+2009-04-15 Benjamin Kosnik <bkoz@redhat.com>
+
+ * doc/html: Regenerate.
+
2009-04-15 Benjamin Kosnik <bkoz@redhat.com>
* doc/xml/manual/status_cxx1998.xml: Update to new table style.
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.fsf.org/" target="_top">FSF
</a>
- </p></div><div><div class="legalnotice"><a id="id
368924"></a><p>
+ </p></div><div><div class="legalnotice"><a id="id
446889"></a><p>
<a class="ulink" href="17_intro/license.html" target="_top">License
</a>
</p></div></div></div><hr /></div><p>
</p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.how"></a><a id="q-how"></a><p><b>1.5.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
How do I contribute to the effort?
</p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-how"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
- Here is <a class="link" href="manual/appendix_contributing.html" title="Appendix A. Contributing">a page devoted to
+ Here is <a class="link" href="manual/appendix_contributing.html" title="Appendix A. Contributing">a page devoted to
this topic</a>. Subscribing to the mailing list (see above, or
the homepage) is a very good idea if you have something to
contribute, or if you have spare time and want to
</a></dt></dl></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.license.what"></a><a id="q-license.what"></a><p><b>2.1.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
What are the license terms for libstdc++?
</p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-license.what"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
- See <a class="link" href="manual/bk01pt01ch01s02.html" title="License">our license description</a>
+ See <a class="link" href="manual/license.html" title="License">our license description</a>
for these and related questions.
</p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.license.any_program"></a><a id="q-license.any_program"></a><p><b>2.2.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
So any program which uses libstdc++ falls under the GPL?
the source: please consult your vendor for details.
</p><p>
To build and install from the GNU GCC sources, please consult the
- <a class="link" href="manual/bk01pt01ch02.html" title="Chapter 2. Setup">setup
+ <a class="link" href="manual/setup.html" title="Chapter 2. Setup">setup
documentation</a> for detailed
instructions. You may wish to browse those files ahead
of time to get a feel for what's required.
</p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-what_is_libsupcxx"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
If the only functions from <code class="filename">libstdc++.a</code>
which you need are language support functions (those listed in
- <a class="link" href="manual/support.html" title="Part II. Support">clause 18</a> of the
+ <a class="link" href="manual/support.html" title="Part II. Support">clause 18</a> of the
standard, e.g., <code class="function">new</code> and
<code class="function">delete</code>), then try linking against
<code class="filename">libsupc++.a</code>, which is a subset of
long</span> specializations, and details of thread support.
</p><p>
Long answer: See the implementation status pages for
- <a class="link" href="manual/bk01pt01ch01.html#manual.intro.status.standard.1998" title="C++ 1998">C++98</a>,
- <a class="link" href="manual/bk01pt01ch01.html#manual.intro.status.standard.tr1" title="C++ TR1">TR1</a>, and
- <a class="link" href="manual/bk01pt01ch01.html#manual.intro.status.standard.200x" title="C++ 200x">C++0x</a>.
+ <a class="link" href="manual/status.html#manual.intro.status.standard.1998" title="C++ 1998/2003">C++98</a>,
+ <a class="link" href="manual/status.html#manual.intro.status.standard.tr1" title="C++ TR1">TR1</a>, and
+ <a class="link" href="manual/status.html#manual.intro.status.standard.200x" title="C++ 200x">C++0x</a>.
</p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.standard_bugs"></a><a id="q-standard_bugs"></a><p><b>5.2.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
Bugs in the ISO C++ language or library specification
</p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-standard_bugs"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
reason is that the state flags are <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> cleared
on a successful call to open(). The standard unfortunately did
not specify behavior in this case, and to everybody's great sorrow,
- the <a class="link" href="manual/bk01pt01ch01s03.html" title="Bugs">proposed LWG resolution in
+ the <a class="link" href="manual/bugs.html" title="Bugs">proposed LWG resolution in
DR #22</a> is to leave the flags unchanged. You must insert a call
to <code class="function">fs.clear()</code> between the calls to close() and open(),
and then everything will work like we all expect it to work.
<span class="emphasis"><em>Update:</em></span> for GCC 4.0 we implemented the resolution
- of <a class="link" href="manual/bk01pt01ch01s03.html" title="Bugs">DR #409</a> and open()
+ of <a class="link" href="manual/bugs.html" title="Bugs">DR #409</a> and open()
now calls <code class="function">clear()</code> on success!
</p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.wefcxx_verbose"></a><a id="q-wefcxx_verbose"></a><p><b>6.2.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
-Weffc++ complains too much
list::size() is O(n)!
</p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-list_size_on"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
See
- the <a class="link" href="manual/containers.html" title="Part VII. Containers">Containers</a>
+ the <a class="link" href="manual/containers.html" title="Part VII. Containers">Containers</a>
chapter.
</p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.easy_to_fix"></a><a id="q-easy_to_fix"></a><p><b>6.9.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
Aw, that's easy to fix!
patches</a> that covers the procedure, but for libstdc++ you
should also send the patch to our mailing list in addition to
the GCC patches mailing list. The libstdc++
- <a class="link" href="manual/appendix_contributing.html" title="Appendix A. Contributing">contributors' page</a>
+ <a class="link" href="manual/appendix_contributing.html" title="Appendix A. Contributing">contributors' page</a>
also talks about how to submit patches.
</p><p>
In addition to the description, the patch, and the ChangeLog
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2005/n1836.pdf" target="_top">
Technical Report 1</a>.
</p><p>
- The implementation status of TR1 in libstdc++ can be tracked <a class="link" href="manual/bk01pt01ch01.html#manual.intro.status.standard.tr1" title="C++ TR1">on the TR1 status
+ The implementation status of TR1 in libstdc++ can be tracked <a class="link" href="manual/status.html#manual.intro.status.standard.tr1" title="C++ TR1">on the TR1 status
page</a>.
</p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.get_iso_cxx"></a><a id="q-get_iso_cxx"></a><p><b>7.6.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>How do I get a copy of the ISO C++ Standard?
</p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-get_iso_cxx"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>ABI Policy and Guidelines</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" C++ , ABI , version , dynamic , shared " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="appendix_porting.html" title="Appendix B. Porting and Maintenance" /><link rel="prev" href="internals.html" title="Porting to New Hardware or Operating Systems" /><link rel="next" href="api.html" title="API Evolution and Deprecation History" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">ABI Policy and Guidelines</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="internals.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Appendix B. Porting and Maintenance</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="api.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="appendix.porting.abi"></a>ABI Policy and Guidelines</h2></div></div></div><p>
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>ABI Policy and Guidelines</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" C++ , ABI , version , dynamic , shared " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="appendix_porting.html" title="Appendix B. Porting and Maintenance" /><link rel="prev" href="internals.html" title="Porting to New Hardware or Operating Systems" /><link rel="next" href="api.html" title="API Evolution and Deprecation History" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">ABI Policy and Guidelines</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="internals.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Appendix B.
+ Porting and Maintenance
+
+</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="api.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="appendix.porting.abi"></a>ABI Policy and Guidelines</h2></div></div></div><p>
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="abi.cxx_interface"></a>The C++ Interface</h3></div></div></div><p>
C++ applications often dependent on specific language support
routines, say for throwing exceptions, or catching exceptions, and
<a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/PR24660" target="_top">24660: versioning weak symbols in libstdc++</a>
</p><p>
<a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/PR19664" target="_top">19664: libstdc++ headers should have pop/push of the visibility around the declarations</a>
-</p></div><div class="bibliography"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="abi.biblio"></a>Bibliography</h3></div></div></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id57
1553"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
+</p></div><div class="bibliography"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="abi.biblio"></a>Bibliography</h3></div></div></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id57
0943"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
ABIcheck, a vague idea of checking ABI compatibility
</i>. </span><span class="biblioid">
<a class="ulink" href="http://abicheck.sourceforge.net/" target="_top">
</a>
- . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id57
1570"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
+ . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id57
0961"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
C++ ABI Reference
</i>. </span><span class="biblioid">
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.codesourcery.com/cxx-abi" target="_top">
</a>
- . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id57
1588"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
+ . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id57
0979"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
Intel® Compilers for Linux* -Compatibility with the GNU Compilers
</i>. </span><span class="biblioid">
<a class="ulink" href="http://developer.intel.com/software/products/compilers/techtopics/LinuxCompilersCompatibility.htm" target="_top">
</a>
- . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id57
1606"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
+ . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id57
0996"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
Intel® Compilers for Linux* -Compatibility with the GNU Compilers
</i>. </span><span class="biblioid">
<a class="ulink" href="http://developer.intel.com/software/products/compilers/techtopics/LinuxCompilersCompatibility.htm" target="_top">
</a>
- . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id571
623"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
+ . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id571
014"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
Sun Solaris 2.9 : Linker and Libraries Guide (document 816-1386)
</i>. </span><span class="biblioid">
<a class="ulink" href="http://docs.sun.com/?p=/doc/816-1386&a=load" target="_top">
</a>
- . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id571
640"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
+ . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id571
030"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
Sun Solaris 2.9 : C++ Migration Guide (document 816-2459)
</i>. </span><span class="biblioid">
<a class="ulink" href="http://docs.sun.com/db/prod/solaris.9" target="_top">
</a>
- . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id571
658"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
+ . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id571
048"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
ELF Symbol Versioning
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Ulrich</span> <span class="surname">Drepper</span>. </span><span class="biblioid">
<a class="ulink" href="http://people.redhat.com/drepper/symbol-versioning" target="_top">
</a>
- . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id571
686"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
+ . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id571
076"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
C++ ABI for the ARM Architecture
</i>. </span><span class="biblioid">
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.arm.com/miscPDFs/8033.pdf" target="_top">
</a>
- . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id571
703"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
+ . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id571
094"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
Dynamic Shared Objects: Survey and Issues
</i>. </span><span class="subtitle">
ISO C++ J16/06-0046
. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Benjamin</span> <span class="surname">Kosnik</span>. </span><span class="biblioid">
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2006/n1976.html" target="_top">
</a>
- . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id571
735"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
+ . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id571
126"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
Versioning With Namespaces
</i>. </span><span class="subtitle">
ISO C++ J16/06-0083
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Part IX. Algorithms</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library , algorithm " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt08ch19s02.html" title="One Past the End" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt09pr02.html" title="" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Part IX. Algorithms</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt08ch19s02.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt09pr02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="part" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="manual.algorithms"></a>Part IX. Algorithms</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="preface"><a href="bk01pt09pr02.html"></a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt09ch20.html">20. Mutating</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt09ch20.html#algorithms.mutating.swap">swap</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt09ch20.html#algorithms.swap.specializations">Specializations</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt08ch19s02.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt09pr02.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">One Past the End </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> </td></tr></table></div></body></html>
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Part IX. Algorithms</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library , algorithm " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt08ch19s02.html" title="One Past the End" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt09pr02.html" title="" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Part IX.
+ Algorithms
+
+</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt08ch19s02.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt09pr02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="part" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="manual.algorithms"></a>Part IX.
+ Algorithms
+ <a id="id476408" class="indexterm"></a>
+</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="preface"><a href="bk01pt09pr02.html"></a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt09ch20.html">20. Mutating</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt09ch20.html#algorithms.mutating.swap">swap</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt09ch20.html#algorithms.swap.specializations">Specializations</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt08ch19s02.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt09pr02.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">One Past the End </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> </td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>API Evolution and Deprecation History</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, api, evolution, deprecation, history" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="appendix_porting.html" title="Appendix B. Porting and Maintenance" /><link rel="prev" href="abi.html" title="ABI Policy and Guidelines" /><link rel="next" href="backwards.html" title="Backwards Compatibility" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">API Evolution and Deprecation History</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="abi.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Appendix B. Porting and Maintenance</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="backwards.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="appendix.porting.api"></a>API Evolution and Deprecation History</h2></div></div></div><p>
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>API Evolution and Deprecation History</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, api, evolution, deprecation, history" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="appendix_porting.html" title="Appendix B. Porting and Maintenance" /><link rel="prev" href="abi.html" title="ABI Policy and Guidelines" /><link rel="next" href="backwards.html" title="Backwards Compatibility" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">API Evolution and Deprecation History</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="abi.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Appendix B.
+ Porting and Maintenance
+
+</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="backwards.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="appendix.porting.api"></a>API Evolution and Deprecation History</h2></div></div></div><p>
A list of user-visible changes, in chronological order
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="api.rel_300"></a><code class="constant">3.0</code></h3></div></div></div><p>
Extensions moved to <code class="filename">include/ext</code>.
<span class="type">__alloc</span> to select an underlying allocator that
satisfied memory allocation requests. The selection of this
underlying allocator was not user-configurable.
- </p><div class="table"><a id="id5
49268"></a><p class="title"><b>Table B.1. Extension Allocators</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Extension Allocators" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Allocator (3.4)</th><th align="left">Header (3.4)</th><th align="left">Allocator (3.[0-3])</th><th align="left">Header (3.[0-3])</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::new_allocator<T></code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/new_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::__new_alloc</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">memory</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::malloc_allocator<T></code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/malloc_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::__malloc_alloc_template<int></code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">memory</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::debug_allocator<T></code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/debug_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::debug_alloc<T></code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">memory</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::__pool_alloc<T></code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/pool_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::__default_alloc_template<bool,int></code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">memory</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::__mt_alloc<T></code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/mt_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::bitmap_allocator<T></code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/bitmap_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p> Releases after gcc-3.4 have continued to add to the collection
+ </p><div class="table"><a id="id5
30186"></a><p class="title"><b>Table B.1. Extension Allocators</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Extension Allocators" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Allocator (3.4)</th><th align="left">Header (3.4)</th><th align="left">Allocator (3.[0-3])</th><th align="left">Header (3.[0-3])</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::new_allocator<T></code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/new_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::__new_alloc</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">memory</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::malloc_allocator<T></code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/malloc_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::__malloc_alloc_template<int></code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">memory</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::debug_allocator<T></code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/debug_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::debug_alloc<T></code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">memory</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::__pool_alloc<T></code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/pool_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::__default_alloc_template<bool,int></code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">memory</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::__mt_alloc<T></code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/mt_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::bitmap_allocator<T></code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/bitmap_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p> Releases after gcc-3.4 have continued to add to the collection
of available allocators. All of these new allocators are
standard-style. The following table includes details, along with
the first released version of GCC that included the extension allocator.
- </p><div class="table"><a id="id5
02386"></a><p class="title"><b>Table B.2. Extension Allocators Continued</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Extension Allocators Continued" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Allocator</th><th align="left">Include</th><th align="left">Version</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::array_allocator<T></code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/array_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left">4.0.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::throw_allocator<T></code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/throw_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left">4.2.0</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p>
+ </p><div class="table"><a id="id5
95728"></a><p class="title"><b>Table B.2. Extension Allocators Continued</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Extension Allocators Continued" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Allocator</th><th align="left">Include</th><th align="left">Version</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::array_allocator<T></code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/array_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left">4.0.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::throw_allocator<T></code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/throw_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left">4.2.0</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p>
Debug mode first appears.
</p><p>
Precompiled header support <acronym class="acronym">PCH</acronym> support.
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+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Appendix A. Contributing</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt12ch40s03.html" title="Use" /><link rel="next" href="source_organization.html" title="Directory Layout and Source Conventions" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Appendix A.
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+
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+ Contributing
+ <a id="id573380" class="indexterm"></a>
+</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="appendix_contributing.html#contrib.list">Contributor Checklist</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="appendix_contributing.html#list.reading">Reading</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="appendix_contributing.html#list.copyright">Assignment</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="appendix_contributing.html#list.getting">Getting Sources</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="appendix_contributing.html#list.patches">Submitting Patches</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="source_organization.html">Directory Layout and Source Conventions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="source_code_style.html">Coding Style</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="source_code_style.html#coding_style.bad_identifiers">Bad Identifiers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="source_code_style.html#coding_style.example">By Example</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="documentation_style.html">Documentation Style</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="documentation_style.html#doc_style.doxygen">Doxygen</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="documentation_style.html#doc_style.docbook">Docbook</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="source_design_notes.html">Design Notes</a></span></dt></dl></div><p>
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write access to the source repository. First time contributors
</p></li><li><p>
Be familiar with the extensions that preceded these
general GNU rules. These style issues for libstdc++ can be
- found <a class="link" href="bk01apas03.html" title="Coding Style">here</a>.
+ found <a class="link" href="source_code_style.html" title="Coding Style">here</a>.
</p></li><li><p>
And last but certainly not least, read the
library-specific information
- found <a class="link" href="appendix_porting.html" title="Appendix B. Porting and Maintenance"> here</a>.
+ found <a class="link" href="appendix_porting.html" title="Appendix B. Porting and Maintenance"> here</a>.
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="list.copyright"></a>Assignment</h3></div></div></div><p>
Small changes can be accepted without a copyright assignment form on
file. New code and additions to the library need completed copyright
mail message and send it to libstdc++@gcc.gnu.org. All
patches and related discussion should be sent to the
libstdc++ mailing list.
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+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Appendix C. Free Software Needs Free Documentation</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="backwards.html" title="Backwards Compatibility" /><link rel="next" href="appendix_gpl.html" title="Appendix D. GNU General Public License version 3" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Appendix C.
+ Free Software Needs Free Documentation
+
+</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="backwards.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="appendix_gpl.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="appendix" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="appendix.free"></a>Appendix C.
+ Free Software Needs Free Documentation
+ <a id="id524996" class="indexterm"></a>
+</h2></div></div></div><p>
The biggest deficiency in free operating systems is not in the
software--it is the lack of good free manuals that we can include in
these systems. Many of our most important programs do not come with
that lists free books available from other publishers</a>].
</p><p>Copyright © 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA</p><p>Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article are
permitted worldwide, without royalty, in any medium, provided this
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+notice is preserved.</p><p>Report any problems or suggestions to <code class="email"><<a class="email" href="mailto:webmaster@fsf.org">webmaster@fsf.org</a>></code>.</p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="backwards.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="appendix_gpl.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Backwards Compatibility </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Appendix D.
+ GNU General Public License version 3
+ </td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Appendix E. GNU Free Documentation License</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="appendix_gpl.html" title="Appendix D. GNU General Public License version 3" /><link rel="next" href="bk01ix01.html" title="Index" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Appendix E. GNU Free Documentation License</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="appendix_gpl.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01ix01.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="appendix" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="appendix.gfdl-1.2"></a>Appendix E. GNU Free Documentation License</h2></div></div></div><p>
+ Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002 Free Software Foundation,
+ <abbr class="abbrev">Inc.</abbr> 51 Franklin <abbr class="abbrev">St</abbr>, Fifth Floor,
+ Boston, <abbr class="abbrev">MA</abbr> 02110-1301 <abbr class="abbrev">USA</abbr>. Everyone is permitted to copy and
+ distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is
+ not allowed.
+ </p><h2><a id="fdl-1-preamble"></a>
+ 0. PREAMBLE
+ </h2><p>
+ The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
+ functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure
+ everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or
+ without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.
+ Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to
+ get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for
+ modifications made by others.
+ </p><p>
+ This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative works of
+ the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements
+ the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for
+ free software.
+ </p><p>
+ We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
+ software, because free software needs free documentation: a free program
+ should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software
+ does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used
+ for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is
+ published as a printed book. We recommend this License principally for
+ works whose purpose is instruction or reference.</p><h2><a id="fdl-1-definitions"></a>
+ 1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
+ </h2><p>
+ This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that
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+ </p><p>
+ A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose title
+ either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following text that
+ translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a specific
+ section name mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements", "Dedications",
+ "Endorsements", or "History".) To "Preserve the Title" of such a section
+ when you modify the Document means that it remains a section "Entitled
+ XYZ" according to this definition.
+ </p><p>
+ The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which
+ states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty
+ Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this License,
+ but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other implication that
+ these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has no effect on the
+ meaning of this License.
+ </p><h2><a id="VerbatimCopying"></a>
+ 2. VERBATIM COPYING
+ </h2><p>
+ You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
+ commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright
+ notices, and the license notice saying this License applies to the
+ Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other
+ conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use technical
+ measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the
+ copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept compensation in
+ exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough number of copies
+ you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
+ </p><p>
+ You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you
+ may publicly display copies.
+ </p><h2><a id="QuantityCopying"></a>
+ 3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
+ </h2><p>
+ If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have
+ printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the
+ Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the
+ copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts:
+ Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back
+ cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the
+ publisher of these copies. The front cover must present the full title
+ with all words of the title equally prominent and visible. You may add
+ other material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to
+ the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy
+ these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other
+ respects.
+ </p><p>
+ If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly,
+ you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the
+ actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent pages.
+ </p><p>
+ If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more
+ than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy
+ along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a
+ computer-network location from which the general network-using public has
+ access to download using public-standard network protocols a complete
+ Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. If you use the
+ latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin
+ distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent
+ copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one
+ year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or
+ through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.
+ </p><p>
+ It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
+ Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give
+ them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the
+ Document.
+ </p><h2><a id="Modifications"></a>
+ 4. MODIFICATIONS
+ </h2><p>
+ You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the
+ conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the
+ Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified Version
+ filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and
+ modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it.
+ In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
+ </p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="A"><li>
+ Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
+ from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions (which
+ should, if there were any, be listed in the History section of the
+ Document). You may use the same title as a previous version if the
+ original publisher of that version gives permission.
+ </li><li>
+ List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
+ responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified
+ Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the
+ Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five),
+ unless they release you from this requirement.
+ </li><li>
+ State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified
+ Version, as the publisher.
+ </li><li>
+ Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
+ </li><li>
+ Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to
+ the other copyright notices.
+ </li><li>
+ Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
+ giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the
+ terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
+ </li><li>
+ Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections
+ and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
+ </li><li>
+ Include an unaltered copy of this License.
+ </li><li>
+ Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add
+ to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
+ publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If
+ there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, create one
+ stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as
+ given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
+ Version as stated in the previous sentence.
+ </li><li>
+ Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
+ public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the
+ network locations given in the Document for previous versions it was
+ based on. These may be placed in the "History" section. You may omit
+ a network location for a work that was published at least four years
+ before the Document itself, or if the original publisher of the
+ version it refers to gives permission.
+ </li><li>
+ For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", Preserve
+ the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the
+ substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or
+ dedications given therein.
+ </li><li>
+ Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in
+ their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are
+ not considered part of the section titles.
+ </li><li>
+ Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section may not be
+ included in the Modified Version.
+ </li><li>
+ Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements" or
+ to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
+ </li><li>
+ Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
+ </li></ol></div><p>
+ If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices
+ that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the
+ Document, you may at your option designate some or all of these sections
+ as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant
+ Sections in the Modified Version's license notice. These titles must be
+ distinct from any other section titles.
+ </p><p>
+ You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
+ nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties--for
+ example, statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by
+ an organization as the authoritative definition of a standard.
+ </p><p>
+ You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
+ passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of
+ Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text
+ and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made
+ by) any one entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the
+ same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same
+ entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may
+ replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher
+ that added the old one.
+ </p><p>
+ The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give
+ permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply
+ endorsement of any Modified Version.
+ </p><h2><a id="Combining"></a>
+ 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
+ </h2><p>
+ You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
+ License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions,
+ provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections
+ of all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as
+ Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license notice, and that
+ you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.
+ </p><p>
+ The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple
+ identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there
+ are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents,
+ make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in
+ parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of that section
+ if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the
+ section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of
+ the combined work.
+ </p><p>
+ In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History" in
+ the various original documents, forming one section Entitled "History";
+ likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements", and any
+ sections Entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections Entitled
+ "Endorsements".
+ </p><h2><a id="Collections"></a>
+ 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
+ </h2><p>
+ You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents
+ released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this
+ License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in
+ the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for
+ verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.
+ </p><p>
+ You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute
+ it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this
+ License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other
+ respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
+ </p><h2><a id="Aggregation"></a>
+ 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
+ </h2><p>
+ A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and
+ independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
+ distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright resulting
+ from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights of the
+ compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit. When the
+ Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not apply to the
+ other works in the aggregate which are not themselves derivative works of
+ the Document.
+ </p><p>
+ If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies
+ of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of the entire
+ aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracket
+ the Document within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers
+ if the Document is in electronic form. Otherwise they must appear on
+ printed covers that bracket the whole aggregate.
+ </p><h2><a id="Translation"></a>
+ 8. TRANSLATION
+ </h2><p>
+ Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute
+ translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing
+ Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from
+ their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or all
+ Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant
+ Sections. You may include a translation of this License, and all the
+ license notices in the Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided
+ that you also include the original English version of this License and the
+ original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a
+ disagreement between the translation and the original version of this
+ License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
+ </p><p>
+ If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",
+ "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its
+ Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual title.
+ </p><h2><a id="fdl-1-termination"></a>
+ 9. TERMINATION
+ </h2><p>
+ You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as
+ expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to copy,
+ modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will
+ automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties
+ who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not
+ have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full
+ compliance.
+ </p><h2><a id="FutureRevisions"></a>
+ 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
+ </h2><p>
+ The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU
+ Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be
+ similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
+ address new problems or concerns. See <a class="ulink" href="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/" target="_top">http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/</a>.
+ </p><p>
+ Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If
+ the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License
+ "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of following the
+ terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later
+ version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software
+ Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this
+ License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the
+ Free Software Foundation.
+ </p><h2><a id="HowToUse"></a>
+ ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
+ </h2><p>
+ To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the
+ License in the document and put the following copyright and license
+ notices just after the title page:
+ </p><div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
+ Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME.
+ </p><p>
+ Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
+ under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or
+ any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no
+ Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A
+ copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free
+ Documentation License".
+ </p></blockquote></div><p>
+ If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,
+ replace the "with...Texts." line with this:
+ </p><div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
+ with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
+ Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
+ </p></blockquote></div><p>
+ If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
+ combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
+ situation.
+ </p><p>
+ If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
+ recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free
+ software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their
+ use in free software.
+ </p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="appendix_gpl.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01ix01.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Appendix D.
+ GNU General Public License version 3
+ </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Index</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Appendix D. GNU General Public License version 3</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="appendix_free.html" title="Appendix C. Free Software Needs Free Documentation" /><link rel="next" href="appendix_gfdl.html" title="Appendix E. GNU Free Documentation License" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Appendix D.
+ GNU General Public License version 3
+ </th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="appendix_free.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="appendix_gfdl.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="appendix" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="appendix.gpl-3.0"></a>Appendix D.
+ <acronym class="acronym">GNU</acronym> General Public License version 3
+ </h2></div></div></div><p>
+ Version 3, 29 June 2007
+ </p><p>
+ Copyright © 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://fsf.org/" target="_top">http://fsf.org/</a>
+ </p><p>
+ Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license
+ document, but changing it is not allowed.
+ </p><h2><a id="gpl-3-preamble"></a>
+ Preamble
+ </h2><p>
+ The <acronym class="acronym">GNU</acronym> General Public License is a free, copyleft
+ license for software and other kinds of works.
+ </p><p>
+ The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed to
+ take away your freedom to share and change the works. By contrast, the
+ <acronym class="acronym">GNU</acronym> General Public License is intended to guarantee your
+ freedom to share and change all versions of a program—to make sure it
+ remains free software for all its users. We, the Free Software Foundation,
+ use the <acronym class="acronym">GNU</acronym> General Public License for most of our
+ software; it applies also to any other work released this way by its
+ authors. You can apply it to your programs, too.
+ </p><p>
+ When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price. Our
+ General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the freedom
+ to distribute copies of free software (and charge for them if you wish),
+ that you receive source code or can get it if you want it, that you can
+ change the software or use pieces of it in new free programs, and that you
+ know you can do these things.
+ </p><p>
+ To protect your rights, we need to prevent others from denying you these
+ rights or asking you to surrender the rights. Therefore, you have certain
+ responsibilities if you distribute copies of the software, or if you modify
+ it: responsibilities to respect the freedom of others.
+ </p><p>
+ For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether gratis or
+ for a fee, you must pass on to the recipients the same freedoms that you
+ received. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source
+ code. And you must show them these terms so they know their rights.
+ </p><p>
+ Developers that use the <acronym class="acronym">GNU</acronym> <acronym class="acronym">GPL</acronym>
+ protect your rights with two steps: (1) assert copyright on the software,
+ and (2) offer you this License giving you legal permission to copy,
+ distribute and/or modify it.
+ </p><p>
+ For the developers’ and authors’ protection, the
+ <acronym class="acronym">GPL</acronym> clearly explains that there is no warranty for this
+ free software. For both users’ and authors’ sake, the
+ <acronym class="acronym">GPL</acronym> requires that modified versions be marked as changed,
+ so that their problems will not be attributed erroneously to authors of
+ previous versions.
+ </p><p>
+ Some devices are designed to deny users access to install or run modified
+ versions of the software inside them, although the manufacturer can do so.
+ This is fundamentally incompatible with the aim of protecting users’
+ freedom to change the software. The systematic pattern of such abuse occurs
+ in the area of products for individuals to use, which is precisely where it
+ is most unacceptable. Therefore, we have designed this version of the
+ <acronym class="acronym">GPL</acronym> to prohibit the practice for those products. If such
+ problems arise substantially in other domains, we stand ready to extend this
+ provision to those domains in future versions of the <acronym class="acronym">GPL</acronym>,
+ as needed to protect the freedom of users.
+ </p><p>
+ Finally, every program is threatened constantly by software patents. States
+ should not allow patents to restrict development and use of software on
+ general-purpose computers, but in those that do, we wish to avoid the
+ special danger that patents applied to a free program could make it
+ effectively proprietary. To prevent this, the <acronym class="acronym">GPL</acronym>
+ assures that patents cannot be used to render the program non-free.
+ </p><p>
+ The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification
+ follow.
+ </p><h2><a id="id574613"></a>
+ TERMS AND CONDITIONS
+ </h2><h2><a id="gpl-3-definitions"></a>
+ 0. Definitions.
+ </h2><p>
+ “This License” refers to version 3 of the <acronym class="acronym">GNU</acronym>
+ General Public License.
+ </p><p>
+ “Copyright” also means copyright-like laws that apply to other
+ kinds of works, such as semiconductor masks.
+ </p><p>
+ “The Program” refers to any copyrightable work licensed under
+ this License. Each licensee is addressed as “you”.
+ “Licensees” and “recipients” may be individuals or
+ organizations.
+ </p><p>
+ To “modify” a work means to copy from or adapt all or part of
+ the work in a fashion requiring copyright permission, other than the making
+ of an exact copy. The resulting work is called a “modified
+ version” of the earlier work or a work “based on” the
+ earlier work.
+ </p><p>
+ A “covered work” means either the unmodified Program or a work
+ based on the Program.
+ </p><p>
+ To “propagate” a work means to do anything with it that, without
+ permission, would make you directly or secondarily liable for infringement
+ under applicable copyright law, except executing it on a computer or
+ modifying a private copy. Propagation includes copying, distribution (with
+ or without modification), making available to the public, and in some
+ countries other activities as well.
+ </p><p>
+ To “convey” a work means any kind of propagation that enables
+ other parties to make or receive copies. Mere interaction with a user
+ through a computer network, with no transfer of a copy, is not conveying.
+ </p><p>
+ An interactive user interface displays “Appropriate Legal
+ Notices” to the extent that it includes a convenient and prominently
+ visible feature that (1) displays an appropriate copyright notice, and (2)
+ tells the user that there is no warranty for the work (except to the extent
+ that warranties are provided), that licensees may convey the work under this
+ License, and how to view a copy of this License. If the interface presents
+ a list of user commands or options, such as a menu, a prominent item in the
+ list meets this criterion.
+ </p><h2><a id="SourceCode"></a>
+ 1. Source Code.
+ </h2><p>
+ The “source code” for a work means the preferred form of the
+ work for making modifications to it. “Object code” means any
+ non-source form of a work.
+ </p><p>
+ A “Standard Interface” means an interface that either is an
+ official standard defined by a recognized standards body, or, in the case of
+ interfaces specified for a particular programming language, one that is
+ widely used among developers working in that language.
+ </p><p>
+ The “System Libraries” of an executable work include anything,
+ other than the work as a whole, that (a) is included in the normal form of
+ packaging a Major Component, but which is not part of that Major Component,
+ and (b) serves only to enable use of the work with that Major Component, or
+ to implement a Standard Interface for which an implementation is available
+ to the public in source code form. A “Major Component”, in this
+ context, means a major essential component (kernel, window system, and so
+ on) of the specific operating system (if any) on which the executable work
+ runs, or a compiler used to produce the work, or an object code interpreter
+ used to run it.
+ </p><p>
+ The “Corresponding Source” for a work in object code form means
+ all the source code needed to generate, install, and (for an executable
+ work) run the object code and to modify the work, including scripts to
+ control those activities. However, it does not include the work’s
+ System Libraries, or general-purpose tools or generally available free
+ programs which are used unmodified in performing those activities but which
+ are not part of the work. For example, Corresponding Source includes
+ interface definition files associated with source files for the work, and
+ the source code for shared libraries and dynamically linked subprograms that
+ the work is specifically designed to require, such as by intimate data
+ communication or control flow between those subprograms and other parts of
+ the work.
+ </p><p>
+ The Corresponding Source need not include anything that users can regenerate
+ automatically from other parts of the Corresponding Source.
+ </p><p>
+ The Corresponding Source for a work in source code form is that same work.
+ </p><h2><a id="BasicPermissions"></a>
+ 2. Basic Permissions.
+ </h2><p>
+ All rights granted under this License are granted for the term of copyright
+ on the Program, and are irrevocable provided the stated conditions are met.
+ This License explicitly affirms your unlimited permission to run the
+ unmodified Program. The output from running a covered work is covered by
+ this License only if the output, given its content, constitutes a covered
+ work. This License acknowledges your rights of fair use or other
+ equivalent, as provided by copyright law.
+ </p><p>
+ You may make, run and propagate covered works that you do not convey,
+ without conditions so long as your license otherwise remains in force. You
+ may convey covered works to others for the sole purpose of having them make
+ modifications exclusively for you, or provide you with facilities for
+ running those works, provided that you comply with the terms of this License
+ in conveying all material for which you do not control copyright. Those
+ thus making or running the covered works for you must do so exclusively on
+ your behalf, under your direction and control, on terms that prohibit them
+ from making any copies of your copyrighted material outside their
+ relationship with you.
+ </p><p>
+ Conveying under any other circumstances is permitted solely under the
+ conditions stated below. Sublicensing is not allowed; section 10 makes it
+ unnecessary.
+ </p><h2><a id="Protecting"></a>
+ 3. Protecting Users’ Legal Rights From Anti-Circumvention Law.
+ </h2><p>
+ No covered work shall be deemed part of an effective technological measure
+ under any applicable law fulfilling obligations under article 11 of the WIPO
+ copyright treaty adopted on 20 December 1996, or similar laws prohibiting or
+ restricting circumvention of such measures.
+ </p><p>
+ When you convey a covered work, you waive any legal power to forbid
+ circumvention of technological measures to the extent such circumvention is
+ effected by exercising rights under this License with respect to the covered
+ work, and you disclaim any intention to limit operation or modification of
+ the work as a means of enforcing, against the work’s users, your or
+ third parties’ legal rights to forbid circumvention of technological
+ measures.
+ </p><h2><a id="ConveyingVerbatim"></a>
+ 4. Conveying Verbatim Copies.
+ </h2><p>
+ You may convey verbatim copies of the Program’s source code as you
+ receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and appropriately
+ publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice; keep intact all
+ notices stating that this License and any non-permissive terms added in
+ accord with section 7 apply to the code; keep intact all notices of the
+ absence of any warranty; and give all recipients a copy of this License
+ along with the Program.
+ </p><p>
+ You may charge any price or no price for each copy that you convey, and you
+ may offer support or warranty protection for a fee.
+ </p><h2><a id="ConveyingModified"></a>
+ 5. Conveying Modified Source Versions.
+ </h2><p>
+ You may convey a work based on the Program, or the modifications to produce
+ it from the Program, in the form of source code under the terms of section
+ 4, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:
+ </p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="a"><li><p>
+ The work must carry prominent notices stating that you modified it, and
+ giving a relevant date.
+ </p></li><li><p>
+ The work must carry prominent notices stating that it is released under
+ this License and any conditions added under section 7. This requirement
+ modifies the requirement in section 4 to “keep intact all
+ notices”.
+ </p></li><li><p>
+ You must license the entire work, as a whole, under this License to
+ anyone who comes into possession of a copy. This License will therefore
+ apply, along with any applicable section 7 additional terms, to the
+ whole of the work, and all its parts, regardless of how they are
+ packaged. This License gives no permission to license the work in any
+ other way, but it does not invalidate such permission if you have
+ separately received it.
+ </p></li><li><p>
+ If the work has interactive user interfaces, each must display
+ Appropriate Legal Notices; however, if the Program has interactive
+ interfaces that do not display Appropriate Legal Notices, your work need
+ not make them do so.
+ </p></li></ol></div><p>
+ A compilation of a covered work with other separate and independent works,
+ which are not by their nature extensions of the covered work, and which are
+ not combined with it such as to form a larger program, in or on a volume of
+ a storage or distribution medium, is called an “aggregate” if
+ the compilation and its resulting copyright are not used to limit the access
+ or legal rights of the compilation’s users beyond what the individual works
+ permit. Inclusion of a covered work in an aggregate does not cause
+ this License to apply to the other parts of the aggregate.
+ </p><h2><a id="ConveyingNonSource"></a>
+ 6. Conveying Non-Source Forms.
+ </h2><p>
+ You may convey a covered work in object code form under the terms of
+ sections 4 and 5, provided that you also convey the machine-readable
+ Corresponding Source under the terms of this License, in one of these ways:
+ </p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="a"><li><p>
+ Convey the object code in, or embodied in, a physical product (including
+ a physical distribution medium), accompanied by the Corresponding Source
+ fixed on a durable physical medium customarily used for software
+ interchange.
+ </p></li><li><p>
+ Convey the object code in, or embodied in, a physical product (including
+ a physical distribution medium), accompanied by a written offer, valid
+ for at least three years and valid for as long as you offer spare parts
+ or customer support for that product model, to give anyone who possesses
+ the object code either (1) a copy of the Corresponding Source for all
+ the software in the product that is covered by this License, on a
+ durable physical medium customarily used for software interchange, for a
+ price no more than your reasonable cost of physically performing this
+ conveying of source, or (2) access to copy the Corresponding Source from
+ a network server at no charge.
+ </p></li><li><p>
+ Convey individual copies of the object code with a copy of the written
+ offer to provide the Corresponding Source. This alternative is allowed
+ only occasionally and noncommercially, and only if you received the
+ object code with such an offer, in accord with subsection 6b.
+ </p></li><li><p>
+ Convey the object code by offering access from a designated place
+ (gratis or for a charge), and offer equivalent access to the
+ Corresponding Source in the same way through the same place at no
+ further charge. You need not require recipients to copy the
+ Corresponding Source along with the object code. If the place to copy
+ the object code is a network server, the Corresponding Source may be on
+ a different server (operated by you or a third party) that supports
+ equivalent copying facilities, provided you maintain clear directions
+ next to the object code saying where to find the Corresponding Source.
+ Regardless of what server hosts the Corresponding Source, you remain
+ obligated to ensure that it is available for as long as needed to
+ satisfy these requirements.
+ </p></li><li><p>
+ Convey the object code using peer-to-peer transmission, provided you
+ inform other peers where the object code and Corresponding Source of the
+ work are being offered to the general public at no charge under
+ subsection 6d.
+ </p></li></ol></div><p>
+ A separable portion of the object code, whose source code is excluded from
+ the Corresponding Source as a System Library, need not be included in
+ conveying the object code work.
+ </p><p>
+ A “User Product” is either (1) a “consumer product”,
+ which means any tangible personal property which is normally used for
+ personal, family, or household purposes, or (2) anything designed or sold
+ for incorporation into a dwelling. In determining whether a product is a
+ consumer product, doubtful cases shall be resolved in favor of coverage.
+ For a particular product received by a particular user, “normally
+ used” refers to a typical or common use of that class of product,
+ regardless of the status of the particular user or of the way in which the
+ particular user actually uses, or expects or is expected to use, the
+ product. A product is a consumer product regardless of whether the product
+ has substantial commercial, industrial or non-consumer uses, unless such
+ uses represent the only significant mode of use of the product.
+ </p><p>
+ “Installation Information” for a User Product means any methods,
+ procedures, authorization keys, or other information required to install and
+ execute modified versions of a covered work in that User Product from a
+ modified version of its Corresponding Source. The information must suffice
+ to ensure that the continued functioning of the modified object code is in
+ no case prevented or interfered with solely because modification has been
+ made.
+ </p><p>
+ If you convey an object code work under this section in, or with, or
+ specifically for use in, a User Product, and the conveying occurs as part of
+ a transaction in which the right of possession and use of the User Product
+ is transferred to the recipient in perpetuity or for a fixed term
+ (regardless of how the transaction is characterized), the Corresponding
+ Source conveyed under this section must be accompanied by the Installation
+ Information. But this requirement does not apply if neither you nor any
+ third party retains the ability to install modified object code on the User
+ Product (for example, the work has been installed in
+ <acronym class="acronym">ROM</acronym>).
+ </p><p>
+ The requirement to provide Installation Information does not include a
+ requirement to continue to provide support service, warranty, or updates for
+ a work that has been modified or installed by the recipient, or for the User
+ Product in which it has been modified or installed. Access to a network may
+ be denied when the modification itself materially and adversely affects the
+ operation of the network or violates the rules and protocols for
+ communication across the network.
+ </p><p>
+ Corresponding Source conveyed, and Installation Information provided, in
+ accord with this section must be in a format that is publicly documented
+ (and with an implementation available to the public in source code form),
+ and must require no special password or key for unpacking, reading or
+ copying.
+ </p><h2><a id="AdditionalTerms"></a>
+ 7. Additional Terms.
+ </h2><p>
+ “Additional permissions” are terms that supplement the terms of
+ this License by making exceptions from one or more of its conditions.
+ Additional permissions that are applicable to the entire Program shall be
+ treated as though they were included in this License, to the extent that
+ they are valid under applicable law. If additional permissions apply only
+ to part of the Program, that part may be used separately under those
+ permissions, but the entire Program remains governed by this License
+ without regard to the additional permissions.
+ </p><p>
+ When you convey a copy of a covered work, you may at your option remove any
+ additional permissions from that copy, or from any part of it. (Additional
+ permissions may be written to require their own removal in certain cases
+ when you modify the work.) You may place additional permissions on
+ material, added by you to a covered work, for which you have or can give
+ appropriate copyright permission.
+ </p><p>
+ Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, for material you add
+ to a covered work, you may (if authorized by the copyright holders of that
+ material) supplement the terms of this License with terms:
+ </p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="a"><li><p>
+ Disclaiming warranty or limiting liability differently from the terms
+ of sections 15 and 16 of this License; or
+ </p></li><li><p>
+ Requiring preservation of specified reasonable legal notices or author
+ attributions in that material or in the Appropriate Legal Notices
+ displayed by works containing it; or
+ </p></li><li><p>
+ Prohibiting misrepresentation of the origin of that material, or
+ requiring that modified versions of such material be marked in
+ reasonable ways as different from the original version; or
+ </p></li><li><p>
+ Limiting the use for publicity purposes of names of licensors or
+ authors of the material; or
+ </p></li><li><p>
+ Declining to grant rights under trademark law for use of some trade
+ names, trademarks, or service marks; or
+ </p></li><li><p>
+ Requiring indemnification of licensors and authors of that material by
+ anyone who conveys the material (or modified versions of it) with
+ contractual assumptions of liability to the recipient, for any
+ liability that these contractual assumptions directly impose on those
+ licensors and authors.
+ </p></li></ol></div><p>
+ All other non-permissive additional terms are considered “further
+ restrictions” within the meaning of section 10. If the Program as
+ you received it, or any part of it, contains a notice stating that it is
+ governed by this License along with a term that is a further restriction,
+ you may remove that term. If a license document contains a further
+ restriction but permits relicensing or conveying under this License, you
+ may add to a covered work material governed by the terms of that license
+ document, provided that the further restriction does not survive such
+ relicensing or conveying.
+ </p><p>
+ If you add terms to a covered work in accord with this section, you must
+ place, in the relevant source files, a statement of the additional terms
+ that apply to those files, or a notice indicating where to find the
+ applicable terms.
+ </p><p>
+ Additional terms, permissive or non-permissive, may be stated in the form
+ of a separately written license, or stated as exceptions; the above
+ requirements apply either way.
+ </p><h2><a id="gpl-3-termination"></a>
+ 8. Termination.
+ </h2><p>
+ You may not propagate or modify a covered work except as expressly provided
+ under this License. Any attempt otherwise to propagate or modify it is
+ void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License
+ (including any patent licenses granted under the third paragraph of section
+ 11).
+ </p><p>
+ However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license from
+ a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, unless and
+ until the copyright holder explicitly and finally terminates your license,
+ and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder fails to notify you of the
+ violation by some reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.
+ </p><p>
+ Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated
+ permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the violation by some
+ reasonable means, this is the first time you have received notice of
+ violation of this License (for any work) from that copyright holder, and
+ you cure the violation prior to 30 days after your receipt of the notice.
+ </p><p>
+ Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the
+ licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under this
+ License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently
+ reinstated, you do not qualify to receive new licenses for the same
+ material under section 10.
+ </p><h2><a id="AcceptanceNotRequired"></a>
+ 9. Acceptance Not Required for Having Copies.
+ </h2><p>
+ You are not required to accept this License in order to receive or run a
+ copy of the Program. Ancillary propagation of a covered work occurring
+ solely as a consequence of using peer-to-peer transmission to receive a
+ copy likewise does not require acceptance. However, nothing other than
+ this License grants you permission to propagate or modify any covered work.
+ These actions infringe copyright if you do not accept this License.
+ Therefore, by modifying or propagating a covered work, you indicate your
+ acceptance of this License to do so.
+ </p><h2><a id="AutomaticDownstream"></a>
+ 10. Automatic Licensing of Downstream Recipients.
+ </h2><p>
+ Each time you convey a covered work, the recipient automatically receives a
+ license from the original licensors, to run, modify and propagate that
+ work, subject to this License. You are not responsible for enforcing
+ compliance by third parties with this License.
+ </p><p>
+ An “entity transaction” is a transaction transferring control
+ of an organization, or substantially all assets of one, or subdividing an
+ organization, or merging organizations. If propagation of a covered work
+ results from an entity transaction, each party to that transaction who
+ receives a copy of the work also receives whatever licenses to the work the
+ party’s predecessor in interest had or could give under the previous
+ paragraph, plus a right to possession of the Corresponding Source of the
+ work from the predecessor in interest, if the predecessor has it or can get
+ it with reasonable efforts.
+ </p><p>
+ You may not impose any further restrictions on the exercise of the rights
+ granted or affirmed under this License. For example, you may not impose a
+ license fee, royalty, or other charge for exercise of rights granted under
+ this License, and you may not initiate litigation (including a cross-claim
+ or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that any patent claim is infringed
+ by making, using, selling, offering for sale, or importing the Program or
+ any portion of it.
+ </p><h2><a id="Patents"></a>
+ 11. Patents.
+ </h2><p>
+ A “contributor” is a copyright holder who authorizes use under
+ this License of the Program or a work on which the Program is based. The
+ work thus licensed is called the contributor’s “contributor
+ version”.
+ </p><p>
+ A contributor’s “essential patent claims” are all patent
+ claims owned or controlled by the contributor, whether already acquired or
+ hereafter acquired, that would be infringed by some manner, permitted by
+ this License, of making, using, or selling its contributor version, but do
+ not include claims that would be infringed only as a consequence of further
+ modification of the contributor version. For purposes of this definition,
+ “control” includes the right to grant patent sublicenses in a
+ manner consistent with the requirements of this License.
+ </p><p>
+ Each contributor grants you a non-exclusive, worldwide, royalty-free patent
+ license under the contributor’s essential patent claims, to make, use,
+ sell, offer for sale, import and otherwise run, modify and propagate the
+ contents of its contributor version.
+ </p><p>
+ In the following three paragraphs, a “patent license” is any
+ express agreement or commitment, however denominated, not to enforce a
+ patent (such as an express permission to practice a patent or covenant not
+ to sue for patent infringement). To “grant” such a patent
+ license to a party means to make such an agreement or commitment not to
+ enforce a patent against the party.
+ </p><p>
+ If you convey a covered work, knowingly relying on a patent license, and the
+ Corresponding Source of the work is not available for anyone to copy, free
+ of charge and under the terms of this License, through a publicly available
+ network server or other readily accessible means, then you must either (1)
+ cause the Corresponding Source to be so available, or (2) arrange to deprive
+ yourself of the benefit of the patent license for this particular work, or
+ (3) arrange, in a manner consistent with the requirements of this License,
+ to extend the patent license to downstream recipients. “Knowingly
+ relying” means you have actual knowledge that, but for the patent
+ license, your conveying the covered work in a country, or your
+ recipient’s use of the covered work in a country, would infringe one
+ or more identifiable patents in that country that you have reason to believe
+ are valid.
+ </p><p>
+ If, pursuant to or in connection with a single transaction or arrangement,
+ you convey, or propagate by procuring conveyance of, a covered work, and
+ grant a patent license to some of the parties receiving the covered work
+ authorizing them to use, propagate, modify or convey a specific copy of the
+ covered work, then the patent license you grant is automatically extended to
+ all recipients of the covered work and works based on it.
+ </p><p>
+ A patent license is “discriminatory” if it does not include
+ within the scope of its coverage, prohibits the exercise of, or is
+ conditioned on the non-exercise of one or more of the rights that are
+ specifically granted under this License. You may not convey a covered work
+ if you are a party to an arrangement with a third party that is in the
+ business of distributing software, under which you make payment to the third
+ party based on the extent of your activity of conveying the work, and under
+ which the third party grants, to any of the parties who would receive the
+ covered work from you, a discriminatory patent license (a) in connection
+ with copies of the covered work conveyed by you (or copies made from those
+ copies), or (b) primarily for and in connection with specific products or
+ compilations that contain the covered work, unless you entered into that
+ arrangement, or that patent license was granted, prior to 28 March 2007.
+ </p><p>
+ Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting any
+ implied license or other defenses to infringement that may otherwise be
+ available to you under applicable patent law.
+ </p><h2><a id="NoSurrender"></a>
+ 12. No Surrender of Others’ Freedom.
+ </h2><p>
+ If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
+ otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
+ excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot convey a
+ covered work so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this
+ License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may
+ not convey it at all. For example, if you agree to terms that obligate you
+ to collect a royalty for further conveying from those to whom you convey the
+ Program, the only way you could satisfy both those terms and this License
+ would be to refrain entirely from conveying the Program.
+ </p><h2><a id="UsedWithAGPL"></a>
+ 13. Use with the <acronym class="acronym">GNU</acronym> Affero General Public License.
+ </h2><p>
+ Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have permission to
+ link or combine any covered work with a work licensed under version 3 of the
+ <acronym class="acronym">GNU</acronym> Affero General Public License into a single combined
+ work, and to convey the resulting work. The terms of this License will
+ continue to apply to the part which is the covered work, but the special
+ requirements of the <acronym class="acronym">GNU</acronym> Affero General Public License,
+ section 13, concerning interaction through a network will apply to the
+ combination as such.
+ </p><h2><a id="RevisedVersions"></a>
+ 14. Revised Versions of this License.
+ </h2><p>
+ The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the
+ <acronym class="acronym">GNU</acronym> General Public License from time to time. Such new
+ versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in
+ detail to address new problems or concerns.
+ </p><p>
+ Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program
+ specifies that a certain numbered version of the <acronym class="acronym">GNU</acronym>
+ General Public License “or any later version” applies to it, you
+ have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that
+ numbered version or of any later version published by the Free Software
+ Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of the
+ <acronym class="acronym">GNU</acronym> General Public License, you may choose any version
+ ever published by the Free Software Foundation.
+ </p><p>
+ If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of
+ the <acronym class="acronym">GNU</acronym> General Public License can be used, that
+ proxy’s public statement of acceptance of a version permanently
+ authorizes you to choose that version for the Program.
+ </p><p>
+ Later license versions may give you additional or different permissions.
+ However, no additional obligations are imposed on any author or copyright
+ holder as a result of your choosing to follow a later version.
+ </p><h2><a id="WarrantyDisclaimer"></a>
+ 15. Disclaimer of Warranty.
+ </h2><p>
+ THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE
+ LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR
+ OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM “AS IS” WITHOUT WARRANTY OF
+ ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+ THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH
+ YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL
+ NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
+ </p><h2><a id="LiabilityLimitation"></a>
+ 16. Limitation of Liability.
+ </h2><p>
+ IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL
+ ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR CONVEYS THE
+ PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY
+ GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE
+ OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA
+ OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD
+ PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS),
+ EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ SUCH DAMAGES.
+ </p><h2><a id="InterpretationSecs1516"></a>
+ 17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16.
+ </h2><p>
+ If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided above
+ cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms, reviewing
+ courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates an absolute
+ waiver of all civil liability in connection with the Program, unless a
+ warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a copy of the Program in
+ return for a fee.
+ </p><h2><a id="id467877"></a>
+ END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
+ </h2><h2><a id="HowToApply"></a>
+ How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
+ </h2><p>
+ If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest possible
+ use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it free software
+ which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
+ </p><p>
+ To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to
+ attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively state the
+ exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the
+ “copyright” line and a pointer to where the full notice is
+ found.
+ </p><pre class="screen">
+<em class="replaceable"><code>one line to give the program’s name and a brief idea of what it does.</code></em>
+Copyright (C) <em class="replaceable"><code>year</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>name of author</code></em>
+
+This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+it under the terms of the <acronym class="acronym">GNU</acronym> General Public License as published by
+the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+(at your option) any later version.
+
+This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+<acronym class="acronym">GNU</acronym> General Public License for more details.
+
+You should have received a copy of the <acronym class="acronym">GNU</acronym> General Public License
+along with this program. If not, see <a class="ulink" href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/" target="_top">http://www.gnu.org/licenses/</a>.
+ </pre><p>
+ Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
+ </p><p>
+ If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short notice like
+ this when it starts in an interactive mode:
+ </p><pre class="screen">
+<em class="replaceable"><code>program</code></em> Copyright (C) <em class="replaceable"><code>year</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>name of author</code></em>
+This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type ‘<code class="literal">show w</code>’.
+This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
+under certain conditions; type ‘<code class="literal">show c</code>’ for details.
+ </pre><p>
+ The hypothetical commands ‘<code class="literal">show w</code>’ and
+ ‘<code class="literal">show c</code>’ should show the appropriate parts of
+ the General Public License. Of course, your program’s commands might be
+ different; for a GUI interface, you would use an “about box”.
+ </p><p>
+ You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school,
+ if any, to sign a “copyright disclaimer” for the program, if
+ necessary. For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the
+ <acronym class="acronym">GNU</acronym> <acronym class="acronym">GPL</acronym>, see
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/" target="_top">http://www.gnu.org/licenses/</a>.
+ </p><p>
+ The <acronym class="acronym">GNU</acronym> General Public License does not permit
+ incorporating your program into proprietary programs. If your program is a
+ subroutine library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking
+ proprietary applications with the library. If this is what you want to do,
+ use the <acronym class="acronym">GNU</acronym> Lesser General Public License instead of this
+ License. But first, please read <a class="ulink" href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html" target="_top">http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html</a>.
+ </p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="appendix_free.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="appendix_gfdl.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Appendix C.
+ Free Software Needs Free Documentation
+
+ </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Appendix E. GNU Free Documentation License</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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Porting and Maintenance</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="appendix_porting.html#appendix.porting.build_hacking">Configure and Build Hacking</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="appendix_porting.html#build_hacking.prereq">Prerequisites</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="appendix_porting.html#build_hacking.map">Overview: What Comes from Where</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="appendix_porting.html#build_hacking.scripts">Storing Information in non-AC files (like configure.host)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="appendix_porting.html#build_hacking.conventions">Coding and Commenting Conventions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="appendix_porting.html#build_hacking.acinclude">The acinclude.m4 layout</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="appendix_porting.html#build_hacking.enable">GLIBCXX_ENABLE, the --enable maker</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="internals.html">Porting to New Hardware or Operating Systems</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="internals.html#internals.os">Operating System</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="internals.html#internals.cpu">CPU</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="internals.html#internals.char_types">Character Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="internals.html#internals.thread_safety">Thread Safety</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="internals.html#internals.numeric_limits">Numeric Limits</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="internals.html#internals.libtool">Libtool</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="abi.html">ABI Policy and Guidelines</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="abi.html#abi.cxx_interface">The C++ Interface</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="abi.html#abi.versioning">Versioning</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="abi.html#abi.changes_allowed">Allowed Changes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="abi.html#abi.changes_no">Prohibited Changes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="abi.html#abi.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="abi.html#abi.testing">Testing</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="abi.html#abi.issues">Outstanding Issues</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="api.html">API Evolution and Deprecation History</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="api.html#api.rel_300">3.0</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="api.html#api.rel_310">3.1</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="api.html#api.rel_320">3.2</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="api.html#api.rel_330">3.3</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="api.html#api.rel_340">3.4</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="api.html#api.rel_400">4.0</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="api.html#api.rel_410">4.1</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="api.html#api.rel_420">4.2</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="api.html#api.rel_430">4.3</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="backwards.html">Backwards Compatibility</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="backwards.html#backwards.first">First</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="backwards.html#backwards.second">Second</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="backwards.html#backwards.third">Third</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="appendix.porting.build_hacking"></a>Configure and Build Hacking</h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="build_hacking.prereq"></a>Prerequisites</h3></div></div></div><p>
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Appendix B. Porting and Maintenance</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="source_design_notes.html" title="Design Notes" /><link rel="next" href="internals.html" title="Porting to New Hardware or Operating Systems" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Appendix B.
+ Porting and Maintenance
+
+</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="source_design_notes.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="internals.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="appendix" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="appendix.porting"></a>Appendix B.
+ Porting and Maintenance
+ <a id="id580411" class="indexterm"></a>
+</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="appendix_porting.html#appendix.porting.build_hacking">Configure and Build Hacking</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="appendix_porting.html#build_hacking.prereq">Prerequisites</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="appendix_porting.html#build_hacking.map">Overview: What Comes from Where</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="appendix_porting.html#build_hacking.scripts">Storing Information in non-AC files (like configure.host)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="appendix_porting.html#build_hacking.conventions">Coding and Commenting Conventions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="appendix_porting.html#build_hacking.acinclude">The acinclude.m4 layout</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="appendix_porting.html#build_hacking.enable">GLIBCXX_ENABLE, the --enable maker</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="internals.html">Porting to New Hardware or Operating Systems</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="internals.html#internals.os">Operating System</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="internals.html#internals.cpu">CPU</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="internals.html#internals.char_types">Character Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="internals.html#internals.thread_safety">Thread Safety</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="internals.html#internals.numeric_limits">Numeric Limits</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="internals.html#internals.libtool">Libtool</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="abi.html">ABI Policy and Guidelines</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="abi.html#abi.cxx_interface">The C++ Interface</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="abi.html#abi.versioning">Versioning</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="abi.html#abi.changes_allowed">Allowed Changes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="abi.html#abi.changes_no">Prohibited Changes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="abi.html#abi.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="abi.html#abi.testing">Testing</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="abi.html#abi.issues">Outstanding Issues</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="api.html">API Evolution and Deprecation History</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="api.html#api.rel_300">3.0</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="api.html#api.rel_310">3.1</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="api.html#api.rel_320">3.2</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="api.html#api.rel_330">3.3</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="api.html#api.rel_340">3.4</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="api.html#api.rel_400">4.0</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="api.html#api.rel_410">4.1</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="api.html#api.rel_420">4.2</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="api.html#api.rel_430">4.3</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="backwards.html">Backwards Compatibility</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="backwards.html#backwards.first">First</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="backwards.html#backwards.second">Second</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="backwards.html#backwards.third">Third</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="appendix.porting.build_hacking"></a>Configure and Build Hacking</h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="build_hacking.prereq"></a>Prerequisites</h3></div></div></div><p>
As noted <a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/install/prerequisites.html" target="_top">previously</a>,
certain other tools are necessary for hacking on files that
control configure (<code class="code">configure.ac</code>,
argument checking at all is done in this signature. See
GLIBCXX_ENABLE_CXX_FLAGS for an example of handling, and an error
message.
-</p></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="
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+</p></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="
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--- /dev/null
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 17. Associative</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="containers.html" title="Part VII. Containers" /><link rel="prev" href="vector.html" title="vector" /><link rel="next" href="bitset.html" title="bitset" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 17. Associative</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="vector.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part VII.
+ Containers
+
+</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bitset.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.containers.associative"></a>Chapter 17. Associative</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="associative.html#containers.associative.insert_hints">Insertion Hints</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bitset.html">bitset</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bitset.html#associative.bitset.size_variable">Size Variable</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bitset.html#associative.bitset.type_string">Type String</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="containers.associative.insert_hints"></a>Insertion Hints</h2></div></div></div><p>
+ Section [23.1.2], Table 69, of the C++ standard lists this
+ function for all of the associative containers (map, set, etc):
+ </p><pre class="programlisting">
+ a.insert(p,t);
+ </pre><p>
+ where 'p' is an iterator into the container 'a', and 't' is the
+ item to insert. The standard says that “<span class="quote"><code class="code">t</code> is
+ inserted as close as possible to the position just prior to
+ <code class="code">p</code>.</span>” (Library DR #233 addresses this topic,
+ referring to <a class="ulink" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2005/n1780.html" target="_top">N1780</a>.
+ Since version 4.2 GCC implements the resolution to DR 233, so
+ that insertions happen as close as possible to the hint. For
+ earlier releases the hint was only used as described below.
+ </p><p>
+ Here we'll describe how the hinting works in the libstdc++
+ implementation, and what you need to do in order to take
+ advantage of it. (Insertions can change from logarithmic
+ complexity to amortized constant time, if the hint is properly
+ used.) Also, since the current implementation is based on the
+ SGI STL one, these points may hold true for other library
+ implementations also, since the HP/SGI code is used in a lot of
+ places.
+ </p><p>
+ In the following text, the phrases <span class="emphasis"><em>greater
+ than</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>less than</em></span> refer to the
+ results of the strict weak ordering imposed on the container by
+ its comparison object, which defaults to (basically)
+ “<span class="quote"><</span>”. Using those phrases is semantically sloppy,
+ but I didn't want to get bogged down in syntax. I assume that if
+ you are intelligent enough to use your own comparison objects,
+ you are also intelligent enough to assign “<span class="quote">greater</span>”
+ and “<span class="quote">lesser</span>” their new meanings in the next
+ paragraph. *grin*
+ </p><p>
+ If the <code class="code">hint</code> parameter ('p' above) is equivalent to:
+ </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
+ <code class="code">begin()</code>, then the item being inserted should
+ have a key less than all the other keys in the container.
+ The item will be inserted at the beginning of the container,
+ becoming the new entry at <code class="code">begin()</code>.
+ </p></li><li><p>
+ <code class="code">end()</code>, then the item being inserted should have
+ a key greater than all the other keys in the container. The
+ item will be inserted at the end of the container, becoming
+ the new entry at <code class="code">end()</code>.
+ </p></li><li><p>
+ neither <code class="code">begin()</code> nor <code class="code">end()</code>, then:
+ Let <code class="code">h</code> be the entry in the container pointed to
+ by <code class="code">hint</code>, that is, <code class="code">h = *hint</code>. Then
+ the item being inserted should have a key less than that of
+ <code class="code">h</code>, and greater than that of the item preceding
+ <code class="code">h</code>. The new item will be inserted between
+ <code class="code">h</code> and <code class="code">h</code>'s predecessor.
+ </p></li></ul></div><p>
+ For <code class="code">multimap</code> and <code class="code">multiset</code>, the
+ restrictions are slightly looser: “<span class="quote">greater than</span>”
+ should be replaced by “<span class="quote">not less than</span>”and “<span class="quote">less
+ than</span>” should be replaced by “<span class="quote">not greater
+ than.</span>” (Why not replace greater with
+ greater-than-or-equal-to? You probably could in your head, but
+ the mathematicians will tell you that it isn't the same thing.)
+ </p><p>
+ If the conditions are not met, then the hint is not used, and the
+ insertion proceeds as if you had called <code class="code"> a.insert(t)
+ </code> instead. (<span class="emphasis"><em>Note </em></span> that GCC releases
+ prior to 3.0.2 had a bug in the case with <code class="code">hint ==
+ begin()</code> for the <code class="code">map</code> and <code class="code">set</code>
+ classes. You should not use a hint argument in those releases.)
+ </p><p>
+ This behavior goes well with other containers'
+ <code class="code">insert()</code> functions which take an iterator: if used,
+ the new item will be inserted before the iterator passed as an
+ argument, same as the other containers.
+ </p><p>
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Note </em></span> also that the hint in this
+ implementation is a one-shot. The older insertion-with-hint
+ routines check the immediately surrounding entries to ensure that
+ the new item would in fact belong there. If the hint does not
+ point to the correct place, then no further local searching is
+ done; the search begins from scratch in logarithmic time.
+ </p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="vector.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="containers.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bitset.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">vector </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> bitset</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>auto_ptr</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , auto_ptr " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="
bk01pt04ch11.html" title="Chapter 11. Memory" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt04ch11.html" title="Chapter 11. Memory" /><link rel="next" href="shared_ptr.html" title="shared_ptr" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">auto_ptr</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt04ch11.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 11. Memory</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="shared_ptr.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.util.memory.auto_ptr"></a>auto_ptr</h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="auto_ptr.limitations"></a>Limitations</h3></div></div></div><p>Explaining all of the fun and delicious things that can
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>auto_ptr</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , auto_ptr " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="
memory.html" title="Chapter 11. Memory" /><link rel="prev" href="memory.html" title="Chapter 11. Memory" /><link rel="next" href="shared_ptr.html" title="shared_ptr" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">auto_ptr</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="memory.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 11. Memory</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="shared_ptr.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.util.memory.auto_ptr"></a>auto_ptr</h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="auto_ptr.limitations"></a>Limitations</h3></div></div></div><p>Explaining all of the fun and delicious things that can
happen with misuse of the <code class="classname">auto_ptr</code> class
template (called <acronym class="acronym">AP</acronym> here) would take some
time. Suffice it to say that the use of <acronym class="acronym">AP</acronym>
}
</pre><p>
Should you try this with the checks enabled, you will see an error.
- </p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="
bk01pt04ch11.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="bk01pt04ch11.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="shared_ptr.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 11. Memory </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> shared_ptr</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
+ </p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="
memory.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="memory.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="shared_ptr.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 11. Memory </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> shared_ptr</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Backwards Compatibility</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , backwards " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="appendix_porting.html" title="Appendix B. Porting and Maintenance" /><link rel="prev" href="api.html" title="API Evolution and Deprecation History" /><link rel="next" href="appendix_free.html" title="Appendix C. Free Software Needs Free Documentation" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Backwards Compatibility</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="api.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Appendix B. Porting and Maintenance</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="appendix_free.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.appendix.porting.backwards"></a>Backwards Compatibility</h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="backwards.first"></a>First</h3></div></div></div><p>The first generation GNU C++ library was called libg++. It was a
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Backwards Compatibility</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , backwards " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="appendix_porting.html" title="Appendix B. Porting and Maintenance" /><link rel="prev" href="api.html" title="API Evolution and Deprecation History" /><link rel="next" href="appendix_free.html" title="Appendix C. Free Software Needs Free Documentation" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Backwards Compatibility</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="api.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Appendix B.
+ Porting and Maintenance
+
+</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="appendix_free.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.appendix.porting.backwards"></a>Backwards Compatibility</h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="backwards.first"></a>First</h3></div></div></div><p>The first generation GNU C++ library was called libg++. It was a
separate GNU project, although reliably paired with GCC. Rumors imply
that it had a working relationship with at least two kinds of
dinosaur.
really useful things that are used by a lot of people, the Standards
Committee couldn't include everything, and so a lot of those
“<span class="quote">obvious</span>” classes didn't get included.
-</p><p>Known Issues include many of the limitations of its immediate ancestor.</p><p>Portability notes and known implementation limitations are as follows.</p><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id
486428"></a>No <code class="code">ios_base</code></h4></div></div></div><p> At least some older implementations don't have <code class="code">std::ios_base</code>, so you should use <code class="code">std::ios::badbit</code>, <code class="code">std::ios::failbit</code> and <code class="code">std::ios::eofbit</code> and <code class="code">std::ios::goodbit</code>.
-</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id
486460"></a>No <code class="code">cout</code> in <code class="code">ostream.h</code>, no <code class="code">cin</code> in <code class="code">istream.h</code></h4></div></div></div><p>
+</p><p>Known Issues include many of the limitations of its immediate ancestor.</p><p>Portability notes and known implementation limitations are as follows.</p><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id
592805"></a>No <code class="code">ios_base</code></h4></div></div></div><p> At least some older implementations don't have <code class="code">std::ios_base</code>, so you should use <code class="code">std::ios::badbit</code>, <code class="code">std::ios::failbit</code> and <code class="code">std::ios::eofbit</code> and <code class="code">std::ios::goodbit</code>.
