.. versionadded:: 3.2
+Exception groups
+----------------
+
+The following are used when it is necessary to raise multiple unrelated
+exceptions. They are part of the exception hierarchy so they can be
+handled with :keyword:`except` like all other exceptions. In addition,
+they are recognised by :keyword:`except*<except_star>`, which matches
+their subgroups based on the types of the contained exceptions.
+
+.. exception:: ExceptionGroup(msg, excs)
+.. exception:: BaseExceptionGroup(msg, excs)
+
+ Both of these exception types wrap the exceptions in the sequence ``excs``.
+ The ``msg`` parameter must be a string. The difference between the two
+ classes is that :exc:`BaseExceptionGroup` extends :exc:`BaseException` and
+ it can wrap any exception, while :exc:`ExceptionGroup` extends :exc:`Exception`
+ and it can only wrap subclasses of :exc:`Exception`. This design is so that
+ ``except Exception`` catches an :exc:`ExceptionGroup` but not
+ :exc:`BaseExceptionGroup`.
+
+ The :exc:`BaseExceptionGroup` constructor returns an :exc:`ExceptionGroup`
+ rather than a :exc:`BaseExceptionGroup` if all contained exceptions are
+ :exc:`Exception` instances, so it can be used to make the selection
+ automatic. The :exc:`ExceptionGroup` constructor, on the other hand,
+ raises a :exc:`TypeError` if any contained exception is not an
+ :exc:`Exception` subclass.
+
+ .. method:: subgroup(condition)
+
+ Returns an exception group that contains only the exceptions from the
+ current group that match *condition*, or ``None`` if the result is empty.
+
+ The condition can be either a function that accepts an exception and returns
+ true for those that should be in the subgroup, or it can be an exception type
+ or a tuple of exception types, which is used to check for a match using the
+ same check that is used in an ``except`` clause.
+
+ The nesting structure of the current exception is preserved in the result,
+ as are the values of its :attr:`message`, :attr:`__traceback__`,
+ :attr:`__cause__`, :attr:`__context__` and :attr:`__note__` fields.
+ Empty nested groups are omitted from the result.
+
+ The condition is checked for all exceptions in the nested exception group,
+ including the top-level and any nested exception groups. If the condition is
+ true for such an exception group, it is included in the result in full.
+
+ .. method:: split(condition)
+
+ Like :meth:`subgroup`, but returns the pair ``(match, rest)`` where ``match``
+ is ``subgroup(condition)`` and ``rest`` is the remaining non-matching
+ part.
+
+ .. method:: derive(excs)
+
+ Returns an exception group with the same :attr:`message`,
+ :attr:`__traceback__`, :attr:`__cause__`, :attr:`__context__`
+ and :attr:`__note__` but which wraps the exceptions in ``excs``.
+
+ This method is used by :meth:`subgroup` and :meth:`split`. A
+ subclass needs to override it in order to make :meth:`subgroup`
+ and :meth:`split` return instances of the subclass rather
+ than :exc:`ExceptionGroup`. ::
+
+ >>> class MyGroup(ExceptionGroup):
+ ... def derive(self, exc):
+ ... return MyGroup(self.message, exc)
+ ...
+ >>> MyGroup("eg", [ValueError(1), TypeError(2)]).split(TypeError)
+ (MyGroup('eg', [TypeError(2)]), MyGroup('eg', [ValueError(1)]))
+
+ .. versionadded:: 3.11
+
Exception hierarchy
-------------------
.. _try:
.. _except:
+.. _except_star:
.. _finally:
The :keyword:`!try` statement
for a group of statements:
.. productionlist:: python-grammar
- try_stmt: `try1_stmt` | `try2_stmt`
+ try_stmt: `try1_stmt` | `try2_stmt` | `try3_stmt`
try1_stmt: "try" ":" `suite`
: ("except" [`expression` ["as" `identifier`]] ":" `suite`)+
: ["else" ":" `suite`]
: ["finally" ":" `suite`]
try2_stmt: "try" ":" `suite`
+ : ("except" "*" `expression` ["as" `identifier`] ":" `suite`)+
+ : ["else" ":" `suite`]
+ : ["finally" ":" `suite`]
+ try3_stmt: "try" ":" `suite`
: "finally" ":" `suite`
>>> print(sys.exc_info())
(None, None, None)
+.. index::
+ keyword: except_star
+
+The :keyword:`except*<except_star>` clause(s) are used for handling
+:exc:`ExceptionGroup`s. The exception type for matching is interpreted as in
+the case of :keyword:`except`, but in the case of exception groups we can have
+partial matches when the type matches some of the exceptions in the group.
