doc/{bashref.texi,bash.1}
- updated descriptions of [[ and case to include reference to
nocasematch option
+
+ 2/22
+ ----
+builtins/mkbuiltins.c
+ - add `times' to the list of posix special builtins
+
+ 2/23
+ ----
+builtins/cd.def
+ - posix mode no longer turns on effect of -P option on $PWD if a
+ directory is chosen from CDPATH
+
+doc/bashref.texi
+ - clarified that in posix mode, reserved words are not alias expanded
+ only in a reserved word context
+ - removed item about cd, $CDPATH, and -P from posix mode section
+
+ 2/24
+ ----
+builtins/reserved.def
+ - minor cleanups to the description of `if'
+
+ 3/2
+ ---
+subst.c
+ - change list_string and get_word_from_string to explicitly treat an
+ IFS character that is not space, tab, or newline *and any adjacent
+ IFS white space* as a single delimiter, as SUSv3/XPG6 says
+
+builtins/read.def
+ - check whether or not the number of fields is exactly the same as
+ the number of variables instead of just assigning the rest of the
+ line (minus any trailing IFS white space) to the last variable.
+ This parses a field and checks whether or not it consumes all of
+ the input (including any trailing field delimiters), falling back
+ to the previous behavior if it does not. This is what POSIX.2
+ specifies, I believe (and the consensus of the austin-group list).
+ This requires a few tests in read.tests to be changed: backslashes
+ escaping IFS whitespace characters at the end of input cause the
+ whitespace characters to be preserved in the value assigned to the
+ variable, and the trailing non-whitespace field delimiter issue
- new settable option, `nocasematch', controls the match_ignore_case
variable. Currently alters pattern matching for case and [[ ... ]]
commands (==, !=, and =~ operators)
+
+doc/{bashref.texi,bash.1}
+ - updated descriptions of [[ and case to include reference to
+ nocasematch option
+
+ 2/22
+ ----
+builtins/mkbuiltins.c
+ - add `times' to the list of posix special builtins
+
+ 2/23
+ ----
+builtins/cd.def
+ - posix mode no longer turns on effect of -P option on $PWD if a
+ directory is chosen from CDPATH
+
+doc/bashref.texi
+ - clarified that in posix mode, reserved words are not alias expanded
+ only in a reserved word context
+ - removed item about cd, $CDPATH, and -P from posix mode section
+
+ 2/24
+ ----
+builtins/reserved.def
+ - minor cleanups to the description of `if'
+
+ 3/2
+ ---
+subst.c
+ - change list_string and get_word_from_string to explicitly treat an
+ IFS character that is not space, tab, or newline *and any adjacent
+ IFS white space* as a single delimiter, as SUSv3/XPG6 says
+
+builtins/read.def
+ - check whether or not the number of fields is exactly the same as
+ the number of variables instead of just assigning the rest of the
+ line (minus any trailing IFS white space) to the last variable.
+ This parses a field and checks whether or not it consumes all of
+ the input (including any trailing field delimiters), falling back
+ to the previous behavior if it does not. This is what POSIX.2
+ specifies, I believe (and the consensus of the austin-group list).
+ This requires a few tests in read.tests to be changed
+
printf ("%s\n", path);
free (temp);
+#if 0
/* Posix.2 says that after using CDPATH, the resultant
value of $PWD will not contain `.' or `..'. */
return (bindpwd (posixly_correct || no_symlinks));
+#else
+ return (bindpwd (no_symlinks));
+#endif
}
else
free (temp);
char *special_builtins[] =
{
":", ".", "source", "break", "continue", "eval", "exec", "exit",
- "export", "readonly", "return", "set", "shift", "trap", "unset",
+ "export", "readonly", "return", "set", "shift", "times", "trap", "unset",
(char *)NULL
};
This file is read.def, from which is created read.c.
It implements the builtin "read" in Bash.
-Copyright (C) 1987-2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+Copyright (C) 1987-2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell.
return (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
}
+#if 0
/* This has to be done this way rather than using string_list
and list_string because Posix.2 says that the last variable gets the
remaining words and their intervening separators. */
input_string = strip_trailing_ifs_whitespace (input_string, ifs_chars, saw_escape);
+#else
+ /* Check whether or not the number of fields is exactly the same as the
+ number of variables. */
+ if (*input_string)
+ {
+ t1 = input_string;
+ t = get_word_from_string (&input_string, ifs_chars, &e);
+ if (*input_string == 0)
+ input_string = t;
+ else
+ input_string = strip_trailing_ifs_whitespace (t1, ifs_chars, saw_escape);
+ }
+#endif
if (saw_escape)
{
--- /dev/null
+This file is read.def, from which is created read.c.
+It implements the builtin "read" in Bash.
+
+Copyright (C) 1987-2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell.
+
+Bash is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free
+Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) any later
+version.
+
+Bash is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
+WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License
+for more details.
+
+You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
+with Bash; see the file COPYING. If not, write to the Free Software
+Foundation, 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111 USA.
+
+$PRODUCES read.c
+
+$BUILTIN read
+$FUNCTION read_builtin
+$SHORT_DOC read [-ers] [-u fd] [-t timeout] [-p prompt] [-a array] [-n nchars] [-d delim] [name ...]
+One line is read from the standard input, or from file descriptor FD if the
+-u option is supplied, and the first word is assigned to the first NAME,
+the second word to the second NAME, and so on, with leftover words assigned
+to the last NAME. Only the characters found in $IFS are recognized as word
+delimiters. If no NAMEs are supplied, the line read is stored in the REPLY
+variable. If the -r option is given, this signifies `raw' input, and
+backslash escaping is disabled. The -d option causes read to continue
+until the first character of DELIM is read, rather than newline. If the -p
+option is supplied, the string PROMPT is output without a trailing newline
+before attempting to read. If -a is supplied, the words read are assigned
+to sequential indices of ARRAY, starting at zero. If -e is supplied and
+the shell is interactive, readline is used to obtain the line. If -n is
+supplied with a non-zero NCHARS argument, read returns after NCHARS
+characters have been read. The -s option causes input coming from a
+terminal to not be echoed.
+
+The -t option causes read to time out and return failure if a complete line
+of input is not read within TIMEOUT seconds. If the TMOUT variable is set,
+its value is the default timeout. The return code is zero, unless end-of-file
+is encountered, read times out, or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as
+the argument to -u.
+$END
+
+#include <config.h>
+
+#include "bashtypes.h"
+#include "posixstat.h"
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+#if defined (HAVE_UNISTD_H)
+# include <unistd.h>
+#endif
+
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+
+#ifdef __CYGWIN__
+# include <fcntl.h>
+# include <io.h>
+#endif
+
+#include "../bashintl.h"
+
+#include "../shell.h"
+#include "common.h"
+#include "bashgetopt.h"
+
+#include <shtty.h>
+
+#if defined (READLINE)
+#include "../bashline.h"
+#include <readline/readline.h>
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(errno)
+extern int errno;
+#endif
+
+extern int interrupt_immediately;
+
+#if defined (READLINE)
+static char *edit_line __P((char *));
+static void set_eol_delim __P((int));
+static void reset_eol_delim __P((char *));
+#endif
+static SHELL_VAR *bind_read_variable __P((char *, char *));
+
+static sighandler sigalrm __P((int));
+static void reset_alarm __P((void));
+
+static procenv_t alrmbuf;
+static SigHandler *old_alrm;
+static unsigned char delim;
+
+static sighandler
+sigalrm (s)
+ int s;
+{
+ longjmp (alrmbuf, 1);
+}
+
+static void
+reset_alarm ()
+{
+ set_signal_handler (SIGALRM, old_alrm);
+ alarm (0);
+}
+
+/* Read the value of the shell variables whose names follow.
+ The reading is done from the current input stream, whatever
+ that may be. Successive words of the input line are assigned
+ to the variables mentioned in LIST. The last variable in LIST
+ gets the remainder of the words on the line. If no variables
+ are mentioned in LIST, then the default variable is $REPLY. */
+int
+read_builtin (list)
+ WORD_LIST *list;
+{
+ register char *varname;
+ int size, i, pass_next, saw_escape, eof, opt, retval, code;
+ int input_is_tty, input_is_pipe, unbuffered_read;
+ int raw, edit, nchars, silent, have_timeout, fd;
+ unsigned int tmout;
+ intmax_t intval;
+ char c;
+ char *input_string, *orig_input_string, *ifs_chars, *prompt, *arrayname;
+ char *e, *t, *t1;
+ struct stat tsb;
+ SHELL_VAR *var;
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+ WORD_LIST *alist;
+#endif
+#if defined (READLINE)
+ char *rlbuf;
+ int rlind;
+#endif
+
+ USE_VAR(size);
+ USE_VAR(i);
+ USE_VAR(pass_next);
+ USE_VAR(saw_escape);
+ USE_VAR(input_is_pipe);
+/* USE_VAR(raw); */
+ USE_VAR(edit);
+ USE_VAR(tmout);
+ USE_VAR(nchars);
+ USE_VAR(silent);
+ USE_VAR(ifs_chars);
+ USE_VAR(prompt);
+ USE_VAR(arrayname);
+#if defined (READLINE)
+ USE_VAR(rlbuf);
+ USE_VAR(rlind);
+#endif
+ USE_VAR(list);
+
+ i = 0; /* Index into the string that we are reading. */
+ raw = edit = 0; /* Not reading raw input by default. */
+ silent = 0;
+ arrayname = prompt = (char *)NULL;
+ fd = 0; /* file descriptor to read from */
+
+#if defined (READLINE)
+ rlbuf = (char *)0;
+ rlind = 0;
+#endif
+
+ tmout = 0; /* no timeout */
+ nchars = input_is_tty = input_is_pipe = unbuffered_read = have_timeout = 0;
+ delim = '\n'; /* read until newline */
+
+ reset_internal_getopt ();
+ while ((opt = internal_getopt (list, "ersa:d:n:p:t:u:")) != -1)
+ {
+ switch (opt)
+ {
+ case 'r':
+ raw = 1;
+ break;
+ case 'p':
+ prompt = list_optarg;
+ break;
+ case 's':
+ silent = 1;
+ break;
+ case 'e':
+#if defined (READLINE)
+ edit = 1;
+#endif
+ break;
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+ case 'a':
+ arrayname = list_optarg;
+ break;
+#endif
+ case 't':
+ code = legal_number (list_optarg, &intval);
+ if (code == 0 || intval < 0 || intval != (unsigned int)intval)
+ {
+ builtin_error (_("%s: invalid timeout specification"), list_optarg);
+ return (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ have_timeout = 1;
+ tmout = intval;
+ }
+ break;
+ case 'n':
+ code = legal_number (list_optarg, &intval);
+ if (code == 0 || intval < 0 || intval != (int)intval)
+ {
+ sh_invalidnum (list_optarg);
+ return (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
+ }
+ else
+ nchars = intval;
+ break;
+ case 'u':
+ code = legal_number (list_optarg, &intval);
+ if (code == 0 || intval < 0 || intval != (int)intval)
+ {
+ builtin_error (_("%s: invalid file descriptor specification"), list_optarg);
+ return (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
+ }
+ else
+ fd = intval;
+ if (sh_validfd (fd) == 0)
+ {
+ builtin_error (_("%d: invalid file descriptor: %s"), fd, strerror (errno));
+ return (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
+ }
+ break;
+ case 'd':
+ delim = *list_optarg;
+ break;
+ default:
+ builtin_usage ();
+ return (EX_USAGE);
+ }
+ }
+ list = loptend;
+
+ /* `read -t 0 var' returns failure immediately. XXX - should it test
+ whether input is available with select/FIONREAD, and fail if those
+ are unavailable? */
+ if (have_timeout && tmout == 0)
+ return (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
+
+ /* IF IFS is unset, we use the default of " \t\n". */
+ ifs_chars = getifs ();
+ if (ifs_chars == 0) /* XXX - shouldn't happen */
+ ifs_chars = "";
+
+ input_string = (char *)xmalloc (size = 112); /* XXX was 128 */
+
+ /* $TMOUT, if set, is the default timeout for read. */
+ if (have_timeout == 0 && (e = get_string_value ("TMOUT")))
+ {
+ code = legal_number (e, &intval);
+ if (code == 0 || intval < 0 || intval != (unsigned int)intval)
+ tmout = 0;
+ else
+ tmout = intval;
+ }
+
+ begin_unwind_frame ("read_builtin");
+
+ input_is_tty = isatty (fd);
+ if (input_is_tty == 0)
+#ifndef __CYGWIN__
+ input_is_pipe = (lseek (0, 0L, SEEK_CUR) < 0) && (errno == ESPIPE);
+#else
+ input_is_pipe = 1;
+#endif
+
+ /* If the -p, -e or -s flags were given, but input is not coming from the
+ terminal, turn them off. */
+ if ((prompt || edit || silent) && input_is_tty == 0)
+ {
+ prompt = (char *)NULL;
+ edit = silent = 0;
+ }
+
+#if defined (READLINE)
+ if (edit)
+ add_unwind_protect (xfree, rlbuf);
+#endif
+
+ if (prompt && edit == 0)
+ {
+ fprintf (stderr, "%s", prompt);
+ fflush (stderr);
+ }
+
+ pass_next = 0; /* Non-zero signifies last char was backslash. */
+ saw_escape = 0; /* Non-zero signifies that we saw an escape char */
+
+ if (tmout > 0)
+ {
+ /* Turn off the timeout if stdin is a regular file (e.g. from
+ input redirection). */
+ if ((fstat (fd, &tsb) < 0) || S_ISREG (tsb.st_mode))
+ tmout = 0;
+ }
+
+ if (tmout > 0)
+ {
+ code = setjmp (alrmbuf);
+ if (code)
+ {
+ run_unwind_frame ("read_builtin");
+ return (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
+ }
+ old_alrm = set_signal_handler (SIGALRM, sigalrm);
+ add_unwind_protect (reset_alarm, (char *)NULL);
+ alarm (tmout);
+ }
+
+ /* If we've been asked to read only NCHARS chars, or we're using some
+ character other than newline to terminate the line, do the right
+ thing to readline or the tty. */
+ if (nchars > 0 || delim != '\n')
+ {
+#if defined (READLINE)
+ if (edit)
+ {
+ if (nchars > 0)
+ {
+ unwind_protect_int (rl_num_chars_to_read);
+ rl_num_chars_to_read = nchars;
+ }
+ if (delim != '\n')
+ {
+ set_eol_delim (delim);
+ add_unwind_protect (reset_eol_delim, (char *)NULL);
+ }
+ }
+ else
+#endif
+ if (input_is_tty)
+ {
+ ttsave ();
+ if (silent)
+ ttcbreak ();
+ else
+ ttonechar ();
+ add_unwind_protect ((Function *)ttrestore, (char *)NULL);
+ }
+ }
+ else if (silent) /* turn off echo but leave term in canonical mode */
+ {
+ ttsave ();
+ ttnoecho ();
+ add_unwind_protect ((Function *)ttrestore, (char *)NULL);
+ }
+
+ /* This *must* be the top unwind-protect on the stack, so the manipulation
+ of the unwind-protect stack after the realloc() works right. */
+ add_unwind_protect (xfree, input_string);
+ interrupt_immediately++;
+
+ unbuffered_read = (nchars > 0) || (delim != '\n') || input_is_pipe;
+
+#if defined (__CYGWIN__) && defined (O_TEXT)
+ setmode (0, O_TEXT);
+#endif
+
+ for (eof = retval = 0;;)
+ {
+#if defined (READLINE)
+ if (edit)
+ {
+ if (rlbuf && rlbuf[rlind] == '\0')
+ {
+ xfree (rlbuf);
+ rlbuf = (char *)0;
+ }
+ if (rlbuf == 0)
+ {
+ rlbuf = edit_line (prompt ? prompt : "");
+ rlind = 0;
+ }
+ if (rlbuf == 0)
+ {
+ eof = 1;
+ break;
+ }
+ c = rlbuf[rlind++];
+ }
+ else
+ {
+#endif
+
+ if (unbuffered_read)
+ retval = zread (fd, &c, 1);
+ else
+ retval = zreadc (fd, &c);
+
+ if (retval <= 0)
+ {
+ eof = 1;
+ break;
+ }
+
+#if defined (READLINE)
+ }
+#endif
+
+ if (i + 2 >= size)
+ {
+ input_string = (char *)xrealloc (input_string, size += 128);
+ remove_unwind_protect ();
+ add_unwind_protect (xfree, input_string);
+ }
+
+ /* If the next character is to be accepted verbatim, a backslash
+ newline pair still disappears from the input. */
+ if (pass_next)
+ {
+ if (c == '\n')
+ i--; /* back up over the CTLESC */
+ else
+ input_string[i++] = c;
+ pass_next = 0;
+ continue;
+ }
+
+ if (c == '\\' && raw == 0)
+ {
+ pass_next++;
+ saw_escape++;
+ input_string[i++] = CTLESC;
+ continue;
+ }
+
+ if ((unsigned char)c == delim)
+ break;
+
+ if (c == CTLESC || c == CTLNUL)
+ {
+ saw_escape++;
+ input_string[i++] = CTLESC;
+ }
+
+ input_string[i++] = c;
+
+ if (nchars > 0 && i >= nchars)
+ break;
+ }
+ input_string[i] = '\0';
+
+#if 1
+ if (retval < 0)
+ {
+ builtin_error (_("read error: %d: %s"), fd, strerror (errno));
+ return (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
+ }
+#endif
+
+ if (tmout > 0)
+ reset_alarm ();
+
+ if (nchars > 0 || delim != '\n')
+ {
+#if defined (READLINE)
+ if (edit)
+ {
+ if (nchars > 0)
+ rl_num_chars_to_read = 0;
+ if (delim != '\n')
+ reset_eol_delim ((char *)NULL);
+ }
+ else
+#endif
+ if (input_is_tty)
+ ttrestore ();
+ }
+ else if (silent)
+ ttrestore ();
+
+ if (unbuffered_read == 0)
+ zsyncfd (fd);
+
+ interrupt_immediately--;
+ discard_unwind_frame ("read_builtin");
+
+ retval = eof ? EXECUTION_FAILURE : EXECUTION_SUCCESS;
+
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+ /* If -a was given, take the string read, break it into a list of words,
+ an assign them to `arrayname' in turn. */
+ if (arrayname)
+ {
+ if (legal_identifier (arrayname) == 0)
+ {
+ sh_invalidid (arrayname);
+ xfree (input_string);
+ return (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
+ }
+
+ var = find_or_make_array_variable (arrayname, 1);
+ if (var == 0)
+ return EXECUTION_FAILURE; /* readonly or noassign */
+ array_flush (array_cell (var));
+
+ alist = list_string (input_string, ifs_chars, 0);
+ if (alist)
+ {
+ word_list_remove_quoted_nulls (alist);
+ assign_array_var_from_word_list (var, alist, 0);
+ dispose_words (alist);
+ }
+ xfree (input_string);
+ return (retval);
+ }
+#endif /* ARRAY_VARS */
+
+ /* If there are no variables, save the text of the line read to the
+ variable $REPLY. ksh93 strips leading and trailing IFS whitespace,
+ so that `read x ; echo "$x"' and `read ; echo "$REPLY"' behave the
+ same way, but I believe that the difference in behaviors is useful
+ enough to not do it. Without the bash behavior, there is no way
+ to read a line completely without interpretation or modification
+ unless you mess with $IFS (e.g., setting it to the empty string).
+ If you disagree, change the occurrences of `#if 0' to `#if 1' below. */
+ if (list == 0)
+ {
+#if 0
+ orig_input_string = input_string;
+ for (t = input_string; ifs_chars && *ifs_chars && spctabnl(*t) && isifs(*t); t++)
+ ;
+ input_string = t;
+ input_string = strip_trailing_ifs_whitespace (input_string, ifs_chars, saw_escape);
+#endif
+
+ if (saw_escape)
+ {
+ t = dequote_string (input_string);
+ var = bind_variable ("REPLY", t, 0);
+ free (t);
+ }
+ else
+ var = bind_variable ("REPLY", input_string, 0);
+ VUNSETATTR (var, att_invisible);
+
+ free (input_string);
+ return (retval);
+ }
+
+ /* This code implements the Posix.2 spec for splitting the words
+ read and assigning them to variables. */
+ orig_input_string = input_string;
+
+ /* Remove IFS white space at the beginning of the input string. If
+ $IFS is null, no field splitting is performed. */
+ for (t = input_string; ifs_chars && *ifs_chars && spctabnl(*t) && isifs(*t); t++)
+ ;
+ input_string = t;
+
+ for (; list->next; list = list->next)
+ {
+ varname = list->word->word;
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+ if (legal_identifier (varname) == 0 && valid_array_reference (varname) == 0)
+#else
+ if (legal_identifier (varname) == 0)
+#endif
+ {
+ sh_invalidid (varname);
+ xfree (orig_input_string);
+ return (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
+ }
+
+ /* If there are more variables than words read from the input,
+ the remaining variables are set to the empty string. */
+ if (*input_string)
+ {
+ /* This call updates INPUT_STRING. */
+ t = get_word_from_string (&input_string, ifs_chars, &e);
+ if (t)
+ *e = '\0';
+ /* Don't bother to remove the CTLESC unless we added one
+ somewhere while reading the string. */
+ if (t && saw_escape)
+ {
+ t1 = dequote_string (t);
+ var = bind_read_variable (varname, t1);
+ xfree (t1);
+ }
+ else
+ var = bind_read_variable (varname, t);
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ t = (char *)0;
+ var = bind_read_variable (varname, "");
+ }
+
+ FREE (t);
+ if (var == 0)
+ {
+ xfree (orig_input_string);
+ return (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
+ }
+
+ stupidly_hack_special_variables (varname);
+ VUNSETATTR (var, att_invisible);
+ }
+
+ /* Now assign the rest of the line to the last variable argument. */
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+ if (legal_identifier (list->word->word) == 0 && valid_array_reference (list->word->word) == 0)
+#else
+ if (legal_identifier (list->word->word) == 0)
+#endif
+ {
+ sh_invalidid (list->word->word);
+ xfree (orig_input_string);
+ return (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
+ }
+
+ /* This has to be done this way rather than using string_list
+ and list_string because Posix.2 says that the last variable gets the
+ remaining words and their intervening separators. */
+ input_string = strip_trailing_ifs_whitespace (input_string, ifs_chars, saw_escape);
+
+ if (saw_escape)
+ {
+ t = dequote_string (input_string);
+ var = bind_read_variable (list->word->word, t);
+ xfree (t);
+ }
+ else
+ var = bind_read_variable (list->word->word, input_string);
+ stupidly_hack_special_variables (list->word->word);
+ if (var)
+ VUNSETATTR (var, att_invisible);
+ xfree (orig_input_string);
+
+ return (retval);
+}
+
+static SHELL_VAR *
+bind_read_variable (name, value)
+ char *name, *value;
+{
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+ if (valid_array_reference (name) == 0)
+ return (bind_variable (name, value, 0));
+ else
+ return (assign_array_element (name, value, 0));
+#else /* !ARRAY_VARS */
+ return bind_variable (name, value, 0);
+#endif /* !ARRAY_VARS */
+}
+
+#if defined (READLINE)
+static rl_completion_func_t *old_attempted_completion_function;
+
+static char *
+edit_line (p)
+ char *p;
+{
+ char *ret;
+ int len;
+
+ if (!bash_readline_initialized)
+ initialize_readline ();
+ old_attempted_completion_function = rl_attempted_completion_function;
+ rl_attempted_completion_function = (rl_completion_func_t *)NULL;
+ ret = readline (p);
+ rl_attempted_completion_function = old_attempted_completion_function;
+ if (ret == 0)
+ return ret;
+ len = strlen (ret);
+ ret = (char *)xrealloc (ret, len + 2);
+ ret[len++] = delim;
+ ret[len] = '\0';
+ return ret;
+}
+
+static int old_delim_ctype;
+static rl_command_func_t *old_delim_func;
+static int old_newline_ctype;
+static rl_command_func_t *old_newline_func;
+
+static unsigned char delim_char;
+
+static void
+set_eol_delim (c)
+ int c;
+{
+ Keymap cmap;
+
+ if (bash_readline_initialized == 0)
+ initialize_readline ();
+ cmap = rl_get_keymap ();
+
+ /* Change newline to self-insert */
+ old_newline_ctype = cmap[RETURN].type;
+ old_newline_func = cmap[RETURN].function;
+ cmap[RETURN].type = ISFUNC;
+ cmap[RETURN].function = rl_insert;
+
+ /* Bind the delimiter character to accept-line. */
+ old_delim_ctype = cmap[c].type;
+ old_delim_func = cmap[c].function;
+ cmap[c].type = ISFUNC;
+ cmap[c].function = rl_newline;
+
+ delim_char = c;
+}
+
+static void
+reset_eol_delim (cp)
+ char *cp;
+{
+ Keymap cmap;
+
+ cmap = rl_get_keymap ();
+
+ cmap[RETURN].type = old_newline_ctype;
+ cmap[RETURN].function = old_newline_func;
+
+ cmap[delim_char].type = old_delim_ctype;
+ cmap[delim_char].function = old_delim_func;
+}
+#endif
This file is read.def, from which is created read.c.
It implements the builtin "read" in Bash.
-Copyright (C) 1987-2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+Copyright (C) 1987-2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell.
intmax_t intval;
char c;
char *input_string, *orig_input_string, *ifs_chars, *prompt, *arrayname;
- char *e, *t, *t1;
+ char *e, *t, *t1, *savei;
struct stat tsb;
SHELL_VAR *var;
#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
if (saw_escape)
{
t = dequote_string (input_string);
- var = bind_variable ("REPLY", t);
+ var = bind_variable ("REPLY", t, 0);
free (t);
}
else
- var = bind_variable ("REPLY", input_string);
+ var = bind_variable ("REPLY", input_string, 0);
VUNSETATTR (var, att_invisible);
free (input_string);
return (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
}
+#if 0
/* This has to be done this way rather than using string_list
and list_string because Posix.2 says that the last variable gets the
remaining words and their intervening separators. */
input_string = strip_trailing_ifs_whitespace (input_string, ifs_chars, saw_escape);
+#else
+ /* Check whether or not the number of fields is exactly the same as the
+ number of variables. */
+ if (*input_string)
+ {
+ savei = input_string;
+ t = get_word_from_string (&input_string, ifs_chars, &e);
+ if (*input_string == 0)
+ input_string = t;
+ else
+ input_string = strip_trailing_ifs_whitespace (savei, ifs_chars, saw_escape);
+ }
+#endif
if (saw_escape)
{
{
#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
if (valid_array_reference (name) == 0)
- return (bind_variable (name, value));
+ return (bind_variable (name, value, 0));
else
return (assign_array_element (name, value, 0));
#else /* !ARRAY_VARS */
- return bind_variable (name, value);
+ return bind_variable (name, value, 0);
#endif /* !ARRAY_VARS */
}
--- /dev/null
+#else
+ /* This code implements the `rest of the fields and their intervening
+ separators' portion of the Posix spec. The latest interpretation says
+ that the last non-IFS white space separator (and any adjacent IFS
+ white space) is removed. We repeatedly parse fields, stopping when the
+ last results in us hitting the end of INPUT_STRING. */
+ savei = t = input_string;
+ while (*input_string)
+ {
+ /* This call updates INPUT_STRING. */
+ t1 = get_word_from_string (&input_string, ifs_chars, &e);
+ if (*input_string)
+ t = input_string;
+ }
+ *t = '\0';
+ input_string = savei;
+#endif
It has no direct C file production, but defines builtins for the Bash
builtin help command.
-Copyright (C) 1987-2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+Copyright (C) 1987-2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell.
$BUILTIN if
$SHORT_DOC if COMMANDS; then COMMANDS; [ elif COMMANDS; then COMMANDS; ]... [ else COMMANDS; ] fi
-The if COMMANDS are executed. If the exit status is zero, then the then
-COMMANDS are executed. Otherwise, each of the elif COMMANDS are executed
-in turn, and if the exit status is zero, the corresponding then COMMANDS
-are executed and the if command completes. Otherwise, the else COMMANDS
-are executed, if present. The exit status is the exit status of the last
-command executed, or zero if no condition tested true.
+The `if COMMANDS' list is executed. If its exit status is zero, then the
+`then COMMANDS' list is executed. Otherwise, each `elif COMMANDS' list is
+executed in turn, and if its exit status is zero, the corresponding
+`then COMMANDS' list is executed and the if command completes. Otherwise,
+the `else COMMANDS' list is executed, if present. The exit status of the
+entire construct is the exit status of the last command executed, or zero
+if no condition tested true.
$END
$BUILTIN while
When the =\b==\b= and !\b!=\b= operators are used, the string to the right
of the operator is considered a pattern and matched according to
- the rules described below under P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg. The return
- value is 0 if the string matches or does not match the pattern,
+ the rules described below under P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg. If the shell
+ option n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\bem\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh is enabled, the match is performed without
+ regard to the case of alphabetic characters. The return value
+ is 0 if the string matches or does not match the pattern,
respectively, and 1 otherwise. Any part of the pattern may be
quoted to force it to be matched as a string.
sion and matched accordingly (as in _\br_\be_\bg_\be_\bx(3)). The return value
is 0 if the string matches the pattern, and 1 otherwise. If the
regular expression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional
- expression's return value is 2. If the shell option n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\beg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
+ expression's return value is 2. If the shell option n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\bem\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh
is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of
alphabetic characters. Substrings matched by parenthesized
subexpressions within the regular expression are saved in the
value, _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is executed and the arithmetic expression _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b3 is
evaluated. If any expression is omitted, it behaves as if it
evaluates to 1. The return value is the exit status of the last
- command in _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt that is executed, or false if any of the
- expressions is invalid.