+</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id
592837"></a>No <code class="code">cout</code> in <code class="code">ostream.h</code>, no <code class="code">cin</code> in <code class="code">istream.h</code></h4></div></div></div><p>
In earlier versions of the standard,
<code class="filename">fstream.h</code>,
<code class="filename">ostream.h</code>
archived. The code is considered replaced and rewritten.
</p><p>
Portability notes and known implementation limitations are as follows.
-</p><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id57
2029"></a>Namespace <code class="code">std::</code> not supported</h4></div></div></div><p>
+</p><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id57
1479"></a>Namespace <code class="code">std::</code> not supported</h4></div></div></div><p>
Some care is required to support C++ compiler and or library
implementation that do not have the standard library in
<code class="code">namespace std</code>.
AC_DEFINE(HAVE_NAMESPACE_STD,,[Define if g++ supports namespace std. ])
fi
])
-</pre></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id57
2152"></a>Illegal iterator usage</h4></div></div></div><p>
+</pre></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id57
1602"></a>Illegal iterator usage</h4></div></div></div><p>
The following illustrate implementation-allowed illegal iterator
use, and then correct use.
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
</p></li><li><p>
<code class="code">if (iterator)</code> won't work any more => use
<code class="code">if (iterator != iterator_type())</code>
- </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id572213"></a><code class="code">isspace</code> from <code class="filename">cctype</code> is a macro
+ </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id571663"></a><code class="code">isspace</code> from <code class="filename">cctype</code> is a macro
</h4></div></div></div><p>
Glibc 2.0.x and 2.1.x define <code class="filename">ctype.h</code> functionality as macros
(isspace, isalpha etc.).
(<code class="filename">ctype.h</code>) and the
definitions in namespace <code class="code">std::</code>
(<code class="code"><cctype></code>).
-</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id57
2307"></a>No <code class="code">vector::at</code>, <code class="code">deque::at</code>, <code class="code">string::at</code></h4></div></div></div><p>
+</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id57
1756"></a>No <code class="code">vector::at</code>, <code class="code">deque::at</code>, <code class="code">string::at</code></h4></div></div></div><p>
One solution is to add an autoconf-test for this:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
AC_MSG_CHECKING(for container::at)
</pre><p>
If you are using other (non-GNU) compilers it might be a good idea
to check for <code class="code">string::at</code> separately.
-</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id57
2345"></a>No <code class="code">std::char_traits<char>::eof</code></h4></div></div></div><p>
+</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id57
1794"></a>No <code class="code">std::char_traits<char>::eof</code></h4></div></div></div><p>
Use some kind of autoconf test, plus this:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
#ifdef HAVE_CHAR_TRAITS
#else
#define CPP_EOF EOF
#endif
-</pre></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id57
2363"></a>No <code class="code">string::clear</code></h4></div></div></div><p>
+</pre></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id57
1812"></a>No <code class="code">string::clear</code></h4></div></div></div><p>
There are two functions for deleting the contents of a string:
<code class="code">clear</code> and <code class="code">erase</code> (the latter returns the
string).
Unfortunately, <code class="code">clear</code> is not implemented in this
version, so you should use <code class="code">erase</code> (which is probably
faster than <code class="code">operator=(charT*)</code>).
-</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id572408"></a>
+</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id571858"></a>
Removal of <code class="code">ostream::form</code> and <code class="code">istream::scan</code>
extensions
</h4></div></div></div><p>
These are no longer supported. Please use stringstreams instead.
-</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id57
2427"></a>No <code class="code">basic_stringbuf</code>, <code class="code">basic_stringstream</code></h4></div></div></div><p>
+</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id57
1877"></a>No <code class="code">basic_stringbuf</code>, <code class="code">basic_stringstream</code></h4></div></div></div><p>
Although the ISO standard <code class="code">i/ostringstream</code>-classes are
provided, (<code class="filename">sstream</code>), for
compatibility with older implementations the pre-ISO
Another example of using stringstreams is in <a class="link" href="bk01pt05ch13s05.html" title="Shrink to Fit">this howto</a>.
</p><p> There is additional information in the libstdc++-v2 info files, in
particular “<span class="quote">info iostream</span>”.
-</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id
445586"></a>Little or no wide character support</h4></div></div></div><p>
+</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id
576230"></a>Little or no wide character support</h4></div></div></div><p>
Classes <code class="classname">wstring</code> and
<code class="classname">char_traits<wchar_t></code> are
not supported.
- </p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id
445605"></a>No templatized iostreams</h4></div></div></div><p>
+ </p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id
576249"></a>No templatized iostreams</h4></div></div></div><p>
Classes <code class="classname">wfilebuf</code> and
<code class="classname">wstringstream</code> are not supported.
- </p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id
445624"></a>Thread safety issues</h4></div></div></div><p>
+ </p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id
576268"></a>Thread safety issues</h4></div></div></div><p>
Earlier GCC releases had a somewhat different approach to
threading configuration and proper compilation. Before GCC 3.0,
configuration of the threading model was dictated by compiler
of the SGI STL (version 3.3), with extensive changes.
</p><p>A more formal description of the V3 goals can be found in the
official <a class="ulink" href="../17_intro/DESIGN" target="_top">design document</a>.
- </p><p>Portability notes and known implementation limitations are as follows.</p><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id
445743"></a>Pre-ISO headers moved to backwards or removed</h4></div></div></div><p> The pre-ISO C++ headers
+ </p><p>Portability notes and known implementation limitations are as follows.</p><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id
576386"></a>Pre-ISO headers moved to backwards or removed</h4></div></div></div><p> The pre-ISO C++ headers
(<code class="code">iostream.h</code>, <code class="code">defalloc.h</code> etc.) are
available, unlike previous libstdc++ versions, but inclusion
generates a warning that you are using deprecated headers.
directive <code class="code">using namespace std;</code> can be put at the global
scope. This should be enough to get this code compiling, assuming the
other usage is correct.
-</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id
445826"></a>Extension headers hash_map, hash_set moved to ext or backwards</h4></div></div></div><p>At this time most of the features of the SGI STL extension have been
+</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id
576469"></a>Extension headers hash_map, hash_set moved to ext or backwards</h4></div></div></div><p>At this time most of the features of the SGI STL extension have been
replaced by standardized libraries.
In particular, the unordered_map and unordered_set containers of TR1
are suitable replacement for the non-standard hash_map and hash_set
AC_DEFINE(HAVE_EXT_HASH_SET,,[Define if ext/hash_set is present. ])
fi
])
-</pre></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id445928"></a>No <code class="code">ios::nocreate/ios::noreplace</code>.
+</pre></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id576571"></a>No <code class="code">ios::nocreate/ios::noreplace</code>.
</h4></div></div></div><p> The existence of <code class="code">ios::nocreate</code> being used for
input-streams has been confirmed, most probably because the author
thought it would be more correct to specify nocreate explicitly. So
decide whether you want to create/replace or not. To my knowledge,
even older implementations support <code class="code">app</code>, <code class="code">ate</code>
and <code class="code">trunc</code> (except for <code class="code">app</code> ?).
-</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id562922"></a>
+</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id524628"></a>
No <code class="code">stream::attach(int fd)</code>
</h4></div></div></div><p>
Phil Edwards writes: It was considered and rejected for the ISO
For another example of this, refer to
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.josuttis.com/cppcode/fdstream.html" target="_top">fdstream example</a>
by Nicolai Josuttis.
-</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id562986"></a>
+</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id524692"></a>
Support for C++98 dialect.
</h4></div></div></div><p>Check for complete library coverage of the C++1998/2003 standard.
</p><pre class="programlisting">
AC_DEFINE(STDCXX_98_HEADERS,,[Define if ISO C++ 1998 header files are present. ])
fi
])
-</pre></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id563013"></a>
+</pre></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id524719"></a>
Support for C++TR1 dialect.
</h4></div></div></div><p>Check for library coverage of the TR1 standard.
</p><pre class="programlisting">
AC_DEFINE(HAVE_TR1_UNORDERED_SET,,[Define if tr1/unordered_set is present. ])
fi
])
-</pre></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id563057"></a>
+</pre></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id524763"></a>
Support for C++0x dialect.
</h4></div></div></div><p>Check for baseline language coverage in the compiler for the C++0xstandard.
</p><pre class="programlisting">
AC_DEFINE(HAVE_UNORDERED_SET,,[Define if unordered_set is present. ])
fi
])
-</pre></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id563134"></a>
+</pre></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id524840"></a>
Container::iterator_type is not necessarily Container::value_type*
</h4></div></div></div><p>
This is a change in behavior from the previous version. Now, most
<span class="type">iterator_type</span> typedefs in container classes are POD
objects, not <span class="type">value_type</span> pointers.
-</p></div></div><div class="bibliography"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="backwards.biblio"></a>Bibliography</h3></div></div></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id5
63166"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">
+</p></div></div><div class="bibliography"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="backwards.biblio"></a>Bibliography</h3></div></div></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id5
24872"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">
kegel41
</abbr>] <span class="title"><i>
Migrating to GCC 4.1
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Dan</span> <span class="surname">Kegel</span>. </span><span class="biblioid">
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.kegel.com/gcc/gcc4.html" target="_top">
</a>
- . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id5
63198"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">
+ . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id5
24904"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">
kegel41
</abbr>] <span class="title"><i>
Building the Whole Debian Archive with GCC 4.1: A Summary
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Martin</span> <span class="surname">Michlmayr</span>. </span><span class="biblioid">
<a class="ulink" href="http://lists.debian.org/debian-gcc/2006/03/msg00405.html" target="_top">
</a>
- . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id5
63231"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">
+ . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id5
24937"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">
lbl32
</abbr>] <span class="title"><i>
Migration guide for GCC-3.2
</i>. </span><span class="biblioid">
<a class="ulink" href="http://annwm.lbl.gov/~leggett/Atlas/gcc-3.2.html" target="_top">
</a>
- . </span></p></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="api.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="appendix_porting.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="appendix_free.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">API Evolution and Deprecation History </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Appendix C. Free Software Needs Free Documentation</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
+ . </span></p></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="api.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="appendix_porting.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="appendix_free.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">API Evolution and Deprecation History </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Appendix C.
+ Free Software Needs Free Documentation
+
+</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>bitmap_allocator</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , allocator " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="
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</p><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="allocator.bitmap.design"></a>Design</h3></div></div></div><p>
As this name suggests, this allocator uses a bit-map to keep track
of the used and unused memory locations for it's book-keeping
</p><p>
Consider a block of size 64 ints. In memory, it would look like this:
(assume a 32-bit system where, size_t is a 32-bit entity).
- </p><div class="table"><a id="id
461252"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 32.1. Bitmap Allocator Memory Map</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Bitmap Allocator Memory Map" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="left">268</td><td align="left">0</td><td align="left">4294967295</td><td align="left">4294967295</td><td align="left">Data -> Space for 64 ints</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p>
+ </p><div class="table"><a id="id
501153"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 32.1. Bitmap Allocator Memory Map</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Bitmap Allocator Memory Map" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="left">268</td><td align="left">0</td><td align="left">4294967295</td><td align="left">4294967295</td><td align="left">Data -> Space for 64 ints</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p>
The first Column(268) represents the size of the Block in bytes as
seen by the Bitmap Allocator. Internally, a global free list is
used to keep track of the free blocks used and given back by the
sizeof(size_t) x 8 which is the number of bits in an integer,
which can fit exactly in a CPU register. Hence, the term given is
exponential growth of the internal pool.
- </p></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="
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--- /dev/null
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+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>bitset</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="associative.html" title="Chapter 17. Associative" /><link rel="prev" href="associative.html" title="Chapter 17. Associative" /><link rel="next" href="containers_and_c.html" title="Chapter 18. Interacting with C" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">bitset</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="associative.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 17. Associative</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="containers_and_c.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="containers.associative.bitset"></a>bitset</h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="associative.bitset.size_variable"></a>Size Variable</h3></div></div></div><p>
+ No, you cannot write code of the form
+ </p><pre class="programlisting">
+ #include <bitset>
+
+ void foo (size_t n)
+ {
+ std::bitset<n> bits;
+ ....
+ }
+ </pre><p>
+ because <code class="code">n</code> must be known at compile time. Your
+ compiler is correct; it is not a bug. That's the way templates
+ work. (Yes, it <span class="emphasis"><em>is</em></span> a feature.)
+ </p><p>
+ There are a couple of ways to handle this kind of thing. Please
+ consider all of them before passing judgement. They include, in
+ no particular order:
+ </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>A very large N in <code class="code">bitset<N></code>.</p></li><li><p>A container<bool>.</p></li><li><p>Extremely weird solutions.</p></li></ul></div><p>
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>A very large N in
+ <code class="code">bitset<N></code>. </em></span> It has been
+ pointed out a few times in newsgroups that N bits only takes up
+ (N/8) bytes on most systems, and division by a factor of eight is
+ pretty impressive when speaking of memory. Half a megabyte given
+ over to a bitset (recall that there is zero space overhead for
+ housekeeping info; it is known at compile time exactly how large
+ the set is) will hold over four million bits. If you're using
+ those bits as status flags (e.g.,
+ “<span class="quote">changed</span>”/“<span class="quote">unchanged</span>” flags), that's a
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>lot</em></span> of state.
+ </p><p>
+ You can then keep track of the “<span class="quote">maximum bit used</span>”
+ during some testing runs on representative data, make note of how
+ many of those bits really need to be there, and then reduce N to
+ a smaller number. Leave some extra space, of course. (If you
+ plan to write code like the incorrect example above, where the
+ bitset is a local variable, then you may have to talk your
+ compiler into allowing that much stack space; there may be zero
+ space overhead, but it's all allocated inside the object.)
+ </p><p>
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>A container<bool>. </em></span> The
+ Committee made provision for the space savings possible with that
+ (N/8) usage previously mentioned, so that you don't have to do
+ wasteful things like <code class="code">Container<char></code> or
+ <code class="code">Container<short int></code>. Specifically,
+ <code class="code">vector<bool></code> is required to be specialized for
+ that space savings.
+ </p><p>
+ The problem is that <code class="code">vector<bool></code> doesn't
+ behave like a normal vector anymore. There have been recent
+ journal articles which discuss the problems (the ones by Herb
+ Sutter in the May and July/August 1999 issues of C++ Report cover
+ it well). Future revisions of the ISO C++ Standard will change
+ the requirement for <code class="code">vector<bool></code>
+ specialization. In the meantime, <code class="code">deque<bool></code>
+ is recommended (although its behavior is sane, you probably will
+ not get the space savings, but the allocation scheme is different
+ than that of vector).
+ </p><p>
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Extremely weird solutions. </em></span> If
+ you have access to the compiler and linker at runtime, you can do
+ something insane, like figuring out just how many bits you need,
+ then writing a temporary source code file. That file contains an
+ instantiation of <code class="code">bitset</code> for the required number of
+ bits, inside some wrapper functions with unchanging signatures.
+ Have your program then call the compiler on that file using
+ Position Independent Code, then open the newly-created object
+ file and load those wrapper functions. You'll have an
+ instantiation of <code class="code">bitset<N></code> for the exact
+ <code class="code">N</code> that you need at the time. Don't forget to delete
+ the temporary files. (Yes, this <span class="emphasis"><em>can</em></span> be, and
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>has been</em></span>, done.)
+ </p><p>
+ This would be the approach of either a visionary genius or a
+ raving lunatic, depending on your programming and management
+ style. Probably the latter.
+ </p><p>
+ Which of the above techniques you use, if any, are up to you and
+ your intended application. Some time/space profiling is
+ indicated if it really matters (don't just guess). And, if you
+ manage to do anything along the lines of the third category, the
+ author would love to hear from you...
+ </p><p>
+ Also note that the implementation of bitset used in libstdc++ has
+ <a class="ulink" href="../ext/sgiexts.html#ch23" target="_top">some extensions</a>.
+ </p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="associative.bitset.type_string"></a>Type String</h3></div></div></div><p>
+ </p><p>
+ Bitmasks do not take char* nor const char* arguments in their
+ constructors. This is something of an accident, but you can read
+ about the problem: follow the library's “<span class="quote">Links</span>” from
+ the homepage, and from the C++ information “<span class="quote">defect
+ reflector</span>” link, select the library issues list. Issue
+ number 116 describes the problem.
+ </p><p>
+ For now you can simply make a temporary string object using the
+ constructor expression:
+ </p><pre class="programlisting">
+ std::bitset<5> b ( std::string(“<span class="quote">10110</span>”) );
+ </pre><p>
+ instead of
+ </p><pre class="programlisting">
+ std::bitset<5> b ( “<span class="quote">10110</span>” ); // invalid
+ </pre></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="associative.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="associative.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="containers_and_c.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 17. Associative </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 18. Interacting with C</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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+ Algorithms
+
+</a></dt><dt>Appendix</dt><dd><dl><dt>Contributing, <a class="indexterm" href="appendix_contributing.html">
+ Contributing
+
+</a></dt><dt>Free Documentation, <a class="indexterm" href="appendix_free.html">
+ Free Software Needs Free Documentation
+
+</a></dt><dt>Porting and Maintenance, <a class="indexterm" href="appendix_porting.html">
+ Porting and Maintenance
+
+</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="indexdiv"><h3>C</h3><dl><dt>Containers, <a class="indexterm" href="containers.html">
+ Containers
+
+</a></dt></dl></div><div class="indexdiv"><h3>D</h3><dl><dt>Diagnostics, <a class="indexterm" href="diagnostics.html">
+ Diagnostics
+
+</a></dt></dl></div><div class="indexdiv"><h3>E</h3><dl><dt>Extensions, <a class="indexterm" href="extensions.html">
+ Extensions
+
+</a></dt></dl></div><div class="indexdiv"><h3>I</h3><dl><dt>Input and Output, <a class="indexterm" href="io.html">
+ Input and Output
+
+</a></dt><dt>Introduction, <a class="indexterm" href="intro.html">
+ Introduction
+
+</a></dt><dt>Iterators, <a class="indexterm" href="iterators.html">
+ Iterators
+
+</a></dt></dl></div><div class="indexdiv"><h3>L</h3><dl><dt>Localization, <a class="indexterm" href="localization.html">
+ Localization
+
+</a></dt></dl></div><div class="indexdiv"><h3>N</h3><dl><dt>Numerics, <a class="indexterm" href="numerics.html">
+ Numerics
+
+</a></dt></dl></div><div class="indexdiv"><h3>S</h3><dl><dt>Strings, <a class="indexterm" href="strings.html">
+ Strings
+
+</a></dt><dt>Support, <a class="indexterm" href="support.html">
+ Support
+
+</a></dt></dl></div><div class="indexdiv"><h3>U</h3><dl><dt>Utilities, <a class="indexterm" href="utilities.html">
+ Utilities
+
+</a></dt></dl></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="appendix_gfdl.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="../bk02.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Appendix E. GNU Free Documentation License </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> </td></tr></table></div></body></html>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
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+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Numeric Properties</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="
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The header <code class="filename">limits</code> defines
traits classes to give access to various implementation
defined-aspects of the fundamental types. The traits classes --
static const bool tinyness_before;
static const float_round_style round_style;
};
- </pre></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="
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+ </pre></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="
fundamental_types.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="fundamental_types.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt02ch04s03.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 4. Types </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> NULL</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>NULL</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="
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The only change that might affect people is the type of
<code class="constant">NULL</code>: while it is required to be a macro,
the definition of that macro is <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> allowed
</p><p>See
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.awprofessional.com/titles/0-201-31015-5/" target="_top">the
Effective C++ CD example</a>
- </p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt02ch04s02.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="
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+ </p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt02ch04s02.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="
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+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title></title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="support.html" title="Part II. Support" /><link rel="prev" href="support.html" title="Part II. Support" /><link rel="next" href="fundamental_types.html" title="Chapter 4. Types" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center"></th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="support.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part II.
+ Support
+
+</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="fundamental_types.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="preface" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="id485371"></a></h2></div></div></div><p>
This part deals with the functions called and objects created
automatically during the course of a program's existence.
</p><p>
need to get your own copy from your nation's member body; see our
homepage for help), we can mention a couple of changes in what
kind of support a C++ program gets from the Standard Library.
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The standard exception classes carry with them a single string as
data (usually describing what went wrong or where the 'throw' took
place). It's good to remember that you can add your own data to
int e;
DBID id; // some user-defined type
};
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+ </p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt03ch07s02.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="
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+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 8. Concept Checking</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="diagnostics.html" title="Part III. Diagnostics" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt03ch07s03.html" title="Cancellation" /><link rel="next" href="utilities.html" title="Part IV. Utilities" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 8. Concept Checking</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt03ch07s03.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part III.
+ Diagnostics
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In 1999, SGI added “<span class="quote">concept checkers</span>” to their
implementation of the STL: code which checked the template
parameters of instantiated pieces of the STL, in order to insure
support for template parameter constraints based on concepts in the core
language. This will obviate the need for the library-simulated concept
checking described above.
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+ Utilities
+
+</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 13. String Classes</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="strings.html" title="Part V. Strings" /><link rel="prev" href="strings.html" title="Part V. Strings" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt05ch13s02.html" title="Case Sensitivity" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 13. String Classes</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="strings.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part V.
+ Strings
+
+</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt05ch13s02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.strings.string"></a>Chapter 13. String Classes</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13.html#strings.string.simple">Simple Transformations</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13s02.html">Case Sensitivity</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13s03.html">Arbitrary Character Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13s04.html">Tokenizing</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13s05.html">Shrink to Fit</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13s06.html">CString (MFC)</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="strings.string.simple"></a>Simple Transformations</h2></div></div></div><p>
Here are Standard, simple, and portable ways to perform common
transformations on a <code class="code">string</code> instance, such as
"convert to all upper case." The word transformations
str.erase(notwhite+1); </pre><p>Obviously, the calls to <code class="code">find</code> could be inserted directly
into the calls to <code class="code">erase</code>, in case your compiler does not
optimize named temporaries out of existence.
- </p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="strings.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="strings.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt05ch13s02.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Part V. Strings </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Case Sensitivity</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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+ Strings
+
+ </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Case Sensitivity</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>CString (MFC)</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="bk01pt05ch13.html" title="Chapter 13. String Classes" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt05ch13s05.html" title="Shrink to Fit" /><link rel="next" href="localization.html" title="Part VI.
Localization" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">CString (MFC)</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt05ch13s05.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 13. String Classes</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="localization.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="strings.string.Cstring"></a>CString (MFC)</h2></div></div></div><p>
</p><p>A common lament seen in various newsgroups deals with the Standard
string class as opposed to the Microsoft Foundation Class called
CString. Often programmers realize that a standard portable
libstdc++ string, the SGI string, and the SGI rope, and this
is all before any allocator or traits customizations! (More
choices than you can shake a stick at -- want fries with that?)
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+ </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt05ch13s05.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="bk01pt05ch13.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="localization.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Shrink to Fit </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Part VI.
+ Localization
+
+</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 19. Predefined</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="iterators.html" title="Part VIII. Iterators" /><link rel="prev" href="iterators.html" title="Part VIII. Iterators" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt08ch19s02.html" title="One Past the End" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 19. Predefined</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="iterators.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part VIII. Iterators</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt08ch19s02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.iterators.predefined"></a>Chapter 19. Predefined</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt08ch19.html#iterators.predefined.vs_pointers">Iterators vs. Pointers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt08ch19s02.html">One Past the End</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="iterators.predefined.vs_pointers"></a>Iterators vs. Pointers</h2></div></div></div><p><a class="ulink" href="../faq/index.html#5_1" target="_top">FAQ 5.1</a> points out that iterators
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 19. Predefined</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="iterators.html" title="Part VIII. Iterators" /><link rel="prev" href="iterators.html" title="Part VIII. Iterators" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt08ch19s02.html" title="One Past the End" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 19. Predefined</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="iterators.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part VIII.
+ Iterators
+
+</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt08ch19s02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.iterators.predefined"></a>Chapter 19. Predefined</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt08ch19.html#iterators.predefined.vs_pointers">Iterators vs. Pointers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt08ch19s02.html">One Past the End</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="iterators.predefined.vs_pointers"></a>Iterators vs. Pointers</h2></div></div></div><p><a class="ulink" href="../faq/index.html#5_1" target="_top">FAQ 5.1</a> points out that iterators
are not implemented as pointers. They are a generalization of
pointers, but they are implemented in libstdc++ as separate classes.
</p><p>Keeping that simple fact in mind as you design your code will
information gets passed down through inheritance, so while the
compiler has to do work looking up all the names, your runtime code
does not. (This has been a prime concern from the beginning.)
- </p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="iterators.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="iterators.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt08ch19s02.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Part VIII. Iterators </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> One Past the End</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
+ </p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="iterators.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="iterators.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt08ch19s02.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Part VIII.
+ Iterators
+
+ </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> One Past the End</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>One Past the End</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="bk01pt08ch19.html" title="Chapter 19. Predefined" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt08ch19.html" title="Chapter 19. Predefined" /><link rel="next" href="algorithms.html" title="Part IX. Algorithms" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">One Past the End</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt08ch19.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 19. Predefined</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="algorithms.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="iterators.predefined.end"></a>One Past the End</h2></div></div></div><p>This starts off sounding complicated, but is actually very easy,
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>One Past the End</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="bk01pt08ch19.html" title="Chapter 19. Predefined" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt08ch19.html" title="Chapter 19. Predefined" /><link rel="next" href="algorithms.html" title="Part IX.
Algorithms" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">One Past the End</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt08ch19.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 19. Predefined</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="algorithms.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="iterators.predefined.end"></a>One Past the End</h2></div></div></div><p>This starts off sounding complicated, but is actually very easy,
especially towards the end. Trust me.
</p><p>Beginners usually have a little trouble understand the whole
'past-the-end' thing, until they remember their early algebra classes
sequences very simple to recognize: if the two endpoints compare
equal, then the {array, sequence, container, whatever} is empty.
</p><p>Just don't dereference <code class="code">end()</code>.
- </p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt08ch19.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="bk01pt08ch19.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="algorithms.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 19. Predefined </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Part IX. Algorithms</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
+ </p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt08ch19.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="bk01pt08ch19.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="algorithms.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 19. Predefined </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Part IX.
+ Algorithms
+
+</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 20. Mutating</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library , algorithm " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="algorithms.html" title="Part IX. Algorithms" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt09pr02.html" title="" /><link rel="next" href="numerics.html" title="Part X. Numerics" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 20. Mutating</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt09pr02.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part IX. Algorithms</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="numerics.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.algorithms.mutating"></a>Chapter 20. Mutating</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt09ch20.html#algorithms.mutating.swap">swap</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt09ch20.html#algorithms.swap.specializations">Specializations</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="algorithms.mutating.swap"></a><code class="function">swap</code></h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="algorithms.swap.specializations"></a>Specializations</h3></div></div></div><p>If you call <code class="code"> std::swap(x,y); </code> where x and y are standard
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 20. Mutating</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library , algorithm " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="algorithms.html" title="Part IX. Algorithms" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt09pr02.html" title="" /><link rel="next" href="numerics.html" title="Part X. Numerics" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 20. Mutating</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt09pr02.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part IX.
+ Algorithms
+
+</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="numerics.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.algorithms.mutating"></a>Chapter 20. Mutating</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt09ch20.html#algorithms.mutating.swap">swap</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt09ch20.html#algorithms.swap.specializations">Specializations</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="algorithms.mutating.swap"></a><code class="function">swap</code></h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="algorithms.swap.specializations"></a>Specializations</h3></div></div></div><p>If you call <code class="code"> std::swap(x,y); </code> where x and y are standard
containers, then the call will automatically be replaced by a call to
<code class="code"> x.swap(y); </code> instead.
</p><p>This allows member functions of each container class to take over, and
fact use constant-time swaps.) This should not be surprising, since
for two containers of the same type to swap contents, only some
internal pointers to storage need to be exchanged.
- </p></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt09pr02.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="algorithms.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="numerics.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top"> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Part X. Numerics</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
+ </p></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt09pr02.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="algorithms.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="numerics.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top"> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Part X.
+ Numerics
+
+</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title></title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library , algorithm " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="algorithms.html" title="Part IX. Algorithms" /><link rel="prev" href="algorithms.html" title="Part IX. Algorithms" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt09ch20.html" title="Chapter 20. Mutating" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center"></th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="algorithms.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part IX. Algorithms</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt09ch20.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="preface" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="id464669"></a></h2></div></div></div><p>
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title></title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library , algorithm " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="algorithms.html" title="Part IX. Algorithms" /><link rel="prev" href="algorithms.html" title="Part IX. Algorithms" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt09ch20.html" title="Chapter 20. Mutating" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center"></th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="algorithms.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part IX.
+ Algorithms
+
+</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt09ch20.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="preface" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="id476417"></a></h2></div></div></div><p>
The neatest accomplishment of the algorithms chapter is that all the
work is done via iterators, not containers directly. This means two
important things:
this simple rule that seems to cause so much confusion. Once you
get <span class="emphasis"><em>range</em></span> into your head (it's not that
hard, honest!), then the algorithms are a cakewalk.
- </p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="algorithms.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="algorithms.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt09ch20.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Part IX. Algorithms </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 20. Mutating</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
+ </p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="algorithms.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="algorithms.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt09ch20.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Part IX.
+ Algorithms
+
+ </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 20. Mutating</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>C99</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="
bk01pt10ch23.html" title="Chapter 23. Interacting with C" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt10ch23.html" title="Chapter 23. Interacting with C" /><link rel="next" href="io.html" title="Part XI. Input and Output" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">C99</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt10ch23.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 23. Interacting with C</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="io.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="numerics.c.c99"></a>C99</h2></div></div></div><p>In addition to the other topics on this page, we'll note here some
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>C99</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="
numerics_and_c.html" title="Chapter 23. Interacting with C" /><link rel="prev" href="numerics_and_c.html" title="Chapter 23. Interacting with C" /><link rel="next" href="io.html" title="Part XI. Input and Output" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">C99</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="numerics_and_c.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 23. Interacting with C</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="io.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="numerics.c.c99"></a>C99</h2></div></div></div><p>In addition to the other topics on this page, we'll note here some
of the C99 features that appear in libstdc++.
</p><p>The C99 features depend on the <code class="code">--enable-c99</code> configure flag.
This flag is already on by default, but it can be disabled by the
are supported, as is the <code class="code">lldiv_t</code> typedef. Also supported
are the wide character functions using 'long long', like
<code class="code">wcstoll</code>.
- </p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt10ch23.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="bk01pt10ch23.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="io.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 23. Interacting with C </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Part XI. Input and Output</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
+ </p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="numerics_and_c.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="numerics_and_c.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="io.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 23. Interacting with C </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Part XI.
+ Input and Output
+
+</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Buffering</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="
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+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Buffering</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="
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the fact that C++ may not, in fact, have anything to do with it?
</p><p>The rules for buffering can be a little odd, but they aren't any
different from those of C. (Maybe that's why they can be a bit
just those at the language/library level. Kernel buffers, disk
buffers, and the like will also have an effect. Inspecting and
changing those are system-dependent.
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</p><p>The first and most important thing to remember about binary I/O is
that opening a file with <code class="code">ios::binary</code> is not, repeat
<span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span>, the only thing you have to do. It is not a silver
article and continuing to the end of the thread. (You'll have to
sort through some flames every couple of paragraphs, but the points
made are good ones.)
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>More Binary Input and Output</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="
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"binary" I/O was brought up in a couple of places at the
same time. One notable place was Usenet, where James Kanze and
Dietmar Kühl separately posted articles on why attempting
Dietmar Kühl mentioned that he had written a pair of stream
classes that would read and write XDR, which is a good step towards
a portable binary format.
- </p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt11ch27s02.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="
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+ </p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt11ch27s02.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Performance</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="
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+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Performance</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="
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Pathetic Performance? Ditch C.
</p><p>It sounds like a flame on C, but it isn't. Really. Calm down.
I'm just saying it to get your attention.
<code class="code">clog</code>, and their wide-character counterparts). File stream
objects that you declare yourself have no such requirement and are fully
buffered.
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+ Extensions
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mode or with debug mode. The
following table provides the names and headers of the debugging
containers:
-</p><div class="table"><a id="id5
13827"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 30.1. Debugging Containers</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Debugging Containers" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col /><col /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Container</th><th align="left">Header</th><th align="left">Debug container</th><th align="left">Debug header</th><td class="auto-generated"> </td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::bitset</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">bitset</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::bitset</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">bitset</code></td><td class="auto-generated"> </td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::deque</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">deque</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::deque</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">deque</code></td><td class="auto-generated"> </td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::list</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">list</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::list</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">list</code></td><td class="auto-generated"> </td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::map</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">map</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::map</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">map</code></td><td class="auto-generated"> </td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::multimap</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">map</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::multimap</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">map</code></td><td class="auto-generated"> </td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::multiset</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">set</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::multiset</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">set</code></td><td class="auto-generated"> </td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::set</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">set</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::set</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">set</code></td><td class="auto-generated"> </td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::string</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">string</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::string</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">string</code></td><td class="auto-generated"> </td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::wstring</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">string</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::wstring</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">string</code></td><td class="auto-generated"> </td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::basic_string</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">string</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::basic_string</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">string</code></td><td class="auto-generated"> </td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::vector</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">vector</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::vector</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">vector</code></td><td class="auto-generated"> </td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p>In addition, when compiling in C++0x mode, these additional
+</p><div class="table"><a id="id5
38028"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 30.1. Debugging Containers</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Debugging Containers" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col /><col /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Container</th><th align="left">Header</th><th align="left">Debug container</th><th align="left">Debug header</th><td class="auto-generated"> </td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::bitset</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">bitset</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::bitset</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">bitset</code></td><td class="auto-generated"> </td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::deque</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">deque</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::deque</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">deque</code></td><td class="auto-generated"> </td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::list</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">list</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::list</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">list</code></td><td class="auto-generated"> </td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::map</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">map</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::map</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">map</code></td><td class="auto-generated"> </td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::multimap</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">map</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::multimap</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">map</code></td><td class="auto-generated"> </td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::multiset</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">set</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::multiset</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">set</code></td><td class="auto-generated"> </td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::set</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">set</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::set</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">set</code></td><td class="auto-generated"> </td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::string</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">string</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::string</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">string</code></td><td class="auto-generated"> </td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::wstring</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">string</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::wstring</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">string</code></td><td class="auto-generated"> </td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::basic_string</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">string</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::basic_string</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">string</code></td><td class="auto-generated"> </td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::vector</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">vector</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::vector</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">vector</code></td><td class="auto-generated"> </td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p>In addition, when compiling in C++0x mode, these additional
containers have additional debug capability.
-</p><div class="table"><a id="id
470143"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 30.2. Debugging Containers C++0x</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Debugging Containers C++0x" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col /><col /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Container</th><th align="left">Header</th><th align="left">Debug container</th><th align="left">Debug header</th><td class="auto-generated"> </td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::unordered_map</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">unordered_map</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::unordered_map</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">unordered_map</code></td><td class="auto-generated"> </td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::unordered_multimap</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">unordered_map</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::unordered_multimap</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">unordered_map</code></td><td class="auto-generated"> </td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::unordered_set</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">unordered_set</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::unordered_set</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">unordered_set</code></td><td class="auto-generated"> </td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::unordered_multiset</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">unordered_set</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::unordered_multiset</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">unordered_set</code></td><td class="auto-generated"> </td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch30s02.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="debug_mode.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch30s04.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Semantics </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Design</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
+</p><div class="table"><a id="id
506636"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 30.2. Debugging Containers C++0x</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Debugging Containers C++0x" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col /><col /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Container</th><th align="left">Header</th><th align="left">Debug container</th><th align="left">Debug header</th><td class="auto-generated"> </td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::unordered_map</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">unordered_map</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::unordered_map</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">unordered_map</code></td><td class="auto-generated"> </td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::unordered_multimap</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">unordered_map</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::unordered_multimap</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">unordered_map</code></td><td class="auto-generated"> </td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::unordered_set</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">unordered_set</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::unordered_set</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">unordered_set</code></td><td class="auto-generated"> </td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::unordered_multiset</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">unordered_set</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::unordered_multiset</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">unordered_set</code></td><td class="auto-generated"> </td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch30s02.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="debug_mode.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch30s04.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Semantics </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Design</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
flags for atomic operations.)
</p><p> The following table provides the names and headers of all the
parallel algorithms that can be used in a similar manner:
-</p><div class="table"><a id="id
466177"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 31.1. Parallel Algorithms</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Parallel Algorithms" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Algorithm</th><th align="left">Header</th><th align="left">Parallel algorithm</th><th align="left">Parallel header</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::accumulate</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">numeric</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::accumulate</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/numeric</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::adjacent_difference</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">numeric</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::adjacent_difference</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/numeric</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::inner_product</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">numeric</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::inner_product</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/numeric</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::partial_sum</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">numeric</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::partial_sum</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/numeric</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::adjacent_find</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::adjacent_find</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::count</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::count</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::count_if</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::count_if</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::equal</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::equal</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::find</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::find</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::find_if</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::find_if</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::find_first_of</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::find_first_of</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::for_each</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::for_each</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::generate</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::generate</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::generate_n</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::generate_n</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::lexicographical_compare</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::lexicographical_compare</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::mismatch</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::mismatch</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::search</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::search</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::search_n</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::search_n</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::transform</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::transform</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::replace</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::replace</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::replace_if</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::replace_if</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::max_element</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::max_element</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::merge</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::merge</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::min_element</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::min_element</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::nth_element</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::nth_element</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::partial_sort</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::partial_sort</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::partition</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::partition</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::random_shuffle</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::random_shuffle</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::set_union</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::set_union</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::set_intersection</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::set_intersection</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::set_symmetric_difference</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::set_symmetric_difference</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::set_difference</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::set_difference</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::sort</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::sort</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::stable_sort</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::stable_sort</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::unique_copy</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::unique_copy</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch31s02.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="parallel_mode.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch31s04.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Semantics </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Design</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
+</p><div class="table"><a id="id
596074"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 31.1. Parallel Algorithms</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Parallel Algorithms" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Algorithm</th><th align="left">Header</th><th align="left">Parallel algorithm</th><th align="left">Parallel header</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::accumulate</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">numeric</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::accumulate</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/numeric</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::adjacent_difference</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">numeric</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::adjacent_difference</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/numeric</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::inner_product</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">numeric</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::inner_product</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/numeric</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::partial_sum</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">numeric</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::partial_sum</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/numeric</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::adjacent_find</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::adjacent_find</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::count</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::count</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::count_if</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::count_if</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::equal</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::equal</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::find</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::find</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::find_if</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::find_if</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::find_first_of</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::find_first_of</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::for_each</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::for_each</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::generate</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::generate</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::generate_n</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::generate_n</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::lexicographical_compare</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::lexicographical_compare</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::mismatch</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::mismatch</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::search</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::search</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::search_n</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::search_n</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::transform</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::transform</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::replace</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::replace</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::replace_if</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::replace_if</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::max_element</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::max_element</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::merge</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::merge</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::min_element</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::min_element</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::nth_element</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::nth_element</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::partial_sort</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::partial_sort</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::partition</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::partition</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::random_shuffle</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::random_shuffle</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::set_union</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::set_union</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::set_intersection</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::set_intersection</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::set_symmetric_difference</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::set_symmetric_difference</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::set_difference</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::set_difference</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::sort</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::sort</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::stable_sort</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::stable_sort</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="function">std::unique_copy</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="function">__gnu_parallel::unique_copy</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch31s02.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="parallel_mode.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch31s04.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Semantics </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Design</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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bk01pt12ch32.html" title="Chapter 32. Allocators" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Testing</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch31s04.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 31. Parallel Mode</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch32.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.parallel_mode.test"></a>Testing</h2></div></div></div><p>
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Testing</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" C++ , library , parallel " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="parallel_mode.html" title="Chapter 31. Parallel Mode" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt12ch31s04.html" title="Design" /><link rel="next" href="
ext_allocators.html" title="Chapter 32. Allocators" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Testing</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch31s04.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 31. Parallel Mode</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_allocators.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.parallel_mode.test"></a>Testing</h2></div></div></div><p>
Both the normal conformance and regression tests and the
supplemental performance tests work.
</p><p>
additional software dependencies than the usual bare-boned text
file, and can be generated by using the <code class="code">make
doc-performance</code> rule in the testsuite's Makefile.
-</p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch31s04.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="parallel_mode.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="
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+</p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch31s04.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="parallel_mode.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="
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+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>HP/SGI</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="
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</p><p>A few extensions and nods to backwards-compatibility have been made with
containers. Those dealing with older SGI-style allocators are dealt with
elsewhere. The remaining ones all deal with bits:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
size_t _Find_first() const;
size_t _Find_next (size_t prev) const;</pre><p>The same caveat given for the _Unchecked_* functions applies here also.
-</p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="
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+</p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="
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+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Deprecated HP/SGI</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="
ext_containers.html" title="Chapter 33. Containers" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt12ch33s02.html" title="HP/SGI" /><link rel="next" href="ext_utilities.html" title="Chapter 34. Utilities" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Deprecated HP/SGI</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch33s02.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 33. Containers</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_utilities.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.containers.deprecated_sgi"></a>Deprecated HP/SGI</h2></div></div></div><p>
The SGI hashing classes <code class="classname">hash_set</code> and
<code class="classname">hash_set</code> have been deprecated by the
unordered_set, unordered_multiset, unordered_map,
possibility of pathological cases, you'll probably get better
performance from hash_map.
</em></span>
- </p></blockquote></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch33s02.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="
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+ </p></blockquote></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch33s02.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Implementation</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="
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+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Implementation</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="
ext_concurrency.html" title="Chapter 40. Concurrency" /><link rel="prev" href="ext_concurrency.html" title="Chapter 40. Concurrency" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt12ch40s03.html" title="Use" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Implementation</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_concurrency.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 40. Concurrency</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch40s03.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.concurrency.impl"></a>Implementation</h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.concurrency.impl.atomic_fallbacks"></a>Using Builtin Atomic Functions</h3></div></div></div><p>The functions for atomic operations described above are either
implemented via compiler intrinsics (if the underlying host is
capable) or by library fallbacks.</p><p>Compiler intrinsics (builtins) are always preferred. However, as
the compiler builtins for atomics are not universally implemented,
functions, and usage found in the usual <pthread.h> file,
including <code class="code">pthread_t</code>, <code class="code">pthread_once_t</code>, <code class="code">pthread_create</code>,
etc.
-</p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="
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+</p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="
ext_concurrency.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="ext_concurrency.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch40s03.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 40. Concurrency </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Use</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Use</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="
concurrency.html" title="Chapter 40. Concurrency" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt12ch40s02.html" title="Implementation" /><link rel="next" href="appendix_contributing.html" title="Appendix A. Contributing" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Use</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch40s02.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 40. Concurrency</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="appendix_contributing.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.concurrency.use"></a>Use</h2></div></div></div><p>Typical usage of the last two constructs is demonstrated as follows:
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Use</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="
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</p><pre class="programlisting">
#include <ext/concurrence.h>
concurrence-related errors. These classes
are: <code class="code">__concurrence_lock_error</code>, <code class="code">__concurrence_unlock_error</code>, <code class="code">__concurrence_wait_error</code>,
and <code class="code">__concurrence_broadcast_error</code>.
-</p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch40s02.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="concurrency.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="appendix_contributing.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Implementation </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Appendix A. Contributing</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
+</p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch40s02.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="ext_concurrency.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="appendix_contributing.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Implementation </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Appendix A.
+ Contributing
+
+</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title></title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="extensions.html" title="Part XII. Extensions" /><link rel="prev" href="extensions.html" title="Part XII. Extensions" /><link rel="next" href="ext_compile_checks.html" title="Chapter 29. Compile Time Checks" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center"></th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="extensions.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part XII.
+ Extensions
+
+</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_compile_checks.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="preface" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="id510314"></a></h2></div></div></div><p>
Here we will make an attempt at describing the non-Standard extensions to
the library. Some of these are from SGI's STL, some of these are GNU's,
and some just seemed to appear on the doorstep.
</p></li><li><p>
You should know how to <a class="ulink" href="XXX" target="_top">access
these headers properly</a>.
- </p></li></ol></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="extensions.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="extensions.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch29.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Part XII. Extensions </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 29. Compile Time Checks</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
+ </p></li></ol></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="extensions.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="extensions.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_compile_checks.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Part XII.
+ Extensions
+
+ </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 29. Compile Time Checks</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
--- /dev/null
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Bugs</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="status.html" title="Chapter 1. Status" /><link rel="prev" href="license.html" title="License" /><link rel="next" href="setup.html" title="Chapter 2. Setup" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Bugs</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="license.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 1. Status</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="setup.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.intro.status.bugs"></a>Bugs</h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.intro.status.bugs.impl"></a>Implementation Bugs</h3></div></div></div><p>
+ Information on known bugs, details on efforts to fix them, and
+ fixed bugs are all available as part of the GCC bug tracking
+ system, <a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla" target="_top">bugzilla</a>, with the
+ category set to <code class="literal">libstdc++</code>.
+ </p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.intro.status.bugs.iso"></a>Standard Bugs</h3></div></div></div><p>
+ Everybody's got issues. Even the C++ Standard Library.
+ </p><p>
+ The Library Working Group, or LWG, is the ISO subcommittee responsible
+ for making changes to the library. They periodically publish an
+ Issues List containing problems and possible solutions. As they reach
+ a consensus on proposed solutions, we often incorporate the solution.
+ </p><p>
+ Here are the issues which have resulted in code changes to the library.
+ The links are to the specific defect reports from a <span class="emphasis"><em>partial
+ copy</em></span> of the Issues List. You can read the full version online
+ at the <a class="ulink" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/" target="_top">ISO C++
+ Committee homepage</a>, linked to on the
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/readings.html" target="_top">GCC "Readings"
+ page</a>. If
+ you spend a lot of time reading the issues, we recommend downloading
+ the ZIP file and reading them locally.
+ </p><p>
+ (NB: <span class="emphasis"><em>partial copy</em></span> means that not all
+ links within the lwg-*.html pages will work. Specifically,
+ links to defect reports that have not been accorded full DR
+ status will probably break. Rather than trying to mirror the
+ entire issues list on our overworked web server, we recommend
+ you go to the LWG homepage instead.)
+ </p><p>
+ If a DR is not listed here, we may simply not have gotten to
+ it yet; feel free to submit a patch. Search the include/bits
+ and src directories for appearances of
+ <code class="constant">_GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS</code> for examples
+ of style. Note that we usually do not make changes to the
+ code until an issue has reached <a class="ulink" href="lwg-active.html#DR" target="_top">DR</a> status.
+ </p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#5" target="_top">5</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>string::compare specification questionable</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>This should be two overloaded functions rather than a single function.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#17" target="_top">17</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Bad bool parsing</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>Apparently extracting Boolean values was messed up...
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#19" target="_top">19</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>"Noconv" definition too vague</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>If <code class="code">codecvt::do_in</code> returns <code class="code">noconv</code> there are
+ no changes to the values in <code class="code">[to, to_limit)</code>.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#22" target="_top">22</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Member open vs flags</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>Re-opening a file stream does <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> clear the state flags.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-active.html#23" target="_top">23</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Num_get overflow result</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>Implement the proposed resolution.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#25" target="_top">25</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>String operator<< uses width() value wrong</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>Padding issues.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#48" target="_top">48</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Use of non-existent exception constructor</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>An instance of <code class="code">ios_base::failure</code> is constructed instead.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#49" target="_top">49</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Underspecification of ios_base::sync_with_stdio</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>The return type is the <span class="emphasis"><em>previous</em></span> state of synchronization.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#50" target="_top">50</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Copy constructor and assignment operator of ios_base</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>These members functions are declared <code class="code">private</code> and are
+ thus inaccessible. Specifying the correct semantics of
+ "copying stream state" was deemed too complicated.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#60" target="_top">60</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>What is a formatted input function?</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>This DR made many widespread changes to <code class="code">basic_istream</code>
+ and <code class="code">basic_ostream</code> all of which have been implemented.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#63" target="_top">63</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Exception-handling policy for unformatted output</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>Make the policy consistent with that of formatted input, unformatted
+ input, and formatted output.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#68" target="_top">68</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Extractors for char* should store null at end</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>And they do now. An editing glitch in the last item in the list of
+ [27.6.1.2.3]/7.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#74" target="_top">74</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Garbled text for codecvt::do_max_length</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>The text of the standard was gibberish. Typos gone rampant.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#75" target="_top">75</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Contradiction in codecvt::length's argument types</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>Change the first parameter to <code class="code">stateT&</code> and implement
+ the new effects paragraph.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="lwg-defects.html#83" target="_top">83</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>string::npos vs. string::max_size()</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>Safety checks on the size of the string should test against
+ <code class="code">max_size()</code> rather than <code class="code">npos</code>.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#90" target="_top">90</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Incorrect description of operator>> for strings</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>The effect contain <code class="code">isspace(c,getloc())</code> which must be
+ replaced by <code class="code">isspace(c,is.getloc())</code>.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#91" target="_top">91</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Description of operator>> and getline() for string<>
+ might cause endless loop</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>They behave as a formatted input function and as an unformatted
+ input function, respectively (except that <code class="code">getline</code> is
+ not required to set <code class="code">gcount</code>).
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#103" target="_top">103</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>set::iterator is required to be modifiable, but this allows
+ modification of keys.</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>For associative containers where the value type is the same as
+ the key type, both <code class="code">iterator</code> and <code class="code">const_iterator
+ </code> are constant iterators.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#109" target="_top">109</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Missing binders for non-const sequence elements</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>The <code class="code">binder1st</code> and <code class="code">binder2nd</code> didn't have an
+ <code class="code">operator()</code> taking a non-const parameter.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#110" target="_top">110</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>istreambuf_iterator::equal not const</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>This was not a const member function. Note that the DR says to
+ replace the function with a const one; we have instead provided an
+ overloaded version with identical contents.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#117" target="_top">117</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>basic_ostream uses nonexistent num_put member functions</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p><code class="code">num_put::put()</code> was overloaded on the wrong types.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#118" target="_top">118</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>basic_istream uses nonexistent num_get member functions</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>Same as 117, but for <code class="code">num_get::get()</code>.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#129" target="_top">129</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Need error indication from seekp() and seekg()</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>These functions set <code class="code">failbit</code> on error now.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#136" target="_top">136</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>seekp, seekg setting wrong streams?</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p><code class="code">seekp</code> should only set the output stream, and
+ <code class="code">seekg</code> should only set the input stream.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#167" target="_top">167</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Improper use of traits_type::length()</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p><code class="code">op<<</code> with a <code class="code">const char*</code> was
+ calculating an incorrect number of characters to write.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#169" target="_top">169</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Bad efficiency of overflow() mandated</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>Grow efficiently the internal array object.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#171" target="_top">171</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Strange seekpos() semantics due to joint position</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>Quite complex to summarize...
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#181" target="_top">181</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>make_pair() unintended behavior</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>This function used to take its arguments as reference-to-const, now
+ it copies them (pass by value).
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#195" target="_top">195</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Should basic_istream::sentry's constructor ever set eofbit?</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>Yes, it can, specifically if EOF is reached while skipping whitespace.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#211" target="_top">211</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>operator>>(istream&, string&) doesn't set failbit</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>If nothing is extracted into the string, <code class="code">op>></code> now
+ sets <code class="code">failbit</code> (which can cause an exception, etc., etc.).
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#214" target="_top">214</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>set::find() missing const overload</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>Both <code class="code">set</code> and <code class="code">multiset</code> were missing
+ overloaded find, lower_bound, upper_bound, and equal_range functions
+ for const instances.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#231" target="_top">231</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Precision in iostream?</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>For conversion from a floating-point type, <code class="code">str.precision()</code>
+ is specified in the conversion specification.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-active.html#233" target="_top">233</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Insertion hints in associative containers</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>Implement N1780, first check before then check after, insert as close
+ to hint as possible.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#235" target="_top">235</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>No specification of default ctor for reverse_iterator</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>The declaration of <code class="code">reverse_iterator</code> lists a default constructor.
+ However, no specification is given what this constructor should do.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#241" target="_top">241</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Does unique_copy() require CopyConstructible and Assignable?</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>Add a helper for forward_iterator/output_iterator, fix the existing
+ one for input_iterator/output_iterator to not rely on Assignability.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#243" target="_top">243</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>get and getline when sentry reports failure</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>Store a null character only if the character array has a non-zero size.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#251" target="_top">251</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>basic_stringbuf missing allocator_type</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>This nested typedef was originally not specified.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#253" target="_top">253</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>valarray helper functions are almost entirely useless</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>Make the copy constructor and copy-assignment operator declarations
+ public in gslice_array, indirect_array, mask_array, slice_array; provide
+ definitions.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#265" target="_top">265</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>std::pair::pair() effects overly restrictive</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>The default ctor would build its members from copies of temporaries;
+ now it simply uses their respective default ctors.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#266" target="_top">266</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>bad_exception::~bad_exception() missing Effects clause</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>The <code class="code">bad_</code>* classes no longer have destructors (they
+ are trivial), since no description of them was ever given.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#271" target="_top">271</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>basic_iostream missing typedefs</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>The typedefs it inherits from its base classes can't be used, since
+ (for example) <code class="code">basic_iostream<T>::traits_type</code> is ambiguous.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#275" target="_top">275</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Wrong type in num_get::get() overloads</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>Similar to 118.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#280" target="_top">280</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Comparison of reverse_iterator to const reverse_iterator</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>Add global functions with two template parameters.
+ (NB: not added for now a templated assignment operator)
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#292" target="_top">292</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Effects of a.copyfmt (a)</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>If <code class="code">(this == &rhs)</code> do nothing.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#300" target="_top">300</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>List::merge() specification incomplete</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>If <code class="code">(this == &x)</code> do nothing.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#303" target="_top">303</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Bitset input operator underspecified</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>Basically, compare the input character to
+ <code class="code">is.widen(0)</code> and <code class="code">is.widen(1)</code>.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#305" target="_top">305</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Default behavior of codecvt<wchar_t, char,
+ mbstate_t>::length()</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>Do not specify what <code class="code">codecvt<wchar_t, char,
+ mbstate_t>::do_length</code> must return.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#328" target="_top">328</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Bad sprintf format modifier in
+ money_put<>::do_put()</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>Change the format string to "%.0Lf".
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#365" target="_top">365</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Lack of const-qualification in clause 27</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>Add const overloads of <code class="code">is_open</code>.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-active.html#387" target="_top">387</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>std::complex over-encapsulated</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>Add the <code class="code">real(T)</code> and <code class="code">imag(T)</code>
+ members; in C++0x mode, also adjust the existing
+ <code class="code">real()</code> and <code class="code">imag()</code> members and
+ free functions.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#389" target="_top">389</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Const overload of valarray::operator[] returns
+ by value</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>Change it to return a <code class="code">const T&</code>.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-active.html#396" target="_top">396</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>what are characters zero and one</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>Implement the proposed resolution.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#402" target="_top">402</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Wrong new expression in [some_]allocator::construct</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>Replace "new" with "::new".
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#409" target="_top">409</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Closing an fstream should clear the error state</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>Have <code class="code">open</code> clear the error flags.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-active.html#431" target="_top">431</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Swapping containers with unequal allocators</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>Implement Option 3, as per N1599.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#432" target="_top">432</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>stringbuf::overflow() makes only one write position
+ available</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>Implement the resolution, beyond DR 169.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#434" target="_top">434</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>bitset::to_string() hard to use</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>Add three overloads, taking fewer template arguments.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#438" target="_top">438</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Ambiguity in the "do the right thing" clause</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>Implement the resolution, basically cast less.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#453" target="_top">453</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>basic_stringbuf::seekoff need not always fail for an empty stream</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>Don't fail if the next pointer is null and newoff is zero.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#455" target="_top">455</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>cerr::tie() and wcerr::tie() are overspecified</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>Initialize cerr tied to cout and wcerr tied to wcout.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#464" target="_top">464</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Suggestion for new member functions in standard containers</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>Add <code class="code">data()</code> to <code class="code">std::vector</code> and
+ <code class="code">at(const key_type&)</code> to <code class="code">std::map</code>.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#508" target="_top">508</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Bad parameters for ranlux64_base_01</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>Fix the parameters.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-closed.html#512" target="_top">512</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Seeding subtract_with_carry_01 from a single unsigned long</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>Construct a <code class="code">linear_congruential</code> engine and seed with it.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-closed.html#526" target="_top">526</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Is it undefined if a function in the standard changes in
+ parameters?</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>Use &value.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#538" target="_top">538</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>241 again: Does unique_copy() require CopyConstructible
+ and Assignable?</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>In case of input_iterator/output_iterator rely on Assignability of
+ input_iterator' value_type.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#541" target="_top">541</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>shared_ptr template assignment and void</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>Add an auto_ptr<void> specialization.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#543" target="_top">543</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>valarray slice default constructor</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>Follow the straightforward proposed resolution.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#550" target="_top">550</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>What should the return type of pow(float,int) be?</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>In C++0x mode, remove the pow(float,int), etc., signatures.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#586" target="_top">586</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>string inserter not a formatted function</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>Change it to be a formatted output function (i.e. catch exceptions).
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#596" target="_top">596</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>27.8.1.3 Table 112 omits "a+" and "a+b" modes</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>Add the missing modes to fopen_mode.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#660" target="_top">660</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Missing bitwise operations</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>Add the missing operations.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-active.html#691" target="_top">691</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>const_local_iterator cbegin, cend missing from TR1</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>In C++0x mode add cbegin(size_type) and cend(size_type)
+ to the unordered containers.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#693" target="_top">693</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>std::bitset::all() missing</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>Add it, consistently with the discussion.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#695" target="_top">695</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>ctype<char>::classic_table() not accessible</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>Make the member functions table and classic_table public.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#761" target="_top">761</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>unordered_map needs an at() member function</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>In C++0x mode, add at() and at() const.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#775" target="_top">775</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Tuple indexing should be unsigned?</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>Implement the int -> size_t replacements.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-active.html#776" target="_top">776</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Undescribed assign function of std::array</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>In C++0x mode, remove assign, add fill.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#781" target="_top">781</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>std::complex should add missing C99 functions</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>In C++0x mode, add std::proj.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-active.html#809" target="_top">809</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>std::swap should be overloaded for array types</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>Add the overload.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-active.html#844" target="_top">844</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>complex pow return type is ambiguous</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>In C++0x mode, remove the pow(complex<T>, int) signature.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-active.html#853" target="_top">853</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>to_string needs updating with zero and one</em></span>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>Update / add the signatures.
+ </p></dd></dl></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="license.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="status.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="setup.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">License </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 2. Setup</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>codecvt</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , codecvt " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="
bk01pt06ch15.html" title="Chapter 15. Facets aka Categories" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt06ch15.html" title="Chapter 15. Facets aka Categories" /><link rel="next" href="messages.html" title="messages" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">codecvt</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt06ch15.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 15. Facets aka Categories</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="messages.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.localization.facet.codecvt"></a>codecvt</h2></div></div></div><p>
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>codecvt</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , codecvt " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="
facets.html" title="Chapter 15. Facets aka Categories" /><link rel="prev" href="facets.html" title="Chapter 15. Facets aka Categories" /><link rel="next" href="messages.html" title="messages" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">codecvt</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="facets.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 15. Facets aka Categories</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="messages.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.localization.facet.codecvt"></a>codecvt</h2></div></div></div><p>
The standard class codecvt attempts to address conversions between
different character encoding schemes. In particular, the standard
attempts to detail conversions between the implementation-defined wide
</p></li><li><p>
wchar_t/char internal buffers and conversions between
internal/external buffers?
- </p></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div><div class="bibliography"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="facet.codecvt.biblio"></a>Bibliography</h3></div></div></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id4
53116"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
+ </p></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div><div class="bibliography"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="facet.codecvt.biblio"></a>Bibliography</h3></div></div></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id4
97298"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
The GNU C Library
- </i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Roland</span> <span class="surname">McGrath</span>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Ulrich</span> <span class="surname">Drepper</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2007 FSF. </span><span class="pagenums">Chapters 6 Character Set Handling and 7 Locales and Internationalization. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id5
17137"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
+ </i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Roland</span> <span class="surname">McGrath</span>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Ulrich</span> <span class="surname">Drepper</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2007 FSF. </span><span class="pagenums">Chapters 6 Character Set Handling and 7 Locales and Internationalization. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id5
63280"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
Correspondence
- </i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Ulrich</span> <span class="surname">Drepper</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2002 . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id5
17166"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
+ </i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Ulrich</span> <span class="surname">Drepper</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2002 . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id5
24571"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
ISO/IEC 14882:1998 Programming languages - C++
- </i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1998 ISO. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id
413525"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
+ </i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1998 ISO. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id
524589"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Programming languages - C
- </i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1999 ISO. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id
413543"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
+ </i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1999 ISO. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id
524608"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
System Interface Definitions, Issue 6 (IEEE Std. 1003.1-200x)
</i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1999
The Open Group/The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.. </span><span class="biblioid">
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.opennc.org/austin/docreg.html" target="_top">
</a>
- . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id4
74993"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
+ . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id4
93076"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
The C++ Programming Language, Special Edition
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Bjarne</span> <span class="surname">Stroustrup</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2000 Addison Wesley, Inc.. </span><span class="pagenums">Appendix D. </span><span class="publisher"><span class="publishername">
Addison Wesley
- . </span></span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id5
42082"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
+ . </span></span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id5
34633"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
Standard C++ IOStreams and Locales
</i>. </span><span class="subtitle">
Advanced Programmer's Guide and Reference
. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Angelika</span> <span class="surname">Langer</span>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Klaus</span> <span class="surname">Kreft</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2000 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.. </span><span class="publisher"><span class="publishername">
Addison Wesley Longman
- . </span></span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id4
50803"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
+ . </span></span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id4
96709"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
A brief description of Normative Addendum 1
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Clive</span> <span class="surname">Feather</span>. </span><span class="pagenums">Extended Character Sets. </span><span class="biblioid">
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lysator.liu.se/c/na1.html" target="_top">
</a>
- . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id
512823"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
+ . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id
496740"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
The Unicode HOWTO
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Bruno</span> <span class="surname">Haible</span>. </span><span class="biblioid">
<a class="ulink" href="ftp://ftp.ilog.fr/pub/Users/haible/utf8/Unicode-HOWTO.html" target="_top">
</a>
- . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id5
12851"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
+ . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id5
79614"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
UTF-8 and Unicode FAQ for Unix/Linux
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Markus</span> <span class="surname">Khun</span>. </span><span class="biblioid">
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/unicode.html" target="_top">
</a>
- . </span></p></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="
bk01pt06ch15.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="bk01pt06ch15.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="messages.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 15. Facets aka Categories </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> messages</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
+ . </span></p></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="
facets.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="facets.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="messages.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 15. Facets aka Categories </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> messages</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
--- /dev/null
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 21. Complex</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="numerics.html" title="Part X. Numerics" /><link rel="prev" href="numerics.html" title="Part X. Numerics" /><link rel="next" href="generalized_numeric_operations.html" title="Chapter 22. Generalized Operations" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 21. Complex</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="numerics.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part X.
+ Numerics
+
+</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="generalized_numeric_operations.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.numerics.complex"></a>Chapter 21. Complex</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="complex.html#numerics.complex.processing">complex Processing</a></span></dt></dl></div><p>
+ </p><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="numerics.complex.processing"></a>complex Processing</h2></div></div></div><p>
+ </p><p>Using <code class="code">complex<></code> becomes even more comple- er, sorry,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>complicated</em></span>, with the not-quite-gratuitously-incompatible
+ addition of complex types to the C language. David Tribble has
+ compiled a list of C++98 and C99 conflict points; his description of
+ C's new type versus those of C++ and how to get them playing together
+ nicely is
+<a class="ulink" href="http://david.tribble.com/text/cdiffs.htm#C99-complex" target="_top">here</a>.
+ </p><p><code class="code">complex<></code> is intended to be instantiated with a
+ floating-point type. As long as you meet that and some other basic
+ requirements, then the resulting instantiation has all of the usual
+ math operators defined, as well as definitions of <code class="code">op<<</code>
+ and <code class="code">op>></code> that work with iostreams: <code class="code">op<<</code>
+ prints <code class="code">(u,v)</code> and <code class="code">op>></code> can read <code class="code">u</code>,
+ <code class="code">(u)</code>, and <code class="code">(u,v)</code>.
+ </p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="numerics.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="numerics.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="generalized_numeric_operations.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Part X.
+ Numerics
+
+ </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 22. Generalized Operations</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Configure</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , configure , options " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="
bk01pt01ch02.html" title="Chapter 2. Setup" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt01ch02.html" title="Chapter 2. Setup" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt01ch02s03.html" title="Make" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Configure</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt01ch02.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 2. Setup</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt01ch02s03.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.intro.setup.configure"></a>Configure</h2></div></div></div><p>
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Configure</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , configure , options " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="
setup.html" title="Chapter 2. Setup" /><link rel="prev" href="setup.html" title="Chapter 2. Setup" /><link rel="next" href="make.html" title="Make" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Configure</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="setup.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 2. Setup</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="make.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.intro.setup.configure"></a>Configure</h2></div></div></div><p>
When configuring libstdc++, you'll have to configure the entire
<span class="emphasis"><em>gccsrcdir</em></span> directory. Consider using the
toplevel gcc configuration option
specify a wrapper for malloc, 'mt' for a fixed power of two allocator,
'pool' for the SGI pooled allocator or 'bitmap' for a bitmap allocator.
This option can change the library ABI. See this page for more information on allocator
- <a class="link" href="bk01pt04ch11.html#allocator.ext" title="Extension Allocators">extensions</a>
+ <a class="link" href="memory.html#allocator.ext" title="Extension Allocators">extensions</a>
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="code">--enable-cheaders=OPTION</code></span></dt><dd><p>This allows the user to define the approach taken for C header
compatibility with C++. Options are c, c_std, and c_global.
These correspond to the source directory's include/c,
linking of libpthread too, which activates locking, a large overhead
for single-thread programs. OPTION=no skips the tests completely.
The default is OPTION=no.
- </p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="
bk01pt01ch02.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="bk01pt01ch02.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt01ch02s03.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 2. Setup </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Make</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
+ </p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="
setup.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="setup.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="make.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 2. Setup </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Make</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Part VII. Containers</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="messages.html" title="messages" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt07ch16.html" title="Chapter 16. Sequences" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Part VII. Containers</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="messages.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt07ch16.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="part" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="manual.containers"></a>Part VII. Containers</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt07ch16.html">16. Sequences</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt07ch16.html#containers.sequences.list">list</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt07ch16.html#sequences.list.size">list::size() is O(n)</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt07ch16s02.html">vector</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt07ch16s02.html#sequences.vector.management">Space Overhead Management</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt07ch17.html">17. Associative</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt07ch17.html#containers.associative.insert_hints">Insertion Hints</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt07ch17s02.html">bitset</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt07ch17s02.html#associative.bitset.size_variable">Size Variable</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt07ch17s02.html#associative.bitset.type_string">Type String</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt07ch18.html">18. Interacting with C</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt07ch18.html#containers.c.vs_array">Containers vs. Arrays</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="messages.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt07ch16.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">messages </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 16. Sequences</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Part VII. Containers</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="messages.html" title="messages" /><link rel="next" href="sequences.html" title="Chapter 16. Sequences" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Part VII.
+ Containers
+
+</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="messages.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="sequences.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="part" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="manual.containers"></a>Part VII.
+ Containers
+ <a id="id495543" class="indexterm"></a>
+</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="sequences.html">16. Sequences</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="sequences.html#containers.sequences.list">list</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="sequences.html#sequences.list.size">list::size() is O(n)</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="vector.html">vector</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="vector.html#sequences.vector.management">Space Overhead Management</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="associative.html">17. Associative</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="associative.html#containers.associative.insert_hints">Insertion Hints</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bitset.html">bitset</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bitset.html#associative.bitset.size_variable">Size Variable</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bitset.html#associative.bitset.type_string">Type String</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="containers_and_c.html">18. Interacting with C</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="containers_and_c.html#containers.c.vs_array">Containers vs. Arrays</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="messages.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="sequences.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">messages </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 16. Sequences</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
--- /dev/null
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 18. Interacting with C</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="containers.html" title="Part VII. Containers" /><link rel="prev" href="bitset.html" title="bitset" /><link rel="next" href="iterators.html" title="Part VIII. Iterators" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 18. Interacting with C</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bitset.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part VII.
+ Containers
+
+</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="iterators.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.containers.c"></a>Chapter 18. Interacting with C</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="containers_and_c.html#containers.c.vs_array">Containers vs. Arrays</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="containers.c.vs_array"></a>Containers vs. Arrays</h2></div></div></div><p>
+ You're writing some code and can't decide whether to use builtin
+ arrays or some kind of container. There are compelling reasons
+ to use one of the container classes, but you're afraid that
+ you'll eventually run into difficulties, change everything back
+ to arrays, and then have to change all the code that uses those
+ data types to keep up with the change.
