt: "raise" condition ["," condition]
+raise_stmt: "raise" condition ["," condition ["," condition]]
\end{verbatim}
\verb@raise@ evaluates its first condition, which must yield
identified by the first object, with the second one (or \verb@None@)
as its parameter. If the first object is an instance, it raises the
exception identified by the class of the object, with the instance as
-its parameter.
+its parameter (and there should be no second object, or the second
+object should be \verb@None@).
+
+If a third object is present, and it it not \verb@None@, it should be
+a traceback object (see section \ref{traceback}), and it is
+substituted instead of the current location as the place where the
+exception occurred. This is useful to re-raise an exception
+transparently in an except clause.
+\obindex{traceback}
\section{The {\tt break} statement}
\stindex{break}
variables, respectively.
Hints: dynamic evaluation of expressions is supported by the built-in
-function \verb@eval()@. The built-in function \verb@vars()@ returns
-the current local dictionary, which may be useful to pass around for
-use by \verb@exec@.
+function \verb@eval()@. The built-in functions \verb@globals()@ and
+\verb@locals()@ return the current global and local dictionary,
+respectively, which may be useful to pass around for use by \verb@exec@.
\end{description}
-The built-in function \verb@vars()@ returns a dictionary representing
-the current local name space. The effect of modifications to this
-dictionary on the name space are undefined.%
-\footnote{The current implementation returns the dictionary actually
+The built-in functions \verb@globals()@ and \verb@locals()@ returns a
+dictionary representing the current global and local name space,
+respectively. The effect of modifications to this dictionary on the
+name space are undefined.%
+\footnote{The current implementations return the dictionary actually
used to implement the name space, {\em except} for functions, where
the optimizer may cause the local name space to be implemented
-differently.}
+differently, and \verb@locals()@ returns a read-only dictionary.}
\section{Exceptions}
\verb@None@):
\begin{verbatim}
-expression_stmt: expression_list
+expression_stmt: condition_list
\end{verbatim}
-An expression statement evaluates the expression list (which may be a
-single expression). If the value is not \verb@None@, it is converted
+An expression statement evaluates the condition list (which may be a
+single condition).
+\indexii{expression}{list}
+
+In interactive mode, if the value is not \verb@None@, it is converted
to a string using the rules for string conversions (expressions in
reverse quotes), and the resulting string is written to standard
output (see section \ref{print}) on a line by itself.
-\indexii{expression}{list}
+(The exception for \verb@None@ is made so that procedure calls, which
+are syntactically equivalent to expressions, do not cause any output.)
\ttindex{None}
\indexii{string}{conversion}
\index{output}
\indexii{standard}{output}
\indexii{writing}{values}
-
-(The exception for \verb@None@ is made so that procedure calls, which
-are syntactically equivalent to expressions, do not cause any output.
-A tuple with only \verb@None@ items is written normally.)
\indexii{procedure}{call}
\section{Assignment statements}
\begin{verbatim}
def f(arg): pass # a function that does nothing (yet)
-class C: pass # an class with no methods (yet)
+class C: pass # a class with no methods (yet)
\end{verbatim}
\section{The {\tt del} statement}
\stindex{raise}
\begin{verbatim}
-raise_stmt: "raise" condition ["," condition]
+raise_stmt: "raise" condition ["," condition ["," condition]]
\end{verbatim}
\verb@raise@ evaluates its first condition, which must yield
identified by the first object, with the second one (or \verb@None@)
as its parameter. If the first object is an instance, it raises the
exception identified by the class of the object, with the instance as
-its parameter.
+its parameter (and there should be no second object, or the second
+object should be \verb@None@).
+
+If a third object is present, and it it not \verb@None@, it should be
+a traceback object (see section \ref{traceback}), and it is
+substituted instead of the current location as the place where the
+exception occurred. This is useful to re-raise an exception
+transparently in an except clause.
+\obindex{traceback}
\section{The {\tt break} statement}
\stindex{break}
variables, respectively.
Hints: dynamic evaluation of expressions is supported by the built-in
-function \verb@eval()@. The built-in function \verb@vars()@ returns
-the current local dictionary, which may be useful to pass around for
-use by \verb@exec@.
+function \verb@eval()@. The built-in functions \verb@globals()@ and
+\verb@locals()@ return the current global and local dictionary,
+respectively, which may be useful to pass around for use by \verb@exec@.
projects / thirdparty / Python / cpython.git / commitdiff