+ command in _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt that is executed, or false if any of the expres-
+ sions is invalid.
s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [ i\bin\bn _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd ] ; d\bdo\bo _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt ; d\bdo\bon\bne\be
The list of words following i\bin\bn is expanded, generating a list of
c\bca\bas\bse\be _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd i\bin\bn [ [(] _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn [ |\b| _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn ] ... ) _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt ;; ] ... e\bes\bsa\bac\bc
A c\bca\bas\bse\be command first expands _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, and tries to match it against
each _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn in turn, using the same matching rules as for path-
- name expansion (see P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn below). When a match is
+ name expansion (see P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn below). If the shell
+ option n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\bem\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh is enabled, the match is performed without
+ regard to the case of alphabetic characters. When a match is
found, the corresponding _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is executed. After the first
match, no subsequent matches are attempted. The exit status is
zero if no pattern matches. Otherwise, it is the exit status of
*\b* Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When
the expansion occurs within double quotes, it expands to a sin-
gle word with the value of each parameter separated by the first
- character of the I\bIF\bFS\bS special variable. That is, "$\b$*\b*" is equiva-
- lent to "$\b$1\b1_\bc$\b$2\b2_\bc.\b..\b..\b.", where _\bc is the first character of the value
- of the I\bIF\bFS\bS variable. If I\bIF\bFS\bS is unset, the parameters are sepa-
- rated by spaces. If I\bIF\bFS\bS is null, the parameters are joined
+ character of the I\bIF\bFS\bS special variable. That is, "$\b$*\b*" is
+ equivalent to "$\b$1\b1_\bc$\b$2\b2_\bc.\b..\b..\b.", where _\bc is the first character of the
+ value of the I\bIF\bFS\bS variable. If I\bIF\bFS\bS is unset, the parameters are
+ separated by spaces. If I\bIF\bFS\bS is null, the parameters are joined
without intervening separators.
@\b@ Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When
the expansion occurs within double quotes, each parameter
of parameters to the current subroutine (shell function or
script executed with .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be) is at the top of the stack.
When a subroutine is executed, the number of parameters passed
- is pushed onto B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGC\bC.
+ is pushed onto B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGC\bC. The shell sets B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGC\bC only when in
+ extended debugging mode (see the description of the e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg
+ option to the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin below)
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV
An array variable containing all of the parameters in the cur-
rent bash execution call stack. The final parameter of the last
subroutine call is at the top of the stack; the first parameter
of the initial call is at the bottom. When a subroutine is exe-
- cuted, the parameters supplied are pushed onto B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV.
+ cuted, the parameters supplied are pushed onto B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV. The
+ shell sets B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV only when in extended debugging mode (see
+ the description of the e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg option to the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin
+ below)
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD
- The command currently being executed or about to be executed,
+ The command currently being executed or about to be executed,
unless the shell is executing a command as the result of a trap,
- in which case it is the command executing at the time of the
+ in which case it is the command executing at the time of the
trap.
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN_\b_S\bST\bTR\bRI\bIN\bNG\bG
The command argument to the -\b-c\bc invocation option.
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO
- An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source
- files corresponding to each member of F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE.
- $\b${\b{B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO[\b[_\b$_\bi]\b]}\b} is the line number in the source file where
- $\b${\b{F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE[\b[_\b$_\bi_\bf_\bP]\b]}\b} _\bw_\ba_\bs _\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\be_\bd_\b. _\bT_\bh_\be _\bc_\bo_\br_\br_\be_\bs_\bp_\bo_\bn_\bd_\bi_\bn_\bg _\bs_\bo_\bu_\br_\bc_\be _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
- _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be _\bi_\bs $\b${\b{B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSO\bOU\bUR\bRC\bCE\bE[\b[_\b$_\bi]\b]}\b}.\b. U\bUs\bse\be L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO t\bto\bo o\bob\bbt\bta\bai\bin\bn t\bth\bhe\be c\bcu\bur\brr\bre\ben\bnt\bt
+ An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source
+ files corresponding to each member of F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE.
+ $\b${\b{B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO[\b[_\b$_\bi]\b]}\b} is the line number in the source file where
+ $\b${\b{F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE[\b[_\b$_\bi_\bf_\bP]\b]}\b} _\bw_\ba_\bs _\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\be_\bd_\b. _\bT_\bh_\be _\bc_\bo_\br_\br_\be_\bs_\bp_\bo_\bn_\bd_\bi_\bn_\bg _\bs_\bo_\bu_\br_\bc_\be _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
+ _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be _\bi_\bs $\b${\b{B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSO\bOU\bUR\bRC\bCE\bE[\b[_\b$_\bi]\b]}\b}.\b. U\bUs\bse\be L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO t\bto\bo o\bob\bbt\bta\bai\bin\bn t\bth\bhe\be c\bcu\bur\brr\bre\ben\bnt\bt
l\bli\bin\bne\be n\bnu\bum\bmb\bbe\ber\br.\b.
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_R\bRE\bEM\bMA\bAT\bTC\bCH\bH
- An array variable whose members are assigned by the =\b=~\b~ binary
- operator to the [\b[[\b[ conditional command. The element with index
- 0 is the portion of the string matching the entire regular
- expression. The element with index _\bn is the portion of the
+ An array variable whose members are assigned by the =\b=~\b~ binary
+ operator to the [\b[[\b[ conditional command. The element with index
+ 0 is the portion of the string matching the entire regular
+ expression. The element with index _\bn is the portion of the
string matching the _\bnth parenthesized subexpression. This vari-
able is read-only.
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSO\bOU\bUR\bRC\bCE\bE
- An array variable whose members are the source filenames corre-
+ An array variable whose members are the source filenames corre-
sponding to the elements in the F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE array variable.
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_S\bSU\bUB\bBS\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL
- Incremented by one each time a subshell or subshell environment
+ Incremented by one each time a subshell or subshell environment
is spawned. The initial value is 0.
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_V\bVE\bER\bRS\bSI\bIN\bNF\bFO\bO
A readonly array variable whose members hold version information
- for this instance of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. The values assigned to the array
+ for this instance of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. The values assigned to the array
members are as follows:
- B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_V\bVE\bER\bRS\bSI\bIN\bNF\bFO\bO[\b[0]\b] The major version number (the _\br_\be_\bl_\be_\ba_\bs_\be).
- B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_V\bVE\bER\bRS\bSI\bIN\bNF\bFO\bO[\b[1]\b] The minor version number (the _\bv_\be_\br_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn).
+ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_V\bVE\bER\bRS\bSI\bIN\bNF\bFO\bO[\b[0]\b] The major version number (the _\br_\be_\bl_\be_\ba_\bs_\be).
+ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_V\bVE\bER\bRS\bSI\bIN\bNF\bFO\bO[\b[1]\b] The minor version number (the _\bv_\be_\br_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn).
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_V\bVE\bER\bRS\bSI\bIN\bNF\bFO\bO[\b[2]\b] The patch level.
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_V\bVE\bER\bRS\bSI\bIN\bNF\bFO\bO[\b[3]\b] The build version.
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_V\bVE\bER\bRS\bSI\bIN\bNF\bFO\bO[\b[4]\b] The release status (e.g., _\bb_\be_\bt_\ba_\b1).
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_V\bVE\bER\bRS\bSI\bIN\bNF\bFO\bO[\b[5]\b] The value of M\bMA\bAC\bCH\bHT\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE.
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_V\bVE\bER\bRS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN
- Expands to a string describing the version of this instance of
+ Expands to a string describing the version of this instance of
b\bba\bas\bsh\bh.
C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_C\bCW\bWO\bOR\bRD\bD
- An index into $\b${\b{C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDS\bS}\b} of the word containing the current
+ An index into $\b${\b{C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDS\bS}\b} of the word containing the current
cursor position. This variable is available only in shell func-
- tions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see
+ tions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see
P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn below).
C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
- The current command line. This variable is available only in
- shell functions and external commands invoked by the pro-
- grammable completion facilities (see P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn
+ The current command line. This variable is available only in
+ shell functions and external commands invoked by the pro-
+ grammable completion facilities (see P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn
below).
C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_P\bPO\bOI\bIN\bNT\bT
- The index of the current cursor position relative to the begin-
- ning of the current command. If the current cursor position is
+ The index of the current cursor position relative to the begin-
+ ning of the current command. If the current cursor position is
at the end of the current command, the value of this variable is
- equal to $\b${\b{#\b#C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE}\b}. This variable is available only in
- shell functions and external commands invoked by the pro-
- grammable completion facilities (see P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn
+ equal to $\b${\b{#\b#C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE}\b}. This variable is available only in
+ shell functions and external commands invoked by the pro-
+ grammable completion facilities (see P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn
below).
C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDB\bBR\bRE\bEA\bAK\bKS\bS
- The set of characters that the Readline library treats as word
- separators when performing word completion. If C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDB\bBR\bRE\bEA\bAK\bKS\bS
- is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse-
+ The set of characters that the Readline library treats as word
+ separators when performing word completion. If C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDB\bBR\bRE\bEA\bAK\bKS\bS
+ is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse-
quently reset.
C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDS\bS
- An array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs below) consisting of the individ-
- ual words in the current command line. This variable is avail-
- able only in shell functions invoked by the programmable comple-
- tion facilities (see P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn below).
+ An array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs below) consisting of the individ-
+ ual words in the current command line. This variable is avail-
+ able only in shell functions invoked by the programmable
+ completion facilities (see P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn below).
D\bDI\bIR\bRS\bST\bTA\bAC\bCK\bK
An array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs below) containing the current con-
- tents of the directory stack. Directories appear in the stack
- in the order they are displayed by the d\bdi\bir\brs\bs builtin. Assigning
+ tents of the directory stack. Directories appear in the stack
+ in the order they are displayed by the d\bdi\bir\brs\bs builtin. Assigning
to members of this array variable may be used to modify directo-
- ries already in the stack, but the p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd and p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd builtins must
- be used to add and remove directories. Assignment to this
- variable will not change the current directory. If D\bDI\bIR\bRS\bST\bTA\bAC\bCK\bK is
- unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse-
+ ries already in the stack, but the p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd and p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd builtins must
+ be used to add and remove directories. Assignment to this vari-
+ able will not change the current directory. If D\bDI\bIR\bRS\bST\bTA\bAC\bCK\bK is
+ unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse-
quently reset.
- E\bEU\bUI\bID\bD Expands to the effective user ID of the current user, initial-
+ E\bEU\bUI\bID\bD Expands to the effective user ID of the current user, initial-
ized at shell startup. This variable is readonly.
F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE
- An array variable containing the names of all shell functions
+ An array variable containing the names of all shell functions
currently in the execution call stack. The element with index 0
is the name of any currently-executing shell function. The bot-
- tom-most element is "main". This variable exists only when a
- shell function is executing. Assignments to F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE have no
- effect and return an error status. If F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE is unset, it
- loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
-
- G\bGR\bRO\bOU\bUP\bPS\bS An array variable containing the list of groups of which the
- current user is a member. Assignments to G\bGR\bRO\bOU\bUP\bPS\bS have no effect
- and return an error status. If G\bGR\bRO\bOU\bUP\bPS\bS is unset, it loses its
+ tom-most element is "main". This variable exists only when a
+ shell function is executing. Assignments to F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE have no
+ effect and return an error status. If F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE is unset, it
+ loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
+
+ G\bGR\bRO\bOU\bUP\bPS\bS An array variable containing the list of groups of which the
+ current user is a member. Assignments to G\bGR\bRO\bOU\bUP\bPS\bS have no effect
+ and return an error status. If G\bGR\bRO\bOU\bUP\bPS\bS is unset, it loses its
special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCM\bMD\bD
The history number, or index in the history list, of the current
- command. If H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCM\bMD\bD is unset, it loses its special properties,
+ command. If H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCM\bMD\bD is unset, it loses its special properties,
even if it is subsequently reset.
H\bHO\bOS\bST\bTN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE
Automatically set to the name of the current host.
H\bHO\bOS\bST\bTT\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE
- Automatically set to a string that uniquely describes the type
- of machine on which b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is executing. The default is system-
+ Automatically set to a string that uniquely describes the type
+ of machine on which b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is executing. The default is system-
dependent.
- L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO Each time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes a
- decimal number representing the current sequential line number
- (starting with 1) within a script or function. When not in a
- script or function, the value substituted is not guaranteed to
+ L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO Each time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes a
+ decimal number representing the current sequential line number
+ (starting with 1) within a script or function. When not in a
+ script or function, the value substituted is not guaranteed to
be meaningful. If L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO is unset, it loses its special proper-
ties, even if it is subsequently reset.
M\bMA\bAC\bCH\bHT\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE
- Automatically set to a string that fully describes the system
- type on which b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is executing, in the standard GNU _\bc_\bp_\bu_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\b-
+ Automatically set to a string that fully describes the system
+ type on which b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is executing, in the standard GNU _\bc_\bp_\bu_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\b-
_\bp_\ba_\bn_\by_\b-_\bs_\by_\bs_\bt_\be_\bm format. The default is system-dependent.
O\bOL\bLD\bDP\bPW\bWD\bD The previous working directory as set by the c\bcd\bd command.
- O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG The value of the last option argument processed by the g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs
+ O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG The value of the last option argument processed by the g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs
builtin command (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
- O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD The index of the next argument to be processed by the g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs
+ O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD The index of the next argument to be processed by the g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs
builtin command (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
- O\bOS\bST\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE Automatically set to a string that describes the operating sys-
- tem on which b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is executing. The default is system-depen-
+ O\bOS\bST\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE Automatically set to a string that describes the operating sys-
+ tem on which b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is executing. The default is system-depen-
dent.
P\bPI\bIP\bPE\bES\bST\bTA\bAT\bTU\bUS\bS
- An array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs below) containing a list of exit
- status values from the processes in the most-recently-executed
+ An array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs below) containing a list of exit
+ status values from the processes in the most-recently-executed
foreground pipeline (which may contain only a single command).
- P\bPP\bPI\bID\bD The process ID of the shell's parent. This variable is read-
+ P\bPP\bPI\bID\bD The process ID of the shell's parent. This variable is read-
only.
P\bPW\bWD\bD The current working directory as set by the c\bcd\bd command.
R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM Each time this parameter is referenced, a random integer between
0 and 32767 is generated. The sequence of random numbers may be
initialized by assigning a value to R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM. If R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM is unset,
- it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently
+ it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently
reset.
- R\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY Set to the line of input read by the r\bre\bea\bad\bd builtin command when
+ R\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY Set to the line of input read by the r\bre\bea\bad\bd builtin command when
no arguments are supplied.
S\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS
- Each time this parameter is referenced, the number of seconds
- since shell invocation is returned. If a value is assigned to
- S\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS, the value returned upon subsequent references is the
- number of seconds since the assignment plus the value assigned.
+ Each time this parameter is referenced, the number of seconds
+ since shell invocation is returned. If a value is assigned to
+ S\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS, the value returned upon subsequent references is the
+ number of seconds since the assignment plus the value assigned.
If S\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it
is subsequently reset.
S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS
- A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in
- the list is a valid argument for the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt
+ A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in
+ the list is a valid argument for the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt
builtin command (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below). The options
- appearing in S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS are those reported as _\bo_\bn by s\bse\bet\bt -\b-o\bo. If
- this variable is in the environment when b\bba\bas\bsh\bh starts up, each
- shell option in the list will be enabled before reading any
+ appearing in S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS are those reported as _\bo_\bn by s\bse\bet\bt -\b-o\bo. If
+ this variable is in the environment when b\bba\bas\bsh\bh starts up, each
+ shell option in the list will be enabled before reading any
startup files. This variable is read-only.
S\bSH\bHL\bLV\bVL\bL Incremented by one each time an instance of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is started.
U\bUI\bID\bD Expands to the user ID of the current user, initialized at shell
startup. This variable is readonly.
- The following variables are used by the shell. In some cases, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
+ The following variables are used by the shell. In some cases, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
assigns a default value to a variable; these cases are noted below.
B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEN\bNV\bV
- If this parameter is set when b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is executing a shell script,
- its value is interpreted as a filename containing commands to
+ If this parameter is set when b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is executing a shell script,
+ its value is interpreted as a filename containing commands to
initialize the shell, as in _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\br_\bc. The value of B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEN\bNV\bV is
- subjected to parameter expansion, command substitution, and
- arithmetic expansion before being interpreted as a file name.
+ subjected to parameter expansion, command substitution, and
+ arithmetic expansion before being interpreted as a file name.
P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is not used to search for the resultant file name.
- C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH The search path for the c\bcd\bd command. This is a colon-separated
- list of directories in which the shell looks for destination
- directories specified by the c\bcd\bd command. A sample value is
+ C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH The search path for the c\bcd\bd command. This is a colon-separated
+ list of directories in which the shell looks for destination
+ directories specified by the c\bcd\bd command. A sample value is
".:~:/usr".
C\bCO\bOL\bLU\bUM\bMN\bNS\bS
- Used by the s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt builtin command to determine the terminal
- width when printing selection lists. Automatically set upon
+ Used by the s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt builtin command to determine the terminal
+ width when printing selection lists. Automatically set upon
receipt of a SIGWINCH.
C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPR\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY
An array variable from which b\bba\bas\bsh\bh reads the possible completions
- generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable com-
+ generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable com-
pletion facility (see P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn below).
- E\bEM\bMA\bAC\bCS\bS If b\bba\bas\bsh\bh finds this variable in the environment when the shell
- starts with value "t", it assumes that the shell is running in
+ E\bEM\bMA\bAC\bCS\bS If b\bba\bas\bsh\bh finds this variable in the environment when the shell
+ starts with value "t", it assumes that the shell is running in
an emacs shell buffer and disables line editing.
F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT The default editor for the f\bfc\bc builtin command.
F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE
- A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing
+ A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing
filename completion (see R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE below). A filename whose suf-
- fix matches one of the entries in F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is excluded from the
+ fix matches one of the entries in F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is excluded from the
list of matched filenames. A sample value is ".o:~".
G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE
A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of filenames
to be ignored by pathname expansion. If a filename matched by a
- pathname expansion pattern also matches one of the patterns in
+ pathname expansion pattern also matches one of the patterns in
G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE, it is removed from the list of matches.
H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL
- A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are
- saved on the history list. If the list of values includes
- _\bi_\bg_\bn_\bo_\br_\be_\bs_\bp_\ba_\bc_\be, lines which begin with a s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be character are not
- saved in the history list. A value of _\bi_\bg_\bn_\bo_\br_\be_\bd_\bu_\bp_\bs causes lines
+ A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are
+ saved on the history list. If the list of values includes
+ _\bi_\bg_\bn_\bo_\br_\be_\bs_\bp_\ba_\bc_\be, lines which begin with a s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be character are not
+ saved in the history list. A value of _\bi_\bg_\bn_\bo_\br_\be_\bd_\bu_\bp_\bs causes lines
matching the previous history entry to not be saved. A value of
_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bo_\br_\be_\bb_\bo_\bt_\bh is shorthand for _\bi_\bg_\bn_\bo_\br_\be_\bs_\bp_\ba_\bc_\be and _\bi_\bg_\bn_\bo_\br_\be_\bd_\bu_\bp_\bs. A value
of _\be_\br_\ba_\bs_\be_\bd_\bu_\bp_\bs causes all previous lines matching the current line
- to be removed from the history list before that line is saved.
- Any value not in the above list is ignored. If H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL is
- unset, or does not include a valid value, all lines read by the
+ to be removed from the history list before that line is saved.
+ Any value not in the above list is ignored. If H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL is
+ unset, or does not include a valid value, all lines read by the
shell parser are saved on the history list, subject to the value
- of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE. The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line
- compound command are not tested, and are added to the history
+ of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE. The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line
+ compound command are not tested, and are added to the history
regardless of the value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL.
H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE
The name of the file in which command history is saved (see H\bHI\bIS\bS-\b-
- T\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY below). The default value is _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b__\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by. If unset,
- the command history is not saved when an interactive shell
+ T\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY below). The default value is _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b__\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by. If unset,
+ the command history is not saved when an interactive shell
exits.
H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bES\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE
The maximum number of lines contained in the history file. When
- this variable is assigned a value, the history file is trun-
- cated, if necessary, to contain no more than that number of
- lines. The default value is 500. The history file is also
- truncated to this size after writing it when an interactive
+ this variable is assigned a value, the history file is trun-
+ cated, if necessary, to contain no more than that number of
+ lines. The default value is 500. The history file is also
+ truncated to this size after writing it when an interactive
shell exits.
H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE
- A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command
- lines should be saved on the history list. Each pattern is
- anchored at the beginning of the line and must match the com-
- plete line (no implicit `*\b*' is appended). Each pattern is
- tested against the line after the checks specified by H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bN-\b-
- T\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL are applied. In addition to the normal shell pattern
+ A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command
+ lines should be saved on the history list. Each pattern is
+ anchored at the beginning of the line and must match the com-
+ plete line (no implicit `*\b*' is appended). Each pattern is
+ tested against the line after the checks specified by H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bN-\b-
+ T\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL are applied. In addition to the normal shell pattern
matching characters, `&\b&' matches the previous history line. `&\b&'
- may be escaped using a backslash; the backslash is removed
+ may be escaped using a backslash; the backslash is removed
before attempting a match. The second and subsequent lines of a
multi-line compound command are not tested, and are added to the
history regardless of the value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE.
H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTS\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE
- The number of commands to remember in the command history (see
+ The number of commands to remember in the command history (see
H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY below). The default value is 500.
H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT
- If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a
+ If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a
format string for _\bs_\bt_\br_\bf_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3) to print the time stamp associated
- with each history entry displayed by the h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by builtin. If
- this variable is set, time stamps are written to the history
+ with each history entry displayed by the h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by builtin. If
+ this variable is set, time stamps are written to the history
file so they may be preserved across shell sessions.
H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE The home directory of the current user; the default argument for
the c\bcd\bd builtin command. The value of this variable is also used
when performing tilde expansion.
H\bHO\bOS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE
- Contains the name of a file in the same format as _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bh_\bo_\bs_\bt_\bs
+ Contains the name of a file in the same format as _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bh_\bo_\bs_\bt_\bs
that should be read when the shell needs to complete a hostname.
- The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while
- the shell is running; the next time hostname completion is
- attempted after the value is changed, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh adds the contents of
- the new file to the existing list. If H\bHO\bOS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is set, but has
+ The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while
+ the shell is running; the next time hostname completion is
+ attempted after the value is changed, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh adds the contents of
+ the new file to the existing list. If H\bHO\bOS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is set, but has
no value, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to read _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bh_\bo_\bs_\bt_\bs to obtain the list of
- possible hostname completions. When H\bHO\bOS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is unset, the
+ possible hostname completions. When H\bHO\bOS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is unset, the
hostname list is cleared.
- I\bIF\bFS\bS The _\bI_\bn_\bt_\be_\br_\bn_\ba_\bl _\bF_\bi_\be_\bl_\bd _\bS_\be_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bt_\bo_\br that is used for word splitting
- after expansion and to split lines into words with the r\bre\bea\bad\bd
+ I\bIF\bFS\bS The _\bI_\bn_\bt_\be_\br_\bn_\ba_\bl _\bF_\bi_\be_\bl_\bd _\bS_\be_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bt_\bo_\br that is used for word splitting
+ after expansion and to split lines into words with the r\bre\bea\bad\bd
builtin command. The default value is ``<space><tab><new-
line>''.
I\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bEE\bEO\bOF\bF
Controls the action of an interactive shell on receipt of an E\bEO\bOF\bF
character as the sole input. If set, the value is the number of
- consecutive E\bEO\bOF\bF characters which must be typed as the first
- characters on an input line before b\bba\bas\bsh\bh exits. If the variable
- exists but does not have a numeric value, or has no value, the
- default value is 10. If it does not exist, E\bEO\bOF\bF signifies the
+ consecutive E\bEO\bOF\bF characters which must be typed as the first
+ characters on an input line before b\bba\bas\bsh\bh exits. If the variable
+ exists but does not have a numeric value, or has no value, the
+ default value is 10. If it does not exist, E\bEO\bOF\bF signifies the
end of input to the shell.
I\bIN\bNP\bPU\bUT\bTR\bRC\bC
- The filename for the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be startup file, overriding the
+ The filename for the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be startup file, overriding the
default of _\b~_\b/_\b._\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc (see R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE below).
- L\bLA\bAN\bNG\bG Used to determine the locale category for any category not
+ L\bLA\bAN\bNG\bG Used to determine the locale category for any category not
specifically selected with a variable starting with L\bLC\bC_\b_.
- L\bLC\bC_\b_A\bAL\bLL\bL This variable overrides the value of L\bLA\bAN\bNG\bG and any other L\bLC\bC_\b_
+ L\bLC\bC_\b_A\bAL\bLL\bL This variable overrides the value of L\bLA\bAN\bNG\bG and any other L\bLC\bC_\b_
variable specifying a locale category.
L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCO\bOL\bLL\bLA\bAT\bTE\bE
- This variable determines the collation order used when sorting
- the results of pathname expansion, and determines the behavior
- of range expressions, equivalence classes, and collating
+ This variable determines the collation order used when sorting
+ the results of pathname expansion, and determines the behavior
+ of range expressions, equivalence classes, and collating
sequences within pathname expansion and pattern matching.
L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCT\bTY\bYP\bPE\bE
- This variable determines the interpretation of characters and
- the behavior of character classes within pathname expansion and
+ This variable determines the interpretation of characters and
+ the behavior of character classes within pathname expansion and
pattern matching.
L\bLC\bC_\b_M\bME\bES\bSS\bSA\bAG\bGE\bES\bS
- This variable determines the locale used to translate double-
+ This variable determines the locale used to translate double-
quoted strings preceded by a $\b$.
L\bLC\bC_\b_N\bNU\bUM\bME\bER\bRI\bIC\bC
- This variable determines the locale category used for number
+ This variable determines the locale category used for number
formatting.
- L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bES\bS Used by the s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt builtin command to determine the column
- length for printing selection lists. Automatically set upon
+ L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bES\bS Used by the s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt builtin command to determine the column
+ length for printing selection lists. Automatically set upon
receipt of a SIGWINCH.
- M\bMA\bAI\bIL\bL If this parameter is set to a file name and the M\bMA\bAI\bIL\bLP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH vari-
+ M\bMA\bAI\bIL\bL If this parameter is set to a file name and the M\bMA\bAI\bIL\bLP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH vari-
able is not set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh informs the user of the arrival of mail in
the specified file.
M\bMA\bAI\bIL\bLC\bCH\bHE\bEC\bCK\bK
- Specifies how often (in seconds) b\bba\bas\bsh\bh checks for mail. The
- default is 60 seconds. When it is time to check for mail, the
- shell does so before displaying the primary prompt. If this
- variable is unset, or set to a value that is not a number
+ Specifies how often (in seconds) b\bba\bas\bsh\bh checks for mail. The
+ default is 60 seconds. When it is time to check for mail, the
+ shell does so before displaying the primary prompt. If this
+ variable is unset, or set to a value that is not a number
greater than or equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking.
M\bMA\bAI\bIL\bLP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH
- A colon-separated list of file names to be checked for mail.
+ A colon-separated list of file names to be checked for mail.
The message to be printed when mail arrives in a particular file
- may be specified by separating the file name from the message
+ may be specified by separating the file name from the message
with a `?'. When used in the text of the message, $\b$_\b_ expands to
the name of the current mailfile. Example:
M\bMA\bAI\bIL\bLP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH='/var/mail/bfox?"You have mail":~/shell-mail?"$_ has
mail!"'
- B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh supplies a default value for this variable, but the loca-
- tion of the user mail files that it uses is system dependent
+ B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh supplies a default value for this variable, but the loca-
+ tion of the user mail files that it uses is system dependent
(e.g., /var/mail/$\b$U\bUS\bSE\bER\bR).
O\bOP\bPT\bTE\bER\bRR\bR If set to the value 1, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh displays error messages generated by
- the g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs builtin command (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
- O\bOP\bPT\bTE\bER\bRR\bR is initialized to 1 each time the shell is invoked or a
+ the g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs builtin command (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
+ O\bOP\bPT\bTE\bER\bRR\bR is initialized to 1 each time the shell is invoked or a
shell script is executed.
- P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH The search path for commands. It is a colon-separated list of
- directories in which the shell looks for commands (see C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD
- E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN below). A zero-length (null) directory name in the
+ P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH The search path for commands. It is a colon-separated list of
+ directories in which the shell looks for commands (see C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD
+ E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN below). A zero-length (null) directory name in the
value of P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH indicates the current directory. A null directory
- name may appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial or
- trailing colon. The default path is system-dependent, and is
- set by the administrator who installs b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. A common value is
+ name may appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial or
+ trailing colon. The default path is system-dependent, and is
+ set by the administrator who installs b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. A common value is
``/usr/gnu/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/ucb:/bin:/usr/bin''.
P\bPO\bOS\bSI\bIX\bXL\bLY\bY_\b_C\bCO\bOR\bRR\bRE\bEC\bCT\bT
- If this variable is in the environment when b\bba\bas\bsh\bh starts, the
- shell enters _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be before reading the startup files, as if
- the -\b--\b-p\bpo\bos\bsi\bix\bx invocation option had been supplied. If it is set
- while the shell is running, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh enables _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be, as if the
+ If this variable is in the environment when b\bba\bas\bsh\bh starts, the
+ shell enters _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be before reading the startup files, as if
+ the -\b--\b-p\bpo\bos\bsi\bix\bx invocation option had been supplied. If it is set
+ while the shell is running, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh enables _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be, as if the
command _\bs_\be_\bt _\b-_\bo _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx had been executed.
P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bT_\b_C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD
If set, the value is executed as a command prior to issuing each
primary prompt.
- P\bPS\bS1\b1 The value of this parameter is expanded (see P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG below)
- and used as the primary prompt string. The default value is
+ P\bPS\bS1\b1 The value of this parameter is expanded (see P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG below)
+ and used as the primary prompt string. The default value is
``\\b\s\bs-\b-\\b\v\bv\\b\$\b$ ''.
- P\bPS\bS2\b2 The value of this parameter is expanded as with P\bPS\bS1\b1 and used as
+ P\bPS\bS2\b2 The value of this parameter is expanded as with P\bPS\bS1\b1 and used as
the secondary prompt string. The default is ``>\b> ''.
P\bPS\bS3\b3 The value of this parameter is used as the prompt for the s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt
command (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR above).
- P\bPS\bS4\b4 The value of this parameter is expanded as with P\bPS\bS1\b1 and the
- value is printed before each command b\bba\bas\bsh\bh displays during an
- execution trace. The first character of P\bPS\bS4\b4 is replicated mul-
- tiple times, as necessary, to indicate multiple levels of indi-
+ P\bPS\bS4\b4 The value of this parameter is expanded as with P\bPS\bS1\b1 and the
+ value is printed before each command b\bba\bas\bsh\bh displays during an
+ execution trace. The first character of P\bPS\bS4\b4 is replicated mul-
+ tiple times, as necessary, to indicate multiple levels of indi-
rection. The default is ``+\b+ ''.
S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL The full pathname to the shell is kept in this environment vari-
- able. If it is not set when the shell starts, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh assigns to
+ able. If it is not set when the shell starts, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh assigns to
it the full pathname of the current user's login shell.