+ </p><p>
+ If your code makes use of the standard algorithms, this isn't as
+ scary as it sounds. The algorithms don't know, nor care, about
+ the kind of “<span class="quote">container</span>” on which they work, since
+ the algorithms are only given endpoints to work with. For the
+ container classes, these are iterators (usually
+ <code class="code">begin()</code> and <code class="code">end()</code>, but not always).
+ For builtin arrays, these are the address of the first element
+ and the <a class="ulink" href="../24_iterators/howto.html#2" target="_top">past-the-end</a> element.
+ </p><p>
+ Some very simple wrapper functions can hide all of that from the
+ rest of the code. For example, a pair of functions called
+ <code class="code">beginof</code> can be written, one that takes an array,
+ another that takes a vector. The first returns a pointer to the
+ first element, and the second returns the vector's
+ <code class="code">begin()</code> iterator.
+ </p><p>
+ The functions should be made template functions, and should also
+ be declared inline. As pointed out in the comments in the code
+ below, this can lead to <code class="code">beginof</code> being optimized out
+ of existence, so you pay absolutely nothing in terms of increased
+ code size or execution time.
+ </p><p>
+ The result is that if all your algorithm calls look like
+ </p><pre class="programlisting">
+ std::transform(beginof(foo), endof(foo), beginof(foo), SomeFunction);
+ </pre><p>
+ then the type of foo can change from an array of ints to a vector
+ of ints to a deque of ints and back again, without ever changing
+ any client code.
+ </p><p>
+ This author has a collection of such functions, called
+ “<span class="quote">*of</span>” because they all extend the builtin
+ “<span class="quote">sizeof</span>”. It started with some Usenet discussions
+ on a transparent way to find the length of an array. A
+ simplified and much-reduced version for easier reading is <a class="ulink" href="wrappers_h.txt" target="_top">given here</a>.
+ </p><p>
+ Astute readers will notice two things at once: first, that the
+ container class is still a <code class="code">vector<T></code> instead
+ of a more general <code class="code">Container<T></code>. This would
+ mean that three functions for <code class="code">deque</code> would have to be
+ added, another three for <code class="code">list</code>, and so on. This is
+ due to problems with getting template resolution correct; I find
+ it easier just to give the extra three lines and avoid confusion.
+ </p><p>
+ Second, the line
+ </p><pre class="programlisting">
+ inline unsigned int lengthof (T (&)[sz]) { return sz; }
+ </pre><p>
+ looks just weird! Hint: unused parameters can be left nameless.
+ </p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bitset.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="containers.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="iterators.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">bitset </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Part VIII.
+ Iterators
+
+</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Debugging Support</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" C++ , debug " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="using.html" title="Chapter 3. Using" /><link rel="prev" href="
bk01pt01ch03s06.html" title="Exceptions" /><link rel="next" href="support.html" title="Part II. Support" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Debugging Support</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt01ch03s06.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 3. Using</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="support.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.intro.using.debug"></a>Debugging Support</h2></div></div></div><p>
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Debugging Support</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" C++ , debug " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="using.html" title="Chapter 3. Using" /><link rel="prev" href="
using_exceptions.html" title="Exceptions" /><link rel="next" href="support.html" title="Part II. Support" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Debugging Support</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="using_exceptions.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 3. Using</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="support.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.intro.using.debug"></a>Debugging Support</h2></div></div></div><p>
There are numerous things that can be done to improve the ease with
which C++ binaries are debugged when using the GNU tool chain. Here
are some of them.
thing of great importance to keep in mind when debugging C++ code
that uses <code class="code">new</code> and <code class="code">delete</code>: there are
different kinds of allocation schemes that can be used by <code class="code">
- std::allocator </code>. For implementation details, see the <a class="link" href="bk01pt12ch32.html#manual.ext.allocator.mt" title="mt_allocator">mt allocator</a> documentation and
+ std::allocator </code>. For implementation details, see the <a class="link" href="ext_allocators.html#manual.ext.allocator.mt" title="mt_allocator">mt allocator</a> documentation and
look specifically for <code class="code">GLIBCXX_FORCE_NEW</code>.
</p><p>
In a nutshell, the default allocator used by <code class="code">
set print demangle on
set demangle-style gnu-v3
</pre></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="debug.exceptions"></a>Tracking uncaught exceptions</h3></div></div></div><p>
- The <a class="link" href="bk01pt02ch06s02.html" title="Verbose Terminate Handler">verbose
+ The <a class="link" href="verbose_termination.html" title="Verbose Terminate Handler">verbose
termination handler</a> gives information about uncaught
exceptions which are killing the program. It is described in the
linked-to page.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="debug.debug_mode"></a>Debug Mode</h3></div></div></div><p> The <a class="link" href="debug_mode.html" title="Chapter 30. Debug Mode">Debug Mode</a>
has compile and run-time checks for many containers.
- </p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="debug.compile_time_checks"></a>Compile Time Checking</h3></div></div></div><p> The <a class="link" href="bk01pt12ch29.html" title="Chapter 29. Compile Time Checks">Compile-Time
+ </p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="debug.compile_time_checks"></a>Compile Time Checking</h3></div></div></div><p> The <a class="link" href="ext_compile_checks.html" title="Chapter 29. Compile Time Checks">Compile-Time
Checks</a> Extension has compile-time checks for many algorithms.
- </p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt01ch03s06.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="using.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="support.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Exceptions </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Part II. Support</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
+ </p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="using_exceptions.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="using.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="support.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Exceptions </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Part II.
+ Support
+
+</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 30. Debug Mode</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" C++ , library , debug " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="extensions.html" title="Part XII. Extensions" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt12ch29.html" title="Chapter 29. Compile Time Checks" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt12ch30s02.html" title="Semantics" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 30. Debug Mode</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch29.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part XII. Extensions</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch30s02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.debug_mode"></a>Chapter 30. Debug Mode</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="debug_mode.html#manual.ext.debug_mode.intro">Intro</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s02.html">Semantics</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s03.html">Using</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s03.html#debug_mode.using.mode">Using the Debug Mode</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s03.html#debug_mode.using.specific">Using a Specific Debug Container</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s04.html">Design</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s04.html#manual.ext.debug_mode.design.goals">Goals</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s04.html#manual.ext.debug_mode.design.methods">Methods</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s04.html#manual.ext.debug_mode.design.other">Other Implementations</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.debug_mode.intro"></a>Intro</h2></div></div></div><p>
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 30. Debug Mode</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" C++ , library , debug " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="extensions.html" title="Part XII. Extensions" /><link rel="prev" href="ext_compile_checks.html" title="Chapter 29. Compile Time Checks" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt12ch30s02.html" title="Semantics" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 30. Debug Mode</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_compile_checks.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part XII.
+ Extensions
+
+</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch30s02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.debug_mode"></a>Chapter 30. Debug Mode</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="debug_mode.html#manual.ext.debug_mode.intro">Intro</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s02.html">Semantics</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s03.html">Using</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s03.html#debug_mode.using.mode">Using the Debug Mode</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s03.html#debug_mode.using.specific">Using a Specific Debug Container</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s04.html">Design</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s04.html#manual.ext.debug_mode.design.goals">Goals</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s04.html#manual.ext.debug_mode.design.methods">Methods</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s04.html#manual.ext.debug_mode.design.other">Other Implementations</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.debug_mode.intro"></a>Intro</h2></div></div></div><p>
By default, libstdc++ is built with efficiency in mind, and
therefore performs little or no error checking that is not
required by the C++ standard. This means that programs that
the same predicate that was passed
to <code class="code">set_intersection</code>; the libstdc++ debug mode will
detect an error if the sequence is not sorted or was sorted by a
- different predicate.</p></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="
bk01pt12ch29.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="extensions.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch30s02.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 29. Compile Time Checks </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Semantics</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
+ different predicate.</p></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="
ext_compile_checks.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="extensions.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch30s02.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 29. Compile Time Checks </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Semantics</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Part III. Diagnostics</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt02ch06s02.html" title="Verbose Terminate Handler" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt03ch07.html" title="Chapter 7. Exceptions" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Part III. Diagnostics</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt02ch06s02.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt03ch07.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="part" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="manual.diagnostics"></a>Part III. Diagnostics</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt03ch07.html">7. Exceptions</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt03ch07.html#manual.diagnostics.exceptions.hierarchy">Exception Classes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt03ch07s02.html">Adding Data to Exceptions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt03ch07s03.html">Cancellation</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt03ch08.html">8. Concept Checking</a></span></dt></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt02ch06s02.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt03ch07.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Verbose Terminate Handler </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 7. Exceptions</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Part III. Diagnostics</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="verbose_termination.html" title="Verbose Terminate Handler" /><link rel="next" href="exceptions.html" title="Chapter 7. Exceptions" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Part III.
+ Diagnostics
+
+</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="verbose_termination.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="exceptions.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="part" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="manual.diagnostics"></a>Part III.
+ Diagnostics
+ <a id="id487548" class="indexterm"></a>
+</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="exceptions.html">7. Exceptions</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="exceptions.html#manual.diagnostics.exceptions.hierarchy">Exception Classes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt03ch07s02.html">Adding Data to Exceptions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt03ch07s03.html">Cancellation</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt03ch08.html">8. Concept Checking</a></span></dt></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="verbose_termination.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="exceptions.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Verbose Terminate Handler </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 7. Exceptions</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
--- /dev/null
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Documentation Style</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="appendix_contributing.html" title="Appendix A. Contributing" /><link rel="prev" href="source_code_style.html" title="Coding Style" /><link rel="next" href="source_design_notes.html" title="Design Notes" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Documentation Style</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="source_code_style.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Appendix A.
+ Contributing
+
+</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="source_design_notes.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="contrib.doc_style"></a>Documentation Style</h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="doc_style.doxygen"></a>Doxygen</h3></div></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="doxygen.prereq"></a>Prerequisites</h4></div></div></div><p>
+ Prerequisite tools are Bash 2.x,
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://www.doxygen.org/" target="_top">Doxygen</a>, and
+ the <a class="ulink" href="http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/" target="_top">GNU
+ coreutils</a>. (GNU versions of find, xargs, and possibly
+ sed and grep are used, just because the GNU versions make
+ things very easy.)
+ </p><p>
+ To generate the pretty pictures and hierarchy
+ graphs, the
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://www.research.att.com/sw/tools/graphviz/download.html" target="_top">Graphviz</a>
+ package will need to be installed.
+ </p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="doxygen.rules"></a>Generating the Doxygen Files</h4></div></div></div><p>
+ The following Makefile rules run Doxygen to generate HTML
+ docs, XML docs, and the man pages.
+ </p><p>
+ </p><pre class="screen"><strong class="userinput"><code>make doc-html-doxygen</code></strong></pre><p>
+ </p><p>
+ </p><pre class="screen"><strong class="userinput"><code>make doc-xml-doxygen</code></strong></pre><p>
+ </p><p>
+ </p><pre class="screen"><strong class="userinput"><code>make doc-man-doxygen</code></strong></pre><p>
+ </p><p>
+ Careful observers will see that the Makefile rules simply call
+ a script from the source tree, <code class="filename">run_doxygen</code>, which
+ does the actual work of running Doxygen and then (most
+ importantly) massaging the output files. If for some reason
+ you prefer to not go through the Makefile, you can call this
+ script directly. (Start by passing <code class="literal">--help</code>.)
+ </p><p>
+ If you wish to tweak the Doxygen settings, do so by editing
+ <code class="filename">doc/doxygen/user.cfg.in</code>. Notes to fellow
+ library hackers are written in triple-# comments.
+ </p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="doxygen.markup"></a>Markup</h4></div></div></div><p>
+ In general, libstdc++ files should be formatted according to
+ the rules found in the
+ <a class="link" href="source_code_style.html" title="Coding Style">Coding Standard</a>. Before
+ any doxygen-specific formatting tweaks are made, please try to
+ make sure that the initial formatting is sound.
+ </p><p>
+ Adding Doxygen markup to a file (informally called
+ “<span class="quote">doxygenating</span>”) is very simple. The Doxygen manual can be
+ found
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://www.stack.nl/~dimitri/doxygen/download.html#latestman" target="_top">here</a>.
+ We try to use a very-recent version of Doxygen.
+ </p><p>
+ For classes, use
+ <code class="classname">deque</code>/<code class="classname">vector</code>/<code class="classname">list</code>
+ and <code class="classname">std::pair</code> as examples. For
+ functions, see their member functions, and the free functions
+ in <code class="filename">stl_algobase.h</code>. Member functions of
+ other container-like types should read similarly to these
+ member functions.
+ </p><p>
+ These points accompany the first list in section 3.1 of the
+ Doxygen manual:
+ </p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>Use the Javadoc style...</p></li><li><p>
+ ...not the Qt style. The intermediate *'s are preferred.
+ </p></li><li><p>
+ Use the triple-slash style only for one-line comments (the
+ “<span class="quote">brief</span>” mode). Very recent versions of Doxygen permit
+ full-mode comments in triple-slash blocks, but the
+ formatting still comes out wonky.
+ </p></li><li><p>
+ This is disgusting. Don't do this.
+ </p></li></ol></div><p>
+ Use the @-style of commands, not the !-style. Please be
+ careful about whitespace in your markup comments. Most of the
+ time it doesn't matter; doxygen absorbs most whitespace, and
+ both HTML and *roff are agnostic about whitespace. However,
+ in <pre> blocks and @code/@endcode sections, spacing can
+ have “<span class="quote">interesting</span>” effects.
+ </p><p>
+ Use either kind of grouping, as
+ appropriate. <code class="filename">doxygroups.cc</code> exists for this
+ purpose. See <code class="filename">stl_iterator.h</code> for a good example
+ of the “<span class="quote">other</span>” kind of grouping.
+ </p><p>
+ Please use markup tags like @p and @a when referring to things
+ such as the names of function parameters. Use @e for emphasis
+ when necessary. Use @c to refer to other standard names.
+ (Examples of all these abound in the present code.)
+ </p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="doc_style.docbook"></a>Docbook</h3></div></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="docbook.prereq"></a>Prerequisites</h4></div></div></div><p>
+ Editing the DocBook sources requires an XML editor. Many
+ exist: some notable options
+ include <span class="command"><strong>emacs</strong></span>, <span class="application">Kate</span>,
+ or <span class="application">Conglomerate</span>.
+ </p><p>
+ Some editors support special “<span class="quote">XML Validation</span>”
+ modes that can validate the file as it is
+ produced. Recommended is the <span class="command"><strong>nXML Mode</strong></span>
+ for <span class="command"><strong>emacs</strong></span>.
+ </p><p>
+ Besides an editor, additional DocBook files and XML tools are
+ also required.
+ </p><p>
+ Access to the DocBook stylesheets and DTD is required. The
+ stylesheets are usually packaged by vendor, in something
+ like <code class="filename">docbook-style-xsl</code>. To exactly match
+ generated output, please use a version of the stylesheets
+ equivalent
+ to <code class="filename">docbook-style-xsl-1.74.0-5</code>. The
+ installation directory for this package corresponds to
+ the <code class="literal">XSL_STYLE_DIR</code>
+ in <code class="filename">doc/Makefile.am</code> and defaults
+ to <code class="filename">/usr/share/sgml/docbook/xsl-stylesheets</code>.
+ </p><p>
+ For processing XML, an XML processor and some style
+ sheets are necessary. Defaults are <span class="command"><strong>xsltproc</strong></span>
+ provided by <code class="filename">libxslt</code>.
+ </p><p>
+ For validating the XML document, you'll need
+ something like <span class="command"><strong>xmllint</strong></span> and access to the
+ DocBook DTD. These are provided
+ by a vendor package like <code class="filename">lixml2</code>.
+ </p><p>
+ For PDF output, something that transforms valid XML to PDF is
+ required. Possible solutions include <span class="command"><strong>xmlto</strong></span>,
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://xmlgraphics.apache.org/fop/" target="_top">Apache
+ FOP</a>, or <span class="command"><strong>prince</strong></span>. Other options are
+ listed on the DocBook web <a class="ulink" href="http://wiki.docbook.org/topic/DocBookPublishingTools" target="_top">pages</a>. Please
+ consult the <code class="email"><<a class="email" href="mailto:libstdc++@gcc.gnu.org">libstdc++@gcc.gnu.org</a>></code> list when
+ preparing printed manuals for current best practice and suggestions.
+ </p><p>
+ Make sure that the XML documentation and markup is valid for
+ any change. This can be done easily, with the validation rules
+ in the <code class="filename">Makefile</code>, which is equivalent to doing:
+ </p><pre class="screen">
+ <strong class="userinput"><code>
+xmllint --noout --valid <code class="filename">xml/index.xml</code>
+ </code></strong>
+ </pre></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="docbook.rules"></a>Generating the DocBook Files</h4></div></div></div><p>
+ The following Makefile rules generate (in order): an HTML
+ version of all the documentation, a PDF version of the same, a
+ single XML document, and the result of validating the entire XML
+ document.
+ </p><p>
+ </p><pre class="screen"><strong class="userinput"><code>make doc-html</code></strong></pre><p>
+ </p><p>
+ </p><pre class="screen"><strong class="userinput"><code>make doc-pdf</code></strong></pre><p>
+ </p><p>
+ </p><pre class="screen"><strong class="userinput"><code>make doc-xml-single</code></strong></pre><p>
+ </p><p>
+ </p><pre class="screen"><strong class="userinput"><code>make doc-xml-validate</code></strong></pre><p>
+ </p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="docbook.examples"></a>File Organization and Basics</h4></div></div></div><div class="literallayout"><p><br />
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Which files are important</em></span><br />
+<br />
+ All Docbook files are in the directory<br />
+ libstdc++-v3/doc/xml<br />
+<br />
+ Inside this directory, the files of importance:<br />
+ spine.xml - index to documentation set<br />
+ manual/spine.xml - index to manual<br />
+ manual/*.xml - individual chapters and sections of the manual<br />
+ faq.xml - index to FAQ<br />
+ api.xml - index to source level / API <br />
+<br />
+ All *.txml files are template xml files, i.e., otherwise empty files with<br />
+ the correct structure, suitable for filling in with new information.<br />
+<br />
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Canonical Writing Style</em></span><br />
+<br />
+ class template<br />
+ function template<br />
+ member function template<br />
+ (via C++ Templates, Vandevoorde)<br />
+<br />
+ class in namespace std: allocator, not std::allocator<br />
+<br />
+ header file: iostream, not <iostream><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>General structure</em></span><br />
+<br />
+ <set><br />
+ <book><br />
+ </book><br />
+<br />
+ <book><br />
+ <chapter><br />
+ </chapter><br />
+ </book><br />
+<br />
+ <book> <br />
+ <part><br />
+ <chapter><br />
+ <section><br />
+ </section><br />
+<br />
+ <sect1><br />
+ </sect1><br />
+<br />
+ <sect1><br />
+ <sect2><br />
+ </sect2><br />
+ </sect1><br />
+ </chapter><br />
+<br />
+ <chapter><br />
+ </chapter><br />
+ </part> <br />
+ </book><br />
+<br />
+ </set><br />
+ </p></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="docbook.markup"></a>Markup By Example</h4></div></div></div><p>
+Complete details on Docbook markup can be found in the DocBook Element
+Reference, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.docbook.org/tdg/en/html/part2.html" target="_top">online</a>. An
+incomplete reference for HTML to Docbook conversion is detailed in the
+table below.
+</p><div class="table"><a id="id572515"></a><p class="title"><b>Table A.1. HTML to Docbook XML markup comparison</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="HTML to Docbook XML markup comparison" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">HTML</th><th align="left">XML</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><p></td><td align="left"><para></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><pre></td><td align="left"><computeroutput>, <programlisting>,
+ <literallayout></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><ul></td><td align="left"><itemizedlist></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><ol></td><td align="left"><orderedlist></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><il></td><td align="left"><listitem></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><dl></td><td align="left"><variablelist></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><dt></td><td align="left"><term></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><dd></td><td align="left"><listitem></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a href=""></td><td align="left"><ulink url=""></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code></td><td align="left"><literal>, <programlisting></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><strong></td><td align="left"><emphasis></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><em></td><td align="left"><emphasis></td></tr><tr><td align="left">"</td><td align="left"><quote></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p>
+ And examples of detailed markup for which there are no real HTML
+ equivalents are listed in the table below.
+</p><div class="table"><a id="id469742"></a><p class="title"><b>Table A.2. Docbook XML Element Use</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Docbook XML Element Use" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Element</th><th align="left">Use</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><structname></td><td align="left"><structname>char_traits</structname></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><classname></td><td align="left"><classname>string</classname></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><function></td><td align="left">
+ <p><function>clear()</function></p>
+ <p><function>fs.clear()</function></p>
+ </td></tr><tr><td align="left"><type></td><td align="left"><type>long long</type></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><varname></td><td align="left"><varname>fs</varname></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><literal></td><td align="left">
+ <p><literal>-Weffc++</literal></p>
+ <p><literal>rel_ops</literal></p>
+ </td></tr><tr><td align="left"><constant></td><td align="left">
+ <p><constant>_GNU_SOURCE</constant></p>
+ <p><constant>3.0</constant></p>
+ </td></tr><tr><td align="left"><command></td><td align="left"><command>g++</command></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><errortext></td><td align="left"><errortext>In instantiation of</errortext></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><filename></td><td align="left">
+ <p><filename class="headerfile">ctype.h</filename></p>
+ <p><filename class="directory">/home/gcc/build</filename></p>
+ </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="source_code_style.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="appendix_contributing.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="source_design_notes.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Coding Style </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Design Notes</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
--- /dev/null
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 5. Dynamic Memory</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="support.html" title="Part II. Support" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt02ch04s03.html" title="NULL" /><link rel="next" href="termination.html" title="Chapter 6. Termination" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 5. Dynamic Memory</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt02ch04s03.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part II.
+ Support
+
+</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="termination.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.support.memory"></a>Chapter 5. Dynamic Memory</h2></div></div></div><p>
+ There are six flavors each of <code class="function">new</code> and
+ <code class="function">delete</code>, so make certain that you're using the right
+ ones. Here are quickie descriptions of <code class="function">new</code>:
+ </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
+ single object form, throwing a
+ <code class="classname">bad_alloc</code> on errors; this is what most
+ people are used to using
+ </p></li><li><p>
+ Single object "nothrow" form, returning NULL on errors
+ </p></li><li><p>
+ Array <code class="function">new</code>, throwing
+ <code class="classname">bad_alloc</code> on errors
+ </p></li><li><p>
+ Array nothrow <code class="function">new</code>, returning
+ <code class="constant">NULL</code> on errors
+ </p></li><li><p>
+ Placement <code class="function">new</code>, which does nothing (like
+ it's supposed to)
+ </p></li><li><p>
+ Placement array <code class="function">new</code>, which also does
+ nothing
+ </p></li></ul></div><p>
+ They are distinguished by the parameters that you pass to them, like
+ any other overloaded function. The six flavors of <code class="function">delete</code>
+ are distinguished the same way, but none of them are allowed to throw
+ an exception under any circumstances anyhow. (They match up for
+ completeness' sake.)
+ </p><p>
+ Remember that it is perfectly okay to call <code class="function">delete</code> on a
+ NULL pointer! Nothing happens, by definition. That is not the
+ same thing as deleting a pointer twice.
+ </p><p>
+ By default, if one of the “<span class="quote">throwing <code class="function">new</code>s</span>” can't
+ allocate the memory requested, it tosses an instance of a
+ <code class="classname">bad_alloc</code> exception (or, technically, some class derived
+ from it). You can change this by writing your own function (called a
+ new-handler) and then registering it with <code class="function">set_new_handler()</code>:
+ </p><pre class="programlisting">
+ typedef void (*PFV)(void);
+
+ static char* safety;
+ static PFV old_handler;
+
+ void my_new_handler ()
+ {
+ delete[] safety;
+ popup_window ("Dude, you are running low on heap memory. You
+ should, like, close some windows, or something.
+ The next time you run out, we're gonna burn!");
+ set_new_handler (old_handler);
+ return;
+ }
+
+ int main ()
+ {
+ safety = new char[500000];
+ old_handler = set_new_handler (&my_new_handler);
+ ...
+ }
+ </pre><p>
+ <code class="classname">bad_alloc</code> is derived from the base <code class="classname">exception</code>
+ class defined in Chapter 19.
+ </p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt02ch04s03.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="support.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="termination.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">NULL </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 6. Termination</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
--- /dev/null
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 7. Exceptions</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="diagnostics.html" title="Part III. Diagnostics" /><link rel="prev" href="diagnostics.html" title="Part III. Diagnostics" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt03ch07s02.html" title="Adding Data to Exceptions" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 7. Exceptions</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="diagnostics.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part III.
+ Diagnostics
+
+</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt03ch07s02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.diagnostics.exceptions"></a>Chapter 7. Exceptions</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="exceptions.html#manual.diagnostics.exceptions.hierarchy">Exception Classes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt03ch07s02.html">Adding Data to Exceptions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt03ch07s03.html">Cancellation</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.diagnostics.exceptions.hierarchy"></a>Exception Classes</h2></div></div></div><p>
+ All exception objects are defined in one of the standard header
+ files: <code class="filename">exception</code>,
+ <code class="filename">stdexcept</code>, <code class="filename">new</code>, and
+ <code class="filename">typeinfo</code>.
+ </p><p>
+ The base exception object is <code class="classname">exception</code>,
+ located in <code class="filename">exception</code>. This object has no
+ <code class="classname">string</code> member.
+ </p><p>
+ Derived from this are several classes that may have a
+ <code class="classname">string</code> member: a full hierarchy can be
+ found in the <a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/libstdc++/latest-doxygen/a00233.html" target="_top">source documentation</a>.
+ </p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="diagnostics.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="diagnostics.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt03ch07s02.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Part III.
+ Diagnostics
+
+ </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Adding Data to Exceptions</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
--- /dev/null
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 35. Algorithms</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="extensions.html" title="Part XII. Extensions" /><link rel="prev" href="ext_utilities.html" title="Chapter 34. Utilities" /><link rel="next" href="ext_numerics.html" title="Chapter 36. Numerics" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 35. Algorithms</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_utilities.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part XII.
+ Extensions
+
+</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_numerics.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.algorithms"></a>Chapter 35. Algorithms</h2></div></div></div><p>25.1.6 (count, count_if) is extended with two more versions of count
+ and count_if. The standard versions return their results. The
+ additional signatures return void, but take a final parameter by
+ reference to which they assign their results, e.g.,
+</p><pre class="programlisting">
+ void count (first, last, value, n);</pre><p>25.2 (mutating algorithms) is extended with two families of signatures,
+ random_sample and random_sample_n.
+</p><p>25.2.1 (copy) is extended with
+</p><pre class="programlisting">
+ copy_n (_InputIter first, _Size count, _OutputIter result);</pre><p>which copies the first 'count' elements at 'first' into 'result'.
+</p><p>25.3 (sorting 'n' heaps 'n' stuff) is extended with some helper
+ predicates. Look in the doxygen-generated pages for notes on these.
+</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><code class="code">is_heap</code> tests whether or not a range is a heap.</p></li><li><p><code class="code">is_sorted</code> tests whether or not a range is sorted in
+ nondescending order.</p></li></ul></div><p>25.3.8 (lexicographical_compare) is extended with
+</p><pre class="programlisting">
+ lexicographical_compare_3way(_InputIter1 first1, _InputIter1 last1,
+ _InputIter2 first2, _InputIter2 last2)</pre><p>which does... what?
+</p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_utilities.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="extensions.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_numerics.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 34. Utilities </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 36. Numerics</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
--- /dev/null
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 32. Allocators</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="extensions.html" title="Part XII. Extensions" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt12ch31s05.html" title="Testing" /><link rel="next" href="bitmap_allocator.html" title="bitmap_allocator" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 32. Allocators</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch31s05.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part XII.
+ Extensions
+
+</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bitmap_allocator.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.allocator"></a>Chapter 32. Allocators</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="ext_allocators.html#manual.ext.allocator.mt">mt_allocator</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ext_allocators.html#allocator.mt.intro">Intro</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ext_allocators.html#allocator.mt.design_issues">Design Issues</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ext_allocators.html#allocator.mt.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ext_allocators.html#allocator.mt.example_single">Single Thread Example</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ext_allocators.html#allocator.mt.example_multi">Multiple Thread Example</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bitmap_allocator.html">bitmap_allocator</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bitmap_allocator.html#allocator.bitmap.design">Design</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bitmap_allocator.html#allocator.bitmap.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.allocator.mt"></a>mt_allocator</h2></div></div></div><p>
+</p><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="allocator.mt.intro"></a>Intro</h3></div></div></div><p>
+ The mt allocator [hereinafter referred to simply as "the allocator"]
+ is a fixed size (power of two) allocator that was initially
+ developed specifically to suit the needs of multi threaded
+ applications [hereinafter referred to as an MT application]. Over
+ time the allocator has evolved and been improved in many ways, in
+ particular it now also does a good job in single threaded
+ applications [hereinafter referred to as a ST application]. (Note:
+ In this document, when referring to single threaded applications
+ this also includes applications that are compiled with gcc without
+ thread support enabled. This is accomplished using ifdef's on
+ __GTHREADS). This allocator is tunable, very flexible, and capable
+ of high-performance.
+</p><p>
+ The aim of this document is to describe - from an application point of
+ view - the "inner workings" of the allocator.
+</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="allocator.mt.design_issues"></a>Design Issues</h3></div></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="allocator.mt.overview"></a>Overview</h4></div></div></div><p> There are three general components to the allocator: a datum
+describing the characteristics of the memory pool, a policy class
+containing this pool that links instantiation types to common or
+individual pools, and a class inheriting from the policy class that is
+the actual allocator.
+</p><p>The datum describing pools characteristics is
+</p><pre class="programlisting">
+ template<bool _Thread>
+ class __pool
+</pre><p> This class is parametrized on thread support, and is explicitly
+specialized for both multiple threads (with <code class="code">bool==true</code>)
+and single threads (via <code class="code">bool==false</code>.) It is possible to
+use a custom pool datum instead of the default class that is provided.
+</p><p> There are two distinct policy classes, each of which can be used
+with either type of underlying pool datum.
+</p><pre class="programlisting">
+ template<bool _Thread>
+ struct __common_pool_policy
+
+ template<typename _Tp, bool _Thread>
+ struct __per_type_pool_policy
+</pre><p> The first policy, <code class="code">__common_pool_policy</code>, implements a
+common pool. This means that allocators that are instantiated with
+different types, say <code class="code">char</code> and <code class="code">long</code> will both
+use the same pool. This is the default policy.
+</p><p> The second policy, <code class="code">__per_type_pool_policy</code>, implements
+a separate pool for each instantiating type. Thus, <code class="code">char</code>
+and <code class="code">long</code> will use separate pools. This allows per-type
+tuning, for instance.
+</p><p> Putting this all together, the actual allocator class is
+</p><pre class="programlisting">
+ template<typename _Tp, typename _Poolp = __default_policy>
+ class __mt_alloc : public __mt_alloc_base<_Tp>, _Poolp
+</pre><p> This class has the interface required for standard library allocator
+classes, namely member functions <code class="code">allocate</code> and
+<code class="code">deallocate</code>, plus others.
+</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="allocator.mt.impl"></a>Implementation</h3></div></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="allocator.mt.tune"></a>Tunable Parameters</h4></div></div></div><p>Certain allocation parameters can be modified, or tuned. There
+exists a nested <code class="code">struct __pool_base::_Tune</code> that contains all
+these parameters, which include settings for
+</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Alignment</p></li><li><p>Maximum bytes before calling <code class="code">::operator new</code> directly</p></li><li><p>Minimum bytes</p></li><li><p>Size of underlying global allocations</p></li><li><p>Maximum number of supported threads</p></li><li><p>Migration of deallocations to the global free list</p></li><li><p>Shunt for global <code class="code">new</code> and <code class="code">delete</code></p></li></ul></div><p>Adjusting parameters for a given instance of an allocator can only
+happen before any allocations take place, when the allocator itself is
+initialized. For instance:
+</p><pre class="programlisting">
+#include <ext/mt_allocator.h>
+
+struct pod
+{
+ int i;
+ int j;
+};
+
+int main()
+{
+ typedef pod value_type;
+ typedef __gnu_cxx::__mt_alloc<value_type> allocator_type;
+ typedef __gnu_cxx::__pool_base::_Tune tune_type;
+
+ tune_type t_default;
+ tune_type t_opt(16, 5120, 32, 5120, 20, 10, false);
+ tune_type t_single(16, 5120, 32, 5120, 1, 10, false);
+
+ tune_type t;
+ t = allocator_type::_M_get_options();
+ allocator_type::_M_set_options(t_opt);
+ t = allocator_type::_M_get_options();
+
+ allocator_type a;
+ allocator_type::pointer p1 = a.allocate(128);
+ allocator_type::pointer p2 = a.allocate(5128);
+
+ a.deallocate(p1, 128);
+ a.deallocate(p2, 5128);
+
+ return 0;
+}
+</pre></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="allocator.mt.init"></a>Initialization</h4></div></div></div><p>
+The static variables (pointers to freelists, tuning parameters etc)
+are initialized as above, or are set to the global defaults.
+</p><p>
+The very first allocate() call will always call the
+_S_initialize_once() function. In order to make sure that this
+function is called exactly once we make use of a __gthread_once call
+in MT applications and check a static bool (_S_init) in ST
+applications.
+</p><p>
+The _S_initialize() function:
+- If the GLIBCXX_FORCE_NEW environment variable is set, it sets the bool
+ _S_force_new to true and then returns. This will cause subsequent calls to
+ allocate() to return memory directly from a new() call, and deallocate will
+ only do a delete() call.
+</p><p>
+- If the GLIBCXX_FORCE_NEW environment variable is not set, both ST and MT
+ applications will:
+ - Calculate the number of bins needed. A bin is a specific power of two size
+ of bytes. I.e., by default the allocator will deal with requests of up to
+ 128 bytes (or whatever the value of _S_max_bytes is when _S_init() is
+ called). This means that there will be bins of the following sizes
+ (in bytes): 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128.
+
+ - Create the _S_binmap array. All requests are rounded up to the next
+ "large enough" bin. I.e., a request for 29 bytes will cause a block from
+ the "32 byte bin" to be returned to the application. The purpose of
+ _S_binmap is to speed up the process of finding out which bin to use.
+ I.e., the value of _S_binmap[ 29 ] is initialized to 5 (bin 5 = 32 bytes).
+</p><p>
+ - Create the _S_bin array. This array consists of bin_records. There will be
+ as many bin_records in this array as the number of bins that we calculated
+ earlier. I.e., if _S_max_bytes = 128 there will be 8 entries.
+ Each bin_record is then initialized:
+ - bin_record->first = An array of pointers to block_records. There will be
+ as many block_records pointers as there are maximum number of threads
+ (in a ST application there is only 1 thread, in a MT application there
+ are _S_max_threads).
+ This holds the pointer to the first free block for each thread in this
+ bin. I.e., if we would like to know where the first free block of size 32
+ for thread number 3 is we would look this up by: _S_bin[ 5 ].first[ 3 ]
+
+ The above created block_record pointers members are now initialized to
+ their initial values. I.e. _S_bin[ n ].first[ n ] = NULL;
+</p><p>
+- Additionally a MT application will:
+ - Create a list of free thread id's. The pointer to the first entry
+ is stored in _S_thread_freelist_first. The reason for this approach is
+ that the __gthread_self() call will not return a value that corresponds to
+ the maximum number of threads allowed but rather a process id number or
+ something else. So what we do is that we create a list of thread_records.
+ This list is _S_max_threads long and each entry holds a size_t thread_id
+ which is initialized to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and so on up to _S_max_threads.
+ Each time a thread calls allocate() or deallocate() we call
+ _S_get_thread_id() which looks at the value of _S_thread_key which is a
+ thread local storage pointer. If this is NULL we know that this is a newly
+ created thread and we pop the first entry from this list and saves the
+ pointer to this record in the _S_thread_key variable. The next time
+ we will get the pointer to the thread_record back and we use the
+ thread_record->thread_id as identification. I.e., the first thread that
+ calls allocate will get the first record in this list and thus be thread
+ number 1 and will then find the pointer to its first free 32 byte block
+ in _S_bin[ 5 ].first[ 1 ]
+ When we create the _S_thread_key we also define a destructor
+ (_S_thread_key_destr) which means that when the thread dies, this
+ thread_record is returned to the front of this list and the thread id
+ can then be reused if a new thread is created.
+ This list is protected by a mutex (_S_thread_freelist_mutex) which is only
+ locked when records are removed or added to the list.
+</p><p>
+ - Initialize the free and used counters of each bin_record:
+ - bin_record->free = An array of size_t. This keeps track of the number
+ of blocks on a specific thread's freelist in each bin. I.e., if a thread
+ has 12 32-byte blocks on it's freelists and allocates one of these, this
+ counter would be decreased to 11.
+
+ - bin_record->used = An array of size_t. This keeps track of the number
+ of blocks currently in use of this size by this thread. I.e., if a thread
+ has made 678 requests (and no deallocations...) of 32-byte blocks this
+ counter will read 678.
+
+ The above created arrays are now initialized with their initial values.
+ I.e. _S_bin[ n ].free[ n ] = 0;
+</p><p>
+ - Initialize the mutex of each bin_record: The bin_record->mutex
+ is used to protect the global freelist. This concept of a global
+ freelist is explained in more detail in the section "A multi
+ threaded example", but basically this mutex is locked whenever a
+ block of memory is retrieved or returned to the global freelist
+ for this specific bin. This only occurs when a number of blocks
+ are grabbed from the global list to a thread specific list or when
+ a thread decides to return some blocks to the global freelist.
+</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="allocator.mt.deallocation"></a>Deallocation Notes</h4></div></div></div><p> Notes about deallocation. This allocator does not explicitly
+release memory. Because of this, memory debugging programs like
+valgrind or purify may notice leaks: sorry about this
+inconvenience. Operating systems will reclaim allocated memory at
+program termination anyway. If sidestepping this kind of noise is
+desired, there are three options: use an allocator, like
+<code class="code">new_allocator</code> that releases memory while debugging, use
+GLIBCXX_FORCE_NEW to bypass the allocator's internal pools, or use a
+custom pool datum that releases resources on destruction.
+</p><p>
+ On systems with the function <code class="code">__cxa_atexit</code>, the
+allocator can be forced to free all memory allocated before program
+termination with the member function
+<code class="code">__pool_type::_M_destroy</code>. However, because this member
+function relies on the precise and exactly-conforming ordering of
+static destructors, including those of a static local
+<code class="code">__pool</code> object, it should not be used, ever, on systems
+that don't have the necessary underlying support. In addition, in
+practice, forcing deallocation can be tricky, as it requires the
+<code class="code">__pool</code> object to be fully-constructed before the object
+that uses it is fully constructed. For most (but not all) STL
+containers, this works, as an instance of the allocator is constructed
+as part of a container's constructor. However, this assumption is
+implementation-specific, and subject to change. For an example of a
+pool that frees memory, see the following
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/ext/mt_allocator/deallocate_local-6.cc?view=markup" target="_top">
+ example.</a>
+</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="allocator.mt.example_single"></a>Single Thread Example</h3></div></div></div><p>
+Let's start by describing how the data on a freelist is laid out in memory.
+This is the first two blocks in freelist for thread id 3 in bin 3 (8 bytes):
+</p><pre class="programlisting">
++----------------+
+| next* ---------|--+ (_S_bin[ 3 ].first[ 3 ] points here)
+| | |
+| | |
+| | |
++----------------+ |
+| thread_id = 3 | |
+| | |
+| | |
+| | |
++----------------+ |
+| DATA | | (A pointer to here is what is returned to the
+| | | the application when needed)
+| | |
+| | |
+| | |
+| | |
+| | |
+| | |
++----------------+ |
++----------------+ |
+| next* |<-+ (If next == NULL it's the last one on the list)
+| |
+| |
+| |
++----------------+
+| thread_id = 3 |
+| |
+| |
+| |
++----------------+
+| DATA |
+| |
+| |
+| |
+| |
+| |
+| |
+| |
++----------------+
+</pre><p>
+With this in mind we simplify things a bit for a while and say that there is
+only one thread (a ST application). In this case all operations are made to
+what is referred to as the global pool - thread id 0 (No thread may be
+assigned this id since they span from 1 to _S_max_threads in a MT application).
+</p><p>
+When the application requests memory (calling allocate()) we first look at the
+requested size and if this is > _S_max_bytes we call new() directly and return.
+</p><p>
+If the requested size is within limits we start by finding out from which
+bin we should serve this request by looking in _S_binmap.
+</p><p>
+A quick look at _S_bin[ bin ].first[ 0 ] tells us if there are any blocks of
+this size on the freelist (0). If this is not NULL - fine, just remove the
+block that _S_bin[ bin ].first[ 0 ] points to from the list,
+update _S_bin[ bin ].first[ 0 ] and return a pointer to that blocks data.
+</p><p>
+If the freelist is empty (the pointer is NULL) we must get memory from the
+system and build us a freelist within this memory. All requests for new memory
+is made in chunks of _S_chunk_size. Knowing the size of a block_record and
+the bytes that this bin stores we then calculate how many blocks we can create
+within this chunk, build the list, remove the first block, update the pointer
+(_S_bin[ bin ].first[ 0 ]) and return a pointer to that blocks data.
+</p><p>
+Deallocation is equally simple; the pointer is casted back to a block_record
+pointer, lookup which bin to use based on the size, add the block to the front
+of the global freelist and update the pointer as needed
+(_S_bin[ bin ].first[ 0 ]).
+</p><p>
+The decision to add deallocated blocks to the front of the freelist was made
+after a set of performance measurements that showed that this is roughly 10%
+faster than maintaining a set of "last pointers" as well.
+</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="allocator.mt.example_multi"></a>Multiple Thread Example</h3></div></div></div><p>
+In the ST example we never used the thread_id variable present in each block.
+Let's start by explaining the purpose of this in a MT application.
+</p><p>
+The concept of "ownership" was introduced since many MT applications
+allocate and deallocate memory to shared containers from different
+threads (such as a cache shared amongst all threads). This introduces
+a problem if the allocator only returns memory to the current threads
+freelist (I.e., there might be one thread doing all the allocation and
+thus obtaining ever more memory from the system and another thread
+that is getting a longer and longer freelist - this will in the end
+consume all available memory).
+</p><p>
+Each time a block is moved from the global list (where ownership is
+irrelevant), to a threads freelist (or when a new freelist is built
+from a chunk directly onto a threads freelist or when a deallocation
+occurs on a block which was not allocated by the same thread id as the
+one doing the deallocation) the thread id is set to the current one.
+</p><p>
+What's the use? Well, when a deallocation occurs we can now look at
+the thread id and find out if it was allocated by another thread id
+and decrease the used counter of that thread instead, thus keeping the
+free and used counters correct. And keeping the free and used counters
+corrects is very important since the relationship between these two
+variables decides if memory should be returned to the global pool or
+not when a deallocation occurs.
+</p><p>
+When the application requests memory (calling allocate()) we first
+look at the requested size and if this is >_S_max_bytes we call new()
+directly and return.
+</p><p>
+If the requested size is within limits we start by finding out from which
+bin we should serve this request by looking in _S_binmap.
+</p><p>
+A call to _S_get_thread_id() returns the thread id for the calling thread
+(and if no value has been set in _S_thread_key, a new id is assigned and
+returned).
+</p><p>
+A quick look at _S_bin[ bin ].first[ thread_id ] tells us if there are
+any blocks of this size on the current threads freelist. If this is
+not NULL - fine, just remove the block that _S_bin[ bin ].first[
+thread_id ] points to from the list, update _S_bin[ bin ].first[
+thread_id ], update the free and used counters and return a pointer to
+that blocks data.
+</p><p>
+If the freelist is empty (the pointer is NULL) we start by looking at
+the global freelist (0). If there are blocks available on the global
+freelist we lock this bins mutex and move up to block_count (the
+number of blocks of this bins size that will fit into a _S_chunk_size)
+or until end of list - whatever comes first - to the current threads
+freelist and at the same time change the thread_id ownership and
+update the counters and pointers. When the bins mutex has been
+unlocked, we remove the block that _S_bin[ bin ].first[ thread_id ]
+points to from the list, update _S_bin[ bin ].first[ thread_id ],
+update the free and used counters, and return a pointer to that blocks
+data.
+</p><p>
+The reason that the number of blocks moved to the current threads
+freelist is limited to block_count is to minimize the chance that a
+subsequent deallocate() call will return the excess blocks to the
+global freelist (based on the _S_freelist_headroom calculation, see
+below).
+</p><p>
+However if there isn't any memory on the global pool we need to get
+memory from the system - this is done in exactly the same way as in a
+single threaded application with one major difference; the list built
+in the newly allocated memory (of _S_chunk_size size) is added to the
+current threads freelist instead of to the global.
+</p><p>
+The basic process of a deallocation call is simple: always add the
+block to the front of the current threads freelist and update the
+counters and pointers (as described earlier with the specific check of
+ownership that causes the used counter of the thread that originally
+allocated the block to be decreased instead of the current threads
+counter).
+</p><p>
+And here comes the free and used counters to service. Each time a
+deallocation() call is made, the length of the current threads
+freelist is compared to the amount memory in use by this thread.
+</p><p>
+Let's go back to the example of an application that has one thread
+that does all the allocations and one that deallocates. Both these
+threads use say 516 32-byte blocks that was allocated during thread
+creation for example. Their used counters will both say 516 at this
+point. The allocation thread now grabs 1000 32-byte blocks and puts
+them in a shared container. The used counter for this thread is now
+1516.
+</p><p>
+The deallocation thread now deallocates 500 of these blocks. For each
+deallocation made the used counter of the allocating thread is
+decreased and the freelist of the deallocation thread gets longer and
+longer. But the calculation made in deallocate() will limit the length
+of the freelist in the deallocation thread to _S_freelist_headroom %
+of it's used counter. In this case, when the freelist (given that the
+_S_freelist_headroom is at it's default value of 10%) exceeds 52
+(516/10) blocks will be returned to the global pool where the
+allocating thread may pick them up and reuse them.
+</p><p>
+In order to reduce lock contention (since this requires this bins
+mutex to be locked) this operation is also made in chunks of blocks
+(just like when chunks of blocks are moved from the global freelist to
+a threads freelist mentioned above). The "formula" used can probably
+be improved to further reduce the risk of blocks being "bounced back
+and forth" between freelists.
+</p></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch31s05.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="extensions.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bitmap_allocator.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Testing </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> bitmap_allocator</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
--- /dev/null
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 29. Compile Time Checks</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="extensions.html" title="Part XII. Extensions" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt12pr03.html" title="" /><link rel="next" href="debug_mode.html" title="Chapter 30. Debug Mode" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 29. Compile Time Checks</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12pr03.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part XII.
+ Extensions
+
+</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="debug_mode.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.compile_checks"></a>Chapter 29. Compile Time Checks</h2></div></div></div><p>
+ Also known as concept checking.
+ </p><p>In 1999, SGI added <span class="emphasis"><em>concept checkers</em></span> to their implementation
+ of the STL: code which checked the template parameters of
+ instantiated pieces of the STL, in order to insure that the parameters
+ being used met the requirements of the standard. For example,
+ the Standard requires that types passed as template parameters to
+ <code class="code">vector</code> be “<span class="quote">Assignable</span>” (which means what you think
+ it means). The checking was done during compilation, and none of
+ the code was executed at runtime.
+ </p><p>Unfortunately, the size of the compiler files grew significantly
+ as a result. The checking code itself was cumbersome. And bugs
+ were found in it on more than one occasion.
+ </p><p>The primary author of the checking code, Jeremy Siek, had already
+ started work on a replacement implementation. The new code has been
+ formally reviewed and accepted into
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://www.boost.org/libs/concept_check/concept_check.htm" target="_top">the
+ Boost libraries</a>, and we are pleased to incorporate it into the
+ GNU C++ library.
+ </p><p>The new version imposes a much smaller space overhead on the generated
+ object file. The checks are also cleaner and easier to read and
+ understand.
+ </p><p>They are off by default for all versions of GCC from 3.0 to 3.4 (the
+ latest release at the time of writing).
+ They can be enabled at configure time with
+ <a class="ulink" href="../configopts.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">--enable-concept-checks</code></a>.
+ You can enable them on a per-translation-unit basis with
+ <code class="code">#define _GLIBCXX_CONCEPT_CHECKS</code> for GCC 3.4 and higher
+ (or with <code class="code">#define _GLIBCPP_CONCEPT_CHECKS</code> for versions
+ 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3).
+ </p><p>Please note that the upcoming C++ standard has first-class
+ support for template parameter constraints based on concepts in the core
+ language. This will obviate the need for the library-simulated concept
+ checking described above.
+ </p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12pr03.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="extensions.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="debug_mode.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top"> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 30. Debug Mode</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
--- /dev/null
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 40. Concurrency</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="extensions.html" title="Part XII. Extensions" /><link rel="prev" href="ext_demangling.html" title="Chapter 39. Demangling" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt12ch40s02.html" title="Implementation" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 40. Concurrency</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_demangling.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part XII.
+ Extensions
+
+</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch40s02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.concurrency"></a>Chapter 40. Concurrency</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="ext_concurrency.html#manual.ext.concurrency.design">Design</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ext_concurrency.html#manual.ext.concurrency.design.threads">Interface to Locks and Mutexes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ext_concurrency.html#manual.ext.concurrency.design.atomics">Interface to Atomic Functions</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch40s02.html">Implementation</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch40s02.html#manual.ext.concurrency.impl.atomic_fallbacks">Using Builtin Atomic Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch40s02.html#manual.ext.concurrency.impl.thread">Thread Abstraction</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch40s03.html">Use</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.concurrency.design"></a>Design</h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.concurrency.design.threads"></a>Interface to Locks and Mutexes</h3></div></div></div><p>The file <ext/concurrence.h> contains all the higher-level
+constructs for playing with threads. In contrast to the atomics layer,
+the concurrence layer consists largely of types. All types are defined within <code class="code">namespace __gnu_cxx</code>.
+</p><p>
+These types can be used in a portable manner, regardless of the
+specific environment. They are carefully designed to provide optimum
+efficiency and speed, abstracting out underlying thread calls and
+accesses when compiling for single-threaded situations (even on hosts
+that support multiple threads.)
+</p><p>The enumerated type <code class="code">_Lock_policy</code> details the set of
+available locking
+policies: <code class="code">_S_single</code>, <code class="code">_S_mutex</code>,
+and <code class="code">_S_atomic</code>.
+</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><code class="code">_S_single</code></p><p>Indicates single-threaded code that does not need locking.
+</p></li><li><p><code class="code">_S_mutex</code></p><p>Indicates multi-threaded code using thread-layer abstractions.
+</p></li><li><p><code class="code">_S_atomic</code></p><p>Indicates multi-threaded code using atomic operations.
+</p></li></ul></div><p>The compile-time constant <code class="code">__default_lock_policy</code> is set
+to one of the three values above, depending on characteristics of the
+host environment and the current compilation flags.
+</p><p>Two more datatypes make up the rest of the
+interface: <code class="code">__mutex</code>, and <code class="code">__scoped_lock</code>.
+</p><p>
+</p><p>The scoped lock idiom is well-discussed within the C++
+community. This version takes a <code class="code">__mutex</code> reference, and
+locks it during construction of <code class="code">__scoped_locke</code> and
+unlocks it during destruction. This is an efficient way of locking
+critical sections, while retaining exception-safety.
+</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.concurrency.design.atomics"></a>Interface to Atomic Functions</h3></div></div></div><p>
+Two functions and one type form the base of atomic support.
+</p><p>The type <code class="code">_Atomic_word</code> is a signed integral type
+supporting atomic operations.
+</p><p>
+The two functions functions are:
+</p><pre class="programlisting">
+_Atomic_word
+__exchange_and_add_dispatch(volatile _Atomic_word*, int);
+
+void
+__atomic_add_dispatch(volatile _Atomic_word*, int);
+</pre><p>Both of these functions are declared in the header file
+<ext/atomicity.h>, and are in <code class="code">namespace __gnu_cxx</code>.
+</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
+<code class="code">
+__exchange_and_add_dispatch
+</code>
+</p><p>Adds the second argument's value to the first argument. Returns the old value.
+</p></li><li><p>
+<code class="code">
+__atomic_add_dispatch
+</code>
+</p><p>Adds the second argument's value to the first argument. Has no return value.
+</p></li></ul></div><p>
+These functions forward to one of several specialized helper
+functions, depending on the circumstances. For instance,
+</p><p>
+<code class="code">
+__exchange_and_add_dispatch
+</code>
+</p><p>
+Calls through to either of:
+</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><code class="code">__exchange_and_add</code>
+</p><p>Multi-thread version. Inlined if compiler-generated builtin atomics
+can be used, otherwise resolved at link time to a non-builtin code
+sequence.
+</p></li><li><p><code class="code">__exchange_and_add_single</code>
+</p><p>Single threaded version. Inlined.</p></li></ul></div><p>However, only <code class="code">__exchange_and_add_dispatch</code>
+and <code class="code">__atomic_add_dispatch</code> should be used. These functions
+can be used in a portable manner, regardless of the specific
+environment. They are carefully designed to provide optimum efficiency
+and speed, abstracting out atomic accesses when they are not required
+(even on hosts that support compiler intrinsics for atomic
+operations.)
+</p><p>
+In addition, there are two macros
+</p><p>
+<code class="code">
+_GLIBCXX_READ_MEM_BARRIER
+</code>
+</p><p>
+<code class="code">
+_GLIBCXX_WRITE_MEM_BARRIER
+</code>
+</p><p>
+Which expand to the appropriate write and read barrier required by the
+host hardware and operating system.
+</p></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_demangling.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="extensions.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch40s02.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 39. Demangling </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Implementation</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
--- /dev/null
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 33. Containers</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="extensions.html" title="Part XII. Extensions" /><link rel="prev" href="bitmap_allocator.html" title="bitmap_allocator" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt12ch33s02.html" title="HP/SGI" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 33. Containers</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bitmap_allocator.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part XII.
+ Extensions
+
+</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch33s02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.containers"></a>Chapter 33. Containers</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="ext_containers.html#manual.ext.containers.pbds">Policy Based Data Structures</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch33s02.html">HP/SGI</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch33s03.html">Deprecated HP/SGI</a></span></dt></dl></div><p>
+ </p><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.containers.pbds"></a>Policy Based Data Structures</h2></div></div></div><p>
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/libstdc++/ext/pb_ds/index.html" target="_top">More details here</a>.
+ </p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bitmap_allocator.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="extensions.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch33s02.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">bitmap_allocator </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> HP/SGI</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
--- /dev/null
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 39. Demangling</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="extensions.html" title="Part XII. Extensions" /><link rel="prev" href="ext_io.html" title="Chapter 38. Input and Output" /><link rel="next" href="ext_concurrency.html" title="Chapter 40. Concurrency" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 39. Demangling</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_io.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part XII.
+ Extensions
+
+</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_concurrency.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.demangle"></a>Chapter 39. Demangling</h2></div></div></div><p>
+ Transforming C++ ABI identifiers (like RTTI symbols) into the
+ original C++ source identifiers is called
+ “<span class="quote">demangling.</span>”
+ </p><p>
+ If you have read the <a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/libstdc++/latest-doxygen/namespaceabi.html" target="_top">source
+ documentation for <code class="code">namespace abi</code></a> then you are
+ aware of the cross-vendor C++ ABI in use by GCC. One of the
+ exposed functions is used for demangling,
+ <code class="code">abi::__cxa_demangle</code>.
+ </p><p>
+ In programs like <span class="command"><strong>c++filt</strong></span>, the linker, and other tools
+ have the ability to decode C++ ABI names, and now so can you.
+ </p><p>
+ (The function itself might use different demanglers, but that's the
+ whole point of abstract interfaces. If we change the implementation,
+ you won't notice.)
+ </p><p>
+ Probably the only times you'll be interested in demangling at runtime
+ are when you're seeing <code class="code">typeid</code> strings in RTTI, or when
+ you're handling the runtime-support exception classes. For example:
+ </p><pre class="programlisting">
+#include <exception>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <cxxabi.h>
+
+struct empty { };
+
+template <typename T, int N>
+ struct bar { };
+
+
+int main()
+{
+ int status;
+ char *realname;
+
+ // exception classes not in <stdexcept>, thrown by the implementation
+ // instead of the user
+ std::bad_exception e;
+ realname = abi::__cxa_demangle(e.what(), 0, 0, &status);
+ std::cout << e.what() << "\t=> " << realname << "\t: " << status << '\n';
+ free(realname);
+
+
+ // typeid
+ bar<empty,17> u;
+ const std::type_info &ti = typeid(u);
+
+ realname = abi::__cxa_demangle(ti.name(), 0, 0, &status);
+ std::cout << ti.name() << "\t=> " << realname << "\t: " << status << '\n';
+ free(realname);
+
+ return 0;
+}
+ </pre><p>
+ This prints
+ </p><pre class="screen">
+ <code class="computeroutput">
+ St13bad_exception => std::bad_exception : 0
+ 3barI5emptyLi17EE => bar<empty, 17> : 0
+ </code>
+ </pre><p>
+ The demangler interface is described in the source documentation
+ linked to above. It is actually written in C, so you don't need to
+ be writing C++ in order to demangle C++. (That also means we have to
+ use crummy memory management facilities, so don't forget to free()
+ the returned char array.)
+ </p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_io.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="extensions.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_concurrency.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 38. Input and Output </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 40. Concurrency</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
--- /dev/null
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 38. Input and Output</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="extensions.html" title="Part XII. Extensions" /><link rel="prev" href="ext_iterators.html" title="Chapter 37. Iterators" /><link rel="next" href="ext_demangling.html" title="Chapter 39. Demangling" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 38. Input and Output</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_iterators.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part XII.
+ Extensions
+
+</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_demangling.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.io"></a>Chapter 38. Input and Output</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="ext_io.html#manual.ext.io.filebuf_derived">Derived filebufs</a></span></dt></dl></div><p>
+ Extensions allowing <code class="code">filebuf</code>s to be constructed from
+ "C" types like FILE*s and file descriptors.
+ </p><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.io.filebuf_derived"></a>Derived filebufs</h2></div></div></div><p>The v2 library included non-standard extensions to construct
+ <code class="code">std::filebuf</code>s from C stdio types such as
+ <code class="code">FILE*</code>s and POSIX file descriptors.
+ Today the recommended way to use stdio types with libstdc++
+ IOStreams is via the <code class="code">stdio_filebuf</code> class (see below),
+ but earlier releases provided slightly different mechanisms.
+ </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>3.0.x <code class="code">filebuf</code>s have another ctor with this signature:
+ <code class="code">basic_filebuf(__c_file_type*, ios_base::openmode, int_type);
+ </code>
+ This comes in very handy in a number of places, such as
+ attaching Unix sockets, pipes, and anything else which uses file
+ descriptors, into the IOStream buffering classes. The three
+ arguments are as follows:
+ </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="circle"><li><p><code class="code">__c_file_type* F </code>
+ // the __c_file_type typedef usually boils down to stdio's FILE
+ </p></li><li><p><code class="code">ios_base::openmode M </code>
+ // same as all the other uses of openmode
+ </p></li><li><p><code class="code">int_type B </code>
+ // buffer size, defaults to BUFSIZ if not specified
+ </p></li></ul></div><p>
+ For those wanting to use file descriptors instead of FILE*'s, I
+ invite you to contemplate the mysteries of C's <code class="code">fdopen()</code>.
+ </p></li><li><p>In library snapshot 3.0.95 and later, <code class="code">filebuf</code>s bring
+ back an old extension: the <code class="code">fd()</code> member function. The
+ integer returned from this function can be used for whatever file
+ descriptors can be used for on your platform. Naturally, the
+ library cannot track what you do on your own with a file descriptor,
+ so if you perform any I/O directly, don't expect the library to be
+ aware of it.
+ </p></li><li><p>Beginning with 3.1, the extra <code class="code">filebuf</code> constructor and
+ the <code class="code">fd()</code> function were removed from the standard
+ filebuf. Instead, <code class="code"><ext/stdio_filebuf.h></code> contains
+ a derived class called
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/libstdc++/latest-doxygen/class____gnu__cxx_1_1stdio__filebuf.html" target="_top"><code class="code">__gnu_cxx::stdio_filebuf</code></a>.
+ This class can be constructed from a C <code class="code">FILE*</code> or a file
+ descriptor, and provides the <code class="code">fd()</code> function.
+ </p></li></ul></div><p>If you want to access a <code class="code">filebuf</code>'s file descriptor to
+ implement file locking (e.g. using the <code class="code">fcntl()</code> system
+ call) then you might be interested in Henry Suter's
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://suter.home.cern.ch/suter/RWLock.html" target="_top">RWLock</a>
+ class.
+ </p><p>
+ </p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_iterators.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="extensions.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_demangling.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 37. Iterators </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 39. Demangling</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
--- /dev/null
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 37. Iterators</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="extensions.html" title="Part XII. Extensions" /><link rel="prev" href="ext_numerics.html" title="Chapter 36. Numerics" /><link rel="next" href="ext_io.html" title="Chapter 38. Input and Output" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 37. Iterators</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_numerics.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part XII.
+ Extensions
+
+</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_io.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.iterators"></a>Chapter 37. Iterators</h2></div></div></div><p>24.3.2 describes <code class="code">struct iterator</code>, which didn't exist in the
+ original HP STL implementation (the language wasn't rich enough at the
+ time). For backwards compatibility, base classes are provided which
+ declare the same nested typedefs:
+</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>input_iterator</p></li><li><p>output_iterator</p></li><li><p>forward_iterator</p></li><li><p>bidirectional_iterator</p></li><li><p>random_access_iterator</p></li></ul></div><p>24.3.4 describes iterator operation <code class="code">distance</code>, which takes
+ two iterators and returns a result. It is extended by another signature
+ which takes two iterators and a reference to a result. The result is
+ modified, and the function returns nothing.
+</p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_numerics.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="extensions.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_io.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 36. Numerics </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 38. Input and Output</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
--- /dev/null
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 36. Numerics</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="extensions.html" title="Part XII. Extensions" /><link rel="prev" href="ext_algorithms.html" title="Chapter 35. Algorithms" /><link rel="next" href="ext_iterators.html" title="Chapter 37. Iterators" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 36. Numerics</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_algorithms.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part XII.
+ Extensions
+
+</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_iterators.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.numerics"></a>Chapter 36. Numerics</h2></div></div></div><p>26.4, the generalized numeric operations such as accumulate, are extended
+ with the following functions:
+</p><pre class="programlisting">
+ power (x, n);
+ power (x, n, moniod_operation);</pre><p>Returns, in FORTRAN syntax, "x ** n" where n>=0. In the
+ case of n == 0, returns the <a class="ulink" href="#ch20" target="_top">identity element</a> for the
+ monoid operation. The two-argument signature uses multiplication (for
+ a true "power" implementation), but addition is supported as well.
+ The operation functor must be associative.
+</p><p>The <code class="code">iota</code> function wins the award for Extension With the
+ Coolest Name. It "assigns sequentially increasing values to a range.
+ That is, it assigns value to *first, value + 1 to *(first + 1) and so
+ on." Quoted from SGI documentation.
+</p><pre class="programlisting">
+ void iota(_ForwardIter first, _ForwardIter last, _Tp value);</pre></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_algorithms.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="extensions.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_iterators.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 35. Algorithms </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 37. Iterators</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
--- /dev/null
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 34. Utilities</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="extensions.html" title="Part XII. Extensions" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt12ch33s03.html" title="Deprecated HP/SGI" /><link rel="next" href="ext_algorithms.html" title="Chapter 35. Algorithms" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 34. Utilities</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch33s03.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part XII.
+ Extensions
+
+</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_algorithms.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.util"></a>Chapter 34. Utilities</h2></div></div></div><p>
+ The <functional> header contains many additional functors
+ and helper functions, extending section 20.3. They are
+ implemented in the file stl_function.h:
+ </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><code class="code">identity_element</code> for addition and multiplication. *
+ </p></li><li><p>The functor <code class="code">identity</code>, whose <code class="code">operator()</code>
+ returns the argument unchanged. *
+ </p></li><li><p>Composition functors <code class="code">unary_function</code> and
+ <code class="code">binary_function</code>, and their helpers <code class="code">compose1</code>
+ and <code class="code">compose2</code>. *
+ </p></li><li><p><code class="code">select1st</code> and <code class="code">select2nd</code>, to strip pairs. *
+ </p></li><li><p><code class="code">project1st</code> and <code class="code">project2nd</code>. * </p></li><li><p>A set of functors/functions which always return the same result. They
+ are <code class="code">constant_void_fun</code>, <code class="code">constant_binary_fun</code>,
+ <code class="code">constant_unary_fun</code>, <code class="code">constant0</code>,
+ <code class="code">constant1</code>, and <code class="code">constant2</code>. * </p></li><li><p>The class <code class="code">subtractive_rng</code>. * </p></li><li><p>mem_fun adaptor helpers <code class="code">mem_fun1</code> and
+ <code class="code">mem_fun1_ref</code> are provided for backwards compatibility. </p></li></ul></div><p>
+ 20.4.1 can use several different allocators; they are described on the
+ main extensions page.
+</p><p>
+ 20.4.3 is extended with a special version of
+ <code class="code">get_temporary_buffer</code> taking a second argument. The
+ argument is a pointer, which is ignored, but can be used to specify
+ the template type (instead of using explicit function template
+ arguments like the standard version does). That is, in addition to
+</p><pre class="programlisting">
+get_temporary_buffer<int>(5);
+</pre><p>
+you can also use
+</p><pre class="programlisting">
+get_temporary_buffer(5, (int*)0);
+</pre><p>
+ A class <code class="code">temporary_buffer</code> is given in stl_tempbuf.h. *
+</p><p>
+ The specialized algorithms of section 20.4.4 are extended with
+ <code class="code">uninitialized_copy_n</code>. *
+</p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch33s03.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="extensions.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_algorithms.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Deprecated HP/SGI </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 35. Algorithms</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Part XII. Extensions</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt11ch28s02.html" title="Performance" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt12pr03.html" title="" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Part XII. Extensions</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt11ch28s02.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12pr03.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="part" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="manual.ext"></a>Part XII. Extensions</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="preface"><a href="bk01pt12pr03.html"></a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt12ch29.html">29. Compile Time Checks</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="debug_mode.html">30. Debug Mode</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="debug_mode.html#manual.ext.debug_mode.intro">Intro</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s02.html">Semantics</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s03.html">Using</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s03.html#debug_mode.using.mode">Using the Debug Mode</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s03.html#debug_mode.using.specific">Using a Specific Debug Container</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s04.html">Design</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s04.html#manual.ext.debug_mode.design.goals">Goals</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s04.html#manual.ext.debug_mode.design.methods">Methods</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s04.html#manual.ext.debug_mode.design.other">Other Implementations</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="parallel_mode.html">31. Parallel Mode</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="parallel_mode.html#manual.ext.parallel_mode.intro">Intro</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s02.html">Semantics</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s03.html">Using</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s03.html#parallel_mode.using.prereq_flags">Prerequisite Compiler Flags</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s03.html#parallel_mode.using.parallel_mode">Using Parallel Mode</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s03.html#parallel_mode.using.specific">Using Specific Parallel Components</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s04.html">Design</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s04.html#manual.ext.parallel_mode.design.intro">Interface Basics</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s04.html#manual.ext.parallel_mode.design.tuning">Configuration and Tuning</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s04.html#manual.ext.parallel_mode.design.impl">Implementation Namespaces</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s05.html">Testing</a></span></dt><dt><span class="bibliography"><a href="parallel_mode.html#parallel_mode.biblio">Bibliography</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt12ch32.html">32. Allocators</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch32.html#manual.ext.allocator.mt">mt_allocator</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch32.html#allocator.mt.intro">Intro</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch32.html#allocator.mt.design_issues">Design Issues</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch32.html#allocator.mt.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch32.html#allocator.mt.example_single">Single Thread Example</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch32.html#allocator.mt.example_multi">Multiple Thread Example</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bitmap_allocator.html">bitmap_allocator</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bitmap_allocator.html#allocator.bitmap.design">Design</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bitmap_allocator.html#allocator.bitmap.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt12ch33.html">33. Containers</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch33.html#manual.ext.containers.pbds">Policy Based Data Structures</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch33s02.html">HP/SGI</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch33s03.html">Deprecated HP/SGI</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt12ch34.html">34. Utilities</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt12ch35.html">35. Algorithms</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt12ch36.html">36. Numerics</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt12ch37.html">37. Iterators</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt12ch38.html">38. Input and Output</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch38.html#manual.ext.io.filebuf_derived">Derived filebufs</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt12ch39.html">39. Demangling</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="concurrency.html">40. Concurrency</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="concurrency.html#manual.ext.concurrency.design">Design</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="concurrency.html#manual.ext.concurrency.design.threads">Interface to Locks and Mutexes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="concurrency.html#manual.ext.concurrency.design.atomics">Interface to Atomic Functions</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch40s02.html">Implementation</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch40s02.html#manual.ext.concurrency.impl.atomic_fallbacks">Using Builtin Atomic Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch40s02.html#manual.ext.concurrency.impl.thread">Thread Abstraction</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch40s03.html">Use</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt11ch28s02.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12pr03.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Performance </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> </td></tr></table></div></body></html>
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Part XII. Extensions</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt11ch28s02.html" title="Performance" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt12pr03.html" title="" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Part XII.
