sorted(d)`` instead (this works in Python 2.5 too and is just
as efficient).
-* Also, the :meth:`dict.iterkeys`, :meth:`dict.iteritems` and
- :meth:`dict.itervalues` methods are no longer supported.
+* Also, the :meth:`!dict.iterkeys`, :meth:`!dict.iteritems` and
+ :meth:`!dict.itervalues` methods are no longer supported.
* :func:`map` and :func:`filter` return iterators. If you really need
a list and the input sequences are all of equal length, a quick
:func:`itertools.zip_longest`, e.g. ``map(func, *sequences)`` becomes
``list(map(func, itertools.zip_longest(*sequences)))``.
-* :func:`range` now behaves like :func:`xrange` used to behave, except
+* :func:`range` now behaves like :func:`!xrange` used to behave, except
it works with values of arbitrary size. The latter no longer
exists.
operators: objects of different incomparable types always compare
unequal to each other.
-* :meth:`builtin.sorted` and :meth:`list.sort` no longer accept the
+* :meth:`sorted` and :meth:`list.sort` no longer accept the
*cmp* argument providing a comparison function. Use the *key*
argument instead. N.B. the *key* and *reverse* arguments are now
"keyword-only".
-* The :func:`cmp` function should be treated as gone, and the :meth:`__cmp__`
- special method is no longer supported. Use :meth:`__lt__` for sorting,
- :meth:`__eq__` with :meth:`__hash__`, and other rich comparisons as needed.
- (If you really need the :func:`cmp` functionality, you could use the
+* The :func:`!cmp` function should be treated as gone, and the :meth:`!__cmp__`
+ special method is no longer supported. Use :meth:`~object.__lt__` for sorting,
+ :meth:`~object.__eq__` with :meth:`~object.__hash__`, and other rich comparisons as needed.
+ (If you really need the :func:`!cmp` functionality, you could use the
expression ``(a > b) - (a < b)`` as the equivalent for ``cmp(a, b)``.)
Integers
--------
-* :pep:`237`: Essentially, :class:`long` renamed to :class:`int`.
+* :pep:`237`: Essentially, :class:`!long` renamed to :class:`int`.
That is, there is only one built-in integral type, named
- :class:`int`; but it behaves mostly like the old :class:`long` type.
+ :class:`int`; but it behaves mostly like the old :class:`!long` type.
* :pep:`238`: An expression like ``1/2`` returns a float. Use
``1//2`` to get the truncating behavior. (The latter syntax has
existed for years, at least since Python 2.2.)
-* The :data:`sys.maxint` constant was removed, since there is no
+* The :data:`!sys.maxint` constant was removed, since there is no
longer a limit to the value of integers. However, :data:`sys.maxsize`
can be used as an integer larger than any practical list or string
index. It conforms to the implementation's "natural" integer size
- and is typically the same as :data:`sys.maxint` in previous releases
+ and is typically the same as :data:`!sys.maxint` in previous releases
on the same platform (assuming the same build options).
* The :func:`repr` of a long integer doesn't include the trailing ``L``
that uses Unicode, encodings or binary data most likely has to
change. The change is for the better, as in the 2.x world there
were numerous bugs having to do with mixing encoded and unencoded
- text. To be prepared in Python 2.x, start using :class:`unicode`
+ text. To be prepared in Python 2.x, start using :class:`!unicode`
for all unencoded text, and :class:`str` for binary or encoded data
only. Then the ``2to3`` tool will do most of the work for you.
separate *mutable* type to hold buffered binary data,
:class:`bytearray`. Nearly all APIs that accept :class:`bytes` also
accept :class:`bytearray`. The mutable API is based on
- :class:`collections.MutableSequence`.
+ :class:`collections.MutableSequence <collections.abc.MutableSequence>`.
* All backslashes in raw string literals are interpreted literally.
This means that ``'\U'`` and ``'\u'`` escapes in raw strings are not
single "euro" character. (Of course, this change only affects raw
string literals; the euro character is ``'\u20ac'`` in Python 3.0.)
-* The built-in :class:`basestring` abstract type was removed. Use
+* The built-in :class:`!basestring` abstract type was removed. Use
:class:`str` instead. The :class:`str` and :class:`bytes` types
don't have functionality enough in common to warrant a shared base
class. The ``2to3`` tool (see below) replaces every occurrence of
- :class:`basestring` with :class:`str`.
+ :class:`!basestring` with :class:`str`.
* Files opened as text files (still the default mode for :func:`open`)
always use an encoding to map between strings (in memory) and bytes
provides a standardized way of annotating a function's parameters
and return value. There are no semantics attached to such
annotations except that they can be introspected at runtime using
- the :attr:`~object.__annotations__` attribute. The intent is to
+ the :attr:`!__annotations__` attribute. The intent is to
encourage experimentation through metaclasses, decorators or frameworks.
