cfg = configparser.ConfigParser()
cfg.read('example.cfg')
- # Set the optional `raw` argument of get() to True if you wish to disable
+ # Set the optional *raw* argument of get() to True if you wish to disable
# interpolation in a single get operation.
print(cfg.get('Section1', 'foo', raw=False)) # -> "Python is fun!"
print(cfg.get('Section1', 'foo', raw=True)) # -> "%(bar)s is %(baz)s!"
- # The optional `vars` argument is a dict with members that will take
+ # The optional *vars* argument is a dict with members that will take
# precedence in interpolation.
print(cfg.get('Section1', 'foo', vars={'bar': 'Documentation',
'baz': 'evil'}))
- # The optional `fallback` argument can be used to provide a fallback value
+ # The optional *fallback* argument can be used to provide a fallback value
print(cfg.get('Section1', 'foo'))
# -> "Python is fun!"
may be called.
For cases where you want passive introspection, like documentation tools, this
-can be inconvenient. `getattr_static` has the same signature as :func:`getattr`
+can be inconvenient. :func:`getattr_static` has the same signature as :func:`getattr`
but avoids executing code when it fetches attributes.
.. function:: getattr_static(obj, attr, default=None)
Retrieve attributes without triggering dynamic lookup via the
- descriptor protocol, `__getattr__` or `__getattribute__`.
+ descriptor protocol, :meth:`__getattr__` or :meth:`__getattribute__`.
Note: this function may not be able to retrieve all attributes
that getattr can fetch (like dynamically created attributes)
that raise AttributeError). It can also return descriptors objects
instead of instance members.
- If the instance `__dict__` is shadowed by another member (for example a
+ If the instance :attr:`__dict__` is shadowed by another member (for example a
property) then this function will be unable to find instance members.
.. versionadded:: 3.2
-`getattr_static` does not resolve descriptors, for example slot descriptors or
+:func:`getattr_static` does not resolve descriptors, for example slot descriptors or
getset descriptors on objects implemented in C. The descriptor object
is returned instead of the underlying attribute.
As a shortcut, ``python -m unittest`` is the equivalent of
``python -m unittest discover``. If you want to pass arguments to test
- discovery the `discover` sub-command must be used explicitly.
+ discovery the ``discover`` sub-command must be used explicitly.
The ``discover`` sub-command has the following options:
.. cmdoption:: -s directory
- Directory to start discovery ('.' default)
+ Directory to start discovery (``.`` default)
.. cmdoption:: -p pattern
- Pattern to match test files ('test*.py' default)
+ Pattern to match test files (``test*.py`` default)
.. cmdoption:: -t directory
single test.
.. versionchanged::
- `TestCase` can be instantiated successfully without providing a method
- name. This makes it easier to experiment with `TestCase` from the
+ :class:`TestCase` can be instantiated successfully without providing a method
+ name. This makes it easier to experiment with :class:`TestCase` from the
interactive interpreter.
*methodName* defaults to :meth:`runTest`.
+---------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------+
| Method | Checks that | New in |
+=========================================================+======================================+============+
- | :meth:`assertRaises(exc, fun, *args, **kwds) | ``fun(*args, **kwds)`` raises `exc` | |
+ | :meth:`assertRaises(exc, fun, *args, **kwds) | ``fun(*args, **kwds)`` raises *exc* | |
| <TestCase.assertRaises>` | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------+
- | :meth:`assertRaisesRegex(exc, re, fun, *args, **kwds) | ``fun(*args, **kwds)`` raises `exc` | 3.1 |
- | <TestCase.assertRaisesRegex>` | and the message matches `re` | |
+ | :meth:`assertRaisesRegex(exc, re, fun, *args, **kwds) | ``fun(*args, **kwds)`` raises *exc* | 3.1 |
+ | <TestCase.assertRaisesRegex>` | and the message matches *re* | |
+---------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------+
- | :meth:`assertWarns(warn, fun, *args, **kwds) | ``fun(*args, **kwds)`` raises `warn` | 3.2 |
+ | :meth:`assertWarns(warn, fun, *args, **kwds) | ``fun(*args, **kwds)`` raises *warn* | 3.2 |
| <TestCase.assertWarns>` | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------+
- | :meth:`assertWarnsRegex(warn, re, fun, *args, **kwds) | ``fun(*args, **kwds)`` raises `warn` | 3.2 |
- | <TestCase.assertWarnsRegex>` | and the message matches `re` | |
+ | :meth:`assertWarnsRegex(warn, re, fun, *args, **kwds) | ``fun(*args, **kwds)`` raises *warn* | 3.2 |
+ | <TestCase.assertWarnsRegex>` | and the message matches *re* | |
+---------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------+
.. method:: assertRaises(exception, callable, *args, **kwds)
| :meth:`assertNotRegex(s, re) | ``not regex.search(s)`` | 3.2 |
| <TestCase.assertNotRegex>` | | |
+---------------------------------------+--------------------------------+--------------+
- | :meth:`assertCountEqual(a, b) | `a` and `b` have the same | 3.2 |
+ | :meth:`assertCountEqual(a, b) | *a* and *b* have the same | 3.2 |
| <TestCase.assertCountEqual>` | elements in the same number, | |
| | regardless of their order | |
+---------------------------------------+--------------------------------+--------------+
.. class:: TextTestRunner(stream=None, descriptions=True, verbosity=1, runnerclass=None, warnings=None)
A basic test runner implementation that outputs results to a stream. If *stream*
- is `None`, the default, `sys.stderr` is used as the output stream. This class
+ is ``None``, the default, :data:`sys.stderr` is used as the output stream. This class
has a few configurable parameters, but is essentially very simple. Graphical
applications which run test suites should provide alternate implementations.
Added the ``warnings`` argument.
.. versionchanged:: 3.2
- The default stream is set to `sys.stderr` at instantiation time rather
+ The default stream is set to :data:`sys.stderr` at instantiation time rather
than import time.
.. method:: _makeResult()