T\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT
- The value of this parameter is used as a format string specify-
- ing how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the
- t\bti\bim\bme\be reserved word should be displayed. The %\b% character intro-
- duces an escape sequence that is expanded to a time value or
- other information. The escape sequences and their meanings are
+ The value of this parameter is used as a format string specify-
+ ing how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the
+ t\bti\bim\bme\be reserved word should be displayed. The %\b% character intro-
+ duces an escape sequence that is expanded to a time value or
+ other information. The escape sequences and their meanings are
as follows; the braces denote optional portions.
%\b%%\b% A literal %\b%.
%\b%[\b[_\bp]\b][\b[l\bl]\b]R\bR The elapsed time in seconds.
%\b%[\b[_\bp]\b][\b[l\bl]\b]S\bS The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.
%\b%P\bP The CPU percentage, computed as (%U + %S) / %R.
- The optional _\bp is a digit specifying the _\bp_\br_\be_\bc_\bi_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn, the number
+ The optional _\bp is a digit specifying the _\bp_\br_\be_\bc_\bi_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn, the number
of fractional digits after a decimal point. A value of 0 causes
no decimal point or fraction to be output. At most three places
- after the decimal point may be specified; values of _\bp greater
- than 3 are changed to 3. If _\bp is not specified, the value 3 is
+ after the decimal point may be specified; values of _\bp greater
+ than 3 are changed to 3. If _\bp is not specified, the value 3 is
used.
- The optional l\bl specifies a longer format, including minutes, of
- the form _\bM_\bMm_\bS_\bS._\bF_\bFs. The value of _\bp determines whether or not
+ The optional l\bl specifies a longer format, including minutes, of
+ the form _\bM_\bMm_\bS_\bS._\bF_\bFs. The value of _\bp determines whether or not
the fraction is included.
- If this variable is not set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh acts as if it had the value
- $\b$'\b'\\b\n\bnr\bre\bea\bal\bl\\b\t\bt%\b%3\b3l\blR\bR\\b\n\bnu\bus\bse\ber\br\\b\t\bt%\b%3\b3l\blU\bU\\b\n\bns\bsy\bys\bs%\b%3\b3l\blS\bS'\b'. If the value is null, no
- timing information is displayed. A trailing newline is added
+ If this variable is not set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh acts as if it had the value
+ $\b$'\b'\\b\n\bnr\bre\bea\bal\bl\\b\t\bt%\b%3\b3l\blR\bR\\b\n\bnu\bus\bse\ber\br\\b\t\bt%\b%3\b3l\blU\bU\\b\n\bns\bsy\bys\bs%\b%3\b3l\blS\bS'\b'. If the value is null, no
+ timing information is displayed. A trailing newline is added
when the format string is displayed.
- T\bTM\bMO\bOU\bUT\bT If set to a value greater than zero, T\bTM\bMO\bOU\bUT\bT is treated as the
+ T\bTM\bMO\bOU\bUT\bT If set to a value greater than zero, T\bTM\bMO\bOU\bUT\bT is treated as the
default timeout for the r\bre\bea\bad\bd builtin. The s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt command termi-
nates if input does not arrive after T\bTM\bMO\bOU\bUT\bT seconds when input is
- coming from a terminal. In an interactive shell, the value is
- interpreted as the number of seconds to wait for input after
- issuing the primary prompt. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh terminates after waiting for
+ coming from a terminal. In an interactive shell, the value is
+ interpreted as the number of seconds to wait for input after
+ issuing the primary prompt. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh terminates after waiting for
that number of seconds if input does not arrive.
a\bau\but\bto\bo_\b_r\bre\bes\bsu\bum\bme\be
This variable controls how the shell interacts with the user and
- job control. If this variable is set, single word simple com-
+ job control. If this variable is set, single word simple com-
mands without redirections are treated as candidates for resump-
tion of an existing stopped job. There is no ambiguity allowed;
- if there is more than one job beginning with the string typed,
- the job most recently accessed is selected. The _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be of a
- stopped job, in this context, is the command line used to start
- it. If set to the value _\be_\bx_\ba_\bc_\bt, the string supplied must match
- the name of a stopped job exactly; if set to _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg, the
- string supplied needs to match a substring of the name of a
- stopped job. The _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg value provides functionality analo-
- gous to the %\b%?\b? job identifier (see J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL below). If set
- to any other value, the supplied string must be a prefix of a
+ if there is more than one job beginning with the string typed,
+ the job most recently accessed is selected. The _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be of a
+ stopped job, in this context, is the command line used to start
+ it. If set to the value _\be_\bx_\ba_\bc_\bt, the string supplied must match
+ the name of a stopped job exactly; if set to _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg, the
+ string supplied needs to match a substring of the name of a
+ stopped job. The _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg value provides functionality analo-
+ gous to the %\b%?\b? job identifier (see J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL below). If set
+ to any other value, the supplied string must be a prefix of a
stopped job's name; this provides functionality analogous to the
%\b%_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg job identifier.
h\bhi\bis\bst\btc\bch\bha\bar\brs\bs
- The two or three characters which control history expansion and
+ The two or three characters which control history expansion and
tokenization (see H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN below). The first character
- is the _\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn character, the character which signals
- the start of a history expansion, normally `!\b!'. The second
- character is the _\bq_\bu_\bi_\bc_\bk _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\bi_\bt_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn character, which is used as
- shorthand for re-running the previous command entered,
- substituting one string for another in the command. The default
- is `^\b^'. The optional third character is the character which
- indicates that the remainder of the line is a comment when found
- as the first character of a word, normally `#\b#'. The history
- comment character causes history substitution to be skipped for
- the remaining words on the line. It does not necessarily cause
- the shell parser to treat the rest of the line as a comment.
+ is the _\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn character, the character which signals
+ the start of a history expansion, normally `!\b!'. The second
+ character is the _\bq_\bu_\bi_\bc_\bk _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\bi_\bt_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn character, which is used as
+ shorthand for re-running the previous command entered, substi-
+ tuting one string for another in the command. The default is
+ `^\b^'. The optional third character is the character which indi-
+ cates that the remainder of the line is a comment when found as
+ the first character of a word, normally `#\b#'. The history com-
+ ment character causes history substitution to be skipped for the
+ remaining words on the line. It does not necessarily cause the
+ shell parser to treat the rest of the line as a comment.
A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs
- B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh provides one-dimensional array variables. Any variable may be
+ B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh provides one-dimensional array variables. Any variable may be
used as an array; the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin will explicitly declare an array.
- There is no maximum limit on the size of an array, nor any requirement
- that members be indexed or assigned contiguously. Arrays are indexed
+ There is no maximum limit on the size of an array, nor any requirement
+ that members be indexed or assigned contiguously. Arrays are indexed
using integers and are zero-based.
- An array is created automatically if any variable is assigned to using
- the syntax _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. The _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt is treated as an
- arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number greater than or
- equal to zero. To explicitly declare an array, use d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be -\b-a\ba _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
+ An array is created automatically if any variable is assigned to using
+ the syntax _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. The _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt is treated as an
+ arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number greater than or
+ equal to zero. To explicitly declare an array, use d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be -\b-a\ba _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
(see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below). d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be -\b-a\ba _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[\b[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]\b] is also
accepted; the _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt is ignored. Attributes may be specified for an
array variable using the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be and r\bre\bea\bad\bdo\bon\bnl\bly\by builtins. Each attribute
applies to all members of an array.
- Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form
- _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be=(\b(value_\b1 ... value_\bn)\b), where each _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be is of the form [_\bs_\bu_\bb_\b-
+ Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form
+ _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be=(\b(value_\b1 ... value_\bn)\b), where each _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be is of the form [_\bs_\bu_\bb_\b-
_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]=_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg. Only _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is required. If the optional brackets and
- subscript are supplied, that index is assigned to; otherwise the index
- of the element assigned is the last index assigned to by the statement
- plus one. Indexing starts at zero. This syntax is also accepted by
- the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin. Individual array elements may be assigned to
+ subscript are supplied, that index is assigned to; otherwise the index
+ of the element assigned is the last index assigned to by the statement
+ plus one. Indexing starts at zero. This syntax is also accepted by
+ the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin. Individual array elements may be assigned to
using the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be syntax introduced above.
- Any element of an array may be referenced using ${_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]}.
+ Any element of an array may be referenced using ${_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]}.
The braces are required to avoid conflicts with pathname expansion. If
- _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt is @\b@ or *\b*, the word expands to all members of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. These
- subscripts differ only when the word appears within double quotes. If
+ _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt is @\b@ or *\b*, the word expands to all members of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. These
+ subscripts differ only when the word appears within double quotes. If
the word is double-quoted, ${_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[*]} expands to a single word with the
- value of each array member separated by the first character of the I\bIF\bFS\bS
+ value of each array member separated by the first character of the I\bIF\bFS\bS
special variable, and ${_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[@]} expands each element of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to a sep-
- arate word. When there are no array members, ${_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[@]} expands to
- nothing. If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the
- expansion of the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of
- the original word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined
- with the last part of the original word. This is analogous to the
- expansion of the special parameters *\b* and @\b@ (see S\bSp\bpe\bec\bci\bia\bal\bl P\bPa\bar\bra\bam\bme\bet\bte\ber\brs\bs
- above). ${#_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]} expands to the length of ${_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\b-
- _\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]}. If _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt is *\b* or @\b@, the expansion is the number of ele-
- ments in the array. Referencing an array variable without a subscript
+ arate word. When there are no array members, ${_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[@]} expands to
+ nothing. If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the
+ expansion of the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of
+ the original word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined
+ with the last part of the original word. This is analogous to the
+ expansion of the special parameters *\b* and @\b@ (see S\bSp\bpe\bec\bci\bia\bal\bl P\bPa\bar\bra\bam\bme\bet\bte\ber\brs\bs
+ above). ${#_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]} expands to the length of ${_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\b-
+ _\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]}. If _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt is *\b* or @\b@, the expansion is the number of ele-
+ ments in the array. Referencing an array variable without a subscript
is equivalent to referencing element zero.
- The u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt builtin is used to destroy arrays. u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]
- destroys the array element at index _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt. u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, where _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
- is an array, or u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt], where _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt is *\b* or @\b@,
+ The u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt builtin is used to destroy arrays. u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt]
+ destroys the array element at index _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt. u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, where _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
+ is an array, or u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt], where _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt is *\b* or @\b@,
removes the entire array.
- The d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be, l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdo\bon\bnl\bly\by builtins each accept a -\b-a\ba option to
- specify an array. The r\bre\bea\bad\bd builtin accepts a -\b-a\ba option to assign a
- list of words read from the standard input to an array. The s\bse\bet\bt and
- d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtins display array values in a way that allows them to be
+ The d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be, l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdo\bon\bnl\bly\by builtins each accept a -\b-a\ba option to
+ specify an array. The r\bre\bea\bad\bd builtin accepts a -\b-a\ba option to assign a
+ list of words read from the standard input to an array. The s\bse\bet\bt and
+ d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtins display array values in a way that allows them to be
reused as assignments.
E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN
Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been split into
- words. There are seven kinds of expansion performed: _\bb_\br_\ba_\bc_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn,
- _\bt_\bi_\bl_\bd_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br _\ba_\bn_\bd _\bv_\ba_\br_\bi_\ba_\bb_\bl_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\bi_\bt_\bu_\b-
+ words. There are seven kinds of expansion performed: _\bb_\br_\ba_\bc_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn,
+ _\bt_\bi_\bl_\bd_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br _\ba_\bn_\bd _\bv_\ba_\br_\bi_\ba_\bb_\bl_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\bi_\bt_\bu_\b-
_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\ba_\br_\bi_\bt_\bh_\bm_\be_\bt_\bi_\bc _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd _\bs_\bp_\bl_\bi_\bt_\bt_\bi_\bn_\bg, and _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bh_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn.
- The order of expansions is: brace expansion, tilde expansion, parame-
- ter, variable and arithmetic expansion and command substitution (done
+ The order of expansions is: brace expansion, tilde expansion, parame-
+ ter, variable and arithmetic expansion and command substitution (done
in a left-to-right fashion), word splitting, and pathname expansion.
On systems that can support it, there is an additional expansion avail-
able: _\bp_\br_\bo_\bc_\be_\bs_\bs _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\bi_\bt_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn.
Only brace expansion, word splitting, and pathname expansion can change
- the number of words of the expansion; other expansions expand a single
- word to a single word. The only exceptions to this are the expansions
+ the number of words of the expansion; other expansions expand a single
+ word to a single word. The only exceptions to this are the expansions
of "$\b$@\b@" and "$\b${\b{_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[\b[@\b@]\b]}\b}" as explained above (see P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bET\bTE\bER\bRS\bS).
B\bBr\bra\bac\bce\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
_\bB_\br_\ba_\bc_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be gener-
- ated. This mechanism is similar to _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bh_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn, but the file-
+ ated. This mechanism is similar to _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bh_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn, but the file-
names generated need not exist. Patterns to be brace expanded take the
form of an optional _\bp_\br_\be_\ba_\bm_\bb_\bl_\be, followed by either a series of comma-sep-
- arated strings or a sequence expression between a pair of braces, fol-
- lowed by an optional _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bt_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt. The preamble is prefixed to each
+ arated strings or a sequence expression between a pair of braces, fol-
+ lowed by an optional _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bt_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt. The preamble is prefixed to each
string contained within the braces, and the postscript is then appended
to each resulting string, expanding left to right.
- Brace expansions may be nested. The results of each expanded string
- are not sorted; left to right order is preserved. For example,
+ Brace expansions may be nested. The results of each expanded string
+ are not sorted; left to right order is preserved. For example,
a{\b{d,c,b}\b}e expands into `ade ace abe'.
- A sequence expression takes the form {\b{_\bx.\b..\b._\by}\b}, where _\bx and _\by are either
+ A sequence expression takes the form {\b{_\bx.\b..\b._\by}\b}, where _\bx and _\by are either
integers or single characters. When integers are supplied, the expres-
- sion expands to each number between _\bx and _\by, inclusive. When charac-
- ters are supplied, the expression expands to each character lexico-
+ sion expands to each number between _\bx and _\by, inclusive. When charac-
+ ters are supplied, the expression expands to each character lexico-
graphically between _\bx and _\by, inclusive. Note that both _\bx and _\by must be
of the same type.
Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions, and any char-
- acters special to other expansions are preserved in the result. It is
- strictly textual. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh does not apply any syntactic interpretation to
+ acters special to other expansions are preserved in the result. It is
+ strictly textual. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh does not apply any syntactic interpretation to
the context of the expansion or the text between the braces.
- A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening and
- closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma or a valid sequence
- expression. Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged.
+ A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening and
+ closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma or a valid sequence
+ expression. Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged.
A {\b{ or ,\b, may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its being considered
- part of a brace expression. To avoid conflicts with parameter expan-
+ part of a brace expression. To avoid conflicts with parameter expan-
sion, the string $\b${\b{ is not considered eligible for brace expansion.
This construct is typically used as shorthand when the common prefix of
or
chown root /usr/{ucb/{ex,edit},lib/{ex?.?*,how_ex}}
- Brace expansion introduces a slight incompatibility with historical
- versions of s\bsh\bh. s\bsh\bh does not treat opening or closing braces specially
- when they appear as part of a word, and preserves them in the output.
- B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh removes braces from words as a consequence of brace expansion.
- For example, a word entered to s\bsh\bh as _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b{_\b1_\b,_\b2_\b} appears identically in
- the output. The same word is output as _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2 after expansion by
- b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. If strict compatibility with s\bsh\bh is desired, start b\bba\bas\bsh\bh with the
+ Brace expansion introduces a slight incompatibility with historical
+ versions of s\bsh\bh. s\bsh\bh does not treat opening or closing braces specially
+ when they appear as part of a word, and preserves them in the output.
+ B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh removes braces from words as a consequence of brace expansion.
+ For example, a word entered to s\bsh\bh as _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b{_\b1_\b,_\b2_\b} appears identically in
+ the output. The same word is output as _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2 after expansion by
+ b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. If strict compatibility with s\bsh\bh is desired, start b\bba\bas\bsh\bh with the
+\b+B\bB option or disable brace expansion with the +\b+B\bB option to the s\bse\bet\bt com-
mand (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
T\bTi\bil\bld\bde\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
- If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character (`~\b~'), all of the
- characters preceding the first unquoted slash (or all characters, if
- there is no unquoted slash) are considered a _\bt_\bi_\bl_\bd_\be_\b-_\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx. If none of
- the characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the characters in the
- tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a possible _\bl_\bo_\bg_\bi_\bn _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
- If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the
- value of the shell parameter H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE. If H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE is unset, the home direc-
- tory of the user executing the shell is substituted instead. Other-
- wise, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory associated
+ If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character (`~\b~'), all of the
+ characters preceding the first unquoted slash (or all characters, if
+ there is no unquoted slash) are considered a _\bt_\bi_\bl_\bd_\be_\b-_\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx. If none of
+ the characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the characters in the
+ tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a possible _\bl_\bo_\bg_\bi_\bn _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
+ If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the
+ value of the shell parameter H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE. If H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE is unset, the home direc-
+ tory of the user executing the shell is substituted instead. Other-
+ wise, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory associated
with the specified login name.
- If the tilde-prefix is a `~+', the value of the shell variable P\bPW\bWD\bD
+ If the tilde-prefix is a `~+', the value of the shell variable P\bPW\bWD\bD
replaces the tilde-prefix. If the tilde-prefix is a `~-', the value of
- the shell variable O\bOL\bLD\bDP\bPW\bWD\bD, if it is set, is substituted. If the char-
- acters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a number _\bN,
- optionally prefixed by a `+' or a `-', the tilde-prefix is replaced
+ the shell variable O\bOL\bLD\bDP\bPW\bWD\bD, if it is set, is substituted. If the char-
+ acters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a number _\bN,
+ optionally prefixed by a `+' or a `-', the tilde-prefix is replaced
with the corresponding element from the directory stack, as it would be
displayed by the d\bdi\bir\brs\bs builtin invoked with the tilde-prefix as an argu-
- ment. If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix con-
+ ment. If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix con-
sist of a number without a leading `+' or `-', `+' is assumed.
If the login name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the word is
Each variable assignment is checked for unquoted tilde-prefixes immedi-
ately following a :\b: or the first =\b=. In these cases, tilde expansion is
- also performed. Consequently, one may use file names with tildes in
- assignments to P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, M\bMA\bAI\bIL\bLP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, and C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, and the shell assigns the
+ also performed. Consequently, one may use file names with tildes in
+ assignments to P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, M\bMA\bAI\bIL\bLP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, and C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, and the shell assigns the
expanded value.
P\bPa\bar\bra\bam\bme\bet\bte\ber\br E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
The `$\b$' character introduces parameter expansion, command substitution,
- or arithmetic expansion. The parameter name or symbol to be expanded
- may be enclosed in braces, which are optional but serve to protect the
- variable to be expanded from characters immediately following it which
+ or arithmetic expansion. The parameter name or symbol to be expanded
+ may be enclosed in braces, which are optional but serve to protect the
+ variable to be expanded from characters immediately following it which
could be interpreted as part of the name.
- When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first `}\b}' not
- escaped by a backslash or within a quoted string, and not within an
+ When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first `}\b}' not
+ escaped by a backslash or within a quoted string, and not within an
embedded arithmetic expansion, command substitution, or parameter
expansion.
${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br}
- The value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is substituted. The braces are required
- when _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is a positional parameter with more than one
+ The value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is substituted. The braces are required
+ when _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is a positional parameter with more than one
digit, or when _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is followed by a character which is not
to be interpreted as part of its name.
If the first character of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an exclamation point, a level of
- variable indirection is introduced. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh uses the value of the vari-
- able formed from the rest of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br as the name of the variable;
- this variable is then expanded and that value is used in the rest of
- the substitution, rather than the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br itself. This is
+ variable indirection is introduced. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh uses the value of the vari-
+ able formed from the rest of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br as the name of the variable;
+ this variable is then expanded and that value is used in the rest of
+ the substitution, rather than the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br itself. This is
known as _\bi_\bn_\bd_\bi_\br_\be_\bc_\bt _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn. The exceptions to this are the expansions
- of ${!_\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx*} and ${!\b!_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\b@]} described below. The exclamation point
- must immediately follow the left brace in order to introduce indirec-
+ of ${!_\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx*} and ${!\b!_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\b@]} described below. The exclamation point
+ must immediately follow the left brace in order to introduce indirec-
tion.
In each of the cases below, _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is subject to tilde expansion, parame-
- ter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. When
- not performing substring expansion, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh tests for a parameter that is
- unset or null; omitting the colon results in a test only for a parame-
+ ter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. When
+ not performing substring expansion, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh tests for a parameter that is
+ unset or null; omitting the colon results in a test only for a parame-
ter that is unset.
${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br:\b:-\b-_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd}
- U\bUs\bse\be D\bDe\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt V\bVa\bal\blu\bue\bes\bs. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is unset or null, the expan-
- sion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is substituted. Otherwise, the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br
+ U\bUs\bse\be D\bDe\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt V\bVa\bal\blu\bue\bes\bs. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is unset or null, the expan-
+ sion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is substituted. Otherwise, the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br
is substituted.
${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br:\b:=\b=_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd}
- A\bAs\bss\bsi\big\bgn\bn D\bDe\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt V\bVa\bal\blu\bue\bes\bs. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is unset or null, the
+ A\bAs\bss\bsi\big\bgn\bn D\bDe\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt V\bVa\bal\blu\bue\bes\bs. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is unset or null, the
expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is assigned to _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br. The value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\b-
- _\be_\bt_\be_\br is then substituted. Positional parameters and special
+ _\be_\bt_\be_\br is then substituted. Positional parameters and special
parameters may not be assigned to in this way.
${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br:\b:?\b?_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd}
- D\bDi\bis\bsp\bpl\bla\bay\by E\bEr\brr\bro\bor\br i\bif\bf N\bNu\bul\bll\bl o\bor\br U\bUn\bns\bse\bet\bt. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is null or unset,
- the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd (or a message to that effect if _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is
- not present) is written to the standard error and the shell, if
+ D\bDi\bis\bsp\bpl\bla\bay\by E\bEr\brr\bro\bor\br i\bif\bf N\bNu\bul\bll\bl o\bor\br U\bUn\bns\bse\bet\bt. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is null or unset,
+ the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd (or a message to that effect if _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is
+ not present) is written to the standard error and the shell, if
it is not interactive, exits. Otherwise, the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br
is substituted.
${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br:\b:+\b+_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd}
- U\bUs\bse\be A\bAl\blt\bte\ber\brn\bna\bat\bte\be V\bVa\bal\blu\bue\be. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is null or unset, nothing is
+ U\bUs\bse\be A\bAl\blt\bte\ber\brn\bna\bat\bte\be V\bVa\bal\blu\bue\be. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is null or unset, nothing is
substituted, otherwise the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is substituted.
${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br:\b:_\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt}
${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br:\b:_\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt:\b:_\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh}
- S\bSu\bub\bbs\bst\btr\bri\bin\bng\bg E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn.\b. Expands to up to _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh characters of
- _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br starting at the character specified by _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt. If
- _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh is omitted, expands to the substring of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br start-
+ S\bSu\bub\bbs\bst\btr\bri\bin\bng\bg E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn.\b. Expands to up to _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh characters of
+ _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br starting at the character specified by _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt. If
+ _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh is omitted, expands to the substring of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br start-
ing at the character specified by _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt. _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh and _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt are
- arithmetic expressions (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN below).
- _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh must evaluate to a number greater than or equal to zero.
- If _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt evaluates to a number less than zero, the value is
- used as an offset from the end of the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br. If
- _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is @\b@, the result is _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh positional parameters
+ arithmetic expressions (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN below).
+ _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh must evaluate to a number greater than or equal to zero.
+ If _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt evaluates to a number less than zero, the value is
+ used as an offset from the end of the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br. If
+ _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is @\b@, the result is _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh positional parameters
beginning at _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an array name indexed by @
- or *, the result is the _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh members of the array beginning
- with ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br[_\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt]}. A negative _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt is taken relative
- to one greater than the maximum index of the specified array.
- Note that a negative offset must be separated from the colon by
- at least one space to avoid being confused with the :- expan-
- sion. Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional
+ or *, the result is the _\bl_\be_\bn_\bg_\bt_\bh members of the array beginning
+ with ${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br[_\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt]}. A negative _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt is taken relative
+ to one greater than the maximum index of the specified array.
+ Note that a negative offset must be separated from the colon by
+ at least one space to avoid being confused with the :- expan-
+ sion. Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional
parameters are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1.
${!\b!_\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx*\b*}
${!\b!_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\b@]}
${!\b!_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\b*]}
- If _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an array variable, expands to the list of array
- indices (keys) assigned in _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not an array,
- expands to 0 if _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set and null otherwise. When _\b@ is used
+ If _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an array variable, expands to the list of array
+ indices (keys) assigned in _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not an array,
+ expands to 0 if _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set and null otherwise. When _\b@ is used
and the expansion appears within double quotes, each key expands
to a separate word.
${#\b#_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br}
- The length in characters of the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is substi-
- tuted. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is *\b* or @\b@, the value substituted is the
- number of positional parameters. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an array name
- subscripted by *\b* or @\b@, the value substituted is the number of
+ The length in characters of the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is substi-
+ tuted. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is *\b* or @\b@, the value substituted is the
+ number of positional parameters. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an array name
+ subscripted by *\b* or @\b@, the value substituted is the number of
elements in the array.
${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br#\b#_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd}
${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br#\b##\b#_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd}
- The _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is expanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname
+ The _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is expanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname
expansion. If the pattern matches the beginning of the value of
- _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br, then the result of the expansion is the expanded
+ _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br, then the result of the expansion is the expanded
value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br with the shortest matching pattern (the ``#\b#''
case) or the longest matching pattern (the ``#\b##\b#'' case) deleted.
If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is @\b@ or *\b*, the pattern removal operation is applied
- to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the
- resultant list. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an array variable subscripted
- with @\b@ or *\b*, the pattern removal operation is applied to each
- member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant
+ to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the
+ resultant list. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an array variable subscripted
+ with @\b@ or *\b*, the pattern removal operation is applied to each
+ member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant
list.
${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br%\b%_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd}
${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br%\b%%\b%_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd}
- The _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is expanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname
- expansion. If the pattern matches a trailing portion of the
+ The _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is expanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname
+ expansion. If the pattern matches a trailing portion of the
expanded value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br, then the result of the expansion is
- the expanded value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br with the shortest matching pat-
- tern (the ``%\b%'' case) or the longest matching pattern (the
- ``%\b%%\b%'' case) deleted. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is @\b@ or *\b*, the pattern
- removal operation is applied to each positional parameter in
- turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is
- an array variable subscripted with @\b@ or *\b*, the pattern removal
- operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and
+ the expanded value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br with the shortest matching pat-
+ tern (the ``%\b%'' case) or the longest matching pattern (the
+ ``%\b%%\b%'' case) deleted. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is @\b@ or *\b*, the pattern
+ removal operation is applied to each positional parameter in
+ turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is
+ an array variable subscripted with @\b@ or *\b*, the pattern removal
+ operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and
the expansion is the resultant list.
${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br/\b/_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn/\b/_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg}
${_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br/\b//\b/_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn/\b/_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg}
The _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn is expanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname
- expansion. _\bP_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is expanded and the longest match of
- _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn against its value is replaced with _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg. In the first
- form, only the first match is replaced. The second form causes
- all matches of _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn to be replaced with _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg. If _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn
- begins with #\b#, it must match at the beginning of the expanded
- value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br. If _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn begins with %\b%, it must match at
- the end of the expanded value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br. If _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is null,
- matches of _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn are deleted and the /\b/ following _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn may
- be omitted. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is @\b@ or *\b*, the substitution operation
- is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the expan-
- sion is the resultant list. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an array variable
- subscripted with @\b@ or *\b*, the substitution operation is applied
- to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the
+ expansion. _\bP_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is expanded and the longest match of _\bp_\ba_\bt_\b-
+ _\bt_\be_\br_\bn against its value is replaced with _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg. In the first
+ form, only the first match is replaced. The second form causes
+ all matches of _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn to be replaced with _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg. If _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn
+ begins with #\b#, it must match at the beginning of the expanded
+ value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br. If _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn begins with %\b%, it must match at
+ the end of the expanded value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br. If _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is null,
+ matches of _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn are deleted and the /\b/ following _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn may
+ be omitted. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is @\b@ or *\b*, the substitution operation
+ is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the expan-
+ sion is the resultant list. If _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an array variable
+ subscripted with @\b@ or *\b*, the substitution operation is applied
+ to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the
resultant list.
C\bCo\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd S\bSu\bub\bbs\bst\bti\bit\btu\but\bti\bio\bon\bn
`\b`_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd`\b`
B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh performs the expansion by executing _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd and replacing the com-
- mand substitution with the standard output of the command, with any
+ mand substitution with the standard output of the command, with any
trailing newlines deleted. Embedded newlines are not deleted, but they
- may be removed during word splitting. The command substitution $\b$(\b(c\bca\bat\bt
+ may be removed during word splitting. The command substitution $\b$(\b(c\bca\bat\bt
_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be)\b) can be replaced by the equivalent but faster $\b$(\b(<\b< _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be)\b).
- When the old-style backquote form of substitution is used, backslash
- retains its literal meaning except when followed by $\b$, `\b`, or \\b\. The
+ When the old-style backquote form of substitution is used, backslash
+ retains its literal meaning except when followed by $\b$, `\b`, or \\b\. The
first backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the command sub-
- stitution. When using the $(_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd) form, all characters between the
+ stitution. When using the $(_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd) form, all characters between the
parentheses make up the command; none are treated specially.
Command substitutions may be nested. To nest when using the backquoted
form, escape the inner backquotes with backslashes.
- If the substitution appears within double quotes, word splitting and
+ If the substitution appears within double quotes, word splitting and
pathname expansion are not performed on the results.
A\bAr\bri\bit\bth\bhm\bme\bet\bti\bic\bc E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
- Arithmetic expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic expression
- and the substitution of the result. The format for arithmetic expan-
+ Arithmetic expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic expression
+ and the substitution of the result. The format for arithmetic expan-
sion is:
$\b$(\b((\b(_\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn)\b))\b)
- The _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn is treated as if it were within double quotes, but a
- double quote inside the parentheses is not treated specially. All
+ The _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn is treated as if it were within double quotes, but a
+ double quote inside the parentheses is not treated specially. All
tokens in the expression undergo parameter expansion, string expansion,
- command substitution, and quote removal. Arithmetic expansions may be
+ command substitution, and quote removal. Arithmetic expansions may be
nested.