+ Extensions
+
+</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt11ch28s02.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12pr03.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="part" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="manual.ext"></a>Part XII.
+ Extensions
+ <a id="id532909" class="indexterm"></a>
+</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="preface"><a href="bk01pt12pr03.html"></a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="ext_compile_checks.html">29. Compile Time Checks</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="debug_mode.html">30. Debug Mode</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="debug_mode.html#manual.ext.debug_mode.intro">Intro</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s02.html">Semantics</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s03.html">Using</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s03.html#debug_mode.using.mode">Using the Debug Mode</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s03.html#debug_mode.using.specific">Using a Specific Debug Container</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s04.html">Design</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s04.html#manual.ext.debug_mode.design.goals">Goals</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s04.html#manual.ext.debug_mode.design.methods">Methods</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s04.html#manual.ext.debug_mode.design.other">Other Implementations</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="parallel_mode.html">31. Parallel Mode</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="parallel_mode.html#manual.ext.parallel_mode.intro">Intro</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s02.html">Semantics</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s03.html">Using</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s03.html#parallel_mode.using.prereq_flags">Prerequisite Compiler Flags</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s03.html#parallel_mode.using.parallel_mode">Using Parallel Mode</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s03.html#parallel_mode.using.specific">Using Specific Parallel Components</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s04.html">Design</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s04.html#manual.ext.parallel_mode.design.intro">Interface Basics</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s04.html#manual.ext.parallel_mode.design.tuning">Configuration and Tuning</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s04.html#manual.ext.parallel_mode.design.impl">Implementation Namespaces</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s05.html">Testing</a></span></dt><dt><span class="bibliography"><a href="parallel_mode.html#parallel_mode.biblio">Bibliography</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="ext_allocators.html">32. Allocators</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="ext_allocators.html#manual.ext.allocator.mt">mt_allocator</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ext_allocators.html#allocator.mt.intro">Intro</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ext_allocators.html#allocator.mt.design_issues">Design Issues</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ext_allocators.html#allocator.mt.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ext_allocators.html#allocator.mt.example_single">Single Thread Example</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ext_allocators.html#allocator.mt.example_multi">Multiple Thread Example</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bitmap_allocator.html">bitmap_allocator</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bitmap_allocator.html#allocator.bitmap.design">Design</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bitmap_allocator.html#allocator.bitmap.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="ext_containers.html">33. Containers</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="ext_containers.html#manual.ext.containers.pbds">Policy Based Data Structures</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch33s02.html">HP/SGI</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch33s03.html">Deprecated HP/SGI</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="ext_utilities.html">34. Utilities</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="ext_algorithms.html">35. Algorithms</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="ext_numerics.html">36. Numerics</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="ext_iterators.html">37. Iterators</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="ext_io.html">38. Input and Output</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="ext_io.html#manual.ext.io.filebuf_derived">Derived filebufs</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="ext_demangling.html">39. Demangling</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="ext_concurrency.html">40. Concurrency</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="ext_concurrency.html#manual.ext.concurrency.design">Design</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ext_concurrency.html#manual.ext.concurrency.design.threads">Interface to Locks and Mutexes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ext_concurrency.html#manual.ext.concurrency.design.atomics">Interface to Atomic Functions</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch40s02.html">Implementation</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch40s02.html#manual.ext.concurrency.impl.atomic_fallbacks">Using Builtin Atomic Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch40s02.html#manual.ext.concurrency.impl.thread">Thread Abstraction</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch40s03.html">Use</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt11ch28s02.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12pr03.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Performance </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> </td></tr></table></div></body></html>
--- /dev/null
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 15. Facets aka Categories</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="localization.html" title="Part VI. Localization" /><link rel="prev" href="locales.html" title="Chapter 14. Locales" /><link rel="next" href="codecvt.html" title="codecvt" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 15. Facets aka Categories</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="locales.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part VI.
+ Localization
+
+</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="codecvt.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.localization.facet"></a>Chapter 15. Facets aka Categories</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="facets.html#manual.localization.facet.ctype">ctype</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="facets.html#facet.ctype.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="facets.html#facet.ctype.future">Future</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="codecvt.html">codecvt</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.design">Design</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.use">Use</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.future">Future</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="messages.html">messages</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.design">Design</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.use">Use</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.future">Future</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.localization.facet.ctype"></a>ctype</h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="facet.ctype.impl"></a>Implementation</h3></div></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id548984"></a>Specializations</h4></div></div></div><p>
+For the required specialization codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t> ,
+conversions are made between the internal character set (always UCS4
+on GNU/Linux) and whatever the currently selected locale for the
+LC_CTYPE category implements.
+</p><p>
+The two required specializations are implemented as follows:
+</p><p>
+<code class="code">
+ctype<char>
+</code>
+</p><p>
+This is simple specialization. Implementing this was a piece of cake.
+</p><p>
+<code class="code">
+ctype<wchar_t>
+</code>
+</p><p>
+This specialization, by specifying all the template parameters, pretty
+much ties the hands of implementors. As such, the implementation is
+straightforward, involving mcsrtombs for the conversions between char
+to wchar_t and wcsrtombs for conversions between wchar_t and char.
+</p><p>
+Neither of these two required specializations deals with Unicode
+characters.
+</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="facet.ctype.future"></a>Future</h3></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
+ How to deal with the global locale issue?
+ </p></li><li><p>
+ How to deal with different types than char, wchar_t? </p></li><li><p>
+ Overlap between codecvt/ctype: narrow/widen
+ </p></li><li><p>
+ Mask typedef in codecvt_base, argument types in codecvt. what
+ is know about this type?
+ </p></li><li><p>
+ Why mask* argument in codecvt?
+ </p></li><li><p>
+ Can this be made (more) generic? is there a simple way to
+ straighten out the configure-time mess that is a by-product of
+ this class?
+ </p></li><li><p>
+ Get the ctype<wchar_t>::mask stuff under control. Need to
+ make some kind of static table, and not do lookup every time
+ somebody hits the do_is... functions. Too bad we can't just
+ redefine mask for ctype<wchar_t>
+ </p></li><li><p>
+ Rename abstract base class. See if just smash-overriding is a
+ better approach. Clarify, add sanity to naming.
+ </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="bibliography"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="facet.ctype.biblio"></a>Bibliography</h3></div></div></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id494777"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
+ The GNU C Library
+ </i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Roland</span> <span class="surname">McGrath</span>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Ulrich</span> <span class="surname">Drepper</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2007 FSF. </span><span class="pagenums">Chapters 6 Character Set Handling and 7 Locales and Internationalization. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id504846"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
+ Correspondence
+ </i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Ulrich</span> <span class="surname">Drepper</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2002 . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id501352"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
+ ISO/IEC 14882:1998 Programming languages - C++
+ </i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1998 ISO. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id501370"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
+ ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Programming languages - C
+ </i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1999 ISO. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id480120"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
+ System Interface Definitions, Issue 6 (IEEE Std. 1003.1-200x)
+ </i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1999
+ The Open Group/The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.. </span><span class="biblioid">
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://www.opennc.org/austin/docreg.html" target="_top">
+ </a>
+ . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id480148"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
+ The C++ Programming Language, Special Edition
+ </i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Bjarne</span> <span class="surname">Stroustrup</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2000 Addison Wesley, Inc.. </span><span class="pagenums">Appendix D. </span><span class="publisher"><span class="publishername">
+ Addison Wesley
+ . </span></span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id472803"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
+ Standard C++ IOStreams and Locales
+ </i>. </span><span class="subtitle">
+ Advanced Programmer's Guide and Reference
+ . </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Angelika</span> <span class="surname">Langer</span>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Klaus</span> <span class="surname">Kreft</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2000 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.. </span><span class="publisher"><span class="publishername">
+ Addison Wesley Longman
+ . </span></span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="locales.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="localization.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="codecvt.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 14. Locales </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> codecvt</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
--- /dev/null
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 27. File Based Streams</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="io.html" title="Part XI. Input and Output" /><link rel="prev" href="stringstreams.html" title="Chapter 26. Memory Based Streams" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt11ch27s02.html" title="Binary Input and Output" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 27. File Based Streams</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="stringstreams.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part XI.
+ Input and Output
+
+</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt11ch27s02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.io.filestreams"></a>Chapter 27. File Based Streams</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="fstreams.html#manual.io.filestreams.copying_a_file">Copying a File</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt11ch27s02.html">Binary Input and Output</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt11ch27s03.html">More Binary Input and Output</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.io.filestreams.copying_a_file"></a>Copying a File</h2></div></div></div><p>
+ </p><p>So you want to copy a file quickly and easily, and most important,
+ completely portably. And since this is C++, you have an open
+ ifstream (call it IN) and an open ofstream (call it OUT):
+ </p><pre class="programlisting">
+ #include <fstream>
+
+ std::ifstream IN ("input_file");
+ std::ofstream OUT ("output_file"); </pre><p>Here's the easiest way to get it completely wrong:
+ </p><pre class="programlisting">
+ OUT << IN;</pre><p>For those of you who don't already know why this doesn't work
+ (probably from having done it before), I invite you to quickly
+ create a simple text file called "input_file" containing
+ the sentence
+ </p><pre class="programlisting">
+ The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog.</pre><p>surrounded by blank lines. Code it up and try it. The contents
+ of "output_file" may surprise you.
+ </p><p>Seriously, go do it. Get surprised, then come back. It's worth it.
+ </p><p>The thing to remember is that the <code class="code">basic_[io]stream</code> classes
+ handle formatting, nothing else. In particular, they break up on
+ whitespace. The actual reading, writing, and storing of data is
+ handled by the <code class="code">basic_streambuf</code> family. Fortunately, the
+ <code class="code">operator<<</code> is overloaded to take an ostream and
+ a pointer-to-streambuf, in order to help with just this kind of
+ "dump the data verbatim" situation.
+ </p><p>Why a <span class="emphasis"><em>pointer</em></span> to streambuf and not just a streambuf? Well,
+ the [io]streams hold pointers (or references, depending on the
+ implementation) to their buffers, not the actual
+ buffers. This allows polymorphic behavior on the part of the buffers
+ as well as the streams themselves. The pointer is easily retrieved
+ using the <code class="code">rdbuf()</code> member function. Therefore, the easiest
+ way to copy the file is:
+ </p><pre class="programlisting">
+ OUT << IN.rdbuf();</pre><p>So what <span class="emphasis"><em>was</em></span> happening with OUT<<IN? Undefined
+ behavior, since that particular << isn't defined by the Standard.
+ I have seen instances where it is implemented, but the character
+ extraction process removes all the whitespace, leaving you with no
+ blank lines and only "Thequickbrownfox...". With
+ libraries that do not define that operator, IN (or one of IN's
+ member pointers) sometimes gets converted to a void*, and the output
+ file then contains a perfect text representation of a hexadecimal
+ address (quite a big surprise). Others don't compile at all.
+ </p><p>Also note that none of this is specific to o<span class="emphasis"><em>*f*</em></span>streams.
+ The operators shown above are all defined in the parent
+ basic_ostream class and are therefore available with all possible
+ descendants.
+ </p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="stringstreams.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="io.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt11ch27s02.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 26. Memory Based Streams </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Binary Input and Output</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
--- /dev/null
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 9. Functors</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="utilities.html" title="Part IV. Utilities" /><link rel="prev" href="utilities.html" title="Part IV. Utilities" /><link rel="next" href="pairs.html" title="Chapter 10. Pairs" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 9. Functors</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="utilities.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part IV.
+ Utilities
+
+</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="pairs.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.util.functors"></a>Chapter 9. Functors</h2></div></div></div><p>If you don't know what functors are, you're not alone. Many people
+ get slightly the wrong idea. In the interest of not reinventing
+ the wheel, we will refer you to the introduction to the functor
+ concept written by SGI as part of their STL, in
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/functors.html" target="_top">their
+ http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/functors.html</a>.
+ </p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="utilities.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="utilities.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="pairs.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Part IV.
+ Utilities
+
+ </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 10. Pairs</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
--- /dev/null
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 4. Types</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="support.html" title="Part II. Support" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt02pr01.html" title="" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt02ch04s02.html" title="Numeric Properties" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 4. Types</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt02pr01.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part II.
+ Support
+
+</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt02ch04s02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.support.types"></a>Chapter 4. Types</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="fundamental_types.html#manual.support.types.fundamental">Fundamental Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt02ch04s02.html">Numeric Properties</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt02ch04s03.html">NULL</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.support.types.fundamental"></a>Fundamental Types</h2></div></div></div><p>
+ C++ has the following builtin types:
+ </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
+ char
+ </p></li><li><p>
+ signed char
+ </p></li><li><p>
+ unsigned char
+ </p></li><li><p>
+ signed short
+ </p></li><li><p>
+ signed int
+ </p></li><li><p>
+ signed long
+ </p></li><li><p>
+ unsigned short
+ </p></li><li><p>
+ unsigned int
+ </p></li><li><p>
+ unsigned long
+ </p></li><li><p>
+ bool
+ </p></li><li><p>
+ wchar_t
+ </p></li><li><p>
+ float
+ </p></li><li><p>
+ double
+ </p></li><li><p>
+ long double
+ </p></li></ul></div><p>
+ These fundamental types are always available, without having to
+ include a header file. These types are exactly the same in
+ either C++ or in C.
+ </p><p>
+ Specializing parts of the library on these types is prohibited:
+ instead, use a POD.
+ </p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt02pr01.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="support.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt02ch04s02.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top"> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Numeric Properties</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
--- /dev/null
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 22. Generalized Operations</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="numerics.html" title="Part X. Numerics" /><link rel="prev" href="complex.html" title="Chapter 21. Complex" /><link rel="next" href="numerics_and_c.html" title="Chapter 23. Interacting with C" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 22. Generalized Operations</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="complex.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part X.
+ Numerics
+
+</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="numerics_and_c.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.numerics.generalized_ops"></a>Chapter 22. Generalized Operations</h2></div></div></div><p>
+ </p><p>There are four generalized functions in the <numeric> header
+ that follow the same conventions as those in <algorithm>. Each
+ of them is overloaded: one signature for common default operations,
+ and a second for fully general operations. Their names are
+ self-explanatory to anyone who works with numerics on a regular basis:
+ </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><code class="code">accumulate</code></p></li><li><p><code class="code">inner_product</code></p></li><li><p><code class="code">partial_sum</code></p></li><li><p><code class="code">adjacent_difference</code></p></li></ul></div><p>Here is a simple example of the two forms of <code class="code">accumulate</code>.
+ </p><pre class="programlisting">
+ int ar[50];
+ int someval = somefunction();
+
+ // ...initialize members of ar to something...
+
+ int sum = std::accumulate(ar,ar+50,0);
+ int sum_stuff = std::accumulate(ar,ar+50,someval);
+ int product = std::accumulate(ar,ar+50,1,std::multiplies<int>());
+ </pre><p>The first call adds all the members of the array, using zero as an
+ initial value for <code class="code">sum</code>. The second does the same, but uses
+ <code class="code">someval</code> as the starting value (thus, <code class="code">sum_stuff == sum +
+ someval</code>). The final call uses the second of the two signatures,
+ and multiplies all the members of the array; here we must obviously
+ use 1 as a starting value instead of 0.
+ </p><p>The other three functions have similar dual-signature forms.
+ </p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="complex.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="numerics.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="numerics_and_c.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 21. Complex </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 23. Interacting with C</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Porting to New Hardware or Operating Systems</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , internals " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="appendix_porting.html" title="Appendix B. Porting and Maintenance" /><link rel="prev" href="appendix_porting.html" title="Appendix B. Porting and Maintenance" /><link rel="next" href="abi.html" title="ABI Policy and Guidelines" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Porting to New Hardware or Operating Systems</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="appendix_porting.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Appendix B. Porting and Maintenance</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="abi.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="appendix.porting.internals"></a>Porting to New Hardware or Operating Systems</h2></div></div></div><p>
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Porting to New Hardware or Operating Systems</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , internals " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="appendix_porting.html" title="Appendix B. Porting and Maintenance" /><link rel="prev" href="appendix_porting.html" title="Appendix B. Porting and Maintenance" /><link rel="next" href="abi.html" title="ABI Policy and Guidelines" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Porting to New Hardware or Operating Systems</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="appendix_porting.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Appendix B.
+ Porting and Maintenance
+
+</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="abi.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="appendix.porting.internals"></a>Porting to New Hardware or Operating Systems</h2></div></div></div><p>
</p><p>This document explains how to port libstdc++ (the GNU C++ library) to
a new target.
</p><p>In order to make the GNU C++ library (libstdc++) work with a new
<code class="code">ltcf-c.sh</code> in the top-level directory. Find the switch statement
that sets <code class="code">archive_cmds</code>. Here, adjust the setting for your
operating system.
- </p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="appendix_porting.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="appendix_porting.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="abi.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Appendix B. Porting and Maintenance </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> ABI Policy and Guidelines</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
+ </p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="appendix_porting.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="appendix_porting.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="abi.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Appendix B.
+ Porting and Maintenance
+
+ </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> ABI Policy and Guidelines</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Part I. Introduction</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt01ch01.html" title="Chapter 1. Status" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Part I. Introduction</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="spine.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt01ch01.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="part" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="manual.intro"></a>Part I. Introduction</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt01ch01.html">1. Status</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt01ch01.html#manual.intro.status.standard">Implementation Status</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt01ch01.html#manual.intro.status.standard.1998">C++ 1998</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt01ch01.html#manual.intro.status.standard.tr1">C++ TR1</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt01ch01.html#manual.intro.status.standard.200x">C++ 200x</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt01ch01s02.html">License</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt01ch01s02.html#manual.intro.status.license.gpl">The Code: GPL</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt01ch01s02.html#manual.intro.status.license.fdl">The Documentation: GPL, FDL</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt01ch01s03.html">Bugs</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt01ch01s03.html#manual.intro.status.bugs.impl">Implementation Bugs</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt01ch01s03.html#manual.intro.status.bugs.iso">Standard Bugs</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt01ch02.html">2. Setup</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt01ch02.html#manual.intro.setup.prereq">Prerequisites</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="configure.html">Configure</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt01ch02s03.html">Make</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="test.html">Test</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="test.html#test.organization">Organization</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="test.html#test.run">Running the Testsuite</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="test.html#test.new_tests">Writing a new test case</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="test.html#test.harness">Test Harness and Utilities</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="using.html">3. Using</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="using.html#manual.intro.using.lib">Linking Library Binary Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt01ch03s02.html">Headers</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt01ch03s02.html#manual.intro.using.headers.all">Header Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt01ch03s02.html#manual.intro.using.headers.mixing">Mixing Headers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt01ch03s02.html#manual.intro.using.headers.cheaders">The C Headers and namespace std</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt01ch03s02.html#manual.intro.using.headers.pre">Precompiled Headers</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt01ch03s03.html">Namespaces</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt01ch03s03.html#manual.intro.using.namespaces.all">Available Namespaces</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt01ch03s03.html#manual.intro.using.namespaces.std">namespace std</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt01ch03s03.html#manual.intro.using.namespaces.comp">Using Namespace Composition</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt01ch03s04.html">Macros</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt01ch03s05.html">Concurrency</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt01ch03s05.html#manual.intro.using.concurrency.prereq">Prerequisites</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt01ch03s05.html#manual.intro.using.concurrency.thread_safety">Thread Safety</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt01ch03s05.html#manual.intro.using.concurrency.atomics">Atomics</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt01ch03s05.html#manual.intro.using.concurrency.io">IO</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt01ch03s05.html#manual.intro.using.concurrency.containers">Containers</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt01ch03s06.html">Exceptions</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt01ch03s06.html#intro.using.exception.propagating">Propagating Exceptions aka Exception Neutrality</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt01ch03s06.html#intro.using.exception.safety">Exception Safety</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt01ch03s06.html#intro.using.exception.no">Support for -fno-exceptions</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="debug.html">Debugging Support</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.compiler">Using g++</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.req">Debug Versions of Library Binary Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.memory">Memory Leak Hunting</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.gdb">Using gdb</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.exceptions">Tracking uncaught exceptions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.debug_mode">Debug Mode</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.compile_time_checks">Compile Time Checking</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="spine.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt01ch01.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">The GNU C++ Library </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 1. Status</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Part I. Introduction</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="next" href="status.html" title="Chapter 1. Status" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Part I.
+ Introduction
+
+</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="spine.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="status.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="part" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="manual.intro"></a>Part I.
+ Introduction
+ <a id="id569734" class="indexterm"></a>
+</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="status.html">1. Status</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="status.html#manual.intro.status.standard">Implementation Status</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="status.html#manual.intro.status.standard.1998">C++ 1998/2003</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="status.html#manual.intro.status.standard.tr1">C++ TR1</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="status.html#manual.intro.status.standard.200x">C++ 200x</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="license.html">License</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="license.html#manual.intro.status.license.gpl">The Code: GPL</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="license.html#manual.intro.status.license.fdl">The Documentation: GPL, FDL</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bugs.html">Bugs</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bugs.html#manual.intro.status.bugs.impl">Implementation Bugs</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bugs.html#manual.intro.status.bugs.iso">Standard Bugs</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="setup.html">2. Setup</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="setup.html#manual.intro.setup.prereq">Prerequisites</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="configure.html">Configure</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="make.html">Make</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="test.html">Test</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="test.html#test.organization">Organization</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="test.html#test.run">Running the Testsuite</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="test.html#test.new_tests">Writing a new test case</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="test.html#test.harness">Test Harness and Utilities</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="using.html">3. Using</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="using.html#manual.intro.using.lib">Linking Library Binary Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="using_headers.html">Headers</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_headers.html#manual.intro.using.headers.all">Header Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_headers.html#manual.intro.using.headers.mixing">Mixing Headers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_headers.html#manual.intro.using.headers.cheaders">The C Headers and namespace std</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_headers.html#manual.intro.using.headers.pre">Precompiled Headers</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="using_namespaces.html">Namespaces</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_namespaces.html#manual.intro.using.namespaces.all">Available Namespaces</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_namespaces.html#manual.intro.using.namespaces.std">namespace std</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_namespaces.html#manual.intro.using.namespaces.comp">Using Namespace Composition</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="using_macros.html">Macros</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="using_concurrency.html">Concurrency</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_concurrency.html#manual.intro.using.concurrency.prereq">Prerequisites</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_concurrency.html#manual.intro.using.concurrency.thread_safety">Thread Safety</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_concurrency.html#manual.intro.using.concurrency.atomics">Atomics</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_concurrency.html#manual.intro.using.concurrency.io">IO</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_concurrency.html#manual.intro.using.concurrency.containers">Containers</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="using_exceptions.html">Exceptions</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_exceptions.html#intro.using.exception.propagating">Propagating Exceptions aka Exception Neutrality</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_exceptions.html#intro.using.exception.safety">Exception Safety</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_exceptions.html#intro.using.exception.no">Support for -fno-exceptions</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="debug.html">Debugging Support</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.compiler">Using g++</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.req">Debug Versions of Library Binary Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.memory">Memory Leak Hunting</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.gdb">Using gdb</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.exceptions">Tracking uncaught exceptions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.debug_mode">Debug Mode</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.compile_time_checks">Compile Time Checking</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="spine.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="status.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">The GNU C++ Library </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 1. 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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Part XI. Input and Output</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt10ch23s02.html" title="C99" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt11ch24.html" title="Chapter 24. Iostream Objects" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Part XI. Input and Output</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt10ch23s02.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt11ch24.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="part" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="manual.io"></a>Part XI. Input and Output</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt11ch24.html">24. Iostream Objects</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt11ch25.html">25. Stream Buffers</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt11ch25.html#io.streambuf.derived">Derived streambuf Classes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt11ch25s02.html">Buffering</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt11ch26.html">26. Memory Based Streams</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt11ch26.html#manual.io.memstreams.compat">Compatibility With strstream</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt11ch27.html">27. File Based Streams</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt11ch27.html#manual.io.filestreams.copying_a_file">Copying a File</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt11ch27s02.html">Binary Input and Output</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt11ch27s03.html">More Binary Input and Output</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt11ch28.html">28. Interacting with C</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt11ch28.html#manual.io.c.FILE">Using FILE* and file descriptors</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt11ch28s02.html">Performance</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt10ch23s02.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt11ch24.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">C99 </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 24. Iostream Objects</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Part XI. Input and Output</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt10ch23s02.html" title="C99" /><link rel="next" href="iostream_objects.html" title="Chapter 24. Iostream Objects" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Part XI.
+ Input and Output
+
+</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt10ch23s02.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="iostream_objects.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="part" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="manual.io"></a>Part XI.
+ Input and Output
+ <a id="id540661" class="indexterm"></a>
+</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="iostream_objects.html">24. Iostream Objects</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="streambufs.html">25. Stream Buffers</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="streambufs.html#io.streambuf.derived">Derived streambuf Classes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt11ch25s02.html">Buffering</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="stringstreams.html">26. Memory Based Streams</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="stringstreams.html#manual.io.memstreams.compat">Compatibility With strstream</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="fstreams.html">27. File Based Streams</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="fstreams.html#manual.io.filestreams.copying_a_file">Copying a File</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt11ch27s02.html">Binary Input and Output</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt11ch27s03.html">More Binary Input and Output</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="io_and_c.html">28. Interacting with C</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="io_and_c.html#manual.io.c.FILE">Using FILE* and file descriptors</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt11ch28s02.html">Performance</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt10ch23s02.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="iostream_objects.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">C99 </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 24. Iostream Objects</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
--- /dev/null
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 28. Interacting with C</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="io.html" title="Part XI. Input and Output" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt11ch27s03.html" title="More Binary Input and Output" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt11ch28s02.html" title="Performance" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 28. Interacting with C</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt11ch27s03.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part XI.
+ Input and Output
+
+</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt11ch28s02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.io.c"></a>Chapter 28. Interacting with C</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="io_and_c.html#manual.io.c.FILE">Using FILE* and file descriptors</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt11ch28s02.html">Performance</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.io.c.FILE"></a>Using FILE* and file descriptors</h2></div></div></div><p>
+ See the <a class="link" href="ext_io.html" title="Chapter 38. Input and Output">extensions</a> for using
+ <span class="type">FILE</span> and <span class="type">file descriptors</span> with
+ <code class="classname">ofstream</code> and
+ <code class="classname">ifstream</code>.
+ </p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt11ch27s03.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="io.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt11ch28s02.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">More Binary Input and Output </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Performance</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
--- /dev/null
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 24. Iostream Objects</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="io.html" title="Part XI. Input and Output" /><link rel="prev" href="io.html" title="Part XI. Input and Output" /><link rel="next" href="streambufs.html" title="Chapter 25. Stream Buffers" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 24. Iostream Objects</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="io.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part XI.
+ Input and Output
+
+</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="streambufs.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.io.objects"></a>Chapter 24. Iostream Objects</h2></div></div></div><p>To minimize the time you have to wait on the compiler, it's good to
+ only include the headers you really need. Many people simply include
+ <iostream> when they don't need to -- and that can <span class="emphasis"><em>penalize
+ your runtime as well.</em></span> Here are some tips on which header to use
+ for which situations, starting with the simplest.
+ </p><p><span class="emphasis"><em><iosfwd></em></span> should be included whenever you simply
+ need the <span class="emphasis"><em>name</em></span> of an I/O-related class, such as
+ "ofstream" or "basic_streambuf". Like the name
+ implies, these are forward declarations. (A word to all you fellow
+ old school programmers: trying to forward declare classes like
+ "class istream;" won't work. Look in the iosfwd header if
+ you'd like to know why.) For example,
+ </p><pre class="programlisting">
+ #include <iosfwd>
+
+ class MyClass
+ {
+ ....
+ std::ifstream& input_file;
+ };
+
+ extern std::ostream& operator<< (std::ostream&, MyClass&);
+ </pre><p><span class="emphasis"><em><ios></em></span> declares the base classes for the entire
+ I/O stream hierarchy, std::ios_base and std::basic_ios<charT>, the
+ counting types std::streamoff and std::streamsize, the file
+ positioning type std::fpos, and the various manipulators like
+ std::hex, std::fixed, std::noshowbase, and so forth.
+ </p><p>The ios_base class is what holds the format flags, the state flags,
+ and the functions which change them (setf(), width(), precision(),
+ etc). You can also store extra data and register callback functions
+ through ios_base, but that has been historically underused. Anything
+ which doesn't depend on the type of characters stored is consolidated
+ here.
+ </p><p>The template class basic_ios is the highest template class in the
+ hierarchy; it is the first one depending on the character type, and
+ holds all general state associated with that type: the pointer to the
+ polymorphic stream buffer, the facet information, etc.
+ </p><p><span class="emphasis"><em><streambuf></em></span> declares the template class
+ basic_streambuf, and two standard instantiations, streambuf and
+ wstreambuf. If you need to work with the vastly useful and capable
+ stream buffer classes, e.g., to create a new form of storage
+ transport, this header is the one to include.
+ </p><p><span class="emphasis"><em><istream></em></span>/<span class="emphasis"><em><ostream></em></span> are
+ the headers to include when you are using the >>/<<
+ interface, or any of the other abstract stream formatting functions.
+ For example,
+ </p><pre class="programlisting">
+ #include <istream>
+
+ std::ostream& operator<< (std::ostream& os, MyClass& c)
+ {
+ return os << c.data1() << c.data2();
+ }
+ </pre><p>The std::istream and std::ostream classes are the abstract parents of
+ the various concrete implementations. If you are only using the
+ interfaces, then you only need to use the appropriate interface header.
+ </p><p><span class="emphasis"><em><iomanip></em></span> provides "extractors and inserters
+ that alter information maintained by class ios_base and its derived
+ classes," such as std::setprecision and std::setw. If you need
+ to write expressions like <code class="code">os << setw(3);</code> or
+ <code class="code">is >> setbase(8);</code>, you must include <iomanip>.
+ </p><p><span class="emphasis"><em><sstream></em></span>/<span class="emphasis"><em><fstream></em></span>
+ declare the six stringstream and fstream classes. As they are the
+ standard concrete descendants of istream and ostream, you will already
+ know about them.
+ </p><p>Finally, <span class="emphasis"><em><iostream></em></span> provides the eight standard
+ global objects (cin, cout, etc). To do this correctly, this header
+ also provides the contents of the <istream> and <ostream>
+ headers, but nothing else. The contents of this header look like
+ </p><pre class="programlisting">
+ #include <ostream>
+ #include <istream>
+
+ namespace std
+ {
+ extern istream cin;
+ extern ostream cout;
+ ....
+
+ // this is explained below
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>static ios_base::Init __foo;</em></span> // not its real name
+ }
+ </pre><p>Now, the runtime penalty mentioned previously: the global objects
+ must be initialized before any of your own code uses them; this is
+ guaranteed by the standard. Like any other global object, they must
+ be initialized once and only once. This is typically done with a
+ construct like the one above, and the nested class ios_base::Init is
+ specified in the standard for just this reason.
+ </p><p>How does it work? Because the header is included before any of your
+ code, the <span class="emphasis"><em>__foo</em></span> object is constructed before any of
+ your objects. (Global objects are built in the order in which they
+ are declared, and destroyed in reverse order.) The first time the
+ constructor runs, the eight stream objects are set up.
+ </p><p>The <code class="code">static</code> keyword means that each object file compiled
+ from a source file containing <iostream> will have its own
+ private copy of <span class="emphasis"><em>__foo</em></span>. There is no specified order
+ of construction across object files (it's one of those pesky NP
+ problems that make life so interesting), so one copy in each object
+ file means that the stream objects are guaranteed to be set up before
+ any of your code which uses them could run, thereby meeting the
+ requirements of the standard.
+ </p><p>The penalty, of course, is that after the first copy of
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>__foo</em></span> is constructed, all the others are just wasted
+ processor time. The time spent is merely for an increment-and-test
+ inside a function call, but over several dozen or hundreds of object
+ files, that time can add up. (It's not in a tight loop, either.)
+ </p><p>The lesson? Only include <iostream> when you need to use one of
+ the standard objects in that source file; you'll pay less startup
+ time. Only include the header files you need to in general; your
+ compile times will go down when there's less parsing work to do.
+ </p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="io.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="io.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="streambufs.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Part XI.
+ Input and Output
+
+ </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 25. Stream Buffers</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Part VIII. Iterators</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt07ch17s02.html" title="bitset" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt08ch19.html" title="Chapter 19. Predefined" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Part VIII. Iterators</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt07ch17s02.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt08ch19.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="part" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="manual.iterators"></a>Part VIII. Iterators</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt08ch19.html">19. Predefined</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt08ch19.html#iterators.predefined.vs_pointers">Iterators vs. Pointers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt08ch19s02.html">One Past the End</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt07ch17s02.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt08ch19.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">bitset </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 19. Predefined</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Part VIII. Iterators</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="bitset.html" title="bitset" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt08ch19.html" title="Chapter 19. Predefined" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Part VIII.
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+
+</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bitset.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt08ch19.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="part" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="manual.iterators"></a>Part VIII.
+ Iterators
+ <a id="id547017" class="indexterm"></a>
+</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt08ch19.html">19. Predefined</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt08ch19.html#iterators.predefined.vs_pointers">Iterators vs. Pointers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt08ch19s02.html">One Past the End</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bitset.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt08ch19.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">bitset </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 19. Predefined</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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+ </p><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.intro.status.license.gpl"></a>The Code: GPL</h3></div></div></div><p>
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+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 14. Locales</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="localization.html" title="Part VI. Localization" /><link rel="prev" href="localization.html" title="Part VI. Localization" /><link rel="next" href="facets.html" title="Chapter 15. Facets aka Categories" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 14. Locales</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="localization.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part VI.
+ Localization
+
+</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="facets.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.localization.locales"></a>Chapter 14. Locales</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="locales.html#manual.localization.locales.locale">locale</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="locales.html#locales.locale.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="locales.html#locales.locale.design">Design</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="locales.html#locales.locale.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="locales.html#locales.locale.future">Future</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.localization.locales.locale"></a>locale</h2></div></div></div><p>
+Describes the basic locale object, including nested
+classes id, facet, and the reference-counted implementation object,
+class _Impl.
+</p><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="locales.locale.req"></a>Requirements</h3></div></div></div><p>
+Class locale is non-templatized and has two distinct types nested
+inside of it:
+</p><div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
+<span class="emphasis"><em>
+class facet
+22.1.1.1.2 Class locale::facet
+</em></span>
+</p></blockquote></div><p>
+Facets actually implement locale functionality. For instance, a facet
+called numpunct is the data objects that can be used to query for the
+thousands separator is in the German locale.
+</p><p>
+Literally, a facet is strictly defined:
+</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
+ Containing the following public data member:
+ </p><p>
+ <code class="code">static locale::id id;</code>
+ </p></li><li><p>
+ Derived from another facet:
+ </p><p>
+ <code class="code">class gnu_codecvt: public std::ctype<user-defined-type></code>
+ </p></li></ul></div><p>
+Of interest in this class are the memory management options explicitly
+specified as an argument to facet's constructor. Each constructor of a
+facet class takes a std::size_t __refs argument: if __refs == 0, the
+facet is deleted when the locale containing it is destroyed. If __refs
+== 1, the facet is not destroyed, even when it is no longer
+referenced.
+</p><div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
+<span class="emphasis"><em>
+class id
+22.1.1.1.3 - Class locale::id
+</em></span>
+</p></blockquote></div><p>
+Provides an index for looking up specific facets.
+</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="locales.locale.design"></a>Design</h3></div></div></div><p>
+The major design challenge is fitting an object-orientated and
+non-global locale design on top of POSIX and other relevant standards,
+which include the Single Unix (nee X/Open.)
+</p><p>
+Because C and earlier versions of POSIX fall down so completely,
+portability is an issue.
+</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="locales.locale.impl"></a>Implementation</h3></div></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="locale.impl.c"></a>Interacting with "C" locales</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
+ <code class="code">`locale -a`</code> displays available locales.
+ </p><div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><pre class="programlisting">
+af_ZA
+ar_AE
+ar_AE.utf8
+ar_BH
+ar_BH.utf8
+ar_DZ
+ar_DZ.utf8
+ar_EG
+ar_EG.utf8
+ar_IN
+ar_IQ
+ar_IQ.utf8
+ar_JO
+ar_JO.utf8
+ar_KW
+ar_KW.utf8
+ar_LB
+ar_LB.utf8
+ar_LY
+ar_LY.utf8
+ar_MA
+ar_MA.utf8
+ar_OM
+ar_OM.utf8
+ar_QA
+ar_QA.utf8
+ar_SA
+ar_SA.utf8
+ar_SD
+ar_SD.utf8
+ar_SY
+ar_SY.utf8
+ar_TN
+ar_TN.utf8
+ar_YE
+ar_YE.utf8
+be_BY
+be_BY.utf8
+bg_BG
+bg_BG.utf8
+br_FR
+bs_BA
+C
+ca_ES
+ca_ES@euro
+ca_ES.utf8
+ca_ES.utf8@euro
+cs_CZ
+cs_CZ.utf8
+cy_GB
+da_DK
+da_DK.iso885915
+da_DK.utf8
+de_AT
+de_AT@euro
+de_AT.utf8
+de_AT.utf8@euro
+de_BE
+de_BE@euro
+de_BE.utf8
+de_BE.utf8@euro
+de_CH
+de_CH.utf8
+de_DE
+de_DE@euro
+de_DE.utf8
+de_DE.utf8@euro
+de_LU
+de_LU@euro
+de_LU.utf8
+de_LU.utf8@euro
+el_GR
+el_GR.utf8
+en_AU
+en_AU.utf8
+en_BW
+en_BW.utf8
+en_CA
+en_CA.utf8
+en_DK
+en_DK.utf8
+en_GB
+en_GB.iso885915
+en_GB.utf8
+en_HK
+en_HK.utf8
+en_IE
+en_IE@euro
+en_IE.utf8
+en_IE.utf8@euro
+en_IN
+en_NZ
+en_NZ.utf8
+en_PH
+en_PH.utf8
+en_SG
+en_SG.utf8
+en_US
+en_US.iso885915
+en_US.utf8
+en_ZA
+en_ZA.utf8
+en_ZW
+en_ZW.utf8
+es_AR
+es_AR.utf8
+es_BO
+es_BO.utf8
+es_CL
+es_CL.utf8
+es_CO
+es_CO.utf8
+es_CR
+es_CR.utf8
+es_DO
+es_DO.utf8
+es_EC
+es_EC.utf8
+es_ES
+es_ES@euro
+es_ES.utf8
+es_ES.utf8@euro
+es_GT
+es_GT.utf8
+es_HN
+es_HN.utf8
+es_MX
+es_MX.utf8
+es_NI
+es_NI.utf8
+es_PA
+es_PA.utf8
+es_PE
+es_PE.utf8
+es_PR
+es_PR.utf8
+es_PY
+es_PY.utf8
+es_SV
+es_SV.utf8
+es_US
+es_US.utf8
+es_UY
+es_UY.utf8
+es_VE
+es_VE.utf8
+et_EE
+et_EE.utf8
+eu_ES
+eu_ES@euro
+eu_ES.utf8
+eu_ES.utf8@euro
+fa_IR
+fi_FI
+fi_FI@euro
+fi_FI.utf8
+fi_FI.utf8@euro
+fo_FO
+fo_FO.utf8
+fr_BE
+fr_BE@euro
+fr_BE.utf8
+fr_BE.utf8@euro
+fr_CA
+fr_CA.utf8
+fr_CH
+fr_CH.utf8
+fr_FR
+fr_FR@euro
+fr_FR.utf8
+fr_FR.utf8@euro
+fr_LU
+fr_LU@euro
+fr_LU.utf8
+fr_LU.utf8@euro
+ga_IE
+ga_IE@euro
+ga_IE.utf8
+ga_IE.utf8@euro
+gl_ES
+gl_ES@euro
+gl_ES.utf8
+gl_ES.utf8@euro
+gv_GB
+gv_GB.utf8
+he_IL
+he_IL.utf8
+hi_IN
+hr_HR
+hr_HR.utf8
+hu_HU
+hu_HU.utf8
+id_ID
+id_ID.utf8
+is_IS
+is_IS.utf8
+it_CH
+it_CH.utf8
+it_IT
+it_IT@euro
+it_IT.utf8
+it_IT.utf8@euro
+iw_IL
+iw_IL.utf8
+ja_JP.eucjp
+ja_JP.utf8
+ka_GE
+kl_GL
+kl_GL.utf8
+ko_KR.euckr
+ko_KR.utf8
+kw_GB
+kw_GB.utf8
+lt_LT
+lt_LT.utf8
+lv_LV
+lv_LV.utf8
+mi_NZ
+mk_MK
+mk_MK.utf8
+mr_IN
+ms_MY
+ms_MY.utf8
+mt_MT
+mt_MT.utf8
+nl_BE
+nl_BE@euro
+nl_BE.utf8
+nl_BE.utf8@euro
+nl_NL
+nl_NL@euro
+nl_NL.utf8
+nl_NL.utf8@euro
+nn_NO
+nn_NO.utf8
+no_NO
+no_NO.utf8
+oc_FR
+pl_PL
+pl_PL.utf8
+POSIX
+pt_BR
+pt_BR.utf8
+pt_PT
+pt_PT@euro
+pt_PT.utf8
+pt_PT.utf8@euro
+ro_RO
+ro_RO.utf8
+ru_RU
+ru_RU.koi8r
+ru_RU.utf8
+ru_UA
+ru_UA.utf8
+se_NO
+sk_SK
+sk_SK.utf8
+sl_SI
+sl_SI.utf8
+sq_AL
+sq_AL.utf8
+sr_YU
+sr_YU@cyrillic
+sr_YU.utf8
+sr_YU.utf8@cyrillic
+sv_FI
+sv_FI@euro
+sv_FI.utf8
+sv_FI.utf8@euro
+sv_SE
+sv_SE.iso885915
+sv_SE.utf8
+ta_IN
+te_IN
+tg_TJ
+th_TH
+th_TH.utf8
+tl_PH
+tr_TR
+tr_TR.utf8
+uk_UA
+uk_UA.utf8
+ur_PK
+uz_UZ
+vi_VN
+vi_VN.tcvn
+wa_BE
+wa_BE@euro
+yi_US
+zh_CN
+zh_CN.gb18030
+zh_CN.gbk
+zh_CN.utf8
+zh_HK
+zh_HK.utf8
+zh_TW
+zh_TW.euctw
+zh_TW.utf8
+</pre></blockquote></div></li><li><p>
+ <code class="code">`locale`</code> displays environmental variables that
+ impact how locale("") will be deduced.
+ </p><div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><pre class="programlisting">
+LANG=en_US
+LC_CTYPE="en_US"
+LC_NUMERIC="en_US"
+LC_TIME="en_US"
+LC_COLLATE="en_US"
+LC_MONETARY="en_US"
+LC_MESSAGES="en_US"
+LC_PAPER="en_US"
+LC_NAME="en_US"
+LC_ADDRESS="en_US"
+LC_TELEPHONE="en_US"
+LC_MEASUREMENT="en_US"
+LC_IDENTIFICATION="en_US"
+LC_ALL=
+</pre></blockquote></div></li></ul></div><p>
+From Josuttis, p. 697-698, which says, that "there is only *one*
+relation (of the C++ locale mechanism) to the C locale mechanism: the
+global C locale is modified if a named C++ locale object is set as the
+global locale" (emphasis Paolo), that is:
+</p><pre class="programlisting">std::locale::global(std::locale(""));</pre><p>affects the C functions as if the following call was made:</p><pre class="programlisting">std::setlocale(LC_ALL, "");</pre><p>
+ On the other hand, there is *no* vice versa, that is, calling
+ setlocale has *no* whatsoever on the C++ locale mechanism, in
+ particular on the working of locale(""), which constructs the locale
+ object from the environment of the running program, that is, in
+ practice, the set of LC_ALL, LANG, etc. variable of the shell.
+</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="locales.locale.future"></a>Future</h3></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
+ Locale initialization: at what point does _S_classic, _S_global
+ get initialized? Can named locales assume this initialization
+ has already taken place?
+ </p></li><li><p>
+ Document how named locales error check when filling data
+ members. I.e., a fr_FR locale that doesn't have
+ numpunct::truename(): does it use "true"? Or is it a blank
+ string? What's the convention?
+ </p></li><li><p>
+ Explain how locale aliasing happens. When does "de_DE" use "de"
+ information? What is the rule for locales composed of just an
+ ISO language code (say, "de") and locales with both an ISO
+ language code and ISO country code (say, "de_DE").
+ </p></li><li><p>
+ What should non-required facet instantiations do? If the
+ generic implementation is provided, then how to end-users
+ provide specializations?
+ </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="bibliography"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="locales.locale.biblio"></a>Bibliography</h3></div></div></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id493610"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
+ The GNU C Library
+ </i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Roland</span> <span class="surname">McGrath</span>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Ulrich</span> <span class="surname">Drepper</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2007 FSF. </span><span class="pagenums">Chapters 6 Character Set Handling and 7 Locales and Internationalization. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id531395"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
+ Correspondence
+ </i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Ulrich</span> <span class="surname">Drepper</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2002 . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id496876"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
+ ISO/IEC 14882:1998 Programming languages - C++
+ </i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1998 ISO. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id496895"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
+ ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Programming languages - C
+ </i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1999 ISO. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id478071"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
+ System Interface Definitions, Issue 6 (IEEE Std. 1003.1-200x)
+ </i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1999
+ The Open Group/The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.. </span><span class="biblioid">
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://www.opennc.org/austin/docreg.html" target="_top">
+ </a>
+ . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id478098"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
+ The C++ Programming Language, Special Edition
+ </i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Bjarne</span> <span class="surname">Stroustrup</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2000 Addison Wesley, Inc.. </span><span class="pagenums">Appendix D. </span><span class="publisher"><span class="publishername">
+ Addison Wesley
+ . </span></span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id495163"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
+ Standard C++ IOStreams and Locales
+ </i>. </span><span class="subtitle">
+ Advanced Programmer's Guide and Reference
+ . </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Angelika</span> <span class="surname">Langer</span>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Klaus</span> <span class="surname">Kreft</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2000 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.. </span><span class="publisher"><span class="publishername">
+ Addison Wesley Longman
+ . </span></span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="localization.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="localization.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="facets.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Part VI.
+ Localization
+
+ </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 15. Facets aka Categories</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Part VI. Localization</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt05ch13s06.html" title="CString (MFC)" /><link rel="next" href="locales.html" title="Chapter 14. Locales" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Part VI.
+ Localization
+
+</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt05ch13s06.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="locales.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="part" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="manual.localization"></a>Part VI.
+ Localization
+ <a id="id489694" class="indexterm"></a>
+</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="locales.html">14. Locales</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="locales.html#manual.localization.locales.locale">locale</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="locales.html#locales.locale.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="locales.html#locales.locale.design">Design</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="locales.html#locales.locale.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="locales.html#locales.locale.future">Future</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="facets.html">15. Facets aka Categories</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="facets.html#manual.localization.facet.ctype">ctype</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="facets.html#facet.ctype.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="facets.html#facet.ctype.future">Future</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="codecvt.html">codecvt</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.design">Design</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.use">Use</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.future">Future</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="messages.html">messages</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.design">Design</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.use">Use</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.future">Future</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt05ch13s06.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="locales.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">CString (MFC) </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 14. Locales</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
--- /dev/null
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Make</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="setup.html" title="Chapter 2. Setup" /><link rel="prev" href="configure.html" title="Configure" /><link rel="next" href="test.html" title="Test" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Make</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="configure.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 2. Setup</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="test.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.intro.setup.make"></a>Make</h2></div></div></div><p>If you have never done this before, you should read the basic
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/install/" target="_top">GCC Installation
+ Instructions</a> first. Read <span class="emphasis"><em>all of them</em></span>.
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Twice.</em></span>
+ </p><p>Then type:<span class="command"><strong>make</strong></span>, and congratulations, you're
+started to build.
+</p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="configure.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="setup.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="test.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Configure </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Test</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
--- /dev/null
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 11. Memory</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="utilities.html" title="Part IV. Utilities" /><link rel="prev" href="pairs.html" title="Chapter 10. Pairs" /><link rel="next" href="auto_ptr.html" title="auto_ptr" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 11. Memory</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="pairs.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part IV.
+ Utilities
+
+</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="auto_ptr.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.util.memory"></a>Chapter 11. Memory</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="memory.html#manual.util.memory.allocator">Allocators</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="memory.html#allocator.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="memory.html#allocator.design_issues">Design Issues</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="memory.html#allocator.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="memory.html#allocator.using">Using a Specific Allocator</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="memory.html#allocator.custom">Custom Allocators</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="memory.html#allocator.ext">Extension Allocators</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="auto_ptr.html">auto_ptr</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="auto_ptr.html#auto_ptr.limitations">Limitations</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="auto_ptr.html#auto_ptr.using">Use in Containers</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="shared_ptr.html">shared_ptr</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="shared_ptr.html#shared_ptr.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="shared_ptr.html#shared_ptr.design_issues">Design Issues</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="shared_ptr.html#shared_ptr.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="shared_ptr.html#shared_ptr.using">Use</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="shared_ptr.html#shared_ptr.ack">Acknowledgments</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><p>
+ Memory contains three general areas. First, function and operator
+ calls via <code class="function">new</code> and <code class="function">delete</code>
+ operator or member function calls. Second, allocation via
+ <code class="classname">allocator</code>. And finally, smart pointer and
+ intelligent pointer abstractions.
+ </p><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.util.memory.allocator"></a>Allocators</h2></div></div></div><p>
+ Memory management for Standard Library entities is encapsulated in a
+ class template called <code class="classname">allocator</code>. The
+ <code class="classname">allocator</code> abstraction is used throughout the
+ library in <code class="classname">string</code>, container classes,
+ algorithms, and parts of iostreams. This class, and base classes of
+ it, are the superset of available free store (“<span class="quote">heap</span>”)
+ management classes.
+</p><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="allocator.req"></a>Requirements</h3></div></div></div><p>
+ The C++ standard only gives a few directives in this area:
+ </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
+ When you add elements to a container, and the container must
+ allocate more memory to hold them, the container makes the
+ request via its <span class="type">Allocator</span> template
+ parameter, which is usually aliased to
+ <span class="type">allocator_type</span>. This includes adding chars
+ to the string class, which acts as a regular STL container in
+ this respect.
+ </p></li><li><p>
+ The default <span class="type">Allocator</span> argument of every
+ container-of-T is <code class="classname">allocator<T></code>.
+ </p></li><li><p>
+ The interface of the <code class="classname">allocator<T></code> class is
+ extremely simple. It has about 20 public declarations (nested
+ typedefs, member functions, etc), but the two which concern us most
+ are:
+ </p><pre class="programlisting">
+ T* allocate (size_type n, const void* hint = 0);
+ void deallocate (T* p, size_type n);
+ </pre><p>
+ The <code class="varname">n</code> arguments in both those
+ functions is a <span class="emphasis"><em>count</em></span> of the number of
+ <span class="type">T</span>'s to allocate space for, <span class="emphasis"><em>not their
+ total size</em></span>.
+ (This is a simplification; the real signatures use nested typedefs.)
+ </p></li><li><p>
+ The storage is obtained by calling <code class="function">::operator
+ new</code>, but it is unspecified when or how
+ often this function is called. The use of the
+ <code class="varname">hint</code> is unspecified, but intended as an
+ aid to locality if an implementation so
+ desires. <code class="constant">[20.4.1.1]/6</code>
+ </p></li></ul></div><p>
+ Complete details cam be found in the C++ standard, look in
+ <code class="constant">[20.4 Memory]</code>.
+ </p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="allocator.design_issues"></a>Design Issues</h3></div></div></div><p>
+ The easiest way of fulfilling the requirements is to call
+ <code class="function">operator new</code> each time a container needs
+ memory, and to call <code class="function">operator delete</code> each time
+ the container releases memory. This method may be <a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/libstdc++/2001-05/msg00105.html" target="_top">slower</a>
+ than caching the allocations and re-using previously-allocated
+ memory, but has the advantage of working correctly across a wide
+ variety of hardware and operating systems, including large
+ clusters. The <code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::new_allocator</code>
+ implements the simple operator new and operator delete semantics,
+ while <code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::malloc_allocator</code>
+ implements much the same thing, only with the C language functions
+ <code class="function">std::malloc</code> and <code class="function">free</code>.
+ </p><p>
+ Another approach is to use intelligence within the allocator
+ class to cache allocations. This extra machinery can take a variety
+ of forms: a bitmap index, an index into an exponentially increasing
+ power-of-two-sized buckets, or simpler fixed-size pooling cache.
+ The cache is shared among all the containers in the program: when
+ your program's <code class="classname">std::vector<int></code> gets
+ cut in half and frees a bunch of its storage, that memory can be
+ reused by the private
+ <code class="classname">std::list<WonkyWidget></code> brought in from
+ a KDE library that you linked against. And operators
+ <code class="function">new</code> and <code class="function">delete</code> are not
+ always called to pass the memory on, either, which is a speed
+ bonus. Examples of allocators that use these techniques are
+ <code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::bitmap_allocator</code>,
+ <code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::pool_allocator</code>, and
+ <code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::__mt_alloc</code>.
+ </p><p>
+ Depending on the implementation techniques used, the underlying
+ operating system, and compilation environment, scaling caching
+ allocators can be tricky. In particular, order-of-destruction and
+ order-of-creation for memory pools may be difficult to pin down
+ with certainty, which may create problems when used with plugins
+ or loading and unloading shared objects in memory. As such, using
+ caching allocators on systems that do not support
+ <code class="function">abi::__cxa_atexit</code> is not recommended.
+ </p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="allocator.impl"></a>Implementation</h3></div></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id481148"></a>Interface Design</h4></div></div></div><p>
+ The only allocator interface that
+ is support is the standard C++ interface. As such, all STL
+ containers have been adjusted, and all external allocators have
+ been modified to support this change.
+ </p><p>
+ The class <code class="classname">allocator</code> just has typedef,
+ constructor, and rebind members. It inherits from one of the
+ high-speed extension allocators, covered below. Thus, all
+ allocation and deallocation depends on the base class.
+ </p><p>
+ The base class that <code class="classname">allocator</code> is derived from
+ may not be user-configurable.
+</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id488777"></a>Selecting Default Allocation Policy</h4></div></div></div><p>
+ It's difficult to pick an allocation strategy that will provide
+ maximum utility, without excessively penalizing some behavior. In
+ fact, it's difficult just deciding which typical actions to measure
+ for speed.
+ </p><p>
+ Three synthetic benchmarks have been created that provide data
+ that is used to compare different C++ allocators. These tests are:
+ </p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>
+ Insertion.
+ </p><p>
+ Over multiple iterations, various STL container
+ objects have elements inserted to some maximum amount. A variety
+ of allocators are tested.
+ Test source for <a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/performance/23_containers/insert/sequence.cc?view=markup" target="_top">sequence</a>
+ and <a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/performance/23_containers/insert/associative.cc?view=markup" target="_top">associative</a>
+ containers.
+ </p></li><li><p>
+ Insertion and erasure in a multi-threaded environment.
+ </p><p>
+ This test shows the ability of the allocator to reclaim memory
+ on a pre-thread basis, as well as measuring thread contention
+ for memory resources.
+ Test source
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/performance/23_containers/insert_erase/associative.cc?view=markup" target="_top">here</a>.
+ </p></li><li><p>
+ A threaded producer/consumer model.
+ </p><p>
+ Test source for
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/performance/23_containers/producer_consumer/sequence.cc?view=markup" target="_top">sequence</a>
+ and
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/performance/23_containers/producer_consumer/associative.cc?view=markup" target="_top">associative</a>
+ containers.
+ </p></li></ol></div><p>
+ The current default choice for
+ <code class="classname">allocator</code> is
+ <code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::new_allocator</code>.
+ </p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id440698"></a>Disabling Memory Caching</h4></div></div></div><p>
+ In use, <code class="classname">allocator</code> may allocate and
+ deallocate using implementation-specified strategies and
+ heuristics. Because of this, every call to an allocator object's
+ <code class="function">allocate</code> member function may not actually
+ call the global operator new. This situation is also duplicated
+ for calls to the <code class="function">deallocate</code> member
+ function.
+ </p><p>
+ This can be confusing.
+ </p><p>
+ In particular, this can make debugging memory errors more
+ difficult, especially when using third party tools like valgrind or
+ debug versions of <code class="function">new</code>.
+ </p><p>
+ There are various ways to solve this problem. One would be to use
+ a custom allocator that just called operators
+ <code class="function">new</code> and <code class="function">delete</code>
+ directly, for every allocation. (See
+ <code class="filename">include/ext/new_allocator.h</code>, for instance.)
+ However, that option would involve changing source code to use
+ a non-default allocator. Another option is to force the
+ default allocator to remove caching and pools, and to directly
+ allocate with every call of <code class="function">allocate</code> and
+ directly deallocate with every call of
+ <code class="function">deallocate</code>, regardless of efficiency. As it
+ turns out, this last option is also available.
+ </p><p>
+ To globally disable memory caching within the library for the
+ default allocator, merely set
+ <code class="constant">GLIBCXX_FORCE_NEW</code> (with any value) in the
+ system's environment before running the program. If your program
+ crashes with <code class="constant">GLIBCXX_FORCE_NEW</code> in the
+ environment, it likely means that you linked against objects
+ built against the older library (objects which might still using the
+ cached allocations...).
+ </p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="allocator.using"></a>Using a Specific Allocator</h3></div></div></div><p>
+ You can specify different memory management schemes on a
+ per-container basis, by overriding the default
+ <span class="type">Allocator</span> template parameter. For example, an easy
+ (but non-portable) method of specifying that only <code class="function">malloc</code> or <code class="function">free</code>
+ should be used instead of the default node allocator is:
+ </p><pre class="programlisting">
+ std::list <int, __gnu_cxx::malloc_allocator<int> > malloc_list;</pre><p>
+ Likewise, a debugging form of whichever allocator is currently in use:
+ </p><pre class="programlisting">
+ std::deque <int, __gnu_cxx::debug_allocator<std::allocator<int> > > debug_deque;
+ </pre></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="allocator.custom"></a>Custom Allocators</h3></div></div></div><p>
+ Writing a portable C++ allocator would dictate that the interface
+ would look much like the one specified for
+ <code class="classname">allocator</code>. Additional member functions, but
+ not subtractions, would be permissible.
+ </p><p>
+ Probably the best place to start would be to copy one of the
+ extension allocators: say a simple one like
+ <code class="classname">new_allocator</code>.
+ </p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="allocator.ext"></a>Extension Allocators</h3></div></div></div><p>
+ Several other allocators are provided as part of this
+ implementation. The location of the extension allocators and their
+ names have changed, but in all cases, functionality is
+ equivalent. Starting with gcc-3.4, all extension allocators are
+ standard style. Before this point, SGI style was the norm. Because of
+ this, the number of template arguments also changed. Here's a simple
+ chart to track the changes.
+ </p><p>
+ More details on each of these extension allocators follows.
+ </p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>
+ <code class="classname">new_allocator</code>
+ </p><p>
+ Simply wraps <code class="function">::operator new</code>
+ and <code class="function">::operator delete</code>.
+ </p></li><li><p>
+ <code class="classname">malloc_allocator</code>
+ </p><p>
+ Simply wraps <code class="function">malloc</code> and
+ <code class="function">free</code>. There is also a hook for an
+ out-of-memory handler (for
+ <code class="function">new</code>/<code class="function">delete</code> this is
+ taken care of elsewhere).
+ </p></li><li><p>
+ <code class="classname">array_allocator</code>
+ </p><p>
+ Allows allocations of known and fixed sizes using existing
+ global or external storage allocated via construction of
+ <code class="classname">std::tr1::array</code> objects. By using this
+ allocator, fixed size containers (including
+ <code class="classname">std::string</code>) can be used without
+ instances calling <code class="function">::operator new</code> and
+ <code class="function">::operator delete</code>. This capability
+ allows the use of STL abstractions without runtime
+ complications or overhead, even in situations such as program
+ startup. For usage examples, please consult the testsuite.
+ </p></li><li><p>
+ <code class="classname">debug_allocator</code>
+ </p><p>
+ A wrapper around an arbitrary allocator A. It passes on
+ slightly increased size requests to A, and uses the extra
+ memory to store size information. When a pointer is passed
+ to <code class="function">deallocate()</code>, the stored size is
+ checked, and <code class="function">assert()</code> is used to
+ guarantee they match.
+ </p></li><li><p>
+ <code class="classname">throw_allocator</code>
+ </p><p>
+ Includes memory tracking and marking abilities as well as hooks for
+ throwing exceptions at configurable intervals (including random,
+ all, none).
+ </p></li><li><p>
+ <code class="classname">__pool_alloc</code>
+ </p><p>
+ A high-performance, single pool allocator. The reusable
+ memory is shared among identical instantiations of this type.
+ It calls through <code class="function">::operator new</code> to
+ obtain new memory when its lists run out. If a client
+ container requests a block larger than a certain threshold
+ size, then the pool is bypassed, and the allocate/deallocate
+ request is passed to <code class="function">::operator new</code>
+ directly.
+ </p><p>
+ Older versions of this class take a boolean template
+ parameter, called <code class="varname">thr</code>, and an integer template
+ parameter, called <code class="varname">inst</code>.
+ </p><p>
+ The <code class="varname">inst</code> number is used to track additional memory
+ pools. The point of the number is to allow multiple
+ instantiations of the classes without changing the semantics at
+ all. All three of
+ </p><pre class="programlisting">
+ typedef __pool_alloc<true,0> normal;
+ typedef __pool_alloc<true,1> private;
+ typedef __pool_alloc<true,42> also_private;
+ </pre><p>
+ behave exactly the same way. However, the memory pool for each type
+ (and remember that different instantiations result in different types)
+ remains separate.
+ </p><p>
+ The library uses <span class="emphasis"><em>0</em></span> in all its instantiations. If you
+ wish to keep separate free lists for a particular purpose, use a
+ different number.
+ </p><p>The <code class="varname">thr</code> boolean determines whether the
+ pool should be manipulated atomically or not. When
+ <code class="varname">thr</code> = <code class="constant">true</code>, the allocator
+ is is thread-safe, while <code class="varname">thr</code> =
+ <code class="constant">false</code>, and is slightly faster but unsafe for
+ multiple threads.
+ </p><p>
+ For thread-enabled configurations, the pool is locked with a
+ single big lock. In some situations, this implementation detail
+ may result in severe performance degradation.
+ </p><p>
+ (Note that the GCC thread abstraction layer allows us to provide
+ safe zero-overhead stubs for the threading routines, if threads
+ were disabled at configuration time.)
+ </p></li><li><p>
+ <code class="classname">__mt_alloc</code>
+ </p><p>
+ A high-performance fixed-size allocator with
+ exponentially-increasing allocations. It has its own
+ documentation, found <a class="link" href="ext_allocators.html#manual.ext.allocator.mt" title="mt_allocator">here</a>.
+ </p></li><li><p>
+ <code class="classname">bitmap_allocator</code>
+ </p><p>
+ A high-performance allocator that uses a bit-map to keep track
+ of the used and unused memory locations. It has its own
+ documentation, found <a class="link" href="bitmap_allocator.html" title="bitmap_allocator">here</a>.
+ </p></li></ol></div></div><div class="bibliography"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="allocator.biblio"></a>Bibliography</h3></div></div></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id490436"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
+ ISO/IEC 14882:1998 Programming languages - C++
+ </i>. </span>
+ isoc++_1998
+ <span class="pagenums">20.4 Memory. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id477557"></a><p><span class="title"><i>The Standard Librarian: What Are Allocators Good
+ </i>. </span>
+ austernm
+ <span class="author"><span class="firstname">Matt</span> <span class="surname">Austern</span>. </span><span class="publisher"><span class="publishername">
+ C/C++ Users Journal
+ . </span></span><span class="biblioid">
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://www.cuj.com/documents/s=8000/cujcexp1812austern/" target="_top">
+ </a>
+ . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id500544"></a><p><span class="title"><i>The Hoard Memory Allocator</i>. </span>
+ emeryb
+ <span class="author"><span class="firstname">Emery</span> <span class="surname">Berger</span>. </span><span class="biblioid">
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://www.cs.umass.edu/~emery/hoard/" target="_top">
+ </a>
+ . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id479308"></a><p><span class="title"><i>Reconsidering Custom Memory Allocation</i>. </span>
+ bergerzorn
+ <span class="author"><span class="firstname">Emery</span> <span class="surname">Berger</span>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Ben</span> <span class="surname">Zorn</span>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Kathryn</span> <span class="surname">McKinley</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2002 OOPSLA. </span><span class="biblioid">
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://www.cs.umass.edu/~emery/pubs/berger-oopsla2002.pdf" target="_top">
+ </a>
+ . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id504530"></a><p><span class="title"><i>Allocator Types</i>. </span>
+ kreftlanger
+ <span class="author"><span class="firstname">Klaus</span> <span class="surname">Kreft</span>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Angelika</span> <span class="surname">Langer</span>. </span><span class="publisher"><span class="publishername">
+ C/C++ Users Journal
+ . </span></span><span class="biblioid">
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://www.langer.camelot.de/Articles/C++Report/Allocators/Allocators.html" target="_top">
+ </a>
+ . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id489520"></a><p><span class="title"><i>The C++ Programming Language</i>. </span>
+ tcpl
+ <span class="author"><span class="firstname">Bjarne</span> <span class="surname">Stroustrup</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2000 . </span><span class="pagenums">19.4 Allocators. </span><span class="publisher"><span class="publishername">
+ Addison Wesley
+ . </span></span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id488498"></a><p><span class="title"><i>Yalloc: A Recycling C++ Allocator</i>. </span>
+ yenf
+ <span class="author"><span class="firstname">Felix</span> <span class="surname">Yen</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © . </span><span class="biblioid">
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://home.earthlink.net/~brimar/yalloc/" target="_top">
+ </a>
+ . </span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="pairs.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="utilities.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="auto_ptr.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 10. Pairs </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> auto_ptr</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>messages</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , messages " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="
facets.html" title="Chapter 15. Facets aka Categories" /><link rel="prev" href="codecvt.html" title="codecvt" /><link rel="next" href="containers.html" title="Part VII. Containers" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">messages</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="codecvt.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 15. Facets aka Categories</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="containers.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.localization.facet.messages"></a>messages</h2></div></div></div><p>
The std::messages facet implements message retrieval functionality
equivalent to Java's java.text.MessageFormat .using either GNU gettext
or IEEE 1003.1-200 functions.
model. As of this writing, it is unknown how to query to see
if a specified message catalog exists using the gettext
package.
- </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="bibliography"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="facet.messages.biblio"></a>Bibliography</h3></div></div></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id
536216"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
+ </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="bibliography"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="facet.messages.biblio"></a>Bibliography</h3></div></div></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id
488090"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
The GNU C Library
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Roland</span> <span class="surname">McGrath</span>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Ulrich</span> <span class="surname">Drepper</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2007 FSF. </span><span class="pagenums">Chapters 6 Character Set Handling, and 7 Locales and Internationalization
- . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id
509764"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
+ . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id
498088"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
Correspondence
- </i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Ulrich</span> <span class="surname">Drepper</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2002 . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id
561619"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
+ </i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Ulrich</span> <span class="surname">Drepper</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2002 . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id
481034"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
ISO/IEC 14882:1998 Programming languages - C++
- </i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1998 ISO. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id
561638"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
+ </i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1998 ISO. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id
481053"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Programming languages - C
- </i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1999 ISO. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id4
46198"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
+ </i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1999 ISO. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id4
81071"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
System Interface Definitions, Issue 6 (IEEE Std. 1003.1-200x)
</i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1999
The Open Group/The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.. </span><span class="biblioid">
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.opennc.org/austin/docreg.html" target="_top">
</a>
- . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id4
46226"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
+ . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id4
98300"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
The C++ Programming Language, Special Edition
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Bjarne</span> <span class="surname">Stroustrup</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2000 Addison Wesley, Inc.. </span><span class="pagenums">Appendix D. </span><span class="publisher"><span class="publishername">
Addison Wesley
- . </span></span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id5
05472"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
+ . </span></span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id5
48706"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
Standard C++ IOStreams and Locales
</i>. </span><span class="subtitle">
Advanced Programmer's Guide and Reference
. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Angelika</span> <span class="surname">Langer</span>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Klaus</span> <span class="surname">Kreft</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2000 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.. </span><span class="publisher"><span class="publishername">
Addison Wesley Longman
- . </span></span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id4
52552"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
+ . </span></span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id4
76770"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition, v 1.3.1 API Specification
</i>. </span><span class="pagenums">java.util.Properties, java.text.MessageFormat,
java.util.Locale, java.util.ResourceBundle. </span><span class="biblioid">
<a class="ulink" href="http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.3/docs/api" target="_top">
</a>
- . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id
531697"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
+ . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id
476791"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
GNU gettext tools, version 0.10.38, Native Language Support
Library and Tools.