+This means that multiple except* clauses can execute, each handling part of
+the exception group. Each clause executes once and handles an exception group
+of all matching exceptions. Each exception in the group is handled by at most
+one except* clause, the first that matches it. ::
+
+ >>> try:
+ ... raise ExceptionGroup("eg",
+ ... [ValueError(1), TypeError(2), OSError(3), OSError(4)])
+ ... except* TypeError as e:
+ ... print(f'caught {type(e)} with nested {e.exceptions}')
+ ... except* OSError as e:
+ ... print(f'caught {type(e)} with nested {e.exceptions}')
+ ...
+ caught <class 'ExceptionGroup'> with nested (TypeError(2),)
+ caught <class 'ExceptionGroup'> with nested (OSError(3), OSError(4))
+ + Exception Group Traceback (most recent call last):
+ | File "<stdin>", line 2, in <module>
+ | ExceptionGroup: eg
+ +-+---------------- 1 ----------------
+ | ValueError: 1
+ +------------------------------------
+ >>>
+
+ Any remaining exceptions that were not handled by any except* clause
+ are re-raised at the end, combined into an exception group along with
+ all exceptions that were raised from within except* clauses.
+
+ An except* clause must have a matching type, and this type cannot be a
+ subclass of :exc:`BaseExceptionGroup`. It is not possible to mix except
+ and except* in the same :keyword:`try`. :keyword:`break`,
+ :keyword:`continue` and :keyword:`return` cannot appear in an except*
+ clause.
+
+
.. index::
keyword: else
statement: return
After the statement is executed, the file *f* is always closed, even if a
problem was encountered while processing the lines. Objects which, like files,
provide predefined clean-up actions will indicate this in their documentation.
+
+
+.. _tut-exception-groups:
+
+Raising and Handling Multiple Unrelated Exceptions
+==================================================
+
+There are situations where it is necessary to report several exceptions that
+have occurred. This it often the case in concurrency frameworks, when several
+tasks may have failed in parallel, but there are also other use cases where
+it is desirable to continue execution and collect multiple errors rather than
+raise the first exception.
+
+The builtin :exc:`ExceptionGroup` wraps a list of exception instances so
+that they can be raised together. It is an exception itself, so it can be
+caught like any other exception. ::
+
+ >>> def f():
+ ... excs = [OSError('error 1'), SystemError('error 2')]
+ ... raise ExceptionGroup('there were problems', excs)
+ ...
+ >>> f()
+ + Exception Group Traceback (most recent call last):
+ | File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
+ | File "<stdin>", line 3, in f
+ | ExceptionGroup: there were problems
+ +-+---------------- 1 ----------------
+ | OSError: error 1
+ +---------------- 2 ----------------
+ | SystemError: error 2
+ +------------------------------------
+ >>> try:
+ ... f()
+ ... except Exception as e:
+ ... print(f'caught {type(e)}: e')
+ ...
+ caught <class 'ExceptionGroup'>: e
+ >>>
+
+By using ``except*`` instead of ``except``, we can selectively
+handle only the exceptions in the group that match a certain
+type. In the following example, which shows a nested exception
+group, each ``except*`` clause extracts from the group exceptions
+of a certain type while letting all other exceptions propagate to
+other clauses and eventually to be reraised. ::
+
+ >>> def f():
+ ... raise ExceptionGroup("group1",
+ ... [OSError(1),
+ ... SystemError(2),
+ ... ExceptionGroup("group2",
+ ... [OSError(3), RecursionError(4)])])
+ ...
+ >>> try:
+ ... f()
+ ... except* OSError as e:
+ ... print("There were OSErrors")
+ ... except* SystemError as e:
+ ... print("There were SystemErrors")
+ ...
+ There were OSErrors
+ There were SystemErrors
+ + Exception Group Traceback (most recent call last):
+ | File "<stdin>", line 2, in <module>
+ | File "<stdin>", line 2, in f
+ | ExceptionGroup: group1
+ +-+---------------- 1 ----------------
+ | ExceptionGroup: group2
+ +-+---------------- 1 ----------------
+ | RecursionError: 4
+ +------------------------------------
+ >>>
+
+Note that the exceptions nested in an exception group must be instances,
+not types. This is because in practice the exceptions would typically
+be ones that have already been raised and caught by the program, along
+the following pattern::
+
+ >>> excs = []
+ ... for test in tests:
+ ... try:
+ ... test.run()
+ ... except Exception as e:
+ ... excs.append(e)
+ ...
+ >>> if excs:
+ ... raise ExceptionGroup("Test Failures", excs)
+ ...
+
projects / thirdparty / Python / cpython.git / commitdiff