- The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below under
+ The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below under
A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN. If _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn is invalid, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh prints a message
indicating failure and no substitution occurs.
P\bPr\bro\boc\bce\bes\bss\bs S\bSu\bub\bbs\bst\bti\bit\btu\but\bti\bio\bon\bn
- _\bP_\br_\bo_\bc_\be_\bs_\bs _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\bi_\bt_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is supported on systems that support named pipes
- (_\bF_\bI_\bF_\bO_\bs) or the /\b/d\bde\bev\bv/\b/f\bfd\bd method of naming open files. It takes the form
- of <\b<(\b(_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b) or >\b>(\b(_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b). The process _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is run with its input or out-
+ _\bP_\br_\bo_\bc_\be_\bs_\bs _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\bi_\bt_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is supported on systems that support named pipes
+ (_\bF_\bI_\bF_\bO_\bs) or the /\b/d\bde\bev\bv/\b/f\bfd\bd method of naming open files. It takes the form
+ of <\b<(\b(_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b) or >\b>(\b(_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b). The process _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is run with its input or out-
put connected to a _\bF_\bI_\bF_\bO or some file in /\b/d\bde\bev\bv/\b/f\bfd\bd. The name of this file
- is passed as an argument to the current command as the result of the
- expansion. If the >\b>(\b(_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b) form is used, writing to the file will pro-
- vide input for _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt. If the <\b<(\b(_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b) form is used, the file passed as
+ is passed as an argument to the current command as the result of the
+ expansion. If the >\b>(\b(_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b) form is used, writing to the file will pro-
+ vide input for _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt. If the <\b<(\b(_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)\b) form is used, the file passed as
an argument should be read to obtain the output of _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt.
- When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with
- parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic
+ When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with
+ parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic
expansion.
W\bWo\bor\brd\bd S\bSp\bpl\bli\bit\btt\bti\bin\bng\bg
- The shell scans the results of parameter expansion, command substitu-
- tion, and arithmetic expansion that did not occur within double quotes
+ The shell scans the results of parameter expansion, command substitu-
+ tion, and arithmetic expansion that did not occur within double quotes
for _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd _\bs_\bp_\bl_\bi_\bt_\bt_\bi_\bn_\bg.
- The shell treats each character of I\bIF\bFS\bS as a delimiter, and splits the
+ The shell treats each character of I\bIF\bFS\bS as a delimiter, and splits the
results of the other expansions into words on these characters. If I\bIF\bFS\bS
- is unset, or its value is exactly <\b<s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be>\b><\b<t\bta\bab\bb>\b><\b<n\bne\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be>\b>, the default,
- then any sequence of I\bIF\bFS\bS characters serves to delimit words. If I\bIF\bFS\bS
- has a value other than the default, then sequences of the whitespace
- characters s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be and t\bta\bab\bb are ignored at the beginning and end of the
- word, as long as the whitespace character is in the value of I\bIF\bFS\bS (an
- I\bIF\bFS\bS whitespace character). Any character in I\bIF\bFS\bS that is not I\bIF\bFS\bS
+ is unset, or its value is exactly <\b<s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be>\b><\b<t\bta\bab\bb>\b><\b<n\bne\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be>\b>, the default,
+ then any sequence of I\bIF\bFS\bS characters serves to delimit words. If I\bIF\bFS\bS
+ has a value other than the default, then sequences of the whitespace
+ characters s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be and t\bta\bab\bb are ignored at the beginning and end of the
+ word, as long as the whitespace character is in the value of I\bIF\bFS\bS (an
+ I\bIF\bFS\bS whitespace character). Any character in I\bIF\bFS\bS that is not I\bIF\bFS\bS
whitespace, along with any adjacent I\bIF\bFS\bS whitespace characters, delimits
- a field. A sequence of I\bIF\bFS\bS whitespace characters is also treated as a
+ a field. A sequence of I\bIF\bFS\bS whitespace characters is also treated as a
delimiter. If the value of I\bIF\bFS\bS is null, no word splitting occurs.
- Explicit null arguments ("\b""\b" or '\b''\b') are retained. Unquoted implicit
+ Explicit null arguments ("\b""\b" or '\b''\b') are retained. Unquoted implicit
null arguments, resulting from the expansion of parameters that have no
- values, are removed. If a parameter with no value is expanded within
+ values, are removed. If a parameter with no value is expanded within
double quotes, a null argument results and is retained.
Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting is performed.
P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
- After word splitting, unless the -\b-f\bf option has been set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh scans
- each word for the characters *\b*, ?\b?, and [\b[. If one of these characters
- appears, then the word is regarded as a _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn, and replaced with an
- alphabetically sorted list of file names matching the pattern. If no
- matching file names are found, and the shell option n\bnu\bul\bll\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb is dis-
- abled, the word is left unchanged. If the n\bnu\bul\bll\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb option is set, and
- no matches are found, the word is removed. If the f\bfa\bai\bil\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell
- option is set, and no matches are found, an error message is printed
- and the command is not executed. If the shell option n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\beg\bgl\blo\bob\bb is
- enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alpha-
- betic characters. When a pattern is used for pathname expansion, the
- character `\b``\b`.\b.'\b''\b' at the start of a name or immediately following a
- slash must be matched explicitly, unless the shell option d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb is
- set. When matching a pathname, the slash character must always be
- matched explicitly. In other cases, the `\b``\b`.\b.'\b''\b' character is not
- treated specially. See the description of s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt below under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL
- B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS for a description of the n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\beg\bgl\blo\bob\bb, n\bnu\bul\bll\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb, f\bfa\bai\bil\bl-\b-
+ After word splitting, unless the -\b-f\bf option has been set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh scans
+ each word for the characters *\b*, ?\b?, and [\b[. If one of these characters
+ appears, then the word is regarded as a _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn, and replaced with an
+ alphabetically sorted list of file names matching the pattern. If no
+ matching file names are found, and the shell option n\bnu\bul\bll\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb is dis-
+ abled, the word is left unchanged. If the n\bnu\bul\bll\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb option is set, and
+ no matches are found, the word is removed. If the f\bfa\bai\bil\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell
+ option is set, and no matches are found, an error message is printed
+ and the command is not executed. If the shell option n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\beg\bgl\blo\bob\bb is
+ enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alpha-
+ betic characters. When a pattern is used for pathname expansion, the
+ character `\b``\b`.\b.'\b''\b' at the start of a name or immediately following a
+ slash must be matched explicitly, unless the shell option d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb is
+ set. When matching a pathname, the slash character must always be
+ matched explicitly. In other cases, the `\b``\b`.\b.'\b''\b' character is not
+ treated specially. See the description of s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt below under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL
+ B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS for a description of the n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\beg\bgl\blo\bob\bb, n\bnu\bul\bll\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb, f\bfa\bai\bil\bl-\b-
g\bgl\blo\bob\bb, and d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell options.
- The G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE shell variable may be used to restrict the set of file
- names matching a _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn. If G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is set, each matching file
- name that also matches one of the patterns in G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is removed
+ The G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE shell variable may be used to restrict the set of file
+ names matching a _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn. If G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is set, each matching file
+ name that also matches one of the patterns in G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is removed
from the list of matches. The file names `\b``\b`.\b.'\b''\b' and `\b``\b`.\b..\b.'\b''\b' are always
- ignored when G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is set and not null. However, setting G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bG-\b-
- N\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE to a non-null value has the effect of enabling the d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell
+ ignored when G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is set and not null. However, setting G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bG-\b-
+ N\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE to a non-null value has the effect of enabling the d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell
option, so all other file names beginning with a `\b``\b`.\b.'\b''\b' will match. To
- get the old behavior of ignoring file names beginning with a `\b``\b`.\b.'\b''\b',
- make `\b``\b`.\b.*\b*'\b''\b' one of the patterns in G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE. The d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb option is
+ get the old behavior of ignoring file names beginning with a `\b``\b`.\b.'\b''\b',
+ make `\b``\b`.\b.*\b*'\b''\b' one of the patterns in G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE. The d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb option is
disabled when G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is unset.
P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg
Any character that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern
- characters described below, matches itself. The NUL character may not
- occur in a pattern. A backslash escapes the following character; the
- escaping backslash is discarded when matching. The special pattern
+ characters described below, matches itself. The NUL character may not
+ occur in a pattern. A backslash escapes the following character; the
+ escaping backslash is discarded when matching. The special pattern
characters must be quoted if they are to be matched literally.
The special pattern characters have the following meanings:
*\b* Matches any string, including the null string.
?\b? Matches any single character.
- [\b[.\b..\b..\b.]\b] Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of charac-
+ [\b[.\b..\b..\b.]\b] Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of charac-
ters separated by a hyphen denotes a _\br_\ba_\bn_\bg_\be _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn; any char-
- acter that sorts between those two characters, inclusive, using
- the current locale's collating sequence and character set, is
- matched. If the first character following the [\b[ is a !\b! or a ^\b^
- then any character not enclosed is matched. The sorting order
- of characters in range expressions is determined by the current
- locale and the value of the L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCO\bOL\bLL\bLA\bAT\bTE\bE shell variable, if set.
- A -\b- may be matched by including it as the first or last charac-
+ acter that sorts between those two characters, inclusive, using
+ the current locale's collating sequence and character set, is
+ matched. If the first character following the [\b[ is a !\b! or a ^\b^
+ then any character not enclosed is matched. The sorting order
+ of characters in range expressions is determined by the current
+ locale and the value of the L\bLC\bC_\b_C\bCO\bOL\bLL\bLA\bAT\bTE\bE shell variable, if set.
+ A -\b- may be matched by including it as the first or last charac-
ter in the set. A ]\b] may be matched by including it as the first
character in the set.
- Within [\b[ and ]\b], _\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\be_\br _\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs_\be_\bs can be specified using the
- syntax [\b[:\b:_\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs:\b:]\b], where _\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs is one of the following classes
+ Within [\b[ and ]\b], _\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\be_\br _\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs_\be_\bs can be specified using the
+ syntax [\b[:\b:_\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs:\b:]\b], where _\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs is one of the following classes
defined in the POSIX.2 standard:
- a\bal\bln\bnu\bum\bm a\bal\blp\bph\bha\ba a\bas\bsc\bci\bii\bi b\bbl\bla\ban\bnk\bk c\bcn\bnt\btr\brl\bl d\bdi\big\bgi\bit\bt g\bgr\bra\bap\bph\bh l\blo\bow\bwe\ber\br p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\bt p\bpu\bun\bnc\bct\bt
+ a\bal\bln\bnu\bum\bm a\bal\blp\bph\bha\ba a\bas\bsc\bci\bii\bi b\bbl\bla\ban\bnk\bk c\bcn\bnt\btr\brl\bl d\bdi\big\bgi\bit\bt g\bgr\bra\bap\bph\bh l\blo\bow\bwe\ber\br p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\bt p\bpu\bun\bnc\bct\bt
s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be u\bup\bpp\bpe\ber\br w\bwo\bor\brd\bd x\bxd\bdi\big\bgi\bit\bt
A character class matches any character belonging to that class.
- The w\bwo\bor\brd\bd character class matches letters, digits, and the char-
+ The w\bwo\bor\brd\bd character class matches letters, digits, and the char-
acter _.
- Within [\b[ and ]\b], an _\be_\bq_\bu_\bi_\bv_\ba_\bl_\be_\bn_\bc_\be _\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs can be specified using the
- syntax [\b[=\b=_\bc=\b=]\b], which matches all characters with the same colla-
- tion weight (as defined by the current locale) as the character
+ Within [\b[ and ]\b], an _\be_\bq_\bu_\bi_\bv_\ba_\bl_\be_\bn_\bc_\be _\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs can be specified using the
+ syntax [\b[=\b=_\bc=\b=]\b], which matches all characters with the same colla-
+ tion weight (as defined by the current locale) as the character
_\bc.
Within [\b[ and ]\b], the syntax [\b[.\b._\bs_\by_\bm_\bb_\bo_\bl.\b.]\b] matches the collating sym-
bol _\bs_\by_\bm_\bb_\bo_\bl.
If the e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell option is enabled using the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin, several
- extended pattern matching operators are recognized. In the following
+ extended pattern matching operators are recognized. In the following
description, a _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn_\b-_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is a list of one or more patterns separated
by a |\b|. Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the fol-
lowing sub-patterns:
Q\bQu\buo\bot\bte\be R\bRe\bem\bmo\bov\bva\bal\bl
After the preceding expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the charac-
- ters \\b\, '\b', and "\b" that did not result from one of the above expansions
+ ters \\b\, '\b', and "\b" that did not result from one of the above expansions
are removed.
R\bRE\bED\bDI\bIR\bRE\bEC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
- Before a command is executed, its input and output may be _\br_\be_\bd_\bi_\br_\be_\bc_\bt_\be_\bd
- using a special notation interpreted by the shell. Redirection may
- also be used to open and close files for the current shell execution
+ Before a command is executed, its input and output may be _\br_\be_\bd_\bi_\br_\be_\bc_\bt_\be_\bd
+ using a special notation interpreted by the shell. Redirection may
+ also be used to open and close files for the current shell execution
environment. The following redirection operators may precede or appear
anywhere within a _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd or may follow a _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd. Redirections
are processed in the order they appear, from left to right.
- In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is omit-
- ted, and the first character of the redirection operator is <\b<, the
- redirection refers to the standard input (file descriptor 0). If the
- first character of the redirection operator is >\b>, the redirection
+ In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is omit-
+ ted, and the first character of the redirection operator is <\b<, the
+ redirection refers to the standard input (file descriptor 0). If the
+ first character of the redirection operator is >\b>, the redirection
refers to the standard output (file descriptor 1).
- The word following the redirection operator in the following descrip-
- tions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion, tilde
+ The word following the redirection operator in the following descrip-
+ tions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion, tilde
expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expan-
- sion, quote removal, pathname expansion, and word splitting. If it
+ sion, quote removal, pathname expansion, and word splitting. If it
expands to more than one word, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh reports an error.
- Note that the order of redirections is significant. For example, the
+ Note that the order of redirections is significant. For example, the
command
ls >\b> dirlist 2>\b>&\b&1
- directs both standard output and standard error to the file _\bd_\bi_\br_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt,
+ directs both standard output and standard error to the file _\bd_\bi_\br_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt,
while the command
ls 2>\b>&\b&1 >\b> dirlist
- directs only the standard output to file _\bd_\bi_\br_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt, because the standard
- error was duplicated as standard output before the standard output was
+ directs only the standard output to file _\bd_\bi_\br_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt, because the standard
+ error was duplicated as standard output before the standard output was
redirected to _\bd_\bi_\br_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt.
B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh handles several filenames specially when they are used in redirec-
tions, as described in the following table:
/\b/d\bde\bev\bv/\b/f\bfd\bd/\b/_\bf_\bd
- If _\bf_\bd is a valid integer, file descriptor _\bf_\bd is dupli-
+ If _\bf_\bd is a valid integer, file descriptor _\bf_\bd is dupli-
cated.
/\b/d\bde\bev\bv/\b/s\bst\btd\bdi\bin\bn
File descriptor 0 is duplicated.
File descriptor 2 is duplicated.
/\b/d\bde\bev\bv/\b/t\btc\bcp\bp/\b/_\bh_\bo_\bs_\bt/\b/_\bp_\bo_\br_\bt
If _\bh_\bo_\bs_\bt is a valid hostname or Internet address, and _\bp_\bo_\br_\bt
- is an integer port number or service name, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts
+ is an integer port number or service name, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts
to open a TCP connection to the corresponding socket.
/\b/d\bde\bev\bv/\b/u\bud\bdp\bp/\b/_\bh_\bo_\bs_\bt/\b/_\bp_\bo_\br_\bt
If _\bh_\bo_\bs_\bt is a valid hostname or Internet address, and _\bp_\bo_\br_\bt
- is an integer port number or service name, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts
+ is an integer port number or service name, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts
to open a UDP connection to the corresponding socket.
A failure to open or create a file causes the redirection to fail.
- Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used with
- care, as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses inter-
+ Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used with
+ care, as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses inter-
nally.
R\bRe\bed\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bti\bin\bng\bg I\bIn\bnp\bpu\but\bt
Redirection of input causes the file whose name results from the expan-
- sion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd to be opened for reading on file descriptor _\bn, or the
+ sion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd to be opened for reading on file descriptor _\bn, or the
standard input (file descriptor 0) if _\bn is not specified.
The general format for redirecting input is:
[_\bn]<\b<_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
R\bRe\bed\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bti\bin\bng\bg O\bOu\but\btp\bpu\but\bt
- Redirection of output causes the file whose name results from the
+ Redirection of output causes the file whose name results from the
expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd to be opened for writing on file descriptor _\bn, or the
standard output (file descriptor 1) if _\bn is not specified. If the file
- does not exist it is created; if it does exist it is truncated to zero
+ does not exist it is created; if it does exist it is truncated to zero
size.
The general format for redirecting output is:
[_\bn]>\b>_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
- If the redirection operator is >\b>, and the n\bno\boc\bcl\blo\bob\bbb\bbe\ber\br option to the s\bse\bet\bt
- builtin has been enabled, the redirection will fail if the file whose
- name results from the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd exists and is a regular file.
+ If the redirection operator is >\b>, and the n\bno\boc\bcl\blo\bob\bbb\bbe\ber\br option to the s\bse\bet\bt
+ builtin has been enabled, the redirection will fail if the file whose
+ name results from the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd exists and is a regular file.
If the redirection operator is >\b>|\b|, or the redirection operator is >\b> and
- the n\bno\boc\bcl\blo\bob\bbb\bbe\ber\br option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command is not enabled, the
+ the n\bno\boc\bcl\blo\bob\bbb\bbe\ber\br option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command is not enabled, the
redirection is attempted even if the file named by _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd exists.
A\bAp\bpp\bpe\ben\bnd\bdi\bin\bng\bg R\bRe\bed\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bte\bed\bd O\bOu\but\btp\bpu\but\bt
- Redirection of output in this fashion causes the file whose name
- results from the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd to be opened for appending on file
- descriptor _\bn, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if _\bn is not
+ Redirection of output in this fashion causes the file whose name
+ results from the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd to be opened for appending on file
+ descriptor _\bn, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if _\bn is not
specified. If the file does not exist it is created.
The general format for appending output is:
R\bRe\bed\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bti\bin\bng\bg S\bSt\bta\ban\bnd\bda\bar\brd\bd O\bOu\but\btp\bpu\but\bt a\ban\bnd\bd S\bSt\bta\ban\bnd\bda\bar\brd\bd E\bEr\brr\bro\bor\br
- B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and the stan-
- dard error output (file descriptor 2) to be redirected to the file
+ B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and the stan-
+ dard error output (file descriptor 2) to be redirected to the file
whose name is the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd with this construct.
- There are two formats for redirecting standard output and standard
+ There are two formats for redirecting standard output and standard
error:
&\b&>\b>_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
>\b>_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd 2>\b>&\b&1
H\bHe\ber\bre\be D\bDo\boc\bcu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bts\bs
- This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the
- current source until a line containing only _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd (with no trailing
- blanks) is seen. All of the lines read up to that point are then used
+ This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the
+ current source until a line containing only _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd (with no trailing
+ blanks) is seen. All of the lines read up to that point are then used
as the standard input for a command.
The format of here-documents is:
_\bh_\be_\br_\be_\b-_\bd_\bo_\bc_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt
_\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt_\be_\br
- No parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, or
+ No parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, or
pathname expansion is performed on _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd. If any characters in _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd are
- quoted, the _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt_\be_\br is the result of quote removal on _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, and the
- lines in the here-document are not expanded. If _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is unquoted, all
- lines of the here-document are subjected to parameter expansion, com-
- mand substitution, and arithmetic expansion. In the latter case, the
- character sequence \\b\<\b<n\bne\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be>\b> is ignored, and \\b\ must be used to quote
+ quoted, the _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt_\be_\br is the result of quote removal on _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, and the
+ lines in the here-document are not expanded. If _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is unquoted, all
+ lines of the here-document are subjected to parameter expansion, com-
+ mand substitution, and arithmetic expansion. In the latter case, the
+ character sequence \\b\<\b<n\bne\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be>\b> is ignored, and \\b\ must be used to quote
the characters \\b\, $\b$, and `\b`.
If the redirection operator is <\b<<\b<-\b-, then all leading tab characters are
- stripped from input lines and the line containing _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt_\be_\br. This
- allows here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural
+ stripped from input lines and the line containing _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt_\be_\br. This
+ allows here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural
fashion.
H\bHe\ber\bre\be S\bSt\btr\bri\bin\bng\bgs\bs
[_\bn]<\b<&\b&_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
is used to duplicate input file descriptors. If _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd expands to one or
- more digits, the file descriptor denoted by _\bn is made to be a copy of
- that file descriptor. If the digits in _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd do not specify a file
- descriptor open for input, a redirection error occurs. If _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd evalu-
- ates to -\b-, file descriptor _\bn is closed. If _\bn is not specified, the
+ more digits, the file descriptor denoted by _\bn is made to be a copy of
+ that file descriptor. If the digits in _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd do not specify a file
+ descriptor open for input, a redirection error occurs. If _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd evalu-
+ ates to -\b-, file descriptor _\bn is closed. If _\bn is not specified, the
standard input (file descriptor 0) is used.
The operator
[_\bn]>\b>&\b&_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
- is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If _\bn is not
- specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used. If the
- digits in _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd do not specify a file descriptor open for output, a
+ is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If _\bn is not
+ specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used. If the
+ digits in _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd do not specify a file descriptor open for output, a
redirection error occurs. As a special case, if _\bn is omitted, and _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
does not expand to one or more digits, the standard output and standard
error are redirected as described previously.
[_\bn]<\b<&\b&_\bd_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bt-\b-
- moves the file descriptor _\bd_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bt to file descriptor _\bn, or the standard
+ moves the file descriptor _\bd_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bt to file descriptor _\bn, or the standard
input (file descriptor 0) if _\bn is not specified. _\bd_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bt is closed after
being duplicated to _\bn.
[_\bn]>\b>&\b&_\bd_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bt-\b-
- moves the file descriptor _\bd_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bt to file descriptor _\bn, or the standard
+ moves the file descriptor _\bd_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bt to file descriptor _\bn, or the standard
output (file descriptor 1) if _\bn is not specified.
O\bOp\bpe\ben\bni\bin\bng\bg F\bFi\bil\ble\be D\bDe\bes\bsc\bcr\bri\bip\bpt\bto\bor\brs\bs f\bfo\bor\br R\bRe\bea\bad\bdi\bin\bng\bg a\ban\bnd\bd W\bWr\bri\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg
[_\bn]<\b<>\b>_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
- causes the file whose name is the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd to be opened for
- both reading and writing on file descriptor _\bn, or on file descriptor 0
+ causes the file whose name is the expansion of _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd to be opened for
+ both reading and writing on file descriptor _\bn, or on file descriptor 0
if _\bn is not specified. If the file does not exist, it is created.
A\bAL\bLI\bIA\bAS\bSE\bES\bS
- _\bA_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs_\be_\bs allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used as
- the first word of a simple command. The shell maintains a list of
- aliases that may be set and unset with the a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs and u\bun\bna\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs builtin
- commands (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below). The first word of each
- simple command, if unquoted, is checked to see if it has an alias. If
- so, that word is replaced by the text of the alias. The characters /\b/,
- $\b$, `\b`, and =\b= and any of the shell _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\be_\br_\bs or quoting characters
+ _\bA_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs_\be_\bs allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used as
+ the first word of a simple command. The shell maintains a list of
+ aliases that may be set and unset with the a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs and u\bun\bna\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs builtin
+ commands (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below). The first word of each
+ simple command, if unquoted, is checked to see if it has an alias. If
+ so, that word is replaced by the text of the alias. The characters /\b/,
+ $\b$, `\b`, and =\b= and any of the shell _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\be_\br_\bs or quoting characters
listed above may not appear in an alias name. The replacement text may
- contain any valid shell input, including shell metacharacters. The
- first word of the replacement text is tested for aliases, but a word
- that is identical to an alias being expanded is not expanded a second
- time. This means that one may alias l\bls\bs to l\bls\bs -\b-F\bF, for instance, and
- b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not try to recursively expand the replacement text. If the
- last character of the alias value is a _\bb_\bl_\ba_\bn_\bk, then the next command
+ contain any valid shell input, including shell metacharacters. The
+ first word of the replacement text is tested for aliases, but a word
+ that is identical to an alias being expanded is not expanded a second
+ time. This means that one may alias l\bls\bs to l\bls\bs -\b-F\bF, for instance, and
+ b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not try to recursively expand the replacement text. If the
+ last character of the alias value is a _\bb_\bl_\ba_\bn_\bk, then the next command
word following the alias is also checked for alias expansion.
Aliases are created and listed with the a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs command, and removed with
the u\bun\bna\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs command.
- There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text. If
- arguments are needed, a shell function should be used (see F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS
+ There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text. If
+ arguments are needed, a shell function should be used (see F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS
below).
- Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless the
- e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bse\bes\bs shell option is set using s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt (see the description of
+ Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless the
+ e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bse\bes\bs shell option is set using s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt (see the description of
s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
- The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are somewhat
- confusing. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh always reads at least one complete line of input
- before executing any of the commands on that line. Aliases are
- expanded when a command is read, not when it is executed. Therefore,
- an alias definition appearing on the same line as another command does
- not take effect until the next line of input is read. The commands
+ The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are somewhat
+ confusing. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh always reads at least one complete line of input
+ before executing any of the commands on that line. Aliases are
+ expanded when a command is read, not when it is executed. Therefore,
+ an alias definition appearing on the same line as another command does
+ not take effect until the next line of input is read. The commands
following the alias definition on that line are not affected by the new
- alias. This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed.
- Aliases are expanded when a function definition is read, not when the
- function is executed, because a function definition is itself a com-
+ alias. This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed.
+ Aliases are expanded when a function definition is read, not when the
+ function is executed, because a function definition is itself a com-
pound command. As a consequence, aliases defined in a function are not
- available until after that function is executed. To be safe, always
- put alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs in com-
+ available until after that function is executed. To be safe, always
+ put alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs in com-
pound commands.
For almost every purpose, aliases are superseded by shell functions.
F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS
- A shell function, defined as described above under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR,
- stores a series of commands for later execution. When the name of a
- shell function is used as a simple command name, the list of commands
+ A shell function, defined as described above under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR,
+ stores a series of commands for later execution. When the name of a
+ shell function is used as a simple command name, the list of commands
associated with that function name is executed. Functions are executed
- in the context of the current shell; no new process is created to
- interpret them (contrast this with the execution of a shell script).
- When a function is executed, the arguments to the function become the
+ in the context of the current shell; no new process is created to
+ interpret them (contrast this with the execution of a shell script).
+ When a function is executed, the arguments to the function become the
positional parameters during its execution. The special parameter #\b# is
- updated to reflect the change. Special parameter 0 is unchanged. The
- first element of the F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE variable is set to the name of the func-
- tion while the function is executing. All other aspects of the shell
- execution environment are identical between a function and its caller
+ updated to reflect the change. Special parameter 0 is unchanged. The
+ first element of the F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE variable is set to the name of the func-
+ tion while the function is executing. All other aspects of the shell
+ execution environment are identical between a function and its caller
with the exception that the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN traps (see the description
- of the t\btr\bra\bap\bp builtin under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below) are not inher-
- ited unless the function has been given the t\btr\bra\bac\bce\be attribute (see the
- description of the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin below) or the -\b-o\bo f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\btr\bra\bac\bce\be shell
- option has been enabled with the s\bse\bet\bt builtin (in which case all func-
+ of the t\btr\bra\bap\bp builtin under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below) are not inher-
+ ited unless the function has been given the t\btr\bra\bac\bce\be attribute (see the
+ description of the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin below) or the -\b-o\bo f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\btr\bra\bac\bce\be shell
+ option has been enabled with the s\bse\bet\bt builtin (in which case all func-
tions inherit the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN traps).
- Variables local to the function may be declared with the l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl builtin
+ Variables local to the function may be declared with the l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl builtin
command. Ordinarily, variables and their values are shared between the
function and its caller.
- If the builtin command r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is executed in a function, the function
- completes and execution resumes with the next command after the func-
- tion call. Any command associated with the R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN trap is executed
+ If the builtin command r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is executed in a function, the function
+ completes and execution resumes with the next command after the
+ function call. Any command associated with the R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN trap is executed
before execution resumes. When a function completes, the values of the
- positional parameters and the special parameter #\b# are restored to the
+ positional parameters and the special parameter #\b# are restored to the
values they had prior to the function's execution.
- Function names and definitions may be listed with the -\b-f\bf option to the
+ Function names and definitions may be listed with the -\b-f\bf option to the
d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be or t\bty\byp\bpe\bes\bse\bet\bt builtin commands. The -\b-F\bF option to d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be or t\bty\byp\bpe\be-\b-
- s\bse\bet\bt will list the function names only (and optionally the source file
- and line number, if the e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg shell option is enabled). Functions
- may be exported so that subshells automatically have them defined with
- the -\b-f\bf option to the e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt builtin. Note that shell functions and
- variables with the same name may result in multiple identically-named
+ s\bse\bet\bt will list the function names only (and optionally the source file
+ and line number, if the e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg shell option is enabled). Functions
+ may be exported so that subshells automatically have them defined with
+ the -\b-f\bf option to the e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt builtin. Note that shell functions and
+ variables with the same name may result in multiple identically-named
entries in the environment passed to the shell's children. Care should
be taken in cases where this may cause a problem.
- Functions may be recursive. No limit is imposed on the number of
+ Functions may be recursive. No limit is imposed on the number of
recursive calls.
A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
- The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, under certain
- circumstances (see the l\ble\bet\bt and d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin commands and A\bAr\bri\bit\bth\bhm\bme\bet\bti\bic\bc
- E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn). Evaluation is done in fixed-width integers with no check
- for overflow, though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as an error.
- The operators and their precedence, associativity, and values are the
- same as in the C language. The following list of operators is grouped
- into levels of equal-precedence operators. The levels are listed in
+ The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, under certain
+ circumstances (see the l\ble\bet\bt and d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin commands and A\bAr\bri\bit\bth\bhm\bme\bet\bti\bic\bc
+ E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn). Evaluation is done in fixed-width integers with no check
+ for overflow, though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as an error.