* :pep:`3102`: Keyword-only arguments. Named parameters occurring
class C(metaclass=M):
...
- The module-global :data:`__metaclass__` variable is no longer
+ The module-global :data:`!__metaclass__` variable is no longer
supported. (It was a crutch to make it easier to default to
new-style classes without deriving every class from
:class:`object`.)
*encoding*, *errors*, *newline* and *closefd*. Also note that an
invalid *mode* argument now raises :exc:`ValueError`, not
:exc:`IOError`. The binary file object underlying a text file
- object can be accessed as :attr:`f.buffer` (but beware that the
+ object can be accessed as :attr:`!f.buffer` (but beware that the
text object maintains a buffer of itself in order to speed up
the encoding and decoding operations).
-* :ref:`pep-3118`. The old builtin :func:`buffer` is now really gone;
+* :ref:`pep-3118`. The old builtin :func:`!buffer` is now really gone;
the new builtin :func:`memoryview` provides (mostly) similar
functionality.
* :ref:`pep-3119`. The :mod:`abc` module and the ABCs defined in the
:mod:`collections` module plays a somewhat more prominent role in
the language now, and built-in collection types like :class:`dict`
- and :class:`list` conform to the :class:`collections.MutableMapping`
- and :class:`collections.MutableSequence` ABCs, respectively.
+ and :class:`list` conform to the :class:`collections.MutableMapping <collections.abc.MutableMapping>`
+ and :class:`collections.MutableSequence <collections.abc.MutableSequence>` ABCs, respectively.
* :ref:`pep-3127`. As mentioned above, the new octal literal
notation is the only one supported, and binary literals have been
:mod:`!CGIHTTPServer`, :mod:`!SimpleHTTPServer`, :mod:`!Cookie`,
:mod:`!cookielib`).
- * :mod:`tkinter` (all :mod:`Tkinter`-related modules except
+ * :mod:`tkinter` (all ``Tkinter``-related modules except
:mod:`turtle`). The target audience of :mod:`turtle` doesn't
really care about :mod:`tkinter`. Also note that as of Python
2.6, the functionality of :mod:`turtle` has been greatly enhanced.
* Killed :mod:`!sets`. Use the built-in :func:`set` class.
-* Cleanup of the :mod:`sys` module: removed :func:`sys.exitfunc`,
- :func:`sys.exc_clear`, :data:`sys.exc_type`, :data:`sys.exc_value`,
- :data:`sys.exc_traceback`. (Note that :data:`sys.last_type`
+* Cleanup of the :mod:`sys` module: removed :func:`!sys.exitfunc`,
+ :func:`!sys.exc_clear`, :data:`!sys.exc_type`, :data:`!sys.exc_value`,
+ :data:`!sys.exc_traceback`. (Note that :data:`sys.last_type`
etc. remain.)
-* Cleanup of the :class:`array.array` type: the :meth:`read` and
- :meth:`write` methods are gone; use :meth:`fromfile` and
- :meth:`tofile` instead. Also, the ``'c'`` typecode for array is
+* Cleanup of the :class:`array.array` type: the :meth:`!read` and
+ :meth:`!write` methods are gone; use :meth:`~array.array.fromfile` and
+ :meth:`~array.array.tofile` instead. Also, the ``'c'`` typecode for array is
gone -- use either ``'b'`` for bytes or ``'u'`` for Unicode
characters.
* Cleanup of the :mod:`operator` module: removed
- :func:`sequenceIncludes` and :func:`isCallable`.
+ :func:`!sequenceIncludes` and :func:`!isCallable`.
* Cleanup of the :mod:`!thread` module: :func:`!acquire_lock` and
:func:`!release_lock` are gone; use :meth:`~threading.Lock.acquire` and
:meth:`~threading.Lock.release` instead.
-* Cleanup of the :mod:`random` module: removed the :func:`jumpahead` API.
+* Cleanup of the :mod:`random` module: removed the :func:`!jumpahead` API.
* The :mod:`!new` module is gone.
-* The functions :func:`os.tmpnam`, :func:`os.tempnam` and
- :func:`os.tmpfile` have been removed in favor of the :mod:`tempfile`
+* The functions :func:`!os.tmpnam`, :func:`!os.tempnam` and
+ :func:`!os.tmpfile` have been removed in favor of the :mod:`tempfile`
module.
* The :mod:`tokenize` module has been changed to work with bytes. The
main entry point is now :func:`tokenize.tokenize`, instead of
generate_tokens.
-* :data:`string.letters` and its friends (:data:`string.lowercase` and
- :data:`string.uppercase`) are gone. Use
+* :data:`!string.letters` and its friends (:data:`!string.lowercase` and
+ :data:`!string.uppercase`) are gone. Use
:data:`string.ascii_letters` etc. instead. (The reason for the
- removal is that :data:`string.letters` and friends had
+ removal is that :data:`!string.letters` and friends had
locale-specific behavior, which is a bad idea for such
attractively named global "constants".)