</i>. </span><span class="biblioid">
<a class="ulink" href="http://sources.redhat.com/gettext" target="_top">
</a>
- . </span></p></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="codecvt.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="bk01pt06ch15.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="containers.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">codecvt </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Part VII. Containers</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
+ . </span></p></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="codecvt.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="facets.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="containers.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">codecvt </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Part VII.
+ Containers
+
+</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Part X. Numerics</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt09ch20.html" title="Chapter 20. Mutating" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt10ch21.html" title="Chapter 21. Complex" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Part X. Numerics</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt09ch20.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt10ch21.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="part" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="manual.numerics"></a>Part X. Numerics</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt10ch21.html">21. Complex</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt10ch21.html#numerics.complex.processing">complex Processing</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt10ch22.html">22. Generalized Operations</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt10ch23.html">23. Interacting with C</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt10ch23.html#numerics.c.array">Numerics vs. Arrays</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt10ch23s02.html">C99</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt09ch20.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt10ch21.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 20. Mutating </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 21. Complex</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Part X. Numerics</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt09ch20.html" title="Chapter 20. Mutating" /><link rel="next" href="complex.html" title="Chapter 21. Complex" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Part X.
+ Numerics
+
+</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt09ch20.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="complex.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="part" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="manual.numerics"></a>Part X.
+ Numerics
+ <a id="id502291" class="indexterm"></a>
+</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="complex.html">21. Complex</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="complex.html#numerics.complex.processing">complex Processing</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="generalized_numeric_operations.html">22. Generalized Operations</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="numerics_and_c.html">23. Interacting with C</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="numerics_and_c.html#numerics.c.array">Numerics vs. Arrays</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt10ch23s02.html">C99</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt09ch20.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="complex.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 20. Mutating </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 21. Complex</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 23. Interacting with C</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="numerics.html" title="Part X. Numerics" /><link rel="prev" href="generalized_numeric_operations.html" title="Chapter 22. Generalized Operations" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt10ch23s02.html" title="C99" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 23. Interacting with C</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="generalized_numeric_operations.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part X.
+ Numerics
+
+</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt10ch23s02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.numerics.c"></a>Chapter 23. Interacting with C</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="numerics_and_c.html#numerics.c.array">Numerics vs. Arrays</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt10ch23s02.html">C99</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="numerics.c.array"></a>Numerics vs. Arrays</h2></div></div></div><p>One of the major reasons why FORTRAN can chew through numbers so well
+ is that it is defined to be free of pointer aliasing, an assumption
+ that C89 is not allowed to make, and neither is C++98. C99 adds a new
+ keyword, <code class="code">restrict</code>, to apply to individual pointers. The
+ C++ solution is contained in the library rather than the language
+ (although many vendors can be expected to add this to their compilers
+ as an extension).
+ </p><p>That library solution is a set of two classes, five template classes,
+ and "a whole bunch" of functions. The classes are required
+ to be free of pointer aliasing, so compilers can optimize the
+ daylights out of them the same way that they have been for FORTRAN.
+ They are collectively called <code class="code">valarray</code>, although strictly
+ speaking this is only one of the five template classes, and they are
+ designed to be familiar to people who have worked with the BLAS
+ libraries before.
+ </p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="generalized_numeric_operations.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="numerics.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt10ch23s02.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 22. Generalized Operations </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> C99</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 10. Pairs</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="utilities.html" title="Part IV. Utilities" /><link rel="prev" href="functors.html" title="Chapter 9. Functors" /><link rel="next" href="memory.html" title="Chapter 11. Memory" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 10. Pairs</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="functors.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part IV.
+ Utilities
+
+</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="memory.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.util.pairs"></a>Chapter 10. Pairs</h2></div></div></div><p>The <code class="code">pair<T1,T2></code> is a simple and handy way to
+ carry around a pair of objects. One is of type T1, and another of
+ type T2; they may be the same type, but you don't get anything
+ extra if they are. The two members can be accessed directly, as
+ <code class="code">.first</code> and <code class="code">.second</code>.
+ </p><p>Construction is simple. The default ctor initializes each member
+ with its respective default ctor. The other simple ctor,
+ </p><pre class="programlisting">
+ pair (const T1& x, const T2& y);
+ </pre><p>does what you think it does, <code class="code">first</code> getting <code class="code">x</code>
+ and <code class="code">second</code> getting <code class="code">y</code>.
+ </p><p>There is a copy constructor, but it requires that your compiler
+ handle member function templates:
+ </p><pre class="programlisting">
+ template <class U, class V> pair (const pair<U,V>& p);
+ </pre><p>The compiler will convert as necessary from U to T1 and from
+ V to T2 in order to perform the respective initializations.
+ </p><p>The comparison operators are done for you. Equality
+ of two <code class="code">pair<T1,T2></code>s is defined as both <code class="code">first</code>
+ members comparing equal and both <code class="code">second</code> members comparing
+ equal; this simply delegates responsibility to the respective
+ <code class="code">operator==</code> functions (for types like MyClass) or builtin
+ comparisons (for types like int, char, etc).
+ </p><p>
+ The less-than operator is a bit odd the first time you see it. It
+ is defined as evaluating to:
+ </p><pre class="programlisting">
+ x.first < y.first ||
+ ( !(y.first < x.first) && x.second < y.second )
+ </pre><p>The other operators are not defined using the <code class="code">rel_ops</code>
+ functions above, but their semantics are the same.
+ </p><p>Finally, there is a template function called <code class="function">make_pair</code>
+ that takes two references-to-const objects and returns an
+ instance of a pair instantiated on their respective types:
+ </p><pre class="programlisting">
+ pair<int,MyClass> p = make_pair(4,myobject);
+ </pre></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="functors.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="utilities.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="memory.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 9. Functors </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 11. Memory</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 31. Parallel Mode</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" C++ , library , parallel " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="extensions.html" title="Part XII. Extensions" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt12ch30s04.html" title="Design" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt12ch31s02.html" title="Semantics" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 31. Parallel Mode</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch30s04.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part XII. Extensions</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch31s02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.parallel_mode"></a>Chapter 31. Parallel Mode</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="parallel_mode.html#manual.ext.parallel_mode.intro">Intro</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s02.html">Semantics</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s03.html">Using</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s03.html#parallel_mode.using.prereq_flags">Prerequisite Compiler Flags</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s03.html#parallel_mode.using.parallel_mode">Using Parallel Mode</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s03.html#parallel_mode.using.specific">Using Specific Parallel Components</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s04.html">Design</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s04.html#manual.ext.parallel_mode.design.intro">Interface Basics</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s04.html#manual.ext.parallel_mode.design.tuning">Configuration and Tuning</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s04.html#manual.ext.parallel_mode.design.impl">Implementation Namespaces</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s05.html">Testing</a></span></dt><dt><span class="bibliography"><a href="parallel_mode.html#parallel_mode.biblio">Bibliography</a></span></dt></dl></div><p> The libstdc++ parallel mode is an experimental parallel
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 31. Parallel Mode</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" C++ , library , parallel " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="extensions.html" title="Part XII. Extensions" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt12ch30s04.html" title="Design" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt12ch31s02.html" title="Semantics" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 31. Parallel Mode</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch30s04.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part XII.
+ Extensions
+
+</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch31s02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.parallel_mode"></a>Chapter 31. Parallel Mode</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="parallel_mode.html#manual.ext.parallel_mode.intro">Intro</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s02.html">Semantics</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s03.html">Using</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s03.html#parallel_mode.using.prereq_flags">Prerequisite Compiler Flags</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s03.html#parallel_mode.using.parallel_mode">Using Parallel Mode</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s03.html#parallel_mode.using.specific">Using Specific Parallel Components</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s04.html">Design</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s04.html#manual.ext.parallel_mode.design.intro">Interface Basics</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s04.html#manual.ext.parallel_mode.design.tuning">Configuration and Tuning</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s04.html#manual.ext.parallel_mode.design.impl">Implementation Namespaces</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s05.html">Testing</a></span></dt><dt><span class="bibliography"><a href="parallel_mode.html#parallel_mode.biblio">Bibliography</a></span></dt></dl></div><p> The libstdc++ parallel mode is an experimental parallel
implementation of many algorithms the C++ Standard Library.
</p><p>
Several of the standard algorithms, for instance
specific compiler flag.
</p><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.parallel_mode.intro"></a>Intro</h2></div></div></div><p>The following library components in the include
<code class="filename">numeric</code> are included in the parallel mode:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><code class="function">std::accumulate</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::adjacent_difference</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::inner_product</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::partial_sum</code></p></li></ul></div><p>The following library components in the include
-<code class="filename">algorithm</code> are included in the parallel mode:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><code class="function">std::adjacent_find</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::count</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::count_if</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::equal</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::find</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::find_if</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::find_first_of</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::for_each</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::generate</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::generate_n</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::lexicographical_compare</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::mismatch</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::search</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::search_n</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::transform</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::replace</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::replace_if</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::max_element</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::merge</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::min_element</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::nth_element</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::partial_sort</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::partition</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::random_shuffle</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::set_union</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::set_intersection</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::set_symmetric_difference</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::set_difference</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::sort</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::stable_sort</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::unique_copy</code></p></li></ul></div></div><div class="bibliography"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="parallel_mode.biblio"></a>Bibliography</h2></div></div></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id
546923"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
+<code class="filename">algorithm</code> are included in the parallel mode:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><code class="function">std::adjacent_find</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::count</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::count_if</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::equal</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::find</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::find_if</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::find_first_of</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::for_each</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::generate</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::generate_n</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::lexicographical_compare</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::mismatch</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::search</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::search_n</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::transform</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::replace</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::replace_if</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::max_element</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::merge</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::min_element</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::nth_element</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::partial_sort</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::partition</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::random_shuffle</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::set_union</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::set_intersection</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::set_symmetric_difference</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::set_difference</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::sort</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::stable_sort</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::unique_copy</code></p></li></ul></div></div><div class="bibliography"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="parallel_mode.biblio"></a>Bibliography</h2></div></div></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id
479570"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
Parallelization of Bulk Operations for STL Dictionaries
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Johannes</span> <span class="surname">Singler</span>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Leonor</span> <span class="surname">Frias</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2007 . </span><span class="publisher"><span class="publishername">
Workshop on Highly Parallel Processing on a Chip (HPPC) 2007. (LNCS)
- . </span></span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id4
54271"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
+ . </span></span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id4
79616"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
The Multi-Core Standard Template Library
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Johannes</span> <span class="surname">Singler</span>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Peter</span> <span class="surname">Sanders</span>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Felix</span> <span class="surname">Putze</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2007 . </span><span class="publisher"><span class="publishername">
Euro-Par 2007: Parallel Processing. (LNCS 4641)
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+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 16. Sequences</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="containers.html" title="Part VII. Containers" /><link rel="prev" href="containers.html" title="Part VII. Containers" /><link rel="next" href="vector.html" title="vector" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 16. Sequences</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="containers.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part VII.
+ Containers
+
+</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="vector.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.containers.sequences"></a>Chapter 16. Sequences</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="sequences.html#containers.sequences.list">list</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="sequences.html#sequences.list.size">list::size() is O(n)</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="vector.html">vector</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="vector.html#sequences.vector.management">Space Overhead Management</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="containers.sequences.list"></a>list</h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="sequences.list.size"></a>list::size() is O(n)</h3></div></div></div><p>
+ Yes it is, and that's okay. This is a decision that we preserved
+ when we imported SGI's STL implementation. The following is
+ quoted from <a class="ulink" href="http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/FAQ.html" target="_top">their FAQ</a>:
+ </p><div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
+ The size() member function, for list and slist, takes time
+ proportional to the number of elements in the list. This was a
+ deliberate tradeoff. The only way to get a constant-time
+ size() for linked lists would be to maintain an extra member
+ variable containing the list's size. This would require taking
+ extra time to update that variable (it would make splice() a
+ linear time operation, for example), and it would also make the
+ list larger. Many list algorithms don't require that extra
+ word (algorithms that do require it might do better with
+ vectors than with lists), and, when it is necessary to maintain
+ an explicit size count, it's something that users can do
+ themselves.
+ </p><p>
+ This choice is permitted by the C++ standard. The standard says
+ that size() “<span class="quote">should</span>” be constant time, and
+ “<span class="quote">should</span>” does not mean the same thing as
+ “<span class="quote">shall</span>”. This is the officially recommended ISO
+ wording for saying that an implementation is supposed to do
+ something unless there is a good reason not to.
+ </p><p>
+ One implication of linear time size(): you should never write
+ </p><pre class="programlisting">
+ if (L.size() == 0)
+ ...
+ </pre><p>
+ Instead, you should write
+ </p><pre class="programlisting">
+ if (L.empty())
+ ...
+ </pre></blockquote></div></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="containers.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="containers.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="vector.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Part VII.
+ Containers
+
+ </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> vector</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
--- /dev/null
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 2. Setup</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="intro.html" title="Part I. Introduction" /><link rel="prev" href="bugs.html" title="Bugs" /><link rel="next" href="configure.html" title="Configure" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 2. Setup</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bugs.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part I.
+ Introduction
+
+</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="configure.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.intro.setup"></a>Chapter 2. Setup</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="setup.html#manual.intro.setup.prereq">Prerequisites</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="configure.html">Configure</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="make.html">Make</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="test.html">Test</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="test.html#test.organization">Organization</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="test.html#test.run">Running the Testsuite</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="test.html#test.new_tests">Writing a new test case</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="test.html#test.harness">Test Harness and Utilities</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><p>To transform libstdc++ sources into installed include files
+ and properly built binaries useful for linking to other software is
+ a multi-step process. Steps include getting the sources,
+ configuring and building the sources, testing, and installation.
+ </p><p>The general outline of commands is something like:
+ </p><pre class="programlisting">
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>get gcc sources</em></span>
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>extract into gccsrcdir</em></span>
+ mkdir <span class="emphasis"><em>gccbuilddir</em></span>
+ cd <span class="emphasis"><em>gccbuilddir</em></span>
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>gccsrcdir</em></span>/configure --prefix=<span class="emphasis"><em>destdir</em></span> --other-opts...
+ make
+ make check
+ make install
+ </pre><p>
+ Each step is described in more detail in the following sections.
+ </p><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.intro.setup.prereq"></a>Prerequisites</h2></div></div></div><p>
+ Because libstdc++ is part of GCC, the primary source for
+ installation instructions is
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/install/" target="_top">the GCC install page</a>.
+ In particular, list of prerequisite software needed to build the library
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/install/prerequisites.html" target="_top">
+ starts with those requirements.</a> The same pages also list
+ the tools you will need if you wish to modify the source.
+</p><p>
+ Additional data is given here only where it applies to libstdc++.
+ </p><p>As of GCC 4.0.1 the minimum version of binutils required to build
+ libstdc++ is <code class="code">2.15.90.0.1.1</code>. You can get snapshots
+ (as well as releases) of binutils from
+ <a class="ulink" href="ftp://sources.redhat.com/pub/binutils" target="_top">
+ ftp://sources.redhat.com/pub/binutils</a>.
+ Older releases of libstdc++ do not require such a recent version,
+ but to take full advantage of useful space-saving features and
+ bug-fixes you should use a recent binutils whenever possible.
+ The configure process will automatically detect and use these
+ features if the underlying support is present.
+ </p><p>
+ Finally, a few system-specific requirements:
+ </p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">linux</span></dt><dd><p>
+ If gcc 3.1.0 or later on is being used on linux, an attempt
+ will be made to use "C" library functionality necessary for
+ C++ named locale support. For gcc 3.2.1 and later, this
+ means that glibc 2.2.5 or later is required and the "C"
+ library de_DE locale information must be installed.
+ </p><p>
+ Note however that the sanity checks involving the de_DE
+ locale are skipped when an explicit --enable-clocale=gnu
+ configure option is used: only the basic checks are carried
+ out, defending against misconfigurations.
+ </p><p>
+ If the 'gnu' locale model is being used, the following
+ locales are used and tested in the libstdc++ testsuites.
+ The first column is the name of the locale, the second is
+ the character set it is expected to use.
+ </p><pre class="programlisting">
+de_DE ISO-8859-1
+de_DE@euro ISO-8859-15
+en_HK ISO-8859-1
+en_PH ISO-8859-1
+en_US ISO-8859-1
+en_US.ISO-8859-1 ISO-8859-1
+en_US.ISO-8859-15 ISO-8859-15
+en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8
+es_ES ISO-8859-1
+es_MX ISO-8859-1
+fr_FR ISO-8859-1
+fr_FR@euro ISO-8859-15
+is_IS UTF-8
+it_IT ISO-8859-1
+ja_JP.eucjp EUC-JP
+se_NO.UTF-8 UTF-8
+ta_IN UTF-8
+zh_TW BIG5
+</pre><p>Failure to have the underlying "C" library locale
+ information installed will mean that C++ named locales for the
+ above regions will not work: because of this, the libstdc++
+ testsuite will skip the named locale tests. If this isn't an
+ issue, don't worry about it. If named locales are needed, the
+ underlying locale information must be installed. Note that
+ rebuilding libstdc++ after the "C" locales are installed is not
+ necessary.
+ </p><p>
+ To install support for locales, do only one of the following:
+ </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>install all locales</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="circle"><li><p>with RedHat Linux:
+ </p><p> <code class="code"> export LC_ALL=C </code>
+ </p><p> <code class="code"> rpm -e glibc-common --nodeps </code>
+ </p><p>
+ <code class="code"> rpm -i --define "_install_langs all"
+ glibc-common-2.2.5-34.i386.rpm
+ </code>
+ </p></li><li><p>
+ Instructions for other operating systems solicited.
+ </p></li></ul></div></li><li><p>install just the necessary locales</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="circle"><li><p>with Debian Linux:</p><p> Add the above list, as shown, to the file
+ <code class="code">/etc/locale.gen</code> </p><p> run <code class="code">/usr/sbin/locale-gen</code> </p></li><li><p>on most Unix-like operating systems:</p><p><code class="code"> localedef -i de_DE -f ISO-8859-1 de_DE </code></p><p>(repeat for each entry in the above list) </p></li><li><p>
+ Instructions for other operating systems solicited.
+ </p></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></dd></dl></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bugs.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="intro.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="configure.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Bugs </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Configure</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>shared_ptr</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , shared_ptr " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="
bk01pt04ch11.html" title="Chapter 11. Memory" /><link rel="prev" href="auto_ptr.html" title="auto_ptr" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt04ch12.html" title="Chapter 12. Traits" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">shared_ptr</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="auto_ptr.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 11. Memory</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt04ch12.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.util.memory.shared_ptr"></a>shared_ptr</h2></div></div></div><p>
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>shared_ptr</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , shared_ptr " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="
memory.html" title="Chapter 11. Memory" /><link rel="prev" href="auto_ptr.html" title="auto_ptr" /><link rel="next" href="traits.html" title="Chapter 12. Traits" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">shared_ptr</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="auto_ptr.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 11. Memory</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="traits.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.util.memory.shared_ptr"></a>shared_ptr</h2></div></div></div><p>
The shared_ptr class template stores a pointer, usually obtained via new,
and implements shared ownership semantics.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="shared_ptr.req"></a>Requirements</h3></div></div></div><p>
Derived classes override those functions to destroy resources in a context
where the correct dynamic type is known. This is an application of the
technique known as type erasure.
- </p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="shared_ptr.impl"></a>Implementation</h3></div></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id5
12206"></a>Class Hierarchy</h4></div></div></div><p>
+ </p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="shared_ptr.impl"></a>Implementation</h3></div></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id5
05413"></a>Class Hierarchy</h4></div></div></div><p>
A <code class="classname">shared_ptr<T></code> contains a pointer of
type <span class="type">T*</span> and an object of type
<code class="classname">__shared_count</code>. The shared_count contains a
Unlike the other <code class="classname">_Sp_counted_*</code> classes, this one is parameterized on the
type of object, not the type of pointer; this is purely a convenience
that simplifies the implementation slightly.
- </p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id
530740"></a>Thread Safety</h4></div></div></div><p>
+ </p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id
484677"></a>Thread Safety</h4></div></div></div><p>
The interface of <code class="classname">tr1::shared_ptr</code> was extended for C++0x
with support for rvalue-references and the other features from
N2351. As with other libstdc++ headers shared by TR1 and C++0x,
shared_ptr in libstdc++ the compiler and library are fixed, which
makes things much simpler: we have an atomic CAS or we don't, see Lock
Policy below for details.
-</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id
455390"></a>Selecting Lock Policy</h4></div></div></div><p>
+</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id
541215"></a>Selecting Lock Policy</h4></div></div></div><p>
</p><p>
There is a single <code class="classname">_Sp_counted_base</code> class,
which is a template parameterized on the enum
<code class="filename">ext/atomicity.h</code>, which detect if the program
is multi-threaded. If only one thread of execution exists in
the program then less expensive non-atomic operations are used.
- </p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id5
12523"></a>Dual C++0x and TR1 Implementation</h4></div></div></div><p>
+ </p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id5
74076"></a>Dual C++0x and TR1 Implementation</h4></div></div></div><p>
The classes derived from <code class="classname">_Sp_counted_base</code> (see Class Hierarchy
below) and <code class="classname">__shared_count</code> are implemented separately for C++0x
and TR1, in <code class="filename">bits/boost_sp_shared_count.h</code> and
change unless bug fixes require it. If the code that is common to both
C++0x and TR1 modes needs to diverge further then it might be necessary to
duplicate additional classes and only make changes to the C++0x versions.
-</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id4
80144"></a>Related functions and classes</h4></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term"><code class="code">dynamic_pointer_cast</code>, <code class="code">static_pointer_cast</code>,
+</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id4
78669"></a>Related functions and classes</h4></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term"><code class="code">dynamic_pointer_cast</code>, <code class="code">static_pointer_cast</code>,
<code class="code">const_pointer_cast</code></span></dt><dd><p>
As noted in N2351, these functions can be implemented non-intrusively using
the alias constructor. However the aliasing constructor is only available
As well as the extra constructors, this implementation also needs some
members of _Sp_counted_deleter to be protected where they could otherwise
be private.
- </p></dd></dl></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="shared_ptr.using"></a>Use</h3></div></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id
536250"></a>Examples</h4></div></div></div><p>
+ </p></dd></dl></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="shared_ptr.using"></a>Use</h3></div></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id
484864"></a>Examples</h4></div></div></div><p>
Examples of use can be found in the testsuite, under
<code class="filename">testsuite/tr1/2_general_utilities/shared_ptr</code>.
- </p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id53
6266"></a>Unresolved Issues</h4></div></div></div><p>
+ </p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id53
2795"></a>Unresolved Issues</h4></div></div></div><p>
The resolution to C++ Standard Library issue <a class="ulink" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/lwg-active.html#674" target="_top">674</a>,
"shared_ptr interface changes for consistency with N1856" will
need to be implemented after it is accepted into the working
code to work with, Peter Dimov in particular for his help and
invaluable advice on thread safety. Phillip Jordan and Paolo
Carlini for the lock policy implementation.
- </p></div><div class="bibliography"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="shared_ptr.biblio"></a>Bibliography</h3></div></div></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id
458468"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">
+ </p></div><div class="bibliography"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="shared_ptr.biblio"></a>Bibliography</h3></div></div></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id
559812"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">
n2351
</abbr>] <span class="title"><i>
Improving shared_ptr for C++0x, Revision 2
. </span><span class="biblioid">
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2007/n2351.htm" target="_top">
</a>
- . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id4
14390"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">
+ . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id4
78322"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">
n2456
</abbr>] <span class="title"><i>
C++ Standard Library Active Issues List (Revision R52)
. </span><span class="biblioid">
<a class="ulink" href="http://open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2007/n2456.html" target="_top">
</a>
- . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id
513371"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">
+ . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id
496435"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">
n2461
</abbr>] <span class="title"><i>
Working Draft, Standard for Programming Language C++
. </span><span class="biblioid">
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2007/n2461.pdf" target="_top">
</a>
- . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id49
2282"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">
+ . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id49
6459"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">
boostshared_ptr
</abbr>] <span class="title"><i>
Boost C++ Libraries documentation - shared_ptr class template
. </span><span class="biblioid">
<a class="ulink" href="http://boost.org/libs/smart_ptr/shared_ptr.htm" target="_top">shared_ptr
</a>
- . </span></p></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="auto_ptr.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="
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+ . </span></p></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="auto_ptr.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="
memory.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="traits.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">auto_ptr </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 12. Traits</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
--- /dev/null
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Coding Style</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="appendix_contributing.html" title="Appendix A. Contributing" /><link rel="prev" href="source_organization.html" title="Directory Layout and Source Conventions" /><link rel="next" href="documentation_style.html" title="Documentation Style" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Coding Style</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="source_organization.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Appendix A.
+ Contributing
+
+</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="documentation_style.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="contrib.coding_style"></a>Coding Style</h2></div></div></div><p>
+ </p><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="coding_style.bad_identifiers"></a>Bad Identifiers</h3></div></div></div><p>
+ Identifiers that conflict and should be avoided.
+ </p><div class="literallayout"><p><br />
+ This is the list of names “<span class="quote">reserved to the<br />
+ implementation</span>” that have been claimed by certain<br />
+ compilers and system headers of interest, and should not be used<br />
+ in the library. It will grow, of course. We generally are<br />
+ interested in names that are not all-caps, except for those like<br />
+ "_T"<br />
+<br />
+ For Solaris:<br />
+ _B<br />
+ _C<br />
+ _L<br />
+ _N<br />
+ _P<br />
+ _S<br />
+ _U<br />
+ _X<br />
+ _E1<br />
+ ..<br />
+ _E24<br />
+<br />
+ Irix adds:<br />
+ _A<br />
+ _G<br />
+<br />
+ MS adds:<br />
+ _T<br />
+<br />
+ BSD adds:<br />
+ __used<br />
+ __unused<br />
+ __inline<br />
+ _Complex<br />
+ __istype<br />
+ __maskrune<br />
+ __tolower<br />
+ __toupper<br />
+ __wchar_t<br />
+ __wint_t<br />
+ _res<br />
+ _res_ext<br />
+ __tg_*<br />
+<br />
+ SPU adds:<br />
+ __ea<br />
+<br />
+ For GCC:<br />
+<br />
+ [Note that this list is out of date. It applies to the old<br />
+ name-mangling; in G++ 3.0 and higher a different name-mangling is<br />
+ used. In addition, many of the bugs relating to G++ interpreting<br />
+ these names as operators have been fixed.]<br />
+<br />
+ The full set of __* identifiers (combined from gcc/cp/lex.c and<br />
+ gcc/cplus-dem.c) that are either old or new, but are definitely <br />
+ recognized by the demangler, is:<br />
+<br />
+ __aa<br />
+ __aad<br />
+ __ad<br />
+ __addr<br />
+ __adv<br />
+ __aer<br />
+ __als<br />
+ __alshift<br />
+ __amd<br />
+ __ami<br />
+ __aml<br />
+ __amu<br />
+ __aor<br />
+ __apl<br />
+ __array<br />
+ __ars<br />
+ __arshift<br />
+ __as<br />
+ __bit_and<br />
+ __bit_ior<br />
+ __bit_not<br />
+ __bit_xor<br />
+ __call<br />
+ __cl<br />
+ __cm<br />
+ __cn<br />
+ __co<br />
+ __component<br />
+ __compound<br />
+ __cond<br />
+ __convert<br />
+ __delete<br />
+ __dl<br />
+ __dv<br />
+ __eq<br />
+ __er<br />
+ __ge<br />
+ __gt<br />
+ __indirect<br />
+ __le<br />
+ __ls<br />
+ __lt<br />
+ __max<br />
+ __md<br />
+ __method_call<br />
+ __mi<br />
+ __min<br />
+ __minus<br />
+ __ml<br />
+ __mm<br />
+ __mn<br />
+ __mult<br />
+ __mx<br />
+ __ne<br />
+ __negate<br />
+ __new<br />
+ __nop<br />
+ __nt<br />
+ __nw<br />
+ __oo<br />
+ __op<br />
+ __or<br />
+ __pl<br />
+ __plus<br />
+ __postdecrement<br />
+ __postincrement<br />
+ __pp<br />
+ __pt<br />
+ __rf<br />
+ __rm<br />
+ __rs<br />
+ __sz<br />
+ __trunc_div<br />
+ __trunc_mod<br />
+ __truth_andif<br />
+ __truth_not<br />
+ __truth_orif<br />
+ __vc<br />
+ __vd<br />
+ __vn<br />
+<br />
+ SGI badnames:<br />
+ __builtin_alloca<br />
+ __builtin_fsqrt<br />
+ __builtin_sqrt<br />
+ __builtin_fabs<br />
+ __builtin_dabs<br />
+ __builtin_cast_f2i<br />
+ __builtin_cast_i2f<br />
+ __builtin_cast_d2ll<br />
+ __builtin_cast_ll2d<br />
+ __builtin_copy_dhi2i<br />
+ __builtin_copy_i2dhi<br />
+ __builtin_copy_dlo2i<br />
+ __builtin_copy_i2dlo<br />
+ __add_and_fetch<br />
+ __sub_and_fetch<br />
+ __or_and_fetch<br />
+ __xor_and_fetch<br />
+ __and_and_fetch<br />
+ __nand_and_fetch<br />
+ __mpy_and_fetch<br />
+ __min_and_fetch<br />
+ __max_and_fetch<br />
+ __fetch_and_add<br />
+ __fetch_and_sub<br />
+ __fetch_and_or<br />
+ __fetch_and_xor<br />
+ __fetch_and_and<br />
+ __fetch_and_nand<br />
+ __fetch_and_mpy<br />
+ __fetch_and_min<br />
+ __fetch_and_max<br />
+ __lock_test_and_set<br />
+ __lock_release<br />
+ __lock_acquire<br />
+ __compare_and_swap<br />
+ __synchronize<br />
+ __high_multiply<br />
+ __unix<br />
+ __sgi<br />
+ __linux__<br />
+ __i386__<br />
+ __i486__<br />
+ __cplusplus<br />
+ __embedded_cplusplus<br />
+ // long double conversion members mangled as __opr<br />
+ // http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/libstdc++/1999-q4/msg00060.html<br />
+ _opr<br />
+ </p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="coding_style.example"></a>By Example</h3></div></div></div><div class="literallayout"><p><br />
+ This library is written to appropriate C++ coding standards. As such,<br />
+ it is intended to precede the recommendations of the GNU Coding<br />
+ Standard, which can be referenced in full here:<br />
+<br />
+ http://www.gnu.org/prep/standards/standards.html#Formatting<br />
+<br />
+ The rest of this is also interesting reading, but skip the "Design<br />
+ Advice" part.<br />
+<br />
+ The GCC coding conventions are here, and are also useful:<br />
+ http://gcc.gnu.org/codingconventions.html<br />
+<br />
+ In addition, because it doesn't seem to be stated explicitly anywhere<br />
+ else, there is an 80 column source limit.<br />
+<br />
+ ChangeLog entries for member functions should use the<br />
+ classname::member function name syntax as follows:<br />
+<br />
+ 1999-04-15 Dennis Ritchie <dr@att.com><br />
+<br />
+ * src/basic_file.cc (__basic_file::open): Fix thinko in<br />
+ _G_HAVE_IO_FILE_OPEN bits.<br />
+<br />
+ Notable areas of divergence from what may be previous local practice<br />
+ (particularly for GNU C) include:<br />
+<br />
+ 01. Pointers and references<br />
+ char* p = "flop";<br />
+ char& c = *p;<br />
+ -NOT-<br />
+ char *p = "flop"; // wrong<br />
+ char &c = *p; // wrong<br />
+ <br />
+ Reason: In C++, definitions are mixed with executable code. Here, <br />
+ p is being initialized, not *p. This is near-universal<br />
+ practice among C++ programmers; it is normal for C hackers<br />
+ to switch spontaneously as they gain experience.<br />
+<br />
+ 02. Operator names and parentheses<br />
+ operator==(type)<br />
+ -NOT-<br />
+ operator == (type) // wrong<br />
+ <br />
+ Reason: The == is part of the function name. Separating<br />
+ it makes the declaration look like an expression. <br />
+<br />
+ 03. Function names and parentheses<br />
+ void mangle()<br />
+ -NOT-<br />
+ void mangle () // wrong<br />
+<br />
+ Reason: no space before parentheses (except after a control-flow<br />
+ keyword) is near-universal practice for C++. It identifies the<br />
+ parentheses as the function-call operator or declarator, as <br />
+ opposed to an expression or other overloaded use of parentheses.<br />
+<br />
+ 04. Template function indentation<br />
+ template<typename T><br />
+ void <br />
+ template_function(args)<br />
+ { }<br />
+ -NOT-<br />
+ template<class T><br />
+ void template_function(args) {};<br />
+ <br />
+ Reason: In class definitions, without indentation whitespace is<br />
+ needed both above and below the declaration to distinguish<br />
+ it visually from other members. (Also, re: "typename"<br />
+ rather than "class".) T often could be int, which is <br />
+ not a class. ("class", here, is an anachronism.)<br />
+<br />
+ 05. Template class indentation<br />
+ template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits><br />
+ class basic_ios : public ios_base<br />
+ {<br />
+ public:<br />
+ // Types:<br />
+ };<br />
+ -NOT-<br />
+ template<class _CharT, class _Traits><br />
+ class basic_ios : public ios_base<br />
+ {<br />
+ public:<br />
+ // Types:<br />
+ };<br />
+ -NOT-<br />
+ template<class _CharT, class _Traits><br />
+ class basic_ios : public ios_base<br />
+ {<br />
+ public:<br />
+ // Types:<br />
+ };<br />
+<br />
+ 06. Enumerators<br />
+ enum<br />
+ {<br />
+ space = _ISspace,<br />
+ print = _ISprint,<br />
+ cntrl = _IScntrl<br />
+ };<br />
+ -NOT-<br />
+ enum { space = _ISspace, print = _ISprint, cntrl = _IScntrl };<br />
+<br />
+ 07. Member initialization lists<br />
+ All one line, separate from class name.<br />
+<br />
+ gribble::gribble() <br />
+ : _M_private_data(0), _M_more_stuff(0), _M_helper(0);<br />
+ { }<br />
+ -NOT-<br />
+ gribble::gribble() : _M_private_data(0), _M_more_stuff(0), _M_helper(0);<br />
+ { }<br />
+<br />
+ 08. Try/Catch blocks<br />
+ try <br />
+ {<br />
+ //<br />
+ } <br />
+ catch (...)<br />
+ {<br />
+ //<br />
+ } <br />
+ -NOT-<br />
+ try {<br />
+ // <br />
+ } catch(...) { <br />
+ //<br />
+ }<br />
+<br />
+ 09. Member functions declarations and definitions<br />
+ Keywords such as extern, static, export, explicit, inline, etc<br />
+ go on the line above the function name. Thus<br />
+<br />
+ virtual int <br />
+ foo()<br />
+ -NOT-<br />
+ virtual int foo()<br />
+<br />
+ Reason: GNU coding conventions dictate return types for functions<br />
+ are on a separate line than the function name and parameter list<br />
+ for definitions. For C++, where we have member functions that can<br />
+ be either inline definitions or declarations, keeping to this<br />
+ standard allows all member function names for a given class to be<br />
+ aligned to the same margin, increasing readability.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+ 10. Invocation of member functions with "this->"<br />
+ For non-uglified names, use this->name to call the function.<br />
+<br />
+ this->sync()<br />
+ -NOT-<br />
+ sync()<br />
+<br />
+ Reason: Koenig lookup.<br />
+<br />
+ 11. Namespaces<br />
+ namespace std<br />
+ {<br />
+ blah blah blah;<br />
+ } // namespace std<br />
+<br />
+ -NOT-<br />
+<br />
+ namespace std {<br />
+ blah blah blah;<br />
+ } // namespace std<br />
+<br />
+ 12. Spacing under protected and private in class declarations:<br />
+ space above, none below<br />
+ i.e.<br />
+<br />
+ public:<br />
+ int foo;<br />
+<br />
+ -NOT-<br />
+ public:<br />
+ <br />
+ int foo;<br />
+<br />
+ 13. Spacing WRT return statements.<br />
+ no extra spacing before returns, no parenthesis<br />
+ i.e.<br />
+<br />
+ }<br />
+ return __ret;<br />
+<br />
+ -NOT-<br />
+ }<br />
+<br />
+ return __ret;<br />
+<br />
+ -NOT-<br />
+<br />
+ }<br />
+ return (__ret);<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+ 14. Location of global variables.<br />
+ All global variables of class type, whether in the "user visible"<br />
+ space (e.g., cin) or the implementation namespace, must be defined<br />
+ as a character array with the appropriate alignment and then later<br />
+ re-initialized to the correct value.<br />
+<br />
+ This is due to startup issues on certain platforms, such as AIX.<br />
+ For more explanation and examples, see src/globals.cc. All such<br />
+ variables should be contained in that file, for simplicity.<br />
+<br />
+ 15. Exception abstractions<br />
+ Use the exception abstractions found in functexcept.h, which allow<br />
+ C++ programmers to use this library with -fno-exceptions. (Even if<br />
+ that is rarely advisable, it's a necessary evil for backwards<br />
+ compatibility.)<br />
+<br />
+ 16. Exception error messages<br />
+ All start with the name of the function where the exception is<br />
+ thrown, and then (optional) descriptive text is added. Example:<br />
+<br />
+ __throw_logic_error(__N("basic_string::_S_construct NULL not valid"));<br />
+<br />
+ Reason: The verbose terminate handler prints out exception::what(),<br />
+ as well as the typeinfo for the thrown exception. As this is the<br />
+ default terminate handler, by putting location info into the<br />
+ exception string, a very useful error message is printed out for<br />
+ uncaught exceptions. So useful, in fact, that non-programmers can<br />
+ give useful error messages, and programmers can intelligently<br />
+ speculate what went wrong without even using a debugger.<br />
+<br />
+ 17. The doxygen style guide to comments is a separate document,<br />
+ see index.<br />
+<br />
+ The library currently has a mixture of GNU-C and modern C++ coding<br />
+ styles. The GNU C usages will be combed out gradually.<br />
+<br />
+ Name patterns:<br />
+<br />
+ For nonstandard names appearing in Standard headers, we are constrained <br />
+ to use names that begin with underscores. This is called "uglification".<br />
+ The convention is:<br />
+<br />
+ Local and argument names: __[a-z].*<br />
+<br />
+ Examples: __count __ix __s1 <br />
+<br />
+ Type names and template formal-argument names: _[A-Z][^_].*<br />
+<br />
+ Examples: _Helper _CharT _N <br />
+<br />
+ Member data and function names: _M_.*<br />
+<br />
+ Examples: _M_num_elements _M_initialize ()<br />
+<br />
+ Static data members, constants, and enumerations: _S_.*<br />
+<br />
+ Examples: _S_max_elements _S_default_value<br />
+<br />
+ Don't use names in the same scope that differ only in the prefix, <br />
+ e.g. _S_top and _M_top. See BADNAMES for a list of forbidden names.<br />
+ (The most tempting of these seem to be and "_T" and "__sz".)<br />
+<br />
+ Names must never have "__" internally; it would confuse name<br />
+ unmanglers on some targets. Also, never use "__[0-9]", same reason.<br />
+<br />
+ --------------------------<br />
+<br />
+ [BY EXAMPLE]<br />
+ <br />
+ #ifndef _HEADER_<br />
+ #define _HEADER_ 1<br />
+<br />
+ namespace std<br />
+ {<br />
+ class gribble<br />
+ {<br />
+ public:<br />
+ gribble() throw();<br />
+<br />
+ gribble(const gribble&);<br />
+<br />
+ explicit <br />
+ gribble(int __howmany);<br />
+<br />
+ gribble& <br />
+ operator=(const gribble&);<br />
+<br />
+ virtual <br />
+ ~gribble() throw ();<br />
+<br />
+ // Start with a capital letter, end with a period.<br />
+ inline void <br />
+ public_member(const char* __arg) const;<br />
+<br />
+ // In-class function definitions should be restricted to one-liners.<br />
+ int <br />
+ one_line() { return 0 }<br />
+<br />
+ int <br />
+ two_lines(const char* arg) <br />
+ { return strchr(arg, 'a'); }<br />
+<br />
+ inline int <br />
+ three_lines(); // inline, but defined below.<br />
+<br />
+ // Note indentation.<br />
+ template<typename _Formal_argument><br />
+ void <br />
+ public_template() const throw();<br />
+<br />
+ template<typename _Iterator><br />
+ void <br />
+ other_template();<br />
+<br />
+ private:<br />
+ class _Helper;<br />
+<br />
+ int _M_private_data;<br />
+ int _M_more_stuff;<br />
+ _Helper* _M_helper;<br />
+ int _M_private_function();<br />
+<br />
+ enum _Enum <br />
+ { <br />
+ _S_one, <br />
+ _S_two <br />
+ };<br />
+<br />
+ static void <br />
+ _S_initialize_library();<br />
+ };<br />
+<br />
+ // More-or-less-standard language features described by lack, not presence.<br />
+ # ifndef _G_NO_LONGLONG<br />
+ extern long long _G_global_with_a_good_long_name; // avoid globals!<br />
+ # endif<br />
+<br />
+ // Avoid in-class inline definitions, define separately;<br />
+ // likewise for member class definitions:<br />
+ inline int<br />
+ gribble::public_member() const<br />
+ { int __local = 0; return __local; }<br />
+<br />
+ class gribble::_Helper<br />
+ {<br />
+ int _M_stuff;<br />
+<br />
+ friend class gribble;<br />
+ };<br />
+ }<br />
+<br />
+ // Names beginning with "__": only for arguments and<br />
+ // local variables; never use "__" in a type name, or<br />
+ // within any name; never use "__[0-9]".<br />
+<br />
+ #endif /* _HEADER_ */<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+ namespace std <br />
+ {<br />
+ template<typename T> // notice: "typename", not "class", no space<br />
+ long_return_value_type<with_many, args> <br />
+ function_name(char* pointer, // "char *pointer" is wrong.<br />
+ char* argument, <br />
+ const Reference& ref)<br />
+ {<br />
+ // int a_local; /* wrong; see below. */<br />
+ if (test) <br />
+ { <br />
+ nested code <br />
+ }<br />
+ <br />
+ int a_local = 0; // declare variable at first use.<br />
+<br />
+ // char a, b, *p; /* wrong */<br />
+ char a = 'a';<br />
+ char b = a + 1;<br />
+ char* c = "abc"; // each variable goes on its own line, always.<br />
+<br />
+ // except maybe here...<br />
+ for (unsigned i = 0, mask = 1; mask; ++i, mask <<= 1) {<br />
+ // ...<br />
+ }<br />
+ }<br />
+ <br />
+ gribble::gribble()<br />
+ : _M_private_data(0), _M_more_stuff(0), _M_helper(0);<br />
+ { }<br />
+<br />
+ inline int <br />
+ gribble::three_lines()<br />
+ {<br />
+ // doesn't fit in one line.<br />
+ }<br />
+ } // namespace std<br />
+ </p></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="source_organization.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="appendix_contributing.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="documentation_style.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Directory Layout and Source Conventions </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Documentation Style</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
--- /dev/null
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Design Notes</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="appendix_contributing.html" title="Appendix A. Contributing" /><link rel="prev" href="documentation_style.html" title="Documentation Style" /><link rel="next" href="appendix_porting.html" title="Appendix B. Porting and Maintenance" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Design Notes</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="documentation_style.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Appendix A.
+ Contributing
+
+</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="appendix_porting.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="contrib.design_notes"></a>Design Notes</h2></div></div></div><p>
+ </p><div class="literallayout"><p><br />
+<br />
+ The Library<br />
+ -----------<br />
+<br />
+ This paper is covers two major areas:<br />
+<br />
+ - Features and policies not mentioned in the standard that<br />
+ the quality of the library implementation depends on, including<br />
+ extensions and "implementation-defined" features;<br />
+<br />
+ - Plans for required but unimplemented library features and<br />
+ optimizations to them.<br />
+<br />
+ Overhead<br />
+ --------<br />
+<br />
+ The standard defines a large library, much larger than the standard<br />
+ C library. A naive implementation would suffer substantial overhead<br />
+ in compile time, executable size, and speed, rendering it unusable<br />
+ in many (particularly embedded) applications. The alternative demands<br />
+ care in construction, and some compiler support, but there is no<br />
+ need for library subsets.<br />
+<br />
+ What are the sources of this overhead? There are four main causes:<br />
+<br />
+ - The library is specified almost entirely as templates, which<br />
+ with current compilers must be included in-line, resulting in<br />
+ very slow builds as tens or hundreds of thousands of lines<br />
+ of function definitions are read for each user source file.<br />
+ Indeed, the entire SGI STL, as well as the dos Reis valarray,<br />
+ are provided purely as header files, largely for simplicity in<br />
+ porting. Iostream/locale is (or will be) as large again.<br />
+<br />
+ - The library is very flexible, specifying a multitude of hooks<br />
+ where users can insert their own code in place of defaults.<br />
+ When these hooks are not used, any time and code expended to<br />
+ support that flexibility is wasted.<br />
+<br />
+ - Templates are often described as causing to "code bloat". In<br />
+ practice, this refers (when it refers to anything real) to several<br />
+ independent processes. First, when a class template is manually<br />
+ instantiated in its entirely, current compilers place the definitions<br />
+ for all members in a single object file, so that a program linking<br />
+ to one member gets definitions of all. Second, template functions<br />
+ which do not actually depend on the template argument are, under<br />
+ current compilers, generated anew for each instantiation, rather<br />
+ than being shared with other instantiations. Third, some of the<br />
+ flexibility mentioned above comes from virtual functions (both in<br />
+ regular classes and template classes) which current linkers add<br />
+ to the executable file even when they manifestly cannot be called.<br />
+<br />
+ - The library is specified to use a language feature, exceptions,<br />
+ which in the current gcc compiler ABI imposes a run time and<br />
+ code space cost to handle the possibility of exceptions even when<br />
+ they are not used. Under the new ABI (accessed with -fnew-abi),<br />
+ there is a space overhead and a small reduction in code efficiency<br />
+ resulting from lost optimization opportunities associated with<br />
+ non-local branches associated with exceptions.<br />
+<br />
+ What can be done to eliminate this overhead? A variety of coding<br />
+ techniques, and compiler, linker and library improvements and<br />
+ extensions may be used, as covered below. Most are not difficult,<br />
+ and some are already implemented in varying degrees.<br />
+<br />
+ Overhead: Compilation Time<br />
+ --------------------------<br />
+<br />
+ Providing "ready-instantiated" template code in object code archives<br />
+ allows us to avoid generating and optimizing template instantiations<br />
+ in each compilation unit which uses them. However, the number of such<br />
+ instantiations that are useful to provide is limited, and anyway this<br />
+ is not enough, by itself, to minimize compilation time. In particular,<br />
+ it does not reduce time spent parsing conforming headers.<br />
+<br />
+ Quicker header parsing will depend on library extensions and compiler<br />
+ improvements. One approach is some variation on the techniques<br />
+ previously marketed as "pre-compiled headers", now standardized as<br />
+ support for the "export" keyword. "Exported" template definitions<br />
+ can be placed (once) in a "repository" -- really just a library, but<br />
+ of template definitions rather than object code -- to be drawn upon<br />
+ at link time when an instantiation is needed, rather than placed in<br />
+ header files to be parsed along with every compilation unit.<br />
+<br />
+ Until "export" is implemented we can put some of the lengthy template<br />
+ definitions in #if guards or alternative headers so that users can skip<br />
+ over the full definitions when they need only the ready-instantiated<br />
+ specializations.<br />
+<br />
+ To be precise, this means that certain headers which define<br />
+ templates which users normally use only for certain arguments<br />
+ can be instrumented to avoid exposing the template definitions<br />
+ to the compiler unless a macro is defined. For example, in<br />
+ <string>, we might have:<br />
+<br />
+ template <class _CharT, ... > class basic_string {<br />
+ ... // member declarations<br />
+ };<br />
+ ... // operator declarations<br />
+<br />
+ #ifdef _STRICT_ISO_<br />
+ # if _G_NO_TEMPLATE_EXPORT<br />
+ # include <bits/std_locale.h> // headers needed by definitions<br />
+ # ...<br />
+ # include <bits/string.tcc> // member and global template definitions.<br />
+ # endif<br />
+ #endif<br />
+<br />
+ Users who compile without specifying a strict-ISO-conforming flag<br />
+ would not see many of the template definitions they now see, and rely<br />
+ instead on ready-instantiated specializations in the library. This<br />
+ technique would be useful for the following substantial components:<br />
+ string, locale/iostreams, valarray. It would *not* be useful or<br />
+ usable with the following: containers, algorithms, iterators,<br />
+ allocator. Since these constitute a large (though decreasing)<br />
+ fraction of the library, the benefit the technique offers is<br />
+ limited.<br />
+<br />
+ The language specifies the semantics of the "export" keyword, but<br />
+ the gcc compiler does not yet support it. When it does, problems<br />
+ with large template inclusions can largely disappear, given some<br />
+ minor library reorganization, along with the need for the apparatus<br />
+ described above.<br />
+<br />
+ Overhead: Flexibility Cost<br />
+ --------------------------<br />
+<br />
+ The library offers many places where users can specify operations<br />
+ to be performed by the library in place of defaults. Sometimes<br />
+ this seems to require that the library use a more-roundabout, and<br />
+ possibly slower, way to accomplish the default requirements than<br />
+ would be used otherwise.<br />
+<br />
+ The primary protection against this overhead is thorough compiler<br />
+ optimization, to crush out layers of inline function interfaces.<br />
+ Kuck & Associates has demonstrated the practicality of this kind<br />
+ of optimization.<br />
+<br />
+ The second line of defense against this overhead is explicit<br />
+ specialization. By defining helper function templates, and writing<br />
+ specialized code for the default case, overhead can be eliminated<br />
+ for that case without sacrificing flexibility. This takes full<br />
+ advantage of any ability of the optimizer to crush out degenerate<br />
+ code.<br />
+<br />
+ The library specifies many virtual functions which current linkers<br />
+ load even when they cannot be called. Some minor improvements to the<br />
+ compiler and to ld would eliminate any such overhead by simply<br />
+ omitting virtual functions that the complete program does not call.<br />
+ A prototype of this work has already been done. For targets where<br />
+ GNU ld is not used, a "pre-linker" could do the same job.<br />
+<br />
+ The main areas in the standard interface where user flexibility<br />
+ can result in overhead are:<br />
+<br />
+ - Allocators: Containers are specified to use user-definable<br />
+ allocator types and objects, making tuning for the container<br />
+ characteristics tricky.<br />
+<br />
+ - Locales: the standard specifies locale objects used to implement<br />
+ iostream operations, involving many virtual functions which use<br />
+ streambuf iterators.<br />
+<br />
+ - Algorithms and containers: these may be instantiated on any type,<br />
+ frequently duplicating code for identical operations.<br />
+<br />
+ - Iostreams and strings: users are permitted to use these on their<br />
+ own types, and specify the operations the stream must use on these<br />
+ types.<br />
+<br />
+ Note that these sources of overhead are _avoidable_. The techniques<br />
+ to avoid them are covered below.<br />
+<br />
+ Code Bloat<br />
+ ----------<br />
+<br />
+ In the SGI STL, and in some other headers, many of the templates<br />
+ are defined "inline" -- either explicitly or by their placement<br />
+ in class definitions -- which should not be inline. This is a<br />
+ source of code bloat. Matt had remarked that he was relying on<br />
+ the compiler to recognize what was too big to benefit from inlining,<br />
+ and generate it out-of-line automatically. However, this also can<br />
+ result in code bloat except where the linker can eliminate the extra<br />
+ copies.<br />
+<br />
+ Fixing these cases will require an audit of all inline functions<br />
+ defined in the library to determine which merit inlining, and moving<br />
+ the rest out of line. This is an issue mainly in chapters 23, 25, and<br />
+ 27. Of course it can be done incrementally, and we should generally<br />
+ accept patches that move large functions out of line and into ".tcc"<br />
+ files, which can later be pulled into a repository. Compiler/linker<br />
+ improvements to recognize very large inline functions and move them<br />
+ out-of-line, but shared among compilation units, could make this<br />
+ work unnecessary.<br />
+<br />
+ Pre-instantiating template specializations currently produces large<br />
+ amounts of dead code which bloats statically linked programs. The<br />
+ current state of the static library, libstdc++.a, is intolerable on<br />
+ this account, and will fuel further confused speculation about a need<br />
+ for a library "subset". A compiler improvement that treats each<br />
+ instantiated function as a separate object file, for linking purposes,<br />
+ would be one solution to this problem. An alternative would be to<br />
+ split up the manual instantiation files into dozens upon dozens of<br />
+ little files, each compiled separately, but an abortive attempt at<br />
+ this was done for <string> and, though it is far from complete, it<br />
+ is already a nuisance. A better interim solution (just until we have<br />
+ "export") is badly needed.<br />
+<br />
+ When building a shared library, the current compiler/linker cannot<br />
+ automatically generate the instantiations needed. This creates a<br />
+ miserable situation; it means any time something is changed in the<br />
+ library, before a shared library can be built someone must manually<br />
+ copy the declarations of all templates that are needed by other parts<br />
+ of the library to an "instantiation" file, and add it to the build<br />
+ system to be compiled and linked to the library. This process is<br />
+ readily automated, and should be automated as soon as possible.<br />
+ Users building their own shared libraries experience identical<br />
+ frustrations.<br />
+<br />
+ Sharing common aspects of template definitions among instantiations<br />
+ can radically reduce code bloat. The compiler could help a great<br />
+ deal here by recognizing when a function depends on nothing about<br />
+ a template parameter, or only on its size, and giving the resulting<br />
+ function a link-name "equate" that allows it to be shared with other<br />
+ instantiations. Implementation code could take advantage of the<br />
+ capability by factoring out code that does not depend on the template<br />
+ argument into separate functions to be merged by the compiler.<br />
+<br />
+ Until such a compiler optimization is implemented, much can be done<br />
+ manually (if tediously) in this direction. One such optimization is<br />
+ to derive class templates from non-template classes, and move as much<br />
+ implementation as possible into the base class. Another is to partial-<br />
+ specialize certain common instantiations, such as vector<T*>, to share<br />
+ code for instantiations on all types T. While these techniques work,<br />
+ they are far from the complete solution that a compiler improvement<br />
+ would afford.<br />
+<br />
+ Overhead: Expensive Language Features<br />
+ -------------------------------------<br />
+<br />
+ The main "expensive" language feature used in the standard library<br />
+ is exception support, which requires compiling in cleanup code with<br />
+ static table data to locate it, and linking in library code to use<br />
+ the table. For small embedded programs the amount of such library<br />
+ code and table data is assumed by some to be excessive. Under the<br />
+ "new" ABI this perception is generally exaggerated, although in some<br />
+ cases it may actually be excessive.<br />
+<br />
+ To implement a library which does not use exceptions directly is<br />
+ not difficult given minor compiler support (to "turn off" exceptions<br />
+ and ignore exception constructs), and results in no great library<br />
+ maintenance difficulties. To be precise, given "-fno-exceptions",<br />
+ the compiler should treat "try" blocks as ordinary blocks, and<br />
+ "catch" blocks as dead code to ignore or eliminate. Compiler<br />
+ support is not strictly necessary, except in the case of "function<br />
+ try blocks"; otherwise the following macros almost suffice:<br />
+<br />
+ #define throw(X)<br />
+ #define try if (true)<br />
+ #define catch(X) else if (false)<br />
+<br />
+ However, there may be a need to use function try blocks in the<br />
+ library implementation, and use of macros in this way can make<br />
+ correct diagnostics impossible. Furthermore, use of this scheme<br />
+ would require the library to call a function to re-throw exceptions<br />
+ from a try block. Implementing the above semantics in the compiler<br />
+ is preferable.<br />
+<br />
+ Given the support above (however implemented) it only remains to<br />
+ replace code that "throws" with a call to a well-documented "handler"<br />
+ function in a separate compilation unit which may be replaced by<br />
+ the user. The main source of exceptions that would be difficult<br />
+ for users to avoid is memory allocation failures, but users can<br />
+ define their own memory allocation primitives that never throw.<br />
+ Otherwise, the complete list of such handlers, and which library<br />
+ functions may call them, would be needed for users to be able to<br />
+ implement the necessary substitutes. (Fortunately, they have the<br />
+ source code.)<br />
+<br />
+ Opportunities<br />
+ -------------<br />
+<br />
+ The template capabilities of C++ offer enormous opportunities for<br />
+ optimizing common library operations, well beyond what would be<br />
+ considered "eliminating overhead". In particular, many operations<br />
+ done in Glibc with macros that depend on proprietary language<br />
+ extensions can be implemented in pristine Standard C++. For example,<br />
+ the chapter 25 algorithms, and even C library functions such as strchr,<br />
+ can be specialized for the case of static arrays of known (small) size.<br />
+<br />
+ Detailed optimization opportunities are identified below where<br />
+ the component where they would appear is discussed. Of course new<br />
+ opportunities will be identified during implementation.<br />
+<br />
+ Unimplemented Required Library Features<br />
+ ---------------------------------------<br />
+<br />
+ The standard specifies hundreds of components, grouped broadly by<br />
+ chapter. These are listed in excruciating detail in the CHECKLIST<br />
+ file.<br />
+<br />
+ 17 general<br />
+ 18 support<br />
+ 19 diagnostics<br />
+ 20 utilities<br />
+ 21 string<br />
+ 22 locale<br />
+ 23 containers<br />
+ 24 iterators<br />
+ 25 algorithms<br />
+ 26 numerics<br />
+ 27 iostreams<br />
+ Annex D backward compatibility<br />
+<br />
+ Anyone participating in implementation of the library should obtain<br />
+ a copy of the standard, ISO 14882. People in the U.S. can obtain an<br />
+ electronic copy for US$18 from ANSI's web site. Those from other<br />
+ countries should visit http://www.iso.ch/ to find out the location<br />
+ of their country's representation in ISO, in order to know who can<br />
+ sell them a copy.<br />
+<br />
+ The emphasis in the following sections is on unimplemented features<br />
+ and optimization opportunities.<br />
+<br />
+ Chapter 17 General<br />
+ -------------------<br />
+<br />
+ Chapter 17 concerns overall library requirements.<br />
+<br />
+ The standard doesn't mention threads. A multi-thread (MT) extension<br />
+ primarily affects operators new and delete (18), allocator (20),<br />
+ string (21), locale (22), and iostreams (27). The common underlying<br />
+ support needed for this is discussed under chapter 20.<br />
+<br />
+ The standard requirements on names from the C headers create a<br />
+ lot of work, mostly done. Names in the C headers must be visible<br />
+ in the std:: and sometimes the global namespace; the names in the<br />
+ two scopes must refer to the same object. More stringent is that<br />
+ Koenig lookup implies that any types specified as defined in std::<br />
+ really are defined in std::. Names optionally implemented as<br />
+ macros in C cannot be macros in C++. (An overview may be read at<br />
+ <http://www.cantrip.org/cheaders.html>). The scripts "inclosure"<br />
+ and "mkcshadow", and the directories shadow/ and cshadow/, are the<br />
+ beginning of an effort to conform in this area.<br />
+<br />
+ A correct conforming definition of C header names based on underlying<br />
+ C library headers, and practical linking of conforming namespaced<br />
+ customer code with third-party C libraries depends ultimately on<br />
+ an ABI change, allowing namespaced C type names to be mangled into<br />
+ type names as if they were global, somewhat as C function names in a<br />
+ namespace, or C++ global variable names, are left unmangled. Perhaps<br />
+ another "extern" mode, such as 'extern "C-global"' would be an<br />
+ appropriate place for such type definitions. Such a type would<br />
+ affect mangling as follows:<br />
+<br />
+ namespace A {<br />
+ struct X {};<br />
+ extern "C-global" { // or maybe just 'extern "C"'<br />
+ struct Y {};<br />
+ };<br />
+ }<br />
+ void f(A::X*); // mangles to f__FPQ21A1X<br />
+ void f(A::Y*); // mangles to f__FP1Y<br />
+<br />
+ (It may be that this is really the appropriate semantics for regular<br />
+ 'extern "C"', and 'extern "C-global"', as an extension, would not be<br />
+ necessary.) This would allow functions declared in non-standard C headers<br />
+ (and thus fixable by neither us nor users) to link properly with functions<br />
+ declared using C types defined in properly-namespaced headers. The<br />
+ problem this solves is that C headers (which C++ programmers do persist<br />
+ in using) frequently forward-declare C struct tags without including<br />
+ the header where the type is defined, as in<br />
+<br />
+ struct tm;<br />
+ void munge(tm*);<br />
+<br />
+ Without some compiler accommodation, munge cannot be called by correct<br />
+ C++ code using a pointer to a correctly-scoped tm* value.<br />
+<br />
+ The current C headers use the preprocessor extension "#include_next",<br />
+ which the compiler complains about when run "-pedantic".<br />
+ (Incidentally, it appears that "-fpedantic" is currently ignored,<br />
+ probably a bug.) The solution in the C compiler is to use<br />
+ "-isystem" rather than "-I", but unfortunately in g++ this seems<br />
+ also to wrap the whole header in an 'extern "C"' block, so it's<br />
+ unusable for C++ headers. The correct solution appears to be to<br />
+ allow the various special include-directory options, if not given<br />
+ an argument, to affect subsequent include-directory options additively,<br />
+ so that if one said<br />
+<br />
+ -pedantic -iprefix $(prefix) \<br />
+ -idirafter -ino-pedantic -ino-extern-c -iwithprefix -I g++-v3 \<br />
+ -iwithprefix -I g++-v3/ext<br />
+<br />
+ the compiler would search $(prefix)/g++-v3 and not report<br />
+ pedantic warnings for files found there, but treat files in<br />
+ $(prefix)/g++-v3/ext pedantically. (The undocumented semantics<br />
+ of "-isystem" in g++ stink. Can they be rescinded? If not it<br />
+ must be replaced with something more rationally behaved.)<br />
+<br />
+ All the C headers need the treatment above; in the standard these<br />
+ headers are mentioned in various chapters. Below, I have only<br />
+ mentioned those that present interesting implementation issues.<br />
+<br />
+ The components identified as "mostly complete", below, have not been<br />
+ audited for conformance. In many cases where the library passes<br />
+ conformance tests we have non-conforming extensions that must be<br />
+ wrapped in #if guards for "pedantic" use, and in some cases renamed<br />
+ in a conforming way for continued use in the implementation regardless<br />
+ of conformance flags.<br />
+<br />
+ The STL portion of the library still depends on a header<br />
+ stl/bits/stl_config.h full of #ifdef clauses. This apparatus<br />
+ should be replaced with autoconf/automake machinery.<br />
+<br />
+ The SGI STL defines a type_traits<> template, specialized for<br />
+ many types in their code including the built-in numeric and<br />
+ pointer types and some library types, to direct optimizations of<br />
+ standard functions. The SGI compiler has been extended to generate<br />
+ specializations of this template automatically for user types,<br />
+ so that use of STL templates on user types can take advantage of<br />
+ these optimizations. Specializations for other, non-STL, types<br />
+ would make more optimizations possible, but extending the gcc<br />
+ compiler in the same way would be much better. Probably the next<br />
+ round of standardization will ratify this, but probably with<br />
+ changes, so it probably should be renamed to place it in the<br />
+ implementation namespace.<br />
+<br />
+ The SGI STL also defines a large number of extensions visible in<br />
+ standard headers. (Other extensions that appear in separate headers<br />
+ have been sequestered in subdirectories ext/ and backward/.) All<br />
+ these extensions should be moved to other headers where possible,<br />
+ and in any case wrapped in a namespace (not std!), and (where kept<br />
+ in a standard header) girded about with macro guards. Some cannot be<br />
+ moved out of standard headers because they are used to implement<br />
+ standard features. The canonical method for accommodating these<br />
+ is to use a protected name, aliased in macro guards to a user-space<br />
+ name. Unfortunately C++ offers no satisfactory template typedef<br />
+ mechanism, so very ad-hoc and unsatisfactory aliasing must be used<br />
+ instead.<br />
+<br />
+ Implementation of a template typedef mechanism should have the highest<br />
+ priority among possible extensions, on the same level as implementation<br />
+ of the template "export" feature.<br />
+<br />
+ Chapter 18 Language support<br />
+ ----------------------------<br />
+<br />
+ Headers: <limits> <new> <typeinfo> <exception><br />
+ C headers: <cstddef> <climits> <cfloat> <cstdarg> <csetjmp><br />
+ <ctime> <csignal> <cstdlib> (also 21, 25, 26)<br />
+<br />
+ This defines the built-in exceptions, rtti, numeric_limits<>,<br />
+ operator new and delete. Much of this is provided by the<br />
+ compiler in its static runtime library.<br />
+<br />
+ Work to do includes defining numeric_limits<> specializations in<br />
+ separate files for all target architectures. Values for integer types<br />
+ except for bool and wchar_t are readily obtained from the C header<br />
+ <limits.h>, but values for the remaining numeric types (bool, wchar_t,<br />
+ float, double, long double) must be entered manually. This is<br />
+ largely dog work except for those members whose values are not<br />
+ easily deduced from available documentation. Also, this involves<br />
+ some work in target configuration to identify the correct choice of<br />
+ file to build against and to install.<br />
+<br />
+ The definitions of the various operators new and delete must be<br />
+ made thread-safe, which depends on a portable exclusion mechanism,<br />
+ discussed under chapter 20. Of course there is always plenty of<br />
+ room for improvements to the speed of operators new and delete.<br />
+<br />
+ <cstdarg>, in Glibc, defines some macros that gcc does not allow to<br />
+ be wrapped into an inline function. Probably this header will demand<br />
+ attention whenever a new target is chosen. The functions atexit(),<br />
+ exit(), and abort() in cstdlib have different semantics in C++, so<br />
+ must be re-implemented for C++.<br />
+<br />
+ Chapter 19 Diagnostics<br />
+ -----------------------<br />
+<br />
+ Headers: <stdexcept><br />
+ C headers: <cassert> <cerrno><br />
+<br />
+ This defines the standard exception objects, which are "mostly complete".<br />
+ Cygnus has a version, and now SGI provides a slightly different one.<br />
+ It makes little difference which we use.<br />
+<br />
+ The C global name "errno", which C allows to be a variable or a macro,<br />
+ is required in C++ to be a macro. For MT it must typically result in<br />
+ a function call.<br />
+<br />
+ Chapter 20 Utilities<br />
+ ---------------------<br />
+ Headers: <utility> <functional> <memory><br />
+ C header: <ctime> (also in 18)<br />
+<br />
+ SGI STL provides "mostly complete" versions of all the components<br />
+ defined in this chapter. However, the auto_ptr<> implementation<br />
+ is known to be wrong. Furthermore, the standard definition of it<br />
+ is known to be unimplementable as written. A minor change to the<br />
+ standard would fix it, and auto_ptr<> should be adjusted to match.<br />
+<br />
+ Multi-threading affects the allocator implementation, and there must<br />
+ be configuration/installation choices for different users' MT<br />
+ requirements. Anyway, users will want to tune allocator options<br />
+ to support different target conditions, MT or no.<br />
+<br />
+ The primitives used for MT implementation should be exposed, as an<br />
+ extension, for users' own work. We need cross-CPU "mutex" support,<br />
+ multi-processor shared-memory atomic integer operations, and single-<br />
+ processor uninterruptible integer operations, and all three configurable<br />
+ to be stubbed out for non-MT use, or to use an appropriately-loaded<br />
+ dynamic library for the actual runtime environment, or statically<br />
+ compiled in for cases where the target architecture is known.<br />
+<br />
+ Chapter 21 String<br />
+ ------------------<br />
+ Headers: <string><br />
+ C headers: <cctype> <cwctype> <cstring> <cwchar> (also in 27)<br />
+ <cstdlib> (also in 18, 25, 26)<br />
+<br />
+ We have "mostly-complete" char_traits<> implementations. Many of the<br />
+ char_traits<char> operations might be optimized further using existing<br />
+ proprietary language extensions.<br />
+<br />
+ We have a "mostly-complete" basic_string<> implementation. The work<br />
+ to manually instantiate char and wchar_t specializations in object<br />
+ files to improve link-time behavior is extremely unsatisfactory,<br />
+ literally tripling library-build time with no commensurate improvement<br />
+ in static program link sizes. It must be redone. (Similar work is<br />
+ needed for some components in chapters 22 and 27.)<br />
+<br />
+ Other work needed for strings is MT-safety, as discussed under the<br />
+ chapter 20 heading.<br />
+<br />
+ The standard C type mbstate_t from <cwchar> and used in char_traits<><br />
+ must be different in C++ than in C, because in C++ the default constructor<br />
+ value mbstate_t() must be the "base" or "ground" sequence state.<br />
+ (According to the likely resolution of a recently raised Core issue,<br />
+ this may become unnecessary. However, there are other reasons to<br />
+ use a state type not as limited as whatever the C library provides.)<br />
+ If we might want to provide conversions from (e.g.) internally-<br />
+ represented EUC-wide to externally-represented Unicode, or vice-<br />
+ versa, the mbstate_t we choose will need to be more accommodating<br />
+ than what might be provided by an underlying C library.<br />
+<br />
+ There remain some basic_string template-member functions which do<br />
+ not overload properly with their non-template brethren. The infamous<br />
+ hack akin to what was done in vector<> is needed, to conform to<br />
+ 23.1.1 para 10. The CHECKLIST items for basic_string marked 'X',<br />
+ or incomplete, are so marked for this reason.<br />
+<br />
+ Replacing the string iterators, which currently are simple character<br />
+ pointers, with class objects would greatly increase the safety of the<br />
+ client interface, and also permit a "debug" mode in which range,<br />
+ ownership, and validity are rigorously checked. The current use of<br />
+ raw pointers as string iterators is evil. vector<> iterators need the<br />
+ same treatment. Note that the current implementation freely mixes<br />
+ pointers and iterators, and that must be fixed before safer iterators<br />
+ can be introduced.<br />
+<br />
+ Some of the functions in <cstring> are different from the C version.<br />
+ generally overloaded on const and non-const argument pointers. For<br />
+ example, in <cstring> strchr is overloaded. The functions isupper<br />
+ etc. in <cctype> typically implemented as macros in C are functions<br />
+ in C++, because they are overloaded with others of the same name<br />
+ defined in <locale>.<br />
+<br />
+ Many of the functions required in <cwctype> and <cwchar> cannot be<br />
+ implemented using underlying C facilities on intended targets because<br />
+ such facilities only partly exist.<br />
+<br />
+ Chapter 22 Locale<br />
+ ------------------<br />
+ Headers: <locale><br />
+ C headers: <clocale><br />
+<br />
+ We have a "mostly complete" class locale, with the exception of<br />
+ code for constructing, and handling the names of, named locales.<br />
+ The ways that locales are named (particularly when categories<br />
+ (e.g. LC_TIME, LC_COLLATE) are different) varies among all target<br />
+ environments. This code must be written in various versions and<br />
+ chosen by configuration parameters.<br />
+<br />
+ Members of many of the facets defined in <locale> are stubs. Generally,<br />
+ there are two sets of facets: the base class facets (which are supposed<br />
+ to implement the "C" locale) and the "byname" facets, which are supposed<br />
+ to read files to determine their behavior. The base ctype<>, collate<>,<br />
+ and numpunct<> facets are "mostly complete", except that the table of<br />
+ bitmask values used for "is" operations, and corresponding mask values,<br />
+ are still defined in libio and just included/linked. (We will need to<br />
+ implement these tables independently, soon, but should take advantage<br />
+ of libio where possible.) The num_put<>::put members for integer types<br />
+ are "mostly complete".<br />
+<br />
+ A complete list of what has and has not been implemented may be<br />
+ found in CHECKLIST. However, note that the current definition of<br />
+ codecvt<wchar_t,char,mbstate_t> is wrong. It should simply write<br />
+ out the raw bytes representing the wide characters, rather than<br />
+ trying to convert each to a corresponding single "char" value.<br />
+<br />
+ Some of the facets are more important than others. Specifically,<br />
+ the members of ctype<>, numpunct<>, num_put<>, and num_get<> facets<br />
+ are used by other library facilities defined in <string>, <istream>,<br />
+ and <ostream>, and the codecvt<> facet is used by basic_filebuf<><br />
+ in <fstream>, so a conforming iostream implementation depends on<br />
+ these.<br />
+<br />
+ The "long long" type eventually must be supported, but code mentioning<br />
+ it should be wrapped in #if guards to allow pedantic-mode compiling.<br />
+<br />
+ Performance of num_put<> and num_get<> depend critically on<br />
+ caching computed values in ios_base objects, and on extensions<br />
+ to the interface with streambufs.<br />
+<br />
+ Specifically: retrieving a copy of the locale object, extracting<br />
+ the needed facets, and gathering data from them, for each call to<br />
+ (e.g.) operator<< would be prohibitively slow. To cache format<br />
+ data for use by num_put<> and num_get<> we have a _Format_cache<><br />
+ object stored in the ios_base::pword() array. This is constructed<br />
+ and initialized lazily, and is organized purely for utility. It<br />
+ is discarded when a new locale with different facets is imbued.<br />
+<br />
+ Using only the public interfaces of the iterator arguments to the<br />
+ facet functions would limit performance by forbidding "vector-style"<br />
+ character operations. The streambuf iterator optimizations are<br />
+ described under chapter 24, but facets can also bypass the streambuf<br />
+ iterators via explicit specializations and operate directly on the<br />
+ streambufs, and use extended interfaces to get direct access to the<br />
+ streambuf internal buffer arrays. These extensions are mentioned<br />
+ under chapter 27. These optimizations are particularly important<br />
+ for input parsing.<br />
+<br />
+ Unused virtual members of locale facets can be omitted, as mentioned<br />
+ above, by a smart linker.<br />
+<br />
+ Chapter 23 Containers<br />
+ ----------------------<br />
+ Headers: <deque> <list> <queue> <stack> <vector> <map> <set> <bitset><br />
+<br />
+ All the components in chapter 23 are implemented in the SGI STL.<br />
+ They are "mostly complete"; they include a large number of<br />
+ nonconforming extensions which must be wrapped. Some of these<br />
+ are used internally and must be renamed or duplicated.<br />
+<br />
+ The SGI components are optimized for large-memory environments. For<br />
+ embedded targets, different criteria might be more appropriate. Users<br />
+ will want to be able to tune this behavior. We should provide<br />
+ ways for users to compile the library with different memory usage<br />
+ characteristics.<br />
+<br />
+ A lot more work is needed on factoring out common code from different<br />
+ specializations to reduce code size here and in chapter 25. The<br />
+ easiest fix for this would be a compiler/ABI improvement that allows<br />
+ the compiler to recognize when a specialization depends only on the<br />
+ size (or other gross quality) of a template argument, and allow the<br />
+ linker to share the code with similar specializations. In its<br />
+ absence, many of the algorithms and containers can be partial-<br />
+ specialized, at least for the case of pointers, but this only solves<br />
+ a small part of the problem. Use of a type_traits-style template<br />
+ allows a few more optimization opportunities, more if the compiler<br />
+ can generate the specializations automatically.<br />
+<br />
+ As an optimization, containers can specialize on the default allocator<br />
+ and bypass it, or take advantage of details of its implementation<br />
+ after it has been improved upon.<br />
+<br />
+ Replacing the vector iterators, which currently are simple element<br />
+ pointers, with class objects would greatly increase the safety of the<br />
+ client interface, and also permit a "debug" mode in which range,<br />
+ ownership, and validity are rigorously checked. The current use of<br />
+ pointers for iterators is evil.<br />
+<br />
+ As mentioned for chapter 24, the deque iterator is a good example of<br />
+ an opportunity to implement a "staged" iterator that would benefit<br />
+ from specializations of some algorithms.<br />
+<br />
+ Chapter 24 Iterators<br />
+ ---------------------<br />
+ Headers: <iterator><br />
+<br />
+ Standard iterators are "mostly complete", with the exception of<br />
+ the stream iterators, which are not yet templatized on the<br />
+ stream type. Also, the base class template iterator<> appears<br />
+ to be wrong, so everything derived from it must also be wrong,<br />
+ currently.<br />
+<br />
+ The streambuf iterators (currently located in stl/bits/std_iterator.h,<br />
+ but should be under bits/) can be rewritten to take advantage of<br />
+ friendship with the streambuf implementation.<br />
+<br />
+ Matt Austern has identified opportunities where certain iterator<br />
+ types, particularly including streambuf iterators and deque<br />
+ iterators, have a "two-stage" quality, such that an intermediate<br />
+ limit can be checked much more quickly than the true limit on<br />
+ range operations. If identified with a member of iterator_traits,<br />
+ algorithms may be specialized for this case. Of course the<br />
+ iterators that have this quality can be identified by specializing<br />
+ a traits class.<br />
+<br />
+ Many of the algorithms must be specialized for the streambuf<br />
+ iterators, to take advantage of block-mode operations, in order<br />
+ to allow iostream/locale operations' performance not to suffer.<br />
+ It may be that they could be treated as staged iterators and<br />
+ take advantage of those optimizations.<br />
+<br />
+ Chapter 25 Algorithms<br />
+ ----------------------<br />
+ Headers: <algorithm><br />
+ C headers: <cstdlib> (also in 18, 21, 26))<br />
+<br />
+ The algorithms are "mostly complete". As mentioned above, they<br />
+ are optimized for speed at the expense of code and data size.<br />
+<br />
+ Specializations of many of the algorithms for non-STL types would<br />
+ give performance improvements, but we must use great care not to<br />
+ interfere with fragile template overloading semantics for the<br />
+ standard interfaces. Conventionally the standard function template<br />
+ interface is an inline which delegates to a non-standard function<br />
+ which is then overloaded (this is already done in many places in<br />
+ the library). Particularly appealing opportunities for the sake of<br />
+ iostream performance are for copy and find applied to streambuf<br />
+ iterators or (as noted elsewhere) for staged iterators, of which<br />
+ the streambuf iterators are a good example.<br />
+<br />
+ The bsearch and qsort functions cannot be overloaded properly as<br />
+ required by the standard because gcc does not yet allow overloading<br />
+ on the extern-"C"-ness of a function pointer.<br />
+<br />
+ Chapter 26 Numerics<br />
+ --------------------<br />
+ Headers: <complex> <valarray> <numeric><br />
+ C headers: <cmath>, <cstdlib> (also 18, 21, 25)<br />
+<br />
+ Numeric components: Gabriel dos Reis's valarray, Drepper's complex,<br />
+ and the few algorithms from the STL are "mostly done". Of course<br />
+ optimization opportunities abound for the numerically literate. It<br />
+ is not clear whether the valarray implementation really conforms<br />
+ fully, in the assumptions it makes about aliasing (and lack thereof)<br />
+ in its arguments.<br />
+<br />
+ The C div() and ldiv() functions are interesting, because they are the<br />
+ only case where a C library function returns a class object by value.<br />
+ Since the C++ type div_t must be different from the underlying C type<br />
+ (which is in the wrong namespace) the underlying functions div() and<br />
+ ldiv() cannot be re-used efficiently. Fortunately they are trivial to<br />
+ re-implement.<br />
+<br />
+ Chapter 27 Iostreams<br />
+ ---------------------<br />
+ Headers: <iosfwd> <streambuf> <ios> <ostream> <istream> <iostream><br />
+ <iomanip> <sstream> <fstream><br />
+ C headers: <cstdio> <cwchar> (also in 21)<br />
+<br />
+ Iostream is currently in a very incomplete state. <iosfwd>, <iomanip>,<br />
+ ios_base, and basic_ios<> are "mostly complete". basic_streambuf<> and<br />
+ basic_ostream<> are well along, but basic_istream<> has had little work<br />
+ done. The standard stream objects, <sstream> and <fstream> have been<br />
+ started; basic_filebuf<> "write" functions have been implemented just<br />
+ enough to do "hello, world".<br />
+<br />
+ Most of the istream and ostream operators << and >> (with the exception<br />
+ of the op<<(integer) ones) have not been changed to use locale primitives,<br />
+ sentry objects, or char_traits members.<br />
+<br />
+ All these templates should be manually instantiated for char and<br />
+ wchar_t in a way that links only used members into user programs.<br />
+<br />
+ Streambuf is fertile ground for optimization extensions. An extended<br />
+ interface giving iterator access to its internal buffer would be very<br />
+ useful for other library components.<br />
+<br />
+ Iostream operations (primarily operators << and >>) can take advantage<br />
+ of the case where user code has not specified a locale, and bypass locale<br />
+ operations entirely. The current implementation of op<</num_put<>::put,<br />
+ for the integer types, demonstrates how they can cache encoding details<br />
+ from the locale on each operation. There is lots more room for<br />
+ optimization in this area.<br />
+<br />
+ The definition of the relationship between the standard streams<br />
+ cout et al. and stdout et al. requires something like a "stdiobuf".<br />
+ The SGI solution of using double-indirection to actually use a<br />
+ stdio FILE object for buffering is unsatisfactory, because it<br />
+ interferes with peephole loop optimizations.<br />
+<br />
+ The <sstream> header work has begun. stringbuf can benefit from<br />
+ friendship with basic_string<> and basic_string<>::_Rep to use<br />
+ those objects directly as buffers, and avoid allocating and making<br />
+ copies.<br />
+<br />
+ The basic_filebuf<> template is a complex beast. It is specified to<br />
+ use the locale facet codecvt<> to translate characters between native<br />
+ files and the locale character encoding. In general this involves<br />
+ two buffers, one of "char" representing the file and another of<br />
+ "char_type", for the stream, with codecvt<> translating. The process<br />
+ is complicated by the variable-length nature of the translation, and<br />
+ the need to seek to corresponding places in the two representations.<br />
+ For the case of basic_filebuf<char>, when no translation is needed,<br />
+ a single buffer suffices. A specialized filebuf can be used to reduce<br />
+ code space overhead when no locale has been imbued. Matt Austern's<br />
+ work at SGI will be useful, perhaps directly as a source of code, or<br />
+ at least as an example to draw on.<br />
+<br />
+ Filebuf, almost uniquely (cf. operator new), depends heavily on<br />
+ underlying environmental facilities. In current releases iostream<br />
+ depends fairly heavily on libio constant definitions, but it should<br />
+ be made independent. It also depends on operating system primitives<br />
+ for file operations. There is immense room for optimizations using<br />
+ (e.g.) mmap for reading. The shadow/ directory wraps, besides the<br />
+ standard C headers, the libio.h and unistd.h headers, for use mainly<br />
+ by filebuf. These wrappings have not been completed, though there<br />
+ is scaffolding in place.<br />
+<br />
+ The encapsulation of certain C header <cstdio> names presents an<br />
+ interesting problem. It is possible to define an inline std::fprintf()<br />
+ implemented in terms of the 'extern "C"' vfprintf(), but there is no<br />
+ standard vfscanf() to use to implement std::fscanf(). It appears that<br />
+ vfscanf but be re-implemented in C++ for targets where no vfscanf<br />
+ extension has been defined. This is interesting in that it seems<br />
+ to be the only significant case in the C library where this kind of<br />
+ rewriting is necessary. (Of course Glibc provides the vfscanf()<br />
+ extension.) (The functions related to exit() must be rewritten<br />
+ for other reasons.)<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+ Annex D<br />
+ -------<br />
+ Headers: <strstream><br />
+<br />
+ Annex D defines many non-library features, and many minor<br />
+ modifications to various headers, and a complete header.<br />
+ It is "mostly done", except that the libstdc++-2 <strstream><br />
+ header has not been adopted into the library, or checked to<br />
+ verify that it matches the draft in those details that were<br />
+ clarified by the committee. Certainly it must at least be<br />
+ moved into the std namespace.<br />
+<br />
+ We still need to wrap all the deprecated features in #if guards<br />
+ so that pedantic compile modes can detect their use.<br />
+<br />
+ Nonstandard Extensions<br />
+ ----------------------<br />
+ Headers: <iostream.h> <strstream.h> <hash> <rbtree><br />
+ <pthread_alloc> <stdiobuf> (etc.)<br />
+<br />
+ User code has come to depend on a variety of nonstandard components<br />
+ that we must not omit. Much of this code can be adopted from<br />
+ libstdc++-v2 or from the SGI STL. This particularly includes<br />
+ <iostream.h>, <strstream.h>, and various SGI extensions such<br />
+ as <hash_map.h>. Many of these are already placed in the<br />
+ subdirectories ext/ and backward/. (Note that it is better to<br />
+ include them via "<backward/hash_map.h>" or "<ext/hash_map>" than<br />
+ to search the subdirectory itself via a "-I" directive.<br />
+ </p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="documentation_style.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="appendix_contributing.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="appendix_porting.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Documentation Style </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Appendix B.