+ The operators and their precedence, associativity, and values are the
+ same as in the C language. The following list of operators is grouped
+ into levels of equal-precedence operators. The levels are listed in
order of decreasing precedence.
_\bi_\bd+\b++\b+ _\bi_\bd-\b--\b-
_\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b1 ,\b, _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2
comma
- Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is per-
+ Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is per-
formed before the expression is evaluated. Within an expression, shell
- variables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter
- expansion syntax. A shell variable that is null or unset evaluates to
+ variables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter
+ expansion syntax. A shell variable that is null or unset evaluates to
0 when referenced by name without using the parameter expansion syntax.
- The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression when
- it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the _\bi_\bn_\bt_\be_\bg_\be_\br
+ The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression when
+ it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the _\bi_\bn_\bt_\be_\bg_\be_\br
attribute using d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be -\b-i\bi is assigned a value. A null value evaluates
- to 0. A shell variable need not have its integer attribute turned on
+ to 0. A shell variable need not have its integer attribute turned on
to be used in an expression.
Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers. A leading
- 0x or 0X denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, numbers take the form
- [_\bb_\ba_\bs_\be_\b#]n, where _\bb_\ba_\bs_\be is a decimal number between 2 and 64 representing
+ 0x or 0X denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, numbers take the form
+ [_\bb_\ba_\bs_\be_\b#]n, where _\bb_\ba_\bs_\be is a decimal number between 2 and 64 representing
the arithmetic base, and _\bn is a number in that base. If _\bb_\ba_\bs_\be_\b# is omit-
- ted, then base 10 is used. The digits greater than 9 are represented
- by the lowercase letters, the uppercase letters, @, and _, in that
- order. If _\bb_\ba_\bs_\be is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and uppercase
+ ted, then base 10 is used. The digits greater than 9 are represented
+ by the lowercase letters, the uppercase letters, @, and _, in that
+ order. If _\bb_\ba_\bs_\be is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and uppercase
letters may be used interchangeably to represent numbers between 10 and
35.
- Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in
- parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence rules
+ Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in
+ parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence rules
above.
C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS
- Conditional expressions are used by the [\b[[\b[ compound command and the
- t\bte\bes\bst\bt and [\b[ builtin commands to test file attributes and perform string
- and arithmetic comparisons. Expressions are formed from the following
- unary or binary primaries. If any _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be argument to one of the pri-
+ Conditional expressions are used by the [\b[[\b[ compound command and the
+ t\bte\bes\bst\bt and [\b[ builtin commands to test file attributes and perform string
+ and arithmetic comparisons. Expressions are formed from the following
+ unary or binary primaries. If any _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be argument to one of the pri-
maries is of the form _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bf_\bd_\b/_\bn, then file descriptor _\bn is checked. If
- the _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be argument to one of the primaries is one of _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bs_\bt_\bd_\bi_\bn,
- _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bs_\bt_\bd_\bo_\bu_\bt, or _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bs_\bt_\bd_\be_\br_\br, file descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively,
+ the _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be argument to one of the primaries is one of _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bs_\bt_\bd_\bi_\bn,
+ _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bs_\bt_\bd_\bo_\bu_\bt, or _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bs_\bt_\bd_\be_\br_\br, file descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively,
is checked.
Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow sym-
-\b-S\bS _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists and is a socket.
-\b-N\bN _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be
- True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists and has been modified since it was last
+ True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be exists and has been modified since it was last
read.
_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 -n\bnt\bt _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2
- True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 is newer (according to modification date) than
+ True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 is newer (according to modification date) than
_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2, or if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 exists and _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2 does not.
_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 -o\bot\bt _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2
- True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 is older than _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2, or if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2 exists and _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1
+ True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 is older than _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2, or if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2 exists and _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1
does not.
_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 -\b-e\bef\bf _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2
- True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 and _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2 refer to the same device and inode num-
+ True if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b1 and _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b2 refer to the same device and inode num-
bers.
-\b-o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
- True if shell option _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is enabled. See the list of
- options under the description of the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt
+ True if shell option _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is enabled. See the list of
+ options under the description of the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt
builtin below.
-\b-z\bz _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg
True if the length of _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is zero.
True if the strings are not equal.
_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1 <\b< _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2
- True if _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1 sorts before _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2 lexicographically in the
+ True if _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1 sorts before _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2 lexicographically in the
current locale.
_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1 >\b> _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2
- True if _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1 sorts after _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2 lexicographically in the
+ True if _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1 sorts after _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2 lexicographically in the
current locale.
_\ba_\br_\bg_\b1 O\bOP\bP _\ba_\br_\bg_\b2
- O\bOP\bP is one of -\b-e\beq\bq, -\b-n\bne\be, -\b-l\blt\bt, -\b-l\ble\be, -\b-g\bgt\bt, or -\b-g\bge\be. These arithmetic
- binary operators return true if _\ba_\br_\bg_\b1 is equal to, not equal to,
- less than, less than or equal to, greater than, or greater than
- or equal to _\ba_\br_\bg_\b2, respectively. _\bA_\br_\bg_\b1 and _\ba_\br_\bg_\b2 may be positive
+ O\bOP\bP is one of -\b-e\beq\bq, -\b-n\bne\be, -\b-l\blt\bt, -\b-l\ble\be, -\b-g\bgt\bt, or -\b-g\bge\be. These arithmetic
+ binary operators return true if _\ba_\br_\bg_\b1 is equal to, not equal to,
+ less than, less than or equal to, greater than, or greater than
+ or equal to _\ba_\br_\bg_\b2, respectively. _\bA_\br_\bg_\b1 and _\ba_\br_\bg_\b2 may be positive
or negative integers.
S\bSI\bIM\bMP\bPL\bLE\bE C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN
- When a simple command is executed, the shell performs the following
+ When a simple command is executed, the shell performs the following
expansions, assignments, and redirections, from left to right.
- 1. The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments
- (those preceding the command name) and redirections are saved
+ 1. The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments
+ (those preceding the command name) and redirections are saved
for later processing.
- 2. The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are
- expanded. If any words remain after expansion, the first word
- is taken to be the name of the command and the remaining words
+ 2. The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are
+ expanded. If any words remain after expansion, the first word
+ is taken to be the name of the command and the remaining words
are the arguments.
3. Redirections are performed as described above under R\bRE\bED\bDI\bIR\bRE\bEC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN.
4. The text after the =\b= in each variable assignment undergoes tilde
expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
- expansion, and quote removal before being assigned to the vari-
+ expansion, and quote removal before being assigned to the vari-
able.
If no command name results, the variable assignments affect the current
- shell environment. Otherwise, the variables are added to the environ-
- ment of the executed command and do not affect the current shell envi-
- ronment. If any of the assignments attempts to assign a value to a
- readonly variable, an error occurs, and the command exits with a non-
+ shell environment. Otherwise, the variables are added to the environ-
+ ment of the executed command and do not affect the current shell envi-
+ ronment. If any of the assignments attempts to assign a value to a
+ readonly variable, an error occurs, and the command exits with a non-
zero status.
- If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not
- affect the current shell environment. A redirection error causes the
+ If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not
+ affect the current shell environment. A redirection error causes the
command to exit with a non-zero status.
- If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as
- described below. Otherwise, the command exits. If one of the expan-
- sions contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command
- is the exit status of the last command substitution performed. If
+ If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as
+ described below. Otherwise, the command exits. If one of the expan-
+ sions contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command
+ is the exit status of the last command substitution performed. If
there were no command substitutions, the command exits with a status of
zero.
C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
- After a command has been split into words, if it results in a simple
- command and an optional list of arguments, the following actions are
+ After a command has been split into words, if it results in a simple
+ command and an optional list of arguments, the following actions are
taken.
- If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to locate
- it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that function is
- invoked as described above in F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS. If the name does not match a
- function, the shell searches for it in the list of shell builtins. If
+ If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to locate
+ it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that function is
+ invoked as described above in F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS. If the name does not match a
+ function, the shell searches for it in the list of shell builtins. If
a match is found, that builtin is invoked.
- If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, and contains no
- slashes, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh searches each element of the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH for a directory con-
- taining an executable file by that name. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh uses a hash table to
- remember the full pathnames of executable files (see h\bha\bas\bsh\bh under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL
- B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below). A full search of the directories in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is
- performed only if the command is not found in the hash table. If the
- search is unsuccessful, the shell prints an error message and returns
+ If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, and contains no
+ slashes, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh searches each element of the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH for a directory con-
+ taining an executable file by that name. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh uses a hash table to
+ remember the full pathnames of executable files (see h\bha\bas\bsh\bh under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL
+ B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below). A full search of the directories in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is
+ performed only if the command is not found in the hash table. If the
+ search is unsuccessful, the shell prints an error message and returns
an exit status of 127.
- If the search is successful, or if the command name contains one or
+ If the search is successful, or if the command name contains one or
more slashes, the shell executes the named program in a separate execu-
tion environment. Argument 0 is set to the name given, and the remain-
ing arguments to the command are set to the arguments given, if any.
- If this execution fails because the file is not in executable format,
- and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl _\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt, a
- file containing shell commands. A subshell is spawned to execute it.
- This subshell reinitializes itself, so that the effect is as if a new
- shell had been invoked to handle the script, with the exception that
- the locations of commands remembered by the parent (see h\bha\bas\bsh\bh below
+ If this execution fails because the file is not in executable format,
+ and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl _\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt, a
+ file containing shell commands. A subshell is spawned to execute it.
+ This subshell reinitializes itself, so that the effect is as if a new
+ shell had been invoked to handle the script, with the exception that
+ the locations of commands remembered by the parent (see h\bha\bas\bsh\bh below
under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS) are retained by the child.
- If the program is a file beginning with #\b#!\b!, the remainder of the first
- line specifies an interpreter for the program. The shell executes the
+ If the program is a file beginning with #\b#!\b!, the remainder of the first
+ line specifies an interpreter for the program. The shell executes the
specified interpreter on operating systems that do not handle this exe-
cutable format themselves. The arguments to the interpreter consist of
- a single optional argument following the interpreter name on the first
- line of the program, followed by the name of the program, followed by
+ a single optional argument following the interpreter name on the first
+ line of the program, followed by the name of the program, followed by
the command arguments, if any.
C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN E\bEN\bNV\bVI\bIR\bRO\bON\bNM\bME\bEN\bNT\bT
- The shell has an _\be_\bx_\be_\bc_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn _\be_\bn_\bv_\bi_\br_\bo_\bn_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt, which consists of the follow-
+ The shell has an _\be_\bx_\be_\bc_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn _\be_\bn_\bv_\bi_\br_\bo_\bn_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt, which consists of the follow-
ing:
- +\bo open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by
+ +\bo open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by
redirections supplied to the e\bex\bxe\bec\bc builtin
- +\bo the current working directory as set by c\bcd\bd, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd, or p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd, or
+ +\bo the current working directory as set by c\bcd\bd, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd, or p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd, or
inherited by the shell at invocation
- +\bo the file creation mode mask as set by u\bum\bma\bas\bsk\bk or inherited from
+ +\bo the file creation mode mask as set by u\bum\bma\bas\bsk\bk or inherited from
the shell's parent
+\bo current traps set by t\btr\bra\bap\bp
+\bo shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with s\bse\bet\bt
or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment
- +\bo shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the
+ +\bo shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the
shell's parent in the environment
- +\bo options enabled at invocation (either by default or with com-
+ +\bo options enabled at invocation (either by default or with com-
mand-line arguments) or by s\bse\bet\bt
+\bo options enabled by s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt
+\bo shell aliases defined with a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs
- +\bo various process IDs, including those of background jobs, the
+ +\bo various process IDs, including those of background jobs, the
value of $\b$$\b$, and the value of $\b$P\bPP\bPI\bID\bD
- When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function is to be
- executed, it is invoked in a separate execution environment that con-
- sists of the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are inher-
+ When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function is to be
+ executed, it is invoked in a separate execution environment that con-
+ sists of the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are inher-
ited from the shell.
- +\bo the shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions
+ +\bo the shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions
specified by redirections to the command
+\bo the current working directory
+\bo the file creation mode mask
- +\bo shell variables and functions marked for export, along with
+ +\bo shell variables and functions marked for export, along with
variables exported for the command, passed in the environment
+\bo traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from
the shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored
- A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the
+ A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the
shell's execution environment.
- Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, and asyn-
- chronous commands are invoked in a subshell environment that is a
- duplicate of the shell environment, except that traps caught by the
- shell are reset to the values that the shell inherited from its parent
+ Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, and asyn-
+ chronous commands are invoked in a subshell environment that is a
+ duplicate of the shell environment, except that traps caught by the
+ shell are reset to the values that the shell inherited from its parent
at invocation. Builtin commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline
- are also executed in a subshell environment. Changes made to the sub-
+ are also executed in a subshell environment. Changes made to the sub-
shell environment cannot affect the shell's execution environment.
- If a command is followed by a &\b& and job control is not active, the
- default standard input for the command is the empty file _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bn_\bu_\bl_\bl.
- Otherwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the
+ If a command is followed by a &\b& and job control is not active, the
+ default standard input for the command is the empty file _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bn_\bu_\bl_\bl.
+ Otherwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the
calling shell as modified by redirections.
E\bEN\bNV\bVI\bIR\bRO\bON\bNM\bME\bEN\bNT\bT
- When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings called the
+ When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings called the
_\be_\bn_\bv_\bi_\br_\bo_\bn_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt. This is a list of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be-_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be pairs, of the form
_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be.
- The shell provides several ways to manipulate the environment. On
+ The shell provides several ways to manipulate the environment. On
invocation, the shell scans its own environment and creates a parameter
- for each name found, automatically marking it for _\be_\bx_\bp_\bo_\br_\bt to child pro-
- cesses. Executed commands inherit the environment. The e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt and
- d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be -\b-x\bx commands allow parameters and functions to be added to and
+ for each name found, automatically marking it for _\be_\bx_\bp_\bo_\br_\bt to child pro-
+ cesses. Executed commands inherit the environment. The e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt and
+ d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be -\b-x\bx commands allow parameters and functions to be added to and
deleted from the environment. If the value of a parameter in the envi-
- ronment is modified, the new value becomes part of the environment,
- replacing the old. The environment inherited by any executed command
- consists of the shell's initial environment, whose values may be modi-
- fied in the shell, less any pairs removed by the u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt command, plus
+ ronment is modified, the new value becomes part of the environment,
+ replacing the old. The environment inherited by any executed command
+ consists of the shell's initial environment, whose values may be modi-
+ fied in the shell, less any pairs removed by the u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt command, plus
any additions via the e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt and d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be -\b-x\bx commands.
- The environment for any _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd or function may be augmented
- temporarily by prefixing it with parameter assignments, as described
+ The environment for any _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd or function may be augmented
+ temporarily by prefixing it with parameter assignments, as described
above in P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bET\bTE\bER\bRS\bS. These assignment statements affect only the envi-
ronment seen by that command.
- If the -\b-k\bk option is set (see the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command below), then _\ba_\bl_\bl
- parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command, not
+ If the -\b-k\bk option is set (see the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command below), then _\ba_\bl_\bl
+ parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command, not
just those that precede the command name.
- When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh invokes an external command, the variable _\b_ is set to the
- full file name of the command and passed to that command in its envi-
+ When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh invokes an external command, the variable _\b_ is set to the
+ full file name of the command and passed to that command in its envi-
ronment.
E\bEX\bXI\bIT\bT S\bST\bTA\bAT\bTU\bUS\bS
For the shell's purposes, a command which exits with a zero exit status
- has succeeded. An exit status of zero indicates success. A non-zero
- exit status indicates failure. When a command terminates on a fatal
+ has succeeded. An exit status of zero indicates success. A non-zero
+ exit status indicates failure. When a command terminates on a fatal
signal _\bN, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh uses the value of 128+_\bN as the exit status.
- If a command is not found, the child process created to execute it
- returns a status of 127. If a command is found but is not executable,
+ If a command is not found, the child process created to execute it
+ returns a status of 127. If a command is found but is not executable,
the return status is 126.
If a command fails because of an error during expansion or redirection,
the exit status is greater than zero.
- Shell builtin commands return a status of 0 (_\bt_\br_\bu_\be) if successful, and
- non-zero (_\bf_\ba_\bl_\bs_\be) if an error occurs while they execute. All builtins
+ Shell builtin commands return a status of 0 (_\bt_\br_\bu_\be) if successful, and
+ non-zero (_\bf_\ba_\bl_\bs_\be) if an error occurs while they execute. All builtins
return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage.
- B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh itself returns the exit status of the last command executed,
- unless a syntax error occurs, in which case it exits with a non-zero
+ B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh itself returns the exit status of the last command executed,
+ unless a syntax error occurs, in which case it exits with a non-zero
value. See also the e\bex\bxi\bit\bt builtin command below.
S\bSI\bIG\bGN\bNA\bAL\bLS\bS
- When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores
+ When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores
S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTE\bER\bRM\bM (so that k\bki\bil\bll\bl 0\b0 does not kill an interactive shell), and S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT
- is caught and handled (so that the w\bwa\bai\bit\bt builtin is interruptible). In
- all cases, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh ignores S\bSI\bIG\bGQ\bQU\bUI\bIT\bT. If job control is in effect, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
+ is caught and handled (so that the w\bwa\bai\bit\bt builtin is interruptible). In
+ all cases, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh ignores S\bSI\bIG\bGQ\bQU\bUI\bIT\bT. If job control is in effect, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
ignores S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTT\bTI\bIN\bN, S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTT\bTO\bOU\bU, and S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTS\bST\bTP\bP.
Non-builtin commands run by b\bba\bas\bsh\bh have signal handlers set to the values
- inherited by the shell from its parent. When job control is not in
- effect, asynchronous commands ignore S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT and S\bSI\bIG\bGQ\bQU\bUI\bIT\bT in addition to
- these inherited handlers. Commands run as a result of command substi-
- tution ignore the keyboard-generated job control signals S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTT\bTI\bIN\bN, S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bT-\b-
- T\bTO\bOU\bU, and S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTS\bST\bTP\bP.
-
- The shell exits by default upon receipt of a S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP. Before exiting,
- an interactive shell resends the S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP to all jobs, running or
+ inherited by the shell from its parent. When job control is not in
+ effect, asynchronous commands ignore S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT and S\bSI\bIG\bGQ\bQU\bUI\bIT\bT in addition to
+ these inherited handlers. Commands run as a result of command substi-
+ tution ignore the keyboard-generated job control signals S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTT\bTI\bIN\bN,
+ S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTT\bTO\bOU\bU, and S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTS\bST\bTP\bP.
+
+ The shell exits by default upon receipt of a S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP. Before exiting,
+ an interactive shell resends the S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP to all jobs, running or
stopped. Stopped jobs are sent S\bSI\bIG\bGC\bCO\bON\bNT\bT to ensure that they receive the
- S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP. To prevent the shell from sending the signal to a particular
- job, it should be removed from the jobs table with the d\bdi\bis\bso\bow\bwn\bn builtin
- (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below) or marked to not receive S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP
+ S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP. To prevent the shell from sending the signal to a particular
+ job, it should be removed from the jobs table with the d\bdi\bis\bso\bow\bwn\bn builtin
+ (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below) or marked to not receive S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP
using d\bdi\bis\bso\bow\bwn\bn -\b-h\bh.
- If the h\bhu\bup\bpo\bon\bne\bex\bxi\bit\bt shell option has been set with s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh sends a
+ If the h\bhu\bup\bpo\bon\bne\bex\bxi\bit\bt shell option has been set with s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh sends a
S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP to all jobs when an interactive login shell exits.
- If b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal for
+ If b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal for
which a trap has been set, the trap will not be executed until the com-
- mand completes. When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is waiting for an asynchronous command via
- the w\bwa\bai\bit\bt builtin, the reception of a signal for which a trap has been
+ mand completes. When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is waiting for an asynchronous command via
+ the w\bwa\bai\bit\bt builtin, the reception of a signal for which a trap has been
set will cause the w\bwa\bai\bit\bt builtin to return immediately with an exit sta-
tus greater than 128, immediately after which the trap is executed.
J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL
- _\bJ_\bo_\bb _\bc_\bo_\bn_\bt_\br_\bo_\bl refers to the ability to selectively stop (_\bs_\bu_\bs_\bp_\be_\bn_\bd) the
+ _\bJ_\bo_\bb _\bc_\bo_\bn_\bt_\br_\bo_\bl refers to the ability to selectively stop (_\bs_\bu_\bs_\bp_\be_\bn_\bd) the
execution of processes and continue (_\br_\be_\bs_\bu_\bm_\be) their execution at a later
- point. A user typically employs this facility via an interactive
+ point. A user typically employs this facility via an interactive
interface supplied jointly by the system's terminal driver and b\bba\bas\bsh\bh.
- The shell associates a _\bj_\bo_\bb with each pipeline. It keeps a table of
- currently executing jobs, which may be listed with the j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs command.
- When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh starts a job asynchronously (in the _\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd), it prints a
+ The shell associates a _\bj_\bo_\bb with each pipeline. It keeps a table of
+ currently executing jobs, which may be listed with the j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs command.
+ When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh starts a job asynchronously (in the _\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd), it prints a
line that looks like:
[1] 25647
indicating that this job is job number 1 and that the process ID of the
last process in the pipeline associated with this job is 25647. All of
- the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh
+ the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh
uses the _\bj_\bo_\bb abstraction as the basis for job control.
- To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job control,
+ To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job control,
the operating system maintains the notion of a _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bt_\be_\br_\bm_\bi_\bn_\ba_\bl _\bp_\br_\bo_\bc_\be_\bs_\bs
_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bp _\bI_\bD. Members of this process group (processes whose process group
ID is equal to the current terminal process group ID) receive keyboard-
- generated signals such as S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT. These processes are said to be in
- the _\bf_\bo_\br_\be_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd. _\bB_\ba_\bc_\bk_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd processes are those whose process group ID
+ generated signals such as S\bSI\bIG\bGI\bIN\bNT\bT. These processes are said to be in
+ the _\bf_\bo_\br_\be_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd. _\bB_\ba_\bc_\bk_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd processes are those whose process group ID
differs from the terminal's; such processes are immune to keyboard-gen-
- erated signals. Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or
+ erated signals. Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or
write to the terminal. Background processes which attempt to read from
(write to) the terminal are sent a S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTT\bTI\bIN\bN (\b(S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTT\bTO\bOU\bU)\b) signal by the ter-
minal driver, which, unless caught, suspends the process.
- If the operating system on which b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is running supports job control,
+ If the operating system on which b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is running supports job control,
b\bba\bas\bsh\bh contains facilities to use it. Typing the _\bs_\bu_\bs_\bp_\be_\bn_\bd character (typ-
ically ^\b^Z\bZ, Control-Z) while a process is running causes that process to
- be stopped and returns control to b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. Typing the _\bd_\be_\bl_\ba_\by_\be_\bd _\bs_\bu_\bs_\bp_\be_\bn_\bd
- character (typically ^\b^Y\bY, Control-Y) causes the process to be stopped
- when it attempts to read input from the terminal, and control to be
- returned to b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. The user may then manipulate the state of this job,
- using the b\bbg\bg command to continue it in the background, the f\bfg\bg command
+ be stopped and returns control to b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. Typing the _\bd_\be_\bl_\ba_\by_\be_\bd _\bs_\bu_\bs_\bp_\be_\bn_\bd
+ character (typically ^\b^Y\bY, Control-Y) causes the process to be stopped
+ when it attempts to read input from the terminal, and control to be
+ returned to b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. The user may then manipulate the state of this job,
+ using the b\bbg\bg command to continue it in the background, the f\bfg\bg command
to continue it in the foreground, or the k\bki\bil\bll\bl command to kill it. A ^\b^Z\bZ
takes effect immediately, and has the additional side effect of causing
pending output and typeahead to be discarded.
There are a number of ways to refer to a job in the shell. The charac-
ter %\b% introduces a job name. Job number _\bn may be referred to as %\b%n\bn. A
- job may also be referred to using a prefix of the name used to start
- it, or using a substring that appears in its command line. For exam-
+ job may also be referred to using a prefix of the name used to start
+ it, or using a substring that appears in its command line. For exam-
ple, %\b%c\bce\be refers to a stopped c\bce\be job. If a prefix matches more than one
- job, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh reports an error. Using %\b%?\b?c\bce\be, on the other hand, refers to
+ job, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh reports an error. Using %\b%?\b?c\bce\be, on the other hand, refers to
any job containing the string c\bce\be in its command line. If the substring
- matches more than one job, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh reports an error. The symbols %\b%%\b% and
- %\b%+\b+ refer to the shell's notion of the _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bj_\bo_\bb, which is the last
- job stopped while it was in the foreground or started in the back-
- ground. The _\bp_\br_\be_\bv_\bi_\bo_\bu_\bs _\bj_\bo_\bb may be referenced using %\b%-\b-. In output per-
+ matches more than one job, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh reports an error. The symbols %\b%%\b% and
+ %\b%+\b+ refer to the shell's notion of the _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bj_\bo_\bb, which is the last
+ job stopped while it was in the foreground or started in the back-
+ ground. The _\bp_\br_\be_\bv_\bi_\bo_\bu_\bs _\bj_\bo_\bb may be referenced using %\b%-\b-. In output per-
taining to jobs (e.g., the output of the j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs command), the current job
- is always flagged with a +\b+, and the previous job with a -\b-. A single %
- (with no accompanying job specification) also refers to the current
+ is always flagged with a +\b+, and the previous job with a -\b-. A single %
+ (with no accompanying job specification) also refers to the current
job.
- Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground: %\b%1\b1 is
- a synonym for `\b``\b`f\bfg\bg %\b%1\b1'\b''\b', bringing job 1 from the background into the
- foreground. Similarly, `\b``\b`%\b%1\b1 &\b&'\b''\b' resumes job 1 in the background,
+ Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground: %\b%1\b1 is
+ a synonym for `\b``\b`f\bfg\bg %\b%1\b1'\b''\b', bringing job 1 from the background into the
+ foreground. Similarly, `\b``\b`%\b%1\b1 &\b&'\b''\b' resumes job 1 in the background,
equivalent to `\b``\b`b\bbg\bg %\b%1\b1'\b''\b'.
- The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state. Normally,
+ The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state. Normally,
b\bba\bas\bsh\bh waits until it is about to print a prompt before reporting changes
- in a job's status so as to not interrupt any other output. If the -\b-b\bb
+ in a job's status so as to not interrupt any other output. If the -\b-b\bb
option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command is enabled, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh reports such changes
- immediately. Any trap on S\bSI\bIG\bGC\bCH\bHL\bLD\bD is executed for each child that
+ immediately. Any trap on S\bSI\bIG\bGC\bCH\bHL\bLD\bD is executed for each child that
exits.
- If an attempt to exit b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is made while jobs are stopped, the shell
+ If an attempt to exit b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is made while jobs are stopped, the shell
prints a warning message. The j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs command may then be used to inspect
their status. If a second attempt to exit is made without an interven-
- ing command, the shell does not print another warning, and the stopped
+ ing command, the shell does not print another warning, and the stopped
jobs are terminated.
P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG
When executing interactively, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh displays the primary prompt P\bPS\bS1\b1 when
- it is ready to read a command, and the secondary prompt P\bPS\bS2\b2 when it
- needs more input to complete a command. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh allows these prompt
- strings to be customized by inserting a number of backslash-escaped
+ it is ready to read a command, and the secondary prompt P\bPS\bS2\b2 when it
+ needs more input to complete a command. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh allows these prompt
+ strings to be customized by inserting a number of backslash-escaped
special characters that are decoded as follows:
\\b\a\ba an ASCII bell character (07)
- \\b\d\bd the date in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May
+ \\b\d\bd the date in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May
26")
\\b\D\bD{\b{_\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt}\b}
- the _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is passed to _\bs_\bt_\br_\bf_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3) and the result is
- inserted into the prompt string; an empty _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt results
+ the _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is passed to _\bs_\bt_\br_\bf_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3) and the result is
+ inserted into the prompt string; an empty _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt results
in a locale-specific time representation. The braces are
required
\\b\e\be an ASCII escape character (033)
\\b\l\bl the basename of the shell's terminal device name
\\b\n\bn newline
\\b\r\br carriage return
- \\b\s\bs the name of the shell, the basename of $\b$0\b0 (the portion
+ \\b\s\bs the name of the shell, the basename of $\b$0\b0 (the portion
following the final slash)
\\b\t\bt the current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format
\\b\T\bT the current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format
\\b\u\bu the username of the current user
\\b\v\bv the version of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh (e.g., 2.00)
\\b\V\bV the release of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh, version + patch level (e.g., 2.00.0)
- \\b\w\bw the current working directory, with $\b$H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE abbreviated
+ \\b\w\bw the current working directory, with $\b$H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE abbreviated
with a tilde
\\b\W\bW the basename of the current working directory, with $\b$H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE
abbreviated with a tilde
\\b\$\b$ if the effective UID is 0, a #\b#, otherwise a $\b$
\\b\_\bn_\bn_\bn the character corresponding to the octal number _\bn_\bn_\bn
\\b\\\b\ a backslash
- \\b\[\b[ begin a sequence of non-printing characters, which could
- be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the
+ \\b\[\b[ begin a sequence of non-printing characters, which could
+ be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the
prompt
\\b\]\b] end a sequence of non-printing characters
- The command number and the history number are usually different: the
- history number of a command is its position in the history list, which
- may include commands restored from the history file (see H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY
- below), while the command number is the position in the sequence of
- commands executed during the current shell session. After the string
- is decoded, it is expanded via parameter expansion, command substitu-
- tion, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal, subject to the value of
- the p\bpr\bro\bom\bmp\bpt\btv\bva\bar\brs\bs shell option (see the description of the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt command
+ The command number and the history number are usually different: the
+ history number of a command is its position in the history list, which
+ may include commands restored from the history file (see H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY
+ below), while the command number is the position in the sequence of
+ commands executed during the current shell session. After the string
+ is decoded, it is expanded via parameter expansion, command substitu-
+ tion, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal, subject to the value of
+ the p\bpr\bro\bom\bmp\bpt\btv\bva\bar\brs\bs shell option (see the description of the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt command
under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
- This is the library that handles reading input when using an interac-
+ This is the library that handles reading input when using an interac-
tive shell, unless the -\b--\b-n\bno\boe\bed\bdi\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg option is given at shell invocation.