-* Renamed module :mod:`__builtin__` to :mod:`builtins` (removing the
- underscores, adding an 's'). The :data:`__builtins__` variable
+* Renamed module :mod:`!__builtin__` to :mod:`builtins` (removing the
+ underscores, adding an 's'). The :data:`!__builtins__` variable
found in most global namespaces is unchanged. To modify a builtin,
- you should use :mod:`builtins`, not :data:`__builtins__`!
+ you should use :mod:`builtins`, not :data:`!__builtins__`!
:pep:`3101`: A New Approach To String Formatting
idiom for handling all exceptions except for this latter category is
to use :keyword:`except` :exc:`Exception`.
-* :exc:`StandardError` was removed.
+* :exc:`!StandardError` was removed.
-* Exceptions no longer behave as sequences. Use the :attr:`args`
+* Exceptions no longer behave as sequences. Use the :attr:`~BaseException.args`
attribute instead.
* :pep:`3109`: Raising exceptions. You must now use :samp:`raise
When referencing a method as a class attribute, you now get a plain
function object.
-* :meth:`__getslice__`, :meth:`__setslice__` and :meth:`__delslice__`
+* :meth:`!__getslice__`, :meth:`!__setslice__` and :meth:`!__delslice__`
were killed. The syntax ``a[i:j]`` now translates to
- ``a.__getitem__(slice(i, j))`` (or :meth:`__setitem__` or
- :meth:`__delitem__`, when used as an assignment or deletion target,
+ ``a.__getitem__(slice(i, j))`` (or :meth:`~object.__setitem__` or
+ :meth:`~object.__delitem__`, when used as an assignment or deletion target,
respectively).
* :pep:`3114`: the standard :meth:`next` method has been renamed to
:meth:`~iterator.__next__`.
-* The :meth:`__oct__` and :meth:`__hex__` special methods are removed
- -- :func:`oct` and :func:`hex` use :meth:`__index__` now to convert
+* The :meth:`!__oct__` and :meth:`!__hex__` special methods are removed
+ -- :func:`oct` and :func:`hex` use :meth:`~object.__index__` now to convert
the argument to an integer.
-* Removed support for :attr:`__members__` and :attr:`__methods__`.
+* Removed support for :attr:`!__members__` and :attr:`!__methods__`.
* The function attributes named :attr:`!func_X` have been renamed to
use the :attr:`!__X__` form, freeing up these names in the function
instance will automatically be chosen. With arguments, the behavior
of :func:`super` is unchanged.
-* :pep:`3111`: :func:`raw_input` was renamed to :func:`input`. That
+* :pep:`3111`: :func:`!raw_input` was renamed to :func:`input`. That
is, the new :func:`input` function reads a line from
:data:`sys.stdin` and returns it with the trailing newline stripped.
It raises :exc:`EOFError` if the input is terminated prematurely.
argument and a value of the same type as ``x`` when called with two
arguments.
-* Moved :func:`intern` to :func:`sys.intern`.
+* Moved :func:`!intern` to :func:`sys.intern`.
-* Removed: :func:`apply`. Instead of ``apply(f, args)`` use
+* Removed: :func:`!apply`. Instead of ``apply(f, args)`` use
``f(*args)``.
* Removed :func:`callable`. Instead of ``callable(f)`` you can use
- ``isinstance(f, collections.Callable)``. The :func:`operator.isCallable`
+ ``isinstance(f, collections.Callable)``. The :func:`!operator.isCallable`
function is also gone.
-* Removed :func:`coerce`. This function no longer serves a purpose
+* Removed :func:`!coerce`. This function no longer serves a purpose
now that classic classes are gone.
-* Removed :func:`execfile`. Instead of ``execfile(fn)`` use
+* Removed :func:`!execfile`. Instead of ``execfile(fn)`` use
``exec(open(fn).read())``.
-* Removed the :class:`file` type. Use :func:`open`. There are now several
+* Removed the :class:`!file` type. Use :func:`open`. There are now several
different kinds of streams that open can return in the :mod:`io` module.
-* Removed :func:`reduce`. Use :func:`functools.reduce` if you really
+* Removed :func:`!reduce`. Use :func:`functools.reduce` if you really
need it; however, 99 percent of the time an explicit :keyword:`for`
loop is more readable.
-* Removed :func:`reload`. Use :func:`!imp.reload`.
+* Removed :func:`!reload`. Use :func:`!imp.reload`.
-* Removed. :meth:`dict.has_key` -- use the :keyword:`in` operator
+* Removed. :meth:`!dict.has_key` -- use the :keyword:`in` operator
instead.
.. ======================================================================
projects / thirdparty / Python / cpython.git / commitdiff