+ Porting and Maintenance
+
+</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Directory Layout and Source Conventions</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="appendix_contributing.html" title="Appendix A. Contributing" /><link rel="prev" href="appendix_contributing.html" title="Appendix A. Contributing" /><link rel="next" href="source_code_style.html" title="Coding Style" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Directory Layout and Source Conventions</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="appendix_contributing.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Appendix A.
+ Contributing
+
+</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="source_code_style.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="contrib.organization"></a>Directory Layout and Source Conventions</h2></div></div></div><p>
+ The unpacked source directory of libstdc++ contains the files
+ needed to create the GNU C++ Library.
+ </p><div class="literallayout"><p><br />
+It has subdirectories:<br />
+<br />
+ doc<br />
+ Files in HTML and text format that document usage, quirks of the<br />
+ implementation, and contributor checklists.<br />
+<br />
+ include<br />
+ All header files for the C++ library are within this directory,<br />
+ modulo specific runtime-related files that are in the libsupc++<br />
+ directory.<br />
+<br />
+ include/std<br />
+ Files meant to be found by #include <name> directives in<br />
+ standard-conforming user programs. <br />
+<br />
+ include/c<br />
+ Headers intended to directly include standard C headers. <br />
+ [NB: this can be enabled via --enable-cheaders=c]<br />
+<br />
+ include/c_global <br />
+ Headers intended to include standard C headers in<br />
+ the global namespace, and put select names into the std::<br />
+ namespace. [NB: this is the default, and is the same as<br />
+ --enable-cheaders=c_global]<br />
+<br />
+ include/c_std <br />
+ Headers intended to include standard C headers<br />
+ already in namespace std, and put select names into the std::<br />
+ namespace. [NB: this is the same as --enable-cheaders=c_std]<br />
+<br />
+ include/bits<br />
+ Files included by standard headers and by other files in<br />
+ the bits directory. <br />
+<br />
+ include/backward<br />
+ Headers provided for backward compatibility, such as <iostream.h>.<br />
+ They are not used in this library.<br />
+<br />
+ include/ext<br />
+ Headers that define extensions to the standard library. No<br />
+ standard header refers to any of them.<br />
+<br />
+ scripts<br />
+ Scripts that are used during the configure, build, make, or test<br />
+ process.<br />
+<br />
+ src<br />
+ Files that are used in constructing the library, but are not<br />
+ installed.<br />
+<br />
+ testsuites/[backward, demangle, ext, performance, thread, 17_* to 27_*]<br />
+ Test programs are here, and may be used to begin to exercise the <br />
+ library. Support for "make check" and "make check-install" is<br />
+ complete, and runs through all the subdirectories here when this<br />
+ command is issued from the build directory. Please note that<br />
+ "make check" requires DejaGNU 1.4 or later to be installed. Please<br />
+ note that "make check-script" calls the script mkcheck, which<br />
+ requires bash, and which may need the paths to bash adjusted to<br />
+ work properly, as /bin/bash is assumed.<br />
+<br />
+Other subdirectories contain variant versions of certain files<br />
+that are meant to be copied or linked by the configure script.<br />
+Currently these are:<br />
+<br />
+ config/abi<br />
+ config/cpu<br />
+ config/io<br />
+ config/locale<br />
+ config/os<br />
+<br />
+In addition, a subdirectory holds the convenience library libsupc++.<br />
+<br />
+ libsupc++<br />
+ Contains the runtime library for C++, including exception<br />
+ handling and memory allocation and deallocation, RTTI, terminate<br />
+ handlers, etc.<br />
+<br />
+Note that glibc also has a bits/ subdirectory. We will either<br />
+need to be careful not to collide with names in its bits/<br />
+directory; or rename bits to (e.g.) cppbits/.<br />
+<br />
+In files throughout the system, lines marked with an "XXX" indicate<br />
+a bug or incompletely-implemented feature. Lines marked "XXX MT"<br />
+indicate a place that may require attention for multi-thread safety.<br />
+ </p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="appendix_contributing.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="appendix_contributing.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="source_code_style.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Appendix A.
+ Contributing
+
+ </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Coding Style</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>The GNU C++ Library</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="prev" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="next" href="intro.html" title="Part I. Introduction" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="../spine.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center"> </th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="intro.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="book" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="manual-index"></a>The GNU C++ Library</h1></div><div><p class="copyright">Copyright © 2009
<a class="ulink" href="http://fsf.org" target="_top">FSF</a>
- </p></div><div><div class="legalnotice"><a id="id516338"></a><p>
- <a class="ulink" href="17_intro/license.html" target="_top">License</a>
- </p></div></div></div><hr /></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="part"><a href="intro.html">I. Introduction</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt01ch01.html">1. Status</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt01ch01.html#manual.intro.status.standard">Implementation Status</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt01ch01.html#manual.intro.status.standard.1998">C++ 1998</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt01ch01.html#manual.intro.status.standard.tr1">C++ TR1</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt01ch01.html#manual.intro.status.standard.200x">C++ 200x</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt01ch01s02.html">License</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt01ch01s02.html#manual.intro.status.license.gpl">The Code: GPL</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt01ch01s02.html#manual.intro.status.license.fdl">The Documentation: GPL, FDL</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt01ch01s03.html">Bugs</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt01ch01s03.html#manual.intro.status.bugs.impl">Implementation Bugs</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt01ch01s03.html#manual.intro.status.bugs.iso">Standard Bugs</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt01ch02.html">2. Setup</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt01ch02.html#manual.intro.setup.prereq">Prerequisites</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="configure.html">Configure</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt01ch02s03.html">Make</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="test.html">Test</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="test.html#test.organization">Organization</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="test.html#test.run">Running the Testsuite</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="test.html#test.new_tests">Writing a new test case</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="test.html#test.harness">Test Harness and Utilities</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="using.html">3. Using</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="using.html#manual.intro.using.lib">Linking Library Binary Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt01ch03s02.html">Headers</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt01ch03s02.html#manual.intro.using.headers.all">Header Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt01ch03s02.html#manual.intro.using.headers.mixing">Mixing Headers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt01ch03s02.html#manual.intro.using.headers.cheaders">The C Headers and namespace std</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt01ch03s02.html#manual.intro.using.headers.pre">Precompiled Headers</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt01ch03s03.html">Namespaces</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt01ch03s03.html#manual.intro.using.namespaces.all">Available Namespaces</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt01ch03s03.html#manual.intro.using.namespaces.std">namespace std</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt01ch03s03.html#manual.intro.using.namespaces.comp">Using Namespace Composition</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt01ch03s04.html">Macros</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt01ch03s05.html">Concurrency</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt01ch03s05.html#manual.intro.using.concurrency.prereq">Prerequisites</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt01ch03s05.html#manual.intro.using.concurrency.thread_safety">Thread Safety</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt01ch03s05.html#manual.intro.using.concurrency.atomics">Atomics</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt01ch03s05.html#manual.intro.using.concurrency.io">IO</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt01ch03s05.html#manual.intro.using.concurrency.containers">Containers</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt01ch03s06.html">Exceptions</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt01ch03s06.html#intro.using.exception.propagating">Propagating Exceptions aka Exception Neutrality</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt01ch03s06.html#intro.using.exception.safety">Exception Safety</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt01ch03s06.html#intro.using.exception.no">Support for -fno-exceptions</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="debug.html">Debugging Support</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.compiler">Using g++</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.req">Debug Versions of Library Binary Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.memory">Memory Leak Hunting</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.gdb">Using gdb</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.exceptions">Tracking uncaught exceptions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.debug_mode">Debug Mode</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.compile_time_checks">Compile Time Checking</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="part"><a href="support.html">II. Support</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="preface"><a href="bk01pt02pr01.html"></a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt02ch04.html">4. Types</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt02ch04.html#manual.support.types.fundamental">Fundamental Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt02ch04s02.html">Numeric Properties</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt02ch04s03.html">NULL</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt02ch05.html">5. Dynamic Memory</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt02ch06.html">6. Termination</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt02ch06.html#support.termination.handlers">Termination Handlers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt02ch06s02.html">Verbose Terminate Handler</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="part"><a href="diagnostics.html">III. Diagnostics</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt03ch07.html">7. Exceptions</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt03ch07.html#manual.diagnostics.exceptions.hierarchy">Exception Classes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt03ch07s02.html">Adding Data to Exceptions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt03ch07s03.html">Cancellation</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt03ch08.html">8. Concept Checking</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="part"><a href="utilities.html">IV. Utilities</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt04ch09.html">9. Functors</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt04ch10.html">10. Pairs</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt04ch11.html">11. Memory</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt04ch11.html#manual.util.memory.allocator">Allocators</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt04ch11.html#allocator.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt04ch11.html#allocator.design_issues">Design Issues</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt04ch11.html#allocator.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt04ch11.html#allocator.using">Using a Specific Allocator</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt04ch11.html#allocator.custom">Custom Allocators</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt04ch11.html#allocator.ext">Extension Allocators</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="auto_ptr.html">auto_ptr</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="auto_ptr.html#auto_ptr.limitations">Limitations</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="auto_ptr.html#auto_ptr.using">Use in Containers</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="shared_ptr.html">shared_ptr</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="shared_ptr.html#shared_ptr.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="shared_ptr.html#shared_ptr.design_issues">Design Issues</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="shared_ptr.html#shared_ptr.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="shared_ptr.html#shared_ptr.using">Use</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="shared_ptr.html#shared_ptr.ack">Acknowledgments</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt04ch12.html">12. Traits</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="part"><a href="strings.html">V. Strings</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt05ch13.html">13. String Classes</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13.html#strings.string.simple">Simple Transformations</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13s02.html">Case Sensitivity</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13s03.html">Arbitrary Character Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13s04.html">Tokenizing</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13s05.html">Shrink to Fit</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13s06.html">CString (MFC)</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="part"><a href="localization.html">VI. Localization</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt06ch14.html">14. Locales</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt06ch14.html#manual.localization.locales.locale">locale</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt06ch14.html#locales.locale.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt06ch14.html#locales.locale.design">Design</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt06ch14.html#locales.locale.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt06ch14.html#locales.locale.future">Future</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt06ch15.html">15. Facets aka Categories</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt06ch15.html#manual.localization.facet.ctype">ctype</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt06ch15.html#facet.ctype.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt06ch15.html#facet.ctype.future">Future</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="codecvt.html">codecvt</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.design">Design</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.use">Use</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.future">Future</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="messages.html">messages</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.design">Design</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.use">Use</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.future">Future</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="part"><a href="containers.html">VII. Containers</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt07ch16.html">16. Sequences</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt07ch16.html#containers.sequences.list">list</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt07ch16.html#sequences.list.size">list::size() is O(n)</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt07ch16s02.html">vector</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt07ch16s02.html#sequences.vector.management">Space Overhead Management</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt07ch17.html">17. Associative</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt07ch17.html#containers.associative.insert_hints">Insertion Hints</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt07ch17s02.html">bitset</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt07ch17s02.html#associative.bitset.size_variable">Size Variable</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt07ch17s02.html#associative.bitset.type_string">Type String</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt07ch18.html">18. Interacting with C</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt07ch18.html#containers.c.vs_array">Containers vs. Arrays</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="part"><a href="iterators.html">VIII. Iterators</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt08ch19.html">19. Predefined</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt08ch19.html#iterators.predefined.vs_pointers">Iterators vs. Pointers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt08ch19s02.html">One Past the End</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="part"><a href="algorithms.html">IX. Algorithms</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="preface"><a href="bk01pt09pr02.html"></a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt09ch20.html">20. Mutating</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt09ch20.html#algorithms.mutating.swap">swap</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt09ch20.html#algorithms.swap.specializations">Specializations</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="part"><a href="numerics.html">X. Numerics</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt10ch21.html">21. Complex</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt10ch21.html#numerics.complex.processing">complex Processing</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt10ch22.html">22. Generalized Operations</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt10ch23.html">23. Interacting with C</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt10ch23.html#numerics.c.array">Numerics vs. Arrays</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt10ch23s02.html">C99</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="part"><a href="io.html">XI. Input and Output</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt11ch24.html">24. Iostream Objects</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt11ch25.html">25. Stream Buffers</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt11ch25.html#io.streambuf.derived">Derived streambuf Classes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt11ch25s02.html">Buffering</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt11ch26.html">26. Memory Based Streams</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt11ch26.html#manual.io.memstreams.compat">Compatibility With strstream</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt11ch27.html">27. File Based Streams</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt11ch27.html#manual.io.filestreams.copying_a_file">Copying a File</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt11ch27s02.html">Binary Input and Output</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt11ch27s03.html">More Binary Input and Output</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt11ch28.html">28. Interacting with C</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt11ch28.html#manual.io.c.FILE">Using FILE* and file descriptors</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt11ch28s02.html">Performance</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="part"><a href="extensions.html">XII. Extensions</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="preface"><a href="bk01pt12pr03.html"></a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt12ch29.html">29. Compile Time Checks</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="debug_mode.html">30. Debug Mode</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="debug_mode.html#manual.ext.debug_mode.intro">Intro</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s02.html">Semantics</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s03.html">Using</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s03.html#debug_mode.using.mode">Using the Debug Mode</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s03.html#debug_mode.using.specific">Using a Specific Debug Container</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s04.html">Design</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s04.html#manual.ext.debug_mode.design.goals">Goals</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s04.html#manual.ext.debug_mode.design.methods">Methods</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s04.html#manual.ext.debug_mode.design.other">Other Implementations</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="parallel_mode.html">31. Parallel Mode</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="parallel_mode.html#manual.ext.parallel_mode.intro">Intro</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s02.html">Semantics</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s03.html">Using</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s03.html#parallel_mode.using.prereq_flags">Prerequisite Compiler Flags</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s03.html#parallel_mode.using.parallel_mode">Using Parallel Mode</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s03.html#parallel_mode.using.specific">Using Specific Parallel Components</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s04.html">Design</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s04.html#manual.ext.parallel_mode.design.intro">Interface Basics</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s04.html#manual.ext.parallel_mode.design.tuning">Configuration and Tuning</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s04.html#manual.ext.parallel_mode.design.impl">Implementation Namespaces</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s05.html">Testing</a></span></dt><dt><span class="bibliography"><a href="parallel_mode.html#parallel_mode.biblio">Bibliography</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt12ch32.html">32. Allocators</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch32.html#manual.ext.allocator.mt">mt_allocator</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch32.html#allocator.mt.intro">Intro</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch32.html#allocator.mt.design_issues">Design Issues</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch32.html#allocator.mt.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch32.html#allocator.mt.example_single">Single Thread Example</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch32.html#allocator.mt.example_multi">Multiple Thread Example</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bitmap_allocator.html">bitmap_allocator</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bitmap_allocator.html#allocator.bitmap.design">Design</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bitmap_allocator.html#allocator.bitmap.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt12ch33.html">33. Containers</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch33.html#manual.ext.containers.pbds">Policy Based Data Structures</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch33s02.html">HP/SGI</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch33s03.html">Deprecated HP/SGI</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt12ch34.html">34. Utilities</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt12ch35.html">35. Algorithms</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt12ch36.html">36. Numerics</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt12ch37.html">37. Iterators</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt12ch38.html">38. Input and Output</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch38.html#manual.ext.io.filebuf_derived">Derived filebufs</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt12ch39.html">39. Demangling</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="concurrency.html">40. Concurrency</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="concurrency.html#manual.ext.concurrency.design">Design</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="concurrency.html#manual.ext.concurrency.design.threads">Interface to Locks and Mutexes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="concurrency.html#manual.ext.concurrency.design.atomics">Interface to Atomic Functions</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch40s02.html">Implementation</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch40s02.html#manual.ext.concurrency.impl.atomic_fallbacks">Using Builtin Atomic Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch40s02.html#manual.ext.concurrency.impl.thread">Thread Abstraction</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch40s03.html">Use</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="appendix"><a href="appendix_contributing.html">A. Contributing</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="appendix_contributing.html#contrib.list">Contributor Checklist</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="appendix_contributing.html#list.reading">Reading</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="appendix_contributing.html#list.copyright">Assignment</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="appendix_contributing.html#list.getting">Getting Sources</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="appendix_contributing.html#list.patches">Submitting Patches</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01apas02.html">Directory Layout and Source Conventions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01apas03.html">Coding Style</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01apas03.html#coding_style.bad_identifiers">Bad Identifiers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01apas03.html#coding_style.example">By Example</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01apas04.html">Documentation Style</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01apas04.html#doc_style.doxygen">Doxygen</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01apas04.html#doc_style.docbook">Docbook</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01apas05.html">Design Notes</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="appendix"><a href="appendix_porting.html">B. Porting and Maintenance</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="appendix_porting.html#appendix.porting.build_hacking">Configure and Build Hacking</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="appendix_porting.html#build_hacking.prereq">Prerequisites</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="appendix_porting.html#build_hacking.map">Overview: What Comes from Where</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="appendix_porting.html#build_hacking.scripts">Storing Information in non-AC files (like configure.host)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="appendix_porting.html#build_hacking.conventions">Coding and Commenting Conventions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="appendix_porting.html#build_hacking.acinclude">The acinclude.m4 layout</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="appendix_porting.html#build_hacking.enable">GLIBCXX_ENABLE, the --enable maker</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="internals.html">Porting to New Hardware or Operating Systems</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="internals.html#internals.os">Operating System</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="internals.html#internals.cpu">CPU</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="internals.html#internals.char_types">Character Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="internals.html#internals.thread_safety">Thread Safety</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="internals.html#internals.numeric_limits">Numeric Limits</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="internals.html#internals.libtool">Libtool</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="abi.html">ABI Policy and Guidelines</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="abi.html#abi.cxx_interface">The C++ Interface</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="abi.html#abi.versioning">Versioning</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="abi.html#abi.changes_allowed">Allowed Changes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="abi.html#abi.changes_no">Prohibited Changes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="abi.html#abi.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="abi.html#abi.testing">Testing</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="abi.html#abi.issues">Outstanding Issues</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="api.html">API Evolution and Deprecation History</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="api.html#api.rel_300">3.0</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="api.html#api.rel_310">3.1</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="api.html#api.rel_320">3.2</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="api.html#api.rel_330">3.3</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="api.html#api.rel_340">3.4</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="api.html#api.rel_400">4.0</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="api.html#api.rel_410">4.1</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="api.html#api.rel_420">4.2</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="api.html#api.rel_430">4.3</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="backwards.html">Backwards Compatibility</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="backwards.html#backwards.first">First</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="backwards.html#backwards.second">Second</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="backwards.html#backwards.third">Third</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="appendix"><a href="appendix_free.html">C. Free Software Needs Free Documentation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="appendix"><a href="bk01apd.html">D. GNU General Public License</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="bk01apd.html#gpl-1">Preamble</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="bk01apds02.html">TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="bk01apds02.html#gpl-2-0">Section 0</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="bk01apds02.html#gpl-2-1">Section 1</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="bk01apds02.html#gpl-2-2">Section 2</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="bk01apds02.html#gpl-2-3">Section 3</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="bk01apds02.html#gpl-2-4">Section 4</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="bk01apds02.html#gpl-2-5">Section 5</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="bk01apds02.html#gpl-2-6">Section 6</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="bk01apds02.html#gpl-2-7">Section 7</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="bk01apds02.html#gpl-2-8">Section 8</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="bk01apds02.html#gpl-2-9">Section 9</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="bk01apds02.html#gpl-2-10">Section 10</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="bk01apds02.html#gpl-2-11">NO WARRANTY Section 11</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="bk01apds02.html#gpl-2-12">Section 12</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="bk01apds03.html">How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="appendix"><a href="bk01ape.html">E. GNU Free Documentation License</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="list-of-tables"><p><b>List of Tables</b></p><dl><dt>1.1. <a href="bk01pt01ch01.html#id549759">C++ TR1 Implementation Status</a></dt><dt>1.2. <a href="bk01pt01ch01.html#id466249">C++ 200x Implementation Status</a></dt><dt>3.1. <a href="bk01pt01ch03s02.html#id516690">C++ 1998 Library Headers</a></dt><dt>3.2. <a href="bk01pt01ch03s02.html#id508989">C++ 1998 Library Headers for C Library Facilities</a></dt><dt>3.3. <a href="bk01pt01ch03s02.html#id506064">C++ 200x Library Headers</a></dt><dt>3.4. <a href="bk01pt01ch03s02.html#id450972">C++ 200x Library Headers for C Library Facilities</a></dt><dt>3.5. <a href="bk01pt01ch03s02.html#id474709">C++ TR1 Library Headers</a></dt><dt>3.6. <a href="bk01pt01ch03s02.html#id474193">C++ TR1 Library Headers for C Library Facilities</a></dt><dt>3.7. <a href="bk01pt01ch03s02.html#id466545">C++ ABI Headers</a></dt><dt>3.8. <a href="bk01pt01ch03s02.html#id458800">Extension Headers</a></dt><dt>3.9. <a href="bk01pt01ch03s02.html#id471622">Extension Debug Headers</a></dt><dt>3.10. <a href="bk01pt01ch03s02.html#id475105">Extension Parallel Headers</a></dt><dt>30.1. <a href="bk01pt12ch30s03.html#id513827">Debugging Containers</a></dt><dt>30.2. <a href="bk01pt12ch30s03.html#id470143">Debugging Containers C++0x</a></dt><dt>31.1. <a href="bk01pt12ch31s03.html#id466177">Parallel Algorithms</a></dt><dt>32.1. <a href="bitmap_allocator.html#id461252">Bitmap Allocator Memory Map</a></dt><dt>A.1. <a href="bk01apas04.html#id552441">HTML to Docbook XML markup comparison</a></dt><dt>A.2. <a href="bk01apas04.html#id554436">Docbook XML Element Use</a></dt><dt>B.1. <a href="api.html#id549268">Extension Allocators</a></dt><dt>B.2. <a href="api.html#id502386">Extension Allocators Continued</a></dt></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="../spine.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"> </td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="intro.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">The GNU C++ Library Documentation </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Part I. Introduction</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
+ </p></div><div><div class="legalnotice"><a id="id554684"></a><p>
+ <a class="link" href="license.html" title="License">License</a>
+ </p></div></div></div><hr /></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="part"><a href="intro.html">I.
+ Introduction
+
+</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="status.html">1. Status</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="status.html#manual.intro.status.standard">Implementation Status</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="status.html#manual.intro.status.standard.1998">C++ 1998/2003</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="status.html#manual.intro.status.standard.tr1">C++ TR1</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="status.html#manual.intro.status.standard.200x">C++ 200x</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="license.html">License</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="license.html#manual.intro.status.license.gpl">The Code: GPL</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="license.html#manual.intro.status.license.fdl">The Documentation: GPL, FDL</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bugs.html">Bugs</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bugs.html#manual.intro.status.bugs.impl">Implementation Bugs</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bugs.html#manual.intro.status.bugs.iso">Standard Bugs</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="setup.html">2. Setup</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="setup.html#manual.intro.setup.prereq">Prerequisites</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="configure.html">Configure</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="make.html">Make</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="test.html">Test</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="test.html#test.organization">Organization</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="test.html#test.run">Running the Testsuite</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="test.html#test.new_tests">Writing a new test case</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="test.html#test.harness">Test Harness and Utilities</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="using.html">3. Using</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="using.html#manual.intro.using.lib">Linking Library Binary Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="using_headers.html">Headers</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_headers.html#manual.intro.using.headers.all">Header Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_headers.html#manual.intro.using.headers.mixing">Mixing Headers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_headers.html#manual.intro.using.headers.cheaders">The C Headers and namespace std</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_headers.html#manual.intro.using.headers.pre">Precompiled Headers</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="using_namespaces.html">Namespaces</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_namespaces.html#manual.intro.using.namespaces.all">Available Namespaces</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_namespaces.html#manual.intro.using.namespaces.std">namespace std</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_namespaces.html#manual.intro.using.namespaces.comp">Using Namespace Composition</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="using_macros.html">Macros</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="using_concurrency.html">Concurrency</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_concurrency.html#manual.intro.using.concurrency.prereq">Prerequisites</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_concurrency.html#manual.intro.using.concurrency.thread_safety">Thread Safety</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_concurrency.html#manual.intro.using.concurrency.atomics">Atomics</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_concurrency.html#manual.intro.using.concurrency.io">IO</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_concurrency.html#manual.intro.using.concurrency.containers">Containers</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="using_exceptions.html">Exceptions</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_exceptions.html#intro.using.exception.propagating">Propagating Exceptions aka Exception Neutrality</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_exceptions.html#intro.using.exception.safety">Exception Safety</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_exceptions.html#intro.using.exception.no">Support for -fno-exceptions</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="debug.html">Debugging Support</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.compiler">Using g++</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.req">Debug Versions of Library Binary Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.memory">Memory Leak Hunting</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.gdb">Using gdb</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.exceptions">Tracking uncaught exceptions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.debug_mode">Debug Mode</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.compile_time_checks">Compile Time Checking</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="part"><a href="support.html">II.
+ Support
+
+</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="preface"><a href="bk01pt02pr01.html"></a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="fundamental_types.html">4. Types</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="fundamental_types.html#manual.support.types.fundamental">Fundamental Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt02ch04s02.html">Numeric Properties</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt02ch04s03.html">NULL</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="dynamic_memory.html">5. Dynamic Memory</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="termination.html">6. Termination</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="termination.html#support.termination.handlers">Termination Handlers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="verbose_termination.html">Verbose Terminate Handler</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="part"><a href="diagnostics.html">III.
+ Diagnostics
+
+</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="exceptions.html">7. Exceptions</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="exceptions.html#manual.diagnostics.exceptions.hierarchy">Exception Classes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt03ch07s02.html">Adding Data to Exceptions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt03ch07s03.html">Cancellation</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt03ch08.html">8. Concept Checking</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="part"><a href="utilities.html">IV.
+ Utilities
+
+</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="functors.html">9. Functors</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="pairs.html">10. Pairs</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="memory.html">11. Memory</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="memory.html#manual.util.memory.allocator">Allocators</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="memory.html#allocator.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="memory.html#allocator.design_issues">Design Issues</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="memory.html#allocator.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="memory.html#allocator.using">Using a Specific Allocator</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="memory.html#allocator.custom">Custom Allocators</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="memory.html#allocator.ext">Extension Allocators</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="auto_ptr.html">auto_ptr</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="auto_ptr.html#auto_ptr.limitations">Limitations</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="auto_ptr.html#auto_ptr.using">Use in Containers</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="shared_ptr.html">shared_ptr</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="shared_ptr.html#shared_ptr.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="shared_ptr.html#shared_ptr.design_issues">Design Issues</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="shared_ptr.html#shared_ptr.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="shared_ptr.html#shared_ptr.using">Use</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="shared_ptr.html#shared_ptr.ack">Acknowledgments</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="traits.html">12. Traits</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="part"><a href="strings.html">V.
+ Strings
+
+</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt05ch13.html">13. String Classes</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13.html#strings.string.simple">Simple Transformations</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13s02.html">Case Sensitivity</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13s03.html">Arbitrary Character Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13s04.html">Tokenizing</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13s05.html">Shrink to Fit</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13s06.html">CString (MFC)</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="part"><a href="localization.html">VI.
+ Localization
+
+</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="locales.html">14. Locales</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="locales.html#manual.localization.locales.locale">locale</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="locales.html#locales.locale.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="locales.html#locales.locale.design">Design</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="locales.html#locales.locale.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="locales.html#locales.locale.future">Future</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="facets.html">15. Facets aka Categories</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="facets.html#manual.localization.facet.ctype">ctype</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="facets.html#facet.ctype.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="facets.html#facet.ctype.future">Future</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="codecvt.html">codecvt</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.design">Design</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.use">Use</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.future">Future</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="messages.html">messages</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.design">Design</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.use">Use</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.future">Future</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="part"><a href="containers.html">VII.
+ Containers
+
+</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="sequences.html">16. Sequences</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="sequences.html#containers.sequences.list">list</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="sequences.html#sequences.list.size">list::size() is O(n)</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="vector.html">vector</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="vector.html#sequences.vector.management">Space Overhead Management</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="associative.html">17. Associative</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="associative.html#containers.associative.insert_hints">Insertion Hints</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bitset.html">bitset</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bitset.html#associative.bitset.size_variable">Size Variable</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bitset.html#associative.bitset.type_string">Type String</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="containers_and_c.html">18. Interacting with C</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="containers_and_c.html#containers.c.vs_array">Containers vs. Arrays</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="part"><a href="iterators.html">VIII.
+ Iterators
+
+</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt08ch19.html">19. Predefined</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt08ch19.html#iterators.predefined.vs_pointers">Iterators vs. Pointers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt08ch19s02.html">One Past the End</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="part"><a href="algorithms.html">IX.
+ Algorithms
+
+</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="preface"><a href="bk01pt09pr02.html"></a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt09ch20.html">20. Mutating</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt09ch20.html#algorithms.mutating.swap">swap</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt09ch20.html#algorithms.swap.specializations">Specializations</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="part"><a href="numerics.html">X.
+ Numerics
+
+</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="complex.html">21. Complex</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="complex.html#numerics.complex.processing">complex Processing</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="generalized_numeric_operations.html">22. Generalized Operations</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="numerics_and_c.html">23. Interacting with C</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="numerics_and_c.html#numerics.c.array">Numerics vs. Arrays</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt10ch23s02.html">C99</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="part"><a href="io.html">XI.
+ Input and Output
+
+</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="iostream_objects.html">24. Iostream Objects</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="streambufs.html">25. Stream Buffers</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="streambufs.html#io.streambuf.derived">Derived streambuf Classes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt11ch25s02.html">Buffering</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="stringstreams.html">26. Memory Based Streams</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="stringstreams.html#manual.io.memstreams.compat">Compatibility With strstream</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="fstreams.html">27. File Based Streams</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="fstreams.html#manual.io.filestreams.copying_a_file">Copying a File</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt11ch27s02.html">Binary Input and Output</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt11ch27s03.html">More Binary Input and Output</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="io_and_c.html">28. Interacting with C</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="io_and_c.html#manual.io.c.FILE">Using FILE* and file descriptors</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt11ch28s02.html">Performance</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="part"><a href="extensions.html">XII.
+ Extensions
+
+</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="preface"><a href="bk01pt12pr03.html"></a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="ext_compile_checks.html">29. Compile Time Checks</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="debug_mode.html">30. Debug Mode</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="debug_mode.html#manual.ext.debug_mode.intro">Intro</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s02.html">Semantics</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s03.html">Using</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s03.html#debug_mode.using.mode">Using the Debug Mode</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s03.html#debug_mode.using.specific">Using a Specific Debug Container</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s04.html">Design</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s04.html#manual.ext.debug_mode.design.goals">Goals</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s04.html#manual.ext.debug_mode.design.methods">Methods</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s04.html#manual.ext.debug_mode.design.other">Other Implementations</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="parallel_mode.html">31. Parallel Mode</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="parallel_mode.html#manual.ext.parallel_mode.intro">Intro</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s02.html">Semantics</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s03.html">Using</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s03.html#parallel_mode.using.prereq_flags">Prerequisite Compiler Flags</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s03.html#parallel_mode.using.parallel_mode">Using Parallel Mode</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s03.html#parallel_mode.using.specific">Using Specific Parallel Components</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s04.html">Design</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s04.html#manual.ext.parallel_mode.design.intro">Interface Basics</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s04.html#manual.ext.parallel_mode.design.tuning">Configuration and Tuning</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s04.html#manual.ext.parallel_mode.design.impl">Implementation Namespaces</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s05.html">Testing</a></span></dt><dt><span class="bibliography"><a href="parallel_mode.html#parallel_mode.biblio">Bibliography</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="ext_allocators.html">32. Allocators</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="ext_allocators.html#manual.ext.allocator.mt">mt_allocator</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ext_allocators.html#allocator.mt.intro">Intro</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ext_allocators.html#allocator.mt.design_issues">Design Issues</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ext_allocators.html#allocator.mt.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ext_allocators.html#allocator.mt.example_single">Single Thread Example</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ext_allocators.html#allocator.mt.example_multi">Multiple Thread Example</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bitmap_allocator.html">bitmap_allocator</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bitmap_allocator.html#allocator.bitmap.design">Design</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bitmap_allocator.html#allocator.bitmap.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="ext_containers.html">33. Containers</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="ext_containers.html#manual.ext.containers.pbds">Policy Based Data Structures</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch33s02.html">HP/SGI</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch33s03.html">Deprecated HP/SGI</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="ext_utilities.html">34. Utilities</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="ext_algorithms.html">35. Algorithms</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="ext_numerics.html">36. Numerics</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="ext_iterators.html">37. Iterators</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="ext_io.html">38. Input and Output</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="ext_io.html#manual.ext.io.filebuf_derived">Derived filebufs</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="ext_demangling.html">39. Demangling</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="ext_concurrency.html">40. Concurrency</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="ext_concurrency.html#manual.ext.concurrency.design">Design</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ext_concurrency.html#manual.ext.concurrency.design.threads">Interface to Locks and Mutexes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ext_concurrency.html#manual.ext.concurrency.design.atomics">Interface to Atomic Functions</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch40s02.html">Implementation</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch40s02.html#manual.ext.concurrency.impl.atomic_fallbacks">Using Builtin Atomic Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch40s02.html#manual.ext.concurrency.impl.thread">Thread Abstraction</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch40s03.html">Use</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="appendix"><a href="appendix_contributing.html">A.
+ Contributing
+
+</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="appendix_contributing.html#contrib.list">Contributor Checklist</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="appendix_contributing.html#list.reading">Reading</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="appendix_contributing.html#list.copyright">Assignment</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="appendix_contributing.html#list.getting">Getting Sources</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="appendix_contributing.html#list.patches">Submitting Patches</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="source_organization.html">Directory Layout and Source Conventions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="source_code_style.html">Coding Style</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="source_code_style.html#coding_style.bad_identifiers">Bad Identifiers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="source_code_style.html#coding_style.example">By Example</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="documentation_style.html">Documentation Style</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="documentation_style.html#doc_style.doxygen">Doxygen</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="documentation_style.html#doc_style.docbook">Docbook</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="source_design_notes.html">Design Notes</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="appendix"><a href="appendix_porting.html">B.
+ Porting and Maintenance
+
+</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="appendix_porting.html#appendix.porting.build_hacking">Configure and Build Hacking</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="appendix_porting.html#build_hacking.prereq">Prerequisites</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="appendix_porting.html#build_hacking.map">Overview: What Comes from Where</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="appendix_porting.html#build_hacking.scripts">Storing Information in non-AC files (like configure.host)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="appendix_porting.html#build_hacking.conventions">Coding and Commenting Conventions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="appendix_porting.html#build_hacking.acinclude">The acinclude.m4 layout</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="appendix_porting.html#build_hacking.enable">GLIBCXX_ENABLE, the --enable maker</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="internals.html">Porting to New Hardware or Operating Systems</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="internals.html#internals.os">Operating System</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="internals.html#internals.cpu">CPU</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="internals.html#internals.char_types">Character Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="internals.html#internals.thread_safety">Thread Safety</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="internals.html#internals.numeric_limits">Numeric Limits</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="internals.html#internals.libtool">Libtool</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="abi.html">ABI Policy and Guidelines</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="abi.html#abi.cxx_interface">The C++ Interface</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="abi.html#abi.versioning">Versioning</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="abi.html#abi.changes_allowed">Allowed Changes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="abi.html#abi.changes_no">Prohibited Changes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="abi.html#abi.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="abi.html#abi.testing">Testing</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="abi.html#abi.issues">Outstanding Issues</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="api.html">API Evolution and Deprecation History</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="api.html#api.rel_300">3.0</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="api.html#api.rel_310">3.1</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="api.html#api.rel_320">3.2</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="api.html#api.rel_330">3.3</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="api.html#api.rel_340">3.4</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="api.html#api.rel_400">4.0</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="api.html#api.rel_410">4.1</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="api.html#api.rel_420">4.2</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="api.html#api.rel_430">4.3</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="backwards.html">Backwards Compatibility</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="backwards.html#backwards.first">First</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="backwards.html#backwards.second">Second</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="backwards.html#backwards.third">Third</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="appendix"><a href="appendix_free.html">C.
+ Free Software Needs Free Documentation
+
+</a></span></dt><dt><span class="appendix"><a href="appendix_gpl.html">D.
+ GNU General Public License version 3
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="appendix"><a href="appendix_gfdl.html">E. GNU Free Documentation License</a></span></dt><dt><span class="index"><a href="bk01ix01.html">Index</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="list-of-tables"><p><b>List of Tables</b></p><dl><dt>1.1. <a href="status.html#id503972">C++ 1998/2003 Implementation Status</a></dt><dt>1.2. <a href="status.html#id499458">C++ TR1 Implementation Status</a></dt><dt>1.3. <a href="status.html#id476343">C++ 200x Implementation Status</a></dt><dt>3.1. <a href="using_headers.html#id476874">C++ 1998 Library Headers</a></dt><dt>3.2. <a href="using_headers.html#id531673">C++ 1998 Library Headers for C Library Facilities</a></dt><dt>3.3. <a href="using_headers.html#id498758">C++ 200x Library Headers</a></dt><dt>3.4. <a href="using_headers.html#id491761">C++ 200x Library Headers for C Library Facilities</a></dt><dt>3.5. <a href="using_headers.html#id532708">C++ TR1 Library Headers</a></dt><dt>3.6. <a href="using_headers.html#id490227">C++ TR1 Library Headers for C Library Facilities</a></dt><dt>3.7. <a href="using_headers.html#id544125">C++ ABI Headers</a></dt><dt>3.8. <a href="using_headers.html#id533698">Extension Headers</a></dt><dt>3.9. <a href="using_headers.html#id421264">Extension Debug Headers</a></dt><dt>3.10. <a href="using_headers.html#id510258">Extension Parallel Headers</a></dt><dt>30.1. <a href="bk01pt12ch30s03.html#id538028">Debugging Containers</a></dt><dt>30.2. <a href="bk01pt12ch30s03.html#id506636">Debugging Containers C++0x</a></dt><dt>31.1. <a href="bk01pt12ch31s03.html#id596074">Parallel Algorithms</a></dt><dt>32.1. <a href="bitmap_allocator.html#id501153">Bitmap Allocator Memory Map</a></dt><dt>A.1. <a href="documentation_style.html#id572515">HTML to Docbook XML markup comparison</a></dt><dt>A.2. <a href="documentation_style.html#id469742">Docbook XML Element Use</a></dt><dt>B.1. <a href="api.html#id530186">Extension Allocators</a></dt><dt>B.2. <a href="api.html#id595728">Extension Allocators Continued</a></dt></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="../spine.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"> </td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="intro.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">The GNU C++ Library Documentation </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Part I.
+ Introduction
+
+</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
--- /dev/null
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 1. Status</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="intro.html" title="Part I. Introduction" /><link rel="prev" href="intro.html" title="Part I. Introduction" /><link rel="next" href="license.html" title="License" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 1. Status</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="intro.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part I.
+ Introduction
+
+</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="license.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.intro.status"></a>Chapter 1. Status</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="status.html#manual.intro.status.standard">Implementation Status</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="status.html#manual.intro.status.standard.1998">C++ 1998/2003</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="status.html#manual.intro.status.standard.tr1">C++ TR1</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="status.html#manual.intro.status.standard.200x">C++ 200x</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="license.html">License</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="license.html#manual.intro.status.license.gpl">The Code: GPL</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="license.html#manual.intro.status.license.fdl">The Documentation: GPL, FDL</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bugs.html">Bugs</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bugs.html#manual.intro.status.bugs.impl">Implementation Bugs</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bugs.html#manual.intro.status.bugs.iso">Standard Bugs</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.intro.status.standard"></a>Implementation Status</h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.intro.status.standard.1998"></a>C++ 1998/2003</h3></div></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="standard.1998.status"></a>Implementation Status</h4></div></div></div><p>
+This status table is based on the table of contents of ISO/IEC 14882:2003.
+</p><p>
+This page describes the C++0x support in mainline GCC SVN, not in any
+particular release.
+</p><div class="table"><a id="id503972"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 1.1. C++ 1998/2003 Implementation Status</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="C++ 1998/2003 Implementation Status" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Section</th><th align="left">Description</th><th align="left">Status</th><th align="left">Comments</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>18</em></span>
+ </td><td colspan="3" align="left">
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Language support</em></span>
+ </td></tr><tr><td align="left">18.1</td><td align="left">Types</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">18.2</td><td align="left">Implementation properties</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">18.2.1</td><td align="left">Numeric Limits</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">18.2.1.1</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">numeric_limits</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">18.2.1.2</td><td align="left"><code class="code">numeric_limits</code> members</td><td align="left">Y</td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">18.2.1.3</td><td align="left"><code class="code">float_round_style</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">18.2.1.4</td><td align="left"><code class="code">float_denorm_style</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">18.2.1.5</td><td align="left"><code class="code">numeric_limits</code> specializations</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">18.2.2</td><td align="left">C Library</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">18.3</td><td align="left">Start and termination</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">18.4</td><td align="left">Dynamic memory management</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">18.5</td><td align="left">Type identification</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">18.5.1</td><td align="left">Class type_info</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">18.5.2</td><td align="left">Class bad_cast</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">18.5.3</td><td align="left">Class bad_typeid</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">18.6</td><td align="left">Exception handling</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">18.6.1</td><td align="left">Class exception</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">18.6.2</td><td align="left">Violation exception-specifications</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">18.6.3</td><td align="left">Abnormal termination</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">18.6.4</td><td align="left"><code class="code">uncaught_exception</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">18.7</td><td align="left">Other runtime support</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>19</em></span>
+ </td><td colspan="3" align="left">
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Diagnostics</em></span>
+ </td></tr><tr><td align="left">19.1</td><td align="left">Exception classes</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">19.2</td><td align="left">Assertions</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">19.3</td><td align="left">Error numbers</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>20</em></span>
+ </td><td colspan="3" align="left">
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>General utilities</em></span>
+ </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.1</td><td align="left">Requirements</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.2</td><td align="left">Utility components</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.2.1</td><td align="left">Operators</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.2.2</td><td align="left"><code class="code">pair</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.3</td><td align="left">Function objects</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.3.1</td><td align="left">Base</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.3.2</td><td align="left">Arithmetic operation</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.3.3</td><td align="left">Comparisons</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.3.4</td><td align="left">Logical operations</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.3.5</td><td align="left">Negators</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.3.6</td><td align="left">Binders</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.3.7</td><td align="left">Adaptors for pointers to functions</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.3.8</td><td align="left">Adaptors for pointers to members</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.4</td><td align="left">Memory</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.4.1</td><td align="left">The default allocator</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.4.2</td><td align="left">Raw storage iterator</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.4.3</td><td align="left">Temporary buffers</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.4.4</td><td align="left">Specialized algorithms</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.4.4.1</td><td align="left"><code class="code">uninitialized_copy</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.4.4.2</td><td align="left"><code class="code">uninitialized_fill</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.4.4.3</td><td align="left"><code class="code">uninitialized_fill_n</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.4.5</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">auto_ptr</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.4.6</td><td align="left">C library</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>21</em></span>
+ </td><td colspan="3" align="left">
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Strings</em></span>
+ </td></tr><tr><td align="left">21.1</td><td align="left">Character traits</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">21.1.1</td><td align="left">Character traits requirements</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">21.1.2</td><td align="left">traits typedef</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">21.1.3</td><td align="left"><code class="code">char_traits</code> specializations</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">21.1.3.1</td><td align="left">struct <code class="code">char_traits<char></code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">21.1.3.2</td><td align="left">struct <code class="code">char_traits<wchar_t></code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">21.2</td><td align="left">String classes</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">21.3</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">basic_string</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">21.4</td><td align="left">Null-terminated sequence utilities</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left">C library dependency</td></tr><tr><td align="left">
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>22</em></span>
+ </td><td colspan="3" align="left">
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Localization</em></span>
+ </td></tr><tr><td align="left">22.1</td><td align="left">Locales</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">22.1.1</td><td align="left">Class <code class="code">locale</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">22.1.2</td><td align="left"><code class="code">locale</code> globals</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">22.1.3</td><td align="left">Convenience interfaces</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">22.1.3.1</td><td align="left">Character classification</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">22.1.3.2</td><td align="left">Character conversions</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">22.2</td><td align="left">Standard locale categories</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">22.2.1</td><td align="left"><code class="code">ctype</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">22.2.2</td><td align="left">Numeric</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">22.2.2.1</td><td align="left"><code class="code">num_get</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">22.2.2.2</td><td align="left"><code class="code">num_put</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">22.2.3</td><td align="left"><code class="code">num_punct</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">22.2.4</td><td align="left"><code class="code">collate</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">22.2.5</td><td align="left">Time</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">22.2.5.1</td><td align="left"><code class="code">time_get</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">22.2.5.2</td><td align="left"><code class="code">time_get_byname</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">22.2.5.3</td><td align="left"><code class="code">time_put</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">22.2.5.3</td><td align="left"><code class="code">time_put_byname</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">22.2.6</td><td align="left">Monetary</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">22.2.6.1</td><td align="left"><code class="code">money_get</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">22.2.6.2</td><td align="left"><code class="code">money_put</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">22.2.6.3</td><td align="left"><code class="code">money_punct</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">22.2.6.4</td><td align="left"><code class="code">money_punct_byname</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">22.2.7</td><td align="left"><code class="code">messages</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">22.2.8</td><td align="left">Program-defined facets</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">22.3</td><td align="left">C Library Locales</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>23</em></span>
+ </td><td colspan="3" align="left">
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Containers</em></span>
+ </td></tr><tr><td align="left">23.1</td><td align="left">Container requirements</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">23.2</td><td align="left">Sequence containers</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">23.2.1</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">deque</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">23.2.2</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">list</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">23.2.3</td><td align="left">Adaptors</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">23.2.3.1</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">queue</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">23.2.3.2</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">priority_queue</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">23.2.3.3</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">stack</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">23.2.4</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">vector</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">23.2.5</td><td align="left">Class <code class="code">vector<bool></code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">23.3</td><td align="left">Associative containers</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">23.3.1</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">map</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">23.3.2</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">multimap</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">23.3.3</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">set</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">23.3.4</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">multiset</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>24</em></span>
+ </td><td colspan="3" align="left">
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Iterators</em></span>
+ </td></tr><tr><td align="left">24.1</td><td align="left">Requirements</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">24.2</td><td align="left">Header <code class="code"><iterator></code> synopsis</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">24.3</td><td align="left">Iterator primitives</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">24.4</td><td align="left">Predefined iterators and Iterator adaptors</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">24.4.1</td><td align="left">Reverse iterators</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">24.4.2</td><td align="left">Insert iterators</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">24.5</td><td align="left">Stream iterators</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">24.5.1</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">istream_iterator</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">24.5.2</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">ostream_iterator</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">24.5.3</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">istreambuf_iterator</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">24.5.4</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">ostreambuf_iterator</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>25</em></span>
+ </td><td colspan="3" align="left">
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Algorithms</em></span>
+ </td></tr><tr><td align="left">25.1</td><td align="left">Non-modifying sequence operations</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">25.2</td><td align="left">Mutating sequence operations</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">25.3</td><td align="left">Sorting and related operations</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">25.4</td><td align="left">C library algorithms</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>26</em></span>
+ </td><td colspan="3" align="left">
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Numerics</em></span>
+ </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.1</td><td align="left">Numeric type requirements</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.2</td><td align="left">Complex numbers</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.3</td><td align="left">Numeric arrays</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.3.1</td><td align="left">Header <code class="code"><valarray></code> synopsis</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.3.2</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">valarray</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.3.3</td><td align="left"><code class="code">valarray</code> non-member operations</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.3.4</td><td align="left">Class <code class="code">slice</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.3.5</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">slice_array</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.3.6</td><td align="left">Class <code class="code">gslice</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.3.7</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">gslice_array</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.3.8</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">mask_array</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.3.9</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">indirect_array</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.4</td><td align="left">Generalized numeric operations</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.4.1</td><td align="left"><code class="code">accumulate</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.4.2</td><td align="left"><code class="code">inner_product</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.4.3</td><td align="left"><code class="code">partial_sum</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.4.4</td><td align="left"><code class="code">adjacent_difference</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.4.5</td><td align="left">iota</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.5</td><td align="left">C Library</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>27</em></span>
+ </td><td colspan="3" align="left">
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Input/output</em></span>
+ </td></tr><tr><td align="left">27.1</td><td align="left">Requirements</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">27.2</td><td align="left">Forward declarations</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">27.3</td><td align="left">Standard iostream objects</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">27.3.1</td><td align="left">Narrow stream objects</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">27.3.2</td><td align="left">Wide stream objects</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">27.4</td><td align="left">Iostreams base classes</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">27.5</td><td align="left">Stream buffers</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">27.6</td><td align="left">Formatting and manipulators</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">27.7</td><td align="left">String-based streams</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">27.8</td><td align="left">File-based streams</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Appendix D</em></span>
+ </td><td colspan="3" align="left">
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Compatibility features</em></span>
+ </td></tr><tr><td align="left">D.1</td><td align="left">Increment operator with bool operand</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">D.2</td><td align="left"><code class="code">static</code> keyword</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">D.3</td><td align="left">Access declarations</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">D.4</td><td align="left">Implicit conversion from const strings</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">D.5</td><td align="left">C standard library headers</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">D.6</td><td align="left">Old iostreams members</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">D.7</td><td align="left">char* streams</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="standard.1998.specific"></a>Implementation Specific Behavior</h4></div></div></div><p>
+ The ISO standard defines the following phrase:
+ </p><div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">
+ <code class="code">[1.3.5] implementation-defined behavior</code>
+ </span></dt><dd><p>
+ Behavior, for a well-formed program construct and correct data, that
+ depends on the implementation <span class="emphasis"><em>and that each implementation
+ shall document</em></span>.
+ </p></dd></dl></div></blockquote></div><p>
+ We do so here, for the C++ library only. Behavior of the
+ compiler, linker, runtime loader, and other elements of "the
+ implementation" are documented elsewhere. Everything listed
+ in Annex B, Implementation Qualities, are also part of the
+ compiler, not the library.
+ </p><p>
+ For each entry, we give the section number of the standard, when
+ applicable. This list is probably incomplet and inkorrekt.
+ </p><p>
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>[1.9]/11 #3</em></span> If <code class="code">isatty(3)</code> is true, then
+ interactive stream support is implied.
+ </p><p>
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>[17.4.4.5]</em></span> Non-reentrant functions are probably best
+ discussed in the various sections on multithreading (see above).
+ </p><p><span class="emphasis"><em>[18.1]/4</em></span> The type of <code class="code">NULL</code> is described
+ <a class="ulink" href="../18_support/howto.html#1" target="_top">here</a>.
+ </p><p><span class="emphasis"><em>[18.3]/8</em></span> Even though it's listed in the library
+ sections, libstdc++ has zero control over what the cleanup code hands
+ back to the runtime loader. Talk to the compiler people. :-)
+ </p><p><span class="emphasis"><em>[18.4.2.1]/5</em></span> (bad_alloc),
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>[18.5.2]/5</em></span> (bad_cast),
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>[18.5.3]/5</em></span> (bad_typeid),
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>[18.6.1]/8</em></span> (exception),
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>[18.6.2.1]/5</em></span> (bad_exception): The <code class="code">what()</code>
+ member function of class <code class="code">std::exception</code>, and these other
+ classes publicly derived from it, simply returns the name of the
+ class. But they are the <span class="emphasis"><em>mangled</em></span> names; you will need to call
+ <code class="code">c++filt</code> and pass the names as command-line parameters to
+ demangle them, or call a
+ <a class="ulink" href="../18_support/howto.html#5" target="_top">runtime demangler function</a>.
+ (The classes in <code class="code"><stdexcept></code> have constructors which
+ require an argument to use later for <code class="code">what()</code> calls, so the
+ problem of <code class="code">what()</code>'s value does not arise in most
+ user-defined exceptions.)
+ </p><p><span class="emphasis"><em>[18.5.1]/7</em></span> The return value of
+ <code class="code">std::type_info::name()</code> is the mangled type name (see the
+ previous entry for more).
+ </p><p><span class="emphasis"><em>[20.1.5]/5</em></span> <span class="emphasis"><em>"Implementors are encouraged to
+ supply libraries that can accept allocators that encapsulate more
+ general memory models and that support non-equal instances. In such
+ implementations, any requirements imposed on allocators by containers
+ beyond those requirements that appear in Table 32, and the semantics
+ of containers and algorithms when allocator instances compare
+ non-equal, are implementation-defined."</em></span> As yet we don't
+ have any allocators which compare non-equal, so we can't describe how
+ they behave.
+ </p><p><span class="emphasis"><em>[21.1.3.1]/3,4</em></span>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>[21.1.3.2]/2</em></span>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>[23.*]'s foo::iterator</em></span>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>[27.*]'s foo::*_type</em></span>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>others...</em></span>
+ Nope, these types are called implementation-defined because you
+ shouldn't be taking advantage of their underlying types. Listing them
+ here would defeat the purpose. :-)
+ </p><p><span class="emphasis"><em>[21.1.3.1]/5</em></span> I don't really know about the mbstate_t
+ stuff... see the <a class="ulink" href="../22_locale/howto.html" target="_top">chapter 22 notes</a>
+ for what does exist.
+ </p><p><span class="emphasis"><em>[22.*]</em></span> Anything and everything we have on locale
+ implementation will be described
+ <a class="ulink" href="../22_locale/howto.html" target="_top">over here</a>.