By default, the line editing commands are similar to those of emacs. A
- vi-style line editing interface is also available. To turn off line
- editing after the shell is running, use the +\b+o\bo e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs or +\b+o\bo v\bvi\bi options
+ vi-style line editing interface is also available. To turn off line
+ editing after the shell is running, use the +\b+o\bo e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs or +\b+o\bo v\bvi\bi options
to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be N\bNo\bot\bta\bat\bti\bio\bon\bn
In this section, the emacs-style notation is used to denote keystrokes.
- Control keys are denoted by C-_\bk_\be_\by, e.g., C-n means Control-N. Simi-
- larly, _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba keys are denoted by M-_\bk_\be_\by, so M-x means Meta-X. (On key-
- boards without a _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba key, M-_\bx means ESC _\bx, i.e., press the Escape key
+ Control keys are denoted by C-_\bk_\be_\by, e.g., C-n means Control-N. Simi-
+ larly, _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba keys are denoted by M-_\bk_\be_\by, so M-x means Meta-X. (On key-
+ boards without a _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba key, M-_\bx means ESC _\bx, i.e., press the Escape key
then the _\bx key. This makes ESC the _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx. The combination M-C-_\bx
- means ESC-Control-_\bx, or press the Escape key then hold the Control key
+ means ESC-Control-_\bx, or press the Escape key then hold the Control key
while pressing the _\bx key.)
Readline commands may be given numeric _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs, which normally act as
- a repeat count. Sometimes, however, it is the sign of the argument
- that is significant. Passing a negative argument to a command that
- acts in the forward direction (e.g., k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be) causes that command to
- act in a backward direction. Commands whose behavior with arguments
+ a repeat count. Sometimes, however, it is the sign of the argument
+ that is significant. Passing a negative argument to a command that
+ acts in the forward direction (e.g., k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be) causes that command to
+ act in a backward direction. Commands whose behavior with arguments
deviates from this are noted below.
- When a command is described as _\bk_\bi_\bl_\bl_\bi_\bn_\bg text, the text deleted is saved
+ When a command is described as _\bk_\bi_\bl_\bl_\bi_\bn_\bg text, the text deleted is saved
for possible future retrieval (_\by_\ba_\bn_\bk_\bi_\bn_\bg). The killed text is saved in a
_\bk_\bi_\bl_\bl _\br_\bi_\bn_\bg. Consecutive kills cause the text to be accumulated into one
unit, which can be yanked all at once. Commands which do not kill text
separate the chunks of text on the kill ring.
R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be I\bIn\bni\bit\bti\bia\bal\bli\biz\bza\bat\bti\bio\bon\bn
- Readline is customized by putting commands in an initialization file
- (the _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file). The name of this file is taken from the value of
- the I\bIN\bNP\bPU\bUT\bTR\bRC\bC variable. If that variable is unset, the default is
- _\b~_\b/_\b._\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc. When a program which uses the readline library starts up,
+ Readline is customized by putting commands in an initialization file
+ (the _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file). The name of this file is taken from the value of
+ the I\bIN\bNP\bPU\bUT\bTR\bRC\bC variable. If that variable is unset, the default is
+ _\b~_\b/_\b._\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc. When a program which uses the readline library starts up,
the initialization file is read, and the key bindings and variables are
- set. There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the readline
- initialization file. Blank lines are ignored. Lines beginning with a
- #\b# are comments. Lines beginning with a $\b$ indicate conditional con-
+ set. There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the readline
+ initialization file. Blank lines are ignored. Lines beginning with a
+ #\b# are comments. Lines beginning with a $\b$ indicate conditional con-
structs. Other lines denote key bindings and variable settings.
- The default key-bindings may be changed with an _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file. Other
+ The default key-bindings may be changed with an _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file. Other
programs that use this library may add their own commands and bindings.
For example, placing
M-Control-u: universal-argument
or
C-Meta-u: universal-argument
- into the _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc would make M-C-u execute the readline command _\bu_\bn_\bi_\bv_\be_\br_\b-
+ into the _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc would make M-C-u execute the readline command _\bu_\bn_\bi_\bv_\be_\br_\b-
_\bs_\ba_\bl_\b-_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt.
- The following symbolic character names are recognized: _\bR_\bU_\bB_\bO_\bU_\bT, _\bD_\bE_\bL,
+ The following symbolic character names are recognized: _\bR_\bU_\bB_\bO_\bU_\bT, _\bD_\bE_\bL,
_\bE_\bS_\bC, _\bL_\bF_\bD, _\bN_\bE_\bW_\bL_\bI_\bN_\bE, _\bR_\bE_\bT, _\bR_\bE_\bT_\bU_\bR_\bN, _\bS_\bP_\bC, _\bS_\bP_\bA_\bC_\bE, and _\bT_\bA_\bB.
- In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound to a
+ In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound to a
string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a _\bm_\ba_\bc_\br_\bo).
R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be K\bKe\bey\by B\bBi\bin\bnd\bdi\bin\bng\bgs\bs
- The syntax for controlling key bindings in the _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file is simple.
- All that is required is the name of the command or the text of a macro
- and a key sequence to which it should be bound. The name may be speci-
+ The syntax for controlling key bindings in the _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file is simple.
+ All that is required is the name of the command or the text of a macro
+ and a key sequence to which it should be bound. The name may be speci-
fied in one of two ways: as a symbolic key name, possibly with _\bM_\be_\bt_\ba_\b- or
_\bC_\bo_\bn_\bt_\br_\bo_\bl_\b- prefixes, or as a key sequence.
Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word
Control-o: "> output"
- In the above example, _\bC_\b-_\bu is bound to the function u\bun\bni\biv\bve\ber\brs\bsa\bal\bl-\b-a\bar\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bt,
- _\bM_\b-_\bD_\bE_\bL is bound to the function b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd, and _\bC_\b-_\bo is bound to
- run the macro expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the
+ In the above example, _\bC_\b-_\bu is bound to the function u\bun\bni\biv\bve\ber\brs\bsa\bal\bl-\b-a\bar\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bt,
+ _\bM_\b-_\bD_\bE_\bL is bound to the function b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd, and _\bC_\b-_\bo is bound to
+ run the macro expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the
text ``> output'' into the line).
- In the second form, "\b"k\bke\bey\bys\bse\beq\bq"\b":_\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be or _\bm_\ba_\bc_\br_\bo, k\bke\bey\bys\bse\beq\bq differs
- from k\bke\bey\byn\bna\bam\bme\be above in that strings denoting an entire key sequence may
- be specified by placing the sequence within double quotes. Some GNU
- Emacs style key escapes can be used, as in the following example, but
+ In the second form, "\b"k\bke\bey\bys\bse\beq\bq"\b":_\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be or _\bm_\ba_\bc_\br_\bo, k\bke\bey\bys\bse\beq\bq differs
+ from k\bke\bey\byn\bna\bam\bme\be above in that strings denoting an entire key sequence may
+ be specified by placing the sequence within double quotes. Some GNU
+ Emacs style key escapes can be used, as in the following example, but
the symbolic character names are not recognized.
"\C-u": universal-argument
"\e[11~": "Function Key 1"
In this example, _\bC_\b-_\bu is again bound to the function u\bun\bni\biv\bve\ber\brs\bsa\bal\bl-\b-a\bar\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bt.
- _\bC_\b-_\bx _\bC_\b-_\br is bound to the function r\bre\be-\b-r\bre\bea\bad\bd-\b-i\bin\bni\bit\bt-\b-f\bfi\bil\ble\be, and _\bE_\bS_\bC _\b[ _\b1 _\b1 _\b~ is
+ _\bC_\b-_\bx _\bC_\b-_\br is bound to the function r\bre\be-\b-r\bre\bea\bad\bd-\b-i\bin\bni\bit\bt-\b-f\bfi\bil\ble\be, and _\bE_\bS_\bC _\b[ _\b1 _\b1 _\b~ is
bound to insert the text ``Function Key 1''.
The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences is
\\b\"\b" literal "
\\b\'\b' literal '
- In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set of
+ In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set of
backslash escapes is available:
\\b\a\ba alert (bell)
\\b\b\bb backspace
\\b\r\br carriage return
\\b\t\bt horizontal tab
\\b\v\bv vertical tab
- \\b\_\bn_\bn_\bn the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value
+ \\b\_\bn_\bn_\bn the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value
_\bn_\bn_\bn (one to three digits)
- \\b\x\bx_\bH_\bH the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal
+ \\b\x\bx_\bH_\bH the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal
value _\bH_\bH (one or two hex digits)
When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must be used
to indicate a macro definition. Unquoted text is assumed to be a func-
- tion name. In the macro body, the backslash escapes described above
- are expanded. Backslash will quote any other character in the macro
+ tion name. In the macro body, the backslash escapes described above
+ are expanded. Backslash will quote any other character in the macro
text, including " and '.
- B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh allows the current readline key bindings to be displayed or modi-
- fied with the b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd builtin command. The editing mode may be switched
- during interactive use by using the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin com-
+ B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh allows the current readline key bindings to be displayed or modi-
+ fied with the b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd builtin command. The editing mode may be switched
+ during interactive use by using the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin com-
mand (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below).
R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs
s\bse\bet\bt _\bv_\ba_\br_\bi_\ba_\bb_\bl_\be_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be
- Except where noted, readline variables can take the values O\bOn\bn or O\bOf\bff\bf.
+ Except where noted, readline variables can take the values O\bOn\bn or O\bOf\bff\bf.
The variables and their default values are:
b\bbe\bel\bll\bl-\b-s\bst\bty\byl\ble\be (\b(a\bau\bud\bdi\bib\bbl\ble\be)\b)
- Controls what happens when readline wants to ring the terminal
+ Controls what happens when readline wants to ring the terminal
bell. If set to n\bno\bon\bne\be, readline never rings the bell. If set to
- v\bvi\bis\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be, readline uses a visible bell if one is available. If
+ v\bvi\bis\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be, readline uses a visible bell if one is available. If
set to a\bau\bud\bdi\bib\bbl\ble\be, readline attempts to ring the terminal's bell.
b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd-\b-t\btt\bty\by-\b-s\bsp\bpe\bec\bci\bia\bal\bl-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\brs\bs (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, readline attempts to bind the control characters
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, readline attempts to bind the control characters
treated specially by the kernel's terminal driver to their read-
line equivalents.
c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn (\b(`\b``\b`#\b#'\b''\b')\b)
- The string that is inserted when the readline i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt
+ The string that is inserted when the readline i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt
command is executed. This command is bound to M\bM-\b-#\b# in emacs mode
and to #\b# in vi command mode.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn-\b-i\big\bgn\bno\bor\bre\be-\b-c\bca\bas\bse\be (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
If set to O\bOn\bn, readline performs filename matching and completion
in a case-insensitive fashion.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn-\b-q\bqu\bue\ber\bry\by-\b-i\bit\bte\bem\bms\bs (\b(1\b10\b00\b0)\b)
- This determines when the user is queried about viewing the num-
- ber of possible completions generated by the p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\be-\b-
- t\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs command. It may be set to any integer value greater than
- or equal to zero. If the number of possible completions is
+ This determines when the user is queried about viewing the num-
+ ber of possible completions generated by the p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\be-\b-
+ t\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs command. It may be set to any integer value greater than
+ or equal to zero. If the number of possible completions is
greater than or equal to the value of this variable, the user is
- asked whether or not he wishes to view them; otherwise they are
+ asked whether or not he wishes to view them; otherwise they are
simply listed on the terminal.
c\bco\bon\bnv\bve\ber\brt\bt-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, readline will convert characters with the eighth
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, readline will convert characters with the eighth
bit set to an ASCII key sequence by stripping the eighth bit and
- prefixing an escape character (in effect, using escape as the
+ prefixing an escape character (in effect, using escape as the
_\bm_\be_\bt_\ba _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx).
d\bdi\bis\bsa\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
If set to O\bOn\bn, readline will inhibit word completion. Completion
- characters will be inserted into the line as if they had been
+ characters will be inserted into the line as if they had been
mapped to s\bse\bel\blf\bf-\b-i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt.
e\bed\bdi\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be (\b(e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs)\b)
Controls whether readline begins with a set of key bindings sim-
v\bvi\bi.
e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-k\bke\bey\byp\bpa\bad\bd (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
When set to O\bOn\bn, readline will try to enable the application key-
- pad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable the
+ pad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable the
arrow keys.
e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-t\bti\bil\bld\bde\be (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to o\bon\bn, tilde expansion is performed when readline
+ If set to o\bon\bn, tilde expansion is performed when readline
attempts word completion.
h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by-\b-p\bpr\bre\bes\bse\ber\brv\bve\be-\b-p\bpo\boi\bin\bnt\bt
- If set to o\bon\bn, the history code attempts to place point at the
- same location on each history line retrieved with p\bpr\bre\bev\bvi\bio\bou\bus\bs-\b-h\bhi\bis\bs-\b-
+ If set to o\bon\bn, the history code attempts to place point at the
+ same location on each history line retrieved with p\bpr\bre\bev\bvi\bio\bou\bus\bs-\b-h\bhi\bis\bs-\b-
t\bto\bor\bry\by or n\bne\bex\bxt\bt-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by.
h\bho\bor\bri\biz\bzo\bon\bnt\bta\bal\bl-\b-s\bsc\bcr\bro\bol\bll\bl-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- When set to O\bOn\bn, makes readline use a single line for display,
+ When set to O\bOn\bn, makes readline use a single line for display,
scrolling the input horizontally on a single screen line when it
- becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a
+ becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a
new line.
i\bin\bnp\bpu\but\bt-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, readline will enable eight-bit input (that is, it
- will not strip the high bit from the characters it reads),
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, readline will enable eight-bit input (that is, it
+ will not strip the high bit from the characters it reads),
regardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The name
m\bme\bet\bta\ba-\b-f\bfl\bla\bag\bg is a synonym for this variable.
i\bis\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-t\bte\ber\brm\bmi\bin\bna\bat\bto\bor\brs\bs (\b(`\b``\b`C\bC-\b-[\b[C\bC-\b-J\bJ'\b''\b')\b)
- The string of characters that should terminate an incremental
- search without subsequently executing the character as a com-
- mand. If this variable has not been given a value, the charac-
+ The string of characters that should terminate an incremental
+ search without subsequently executing the character as a com-
+ mand. If this variable has not been given a value, the charac-
ters _\bE_\bS_\bC and _\bC_\b-_\bJ will terminate an incremental search.
k\bke\bey\bym\bma\bap\bp (\b(e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs)\b)
- Set the current readline keymap. The set of valid keymap names
- is _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\bd_\ba_\br_\bd_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bc_\bt_\bl_\bx_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\b-
- _\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, and _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bi_\bn_\bs_\be_\br_\bt. _\bv_\bi is equivalent to _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd; _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs is
- equivalent to _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\bd_\ba_\br_\bd. The default value is _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs; the
+ Set the current readline keymap. The set of valid keymap names
+ is _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\bd_\ba_\br_\bd_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bc_\bt_\bl_\bx_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\b-
+ _\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, and _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bi_\bn_\bs_\be_\br_\bt. _\bv_\bi is equivalent to _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd; _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs is
+ equivalent to _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\bd_\ba_\br_\bd. The default value is _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs; the
value of e\bed\bdi\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be also affects the default keymap.
m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-d\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bri\bie\bes\bs (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
If set to O\bOn\bn, completed directory names have a slash appended.
m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-m\bmo\bod\bdi\bif\bfi\bie\bed\bd-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\bes\bs (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, history lines that have been modified are dis-
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, history lines that have been modified are dis-
played with a preceding asterisk (*\b*).
m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-s\bsy\bym\bml\bli\bin\bnk\bke\bed\bd-\b-d\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bri\bie\bes\bs (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
If set to O\bOn\bn, completed names which are symbolic links to direc-
- tories have a slash appended (subject to the value of
+ tories have a slash appended (subject to the value of
m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-d\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bri\bie\bes\bs).
m\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh-\b-h\bhi\bid\bdd\bde\ben\bn-\b-f\bfi\bil\ble\bes\bs (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
- This variable, when set to O\bOn\bn, causes readline to match files
- whose names begin with a `.' (hidden files) when performing
- filename completion, unless the leading `.' is supplied by the
+ This variable, when set to O\bOn\bn, causes readline to match files
+ whose names begin with a `.' (hidden files) when performing
+ filename completion, unless the leading `.' is supplied by the
user in the filename to be completed.
o\bou\but\btp\bpu\but\bt-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, readline will display characters with the eighth
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, readline will display characters with the eighth
bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape sequence.
p\bpa\bag\bge\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(O\bOn\bn)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, readline uses an internal _\bm_\bo_\br_\be-like pager to dis-
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, readline uses an internal _\bm_\bo_\br_\be-like pager to dis-
play a screenful of possible completions at a time.
p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\bt-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs-\b-h\bho\bor\bri\biz\bzo\bon\bnt\bta\bal\bll\bly\by (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, readline will display completions with matches
- sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, readline will display completions with matches
+ sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the
screen.
s\bsh\bho\bow\bw-\b-a\bal\bll\bl-\b-i\bif\bf-\b-a\bam\bmb\bbi\big\bgu\buo\bou\bus\bs (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- This alters the default behavior of the completion functions.
+ This alters the default behavior of the completion functions.
If set to o\bon\bn, words which have more than one possible completion
- cause the matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing
+ cause the matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing
the bell.
s\bsh\bho\bow\bw-\b-a\bal\bll\bl-\b-i\bif\bf-\b-u\bun\bnm\bmo\bod\bdi\bif\bfi\bie\bed\bd (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- This alters the default behavior of the completion functions in
+ This alters the default behavior of the completion functions in
a fashion similar to s\bsh\bho\bow\bw-\b-a\bal\bll\bl-\b-i\bif\bf-\b-a\bam\bmb\bbi\big\bgu\buo\bou\bus\bs. If set to o\bon\bn, words
- which have more than one possible completion without any possi-
- ble partial completion (the possible completions don't share a
- common prefix) cause the matches to be listed immediately
+ which have more than one possible completion without any possi-
+ ble partial completion (the possible completions don't share a
+ common prefix) cause the matches to be listed immediately
instead of ringing the bell.
v\bvi\bis\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-s\bst\bta\bat\bts\bs (\b(O\bOf\bff\bf)\b)
- If set to O\bOn\bn, a character denoting a file's type as reported by
- _\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt(2) is appended to the filename when listing possible com-
+ If set to O\bOn\bn, a character denoting a file's type as reported by
+ _\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt(2) is appended to the filename when listing possible com-
pletions.
R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be C\bCo\bon\bnd\bdi\bit\bti\bio\bon\bna\bal\bl C\bCo\bon\bns\bst\btr\bru\buc\bct\bts\bs
- Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional
- compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings
- and variable settings to be performed as the result of tests. There
+ Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional
+ compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings
+ and variable settings to be performed as the result of tests. There
are four parser directives used.
- $\b$i\bif\bf The $\b$i\bif\bf construct allows bindings to be made based on the edit-
- ing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using
- readline. The text of the test extends to the end of the line;
+ $\b$i\bif\bf The $\b$i\bif\bf construct allows bindings to be made based on the edit-
+ ing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using
+ readline. The text of the test extends to the end of the line;
no characters are required to isolate it.
- m\bmo\bod\bde\be The m\bmo\bod\bde\be=\b= form of the $\b$i\bif\bf directive is used to test
- whether readline is in emacs or vi mode. This may be
- used in conjunction with the s\bse\bet\bt k\bke\bey\bym\bma\bap\bp command, for
- instance, to set bindings in the _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\bd_\ba_\br_\bd and
- _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bc_\bt_\bl_\bx keymaps only if readline is starting out in
+ m\bmo\bod\bde\be The m\bmo\bod\bde\be=\b= form of the $\b$i\bif\bf directive is used to test
+ whether readline is in emacs or vi mode. This may be
+ used in conjunction with the s\bse\bet\bt k\bke\bey\bym\bma\bap\bp command, for
+ instance, to set bindings in the _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\bd_\ba_\br_\bd and
+ _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bc_\bt_\bl_\bx keymaps only if readline is starting out in
emacs mode.
- t\bte\ber\brm\bm The t\bte\ber\brm\bm=\b= form may be used to include terminal-specific
+ t\bte\ber\brm\bm The t\bte\ber\brm\bm=\b= form may be used to include terminal-specific
key bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by
the terminal's function keys. The word on the right side
of the =\b= is tested against the both full name of the ter-
- minal and the portion of the terminal name before the
- first -\b-. This allows _\bs_\bu_\bn to match both _\bs_\bu_\bn and _\bs_\bu_\bn_\b-_\bc_\bm_\bd,
+ minal and the portion of the terminal name before the
+ first -\b-. This allows _\bs_\bu_\bn to match both _\bs_\bu_\bn and _\bs_\bu_\bn_\b-_\bc_\bm_\bd,
for instance.
a\bap\bpp\bpl\bli\bic\bca\bat\bti\bio\bon\bn
The a\bap\bpp\bpl\bli\bic\bca\bat\bti\bio\bon\bn construct is used to include application-
specific settings. Each program using the readline
- library sets the _\ba_\bp_\bp_\bl_\bi_\bc_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, and an initialization
+ library sets the _\ba_\bp_\bp_\bl_\bi_\bc_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, and an initialization
file can test for a particular value. This could be used
- to bind key sequences to functions useful for a specific
- program. For instance, the following command adds a key
- sequence that quotes the current or previous word in
+ to bind key sequences to functions useful for a specific
+ program. For instance, the following command adds a key
+ sequence that quotes the current or previous word in
Bash:
$\b$i\bif\bf Bash
test fails.
$\b$i\bin\bnc\bcl\blu\bud\bde\be
- This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads
- commands and bindings from that file. For example, the follow-
+ This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads
+ commands and bindings from that file. For example, the follow-
ing directive would read _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc:
$\b$i\bin\bnc\bcl\blu\bud\bde\be _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc
S\bSe\bea\bar\brc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg
- Readline provides commands for searching through the command history
+ Readline provides commands for searching through the command history
(see H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY below) for lines containing a specified string. There are
two search modes: _\bi_\bn_\bc_\br_\be_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\ba_\bl and _\bn_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bi_\bn_\bc_\br_\be_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\ba_\bl.
- Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the
- search string. As each character of the search string is typed, read-
+ Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the
+ search string. As each character of the search string is typed, read-
line displays the next entry from the history matching the string typed
- so far. An incremental search requires only as many characters as
- needed to find the desired history entry. The characters present in
- the value of the i\bis\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-t\bte\ber\brm\bmi\bin\bna\bat\bto\bor\brs\bs variable are used to terminate an
+ so far. An incremental search requires only as many characters as
+ needed to find the desired history entry. The characters present in
+ the value of the i\bis\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-t\bte\ber\brm\bmi\bin\bna\bat\bto\bor\brs\bs variable are used to terminate an
incremental search. If that variable has not been assigned a value the
- Escape and Control-J characters will terminate an incremental search.
- Control-G will abort an incremental search and restore the original
- line. When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the
+ Escape and Control-J characters will terminate an incremental search.
+ Control-G will abort an incremental search and restore the original
+ line. When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the
search string becomes the current line.
- To find other matching entries in the history list, type Control-S or
- Control-R as appropriate. This will search backward or forward in the
- history for the next entry matching the search string typed so far.
- Any other key sequence bound to a readline command will terminate the
- search and execute that command. For instance, a _\bn_\be_\bw_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be will termi-
+ To find other matching entries in the history list, type Control-S or
+ Control-R as appropriate. This will search backward or forward in the
+ history for the next entry matching the search string typed so far.
+ Any other key sequence bound to a readline command will terminate the
+ search and execute that command. For instance, a _\bn_\be_\bw_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be will termi-
nate the search and accept the line, thereby executing the command from
the history list.
Readline remembers the last incremental search string. If two Control-
- Rs are typed without any intervening characters defining a new search
+ Rs are typed without any intervening characters defining a new search
string, any remembered search string is used.
- Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting
- to search for matching history lines. The search string may be typed
+ Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting
+ to search for matching history lines. The search string may be typed
by the user or be part of the contents of the current line.
R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be C\bCo\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd N\bNa\bam\bme\bes\bs
- The following is a list of the names of the commands and the default
+ The following is a list of the names of the commands and the default
key sequences to which they are bound. Command names without an accom-
panying key sequence are unbound by default. In the following descrip-
- tions, _\bp_\bo_\bi_\bn_\bt refers to the current cursor position, and _\bm_\ba_\br_\bk refers to
- a cursor position saved by the s\bse\bet\bt-\b-m\bma\bar\brk\bk command. The text between the
+ tions, _\bp_\bo_\bi_\bn_\bt refers to the current cursor position, and _\bm_\ba_\br_\bk refers to
+ a cursor position saved by the s\bse\bet\bt-\b-m\bma\bar\brk\bk command. The text between the
point and mark is referred to as the _\br_\be_\bg_\bi_\bo_\bn.
C\bCo\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bds\bs f\bfo\bor\br M\bMo\bov\bvi\bin\bng\bg
Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are composed of
alphanumeric characters (letters and digits).
b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-b\bb)\b)
- Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words
+ Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words
are composed of alphanumeric characters (letters and digits).
c\bcl\ble\bea\bar\br-\b-s\bsc\bcr\bre\bee\ben\bn (\b(C\bC-\b-l\bl)\b)
- Clear the screen leaving the current line at the top of the
- screen. With an argument, refresh the current line without
+ Clear the screen leaving the current line at the top of the
+ screen. With an argument, refresh the current line without
clearing the screen.
r\bre\bed\bdr\bra\baw\bw-\b-c\bcu\bur\brr\bre\ben\bnt\bt-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be
Refresh the current line.
C\bCo\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bds\bs f\bfo\bor\br M\bMa\ban\bni\bip\bpu\bul\bla\bat\bti\bin\bng\bg t\bth\bhe\be H\bHi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by
a\bac\bcc\bce\bep\bpt\bt-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be (\b(N\bNe\bew\bwl\bli\bin\bne\be,\b, R\bRe\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn)\b)
Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is. If this line
- is non-empty, add it to the history list according to the state
- of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL variable. If the line is a modified history
+ is non-empty, add it to the history list according to the state
+ of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL variable. If the line is a modified history
line, then restore the history line to its original state.
p\bpr\bre\bev\bvi\bio\bou\bus\bs-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(C\bC-\b-p\bp)\b)
Fetch the previous command from the history list, moving back in
the list.
n\bne\bex\bxt\bt-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(C\bC-\b-n\bn)\b)
- Fetch the next command from the history list, moving forward in
+ Fetch the next command from the history list, moving forward in
the list.
b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bnn\bni\bin\bng\bg-\b-o\bof\bf-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(M\bM-\b-<\b<)\b)
Move to the first line in the history.
e\ben\bnd\bd-\b-o\bof\bf-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(M\bM-\b->\b>)\b)
- Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently
+ Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently
being entered.
r\bre\bev\bve\ber\brs\bse\be-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(C\bC-\b-r\br)\b)
- Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up'
- through the history as necessary. This is an incremental
+ Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up'
+ through the history as necessary. This is an incremental
search.
f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(C\bC-\b-s\bs)\b)
- Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down'
- through the history as necessary. This is an incremental
+ Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down'
+ through the history as necessary. This is an incremental
search.
n\bno\bon\bn-\b-i\bin\bnc\bcr\bre\bem\bme\ben\bnt\bta\bal\bl-\b-r\bre\bev\bve\ber\brs\bse\be-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(M\bM-\b-p\bp)\b)
Search backward through the history starting at the current line
- using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the
+ using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the
user.
n\bno\bon\bn-\b-i\bin\bnc\bcr\bre\bem\bme\ben\bnt\bta\bal\bl-\b-f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(M\bM-\b-n\bn)\b)
- Search forward through the history using a non-incremental
+ Search forward through the history using a non-incremental
search for a string supplied by the user.
h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd
- Search forward through the history for the string of characters
- between the start of the current line and the point. This is a
+ Search forward through the history for the string of characters
+ between the start of the current line and the point. This is a
non-incremental search.
h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd
Search backward through the history for the string of characters
- between the start of the current line and the point. This is a
+ between the start of the current line and the point. This is a
non-incremental search.
y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-n\bnt\bth\bh-\b-a\bar\brg\bg (\b(M\bM-\b-C\bC-\b-y\by)\b)
- Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually the
+ Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually the
second word on the previous line) at point. With an argument _\bn,
- insert the _\bnth word from the previous command (the words in the
- previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument
+ insert the _\bnth word from the previous command (the words in the
+ previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument
inserts the _\bnth word from the end of the previous command. Once
- the argument _\bn is computed, the argument is extracted as if the
+ the argument _\bn is computed, the argument is extracted as if the
"!_\bn" history expansion had been specified.
y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-l\bla\bas\bst\bt-\b-a\bar\brg\bg (\b(M\bM-\b-.\b.,\b, M\bM-\b-_\b_)\b)
- Insert the last argument to the previous command (the last word
- of the previous history entry). With an argument, behave
- exactly like y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-n\bnt\bth\bh-\b-a\bar\brg\bg. Successive calls to y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-l\bla\bas\bst\bt-\b-a\bar\brg\bg
- move back through the history list, inserting the last argument
+ Insert the last argument to the previous command (the last word
+ of the previous history entry). With an argument, behave
+ exactly like y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-n\bnt\bth\bh-\b-a\bar\brg\bg. Successive calls to y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-l\bla\bas\bst\bt-\b-a\bar\brg\bg
+ move back through the history list, inserting the last argument
of each line in turn. The history expansion facilities are used
- to extract the last argument, as if the "!$" history expansion
+ to extract the last argument, as if the "!$" history expansion
had been specified.
s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be (\b(M\bM-\b-C\bC-\b-e\be)\b)
Expand the line as the shell does. This performs alias and his-
tory expansion as well as all of the shell word expansions. See
- H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN below for a description of history expansion.
+ H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN below for a description of history expansion.
h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be (\b(M\bM-\b-^\b^)\b)
- Perform history expansion on the current line. See H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY
+ Perform history expansion on the current line. See H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY
E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN below for a description of history expansion.
m\bma\bag\bgi\bic\bc-\b-s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be
- Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a
+ Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a
space. See H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN below for a description of history
expansion.
a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be
- Perform alias expansion on the current line. See A\bAL\bLI\bIA\bAS\bSE\bES\bS above
+ Perform alias expansion on the current line. See A\bAL\bLI\bIA\bAS\bSE\bES\bS above
for a description of alias expansion.
h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by-\b-a\ban\bnd\bd-\b-a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be
Perform history and alias expansion on the current line.
i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt-\b-l\bla\bas\bst\bt-\b-a\bar\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bt (\b(M\bM-\b-.\b.,\b, M\bM-\b-_\b_)\b)
A synonym for y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-l\bla\bas\bst\bt-\b-a\bar\brg\bg.
o\bop\bpe\ber\bra\bat\bte\be-\b-a\ban\bnd\bd-\b-g\bge\bet\bt-\b-n\bne\bex\bxt\bt (\b(C\bC-\b-o\bo)\b)
- Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line
- relative to the current line from the history for editing. Any
+ Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line
+ relative to the current line from the history for editing. Any
argument is ignored.
e\bed\bdi\bit\bt-\b-a\ban\bnd\bd-\b-e\bex\bxe\bec\bcu\but\bte\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bxC\bC-\b-e\be)\b)
- Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the
- result as shell commands. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh attempts to invoke $\b$F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT,
+ Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the
+ result as shell commands. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh attempts to invoke $\b$F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT,
$\b$E\bED\bDI\bIT\bTO\bOR\bR, and _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs as the editor, in that order.
C\bCo\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bds\bs f\bfo\bor\br C\bCh\bha\ban\bng\bgi\bin\bng\bg T\bTe\bex\bxt\bt
d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br (\b(C\bC-\b-d\bd)\b)
- Delete the character at point. If point is at the beginning of
- the line, there are no characters in the line, and the last
+ Delete the character at point. If point is at the beginning of
+ the line, there are no characters in the line, and the last
character typed was not bound to d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br, then return E\bEO\bOF\bF.
b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br (\b(R\bRu\bub\bbo\bou\but\bt)\b)
- Delete the character behind the cursor. When given a numeric
+ Delete the character behind the cursor. When given a numeric
argument, save the deleted text on the kill ring.
f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br
- Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at
+ Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at
the end of the line, in which case the character behind the cur-
sor is deleted.
q\bqu\buo\bot\bte\bed\bd-\b-i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt (\b(C\bC-\b-q\bq,\b, C\bC-\b-v\bv)\b)
- Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is how
+ Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is how
to insert characters like C\bC-\b-q\bq, for example.
t\bta\bab\bb-\b-i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt (\b(C\bC-\b-v\bv T\bTA\bAB\bB)\b)
Insert a tab character.
s\bse\bel\blf\bf-\b-i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt (\b(a\ba,\b, b\bb,\b, A\bA,\b, 1\b1,\b, !\b!,\b, .\b..\b..\b.)\b)
Insert the character typed.
t\btr\bra\ban\bns\bsp\bpo\bos\bse\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\brs\bs (\b(C\bC-\b-t\bt)\b)
- Drag the character before point forward over the character at
- point, moving point forward as well. If point is at the end of
- the line, then this transposes the two characters before point.
+ Drag the character before point forward over the character at
+ point, moving point forward as well. If point is at the end of
+ the line, then this transposes the two characters before point.
Negative arguments have no effect.
t\btr\bra\ban\bns\bsp\bpo\bos\bse\be-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bds\bs (\b(M\bM-\b-t\bt)\b)
- Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving
- point over that word as well. If point is at the end of the
+ Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving
+ point over that word as well. If point is at the end of the
line, this transposes the last two words on the line.
u\bup\bpc\bca\bas\bse\be-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-u\bu)\b)
- Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative
+ Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative
argument, uppercase the previous word, but do not move point.
d\bdo\bow\bwn\bnc\bca\bas\bse\be-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-l\bl)\b)
- Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative
+ Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative
argument, lowercase the previous word, but do not move point.
c\bca\bap\bpi\bit\bta\bal\bli\biz\bze\be-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-c\bc)\b)
- Capitalize the current (or following) word. With a negative
+ Capitalize the current (or following) word. With a negative
argument, capitalize the previous word, but do not move point.
o\bov\bve\ber\brw\bwr\bri\bit\bte\be-\b-m\bmo\bod\bde\be
- Toggle overwrite mode. With an explicit positive numeric argu-
+ Toggle overwrite mode. With an explicit positive numeric argu-
ment, switches to overwrite mode. With an explicit non-positive
numeric argument, switches to insert mode. This command affects
- only e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs mode; v\bvi\bi mode does overwrite differently. Each call
+ only e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs mode; v\bvi\bi mode does overwrite differently. Each call
to _\br_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be_\b(_\b) starts in insert mode. In overwrite mode, charac-
- ters bound to s\bse\bel\blf\bf-\b-i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt replace the text at point rather than
- pushing the text to the right. Characters bound to b\bba\bac\bck\bk-\b-
- w\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br replace the character before point with a
+ ters bound to s\bse\bel\blf\bf-\b-i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt replace the text at point rather than
+ pushing the text to the right. Characters bound to b\bba\bac\bck\bk-\b-
+ w\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br replace the character before point with a
space. By default, this command is unbound.
K\bKi\bil\bll\bli\bin\bng\bg a\ban\bnd\bd Y\bYa\ban\bnk\bki\bin\bng\bg
b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx R\bRu\bub\bbo\bou\but\bt)\b)
Kill backward to the beginning of the line.
u\bun\bni\bix\bx-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be-\b-d\bdi\bis\bsc\bca\bar\brd\bd (\b(C\bC-\b-u\bu)\b)
- Kill backward from point to the beginning of the line. The
+ Kill backward from point to the beginning of the line. The
killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-w\bwh\bho\bol\ble\be-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be
- Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point
+ Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point
is.
k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-d\bd)\b)
- Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between
- words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the
+ Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between
+ words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the
same as those used by f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd.
b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-k\bki\bil\bll\bl-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-R\bRu\bub\bbo\bou\but\bt)\b)
- Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as
+ Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as
those used by b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd.
u\bun\bni\bix\bx-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd-\b-r\bru\bub\bbo\bou\but\bt (\b(C\bC-\b-w\bw)\b)
- Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word bound-
+ Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word bound-
ary. The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
u\bun\bni\bix\bx-\b-f\bfi\bil\ble\ben\bna\bam\bme\be-\b-r\bru\bub\bbo\bou\but\bt
- Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash
- character as the word boundaries. The killed text is saved on
+ Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash
+ character as the word boundaries. The killed text is saved on
the kill-ring.
d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-h\bho\bor\bri\biz\bzo\bon\bnt\bta\bal\bl-\b-s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be (\b(M\bM-\b-\\b\)\b)
Delete all spaces and tabs around point.
c\bco\bop\bpy\by-\b-r\bre\beg\bgi\bio\bon\bn-\b-a\bas\bs-\b-k\bki\bil\bll\bl
Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer.
c\bco\bop\bpy\by-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd
- Copy the word before point to the kill buffer. The word bound-
+ Copy the word before point to the kill buffer. The word bound-
aries are the same as b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd.
c\bco\bop\bpy\by-\b-f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd
- Copy the word following point to the kill buffer. The word
+ Copy the word following point to the kill buffer. The word
boundaries are the same as f\bfo\bor\brw\bwa\bar\brd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd.
y\bya\ban\bnk\bk (\b(C\bC-\b-y\by)\b)
Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point.
y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-p\bpo\bop\bp (\b(M\bM-\b-y\by)\b)
- Rotate the kill ring, and yank the new top. Only works follow-
+ Rotate the kill ring, and yank the new top. Only works follow-
ing y\bya\ban\bnk\bk or y\bya\ban\bnk\bk-\b-p\bpo\bop\bp.
N\bNu\bum\bme\ber\bri\bic\bc A\bAr\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bts\bs
d\bdi\big\bgi\bit\bt-\b-a\bar\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bt (\b(M\bM-\b-0\b0,\b, M\bM-\b-1\b1,\b, .\b..\b..\b.,\b, M\bM-\b--\b-)\b)
- Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a
+ Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a
new argument. M-- starts a negative argument.
u\bun\bni\biv\bve\ber\brs\bsa\bal\bl-\b-a\bar\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bt
- This is another way to specify an argument. If this command is
- followed by one or more digits, optionally with a leading minus
- sign, those digits define the argument. If the command is fol-
- lowed by digits, executing u\bun\bni\biv\bve\ber\brs\bsa\bal\bl-\b-a\bar\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bt again ends the
- numeric argument, but is otherwise ignored. As a special case,
- if this command is immediately followed by a character that is
- neither a digit or minus sign, the argument count for the next
- command is multiplied by four. The argument count is initially
- one, so executing this function the first time makes the argu-
+ This is another way to specify an argument. If this command is
+ followed by one or more digits, optionally with a leading minus
+ sign, those digits define the argument. If the command is fol-
+ lowed by digits, executing u\bun\bni\biv\bve\ber\brs\bsa\bal\bl-\b-a\bar\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bt again ends the
+ numeric argument, but is otherwise ignored. As a special case,
+ if this command is immediately followed by a character that is
+ neither a digit or minus sign, the argument count for the next
+ command is multiplied by four. The argument count is initially
+ one, so executing this function the first time makes the argu-
ment count four, a second time makes the argument count sixteen,
and so on.
C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bin\bng\bg
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be (\b(T\bTA\bAB\bB)\b)
- Attempt to perform completion on the text before point. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh
+ Attempt to perform completion on the text before point. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh
attempts completion treating the text as a variable (if the text
- begins with $\b$), username (if the text begins with ~\b~), hostname
- (if the text begins with @\b@), or command (including aliases and
+ begins with $\b$), username (if the text begins with ~\b~), hostname
+ (if the text begins with @\b@), or command (including aliases and
functions) in turn. If none of these produces a match, filename
completion is attempted.
p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(M\bM-\b-?\b?)\b)
List the possible completions of the text before point.
i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(M\bM-\b-*\b*)\b)
- Insert all completions of the text before point that would have
+ Insert all completions of the text before point that would have
been generated by p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs.
m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be
- Similar to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be, but replaces the word to be completed with
- a single match from the list of possible completions. Repeated
- execution of m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be steps through the list of possible
- completions, inserting each match in turn. At the end of the
+ Similar to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be, but replaces the word to be completed with
+ a single match from the list of possible completions. Repeated
+ execution of m\bme\ben\bnu\bu-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be steps through the list of possible
+ completions, inserting each match in turn. At the end of the
list of completions, the bell is rung (subject to the setting of
b\bbe\bel\bll\bl-\b-s\bst\bty\byl\ble\be) and the original text is restored. An argument of _\bn
- moves _\bn positions forward in the list of matches; a negative
- argument may be used to move backward through the list. This
- command is intended to be bound to T\bTA\bAB\bB, but is unbound by
+ moves _\bn positions forward in the list of matches; a negative
+ argument may be used to move backward through the list. This
+ command is intended to be bound to T\bTA\bAB\bB, but is unbound by
default.
d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br-\b-o\bor\br-\b-l\bli\bis\bst\bt
- Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning
- or end of the line (like d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br). If at the end of the
+ Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning
+ or end of the line (like d\bde\bel\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bch\bha\bar\br). If at the end of the
line, behaves identically to p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs. This command
is unbound by default.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-f\bfi\bil\ble\ben\bna\bam\bme\be (\b(M\bM-\b-/\b/)\b)
List the possible completions of the text before point, treating
it as a filename.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-u\bus\bse\ber\brn\bna\bam\bme\be (\b(M\bM-\b-~\b~)\b)
- Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
+ Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
username.
p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-u\bus\bse\ber\brn\bna\bam\bme\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx ~\b~)\b)
List the possible completions of the text before point, treating
it as a username.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-v\bva\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\be (\b(M\bM-\b-$\b$)\b)
- Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
+ Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
shell variable.
p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-v\bva\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx $\b$)\b)
List the possible completions of the text before point, treating
it as a shell variable.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-h\bho\bos\bst\btn\bna\bam\bme\be (\b(M\bM-\b-@\b@)\b)
- Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
+ Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
hostname.
p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-h\bho\bos\bst\btn\bna\bam\bme\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx @\b@)\b)
List the possible completions of the text before point, treating
it as a hostname.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-!\b!)\b)
- Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
- command name. Command completion attempts to match the text
- against aliases, reserved words, shell functions, shell
+ Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
+ command name. Command completion attempts to match the text
+ against aliases, reserved words, shell functions, shell
builtins, and finally executable filenames, in that order.
p\bpo\bos\bss\bsi\bib\bbl\ble\be-\b-c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx !\b!)\b)
List the possible completions of the text before point, treating
it as a command name.
d\bdy\byn\bna\bam\bmi\bic\bc-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by (\b(M\bM-\b-T\bTA\bAB\bB)\b)
- Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing the text
- against lines from the history list for possible completion
+ Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing the text
+ against lines from the history list for possible completion
matches.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-i\bin\bnt\bto\bo-\b-b\bbr\bra\bac\bce\bes\bs (\b(M\bM-\b-{\b{)\b)
Perform filename completion and insert the list of possible com-
- pletions enclosed within braces so the list is available to the
+ pletions enclosed within braces so the list is available to the
shell (see B\bBr\bra\bac\bce\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn above).
K\bKe\bey\byb\bbo\boa\bar\brd\bd M\bMa\bac\bcr\bro\bos\bs
s\bst\bta\bar\brt\bt-\b-k\bkb\bbd\bd-\b-m\bma\bac\bcr\bro\bo (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx (\b()\b)
- Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard
+ Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard
macro.
e\ben\bnd\bd-\b-k\bkb\bbd\bd-\b-m\bma\bac\bcr\bro\bo (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx )\b))\b)
Stop saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro
and store the definition.
c\bca\bal\bll\bl-\b-l\bla\bas\bst\bt-\b-k\bkb\bbd\bd-\b-m\bma\bac\bcr\bro\bo (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx e\be)\b)
- Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the char-
+ Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the char-
acters in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard.
M\bMi\bis\bsc\bce\bel\bll\bla\ban\bne\beo\bou\bus\bs
r\bre\be-\b-r\bre\bea\bad\bd-\b-i\bin\bni\bit\bt-\b-f\bfi\bil\ble\be (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx C\bC-\b-r\br)\b)
- Read in the contents of the _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file, and incorporate any
+ Read in the contents of the _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file, and incorporate any
bindings or variable assignments found there.
a\bab\bbo\bor\brt\bt (\b(C\bC-\b-g\bg)\b)
- Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal's bell
+ Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal's bell
(subject to the setting of b\bbe\bel\bll\bl-\b-s\bst\bty\byl\ble\be).
d\bdo\bo-\b-u\bup\bpp\bpe\ber\brc\bca\bas\bse\be-\b-v\bve\ber\brs\bsi\bio\bon\bn (\b(M\bM-\b-a\ba,\b, M\bM-\b-b\bb,\b, M\bM-\b-_\bx,\b, .\b..\b..\b.)\b)
- If the metafied character _\bx is lowercase, run the command that
+ If the metafied character _\bx is lowercase, run the command that
is bound to the corresponding uppercase character.
p\bpr\bre\bef\bfi\bix\bx-\b-m\bme\bet\bta\ba (\b(E\bES\bSC\bC)\b)
Metafy the next character typed. E\bES\bSC\bC f\bf is equivalent to M\bMe\bet\bta\ba-\b-f\bf.
u\bun\bnd\bdo\bo (\b(C\bC-\b-_\b_,\b, C\bC-\b-x\bx C\bC-\b-u\bu)\b)
Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.
r\bre\bev\bve\ber\brt\bt-\b-l\bli\bin\bne\be (\b(M\bM-\b-r\br)\b)
- Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the
- u\bun\bnd\bdo\bo command enough times to return the line to its initial
+ Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the
+ u\bun\bnd\bdo\bo command enough times to return the line to its initial
state.
t\bti\bil\bld\bde\be-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-&\b&)\b)
Perform tilde expansion on the current word.
s\bse\bet\bt-\b-m\bma\bar\brk\bk (\b(C\bC-\b-@\b@,\b, M\bM-\b-<\b<s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be>\b>)\b)
- Set the mark to the point. If a numeric argument is supplied,
+ Set the mark to the point. If a numeric argument is supplied,
the mark is set to that position.
e\bex\bxc\bch\bha\ban\bng\bge\be-\b-p\bpo\boi\bin\bnt\bt-\b-a\ban\bnd\bd-\b-m\bma\bar\brk\bk (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx C\bC-\b-x\bx)\b)
- Swap the point with the mark. The current cursor position is
- set to the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved
+ Swap the point with the mark. The current cursor position is
+ set to the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved
as the mark.
c\bch\bha\bar\bra\bac\bct\bte\ber\br-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh (\b(C\bC-\b-]\b])\b)
A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of
- that character. A negative count searches for previous occur-
+ that character. A negative count searches for previous occur-
rences.
c\bch\bha\bar\bra\bac\bct\bte\ber\br-\b-s\bse\bea\bar\brc\bch\bh-\b-b\bba\bac\bck\bkw\bwa\bar\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-C\bC-\b-]\b])\b)
- A character is read and point is moved to the previous occur-
- rence of that character. A negative count searches for subse-
+ A character is read and point is moved to the previous occur-
+ rence of that character. A negative count searches for subse-
quent occurrences.
i\bin\bns\bse\ber\brt\bt-\b-c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt (\b(M\bM-\b-#\b#)\b)
- Without a numeric argument, the value of the readline c\bco\bom\bm-\b-
- m\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn variable is inserted at the beginning of the current
+ Without a numeric argument, the value of the readline c\bco\bom\bm-\b-
+ m\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn variable is inserted at the beginning of the current
line. If a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a
- toggle: if the characters at the beginning of the line do not
- match the value of c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn, the value is inserted, other-
+ toggle: if the characters at the beginning of the line do not
+ match the value of c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn, the value is inserted, other-
wise the characters in c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn are deleted from the begin-
- ning of the line. In either case, the line is accepted as if a
- newline had been typed. The default value of c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn
- causes this command to make the current line a shell comment.
- If a numeric argument causes the comment character to be
+ ning of the line. In either case, the line is accepted as if a
+ newline had been typed. The default value of c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bt-\b-b\bbe\beg\bgi\bin\bn
+ causes this command to make the current line a shell comment.
+ If a numeric argument causes the comment character to be
removed, the line will be executed by the shell.
g\bgl\blo\bob\bb-\b-c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(M\bM-\b-g\bg)\b)
- The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname
- expansion, with an asterisk implicitly appended. This pattern
- is used to generate a list of matching file names for possible
+ The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname
+ expansion, with an asterisk implicitly appended. This pattern
+ is used to generate a list of matching file names for possible
completions.
g\bgl\blo\bob\bb-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx *\b*)\b)
- The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname
- expansion, and the list of matching file names is inserted,
- replacing the word. If a numeric argument is supplied, an
+ The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname
+ expansion, and the list of matching file names is inserted,
+ replacing the word. If a numeric argument is supplied, an
asterisk is appended before pathname expansion.
g\bgl\blo\bob\bb-\b-l\bli\bis\bst\bt-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bns\bs (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx g\bg)\b)
- The list of expansions that would have been generated by
- g\bgl\blo\bob\bb-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd is displayed, and the line is redrawn. If a
- numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before
+ The list of expansions that would have been generated by
+ g\bgl\blo\bob\bb-\b-e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd-\b-w\bwo\bor\brd\bd is displayed, and the line is redrawn. If a
+ numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before
pathname expansion.
d\bdu\bum\bmp\bp-\b-f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs
- Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the read-
+ Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the read-
line output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, the out-
- put is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an
+ put is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an
_\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file.
d\bdu\bum\bmp\bp-\b-v\bva\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs
Print all of the settable readline variables and their values to
- the readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied,
- the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
+ the readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied,
+ the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
of an _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file.
d\bdu\bum\bmp\bp-\b-m\bma\bac\bcr\bro\bos\bs
- Print all of the readline key sequences bound to macros and the
- strings they output. If a numeric argument is supplied, the
+ Print all of the readline key sequences bound to macros and the
+ strings they output. If a numeric argument is supplied, the
output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an
_\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc file.
d\bdi\bis\bsp\bpl\bla\bay\by-\b-s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl-\b-v\bve\ber\brs\bsi\bio\bon\bn (\b(C\bC-\b-x\bx C\bC-\b-v\bv)\b)
- Display version information about the current instance of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh.
+ Display version information about the current instance of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh.
P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn
- When word completion is attempted for an argument to a command for
- which a completion specification (a _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc) has been defined using
- the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be builtin (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below), the pro-
+ When word completion is attempted for an argument to a command for
+ which a completion specification (a _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc) has been defined using
+ the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be builtin (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below), the pro-
grammable completion facilities are invoked.
- First, the command name is identified. If a compspec has been defined
+ First, the command name is identified. If a compspec has been defined
for that command, the compspec is used to generate the list of possible
- completions for the word. If the command word is a full pathname, a
- compspec for the full pathname is searched for first. If no compspec
- is found for the full pathname, an attempt is made to find a compspec
+ completions for the word. If the command word is a full pathname, a
+ compspec for the full pathname is searched for first. If no compspec
+ is found for the full pathname, an attempt is made to find a compspec
for the portion following the final slash.
- Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of
- matching words. If a compspec is not found, the default b\bba\bas\bsh\bh comple-
+ Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of
+ matching words. If a compspec is not found, the default b\bba\bas\bsh\bh comple-
tion as described above under C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bin\bng\bg is performed.
- First, the actions specified by the compspec are used. Only matches
- which are prefixed by the word being completed are returned. When the
- -\b-f\bf or -\b-d\bd option is used for filename or directory name completion, the
+ First, the actions specified by the compspec are used. Only matches
+ which are prefixed by the word being completed are returned. When the
+ -\b-f\bf or -\b-d\bd option is used for filename or directory name completion, the
shell variable F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE is used to filter the matches.
- Any completions specified by a filename expansion pattern to the -\b-G\bG
+ Any completions specified by a filename expansion pattern to the -\b-G\bG
option are generated next. The words generated by the pattern need not
- match the word being completed. The G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE shell variable is not
+ match the word being completed. The G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE shell variable is not
used to filter the matches, but the F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE variable is used.
- Next, the string specified as the argument to the -\b-W\bW option is consid-
- ered. The string is first split using the characters in the I\bIF\bFS\bS spe-
- cial variable as delimiters. Shell quoting is honored. Each word is
- then expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and
- variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, as
+ Next, the string specified as the argument to the -\b-W\bW option is consid-
+ ered. The string is first split using the characters in the I\bIF\bFS\bS spe-
+ cial variable as delimiters. Shell quoting is honored. Each word is
+ then expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and
+ variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, as
described above under E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN. The results are split using the rules
described above under W\bWo\bor\brd\bd S\bSp\bpl\bli\bit\btt\bti\bin\bng\bg. The results of the expansion are
prefix-matched against the word being completed, and the matching words
become the possible completions.
- After these matches have been generated, any shell function or command
- specified with the -\b-F\bF and -\b-C\bC options is invoked. When the command or
+ After these matches have been generated, any shell function or command
+ specified with the -\b-F\bF and -\b-C\bC options is invoked. When the command or
function is invoked, the C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE and C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_P\bPO\bOI\bIN\bNT\bT variables are
- assigned values as described above under S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs. If a shell
- function is being invoked, the C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDS\bS and C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_C\bCW\bWO\bOR\bRD\bD variables are
- also set. When the function or command is invoked, the first argument
- is the name of the command whose arguments are being completed, the
- second argument is the word being completed, and the third argument is
- the word preceding the word being completed on the current command
+ assigned values as described above under S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs. If a shell
+ function is being invoked, the C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDS\bS and C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_C\bCW\bWO\bOR\bRD\bD variables are
+ also set. When the function or command is invoked, the first argument
+ is the name of the command whose arguments are being completed, the
+ second argument is the word being completed, and the third argument is
+ the word preceding the word being completed on the current command
line. No filtering of the generated completions against the word being
completed is performed; the function or command has complete freedom in
generating the matches.
- Any function specified with -\b-F\bF is invoked first. The function may use
- any of the shell facilities, including the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpg\bge\ben\bn builtin described
- below, to generate the matches. It must put the possible completions
+ Any function specified with -\b-F\bF is invoked first. The function may use
+ any of the shell facilities, including the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpg\bge\ben\bn builtin described
+ below, to generate the matches. It must put the possible completions
in the C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPR\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY array variable.
- Next, any command specified with the -\b-C\bC option is invoked in an envi-
- ronment equivalent to command substitution. It should print a list of
- completions, one per line, to the standard output. Backslash may be
+ Next, any command specified with the -\b-C\bC option is invoked in an envi-
+ ronment equivalent to command substitution. It should print a list of
+ completions, one per line, to the standard output. Backslash may be
used to escape a newline, if necessary.
- After all of the possible completions are generated, any filter speci-
- fied with the -\b-X\bX option is applied to the list. The filter is a pat-
- tern as used for pathname expansion; a &\b& in the pattern is replaced
- with the text of the word being completed. A literal &\b& may be escaped
- with a backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match.
- Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list.
+ After all of the possible completions are generated, any filter speci-
+ fied with the -\b-X\bX option is applied to the list. The filter is a pat-
+ tern as used for pathname expansion; a &\b& in the pattern is replaced
+ with the text of the word being completed. A literal &\b& may be escaped
+ with a backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match.
+ Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list.
A leading !\b! negates the pattern; in this case any completion not match-
ing the pattern will be removed.
added to each member of the completion list, and the result is returned
to the readline completion code as the list of possible completions.
- If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the
- -\b-o\bo d\bdi\bir\brn\bna\bam\bme\bes\bs option was supplied to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be when the compspec was
+ If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the
+ -\b-o\bo d\bdi\bir\brn\bna\bam\bme\bes\bs option was supplied to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be when the compspec was
defined, directory name completion is attempted.
- If the -\b-o\bo p\bpl\blu\bus\bsd\bdi\bir\brs\bs option was supplied to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be when the compspec
+ If the -\b-o\bo p\bpl\blu\bus\bsd\bdi\bir\brs\bs option was supplied to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be when the compspec
was defined, directory name completion is attempted and any matches are
added to the results of the other actions.
- By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned
- to the completion code as the full set of possible completions. The
+ By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned
+ to the completion code as the full set of possible completions. The
default b\bba\bas\bsh\bh completions are not attempted, and the readline default of
filename completion is disabled. If the -\b-o\bo b\bba\bas\bsh\bhd\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt option was sup-
- plied to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be when the compspec was defined, the b\bba\bas\bsh\bh default com-
+ plied to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be when the compspec was defined, the b\bba\bas\bsh\bh default com-
pletions are attempted if the compspec generates no matches. If the -\b-o\bo
- d\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt option was supplied to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be when the compspec was defined,
- readline's default completion will be performed if the compspec (and,
+ d\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt option was supplied to c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be when the compspec was defined,
+ readline's default completion will be performed if the compspec (and,
if attempted, the default b\bba\bas\bsh\bh completions) generate no matches.
- When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired,
- the programmable completion functions force readline to append a slash
- to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to
- the value of the m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-d\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bri\bie\bes\bs readline variable, regardless of the
+ When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired,
+ the programmable completion functions force readline to append a slash
+ to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to
+ the value of the m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-d\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bri\bie\bes\bs readline variable, regardless of the
setting of the m\bma\bar\brk\bk-\b-s\bsy\bym\bml\bli\bin\bnk\bke\bed\bd-\b-d\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bri\bie\bes\bs readline variable.
H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY
- When the -\b-o\bo h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin is enabled, the shell
+ When the -\b-o\bo h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin is enabled, the shell
provides access to the _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd _\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by, the list of commands previously
- typed. The value of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTS\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE variable is used as the number of
+ typed. The value of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTS\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE variable is used as the number of
commands to save in a history list. The text of the last H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTS\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE com-
- mands (default 500) is saved. The shell stores each command in the
- history list prior to parameter and variable expansion (see E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN
- above) but after history expansion is performed, subject to the values
+ mands (default 500) is saved. The shell stores each command in the
+ history list prior to parameter and variable expansion (see E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN
+ above) but after history expansion is performed, subject to the values
of the shell variables H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE and H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL.
On startup, the history is initialized from the file named by the vari-
- able H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE (default _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b__\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by). The file named by the value
- of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is truncated, if necessary, to contain no more than the
+ able H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE (default _\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b__\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by). The file named by the value
+ of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is truncated, if necessary, to contain no more than the
number of lines specified by the value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bES\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE. When an inter-
- active shell exits, the last $\b$H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTS\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE lines are copied from the his-
+ active shell exits, the last $\b$H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTS\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE lines are copied from the his-
tory list to $\b$H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE. If the h\bhi\bis\bst\bta\bap\bpp\bpe\ben\bnd\bd shell option is enabled (see
the description of s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below), the lines
- are appended to the history file, otherwise the history file is over-
- written. If H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is unset, or if the history file is unwritable,
- the history is not saved. After saving the history, the history file
- is truncated to contain no more than H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bES\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE lines. If H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE-\b-
+ are appended to the history file, otherwise the history file is over-
+ written. If H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is unset, or if the history file is unwritable,
+ the history is not saved. After saving the history, the history file
+ is truncated to contain no more than H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bES\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE lines. If H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE-\b-
S\bSI\bIZ\bZE\bE is not set, no truncation is performed.
- The builtin command f\bfc\bc (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below) may be used
+ The builtin command f\bfc\bc (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below) may be used
to list or edit and re-execute a portion of the history list. The h\bhi\bis\bs-\b-
- t\bto\bor\bry\by builtin may be used to display or modify the history list and
- manipulate the history file. When using command-line editing, search
- commands are available in each editing mode that provide access to the
+ t\bto\bor\bry\by builtin may be used to display or modify the history list and
+ manipulate the history file. When using command-line editing, search
+ commands are available in each editing mode that provide access to the
history list.
- The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history
+ The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history
list. The H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL and H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE variables may be set to cause the
shell to save only a subset of the commands entered. The c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt shell
- option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each line of a
- multi-line command in the same history entry, adding semicolons where
- necessary to preserve syntactic correctness. The l\bli\bit\bth\bhi\bis\bst\bt shell option
- causes the shell to save the command with embedded newlines instead of
+ option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each line of a
+ multi-line command in the same history entry, adding semicolons where
+ necessary to preserve syntactic correctness. The l\bli\bit\bth\bhi\bis\bst\bt shell option
+ causes the shell to save the command with embedded newlines instead of
semicolons. See the description of the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin below under S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL
B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS for information on setting and unsetting shell
options.