+ </p><p><span class="emphasis"><em>[26.2.8]/9</em></span> I have no idea what
+ <code class="code">complex<T></code>'s pow(0,0) returns.
+ </p><p><span class="emphasis"><em>[27.4.2.4]/2</em></span> Calling
+ <code class="code">std::ios_base::sync_with_stdio</code> after I/O has already been
+ performed on the standard stream objects will
+ flush the buffers, and
+ destroy and recreate the underlying buffer instances. Whether or not
+ the previously-written I/O is destroyed in this process depends mostly
+ on the --enable-libio choice: for stdio, if the written data is
+ already in the stdio buffer, the data may be completely safe!
+ </p><p><span class="emphasis"><em>[27.6.1.1.2]</em></span>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>[27.6.2.3]</em></span> The I/O sentry ctor and dtor can perform
+ additional work than the minimum required. We are not currently taking
+ advantage of this yet.
+ </p><p><span class="emphasis"><em>[27.7.1.3]/16</em></span>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>[27.8.1.4]/10</em></span>
+ The effects of <code class="code">pubsetbuf/setbuf</code> are described
+ <a class="ulink" href="../27_io/howto.html#2" target="_top">in this chapter</a>.
+ </p><p><span class="emphasis"><em>[27.8.1.4]/16</em></span> Calling <code class="code">fstream::sync</code> when
+ a get area exists will... whatever <code class="code">fflush()</code> does, I think.
+ </p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.intro.status.standard.tr1"></a>C++ TR1</h3></div></div></div><p>
+This table is based on the table of contents of ISO/IEC DTR 19768
+Doc No: N1836=05-0096 Date: 2005-06-24
+Draft Technical Report on C++ Library Extensions
+</p><p>
+In this implementation the header names are prefixed by
+<code class="code">tr1/</code>, for instance <code class="code"><tr1/functional></code>,
+<code class="code"><tr1/memory></code>, and so on.
+</p><p>
+This page describes the TR1 support in mainline GCC SVN, not in any particular
+release.
+</p><div class="table"><a id="id499458"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 1.2. C++ TR1 Implementation Status</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="C++ TR1 Implementation Status" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Section</th><th align="left">Description</th><th align="left">Status</th><th align="left">Comments</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><span class="emphasis"><em>2</em></span></td><td colspan="3" align="left"><span class="emphasis"><em>General Utilities</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="left">2.1</td><td align="left">Reference wrappers</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">2.1.1</td><td align="left">Additions to header <code class="code"><functional></code> synopsis</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">2.1.2</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">reference_wrapper</code></td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">2.1.2.1</td><td align="left"><code class="code">reference_wrapper</code> construct/copy/destroy</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">2.1.2.2</td><td align="left"><code class="code">reference_wrapper</code> assignment</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">2.1.2.3</td><td align="left"><code class="code">reference_wrapper</code> access</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">2.1.2.4</td><td align="left"><code class="code">reference_wrapper</code> invocation</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">2.1.2.5</td><td align="left"><code class="code">reference_wrapper</code> helper functions</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">2.2</td><td align="left">Smart pointers</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">2.2.1</td><td align="left">Additions to header <code class="code"><memory></code> synopsis</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">2.2.2</td><td align="left">Class <code class="code">bad_weak_ptr</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">2.2.3</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">shared_ptr</code></td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
+ <p>
+ Uses code from
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://www.boost.org/libs/smart_ptr/shared_ptr.htm" target="_top">boost::shared_ptr</a>.
+ </p>
+ </td></tr><tr><td align="left">2.2.3.1</td><td align="left"><code class="code">shared_ptr</code> constructors</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">2.2.3.2</td><td align="left"><code class="code">shared_ptr</code> destructor</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">2.2.3.3</td><td align="left"><code class="code">shared_ptr</code> assignment</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">2.2.3.4</td><td align="left"><code class="code">shared_ptr</code> modifiers</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">2.2.3.5</td><td align="left"><code class="code">shared_ptr</code> observers</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">2.2.3.6</td><td align="left"><code class="code">shared_ptr</code> comparison</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">2.2.3.7</td><td align="left"><code class="code">shared_ptr</code> I/O</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">2.2.3.8</td><td align="left"><code class="code">shared_ptr</code> specialized algorithms</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">2.2.3.9</td><td align="left"><code class="code">shared_ptr</code> casts</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">2.2.3.10</td><td align="left"><code class="code">get_deleter</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">2.2.4</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">weak_ptr</code></td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">2.2.4.1</td><td align="left"><code class="code">weak_ptr</code> constructors</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">2.2.4.2</td><td align="left"><code class="code">weak_ptr</code> destructor</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">2.2.4.3</td><td align="left"><code class="code">weak_ptr</code> assignment</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">2.2.4.4</td><td align="left"><code class="code">weak_ptr</code> modifiers</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">2.2.4.5</td><td align="left"><code class="code">weak_ptr</code> observers</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">2.2.4.6</td><td align="left"><code class="code">weak_ptr</code> comparison</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">2.2.4.7</td><td align="left"><code class="code">weak_ptr</code> specialized algorithms</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">2.2.5</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">enable_shared_from_this</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"><span class="emphasis"><em>3</em></span></td><td colspan="3" align="left"><span class="emphasis"><em>Function Objects</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="left">3.1</td><td align="left">Definitions</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">3.2</td><td align="left">Additions to <code class="code"><functional> synopsis</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">3.3</td><td align="left">Requirements</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">3.4</td><td align="left">Function return types</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">3.5</td><td align="left">Function template <code class="code">mem_fn</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">3.6</td><td align="left">Function object binders</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">3.6.1</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">is_bind_expression</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">3.6.2</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">is_placeholder</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">3.6.3</td><td align="left">Function template <code class="code">bind</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">3.6.4</td><td align="left">Placeholders</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">3.7</td><td align="left">Polymorphic function wrappers</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">3.7.1</td><td align="left">Class <code class="code">bad_function_call<code class="code"></code></code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">3.7.1.1</td><td align="left"><code class="code">bad_function_call</code> constructor</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">3.7.2</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">function</code></td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">3.7.2.1</td><td align="left"><code class="code">function</code> construct/copy/destroy</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">3.7.2.2</td><td align="left"><code class="code">function</code> modifiers</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">3.7.2.3</td><td align="left"><code class="code">function</code> capacity</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">3.7.2.4</td><td align="left"><code class="code">function</code> invocation</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">3.7.2.5</td><td align="left"><code class="code">function</code> target access</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">3.7.2.6</td><td align="left">undefined operators</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">3.7.2.7</td><td align="left">null pointer comparison operators</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">3.7.2.8</td><td align="left">specialized algorithms</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"><span class="emphasis"><em>4</em></span></td><td colspan="3" align="left"><span class="emphasis"><em>Metaprogramming and type traits</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="left">4.1</td><td align="left">Requirements</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">4.2</td><td align="left">Header <code class="code"><type_traits></code> synopsis</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">4.3</td><td align="left">Helper classes</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">4.4</td><td align="left">General Requirements</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">4.5</td><td align="left">Unary Type Traits</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">4.5.1</td><td align="left">Primary Type Categories</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">4.5.2</td><td align="left">Composite type traits</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">4.5.3</td><td align="left">Type properties</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">4.6</td><td align="left">Relationships between types</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">4.7</td><td align="left">Transformations between types</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">4.7.1</td><td align="left">Const-volatile modifications</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">4.7.2</td><td align="left">Reference modifications</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">4.7.3</td><td align="left">Array modifications</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">4.7.4</td><td align="left">Pointer modifications</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">4.8</td><td align="left">Other transformations</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">4.9</td><td align="left">Implementation requirements</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"><span class="emphasis"><em>5</em></span></td><td colspan="3" align="left"><span class="emphasis"><em>Numerical Facilities</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="left">5.1</td><td align="left">Random number generation</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">5.1.1</td><td align="left">Requirements</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">5.1.2</td><td align="left">Header <code class="code"><random></code> synopsis</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">5.1.3</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">variate_generator</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">5.1.4</td><td align="left">Random number engine class templates</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">5.1.4.1</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">linear_congruential</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">5.1.4.2</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">mersenne_twister</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">5.1.4.3</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">subtract_with_carry</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">5.1.4.4</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">subtract_with_carry_01</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">5.1.4.5</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">discard_block</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">5.1.4.6</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">xor_combine</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left">operator()() per N2079</td></tr><tr><td align="left">5.1.5</td><td align="left">Engines with predefined parameters</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">5.1.6</td><td align="left">Class <code class="code">random_device</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">5.1.7</td><td align="left">Random distribution class templates</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">5.1.7.1</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">uniform_int</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">5.1.7.2</td><td align="left">Class <code class="code">bernoulli_distribution</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">5.1.7.3</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">geometric_distribution</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">5.1.7.4</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">poisson_distribution</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">5.1.7.5</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">binomial_distribution</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">5.1.7.6</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">uniform_real</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">5.1.7.7</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">exponential_distribution</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">5.1.7.8</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">normal_distribution</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">5.1.7.9</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">gamma_distribution</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">5.2</td><td align="left">Mathematical special functions</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">5.2.1</td><td align="left">Additions to header <code class="code"><cmath></code> synopsis</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">5.2.1.1</td><td align="left">associated Laguerre polynomials</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">5.2.1.2</td><td align="left">associated Legendre functions</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">5.2.1.3</td><td align="left">beta function</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">5.2.1.4</td><td align="left">(complete) elliptic integral of the first kind</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">5.2.1.5</td><td align="left">(complete) elliptic integral of the second kind</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">5.2.1.6</td><td align="left">(complete) elliptic integral of the third kind</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">5.2.1.7</td><td align="left">confluent hypergeometric functions</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">5.2.1.8</td><td align="left">regular modified cylindrical Bessel functions</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">5.2.1.9</td><td align="left">cylindrical Bessel functions (of the first kind)</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">5.2.1.10</td><td align="left">irregular modified cylindrical Bessel functions</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">5.2.1.11</td><td align="left">cylindrical Neumann functions</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">5.2.1.12</td><td align="left">(incomplete) elliptic integral of the first kind</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">5.2.1.13</td><td align="left">(incomplete) elliptic integral of the second kind</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">5.2.1.14</td><td align="left">(incomplete) elliptic integral of the third kind</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">5.2.1.15</td><td align="left">exponential integral</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">5.2.1.16</td><td align="left">Hermite polynomials</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">5.2.1.17</td><td align="left">hypergeometric functions</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">5.2.1.18</td><td align="left">Laguerre polynomials</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">5.2.1.19</td><td align="left">Legendre polynomials</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">5.2.1.20</td><td align="left">Riemann zeta function</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">5.2.1.21</td><td align="left">spherical Bessel functions (of the first kind)</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">5.2.1.22</td><td align="left">spherical associated Legendre functions</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">5.2.1.23</td><td align="left">spherical Neumann functions</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">5.2.2</td><td align="left">Additions to header <code class="code"><math.h></code> synopsis</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"><span class="emphasis"><em>6</em></span></td><td colspan="3" align="left"><span class="emphasis"><em>Containers</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="left">6.1</td><td align="left">Tuple types</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">6.1.1</td><td align="left">Header <code class="code"><tuple></code> synopsis</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">6.1.2</td><td align="left">Additions to header <code class="code"><utility></code> synopsis</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">6.1.3</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">tuple</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">6.1.3.1</td><td align="left">Construction</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">6.1.3.2</td><td align="left">Tuple creation functions</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">6.1.3.3</td><td align="left">Tuple helper classes</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">6.1.3.4</td><td align="left">Element access</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">6.1.3.5</td><td align="left">Relational operators</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">6.1.4</td><td align="left">Pairs</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">6.2</td><td align="left">Fixed size array</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">6.2.1</td><td align="left">Header <code class="code"><array></code> synopsis</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">6.2.2</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">array</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">6.2.2.1</td><td align="left"><code class="code">array</code> constructors, copy, and assignment</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">6.2.2.2</td><td align="left"><code class="code">array</code> specialized algorithms</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">6.2.2.3</td><td align="left"><code class="code">array</code> size</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">6.2.2.4</td><td align="left">Zero sized <code class="code">array</code>s</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">6.2.2.5</td><td align="left">Tuple interface to class template <code class="code">array</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">6.3</td><td align="left">Unordered associative containers</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">6.3.1</td><td align="left">Unordered associative container requirements</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">6.3.1.1</td><td align="left">Exception safety guarantees</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">6.3.2</td><td align="left">Additions to header <code class="code"><functional></code> synopsis</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">6.3.3</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">hash</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">6.3.4</td><td align="left">Unordered associative container classes</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">6.3.4.1</td><td align="left">Header <code class="code"><unordered_set></code> synopsis</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">6.3.4.2</td><td align="left">Header <code class="code"><unordered_map></code> synopsis</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">6.3.4.3</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">unordered_set</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">6.3.4.3.1</td><td align="left"><code class="code">unordered_set</code> constructors</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">6.3.4.3.2</td><td align="left"><code class="code">unordered_set</code> swap</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">6.3.4.4</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">unordered_map</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">6.3.4.4.1</td><td align="left"><code class="code">unordered_map</code> constructors</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">6.3.4.4.2</td><td align="left"><code class="code">unordered_map</code> element access</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">6.3.4.4.3</td><td align="left"><code class="code">unordered_map</code> swap</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">6.3.4.5</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">unordered_multiset<code class="code"></code></code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">6.3.4.5.1</td><td align="left"><code class="code">unordered_multiset</code> constructors</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">6.3.4.5.2</td><td align="left"><code class="code">unordered_multiset</code> swap</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">6.3.4.6</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">unordered_multimap</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">6.3.4.6.1</td><td align="left"><code class="code">unordered_multimap</code> constructors</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">6.3.4.6.2</td><td align="left"><code class="code">unordered_multimap</code> swap</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"><span class="emphasis"><em>7</em></span></td><td colspan="3" align="left"><span class="emphasis"><em>Regular Expressions</em></span></td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">7.1</td><td align="left">Definitions</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">7.2</td><td align="left">Requirements</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">7.3</td><td align="left">Regular expressions summary</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">7.4</td><td align="left">Header <code class="code"><regex></code> synopsis</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">7.5</td><td align="left">Namespace <code class="code">tr1::regex_constants</code></td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">7.5.1</td><td align="left">Bitmask Type <code class="code">syntax_option_type</code></td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">7.5.2</td><td align="left">Bitmask Type <code class="code">regex_constants::match_flag_type</code></td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">7.5.3</td><td align="left">Implementation defined <code class="code">error_type</code></td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">7.6</td><td align="left">Class <code class="code">regex_error</code></td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">7.7</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">regex_traits</code></td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">7.8</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">basic_regex</code></td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">7.8.1</td><td align="left"><code class="code">basic_regex</code> constants</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">7.8.2</td><td align="left"><code class="code">basic_regex</code> constructors</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">7.8.3</td><td align="left"><code class="code">basic_regex</code> assign</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">7.8.4</td><td align="left"><code class="code">basic_regex</code> constant operations</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">7.8.5</td><td align="left"><code class="code">basic_regex</code> locale</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">7.8.6</td><td align="left"><code class="code">basic_regex</code> swap</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">7.8.7</td><td align="left"><code class="code">basic_regex</code> non-member functions</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">7.8.7.1</td><td align="left"><code class="code">basic_regex</code> non-member swap</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">7.9</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">sub_match</code></td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">7.9.1</td><td align="left"><code class="code">sub_match</code> members</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">7.9.2</td><td align="left"><code class="code">sub_match</code> non-member operators</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">7.10</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">match_results</code></td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">7.10.1</td><td align="left"><code class="code">match_results</code> constructors</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">7.10.2</td><td align="left"><code class="code">match_results</code> size</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">7.10.3</td><td align="left"><code class="code">match_results</code> element access</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">7.10.4</td><td align="left"><code class="code">match_results</code> formatting</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">7.10.5</td><td align="left"><code class="code">match_results</code> allocator</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">7.10.6</td><td align="left"><code class="code">match_results</code> swap</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">7.11</td><td align="left">Regular expression algorithms</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">7.11.1</td><td align="left">exceptions</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">7.11.2</td><td align="left"><code class="code">regex_match</code></td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">7.11.3</td><td align="left"><code class="code">regex_search</code></td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">7.11.4</td><td align="left"><code class="code">regex_replace</code></td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">7.12</td><td align="left">Regular expression Iterators</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">7.12.1</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">regex_iterator</code></td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">7.12.1.1</td><td align="left"><code class="code">regex_iterator</code> constructors</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">7.12.1.2</td><td align="left"><code class="code">regex_iterator</code> comparisons</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">7.12.1.3</td><td align="left"><code class="code">regex_iterator</code> dereference</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">7.12.1.4</td><td align="left"><code class="code">regex_iterator</code> increment</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">7.12.2</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">regex_token_iterator</code></td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">7.12.2.1</td><td align="left"><code class="code">regex_token_iterator</code> constructors</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">7.12.2.2</td><td align="left"><code class="code">regex_token_iterator</code> comparisons</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">7.12.2.3</td><td align="left"><code class="code">regex_token_iterator</code> dereference</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">7.12.2.4</td><td align="left"><code class="code">regex_token_iterator</code> increment</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">7.13</td><td align="left">Modified ECMAScript regular expression grammar</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"><span class="emphasis"><em>8</em></span></td><td colspan="3" align="left"><span class="emphasis"><em>C Compatibility</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.1</td><td align="left">Additions to header <code class="code"><complex></code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.1.1</td><td align="left">Synopsis</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.1.2</td><td align="left">Function <code class="code">acos</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.1.3</td><td align="left">Function <code class="code">asin</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.1.4</td><td align="left">Function <code class="code">atan</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.1.5</td><td align="left">Function <code class="code">acosh</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.1.6</td><td align="left">Function <code class="code">asinh</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.1.7</td><td align="left">Function <code class="code">atanh</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.1.8</td><td align="left">Function <code class="code">fabs</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.1.9</td><td align="left">Additional Overloads</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">8.2</td><td align="left">Header <code class="code"><ccomplex></code></td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left">DR 551</td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">8.3</td><td align="left">Header <code class="code"><complex.h></code></td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left">DR 551</td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.4</td><td align="left">Additions to header <code class="code"><cctype></code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.4.1</td><td align="left">Synopsis</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.4.2</td><td align="left">Function <code class="code">isblank</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.5</td><td align="left">Additions to header <code class="code"><ctype.h></code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.6</td><td align="left">Header <code class="code"><cfenv></code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.6.1</td><td align="left">Synopsis</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.6.2</td><td align="left">Definitions</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.7</td><td align="left">Header <code class="code"><fenv.h></code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.8</td><td align="left">Additions to header <code class="code"><cfloat></code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.9</td><td align="left">Additions to header <code class="code"><float.h></code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">8.10</td><td align="left">Additions to header <code class="code"><ios></code></td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">8.10.1</td><td align="left">Synopsis</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">8.10.2</td><td align="left">Function <code class="code">hexfloat</code></td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.11</td><td align="left">Header <code class="code"><cinttypes></code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.11.1</td><td align="left">Synopsis</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left">DR 557</td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.11.2</td><td align="left">Definitions</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.12</td><td align="left">Header <code class="code"><inttypes.h></code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.13</td><td align="left">Additions to header <code class="code"><climits></code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.14</td><td align="left">Additions to header <code class="code"><limits.h></code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">8.15</td><td align="left">Additions to header <code class="code"><locale></code></td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.16</td><td align="left">Additions to header <code class="code"><cmath></code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.16.1</td><td align="left">Synopsis</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.16.2</td><td align="left">Definitions</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.16.3</td><td align="left">Function template definitions</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.16.4</td><td align="left">Additional overloads</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left">DR 568; DR 550</td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.17</td><td align="left">Additions to header <code class="code"><math.h></code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.18</td><td align="left">Additions to header <code class="code"><cstdarg></code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.19</td><td align="left">Additions to header <code class="code"><stdarg.h></code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.20</td><td align="left">The header <code class="code"><cstdbool></code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.21</td><td align="left">The header <code class="code"><stdbool.h></code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.22</td><td align="left">The header <code class="code"><cstdint></code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.22.1</td><td align="left">Synopsis</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.22.2</td><td align="left">Definitions</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.23</td><td align="left">The header <code class="code"><stdint.h></code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.24</td><td align="left">Additions to header <code class="code"><cstdio></code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.24.1</td><td align="left">Synopsis</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.24.2</td><td align="left">Definitions</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.24.3</td><td align="left">Additional format specifiers</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left">C library dependency</td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.24.4</td><td align="left">Additions to header <code class="code"><stdio.h></code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.25</td><td align="left">Additions to header <code class="code"><cstdlib></code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.25.1</td><td align="left">Synopsis</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.25.2</td><td align="left">Definitions</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.25.3</td><td align="left">Function <code class="code">abs</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.25.4</td><td align="left">Function <code class="code">div</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.26</td><td align="left">Additions to header <code class="code"><stdlib.h></code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.27</td><td align="left">Header <code class="code"><ctgmath></code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left">DR 551</td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.28</td><td align="left">Header <code class="code"><tgmath.h></code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left">DR 551</td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.29</td><td align="left">Additions to header <code class="code"><ctime></code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left">C library dependency</td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.30</td><td align="left">Additions to header <code class="code"><cwchar></code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.30.1</td><td align="left">Synopsis</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.30.2</td><td align="left">Definitions</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.30.3</td><td align="left">Additional wide format specifiers</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left">C library dependency</td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.31</td><td align="left">Additions to header <code class="code"><wchar.h></code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.32</td><td align="left">Additions to header <code class="code"><cwctype></code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.32.1</td><td align="left">Synopsis</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.32.2</td><td align="left">Function <code class="code">iswblank</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">8.33</td><td align="left">Additions to header <code class="code"><wctype.h></code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.intro.status.standard.200x"></a>C++ 200x</h3></div></div></div><p>
+This table is based on the table of contents of ISO/IEC
+Doc No: N2857=09-0047 Date: 2009-03-23
+Working Draft, Standard for Programming Language C++
+</p><p>
+In this implementation <code class="literal">-std=gnu++0x</code> or
+<code class="literal">-std=c++0x</code> flags must be used to enable language and
+library features. The pre-defined symbol
+<code class="constant">__GXX_EXPERIMENTAL_CXX0X__</code> is used to check for the
+presence of the required flag.
+</p><p>
+This page describes the C++0x support in mainline GCC SVN, not in any
+particular release.
+</p><div class="table"><a id="id476343"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 1.3. C++ 200x Implementation Status</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="C++ 200x Implementation Status" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Section</th><th align="left">Description</th><th align="left">Status</th><th align="left">Comments</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>18</em></span>
+ </td><td colspan="3" align="left">
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Language support</em></span>
+ </td></tr><tr><td align="left">18.1</td><td align="left">General</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#B0B0B0"><td align="left">18.2</td><td align="left">Types</td><td align="left">Partial</td><td align="left">Missing offsetof, max_align_t, nullptr_t</td></tr><tr><td align="left">18.3</td><td align="left">Implementation properties</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">18.3.1</td><td align="left">Numeric Limits</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">18.3.1.1</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">numeric_limits</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#B0B0B0"><td align="left">18.3.1.2</td><td align="left"><code class="code">numeric_limits</code> members</td><td align="left">Partial</td><td align="left">Missing constexpr</td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">18.3.1.3</td><td align="left"><code class="code">float_round_style</code></td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">18.3.1.4</td><td align="left"><code class="code">float_denorm_style</code></td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">18.3.1.5</td><td align="left"><code class="code">numeric_limits</code> specializations</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">18.3.2</td><td align="left">C Library</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">18.4</td><td align="left">Integer types</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">18.4.1</td><td align="left">Header <code class="code"><cstdint></code> synopsis</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#B0B0B0"><td align="left">18.4.2</td><td align="left">The header <code class="code"><stdint.h></code></td><td align="left">Partial</td><td align="left">May use configure-generated stdint.h via GCC_HEADER_STDINT</td></tr><tr bgcolor="#B0B0B0"><td align="left">18.5</td><td align="left">Start and termination</td><td align="left">Partial</td><td align="left">Missing quick_exit, at_quick_exit</td></tr><tr><td align="left">18.6</td><td align="left">Dynamic memory management</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">18.7</td><td align="left">Type identification</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">18.7.1</td><td align="left">Class type_info</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">18.7.2</td><td align="left">Class type_index</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">18.7.3</td><td align="left">Class bad_cast</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">18.7.4</td><td align="left">Class bad_typeid</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">18.8</td><td align="left">Exception handling</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">18.8.1</td><td align="left">Class exception</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">18.8.2</td><td align="left">Violation exception-specifications</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">18.8.3</td><td align="left">Abnormal termination</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">18.8.4</td><td align="left"><code class="code">uncaught_exception</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">18.8.5</td><td align="left">Propagation</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">18.8.6</td><td align="left">Class <code class="code">nested_exception</code></td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">18.9</td><td align="left">Initializer lists</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">18.9.1</td><td align="left">Initializer list constructors</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">18.9.2</td><td align="left">Initializer list access</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">18.9.3</td><td align="left">Initializer list concept maps</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">18.10</td><td align="left">Other runtime support</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>19</em></span>
+ </td><td colspan="3" align="left">
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Diagnostics</em></span>
+ </td></tr><tr><td align="left">19.1</td><td align="left">General</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">19.2</td><td align="left">Exception classes</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">19.3</td><td align="left">Assertions</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">19.4</td><td align="left">Error numbers</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">19.5</td><td align="left">System error support</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">19.5.1</td><td align="left">Class <code class="code">error_category</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#B0B0B0"><td align="left">19.5.2</td><td align="left">Class <code class="code">error_code</code></td><td align="left">Partial</td><td align="left">Missing concept ErrorCodeEnum</td></tr><tr bgcolor="#B0B0B0"><td align="left">19.5.3</td><td align="left">Class <code class="code">error_condition</code></td><td align="left">Partial</td><td align="left">Missing concept ErrorConditionEnum</td></tr><tr><td align="left">19.5.4</td><td align="left">Comparison operators</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">19.5.5</td><td align="left">Class <code class="code">system_error</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>20</em></span>
+ </td><td colspan="3" align="left">
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>General utilities</em></span>
+ </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#B0B0B0"><td align="left">20.1</td><td align="left">General</td><td align="left">Partial</td><td align="left">Missing all concepts</td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">20.2</td><td align="left">Concepts</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.3</td><td align="left">Utility components</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.3.1</td><td align="left">Operators</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.3.2</td><td align="left"><code class="code">forward</code> and <code class="code">move</code> helpers</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.3.3</td><td align="left"><code class="code">pair</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.3.4</td><td align="left">tuple-like access to <code class="code">pair</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">20.3.5</td><td align="left">Range concept maps for <code class="code">pair</code></td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.3.6</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">bitset</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.4</td><td align="left">Compile-time rational arithmetic</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.4.1</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">ratio</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.4.2</td><td align="left">Arithmetic on <code class="code">ratio</code> types</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.4.3</td><td align="left">Comparison of <code class="code">ratio</code> types</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.4.4</td><td align="left">SI types</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.5</td><td align="left">Tuples</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.5.1</td><td align="left">General</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#B0B0B0"><td align="left">20.5.2</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">tuple</code></td><td align="left">Partial</td><td align="left">Missing range concept maps</td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.6</td><td align="left">Metaprogramming and type traits</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.6.1</td><td align="left">Requirements</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#B0B0B0"><td align="left">20.6.2</td><td align="left">Header <code class="code"><type_traits></code> synopsis</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.6.3</td><td align="left">Helper classes</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.6.4</td><td align="left">Unary Type Traits</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.6.4.1</td><td align="left">Primary type categories</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.6.4.2</td><td align="left">Composite type traits</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#B0B0B0"><td align="left">20.6.4.3</td><td align="left">Type properties</td><td align="left">Partial</td><td align="left">Missing is_system_layout</td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.6.5</td><td align="left">Relationships between types</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.6.6</td><td align="left">Transformations between types</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.6.6.1</td><td align="left">Const-volatile modifications</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.6.6.2</td><td align="left">Reference modifications</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.6.6.3</td><td align="left">Sign modifications</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.6.6.4</td><td align="left">Array modifications</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.6.6.5</td><td align="left">Pointer modifications</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#B0B0B0"><td align="left">20.6.7</td><td align="left">Other transformations</td><td align="left">Partial</td><td align="left">Missing decay</td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.7</td><td align="left">Function objects</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.7.1</td><td align="left">Definitions</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.7.3</td><td align="left">Base</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.7.4</td><td align="left">Function object return types</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.7.5</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">reference_wrapper</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">20.7.6</td><td align="left">Identity operation</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.7.7</td><td align="left">Arithmetic operation</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.7.8</td><td align="left">Comparisons</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.7.9</td><td align="left">Logical operations</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.7.10</td><td align="left">Bitwise operations</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.7.11</td><td align="left">Negators</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.7.12</td><td align="left">Template <code class="code">function</code> and function template <code class="code">bind</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.7.13</td><td align="left">Adaptors for pointers to functions</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.7.14</td><td align="left">Adaptors for pointers to members</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.7.15</td><td align="left">Function template <code class="code">mem_fn</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.7.16</td><td align="left">Polymorphic function wrappers</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.7.16.1</td><td align="left">Class <code class="code">bad_function_call</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.7.16.2</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">function</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.7.17</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">hash</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">20.7.18</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">reference_closure</code></td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.8</td><td align="left">Memory</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">20.8.01</td><td align="left">Allocator argument tag</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.8.02</td><td align="left">Allocators</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.8.02.1</td><td align="left">General</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">20.8.02.2</td><td align="left">Allocator concept</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">20.8.02.3</td><td align="left">Support for legacy allocators</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">20.8.02.4</td><td align="left">Allocator and Legacy Allocator members</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">20.8.03</td><td align="left">Allocator-related element concepts</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">20.8.04</td><td align="left">Allocator propagation traits</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">20.8.05</td><td align="left">Allocator propagation map</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.8.06</td><td align="left">The default allocator</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.8.07</td><td align="left">Scoped allocator adaptor</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">20.8.07.1</td><td align="left"><code class="code">scoped_allocator_adaptor_base</code></td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">20.8.07.2</td><td align="left"><code class="code">scoped_allocator_adaptor constructors</code></td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">20.8.07.3</td><td align="left"><code class="code">scoped_allocator_adaptor2</code></td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">20.8.07.3</td><td align="left">scoped_allocator_adaptor members</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">20.8.07.4</td><td align="left"><code class="code">scoped_allocator_adaptor globals</code></td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.8.08</td><td align="left">Raw storage iterator</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.8.09</td><td align="left">Temporary buffers</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">20.8.10</td><td align="left"><code class="code">construct_element</code></td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.8.11</td><td align="left">Specialized algorithms</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">20.8.11.1</td><td align="left"><code class="code">addressof</code></td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.8.11.2</td><td align="left"><code class="code">uninitialized_copy</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.8.11.3</td><td align="left"><code class="code">uninitialized_fill</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.8.11.4</td><td align="left"><code class="code">uninitialized_fill_n</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.8.12</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">unique_ptr</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.8.13</td><td align="left">Smart pointers</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.8.13.1</td><td align="left">Class <code class="code">bad_weak_ptr</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.8.13.2</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">shared_ptr</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left">
+ <p>
+ Uses code from
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://www.boost.org/libs/smart_ptr/shared_ptr.htm" target="_top">boost::shared_ptr</a>.
+ </p>
+ </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.8.13.3</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">weak_ptr</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.8.13.4</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">owner_less</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.8.13.5</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">emable_shared_from_this</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#B0B0B0"><td align="left">20.8.13.6</td><td align="left"><code class="code">shared_ptr</code> atomic access</td><td align="left">Partial</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#B0B0B0"><td align="left">20.8.13.7</td><td align="left">Pointer safety</td><td align="left">Partial</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">20.8.14</td><td align="left">Align</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.8.15</td><td align="left">C library</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.9</td><td align="left">Time utilities</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.9.1</td><td align="left">Clock requirements</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.9.2</td><td align="left">Time-related traits</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.9.2.1</td><td align="left"><code class="code">treat_as_floating_point</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.9.2.2</td><td align="left"><code class="code">duration_values</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.9.2.3</td><td align="left">Specializations of <code class="code">common_type</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.9.3</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">duration</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.9.4</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">time_point</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.9.5</td><td align="left">Clocks</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.9.5.1</td><td align="left">Class <code class="code">system_clock</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.9.5.2</td><td align="left">Class <code class="code">monotonic_clock</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.9.5.3</td><td align="left">Class <code class="code">high_resolution_clock</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">20.10</td><td align="left">Date and time functions</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>21</em></span>
+ </td><td colspan="3" align="left">
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Strings</em></span>
+ </td></tr><tr><td align="left">21.1</td><td align="left">General</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">21.2</td><td align="left">Character traits</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">21.2.1</td><td align="left">Character traits requirements</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">21.2.2</td><td align="left">traits typedef</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">21.2.3</td><td align="left"><code class="code">char_traits</code> specializations</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">21.2.3.1</td><td align="left">struct <code class="code">char_traits<char></code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">21.2.3.2</td><td align="left">struct <code class="code">char_traits<char16_t></code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">21.2.3.3</td><td align="left">struct <code class="code">char_traits<char32_t></code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">21.2.3.4</td><td align="left">struct <code class="code">char_traits<wchar_t></code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">21.3</td><td align="left">String classes</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">21.4</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">basic_string</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">21.5</td><td align="left">Numeric Conversions</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">21.6</td><td align="left">Null-terminated sequence utilities</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left">C library dependency</td></tr><tr><td align="left">
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>22</em></span>
+ </td><td colspan="3" align="left">
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Localization</em></span>
+ </td></tr><tr><td align="left">22.1</td><td align="left">General</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">22.2</td><td align="left">Header <code class="code"><locale></code> synopsis</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">22.3</td><td align="left">Locales</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">22.3.1</td><td align="left">Class <code class="code">locale</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">22.3.2</td><td align="left"><code class="code">locale</code> globals</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">22.3.3</td><td align="left">Convenience interfaces</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">22.3.3.1</td><td align="left">Character classification</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">22.3.3.2</td><td align="left">Conversions</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">22.3.3.2.1</td><td align="left">Character</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">22.3.3.2.2</td><td align="left">String</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">22.3.3.2.3</td><td align="left">Buffer</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">22.4</td><td align="left">Standard locale categories</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">22.4.1</td><td align="left"><code class="code">ctype</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">22.4.2</td><td align="left">Numeric</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">22.4.2.1</td><td align="left"><code class="code">num_get</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">22.4.2.2</td><td align="left"><code class="code">num_put</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">22.4.3</td><td align="left"><code class="code">num_punct</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">22.4.4</td><td align="left"><code class="code">collate</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">22.4.5</td><td align="left">Time</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">22.4.5.1</td><td align="left"><code class="code">time_get</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">22.4.5.2</td><td align="left"><code class="code">time_get_byname</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">22.4.5.3</td><td align="left"><code class="code">time_put</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">22.4.5.3</td><td align="left"><code class="code">time_put_byname</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">22.4.6</td><td align="left">Monetary</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">22.4.6.1</td><td align="left"><code class="code">money_get</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">22.4.6.2</td><td align="left"><code class="code">money_put</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">22.4.6.3</td><td align="left"><code class="code">money_punct</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">22.4.6.4</td><td align="left"><code class="code">money_punct_byname</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">22.4.7</td><td align="left"><code class="code">messages</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">22.4.8</td><td align="left">Program-defined facets</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">22.5</td><td align="left">Standard code conversion facets</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">22.6</td><td align="left">C Library Locales</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>23</em></span>
+ </td><td colspan="3" align="left">
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Containers</em></span>
+ </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#B0B0B0"><td align="left">23.1</td><td align="left">General</td><td align="left">Partial</td><td align="left">Missing concepts</td></tr><tr><td align="left">23.2</td><td align="left">Container requirements</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#B0B0B0"><td align="left">23.2.1</td><td align="left">General requirements</td><td align="left">Partial</td><td align="left">Missing construct_element</td></tr><tr><td align="left">23.2.2</td><td align="left">Data races</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">23.3</td><td align="left">Sequence containers</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">23.3.1</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">array</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">23.3.2</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">deque</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">23.3.3</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">forward_list</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">23.3.4</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">list</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">23.3.5</td><td align="left">Adaptors</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">23.3.5.1</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">queue</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">23.3.5.2</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">priority_queue</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">23.3.5.3</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">stack</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">23.3.6</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">vector</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">23.3.7</td><td align="left">Class <code class="code">vector<bool></code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">23.4</td><td align="left">Associative containers</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">23.4.1</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">map</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">23.4.2</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">multimap</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">23.4.3</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">set</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">23.4.4</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">multiset</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">23.5</td><td align="left">Unordered associative containers</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">23.5.1</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">unordered_map</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">23.5.2</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">unordered_multimap</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">23.5.3</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">unordered_set</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">23.5.4</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">unordered_multiset</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>24</em></span>
+ </td><td colspan="3" align="left">
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Iterators</em></span>
+ </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#B0B0B0"><td align="left">24.1</td><td align="left">General</td><td align="left">Partial</td><td align="left">Missing concepts</td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">24.2</td><td align="left">Iterator concepts</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#B0B0B0"><td align="left">24.3</td><td align="left">Header <code class="code"><iterator></code> synopsis</td><td align="left">Partial</td><td align="left">Missing concepts</td></tr><tr><td align="left">24.4</td><td align="left">Iterator operations</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">24.5</td><td align="left">Predefined iterators and Iterator adaptors</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">24.5.1</td><td align="left">Reverse iterators</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">24.5.2</td><td align="left">Insert iterators</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">24.5.3</td><td align="left">Move iterators</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">24.6</td><td align="left">Stream iterators</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">24.6.1</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">istream_iterator</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">24.6.2</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">ostream_iterator</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">24.6.3</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">istreambuf_iterator</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">24.6.4</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">ostreambuf_iterator</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">24.7</td><td align="left">Insert iterators</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">24.7.1</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">back_insert_iterator</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">24.7.3</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">front_insert_iterator</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">24.7.5</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">insert_iterator</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>25</em></span>
+ </td><td colspan="3" align="left">
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Algorithms</em></span>
+ </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#B0B0B0"><td align="left">25.1</td><td align="left">General</td><td align="left">Partial</td><td align="left">Missing concepts</td></tr><tr><td align="left">25.2</td><td align="left">Header <code class="code"><algorithm></code> synopsis</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">25.3</td><td align="left">Non-modifying sequence operations</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">25.4</td><td align="left">Mutating sequence operations</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">25.5</td><td align="left">Sorting and related operations</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">25.6</td><td align="left">C library algorithms</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>26</em></span>
+ </td><td colspan="3" align="left">
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Numerics</em></span>
+ </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.1</td><td align="left">General</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.2</td><td align="left">Numeric type requirements</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.3</td><td align="left">The floating-point environment</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.4</td><td align="left">Complex numbers</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.5</td><td align="left">Random number generation</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#B0B0B0"><td align="left">26.5.1</td><td align="left">Header <code class="code"><random></code> synopsis</td><td align="left">Partial</td><td align="left">Missing concepts</td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">26.5.2</td><td align="left">Concepts and related requirements</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.5.3</td><td align="left">Random number engines</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.5.3.1</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">linear_congruential_engine</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.5.3.2</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">mersenne_twister_engine</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.5.3.3</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">subtract_with_carry_engine</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.5.4</td><td align="left">Random number engine adaptors</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.5.4.1</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">discard_block_engine</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.5.4.2</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">independent_bits_engine</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.5.4.3</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">shuffle_order_engine</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.5.5</td><td align="left">Engines and engine adaptors with predefined parameters</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.5.6</td><td align="left">Class <code class="code">random_device</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.5.7</td><td align="left">Utilities</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.5.7.1</td><td align="left">Class <code class="code">seed_seq</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.5.7.2</td><td align="left">Function template generate_canonical</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.5.8</td><td align="left">Random number distributions</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.5.8.1</td><td align="left">Uniform distributions</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.5.8.1.1</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">uniform_int_distribution</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.5.8.1.2</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">uniform_real_distribution</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.5.8.2</td><td align="left">Bernoulli distributions</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.5.8.2.1</td><td align="left">Class <code class="code">bernoulli_distribution</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.5.8.2.2</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">binomial_distribution</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.5.8.2.3</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">geometric_distribution</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.5.8.2.4</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">negative_binomial_distribution</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.5.8.3</td><td align="left">Poisson distributions</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.5.8.3.1</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">poisson_distribution</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.5.8.3.2</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">exponential_distribution</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.5.8.3.3</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">gamma_distribution</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.5.8.3.4</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">weibull_distribution</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.5.8.3.5</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">extreme_value_distribution</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.5.8.4</td><td align="left">Normal distributions</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.5.8.4.1</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">normal_distribution</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.5.8.4.2</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">lognormal_distribution</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.5.8.4.3</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">chi_squared_distribution</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.5.8.4.4</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">cauchy_distribution</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.5.8.4.5</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">fisher_f_distribution</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.5.8.4.6</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">student_t_distribution</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.5.8.5</td><td align="left">Sampling distributions</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.5.8.5.1</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">discrete_distribution</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.5.8.5.2</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">piecewise_constant_distribution</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.5.8.5.3</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">piecewise_linear_distribution</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.6</td><td align="left">Numeric arrays</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.6.1</td><td align="left">Header <code class="code"><valarray></code> synopsis</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.6.2</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">valarray</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.6.3</td><td align="left"><code class="code">valarray</code> non-member operations</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.6.4</td><td align="left">Class <code class="code">slice</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.6.5</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">slice_array</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.6.6</td><td align="left">Class <code class="code">gslice</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.6.7</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">gslice_array</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.6.8</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">mask_array</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.6.9</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">indirect_array</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.7</td><td align="left">Generalized numeric operations</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.7.1</td><td align="left"><code class="code">accumulate</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.7.2</td><td align="left"><code class="code">inner_product</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.7.3</td><td align="left"><code class="code">partial_sum</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.7.4</td><td align="left"><code class="code">adjacent_difference</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.7.5</td><td align="left">iota</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">26.8</td><td align="left">C Library</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>27</em></span>
+ </td><td colspan="3" align="left">
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Input/output</em></span>
+ </td></tr><tr><td align="left">27.1</td><td align="left">General</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">27.2</td><td align="left">Requirements</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">27.2.1</td><td align="left">Imbue limitations</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">27.2.2</td><td align="left">Positioning type limitations</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#B0B0B0"><td align="left">27.2.3</td><td align="left">Thread safety</td><td align="left">Partial</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">27.3</td><td align="left">Forward declarations</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">27.4</td><td align="left">Standard iostream objects</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">27.4.1</td><td align="left">Narrow stream objects</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">27.4.2</td><td align="left">Wide stream objects</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">27.5</td><td align="left">Iostreams base classes</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">27.6</td><td align="left">Stream buffers</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">27.7</td><td align="left">Formatting and manipulators</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">27.8</td><td align="left">String-based streams</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">27.9</td><td align="left">File-based streams</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>28</em></span>
+ </td><td colspan="3" align="left">
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Regular expressions</em></span>
+ </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">28.01</td><td align="left">General</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">28.02</td><td align="left">Definitions</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">28.03</td><td align="left">Requirements</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">28.04</td><td align="left">Regular expressions summary</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">28.05</td><td align="left">Header <code class="code"><regex></code> synopsis</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">28.06</td><td align="left">Namespace <code class="code">std::regex_constants</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">28.07</td><td align="left">Class <code class="code">regex_error</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#B0B0B0"><td align="left">28.08</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">regex_traits</code></td><td align="left">Partial</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#B0B0B0"><td align="left">28.09</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">basic_regex</code></td><td align="left">Partial</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#B0B0B0"><td align="left">28.10</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">sub_match</code></td><td align="left">Partial</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#B0B0B0"><td align="left">28.11</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">match_results</code></td><td align="left">Partial</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">28.12</td><td align="left">Regular expression algorithms</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">28.13</td><td align="left">Regular expression Iterators</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">28.14</td><td align="left">Modified ECMAScript regular expression grammar</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>29</em></span>
+ </td><td colspan="3" align="left">
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Atomic operations</em></span>
+ </td></tr><tr><td align="left">29.1</td><td align="left">General</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">29.2</td><td align="left">Header <code class="code"><cstdatomic></code> synopsis</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">29.3</td><td align="left">Order and consistency</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">29.4</td><td align="left">Lock-free property</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left">Based on _GLIBCXX_ATOMIC_PROPERTY</td></tr><tr><td align="left">29.5</td><td align="left">Atomic types</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">29.5.1</td><td align="left">Integral types</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left">Missing constexpr</td></tr><tr><td align="left">29.5.2</td><td align="left">Address types</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left">Missing constexpr</td></tr><tr><td align="left">29.5.3</td><td align="left">Generic types</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left">Missing constexpr</td></tr><tr><td align="left">29.6</td><td align="left">Operations on atomic types</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">29.7</td><td align="left">Flag Type and operations</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">29.8</td><td align="left">Fences</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>30</em></span>
+ </td><td colspan="3" align="left">
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Thread support</em></span>
+ </td></tr><tr><td align="left">30.1</td><td align="left">General</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">30.2</td><td align="left">Requirements</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">30.3</td><td align="left">Threads</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#B0B0B0"><td align="left">30.3.1</td><td align="left">Class <code class="code">thread</code></td><td align="left">Partial</td><td align="left">Missing futures</td></tr><tr><td align="left">30.3.2</td><td align="left">Namespace <code class="code">this_thread</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">30.4</td><td align="left">Mutual exclusion</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">30.4.1</td><td align="left">Mutex requirements</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">30.4.1.1</td><td align="left">Class <code class="code">mutex</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">30.4.1.2</td><td align="left">Class <code class="code">recursive_mutex</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">30.4.2</td><td align="left">Timed mutex requirements</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">30.4.2.1</td><td align="left">Class <code class="code">timed_mutex</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">30.4.2.2</td><td align="left">Class <code class="code">recursive_timed_mutex</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">30.4.3</td><td align="left">Locks</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">30.4.3.1</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">lock_guard</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">30.4.3.2</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">unique_lock</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">30.4.4</td><td align="left">Generic locking algorithms</td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">30.4.5</td><td align="left">Call once</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">30.4.5.1</td><td align="left"><code class="code">once_flag</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">30.4.5.2</td><td align="left"><code class="code">call_once</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">30.5</td><td align="left">Condition variables</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">30.5.1</td><td align="left">Class <code class="code">condition_variable</code></td><td align="left">Y</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#B0B0B0"><td align="left">30.5.2</td><td align="left">Class <code class="code">condition_variable_any</code></td><td align="left">Partial</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">30.6</td><td align="left">Futures</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">30.6.1</td><td align="left">Overview</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">30.6.2</td><td align="left">Error handling</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">30.6.3</td><td align="left">Class <code class="code">future_error</code></td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">30.6.4</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">unique_future</code></td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">30.6.5</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">shared_future</code></td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">30.6.6</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">promise</code></td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">30.6.7</td><td align="left">Allocator templates</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr bgcolor="#C8B0B0"><td align="left">30.6.8</td><td align="left">Class template <code class="code">packaged_task</code></td><td align="left">N</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Appendix D</em></span>
+ </td><td colspan="3" align="left">
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Compatibility features</em></span>
+ </td></tr><tr><td align="left">D.1</td><td align="left">Increment operator with bool operand</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">D.2</td><td align="left"><code class="code">static</code> keyword</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">D.3</td><td align="left">Access declarations</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">D.4</td><td align="left">Implicit conversion from const strings</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">D.5</td><td align="left">C standard library headers</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">D.6</td><td align="left">Old iostreams members</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">D.7</td><td align="left">char* streams</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">D.8</td><td align="left">Binders</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">D.9</td><td align="left"><code class="code">auto_ptr</code></td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">D.10</td><td align="left">Iterator primitives</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="intro.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="intro.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="license.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Part I.
+ Introduction
+
+ </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> License</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
--- /dev/null
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 25. Stream Buffers</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="io.html" title="Part XI. Input and Output" /><link rel="prev" href="iostream_objects.html" title="Chapter 24. Iostream Objects" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt11ch25s02.html" title="Buffering" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 25. Stream Buffers</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="iostream_objects.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part XI.
+ Input and Output
+
+</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt11ch25s02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.io.streambufs"></a>Chapter 25. Stream Buffers</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="streambufs.html#io.streambuf.derived">Derived streambuf Classes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt11ch25s02.html">Buffering</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="io.streambuf.derived"></a>Derived streambuf Classes</h2></div></div></div><p>
+ </p><p>Creating your own stream buffers for I/O can be remarkably easy.
+ If you are interested in doing so, we highly recommend two very
+ excellent books:
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://www.langer.camelot.de/iostreams.html" target="_top">Standard C++
+ IOStreams and Locales</a> by Langer and Kreft, ISBN 0-201-18395-1, and
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://www.josuttis.com/libbook/" target="_top">The C++ Standard Library</a>
+ by Nicolai Josuttis, ISBN 0-201-37926-0. Both are published by
+ Addison-Wesley, who isn't paying us a cent for saying that, honest.
+ </p><p>Here is a simple example, io/outbuf1, from the Josuttis text. It
+ transforms everything sent through it to uppercase. This version
+ assumes many things about the nature of the character type being
+ used (for more information, read the books or the newsgroups):
+ </p><pre class="programlisting">
+ #include <iostream>
+ #include <streambuf>
+ #include <locale>
+ #include <cstdio>
+
+ class outbuf : public std::streambuf
+ {
+ protected:
+ /* central output function
+ * - print characters in uppercase mode
+ */
+ virtual int_type overflow (int_type c) {
+ if (c != EOF) {
+ // convert lowercase to uppercase
+ c = std::toupper(static_cast<char>(c),getloc());
+
+ // and write the character to the standard output
+ if (putchar(c) == EOF) {
+ return EOF;
+ }
+ }
+ return c;
+ }
+ };
+
+ int main()
+ {
+ // create special output buffer
+ outbuf ob;
+ // initialize output stream with that output buffer
+ std::ostream out(&ob);
+
+ out << "31 hexadecimal: "
+ << std::hex << 31 << std::endl;
+ return 0;
+ }
+ </pre><p>Try it yourself! More examples can be found in 3.1.x code, in
+ <code class="code">include/ext/*_filebuf.h</code>, and on
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://www.informatik.uni-konstanz.de/~kuehl/c++/iostream/" target="_top">Dietmar
+ Kühl's IOStreams page</a>.
+ </p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="iostream_objects.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="io.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt11ch25s02.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 24. Iostream Objects </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Buffering</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Part V. Strings</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="shared_ptr.html" title="shared_ptr" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt05ch13.html" title="Chapter 13. String Classes" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Part V. Strings</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="shared_ptr.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt05ch13.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="part" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="manual.strings"></a>Part V. Strings</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt05ch13.html">13. String Classes</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13.html#strings.string.simple">Simple Transformations</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13s02.html">Case Sensitivity</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13s03.html">Arbitrary Character Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13s04.html">Tokenizing</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13s05.html">Shrink to Fit</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13s06.html">CString (MFC)</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="shared_ptr.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt05ch13.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">shared_ptr </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 13. String Classes</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Part V. Strings</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="shared_ptr.html" title="shared_ptr" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt05ch13.html" title="Chapter 13. String Classes" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Part V.
+ Strings
+
+</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="shared_ptr.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt05ch13.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="part" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="manual.strings"></a>Part V.
+ Strings
+ <a id="id440662" class="indexterm"></a>
+</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt05ch13.html">13. String Classes</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13.html#strings.string.simple">Simple Transformations</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13s02.html">Case Sensitivity</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13s03.html">Arbitrary Character Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13s04.html">Tokenizing</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13s05.html">Shrink to Fit</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13s06.html">CString (MFC)</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="shared_ptr.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt05ch13.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">shared_ptr </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 13. String Classes</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
--- /dev/null
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 26. Memory Based Streams</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="io.html" title="Part XI. Input and Output" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt11ch25s02.html" title="Buffering" /><link rel="next" href="fstreams.html" title="Chapter 27. File Based Streams" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 26. Memory Based Streams</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt11ch25s02.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part XI.
+ Input and Output
+
+</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="fstreams.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.io.memstreams"></a>Chapter 26. Memory Based Streams</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="stringstreams.html#manual.io.memstreams.compat">Compatibility With strstream</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.io.memstreams.compat"></a>Compatibility With strstream</h2></div></div></div><p>
+ </p><p>Stringstreams (defined in the header <code class="code"><sstream></code>)
+ are in this author's opinion one of the coolest things since
+ sliced time. An example of their use is in the Received Wisdom
+ section for Chapter 21 (Strings),
+ <a class="ulink" href="../21_strings/howto.html#1.1internal" target="_top"> describing how to
+ format strings</a>.
+ </p><p>The quick definition is: they are siblings of ifstream and ofstream,
+ and they do for <code class="code">std::string</code> what their siblings do for
+ files. All that work you put into writing <code class="code"><<</code> and
+ <code class="code">>></code> functions for your classes now pays off
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>again!</em></span> Need to format a string before passing the string
+ to a function? Send your stuff via <code class="code"><<</code> to an
+ ostringstream. You've read a string as input and need to parse it?
+ Initialize an istringstream with that string, and then pull pieces
+ out of it with <code class="code">>></code>. Have a stringstream and need to
+ get a copy of the string inside? Just call the <code class="code">str()</code>
+ member function.
+ </p><p>This only works if you've written your
+ <code class="code"><<</code>/<code class="code">>></code> functions correctly, though,
+ and correctly means that they take istreams and ostreams as
+ parameters, not i<span class="emphasis"><em>f</em></span>streams and o<span class="emphasis"><em>f</em></span>streams. If they
+ take the latter, then your I/O operators will work fine with
+ file streams, but with nothing else -- including stringstreams.
+ </p><p>If you are a user of the strstream classes, you need to update
+ your code. You don't have to explicitly append <code class="code">ends</code> to
+ terminate the C-style character array, you don't have to mess with
+ "freezing" functions, and you don't have to manage the
+ memory yourself. The strstreams have been officially deprecated,
+ which means that 1) future revisions of the C++ Standard won't
+ support them, and 2) if you use them, people will laugh at you.
+ </p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt11ch25s02.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="io.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="fstreams.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Buffering </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 27. File Based Streams</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Part II. Support</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="debug.html" title="Debugging Support" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt02pr01.html" title="" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Part II. Support</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="debug.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt02pr01.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="part" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="manual.support"></a>Part II. Support</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="preface"><a href="bk01pt02pr01.html"></a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt02ch04.html">4. Types</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt02ch04.html#manual.support.types.fundamental">Fundamental Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt02ch04s02.html">Numeric Properties</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt02ch04s03.html">NULL</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt02ch05.html">5. Dynamic Memory</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt02ch06.html">6. Termination</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt02ch06.html#support.termination.handlers">Termination Handlers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt02ch06s02.html">Verbose Terminate Handler</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="debug.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt02pr01.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Debugging Support </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> </td></tr></table></div></body></html>
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Part II. Support</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="debug.html" title="Debugging Support" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt02pr01.html" title="" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Part II.
+ Support
+
+</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="debug.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt02pr01.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="part" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="manual.support"></a>Part II.
+ Support
+ <a id="id485364" class="indexterm"></a>
+</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="preface"><a href="bk01pt02pr01.html"></a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="fundamental_types.html">4. Types</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="fundamental_types.html#manual.support.types.fundamental">Fundamental Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt02ch04s02.html">Numeric Properties</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt02ch04s03.html">NULL</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="dynamic_memory.html">5. Dynamic Memory</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="termination.html">6. Termination</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="termination.html#support.termination.handlers">Termination Handlers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="verbose_termination.html">Verbose Terminate Handler</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="debug.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt02pr01.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Debugging Support </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> </td></tr></table></div></body></html>
--- /dev/null
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 6. Termination</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="support.html" title="Part II. Support" /><link rel="prev" href="dynamic_memory.html" title="Chapter 5. Dynamic Memory" /><link rel="next" href="verbose_termination.html" title="Verbose Terminate Handler" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 6. Termination</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="dynamic_memory.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part II.
+ Support
+
+</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="verbose_termination.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.support.termination"></a>Chapter 6. Termination</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="termination.html#support.termination.handlers">Termination Handlers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="verbose_termination.html">Verbose Terminate Handler</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="support.termination.handlers"></a>Termination Handlers</h2></div></div></div><p>
+ Not many changes here to <code class="filename">cstdlib</code>. You should note that the
+ <code class="function">abort()</code> function does not call the
+ destructors of automatic nor static objects, so if you're
+ depending on those to do cleanup, it isn't going to happen.
+ (The functions registered with <code class="function">atexit()</code>
+ don't get called either, so you can forget about that
+ possibility, too.)
+ </p><p>
+ The good old <code class="function">exit()</code> function can be a bit
+ funky, too, until you look closer. Basically, three points to
+ remember are:
+ </p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>
+ Static objects are destroyed in reverse order of their creation.
+ </p></li><li><p>
+ Functions registered with <code class="function">atexit()</code> are called in
+ reverse order of registration, once per registration call.
+ (This isn't actually new.)
+ </p></li><li><p>
+ The previous two actions are “<span class="quote">interleaved,</span>” that is,
+ given this pseudocode:
+ </p><pre class="programlisting">
+ extern "C or C++" void f1 (void);
+ extern "C or C++" void f2 (void);
+
+ static Thing obj1;
+ atexit(f1);
+ static Thing obj2;
+ atexit(f2);
+</pre><p>
+ then at a call of <code class="function">exit()</code>,
+ <code class="varname">f2</code> will be called, then
+ <code class="varname">obj2</code> will be destroyed, then
+ <code class="varname">f1</code> will be called, and finally
+ <code class="varname">obj1</code> will be destroyed. If
+ <code class="varname">f1</code> or <code class="varname">f2</code> allow an
+ exception to propagate out of them, Bad Things happen.
+ </p></li></ol></div><p>
+ Note also that <code class="function">atexit()</code> is only required to store 32
+ functions, and the compiler/library might already be using some of
+ those slots. If you think you may run out, we recommend using
+ the <code class="function">xatexit</code>/<code class="function">xexit</code> combination from <code class="literal">libiberty</code>, which has no such limit.
+ </p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="dynamic_memory.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="support.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="verbose_termination.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 5. Dynamic Memory </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Verbose Terminate Handler</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Test</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , test , testsuite , performance , conformance , ABI , exception safety " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="
bk01pt01ch02.html" title="Chapter 2. Setup" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt01ch02s03.html" title="Make" /><link rel="next" href="using.html" title="Chapter 3. Using" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Test</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt01ch02s03.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 2. Setup</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="using.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.intro.setup.test"></a>Test</h2></div></div></div><p>
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Test</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , test , testsuite , performance , conformance , ABI , exception safety " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="
setup.html" title="Chapter 2. Setup" /><link rel="prev" href="make.html" title="Make" /><link rel="next" href="using.html" title="Chapter 3. Using" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Test</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="make.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 2. Setup</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="using.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.intro.setup.test"></a>Test</h2></div></div></div><p>
The libstdc++ testsuite includes testing for standard conformance,
regressions, ABI, and performance.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="test.organization"></a>Organization</h3></div></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="test.organization.layout"></a>Directory Layout</h4></div></div></div><p>
</p><p>
A number of class abstractions for performance counters, and
reporting functions including:
- </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="circle"><li><p>time_counter</p></li><li><p>resource_counter</p></li><li><p>report_performance</p></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="
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+ </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="circle"><li><p>time_counter</p></li><li><p>resource_counter</p></li><li><p>report_performance</p></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="
make.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="setup.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="using.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Make </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 3. Using</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
--- /dev/null
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 12. Traits</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="utilities.html" title="Part IV. Utilities" /><link rel="prev" href="shared_ptr.html" title="shared_ptr" /><link rel="next" href="strings.html" title="Part V. Strings" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 12. Traits</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="shared_ptr.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part IV.
+ Utilities
+
+</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="strings.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.util.traits"></a>Chapter 12. Traits</h2></div></div></div><p>
+ </p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="shared_ptr.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="utilities.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="strings.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">shared_ptr </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Part V.
+ Strings
+
+</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 3. Using</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="intro.html" title="Part I. Introduction" /><link rel="prev" href="test.html" title="Test" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt01ch03s02.html" title="Headers" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 3. Using</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="test.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part I. Introduction</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt01ch03s02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.intro.using"></a>Chapter 3. Using</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="using.html#manual.intro.using.lib">Linking Library Binary Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt01ch03s02.html">Headers</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt01ch03s02.html#manual.intro.using.headers.all">Header Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt01ch03s02.html#manual.intro.using.headers.mixing">Mixing Headers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt01ch03s02.html#manual.intro.using.headers.cheaders">The C Headers and namespace std</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt01ch03s02.html#manual.intro.using.headers.pre">Precompiled Headers</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt01ch03s03.html">Namespaces</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt01ch03s03.html#manual.intro.using.namespaces.all">Available Namespaces</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt01ch03s03.html#manual.intro.using.namespaces.std">namespace std</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt01ch03s03.html#manual.intro.using.namespaces.comp">Using Namespace Composition</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt01ch03s04.html">Macros</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt01ch03s05.html">Concurrency</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt01ch03s05.html#manual.intro.using.concurrency.prereq">Prerequisites</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt01ch03s05.html#manual.intro.using.concurrency.thread_safety">Thread Safety</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt01ch03s05.html#manual.intro.using.concurrency.atomics">Atomics</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt01ch03s05.html#manual.intro.using.concurrency.io">IO</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt01ch03s05.html#manual.intro.using.concurrency.containers">Containers</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt01ch03s06.html">Exceptions</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt01ch03s06.html#intro.using.exception.propagating">Propagating Exceptions aka Exception Neutrality</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt01ch03s06.html#intro.using.exception.safety">Exception Safety</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt01ch03s06.html#intro.using.exception.no">Support for -fno-exceptions</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="debug.html">Debugging Support</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.compiler">Using g++</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.req">Debug Versions of Library Binary Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.memory">Memory Leak Hunting</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.gdb">Using gdb</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.exceptions">Tracking uncaught exceptions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.debug_mode">Debug Mode</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.compile_time_checks">Compile Time Checking</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.intro.using.lib"></a>Linking Library Binary Files</h2></div></div></div><p>
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 3. Using</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="intro.html" title="Part I. Introduction" /><link rel="prev" href="test.html" title="Test" /><link rel="next" href="using_headers.html" title="Headers" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 3. Using</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="test.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part I.
+ Introduction
+
+</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="using_headers.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.intro.using"></a>Chapter 3. Using</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="using.html#manual.intro.using.lib">Linking Library Binary Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="using_headers.html">Headers</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_headers.html#manual.intro.using.headers.all">Header Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_headers.html#manual.intro.using.headers.mixing">Mixing Headers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_headers.html#manual.intro.using.headers.cheaders">The C Headers and namespace std</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_headers.html#manual.intro.using.headers.pre">Precompiled Headers</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="using_namespaces.html">Namespaces</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_namespaces.html#manual.intro.using.namespaces.all">Available Namespaces</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_namespaces.html#manual.intro.using.namespaces.std">namespace std</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_namespaces.html#manual.intro.using.namespaces.comp">Using Namespace Composition</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="using_macros.html">Macros</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="using_concurrency.html">Concurrency</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_concurrency.html#manual.intro.using.concurrency.prereq">Prerequisites</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_concurrency.html#manual.intro.using.concurrency.thread_safety">Thread Safety</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_concurrency.html#manual.intro.using.concurrency.atomics">Atomics</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_concurrency.html#manual.intro.using.concurrency.io">IO</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_concurrency.html#manual.intro.using.concurrency.containers">Containers</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="using_exceptions.html">Exceptions</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_exceptions.html#intro.using.exception.propagating">Propagating Exceptions aka Exception Neutrality</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_exceptions.html#intro.using.exception.safety">Exception Safety</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_exceptions.html#intro.using.exception.no">Support for -fno-exceptions</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="debug.html">Debugging Support</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.compiler">Using g++</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.req">Debug Versions of Library Binary Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.memory">Memory Leak Hunting</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.gdb">Using gdb</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.exceptions">Tracking uncaught exceptions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.debug_mode">Debug Mode</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.compile_time_checks">Compile Time Checking</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.intro.using.lib"></a>Linking Library Binary Files</h2></div></div></div><p>
If you only built a static library (libstdc++.a), or if you
specified static linking, you don't have to worry about this.
But if you built a shared library (libstdc++.so) and linked
A libstdc++.la file is also installed, for use with Libtool. If
you use Libtool to create your executables, these details are
taken care of for you.
- </p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="test.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="intro.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="
bk01pt01ch03s02.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Test </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Headers</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
+ </p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="test.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="intro.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="
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--- /dev/null
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Concurrency</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="using.html" title="Chapter 3. Using" /><link rel="prev" href="using_macros.html" title="Macros" /><link rel="next" href="using_exceptions.html" title="Exceptions" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Concurrency</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="using_macros.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 3. Using</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="using_exceptions.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.intro.using.concurrency"></a>Concurrency</h2></div></div></div><p>This section discusses issues surrounding the proper compilation
+ of multithreaded applications which use the Standard C++
+ library. This information is GCC-specific since the C++
+ standard does not address matters of multithreaded applications.
+ </p><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.intro.using.concurrency.prereq"></a>Prerequisites</h3></div></div></div><p>All normal disclaimers aside, multithreaded C++ application are
+ only supported when libstdc++ and all user code was built with
+ compilers which report (via <code class="code"> gcc/g++ -v </code>) the same thread
+ model and that model is not <span class="emphasis"><em>single</em></span>. As long as your
+ final application is actually single-threaded, then it should be
+ safe to mix user code built with a thread model of
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>single</em></span> with a libstdc++ and other C++ libraries built
+ with another thread model useful on the platform. Other mixes
+ may or may not work but are not considered supported. (Thus, if
+ you distribute a shared C++ library in binary form only, it may
+ be best to compile it with a GCC configured with
+ --enable-threads for maximal interchangeability and usefulness
+ with a user population that may have built GCC with either
+ --enable-threads or --disable-threads.)
+ </p><p>When you link a multithreaded application, you will probably
+ need to add a library or flag to g++. This is a very
+ non-standardized area of GCC across ports. Some ports support a
+ special flag (the spelling isn't even standardized yet) to add
+ all required macros to a compilation (if any such flags are
+ required then you must provide the flag for all compilations not
+ just linking) and link-library additions and/or replacements at
+ link time. The documentation is weak. Here is a quick summary
+ to display how ad hoc this is: On Solaris, both -pthreads and
+ -threads (with subtly different meanings) are honored. On OSF,
+ -pthread and -threads (with subtly different meanings) are
+ honored. On Linux/i386, -pthread is honored. On FreeBSD,
+ -pthread is honored. Some other ports use other switches.
+ AFAIK, none of this is properly documented anywhere other than
+ in ``gcc -dumpspecs'' (look at lib and cpp entries).
+ </p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.intro.using.concurrency.thread_safety"></a>Thread Safety</h3></div></div></div><p>
+We currently use the <a class="ulink" href="http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/thread_safety.html" target="_top">SGI STL</a> definition of thread safety.
+</p><p>The library strives to be thread-safe when all of the following
+ conditions are met:
+ </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>The system's libc is itself thread-safe,
+ </p></li><li><p>
+ The compiler in use reports a thread model other than
+ 'single'. This can be tested via output from <code class="code">gcc
+ -v</code>. Multi-thread capable versions of gcc output
+ something like this:
+ </p><pre class="programlisting">
+%gcc -v
+Using built-in specs.
+...
+Thread model: posix
+gcc version 4.1.2 20070925 (Red Hat 4.1.2-33)
+</pre><p>Look for "Thread model" lines that aren't equal to "single."</p></li><li><p>
+ Requisite command-line flags are used for atomic operations
+ and threading. Examples of this include <code class="code">-pthread</code>
+ and <code class="code">-march=native</code>, although specifics vary
+ depending on the host environment. See <a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Option-Summary.html" target="_top">Machine
+ Dependent Options</a>.
+ </p></li><li><p>
+ An implementation of atomicity.h functions
+ exists for the architecture in question. See the internals documentation for more <a class="ulink" href="../ext/concurrence.html" target="_top">details</a>.
+ </p></li></ul></div><p>The user-code must guard against concurrent method calls which may
+ access any particular library object's state. Typically, the
+ application programmer may infer what object locks must be held
+ based on the objects referenced in a method call. Without getting
+ into great detail, here is an example which requires user-level
+ locks:
+ </p><pre class="programlisting">
+ library_class_a shared_object_a;
+
+ thread_main () {
+ library_class_b *object_b = new library_class_b;
+ shared_object_a.add_b (object_b); // must hold lock for shared_object_a
+ shared_object_a.mutate (); // must hold lock for shared_object_a
+ }
+
+ // Multiple copies of thread_main() are started in independent threads.</pre><p>Under the assumption that object_a and object_b are never exposed to
+ another thread, here is an example that should not require any
+ user-level locks:
+ </p><pre class="programlisting">
+ thread_main () {
+ library_class_a object_a;
+ library_class_b *object_b = new library_class_b;
+ object_a.add_b (object_b);
+ object_a.mutate ();
+ } </pre><p>All library objects are safe to use in a multithreaded program as
+ long as each thread carefully locks out access by any other
+ thread while it uses any object visible to another thread, i.e.,
+ treat library objects like any other shared resource. In general,
+ this requirement includes both read and write access to objects;
+ unless otherwise documented as safe, do not assume that two threads
+ may access a shared standard library object at the same time.
+ </p><p>See chapters <a class="ulink" href="../17_intro/howto.html#3" target="_top">17</a> (library
+ introduction), <a class="ulink" href="../23_containers/howto.html#3" target="_top">23</a>
+ (containers), and <a class="ulink" href="../27_io/howto.html#9" target="_top">27</a> (I/O) for
+ more information.
+ </p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.intro.using.concurrency.atomics"></a>Atomics</h3></div></div></div><p>
+ </p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.intro.using.concurrency.io"></a>IO</h3></div></div></div><p>I'll assume that you have already read the
+ <a class="ulink" href="../17_intro/howto.html#3" target="_top">general notes on library threads</a>,
+ and the
+ <a class="ulink" href="../23_containers/howto.html#3" target="_top">notes on threaded container
+ access</a> (you might not think of an I/O stream as a container, but
+ the points made there also hold here). If you have not read them,
+ please do so first.
+ </p><p>This gets a bit tricky. Please read carefully, and bear with me.
+ </p><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="concurrency.io.structure"></a>Structure</h4></div></div></div><p>A wrapper
+ type called <code class="code">__basic_file</code> provides our abstraction layer
+ for the <code class="code">std::filebuf</code> classes. Nearly all decisions dealing
+ with actual input and output must be made in <code class="code">__basic_file</code>.
+ </p><p>A generic locking mechanism is somewhat in place at the filebuf layer,
+ but is not used in the current code. Providing locking at any higher
+ level is akin to providing locking within containers, and is not done
+ for the same reasons (see the links above).
+ </p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="concurrency.io.defaults"></a>Defaults</h4></div></div></div><p>The __basic_file type is simply a collection of small wrappers around
+ the C stdio layer (again, see the link under Structure). We do no
+ locking ourselves, but simply pass through to calls to <code class="code">fopen</code>,
+ <code class="code">fwrite</code>, and so forth.
+ </p><p>So, for 3.0, the question of "is multithreading safe for I/O"
+ must be answered with, "is your platform's C library threadsafe
+ for I/O?" Some are by default, some are not; many offer multiple
+ implementations of the C library with varying tradeoffs of threadsafety
+ and efficiency. You, the programmer, are always required to take care
+ with multiple threads.
+ </p><p>(As an example, the POSIX standard requires that C stdio FILE*
+ operations are atomic. POSIX-conforming C libraries (e.g, on Solaris
+ and GNU/Linux) have an internal mutex to serialize operations on
+ FILE*s. However, you still need to not do stupid things like calling
+ <code class="code">fclose(fs)</code> in one thread followed by an access of
+ <code class="code">fs</code> in another.)
+ </p><p>So, if your platform's C library is threadsafe, then your
+ <code class="code">fstream</code> I/O operations will be threadsafe at the lowest
+ level. For higher-level operations, such as manipulating the data
+ contained in the stream formatting classes (e.g., setting up callbacks
+ inside an <code class="code">std::ofstream</code>), you need to guard such accesses
+ like any other critical shared resource.
+ </p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="concurrency.io.future"></a>Future</h4></div></div></div><p> A
+ second choice may be available for I/O implementations: libio. This is
+ disabled by default, and in fact will not currently work due to other
+ issues. It will be revisited, however.
+ </p><p>The libio code is a subset of the guts of the GNU libc (glibc) I/O
+ implementation. When libio is in use, the <code class="code">__basic_file</code>
+ type is basically derived from FILE. (The real situation is more
+ complex than that... it's derived from an internal type used to
+ implement FILE. See libio/libioP.h to see scary things done with
+ vtbls.) The result is that there is no "layer" of C stdio
+ to go through; the filebuf makes calls directly into the same
+ functions used to implement <code class="code">fread</code>, <code class="code">fwrite</code>,
+ and so forth, using internal data structures. (And when I say
+ "makes calls directly," I mean the function is literally
+ replaced by a jump into an internal function. Fast but frightening.
+ *grin*)
+ </p><p>Also, the libio internal locks are used. This requires pulling in
+ large chunks of glibc, such as a pthreads implementation, and is one
+ of the issues preventing widespread use of libio as the libstdc++
+ cstdio implementation.
+ </p><p>But we plan to make this work, at least as an option if not a future
+ default. Platforms running a copy of glibc with a recent-enough
+ version will see calls from libstdc++ directly into the glibc already
+ installed. For other platforms, a copy of the libio subsection will
+ be built and included in libstdc++.
+ </p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="concurrency.io.alt"></a>Alternatives</h4></div></div></div><p>Don't forget that other cstdio implementations are possible. You could
+ easily write one to perform your own forms of locking, to solve your
+ "interesting" problems.
+ </p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.intro.using.concurrency.containers"></a>Containers</h3></div></div></div><p>This section discusses issues surrounding the design of
+ multithreaded applications which use Standard C++ containers.
+ All information in this section is current as of the gcc 3.0
+ release and all later point releases. Although earlier gcc
+ releases had a different approach to threading configuration and
+ proper compilation, the basic code design rules presented here
+ were similar. For information on all other aspects of
+ multithreading as it relates to libstdc++, including details on
+ the proper compilation of threaded code (and compatibility between
+ threaded and non-threaded code), see Chapter 17.
+ </p><p>Two excellent pages to read when working with the Standard C++
+ containers and threads are
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/thread_safety.html" target="_top">SGI's
+ http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/thread_safety.html</a> and
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/Allocators.html" target="_top">SGI's
+ http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/Allocators.html</a>.
+ </p><p><span class="emphasis"><em>However, please ignore all discussions about the user-level
+ configuration of the lock implementation inside the STL
+ container-memory allocator on those pages. For the sake of this
+ discussion, libstdc++ configures the SGI STL implementation,
+ not you. This is quite different from how gcc pre-3.0 worked.
+ In particular, past advice was for people using g++ to
+ explicitly define _PTHREADS or other macros or port-specific
+ compilation options on the command line to get a thread-safe
+ STL. This is no longer required for any port and should no
+ longer be done unless you really know what you are doing and
+ assume all responsibility.</em></span>
+ </p><p>Since the container implementation of libstdc++ uses the SGI
+ code, we use the same definition of thread safety as SGI when
+ discussing design. A key point that beginners may miss is the
+ fourth major paragraph of the first page mentioned above
+ ("For most clients,"...), which points out that
+ locking must nearly always be done outside the container, by
+ client code (that'd be you, not us). There is a notable
+ exceptions to this rule. Allocators called while a container or
+ element is constructed uses an internal lock obtained and
+ released solely within libstdc++ code (in fact, this is the
+ reason STL requires any knowledge of the thread configuration).
+ </p><p>For implementing a container which does its own locking, it is
+ trivial to provide a wrapper class which obtains the lock (as
+ SGI suggests), performs the container operation, and then
+ releases the lock. This could be templatized <span class="emphasis"><em>to a certain
+ extent</em></span>, on the underlying container and/or a locking
+ mechanism. Trying to provide a catch-all general template
+ solution would probably be more trouble than it's worth.
+ </p><p>The STL implementation is currently configured to use the
+ high-speed caching memory allocator. Some people like to
+ test and/or normally run threaded programs with a different
+ default. For all details about how to globally override this
+ at application run-time see <a class="ulink" href="../ext/howto.html#3" target="_top">here</a>.
+ </p><p>There is a better way (not standardized yet): It is possible to
+ force the malloc-based allocator on a per-case-basis for some
+ application code. The library team generally believes that this
+ is a better way to tune an application for high-speed using this
+ implementation of the STL. There is
+ <a class="ulink" href="../ext/howto.html#3" target="_top">more information on allocators here</a>.
+ </p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="using_macros.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="using.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="using_exceptions.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Macros </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Exceptions</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
--- /dev/null
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Exceptions</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="using.html" title="Chapter 3. Using" /><link rel="prev" href="using_concurrency.html" title="Concurrency" /><link rel="next" href="debug.html" title="Debugging Support" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Exceptions</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="using_concurrency.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 3. Using</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="debug.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.intro.using.exception"></a>Exceptions</h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="intro.using.exception.propagating"></a>Propagating Exceptions aka Exception Neutrality</h3></div></div></div><p>
+ </p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="intro.using.exception.safety"></a>Exception Safety</h3></div></div></div><p>
+ </p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="intro.using.exception.no"></a>Support for <code class="literal">-fno-exceptions</code></h3></div></div></div><p>
+ </p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="using_concurrency.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="using.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="debug.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Concurrency </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Debugging Support</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
--- /dev/null
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Headers</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="using.html" title="Chapter 3. Using" /><link rel="prev" href="using.html" title="Chapter 3. Using" /><link rel="next" href="using_namespaces.html" title="Namespaces" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Headers</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="using.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 3. Using</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="using_namespaces.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.intro.using.headers"></a>Headers</h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.intro.using.headers.all"></a>Header Files</h3></div></div></div><p>
+ The C++ standard specifies the entire set of header files that
+ must be available to all hosted implementations. Actually, the
+ word "files" is a misnomer, since the contents of the
+ headers don't necessarily have to be in any kind of external
+ file. The only rule is that when one <code class="code">#include</code>'s a
+ header, the contents of that header become available, no matter
+ how.
+ </p><p>
+ That said, in practice files are used.
+ </p><p>
+ There are two main types of include files: header files related
+ to a specific version of the ISO C++ standard (called Standard
+ Headers), and all others (TR1, C++ ABI, and Extensions).
+ </p><p>
+ Two dialects of standard headers are supported, corresponding to
+ the 1998 standard as updated for 2003, and the draft of the
+ upcoming 200x standard.
+ </p><p>
+ C++98/03 include files. These are available in the default compilation mode, i.e. <code class="code">-std=c++98</code> or <code class="code">-std=gnu++98</code>.
+ </p><div class="table"><a id="id476874"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 3.1. C++ 1998 Library Headers</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="C++ 1998 Library Headers" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col /></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">bitset</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">complex</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">deque</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">exception</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="filename">fstream</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">functional</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">iomanip</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ios</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">iosfwd</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="filename">iostream</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">istream</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">iterator</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">limits</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">list</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="filename">locale</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">map</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">memory</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">new</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">numeric</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="filename">ostream</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">queue</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">set</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">sstream</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">stack</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="filename">stdexcept</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">streambuf</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">string</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">utility</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">typeinfo</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="filename">valarray</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">vector</code></td><td class="auto-generated"> </td><td class="auto-generated"> </td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p></p><div class="table"><a id="id531673"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 3.2. C++ 1998 Library Headers for C Library Facilities</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="C++ 1998 Library Headers for C Library Facilities" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col /></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="left"><code class="filename">cassert</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">cerrno</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">cctype</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">cfloat</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ciso646</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="filename">climits</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">clocale</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">cmath</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">csetjmp</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">csignal</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="filename">cstdarg</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">cstddef</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">cstdio</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">cstdlib</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">cstring</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="filename">ctime</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">cwchar</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">cwctype</code></td><td class="auto-generated"> </td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p>
+C++0x include files. These are only available in C++0x compilation
+mode, i.e. <code class="literal">-std=c++0x</code> or <code class="literal">-std=gnu++0x</code>.
+</p><p></p><div class="table"><a id="id498758"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 3.3. C++ 200x Library Headers</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="C++ 200x Library Headers" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col /></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="left"><code class="filename">algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">array</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">bitset</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">chrono</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">complex</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="filename">condition_variable</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">deque</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">exception</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">forward_list</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">fstream</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="filename">functional</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">initalizer_list</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">iomanip</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ios</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">iosfwd</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="filename">iostream</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">istream</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">iterator</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">limits</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">list</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="filename">locale</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">map</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">memory</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">mutex</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">new</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="filename">numeric</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ostream</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">queue</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">random</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ratio</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="filename">regex</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">set</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">sstream</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">stack</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">stdexcept</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="filename">streambuf</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">string</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">system_error</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">thread</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">tuple</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="filename">type_traits</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">typeinfo</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">unordered_map</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">unordered_set</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">utility</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="filename">valarray</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">vector</code></td><td class="auto-generated"> </td><td class="auto-generated"> </td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p></p><div class="table"><a id="id491761"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 3.4. C++ 200x Library Headers for C Library Facilities</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="C++ 200x Library Headers for C Library Facilities" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="left"><code class="filename">cassert</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ccomplex</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">cctype</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">cerrno</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">cfenv</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="filename">cfloat</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">cinttypes</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ciso646</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">climits</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">clocale</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="filename">cmath</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">csetjmp</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">csignal</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">cstdarg</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">cstdatomic</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="filename">cstdbool</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">cstddef</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">cstdint</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">cstdlib</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">cstdio</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="filename">cstring</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ctgmath</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ctime</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">cuchar</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">cwchar</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="filename">cwctype</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">stdatomic.h</code></td><td class="auto-generated"> </td><td class="auto-generated"> </td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p>
+ In addition, TR1 includes as:
+</p><div class="table"><a id="id532708"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 3.5. C++ TR1 Library Headers</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="C++ TR1 Library Headers" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="left"><code class="filename">tr1/array</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">tr1/complex</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">tr1/memory</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">tr1/functional</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">tr1/random</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="filename">tr1/regex</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">tr1/tuple</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">tr1/type_traits</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">tr1/unordered_map</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">tr1/unordered_set</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="filename">tr1/utility</code></td><td class="auto-generated"> </td><td class="auto-generated"> </td><td class="auto-generated"> </td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p></p><div class="table"><a id="id490227"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 3.6. C++ TR1 Library Headers for C Library Facilities</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="C++ TR1 Library Headers for C Library Facilities" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="left"><code class="filename">tr1/ccomplex</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">tr1/cfenv</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">tr1/cfloat</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">tr1/cmath</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">tr1/cinttypes</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="filename">tr1/climits</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">tr1/cstdarg</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">tr1/cstdbool</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">tr1/cstdint</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">tr1/cstdio</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="filename">tr1/cstdlib</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">tr1/ctgmath</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">tr1/ctime</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">tr1/cwchar</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">tr1/cwctype</code></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p>
+ Also included are files for the C++ ABI interface:
+</p><div class="table"><a id="id544125"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 3.7. C++ ABI Headers</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="C++ ABI Headers" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="left"><code class="filename">cxxabi.h</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">cxxabi_forced.h</code></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p>
+ And a large variety of extensions.
+</p><div class="table"><a id="id533698"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 3.8. Extension Headers</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Extension Headers" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/atomicity.h</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/array_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/bitmap_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/cast.h</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/codecvt_specializations.h</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/concurrence.h</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/debug_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/enc_filebuf.h</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/extptr_allocator.h</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/functional</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/iterator</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/malloc_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/memory</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/mt_allocator.h</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/new_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/numeric</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/numeric_traits.h</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/pb_ds/assoc_container.h</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/pb_ds/priority_queue.h</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/pod_char_traits.h</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/pool_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/rb_tree</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/rope</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/slist</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/stdio_filebuf.h</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/stdio_sync_filebuf.h</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/throw_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/typelist.h</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/type_traits.h</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/vstring.h</code></td><td class="auto-generated"> </td><td class="auto-generated"> </td><td class="auto-generated"> </td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p></p><div class="table"><a id="id421264"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 3.9. Extension Debug Headers</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Extension Debug Headers" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="left"><code class="filename">debug/bitset</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">debug/deque</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">debug/list</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">debug/map</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">debug/set</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="filename">debug/string</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">debug/unordered_map</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">debug/unordered_set</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">debug/vector</code></td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p></p><div class="table"><a id="id510258"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 3.10. Extension Parallel Headers</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Extension Parallel Headers" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/algorithm</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">parallel/numeric</code></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.intro.using.headers.mixing"></a>Mixing Headers</h3></div></div></div><p> A few simple rules.
+</p><p>First, mixing different dialects of the standard headers is not
+possible. It's an all-or-nothing affair. Thus, code like
+</p><pre class="programlisting">
+#include <array>
+#include <functional>
+</pre><p>Implies C++0x mode. To use the entities in <array>, the C++0x
+compilation mode must be used, which implies the C++0x functionality
+(and deprecations) in <functional> will be present.
+</p><p>Second, the other headers can be included with either dialect of
+the standard headers, although features and types specific to C++0x
+are still only enabled when in C++0x compilation mode. So, to use
+rvalue references with <code class="code">__gnu_cxx::vstring</code>, or to use the
+debug-mode versions of <code class="code">std::unordered_map</code>, one must use
+the <code class="code">std=gnu++0x</code> compiler flag. (Or <code class="code">std=c++0x</code>, of course.)
+</p><p>A special case of the second rule is the mixing of TR1 and C++0x
+facilities. It is possible (although not especially prudent) to
+include both the TR1 version and the C++0x version of header in the
+same translation unit:
+</p><pre class="programlisting">
+#include <tr1/type_traits>
+#include <type_traits>
+</pre><p> Several parts of C++0x diverge quite substantially from TR1 predecessors.
+</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.intro.using.headers.cheaders"></a>The C Headers and <code class="code">namespace std</code></h3></div></div></div><p>
+ The standard specifies that if one includes the C-style header
+ (<math.h> in this case), the symbols will be available
+ in the global namespace and perhaps in
+ namespace <code class="code">std::</code> (but this is no longer a firm
+ requirement.) One the other hand, including the C++-style
+ header (<cmath>) guarantees that the entities will be
+ found in namespace std and perhaps in the global namespace.
+ </p><p>
+Usage of C++-style headers is recommended, as then
+C-linkage names can be disambiguated by explicit qualification, such
+as by <code class="code">std::abort</code>. In addition, the C++-style headers can
+use function overloading to provide a simpler interface to certain
+families of C-functions. For instance in <cmath>, the
+function <code class="code">std::sin</code> has overloads for all the builtin
+floating-point types. This means that <code class="code">std::sin</code> can be
+used uniformly, instead of a combination
+of <code class="code">std::sinf</code>, <code class="code">std::sin</code>,
+and <code class="code">std::sinl</code>.
+</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.intro.using.headers.pre"></a>Precompiled Headers</h3></div></div></div><p>There are three base header files that are provided. They can be
+used to precompile the standard headers and extensions into binary
+files that may the be used to speed compiles that use these headers.
+</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>stdc++.h</p><p>Includes all standard headers. Actual content varies depending on
+language dialect.
+</p></li><li><p>stdtr1c++.h</p><p>Includes all of <stdc++.h>, and adds all the TR1 headers.
+</p></li><li><p>extc++.h</p><p>Includes all of <stdtr1c++.h>, and adds all the Extension headers.
+</p></li></ul></div><p>How to construct a .gch file from one of these base header files.</p><p>First, find the include directory for the compiler. One way to do
+this is:</p><pre class="programlisting">
+g++ -v hello.cc
+
+#include <...> search starts here:
+ /mnt/share/bld/H-x86-gcc.20071201/include/c++/4.3.0
+...
+End of search list.
+</pre><p>Then, create a precompiled header file with the same flags that
+will be used to compile other projects.</p><pre class="programlisting">
+g++ -Winvalid-pch -x c++-header -g -O2 -o ./stdc++.h.gch /mnt/share/bld/H-x86-gcc.20071201/include/c++/4.3.0/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/bits/stdc++.h
+</pre><p>The resulting file will be quite large: the current size is around
+thirty megabytes. </p><p>How to use the resulting file.</p><pre class="programlisting">
+g++ -I. -include stdc++.h -H -g -O2 hello.cc
+</pre><p>Verification that the PCH file is being used is easy:</p><pre class="programlisting">
+g++ -Winvalid-pch -I. -include stdc++.h -H -g -O2 hello.cc -o test.exe
+! ./stdc++.h.gch
+. /mnt/share/bld/H-x86-gcc.20071201/include/c++/4.3.0/iostream
+. /mnt/share/bld/H-x86-gcc.20071201include/c++/4.3.0/string
+</pre><p>The exclamation point to the left of the <code class="code">stdc++.h.gch</code> listing means that the generated PCH file was used, and thus the </p><p></p><p> Detailed information about creating precompiled header files can be found in the GCC <a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Precompiled-Headers.html" target="_top">documentation</a>.
+</p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="using.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="using.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="using_namespaces.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 3. Using </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Namespaces</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
--- /dev/null
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Macros</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="using.html" title="Chapter 3. Using" /><link rel="prev" href="using_namespaces.html" title="Namespaces" /><link rel="next" href="using_concurrency.html" title="Concurrency" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Macros</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="using_namespaces.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 3. Using</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="using_concurrency.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.intro.using.macros"></a>Macros</h2></div></div></div><p>All pre-processor switches and configurations are all gathered
+ in the file <code class="code">c++config.h</code>, which is generated during
+ the libstdc++ configuration and build process, and included by
+ files part of the public libstdc++ API. Most of these macros
+ should not be used by consumers of libstdc++, and are reserved
+ for internal implementation use. <span class="emphasis"><em>These macros cannot be
+ redefined</em></span>. However, a select handful of these macro
+ control libstdc++ extensions and extra features, or provide
+ versioning information for the API, and are able to be used.
+ </p><p>All library macros begin with <code class="code">_GLIBCXX_</code> (except for
+ versions 3.1.x to 3.3.x, which use <code class="code">_GLIBCPP_</code>).
+ </p><p>Below is the macro which users may check for library version
+ information. </p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term"><code class="code">__GLIBCXX__</code></span></dt><dd><p>The current version of
+ libstdc++ in compressed ISO date format, form of an unsigned
+ long. For details on the value of this particular macro for a
+ particular release, please consult this <a class="ulink" href="abi.html" target="_top">
+ document</a>.
+ </p></dd></dl></div><p>Below are the macros which users may change with #define/#undef or
+ with -D/-U compiler flags. The default state of the symbol is
+ listed.</p><p>“<span class="quote">Configurable</span>” (or “<span class="quote">Not configurable</span>”) means
+ that the symbol is initially chosen (or not) based on
+ --enable/--disable options at library build and configure time
+ (documented <a class="link" href="configure.html" title="Configure">here</a>), with the
+ various --enable/--disable choices being translated to
+ #define/#undef).
+ </p><p> <acronym class="acronym">ABI</acronym> means that changing from the default value may
+ mean changing the <acronym class="acronym">ABI</acronym> of compiled code. In other words, these
+ choices control code which has already been compiled (i.e., in a
+ binary such as libstdc++.a/.so). If you explicitly #define or
+ #undef these macros, the <span class="emphasis"><em>headers</em></span> may see different code
+ paths, but the <span class="emphasis"><em>libraries</em></span> which you link against will not.
+ Experimenting with different values with the expectation of
+ consistent linkage requires changing the config headers before
+ building/installing the library.
+ </p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term"><code class="code">_GLIBCXX_DEPRECATED</code></span></dt><dd><p>
+ Defined by default. Not configurable. ABI-changing. Turning this off
+ removes older ARM-style iostreams code, and other anachronisms
+ from the API. This macro is dependent on the version of the
+ standard being tracked, and as a result may give different results for
+ <code class="code">-std=c++98</code> and <code class="code">-std=c++0x</code>. This may
+ be useful in updating old C++ code which no longer meet the
+ requirements of the language, or for checking current code
+ against new language standards.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="code">_GLIBCXX_FORCE_NEW</code></span></dt><dd><p>
+ Undefined by default. When defined, memory allocation and
+ allocators controlled by libstdc++ call operator new/delete
+ without caching and pooling. Configurable via
+ <code class="code">--enable-libstdcxx-allocator</code>. ABI-changing.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="code">_GLIBCXX_CONCEPT_CHECKS</code></span></dt><dd><p>
+ Undefined by default. Configurable via
+ <code class="code">--enable-concept-checks</code>. When defined, performs
+ compile-time checking on certain template instantiations to
+ detect violations of the requirements of the standard. This
+ is described in more detail <a class="ulink" href="../19_diagnostics/howto.html#3" target="_top">here</a>.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="code">_GLIBCXX_DEBUG</code></span></dt><dd><p>
+ Undefined by default. When defined, compiles
+ user code using the <a class="ulink" href="../ext/debug.html#safe" target="_top">libstdc++ debug
+ mode</a>.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="code">_GLIBCXX_DEBUG_PEDANTIC</code></span></dt><dd><p>
+ Undefined by default. When defined while
+ compiling with the <a class="ulink" href="../ext/debug.html#safe" target="_top">libstdc++ debug
+ mode</a>, makes the debug mode extremely picky by making the use
+ of libstdc++ extensions and libstdc++-specific behavior into
+ errors.
+ </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="code">_GLIBCXX_PARALLEL</code></span></dt><dd><p>Undefined by default. When defined, compiles
+ user code using the <a class="ulink" href="../ext/parallel_mode.html" target="_top">libstdc++ parallel
+ mode</a>.
+ </p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="using_namespaces.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="using.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="using_concurrency.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Namespaces </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Concurrency</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
--- /dev/null
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Namespaces</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="using.html" title="Chapter 3. Using" /><link rel="prev" href="using_headers.html" title="Headers" /><link rel="next" href="using_macros.html" title="Macros" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Namespaces</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="using_headers.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 3. Using</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="using_macros.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.intro.using.namespaces"></a>Namespaces</h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.intro.using.namespaces.all"></a>Available Namespaces</h3></div></div></div><p> There are three main namespaces.
+</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>std</p><p>The ISO C++ standards specify that "all library entities are defined
+within namespace std." This includes namespaces nested
+within <code class="code">namespace std</code>, such as <code class="code">namespace
+std::tr1</code>.
+</p></li><li><p>abi</p><p>Specified by the C++ ABI. This ABI specifies a number of type and
+function APIs supplemental to those required by the ISO C++ Standard,
+but necessary for interoperability.
+</p></li><li><p>__gnu_</p><p>Indicating one of several GNU extensions. Choices
+include <code class="code">__gnu_cxx</code>, <code class="code">__gnu_debug</code>, <code class="code">__gnu_parallel</code>,
+and <code class="code">__gnu_pbds</code>.
+</p></li></ul></div><p> A complete list of implementation namespaces (including namespace contents) is available in the generated source <a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/libstdc++/latest-doxygen/namespaces.html" target="_top">documentation</a>.
+</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.intro.using.namespaces.std"></a>namespace std</h3></div></div></div><p>
+ One standard requirement is that the library components are defined
+ in <code class="code">namespace std::</code>. Thus, in order to use these types or
+ functions, one must do one of two things:
+</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>put a kind of <span class="emphasis"><em>using-declaration</em></span> in your source
+(either <code class="code">using namespace std;</code> or i.e. <code class="code">using
+std::string;</code>) This approach works well for individual source files, but
+should not be used in a global context, like header files.
+ </p></li><li><p>use a <span class="emphasis"><em>fully
+qualified name</em></span>for each library symbol
+(i.e. <code class="code">std::string</code>, <code class="code">std::cout</code>) Always can be
+used, and usually enhanced, by strategic use of typedefs. (In the
+cases where the qualified verbiage becomes unwieldy.)
+ </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.intro.using.namespaces.comp"></a>Using Namespace Composition</h3></div></div></div><p>
+Best practice in programming suggests sequestering new data or
+functionality in a sanely-named, unique namespace whenever
+possible. This is considered an advantage over dumping everything in
+the global namespace, as then name look-up can be explicitly enabled or
+disabled as above, symbols are consistently mangled without repetitive
+naming prefixes or macros, etc.
+</p><p>For instance, consider a project that defines most of its classes in <code class="code">namespace gtk</code>. It is possible to
+ adapt <code class="code">namespace gtk</code> to <code class="code">namespace std</code> by using a C++-feature called
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>namespace composition</em></span>. This is what happens if
+ a <span class="emphasis"><em>using</em></span>-declaration is put into a
+ namespace-definition: the imported symbol(s) gets imported into the
+ currently active namespace(s). For example:
+</p><pre class="programlisting">
+namespace gtk
+{
+ using std::string;
+ using std::tr1::array;
+
+ class Window { ... };
+}
+</pre><p>
+ In this example, <code class="code">std::string</code> gets imported into
+ <code class="code">namespace gtk</code>. The result is that use of
+ <code class="code">std::string</code> inside namespace gtk can just use <code class="code">string</code>, without the explicit qualification.
+ As an added bonus,
+ <code class="code">std::string</code> does not get imported into
+ the global namespace. Additionally, a more elaborate arrangement can be made for backwards compatibility and portability, whereby the
+ <code class="code">using</code>-declarations can wrapped in macros that
+ are set based on autoconf-tests to either "" or i.e. <code class="code">using
+ std::string;</code> (depending on whether the system has
+ libstdc++ in <code class="code">std::</code> or not). (ideas from
+ <code class="email"><<a class="email" href="mailto:llewelly@dbritsch.dsl.xmission.com">llewelly@dbritsch.dsl.xmission.com</a>></code>, Karl Nelson <code class="email"><<a class="email" href="mailto:kenelson@ece.ucdavis.edu">kenelson@ece.ucdavis.edu</a>></code>)
+</p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="using_headers.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="using.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="using_macros.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Headers </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Macros</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Part IV. Utilities</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt03ch07s03.html" title="Cancellation" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt04ch09.html" title="Chapter 9. Functors" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Part IV. Utilities</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt03ch07s03.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt04ch09.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="part" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="manual.util"></a>Part IV. Utilities</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt04ch09.html">9. Functors</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt04ch10.html">10. Pairs</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt04ch11.html">11. Memory</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt04ch11.html#manual.util.memory.allocator">Allocators</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt04ch11.html#allocator.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt04ch11.html#allocator.design_issues">Design Issues</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt04ch11.html#allocator.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt04ch11.html#allocator.using">Using a Specific Allocator</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt04ch11.html#allocator.custom">Custom Allocators</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt04ch11.html#allocator.ext">Extension Allocators</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="auto_ptr.html">auto_ptr</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="auto_ptr.html#auto_ptr.limitations">Limitations</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="auto_ptr.html#auto_ptr.using">Use in Containers</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="shared_ptr.html">shared_ptr</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="shared_ptr.html#shared_ptr.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="shared_ptr.html#shared_ptr.design_issues">Design Issues</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="shared_ptr.html#shared_ptr.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="shared_ptr.html#shared_ptr.using">Use</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="shared_ptr.html#shared_ptr.ack">Acknowledgments</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt04ch12.html">12. Traits</a></span></dt></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt03ch07s03.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt04ch09.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Cancellation </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 9. Functors</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Part IV. Utilities</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt03ch07s03.html" title="Cancellation" /><link rel="next" href="functors.html" title="Chapter 9. Functors" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Part IV.
+ Utilities
+
+</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt03ch07s03.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="functors.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="part" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="manual.util"></a>Part IV.
+ Utilities
+ <a id="id497830" class="indexterm"></a>
+</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="functors.html">9. Functors</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="pairs.html">10. Pairs</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="memory.html">11. Memory</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="memory.html#manual.util.memory.allocator">Allocators</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="memory.html#allocator.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="memory.html#allocator.design_issues">Design Issues</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="memory.html#allocator.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="memory.html#allocator.using">Using a Specific Allocator</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="memory.html#allocator.custom">Custom Allocators</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="memory.html#allocator.ext">Extension Allocators</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="auto_ptr.html">auto_ptr</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="auto_ptr.html#auto_ptr.limitations">Limitations</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="auto_ptr.html#auto_ptr.using">Use in Containers</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="shared_ptr.html">shared_ptr</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="shared_ptr.html#shared_ptr.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="shared_ptr.html#shared_ptr.design_issues">Design Issues</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="shared_ptr.html#shared_ptr.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="shared_ptr.html#shared_ptr.using">Use</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="shared_ptr.html#shared_ptr.ack">Acknowledgments</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="traits.html">12. Traits</a></span></dt></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt03ch07s03.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="functors.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Cancellation </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 9. Functors</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
--- /dev/null
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>vector</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="sequences.html" title="Chapter 16. Sequences" /><link rel="prev" href="sequences.html" title="Chapter 16. Sequences" /><link rel="next" href="associative.html" title="Chapter 17. Associative" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">vector</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="sequences.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 16. Sequences</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="associative.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="containers.sequences.vector"></a>vector</h2></div></div></div><p>
+ </p><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="sequences.vector.management"></a>Space Overhead Management</h3></div></div></div><p>
+ In <a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/libstdc++/2002-04/msg00105.html" target="_top">this
+ message to the list</a>, Daniel Kostecky announced work on an
+ alternate form of <code class="code">std::vector</code> that would support
+ hints on the number of elements to be over-allocated. The design
+ was also described, along with possible implementation choices.
+ </p><p>
+ The first two alpha releases were announced <a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/libstdc++/2002-07/msg00048.html" target="_top">here</a>
+ and <a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/libstdc++/2002-07/msg00111.html" target="_top">here</a>.
+ The releases themselves are available at
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://www.kotelna.sk/dk/sw/caphint/" target="_top">
+ http://www.kotelna.sk/dk/sw/caphint/</a>.
+ </p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="sequences.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="sequences.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="associative.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 16. Sequences </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 17. Associative</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
--- /dev/null
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Verbose Terminate Handler</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="termination.html" title="Chapter 6. Termination" /><link rel="prev" href="termination.html" title="Chapter 6. Termination" /><link rel="next" href="diagnostics.html" title="Part III. Diagnostics" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Verbose Terminate Handler</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="termination.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 6. Termination</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="diagnostics.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="support.termination.verbose"></a>Verbose Terminate Handler</h2></div></div></div><p>
+ If you are having difficulty with uncaught exceptions and want a
+ little bit of help debugging the causes of the core dumps, you can
+ make use of a GNU extension, the verbose terminate handler.
+ </p><pre class="programlisting">
+#include <exception>
+
+int main()
+{
+ std::set_terminate(__gnu_cxx::__verbose_terminate_handler);
+ ...
+
+ throw <em class="replaceable"><code>anything</code></em>;
+}
+</pre><p>
+ The <code class="function">__verbose_terminate_handler</code> function
+ obtains the name of the current exception, attempts to demangle
+ it, and prints it to stderr. If the exception is derived from
+ <code class="classname">exception</code> then the output from
+ <code class="function">what()</code> will be included.
+ </p><p>
+ Any replacement termination function is required to kill the
+ program without returning; this one calls abort.
+ </p><p>
+ For example:
+ </p><pre class="programlisting">
+#include <exception>
+#include <stdexcept>
+
+struct argument_error : public std::runtime_error
+{
+ argument_error(const std::string& s): std::runtime_error(s) { }
+};
+
+int main(int argc)
+{
+ std::set_terminate(__gnu_cxx::__verbose_terminate_handler);
+ if (argc > 5)
+ throw argument_error(“<span class="quote">argc is greater than 5!</span>”);
+ else
+ throw argc;
+}
+</pre><p>
+ With the verbose terminate handler active, this gives:
+ </p><pre class="screen">
+ <code class="computeroutput">
+ % ./a.out
+ terminate called after throwing a `int'
+ Aborted
+ % ./a.out f f f f f f f f f f f
+ terminate called after throwing an instance of `argument_error'
+ what(): argc is greater than 5!
+ Aborted
+ </code>
+ </pre><p>
+ The 'Aborted' line comes from the call to
+ <code class="function">abort()</code>, of course.
+ </p><p>
+ This is the default termination handler; nothing need be done to
+ use it. To go back to the previous “<span class="quote">silent death</span>”
+ method, simply include <code class="filename">exception</code> and
+ <code class="filename">cstdlib</code>, and call
+ </p><pre class="programlisting">
+ std::set_terminate(std::abort);
+ </pre><p>
+ After this, all calls to <code class="function">terminate</code> will use
+ <code class="function">abort</code> as the terminate handler.
+ </p><p>
+ Note: the verbose terminate handler will attempt to write to
+ stderr. If your application closes stderr or redirects it to an
+ inappropriate location,
+ <code class="function">__verbose_terminate_handler</code> will behave in
+ an unspecified manner.
+ </p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="termination.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="termination.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="diagnostics.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 6. Termination </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Part III.
+ Diagnostics
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+</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>The GNU C++ Library Documentation</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><link rel="home" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="next" href="manual/spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">The GNU C++ Library Documentation</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"> </td><th width="60%" align="center"> </th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="manual/spine.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="set" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="set-index"></a>The GNU C++ Library Documentation</h1></div><div><div class="authorgroup"><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Paolo</span> <span class="surname">Carlini</span></h3></div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Phil</span> <span class="surname">Edwards</span></h3></div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Doug</span> <span class="surname">Gregor</span></h3></div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Benjamin</span> <span class="surname">Kosnik</span></h3></div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Dhruv</span> <span class="surname">Matani</span></h3></div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Jason</span> <span class="surname">Merrill</span></h3></div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Mark</span> <span class="surname">Mitchell</span></h3></div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Nathan</span> <span class="surname">Myers</span></h3></div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Felix</span> <span class="surname">Natter</span></h3></div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Stefan</span> <span class="surname">Olsson</span></h3></div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Johannes</span> <span class="surname">Singler</span></h3></div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Ami</span> <span class="surname">Tavory</span></h3></div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Jonathan</span> <span class="surname">Wakely</span></h3></div></div></div><div><p class="copyright">Copyright © 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008
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<a class="ulink" href="http://fsf.org" target="_top">FSF</a>
- </p></div></div><hr /></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="book"><a href="manual/spine.html">The GNU C++ Library</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="part"><a href="manual/intro.html">I. Introduction</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/bk01pt01ch01.html">1. Status</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt01ch01.html#manual.intro.status.standard">Implementation Status</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt01ch01.html#manual.intro.status.standard.1998">C++ 1998</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt01ch01.html#manual.intro.status.standard.tr1">C++ TR1</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt01ch01.html#manual.intro.status.standard.200x">C++ 200x</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt01ch01s02.html">License</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt01ch01s02.html#manual.intro.status.license.gpl">The Code: GPL</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt01ch01s02.html#manual.intro.status.license.fdl">The Documentation: GPL, FDL</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt01ch01s03.html">Bugs</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt01ch01s03.html#manual.intro.status.bugs.impl">Implementation Bugs</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt01ch01s03.html#manual.intro.status.bugs.iso">Standard Bugs</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/bk01pt01ch02.html">2. Setup</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt01ch02.html#manual.intro.setup.prereq">Prerequisites</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/configure.html">Configure</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt01ch02s03.html">Make</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/test.html">Test</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/test.html#test.organization">Organization</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/test.html#test.run">Running the Testsuite</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/test.html#test.new_tests">Writing a new test case</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/test.html#test.harness">Test Harness and Utilities</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/using.html">3. Using</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/using.html#manual.intro.using.lib">Linking Library Binary Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt01ch03s02.html">Headers</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt01ch03s02.html#manual.intro.using.headers.all">Header Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt01ch03s02.html#manual.intro.using.headers.mixing">Mixing Headers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt01ch03s02.html#manual.intro.using.headers.cheaders">The C Headers and namespace std</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt01ch03s02.html#manual.intro.using.headers.pre">Precompiled Headers</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt01ch03s03.html">Namespaces</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt01ch03s03.html#manual.intro.using.namespaces.all">Available Namespaces</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt01ch03s03.html#manual.intro.using.namespaces.std">namespace std</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt01ch03s03.html#manual.intro.using.namespaces.comp">Using Namespace Composition</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt01ch03s04.html">Macros</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt01ch03s05.html">Concurrency</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt01ch03s05.html#manual.intro.using.concurrency.prereq">Prerequisites</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt01ch03s05.html#manual.intro.using.concurrency.thread_safety">Thread Safety</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt01ch03s05.html#manual.intro.using.concurrency.atomics">Atomics</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt01ch03s05.html#manual.intro.using.concurrency.io">IO</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt01ch03s05.html#manual.intro.using.concurrency.containers">Containers</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt01ch03s06.html">Exceptions</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt01ch03s06.html#intro.using.exception.propagating">Propagating Exceptions aka Exception Neutrality</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt01ch03s06.html#intro.using.exception.safety">Exception Safety</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt01ch03s06.html#intro.using.exception.no">Support for -fno-exceptions</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/debug.html">Debugging Support</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/debug.html#debug.compiler">Using g++</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/debug.html#debug.req">Debug Versions of Library Binary Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/debug.html#debug.memory">Memory Leak Hunting</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/debug.html#debug.gdb">Using gdb</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/debug.html#debug.exceptions">Tracking uncaught exceptions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/debug.html#debug.debug_mode">Debug Mode</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/debug.html#debug.compile_time_checks">Compile Time Checking</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="part"><a href="manual/support.html">II. Support</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="preface"><a href="manual/bk01pt02pr01.html"></a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/bk01pt02ch04.html">4. Types</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt02ch04.html#manual.support.types.fundamental">Fundamental Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt02ch04s02.html">Numeric Properties</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt02ch04s03.html">NULL</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/bk01pt02ch05.html">5. Dynamic Memory</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/bk01pt02ch06.html">6. Termination</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt02ch06.html#support.termination.handlers">Termination Handlers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt02ch06s02.html">Verbose Terminate Handler</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="part"><a href="manual/diagnostics.html">III. Diagnostics</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/bk01pt03ch07.html">7. Exceptions</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt03ch07.html#manual.diagnostics.exceptions.hierarchy">Exception Classes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt03ch07s02.html">Adding Data to Exceptions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt03ch07s03.html">Cancellation</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/bk01pt03ch08.html">8. Concept Checking</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="part"><a href="manual/utilities.html">IV. Utilities</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/bk01pt04ch09.html">9. Functors</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/bk01pt04ch10.html">10. Pairs</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/bk01pt04ch11.html">11. Memory</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt04ch11.html#manual.util.memory.allocator">Allocators</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt04ch11.html#allocator.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt04ch11.html#allocator.design_issues">Design Issues</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt04ch11.html#allocator.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt04ch11.html#allocator.using">Using a Specific Allocator</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt04ch11.html#allocator.custom">Custom Allocators</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt04ch11.html#allocator.ext">Extension Allocators</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/auto_ptr.html">auto_ptr</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/auto_ptr.html#auto_ptr.limitations">Limitations</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/auto_ptr.html#auto_ptr.using">Use in Containers</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/shared_ptr.html">shared_ptr</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/shared_ptr.html#shared_ptr.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/shared_ptr.html#shared_ptr.design_issues">Design Issues</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/shared_ptr.html#shared_ptr.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/shared_ptr.html#shared_ptr.using">Use</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/shared_ptr.html#shared_ptr.ack">Acknowledgments</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/bk01pt04ch12.html">12. Traits</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="part"><a href="manual/strings.html">V. Strings</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/bk01pt05ch13.html">13. String Classes</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt05ch13.html#strings.string.simple">Simple Transformations</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt05ch13s02.html">Case Sensitivity</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt05ch13s03.html">Arbitrary Character Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt05ch13s04.html">Tokenizing</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt05ch13s05.html">Shrink to Fit</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt05ch13s06.html">CString (MFC)</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="part"><a href="manual/localization.html">VI. Localization</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/bk01pt06ch14.html">14. Locales</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt06ch14.html#manual.localization.locales.locale">locale</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt06ch14.html#locales.locale.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt06ch14.html#locales.locale.design">Design</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt06ch14.html#locales.locale.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt06ch14.html#locales.locale.future">Future</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/bk01pt06ch15.html">15. Facets aka Categories</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt06ch15.html#manual.localization.facet.ctype">ctype</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt06ch15.html#facet.ctype.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt06ch15.html#facet.ctype.future">Future</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/codecvt.html">codecvt</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.design">Design</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.use">Use</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.future">Future</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/messages.html">messages</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/messages.html#facet.messages.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/messages.html#facet.messages.design">Design</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/messages.html#facet.messages.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/messages.html#facet.messages.use">Use</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/messages.html#facet.messages.future">Future</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="part"><a href="manual/containers.html">VII. Containers</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/bk01pt07ch16.html">16. Sequences</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt07ch16.html#containers.sequences.list">list</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt07ch16.html#sequences.list.size">list::size() is O(n)</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt07ch16s02.html">vector</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt07ch16s02.html#sequences.vector.management">Space Overhead Management</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/bk01pt07ch17.html">17. Associative</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt07ch17.html#containers.associative.insert_hints">Insertion Hints</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt07ch17s02.html">bitset</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt07ch17s02.html#associative.bitset.size_variable">Size Variable</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt07ch17s02.html#associative.bitset.type_string">Type String</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/bk01pt07ch18.html">18. Interacting with C</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt07ch18.html#containers.c.vs_array">Containers vs. Arrays</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="part"><a href="manual/iterators.html">VIII. Iterators</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/bk01pt08ch19.html">19. Predefined</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt08ch19.html#iterators.predefined.vs_pointers">Iterators vs. Pointers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt08ch19s02.html">One Past the End</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="part"><a href="manual/algorithms.html">IX. Algorithms</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="preface"><a href="manual/bk01pt09pr02.html"></a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/bk01pt09ch20.html">20. Mutating</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt09ch20.html#algorithms.mutating.swap">swap</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt09ch20.html#algorithms.swap.specializations">Specializations</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="part"><a href="manual/numerics.html">X. Numerics</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/bk01pt10ch21.html">21. Complex</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt10ch21.html#numerics.complex.processing">complex Processing</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/bk01pt10ch22.html">22. Generalized Operations</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/bk01pt10ch23.html">23. Interacting with C</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt10ch23.html#numerics.c.array">Numerics vs. Arrays</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt10ch23s02.html">C99</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="part"><a href="manual/io.html">XI. Input and Output</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/bk01pt11ch24.html">24. Iostream Objects</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/bk01pt11ch25.html">25. Stream Buffers</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt11ch25.html#io.streambuf.derived">Derived streambuf Classes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt11ch25s02.html">Buffering</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/bk01pt11ch26.html">26. Memory Based Streams</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt11ch26.html#manual.io.memstreams.compat">Compatibility With strstream</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/bk01pt11ch27.html">27. File Based Streams</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt11ch27.html#manual.io.filestreams.copying_a_file">Copying a File</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt11ch27s02.html">Binary Input and Output</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt11ch27s03.html">More Binary Input and Output</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/bk01pt11ch28.html">28. Interacting with C</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt11ch28.html#manual.io.c.FILE">Using FILE* and file descriptors</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt11ch28s02.html">Performance</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="part"><a href="manual/extensions.html">XII. Extensions</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="preface"><a href="manual/bk01pt12pr03.html"></a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch29.html">29. Compile Time Checks</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/debug_mode.html">30. Debug Mode</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/debug_mode.html#manual.ext.debug_mode.intro">Intro</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch30s02.html">Semantics</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch30s03.html">Using</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch30s03.html#debug_mode.using.mode">Using the Debug Mode</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch30s03.html#debug_mode.using.specific">Using a Specific Debug Container</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch30s04.html">Design</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch30s04.html#manual.ext.debug_mode.design.goals">Goals</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch30s04.html#manual.ext.debug_mode.design.methods">Methods</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch30s04.html#manual.ext.debug_mode.design.other">Other Implementations</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/parallel_mode.html">31. Parallel Mode</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/parallel_mode.html#manual.ext.parallel_mode.intro">Intro</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch31s02.html">Semantics</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch31s03.html">Using</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch31s03.html#parallel_mode.using.prereq_flags">Prerequisite Compiler Flags</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch31s03.html#parallel_mode.using.parallel_mode">Using Parallel Mode</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch31s03.html#parallel_mode.using.specific">Using Specific Parallel Components</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch31s04.html">Design</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch31s04.html#manual.ext.parallel_mode.design.intro">Interface Basics</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch31s04.html#manual.ext.parallel_mode.design.tuning">Configuration and Tuning</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch31s04.html#manual.ext.parallel_mode.design.impl">Implementation Namespaces</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch31s05.html">Testing</a></span></dt><dt><span class="bibliography"><a href="manual/parallel_mode.html#parallel_mode.biblio">Bibliography</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch32.html">32. Allocators</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch32.html#manual.ext.allocator.mt">mt_allocator</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch32.html#allocator.mt.intro">Intro</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch32.html#allocator.mt.design_issues">Design Issues</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch32.html#allocator.mt.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch32.html#allocator.mt.example_single">Single Thread Example</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch32.html#allocator.mt.example_multi">Multiple Thread Example</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bitmap_allocator.html">bitmap_allocator</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bitmap_allocator.html#allocator.bitmap.design">Design</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bitmap_allocator.html#allocator.bitmap.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch33.html">33. Containers</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch33.html#manual.ext.containers.pbds">Policy Based Data Structures</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch33s02.html">HP/SGI</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch33s03.html">Deprecated HP/SGI</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch34.html">34. Utilities</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch35.html">35. Algorithms</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch36.html">36. Numerics</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch37.html">37. Iterators</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch38.html">38. Input and Output</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch38.html#manual.ext.io.filebuf_derived">Derived filebufs</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch39.html">39. Demangling</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/concurrency.html">40. Concurrency</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/concurrency.html#manual.ext.concurrency.design">Design</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/concurrency.html#manual.ext.concurrency.design.threads">Interface to Locks and Mutexes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/concurrency.html#manual.ext.concurrency.design.atomics">Interface to Atomic Functions</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch40s02.html">Implementation</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch40s02.html#manual.ext.concurrency.impl.atomic_fallbacks">Using Builtin Atomic Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch40s02.html#manual.ext.concurrency.impl.thread">Thread Abstraction</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch40s03.html">Use</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="appendix"><a href="manual/appendix_contributing.html">A. Contributing</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/appendix_contributing.html#contrib.list">Contributor Checklist</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/appendix_contributing.html#list.reading">Reading</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/appendix_contributing.html#list.copyright">Assignment</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/appendix_contributing.html#list.getting">Getting Sources</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/appendix_contributing.html#list.patches">Submitting Patches</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01apas02.html">Directory Layout and Source Conventions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01apas03.html">Coding Style</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01apas03.html#coding_style.bad_identifiers">Bad Identifiers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01apas03.html#coding_style.example">By Example</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01apas04.html">Documentation Style</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01apas04.html#doc_style.doxygen">Doxygen</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01apas04.html#doc_style.docbook">Docbook</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01apas05.html">Design Notes</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="appendix"><a href="manual/appendix_porting.html">B. Porting and Maintenance</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/appendix_porting.html#appendix.porting.build_hacking">Configure and Build Hacking</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/appendix_porting.html#build_hacking.prereq">Prerequisites</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/appendix_porting.html#build_hacking.map">Overview: What Comes from Where</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/appendix_porting.html#build_hacking.scripts">Storing Information in non-AC files (like configure.host)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/appendix_porting.html#build_hacking.conventions">Coding and Commenting Conventions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/appendix_porting.html#build_hacking.acinclude">The acinclude.m4 layout</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/appendix_porting.html#build_hacking.enable">GLIBCXX_ENABLE, the --enable maker</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/internals.html">Porting to New Hardware or Operating Systems</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/internals.html#internals.os">Operating System</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/internals.html#internals.cpu">CPU</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/internals.html#internals.char_types">Character Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/internals.html#internals.thread_safety">Thread Safety</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/internals.html#internals.numeric_limits">Numeric Limits</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/internals.html#internals.libtool">Libtool</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/abi.html">ABI Policy and Guidelines</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/abi.html#abi.cxx_interface">The C++ Interface</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/abi.html#abi.versioning">Versioning</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/abi.html#abi.changes_allowed">Allowed Changes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/abi.html#abi.changes_no">Prohibited Changes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/abi.html#abi.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/abi.html#abi.testing">Testing</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/abi.html#abi.issues">Outstanding Issues</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/api.html">API Evolution and Deprecation History</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/api.html#api.rel_300">3.0</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/api.html#api.rel_310">3.1</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/api.html#api.rel_320">3.2</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/api.html#api.rel_330">3.3</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/api.html#api.rel_340">3.4</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/api.html#api.rel_400">4.0</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/api.html#api.rel_410">4.1</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/api.html#api.rel_420">4.2</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/api.html#api.rel_430">4.3</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/backwards.html">Backwards Compatibility</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/backwards.html#backwards.first">First</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/backwards.html#backwards.second">Second</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/backwards.html#backwards.third">Third</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="appendix"><a href="manual/appendix_free.html">C. Free Software Needs Free Documentation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="appendix"><a href="manual/bk01apd.html">D. GNU General Public License</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="manual/bk01apd.html#gpl-1">Preamble</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="manual/bk01apds02.html">TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="manual/bk01apds02.html#gpl-2-0">Section 0</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="manual/bk01apds02.html#gpl-2-1">Section 1</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="manual/bk01apds02.html#gpl-2-2">Section 2</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="manual/bk01apds02.html#gpl-2-3">Section 3</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="manual/bk01apds02.html#gpl-2-4">Section 4</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="manual/bk01apds02.html#gpl-2-5">Section 5</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="manual/bk01apds02.html#gpl-2-6">Section 6</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="manual/bk01apds02.html#gpl-2-7">Section 7</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="manual/bk01apds02.html#gpl-2-8">Section 8</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="manual/bk01apds02.html#gpl-2-9">Section 9</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="manual/bk01apds02.html#gpl-2-10">Section 10</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="manual/bk01apds02.html#gpl-2-11">NO WARRANTY Section 11</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="manual/bk01apds02.html#gpl-2-12">Section 12</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="manual/bk01apds03.html">How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="appendix"><a href="manual/bk01ape.html">E. GNU Free Documentation License</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="book"><a href="bk02.html"></a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="article"><a href="api.html">API and Source Level Documentation</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="book"><a href="bk03.html"></a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="article"><a href="faq.html">Frequently Asked Questions</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"> </td><td width="20%" align="center"> </td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="manual/spine.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top"> </td><td width="20%" align="center"> </td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> The GNU C++ Library</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
+ </p></div></div><hr /></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="book"><a href="manual/spine.html">The GNU C++ Library</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="part"><a href="manual/intro.html">I.
+ Introduction
+
+</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/status.html">1. Status</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/status.html#manual.intro.status.standard">Implementation Status</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/status.html#manual.intro.status.standard.1998">C++ 1998/2003</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/status.html#manual.intro.status.standard.tr1">C++ TR1</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/status.html#manual.intro.status.standard.200x">C++ 200x</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/license.html">License</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/license.html#manual.intro.status.license.gpl">The Code: GPL</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/license.html#manual.intro.status.license.fdl">The Documentation: GPL, FDL</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bugs.html">Bugs</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bugs.html#manual.intro.status.bugs.impl">Implementation Bugs</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bugs.html#manual.intro.status.bugs.iso">Standard Bugs</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/setup.html">2. Setup</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/setup.html#manual.intro.setup.prereq">Prerequisites</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/configure.html">Configure</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/make.html">Make</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/test.html">Test</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/test.html#test.organization">Organization</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/test.html#test.run">Running the Testsuite</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/test.html#test.new_tests">Writing a new test case</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/test.html#test.harness">Test Harness and Utilities</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/using.html">3. Using</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/using.html#manual.intro.using.lib">Linking Library Binary Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/using_headers.html">Headers</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/using_headers.html#manual.intro.using.headers.all">Header Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/using_headers.html#manual.intro.using.headers.mixing">Mixing Headers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/using_headers.html#manual.intro.using.headers.cheaders">The C Headers and namespace std</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/using_headers.html#manual.intro.using.headers.pre">Precompiled Headers</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/using_namespaces.html">Namespaces</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/using_namespaces.html#manual.intro.using.namespaces.all">Available Namespaces</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/using_namespaces.html#manual.intro.using.namespaces.std">namespace std</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/using_namespaces.html#manual.intro.using.namespaces.comp">Using Namespace Composition</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/using_macros.html">Macros</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/using_concurrency.html">Concurrency</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/using_concurrency.html#manual.intro.using.concurrency.prereq">Prerequisites</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/using_concurrency.html#manual.intro.using.concurrency.thread_safety">Thread Safety</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/using_concurrency.html#manual.intro.using.concurrency.atomics">Atomics</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/using_concurrency.html#manual.intro.using.concurrency.io">IO</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/using_concurrency.html#manual.intro.using.concurrency.containers">Containers</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/using_exceptions.html">Exceptions</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/using_exceptions.html#intro.using.exception.propagating">Propagating Exceptions aka Exception Neutrality</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/using_exceptions.html#intro.using.exception.safety">Exception Safety</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/using_exceptions.html#intro.using.exception.no">Support for -fno-exceptions</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/debug.html">Debugging Support</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/debug.html#debug.compiler">Using g++</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/debug.html#debug.req">Debug Versions of Library Binary Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/debug.html#debug.memory">Memory Leak Hunting</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/debug.html#debug.gdb">Using gdb</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/debug.html#debug.exceptions">Tracking uncaught exceptions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/debug.html#debug.debug_mode">Debug Mode</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/debug.html#debug.compile_time_checks">Compile Time Checking</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="part"><a href="manual/support.html">II.
+ Support
+
+</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="preface"><a href="manual/bk01pt02pr01.html"></a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/fundamental_types.html">4. Types</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/fundamental_types.html#manual.support.types.fundamental">Fundamental Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt02ch04s02.html">Numeric Properties</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt02ch04s03.html">NULL</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/dynamic_memory.html">5. Dynamic Memory</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/termination.html">6. Termination</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/termination.html#support.termination.handlers">Termination Handlers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/verbose_termination.html">Verbose Terminate Handler</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="part"><a href="manual/diagnostics.html">III.
+ Diagnostics
+
+</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/exceptions.html">7. Exceptions</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/exceptions.html#manual.diagnostics.exceptions.hierarchy">Exception Classes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt03ch07s02.html">Adding Data to Exceptions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt03ch07s03.html">Cancellation</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/bk01pt03ch08.html">8. Concept Checking</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="part"><a href="manual/utilities.html">IV.
+ Utilities
+
+</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/functors.html">9. Functors</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/pairs.html">10. Pairs</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/memory.html">11. Memory</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/memory.html#manual.util.memory.allocator">Allocators</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/memory.html#allocator.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/memory.html#allocator.design_issues">Design Issues</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/memory.html#allocator.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/memory.html#allocator.using">Using a Specific Allocator</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/memory.html#allocator.custom">Custom Allocators</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/memory.html#allocator.ext">Extension Allocators</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/auto_ptr.html">auto_ptr</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/auto_ptr.html#auto_ptr.limitations">Limitations</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/auto_ptr.html#auto_ptr.using">Use in Containers</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/shared_ptr.html">shared_ptr</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/shared_ptr.html#shared_ptr.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/shared_ptr.html#shared_ptr.design_issues">Design Issues</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/shared_ptr.html#shared_ptr.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/shared_ptr.html#shared_ptr.using">Use</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/shared_ptr.html#shared_ptr.ack">Acknowledgments</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/traits.html">12. Traits</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="part"><a href="manual/strings.html">V.
+ Strings
+
+</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/bk01pt05ch13.html">13. String Classes</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt05ch13.html#strings.string.simple">Simple Transformations</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt05ch13s02.html">Case Sensitivity</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt05ch13s03.html">Arbitrary Character Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt05ch13s04.html">Tokenizing</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt05ch13s05.html">Shrink to Fit</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt05ch13s06.html">CString (MFC)</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="part"><a href="manual/localization.html">VI.
+ Localization
+
+</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/locales.html">14. Locales</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/locales.html#manual.localization.locales.locale">locale</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/locales.html#locales.locale.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/locales.html#locales.locale.design">Design</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/locales.html#locales.locale.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/locales.html#locales.locale.future">Future</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/facets.html">15. Facets aka Categories</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/facets.html#manual.localization.facet.ctype">ctype</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/facets.html#facet.ctype.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/facets.html#facet.ctype.future">Future</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/codecvt.html">codecvt</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.design">Design</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.use">Use</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.future">Future</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/messages.html">messages</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/messages.html#facet.messages.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/messages.html#facet.messages.design">Design</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/messages.html#facet.messages.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/messages.html#facet.messages.use">Use</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/messages.html#facet.messages.future">Future</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="part"><a href="manual/containers.html">VII.
+ Containers
+
+</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/sequences.html">16. Sequences</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/sequences.html#containers.sequences.list">list</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/sequences.html#sequences.list.size">list::size() is O(n)</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/vector.html">vector</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/vector.html#sequences.vector.management">Space Overhead Management</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/associative.html">17. Associative</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/associative.html#containers.associative.insert_hints">Insertion Hints</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bitset.html">bitset</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bitset.html#associative.bitset.size_variable">Size Variable</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bitset.html#associative.bitset.type_string">Type String</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/containers_and_c.html">18. Interacting with C</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/containers_and_c.html#containers.c.vs_array">Containers vs. Arrays</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="part"><a href="manual/iterators.html">VIII.
+ Iterators
+
+</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/bk01pt08ch19.html">19. Predefined</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt08ch19.html#iterators.predefined.vs_pointers">Iterators vs. Pointers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt08ch19s02.html">One Past the End</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="part"><a href="manual/algorithms.html">IX.
+ Algorithms
+
+</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="preface"><a href="manual/bk01pt09pr02.html"></a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/bk01pt09ch20.html">20. Mutating</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt09ch20.html#algorithms.mutating.swap">swap</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt09ch20.html#algorithms.swap.specializations">Specializations</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="part"><a href="manual/numerics.html">X.
+ Numerics
+
+</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/complex.html">21. Complex</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/complex.html#numerics.complex.processing">complex Processing</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/generalized_numeric_operations.html">22. Generalized Operations</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/numerics_and_c.html">23. Interacting with C</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/numerics_and_c.html#numerics.c.array">Numerics vs. Arrays</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt10ch23s02.html">C99</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="part"><a href="manual/io.html">XI.
+ Input and Output
+
+</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/iostream_objects.html">24. Iostream Objects</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/streambufs.html">25. Stream Buffers</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/streambufs.html#io.streambuf.derived">Derived streambuf Classes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt11ch25s02.html">Buffering</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/stringstreams.html">26. Memory Based Streams</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/stringstreams.html#manual.io.memstreams.compat">Compatibility With strstream</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/fstreams.html">27. File Based Streams</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/fstreams.html#manual.io.filestreams.copying_a_file">Copying a File</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt11ch27s02.html">Binary Input and Output</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt11ch27s03.html">More Binary Input and Output</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/io_and_c.html">28. Interacting with C</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/io_and_c.html#manual.io.c.FILE">Using FILE* and file descriptors</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt11ch28s02.html">Performance</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="part"><a href="manual/extensions.html">XII.
+ Extensions
+
+</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="preface"><a href="manual/bk01pt12pr03.html"></a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/ext_compile_checks.html">29. Compile Time Checks</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/debug_mode.html">30. Debug Mode</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/debug_mode.html#manual.ext.debug_mode.intro">Intro</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch30s02.html">Semantics</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch30s03.html">Using</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch30s03.html#debug_mode.using.mode">Using the Debug Mode</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch30s03.html#debug_mode.using.specific">Using a Specific Debug Container</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch30s04.html">Design</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch30s04.html#manual.ext.debug_mode.design.goals">Goals</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch30s04.html#manual.ext.debug_mode.design.methods">Methods</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch30s04.html#manual.ext.debug_mode.design.other">Other Implementations</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/parallel_mode.html">31. Parallel Mode</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/parallel_mode.html#manual.ext.parallel_mode.intro">Intro</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch31s02.html">Semantics</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch31s03.html">Using</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch31s03.html#parallel_mode.using.prereq_flags">Prerequisite Compiler Flags</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch31s03.html#parallel_mode.using.parallel_mode">Using Parallel Mode</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch31s03.html#parallel_mode.using.specific">Using Specific Parallel Components</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch31s04.html">Design</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch31s04.html#manual.ext.parallel_mode.design.intro">Interface Basics</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch31s04.html#manual.ext.parallel_mode.design.tuning">Configuration and Tuning</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch31s04.html#manual.ext.parallel_mode.design.impl">Implementation Namespaces</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch31s05.html">Testing</a></span></dt><dt><span class="bibliography"><a href="manual/parallel_mode.html#parallel_mode.biblio">Bibliography</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/ext_allocators.html">32. Allocators</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/ext_allocators.html#manual.ext.allocator.mt">mt_allocator</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/ext_allocators.html#allocator.mt.intro">Intro</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/ext_allocators.html#allocator.mt.design_issues">Design Issues</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/ext_allocators.html#allocator.mt.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/ext_allocators.html#allocator.mt.example_single">Single Thread Example</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/ext_allocators.html#allocator.mt.example_multi">Multiple Thread Example</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bitmap_allocator.html">bitmap_allocator</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bitmap_allocator.html#allocator.bitmap.design">Design</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bitmap_allocator.html#allocator.bitmap.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/ext_containers.html">33. Containers</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/ext_containers.html#manual.ext.containers.pbds">Policy Based Data Structures</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch33s02.html">HP/SGI</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch33s03.html">Deprecated HP/SGI</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/ext_utilities.html">34. Utilities</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/ext_algorithms.html">35. Algorithms</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/ext_numerics.html">36. Numerics</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/ext_iterators.html">37. Iterators</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/ext_io.html">38. Input and Output</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/ext_io.html#manual.ext.io.filebuf_derived">Derived filebufs</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/ext_demangling.html">39. Demangling</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="manual/ext_concurrency.html">40. Concurrency</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/ext_concurrency.html#manual.ext.concurrency.design">Design</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/ext_concurrency.html#manual.ext.concurrency.design.threads">Interface to Locks and Mutexes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/ext_concurrency.html#manual.ext.concurrency.design.atomics">Interface to Atomic Functions</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch40s02.html">Implementation</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch40s02.html#manual.ext.concurrency.impl.atomic_fallbacks">Using Builtin Atomic Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch40s02.html#manual.ext.concurrency.impl.thread">Thread Abstraction</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/bk01pt12ch40s03.html">Use</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="appendix"><a href="manual/appendix_contributing.html">A.
+ Contributing
+
+</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/appendix_contributing.html#contrib.list">Contributor Checklist</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/appendix_contributing.html#list.reading">Reading</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/appendix_contributing.html#list.copyright">Assignment</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/appendix_contributing.html#list.getting">Getting Sources</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/appendix_contributing.html#list.patches">Submitting Patches</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/source_organization.html">Directory Layout and Source Conventions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/source_code_style.html">Coding Style</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/source_code_style.html#coding_style.bad_identifiers">Bad Identifiers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/source_code_style.html#coding_style.example">By Example</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/documentation_style.html">Documentation Style</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/documentation_style.html#doc_style.doxygen">Doxygen</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/documentation_style.html#doc_style.docbook">Docbook</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/source_design_notes.html">Design Notes</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="appendix"><a href="manual/appendix_porting.html">B.
+ Porting and Maintenance
+
+</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/appendix_porting.html#appendix.porting.build_hacking">Configure and Build Hacking</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/appendix_porting.html#build_hacking.prereq">Prerequisites</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/appendix_porting.html#build_hacking.map">Overview: What Comes from Where</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/appendix_porting.html#build_hacking.scripts">Storing Information in non-AC files (like configure.host)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/appendix_porting.html#build_hacking.conventions">Coding and Commenting Conventions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/appendix_porting.html#build_hacking.acinclude">The acinclude.m4 layout</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/appendix_porting.html#build_hacking.enable">GLIBCXX_ENABLE, the --enable maker</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/internals.html">Porting to New Hardware or Operating Systems</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/internals.html#internals.os">Operating System</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/internals.html#internals.cpu">CPU</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/internals.html#internals.char_types">Character Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/internals.html#internals.thread_safety">Thread Safety</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/internals.html#internals.numeric_limits">Numeric Limits</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/internals.html#internals.libtool">Libtool</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/abi.html">ABI Policy and Guidelines</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/abi.html#abi.cxx_interface">The C++ Interface</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/abi.html#abi.versioning">Versioning</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/abi.html#abi.changes_allowed">Allowed Changes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/abi.html#abi.changes_no">Prohibited Changes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/abi.html#abi.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/abi.html#abi.testing">Testing</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/abi.html#abi.issues">Outstanding Issues</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/api.html">API Evolution and Deprecation History</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/api.html#api.rel_300">3.0</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/api.html#api.rel_310">3.1</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/api.html#api.rel_320">3.2</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/api.html#api.rel_330">3.3</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/api.html#api.rel_340">3.4</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/api.html#api.rel_400">4.0</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/api.html#api.rel_410">4.1</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/api.html#api.rel_420">4.2</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/api.html#api.rel_430">4.3</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="manual/backwards.html">Backwards Compatibility</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/backwards.html#backwards.first">First</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/backwards.html#backwards.second">Second</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="manual/backwards.html#backwards.third">Third</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="appendix"><a href="manual/appendix_free.html">C.
+ Free Software Needs Free Documentation
+
+</a></span></dt><dt><span class="appendix"><a href="manual/appendix_gpl.html">D.
+ GNU General Public License version 3
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="appendix"><a href="manual/appendix_gfdl.html">E. GNU Free Documentation License</a></span></dt><dt><span class="index"><a href="manual/bk01ix01.html">Index</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="book"><a href="bk02.html"></a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="article"><a href="api.html">API and Source Level Documentation</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="book"><a href="bk03.html"></a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="article"><a href="faq.html">Frequently Asked Questions</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"> </td><td width="20%" align="center"> </td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="manual/spine.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top"> </td><td width="20%" align="center"> </td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> The GNU C++ Library</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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