H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY E\bEX\bXP\bPA\bAN\bNS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN
- The shell supports a history expansion feature that is similar to the
- history expansion in c\bcs\bsh\bh.\b. This section describes what syntax features
- are available. This feature is enabled by default for interactive
+ The shell supports a history expansion feature that is similar to the
+ history expansion in c\bcs\bsh\bh.\b. This section describes what syntax features
+ are available. This feature is enabled by default for interactive
shells, and can be disabled using the +\b+H\bH option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin com-
mand (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS below). Non-interactive shells do not
perform history expansion by default.
History expansions introduce words from the history list into the input
- stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the arguments to a
+ stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the arguments to a
previous command into the current input line, or fix errors in previous
commands quickly.
- History expansion is performed immediately after a complete line is
- read, before the shell breaks it into words. It takes place in two
- parts. The first is to determine which line from the history list to
+ History expansion is performed immediately after a complete line is
+ read, before the shell breaks it into words. It takes place in two
+ parts. The first is to determine which line from the history list to
use during substitution. The second is to select portions of that line
for inclusion into the current one. The line selected from the history
- is the _\be_\bv_\be_\bn_\bt, and the portions of that line that are acted upon are
- _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bs. Various _\bm_\bo_\bd_\bi_\bf_\bi_\be_\br_\bs are available to manipulate the selected
+ is the _\be_\bv_\be_\bn_\bt, and the portions of that line that are acted upon are
+ _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bs. Various _\bm_\bo_\bd_\bi_\bf_\bi_\be_\br_\bs are available to manipulate the selected
words. The line is broken into words in the same fashion as when read-
- ing input, so that several _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\be_\br-separated words surrounded by
- quotes are considered one word. History expansions are introduced by
- the appearance of the history expansion character, which is !\b! by
- default. Only backslash (\\b\) and single quotes can quote the history
+ ing input, so that several _\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\ba_\bc_\bt_\be_\br-separated words surrounded by
+ quotes are considered one word. History expansions are introduced by
+ the appearance of the history expansion character, which is !\b! by
+ default. Only backslash (\\b\) and single quotes can quote the history
expansion character.
- Several characters inhibit history expansion if found immediately fol-
- lowing the history expansion character, even if it is unquoted: space,
- tab, newline, carriage return, and =\b=. If the e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell option is
+ Several characters inhibit history expansion if found immediately fol-
+ lowing the history expansion character, even if it is unquoted: space,
+ tab, newline, carriage return, and =\b=. If the e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell option is
enabled, (\b( will also inhibit expansion.
- Several shell options settable with the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin may be used to
- tailor the behavior of history expansion. If the h\bhi\bis\bst\btv\bve\ber\bri\bif\bfy\by shell
- option is enabled (see the description of the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin), and r\bre\bea\bad\bd-\b-
- l\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, history substitutions are not immediately passed to
- the shell parser. Instead, the expanded line is reloaded into the
- r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be editing buffer for further modification. If r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being
- used, and the h\bhi\bis\bst\btr\bre\bee\bed\bdi\bit\bt shell option is enabled, a failed history sub-
- stitution will be reloaded into the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be editing buffer for correc-
- tion. The -\b-p\bp option to the h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by builtin command may be used to see
- what a history expansion will do before using it. The -\b-s\bs option to the
- h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by builtin may be used to add commands to the end of the history
- list without actually executing them, so that they are available for
- subsequent recall.
-
- The shell allows control of the various characters used by the history
+ Several shell options settable with the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin may be used to
+ tailor the behavior of history expansion. If the h\bhi\bis\bst\btv\bve\ber\bri\bif\bfy\by shell
+ option is enabled (see the description of the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin), and
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, history substitutions are not immediately
+ passed to the shell parser. Instead, the expanded line is reloaded
+ into the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be editing buffer for further modification. If r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
+ is being used, and the h\bhi\bis\bst\btr\bre\bee\bed\bdi\bit\bt shell option is enabled, a failed
+ history substitution will be reloaded into the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be editing buffer
+ for correction. The -\b-p\bp option to the h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by builtin command may be
+ used to see what a history expansion will do before using it. The -\b-s\bs
+ option to the h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by builtin may be used to add commands to the end of
+ the history list without actually executing them, so that they are
+ available for subsequent recall.
+
+ The shell allows control of the various characters used by the history
expansion mechanism (see the description of h\bhi\bis\bst\btc\bch\bha\bar\brs\bs above under S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl
V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs).
E\bEv\bve\ben\bnt\bt D\bDe\bes\bsi\big\bgn\bna\bat\bto\bor\brs\bs
- An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the his-
+ An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the his-
tory list.
- !\b! Start a history substitution, except when followed by a b\bbl\bla\ban\bnk\bk,
- newline, carriage return, = or ( (when the e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell option
+ !\b! Start a history substitution, except when followed by a b\bbl\bla\ban\bnk\bk,
+ newline, carriage return, = or ( (when the e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb shell option
is enabled using the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin).
!\b!_\bn Refer to command line _\bn.
!\b!-\b-_\bn Refer to the current command line minus _\bn.
!\b!_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg
Refer to the most recent command starting with _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg.
!\b!?\b?_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg[\b[?\b?]\b]
- Refer to the most recent command containing _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg. The trail-
+ Refer to the most recent command containing _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg. The trail-
ing ?\b? may be omitted if _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is followed immediately by a new-
line.
^\b^_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1^\b^_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2^\b^
- Quick substitution. Repeat the last command, replacing _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1
+ Quick substitution. Repeat the last command, replacing _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1
with _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2. Equivalent to ``!!:s/_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b1/_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b2/'' (see M\bMo\bod\bd-\b-
i\bif\bfi\bie\ber\brs\bs below).
!\b!#\b# The entire command line typed so far.
W\bWo\bor\brd\bd D\bDe\bes\bsi\big\bgn\bna\bat\bto\bor\brs\bs
- Word designators are used to select desired words from the event. A :\b:
- separates the event specification from the word designator. It may be
- omitted if the word designator begins with a ^\b^, $\b$, *\b*, -\b-, or %\b%. Words
- are numbered from the beginning of the line, with the first word being
- denoted by 0 (zero). Words are inserted into the current line sepa-
+ Word designators are used to select desired words from the event. A :\b:
+ separates the event specification from the word designator. It may be
+ omitted if the word designator begins with a ^\b^, $\b$, *\b*, -\b-, or %\b%. Words
+ are numbered from the beginning of the line, with the first word being
+ denoted by 0 (zero). Words are inserted into the current line sepa-
rated by single spaces.
0\b0 (\b(z\bze\ber\bro\bo)\b)
$\b$ The last argument.
%\b% The word matched by the most recent `?_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg?' search.
_\bx-\b-_\by A range of words; `-_\by' abbreviates `0-_\by'.
- *\b* All of the words but the zeroth. This is a synonym for `_\b1_\b-_\b$'.
- It is not an error to use *\b* if there is just one word in the
+ *\b* All of the words but the zeroth. This is a synonym for `_\b1_\b-_\b$'.
+ It is not an error to use *\b* if there is just one word in the
event; the empty string is returned in that case.
x\bx*\b* Abbreviates _\bx_\b-_\b$.
x\bx-\b- Abbreviates _\bx_\b-_\b$ like x\bx*\b*, but omits the last word.
- If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the
+ If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the
previous command is used as the event.
M\bMo\bod\bdi\bif\bfi\bie\ber\brs\bs
- After the optional word designator, there may appear a sequence of one
+ After the optional word designator, there may appear a sequence of one
or more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a `:'.
h\bh Remove a trailing file name component, leaving only the head.
e\be Remove all but the trailing suffix.
p\bp Print the new command but do not execute it.
q\bq Quote the substituted words, escaping further substitutions.
- x\bx Quote the substituted words as with q\bq, but break into words at
+ x\bx Quote the substituted words as with q\bq, but break into words at
b\bbl\bla\ban\bnk\bks\bs and newlines.
s\bs/\b/_\bo_\bl_\bd/\b/_\bn_\be_\bw/\b/
- Substitute _\bn_\be_\bw for the first occurrence of _\bo_\bl_\bd in the event
- line. Any delimiter can be used in place of /. The final
- delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the event
- line. The delimiter may be quoted in _\bo_\bl_\bd and _\bn_\be_\bw with a single
- backslash. If & appears in _\bn_\be_\bw, it is replaced by _\bo_\bl_\bd. A sin-
- gle backslash will quote the &. If _\bo_\bl_\bd is null, it is set to
- the last _\bo_\bl_\bd substituted, or, if no previous history substitu-
+ Substitute _\bn_\be_\bw for the first occurrence of _\bo_\bl_\bd in the event
+ line. Any delimiter can be used in place of /. The final
+ delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the event
+ line. The delimiter may be quoted in _\bo_\bl_\bd and _\bn_\be_\bw with a single
+ backslash. If & appears in _\bn_\be_\bw, it is replaced by _\bo_\bl_\bd. A sin-
+ gle backslash will quote the &. If _\bo_\bl_\bd is null, it is set to
+ the last _\bo_\bl_\bd substituted, or, if no previous history substitu-
tions took place, the last _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg in a !\b!?\b?_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg[\b[?\b?]\b] search.
&\b& Repeat the previous substitution.
g\bg Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line. This is
- used in conjunction with `:\b:s\bs' (e.g., `:\b:g\bgs\bs/\b/_\bo_\bl_\bd/\b/_\bn_\be_\bw/\b/') or `:\b:&\b&'.
- If used with `:\b:s\bs', any delimiter can be used in place of /, and
- the final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of
+ used in conjunction with `:\b:s\bs' (e.g., `:\b:g\bgs\bs/\b/_\bo_\bl_\bd/\b/_\bn_\be_\bw/\b/') or `:\b:&\b&'.
+ If used with `:\b:s\bs', any delimiter can be used in place of /, and
+ the final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of
the event line. An a\ba may be used as a synonym for g\bg.
- G\bG Apply the following `s\bs' modifier once to each word in the event
+ G\bG Apply the following `s\bs' modifier once to each word in the event
line.
S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL B\bBU\bUI\bIL\bLT\bTI\bIN\bN C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS
as accepting options preceded by -\b- accepts -\b--\b- to signify the end of the
options.
:\b: [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]
- No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs
- and performing any specified redirections. A zero exit code is
+ No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs
+ and performing any specified redirections. A zero exit code is
returned.
.\b. _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]
s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]
- Read and execute commands from _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be in the current shell
- environment and return the exit status of the last command exe-
+ Read and execute commands from _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be in the current shell
+ environment and return the exit status of the last command exe-
cuted from _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be does not contain a slash, file
- names in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH are used to find the directory containing _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b-
- _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. The file searched for in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH need not be executable.
- When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is not in _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be, the current directory is
- searched if no file is found in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH. If the s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\bep\bpa\bat\bth\bh option
- to the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin command is turned off, the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is not
- searched. If any _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs are supplied, they become the posi-
- tional parameters when _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is executed. Otherwise the
- positional parameters are unchanged. The return status is the
- status of the last command exited within the script (0 if no
- commands are executed), and false if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found or
+ names in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH are used to find the directory containing _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\b-
+ _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. The file searched for in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH need not be executable.
+ When b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is not in _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be, the current directory is
+ searched if no file is found in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH. If the s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\bep\bpa\bat\bth\bh option
+ to the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin command is turned off, the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is not
+ searched. If any _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs are supplied, they become the posi-
+ tional parameters when _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is executed. Otherwise the
+ positional parameters are unchanged. The return status is the
+ status of the last command exited within the script (0 if no
+ commands are executed), and false if _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found or
cannot be read.
a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs [-\b-p\bp] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be] ...]
A\bAl\bli\bia\bas\bs with no arguments or with the -\b-p\bp option prints the list of
- aliases in the form a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be on standard output. When
- arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be whose
+ aliases in the form a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be on standard output. When
+ arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be whose
_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be is given. A trailing space in _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be causes the next word
to be checked for alias substitution when the alias is expanded.
- For each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be in the argument list for which no _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be is sup-
- plied, the name and value of the alias is printed. A\bAl\bli\bia\bas\bs
- returns true unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is given for which no alias has been
+ For each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be in the argument list for which no _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be is sup-
+ plied, the name and value of the alias is printed. A\bAl\bli\bia\bas\bs
+ returns true unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is given for which no alias has been
defined.
b\bbg\bg [_\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc ...]
- Resume each suspended job _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc in the background, as if it
+ Resume each suspended job _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc in the background, as if it
had been started with &\b&. If _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not present, the shell's
- notion of the _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bj_\bo_\bb is used. b\bbg\bg _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc returns 0 unless
- run when job control is disabled or, when run with job control
- enabled, if the last _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc was not found or was started with-
+ notion of the _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bj_\bo_\bb is used. b\bbg\bg _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc returns 0 unless
+ run when job control is disabled or, when run with job control
+ enabled, if the last _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc was not found or was started with-
out job control.
b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd [-\b-m\bm _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp] [-\b-l\blp\bps\bsv\bvP\bPS\bSV\bV]
b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd [-\b-m\bm _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp] -\b-x\bx _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq:_\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd [-\b-m\bm _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp] _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq:_\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
b\bbi\bin\bnd\bd _\br_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
- Display current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key and function bindings, bind a key
- sequence to a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be function or macro, or set a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
- variable. Each non-option argument is a command as it would
- appear in _\b._\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc, but each binding or command must be passed
- as a separate argument; e.g., '"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file'.
+ Display current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key and function bindings, bind a key
+ sequence to a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be function or macro, or set a r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
+ variable. Each non-option argument is a command as it would
+ appear in _\b._\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc, but each binding or command must be passed
+ as a separate argument; e.g., '"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file'.
Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
-\b-m\bm _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp
Use _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp as the keymap to be affected by the subsequent
bindings. Acceptable _\bk_\be_\by_\bm_\ba_\bp names are _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\b-
- _\bd_\ba_\br_\bd_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bc_\bt_\bl_\bx_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bm_\bo_\bv_\be_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd,
- and _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bi_\bn_\bs_\be_\br_\bt. _\bv_\bi is equivalent to _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd; _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs is
+ _\bd_\ba_\br_\bd_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bm_\be_\bt_\ba_\b, _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bc_\bt_\bl_\bx_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bm_\bo_\bv_\be_\b, _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd,
+ and _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bi_\bn_\bs_\be_\br_\bt. _\bv_\bi is equivalent to _\bv_\bi_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd; _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs is
equivalent to _\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs_\b-_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bn_\bd_\ba_\br_\bd.
-\b-l\bl List the names of all r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be functions.
- -\b-p\bp Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be function names and bindings in such a
+ -\b-p\bp Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be function names and bindings in such a
way that they can be re-read.
-\b-P\bP List current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be function names and bindings.
- -\b-v\bv Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be variable names and values in such a way
+ -\b-v\bv Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be variable names and values in such a way
that they can be re-read.
-\b-V\bV List current r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be variable names and values.
- -\b-s\bs Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key sequences bound to macros and the
- strings they output in such a way that they can be re-
+ -\b-s\bs Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key sequences bound to macros and the
+ strings they output in such a way that they can be re-
read.
- -\b-S\bS Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key sequences bound to macros and the
+ -\b-S\bS Display r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key sequences bound to macros and the
strings they output.
-\b-f\bf _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
Read key bindings from _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
-\b-r\br _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq
Remove any current binding for _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq.
-\b-x\bx _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq:\b:_\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
- Cause _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd to be executed whenever _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq is
+ Cause _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd to be executed whenever _\bk_\be_\by_\bs_\be_\bq is
entered.
- The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is given or
+ The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is given or
an error occurred.
b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk [_\bn]
- Exit from within a f\bfo\bor\br, w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be, u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl, or s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt loop. If _\bn is
- specified, break _\bn levels. _\bn must be >= 1. If _\bn is greater
- than the number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are
+ Exit from within a f\bfo\bor\br, w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be, u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl, or s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt loop. If _\bn is
+ specified, break _\bn levels. _\bn must be >= 1. If _\bn is greater
+ than the number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are
exited. The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing
a loop when b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk is executed.
b\bbu\bui\bil\blt\bti\bin\bn _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]
- Execute the specified shell builtin, passing it _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs, and
+ Execute the specified shell builtin, passing it _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs, and
return its exit status. This is useful when defining a function
- whose name is the same as a shell builtin, retaining the func-
+ whose name is the same as a shell builtin, retaining the func-
tionality of the builtin within the function. The c\bcd\bd builtin is
- commonly redefined this way. The return status is false if
+ commonly redefined this way. The return status is false if
_\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl_\b-_\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn is not a shell builtin command.
c\bcd\bd [-\b-L\bL|\b|-\b-P\bP] [_\bd_\bi_\br]
- Change the current directory to _\bd_\bi_\br. The variable H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE is the
- default _\bd_\bi_\br. The variable C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH defines the search path for
- the directory containing _\bd_\bi_\br. Alternative directory names in
- C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH are separated by a colon (:). A null directory name in
- C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is the same as the current directory, i.e., ``.\b.''. If
- _\bd_\bi_\br begins with a slash (/), then C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is not used. The -\b-P\bP
- option says to use the physical directory structure instead of
- following symbolic links (see also the -\b-P\bP option to the s\bse\bet\bt
- builtin command); the -\b-L\bL option forces symbolic links to be
- followed. An argument of -\b- is equivalent to $\b$O\bOL\bLD\bDP\bPW\bWD\bD. If a non-
- empty directory name from C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is used, or if -\b- is the first
- argument, and the directory change is successful, the absolute
+ Change the current directory to _\bd_\bi_\br. The variable H\bHO\bOM\bME\bE is the
+ default _\bd_\bi_\br. The variable C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH defines the search path for
+ the directory containing _\bd_\bi_\br. Alternative directory names in
+ C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH are separated by a colon (:). A null directory name in
+ C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is the same as the current directory, i.e., ``.\b.''. If
+ _\bd_\bi_\br begins with a slash (/), then C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is not used. The -\b-P\bP
+ option says to use the physical directory structure instead of
+ following symbolic links (see also the -\b-P\bP option to the s\bse\bet\bt
+ builtin command); the -\b-L\bL option forces symbolic links to be fol-
+ lowed. An argument of -\b- is equivalent to $\b$O\bOL\bLD\bDP\bPW\bWD\bD. If a non-
+ empty directory name from C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH is used, or if -\b- is the first
+ argument, and the directory change is successful, the absolute
pathname of the new working directory is written to the standard
- output. The return value is true if the directory was success-
+ output. The return value is true if the directory was success-
fully changed; false otherwise.
c\bca\bal\bll\ble\ber\br [_\be_\bx_\bp_\br]
Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell func-
- tion or a script executed with the .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins. With-
+ tion or a script executed with the .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins. With-
out _\be_\bx_\bp_\br, c\bca\bal\bll\ble\ber\br displays the line number and source filename of
- the current subroutine call. If a non-negative integer is sup-
+ the current subroutine call. If a non-negative integer is sup-
plied as _\be_\bx_\bp_\br, c\bca\bal\bll\ble\ber\br displays the line number, subroutine name,
- and source file corresponding to that position in the current
- execution call stack. This extra information may be used, for
- example, to print a stack trace. The current frame is frame 0.
- The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a sub-
- routine call or _\be_\bx_\bp_\br does not correspond to a valid position in
+ and source file corresponding to that position in the current
+ execution call stack. This extra information may be used, for
+ example, to print a stack trace. The current frame is frame 0.
+ The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a sub-
+ routine call or _\be_\bx_\bp_\br does not correspond to a valid position in
the call stack.
c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd [-\b-p\bpV\bVv\bv] _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
- Run _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd with _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs suppressing the normal shell function
- lookup. Only builtin commands or commands found in the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH are
- executed. If the -\b-p\bp option is given, the search for _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is
- performed using a default value for P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH that is guaranteed to
- find all of the standard utilities. If either the -\b-V\bV or -\b-v\bv
+ Run _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd with _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs suppressing the normal shell function
+ lookup. Only builtin commands or commands found in the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH are
+ executed. If the -\b-p\bp option is given, the search for _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is
+ performed using a default value for P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH that is guaranteed to
+ find all of the standard utilities. If either the -\b-V\bV or -\b-v\bv
option is supplied, a description of _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is printed. The -\b-v\bv
- option causes a single word indicating the command or file name
+ option causes a single word indicating the command or file name
used to invoke _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd to be displayed; the -\b-V\bV option produces a
- more verbose description. If the -\b-V\bV or -\b-v\bv option is supplied,
- the exit status is 0 if _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd was found, and 1 if not. If
+ more verbose description. If the -\b-V\bV or -\b-v\bv option is supplied,
+ the exit status is 0 if _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd was found, and 1 if not. If
neither option is supplied and an error occurred or _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd can-
- not be found, the exit status is 127. Otherwise, the exit sta-
+ not be found, the exit status is 127. Otherwise, the exit sta-
tus of the c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd builtin is the exit status of _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpg\bge\ben\bn [_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd]
- Generate possible completion matches for _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd according to the
- _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bns, which may be any option accepted by the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be
- builtin with the exception of -\b-p\bp and -\b-r\br, and write the matches
- to the standard output. When using the -\b-F\bF or -\b-C\bC options, the
- various shell variables set by the programmable completion
+ Generate possible completion matches for _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd according to the
+ _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bns, which may be any option accepted by the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be
+ builtin with the exception of -\b-p\bp and -\b-r\br, and write the matches
+ to the standard output. When using the -\b-F\bF or -\b-C\bC options, the
+ various shell variables set by the programmable completion
facilities, while available, will not have useful values.
- The matches will be generated in the same way as if the pro-
- grammable completion code had generated them directly from a
+ The matches will be generated in the same way as if the pro-
+ grammable completion code had generated them directly from a
completion specification with the same flags. If _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is speci-
fied, only those completions matching _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd will be displayed.
- The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
+ The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
or no matches were generated.
- c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be [-\b-a\bab\bbc\bcd\bde\bef\bfg\bgj\bjk\bks\bsu\buv\bv] [-\b-o\bo _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [-\b-A\bA _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [-\b-G\bG _\bg_\bl_\bo_\bb_\bp_\ba_\bt] [-\b-W\bW
+ c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be [-\b-a\bab\bbc\bcd\bde\bef\bfg\bgj\bjk\bks\bsu\buv\bv] [-\b-o\bo _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [-\b-A\bA _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [-\b-G\bG _\bg_\bl_\bo_\bb_\bp_\ba_\bt] [-\b-W\bW
_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt] [-\b-P\bP _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx] [-\b-S\bS _\bs_\bu_\bf_\bf_\bi_\bx]
[-\b-X\bX _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt] [-\b-F\bF _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [-\b-C\bC _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd] _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be _\b._\b._\b.]
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be -\b-p\bpr\br [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- Specify how arguments to each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be should be completed. If the
- -\b-p\bp option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing
- completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them
+ Specify how arguments to each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be should be completed. If the
+ -\b-p\bp option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing
+ completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them
to be reused as input. The -\b-r\br option removes a completion spec-
- ification for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, or, if no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are supplied, all com-
+ ification for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, or, if no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are supplied, all com-
pletion specifications.
- The process of applying these completion specifications when
- word completion is attempted is described above under P\bPr\bro\bo-\b-
+ The process of applying these completion specifications when
+ word completion is attempted is described above under P\bPr\bro\bo-\b-
g\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn.
- Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The
- arguments to the -\b-G\bG, -\b-W\bW, and -\b-X\bX options (and, if necessary, the
- -\b-P\bP and -\b-S\bS options) should be quoted to protect them from expan-
+ Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The
+ arguments to the -\b-G\bG, -\b-W\bW, and -\b-X\bX options (and, if necessary, the
+ -\b-P\bP and -\b-S\bS options) should be quoted to protect them from expan-
sion before the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be builtin is invoked.
-\b-o\bo _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn
- The _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn controls several aspects of the comp-
- spec's behavior beyond the simple generation of comple-
+ The _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn controls several aspects of the comp-
+ spec's behavior beyond the simple generation of comple-
tions. _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn may be one of:
b\bba\bas\bsh\bhd\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt
Perform the rest of the default b\bba\bas\bsh\bh completions
if the compspec generates no matches.
- d\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt Use readline's default filename completion if
+ d\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt Use readline's default filename completion if
the compspec generates no matches.
d\bdi\bir\brn\bna\bam\bme\bes\bs
- Perform directory name completion if the comp-
+ Perform directory name completion if the comp-
spec generates no matches.
f\bfi\bil\ble\ben\bna\bam\bme\bes\bs
- Tell readline that the compspec generates file-
- names, so it can perform any filename-specific
- processing (like adding a slash to directory
+ Tell readline that the compspec generates file-
+ names, so it can perform any filename-specific
+ processing (like adding a slash to directory
names or suppressing trailing spaces). Intended
to be used with shell functions.
- n\bno\bos\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be Tell readline not to append a space (the
- default) to words completed at the end of the
+ n\bno\bos\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be Tell readline not to append a space (the
+ default) to words completed at the end of the
line.
p\bpl\blu\bus\bsd\bdi\bir\brs\bs
- After any matches defined by the compspec are
- generated, directory name completion is
- attempted and any matches are added to the
+ After any matches defined by the compspec are
+ generated, directory name completion is
+ attempted and any matches are added to the
results of the other actions.
-\b-A\bA _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn
- The _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn may be one of the following to generate a
+ The _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn may be one of the following to generate a
list of possible completions:
a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs Alias names. May also be specified as -\b-a\ba.
a\bar\brr\bra\bay\byv\bva\bar\br
Array variable names.
b\bbi\bin\bnd\bdi\bin\bng\bg R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key binding names.
- b\bbu\bui\bil\blt\bti\bin\bn Names of shell builtin commands. May also be
+ b\bbu\bui\bil\blt\bti\bin\bn Names of shell builtin commands. May also be
specified as -\b-b\bb.
c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd Command names. May also be specified as -\b-c\bc.
d\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bry\by
d\bdi\bis\bsa\bab\bbl\ble\bed\bd
Names of disabled shell builtins.
e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\bed\bd Names of enabled shell builtins.
- e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt Names of exported shell variables. May also be
+ e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt Names of exported shell variables. May also be
specified as -\b-e\be.
f\bfi\bil\ble\be File names. May also be specified as -\b-f\bf.
f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\bti\bio\bon\bn
h\bhe\bel\blp\bpt\bto\bop\bpi\bic\bc
Help topics as accepted by the h\bhe\bel\blp\bp builtin.
h\bho\bos\bst\btn\bna\bam\bme\be
- Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by
+ Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by
the H\bHO\bOS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE shell variable.
- j\bjo\bob\bb Job names, if job control is active. May also
+ j\bjo\bob\bb Job names, if job control is active. May also
be specified as -\b-j\bj.
- k\bke\bey\byw\bwo\bor\brd\bd Shell reserved words. May also be specified as
+ k\bke\bey\byw\bwo\bor\brd\bd Shell reserved words. May also be specified as
-\b-k\bk.
r\bru\bun\bnn\bni\bin\bng\bg Names of running jobs, if job control is active.
s\bse\ber\brv\bvi\bic\bce\be Service names. May also be specified as -\b-s\bs.
- s\bse\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bt Valid arguments for the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt
+ s\bse\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bt Valid arguments for the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt
builtin.
- s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt Shell option names as accepted by the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt
+ s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt Shell option names as accepted by the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt
builtin.
s\bsi\big\bgn\bna\bal\bl Signal names.
s\bst\bto\bop\bpp\bpe\bed\bd Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active.
Names of all shell variables. May also be spec-
ified as -\b-v\bv.
-\b-G\bG _\bg_\bl_\bo_\bb_\bp_\ba_\bt
- The filename expansion pattern _\bg_\bl_\bo_\bb_\bp_\ba_\bt is expanded to
+ The filename expansion pattern _\bg_\bl_\bo_\bb_\bp_\ba_\bt is expanded to
generate the possible completions.
-\b-W\bW _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt
- The _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is split using the characters in the I\bIF\bFS\bS
- special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word
- is expanded. The possible completions are the members
- of the resultant list which match the word being com-
+ The _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is split using the characters in the I\bIF\bFS\bS
+ special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word
+ is expanded. The possible completions are the members
+ of the resultant list which match the word being com-
pleted.
-\b-C\bC _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
- _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is executed in a subshell environment, and its
+ _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is executed in a subshell environment, and its
output is used as the possible completions.
-\b-F\bF _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn
- The shell function _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed in the current
- shell environment. When it finishes, the possible com-
- pletions are retrieved from the value of the C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPR\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY
+ The shell function _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed in the current
+ shell environment. When it finishes, the possible com-
+ pletions are retrieved from the value of the C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPR\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY
array variable.
-\b-X\bX _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt
- _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt is a pattern as used for filename expansion.
+ _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt is a pattern as used for filename expansion.
It is applied to the list of possible completions gener-
- ated by the preceding options and arguments, and each
- completion matching _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt is removed from the list.
- A leading !\b! in _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt negates the pattern; in this
- case, any completion not matching _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt is removed.
+ ated by the preceding options and arguments, and each
+ completion matching _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt is removed from the list.
+ A leading !\b! in _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt negates the pattern; in this
+ case, any completion not matching _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt is removed.
-\b-P\bP _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx
- _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx is added at the beginning of each possible com-
+ _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx is added at the beginning of each possible com-
pletion after all other options have been applied.
-\b-S\bS _\bs_\bu_\bf_\bf_\bi_\bx
_\bs_\bu_\bf_\bf_\bi_\bx is appended to each possible completion after all
other options have been applied.
- The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
- an option other than -\b-p\bp or -\b-r\br is supplied without a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be argu-
- ment, an attempt is made to remove a completion specification
+ The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
+ an option other than -\b-p\bp or -\b-r\br is supplied without a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be argu-
+ ment, an attempt is made to remove a completion specification
for a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be for which no specification exists, or an error occurs
adding a completion specification.
c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be [_\bn]
Resume the next iteration of the enclosing f\bfo\bor\br, w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be, u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl, or
- s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt loop. If _\bn is specified, resume at the _\bnth enclosing
- loop. _\bn must be >= 1. If _\bn is greater than the number of
- enclosing loops, the last enclosing loop (the ``top-level''
+ s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt loop. If _\bn is specified, resume at the _\bnth enclosing
+ loop. _\bn must be >= 1. If _\bn is greater than the number of
+ enclosing loops, the last enclosing loop (the ``top-level''
loop) is resumed. The return value is 0 unless the shell is not
executing a loop when c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be is executed.
d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be [-\b-a\baf\bfF\bFi\bir\brt\btx\bx] [-\b-p\bp] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be] ...]
t\bty\byp\bpe\bes\bse\bet\bt [-\b-a\baf\bfF\bFi\bir\brt\btx\bx] [-\b-p\bp] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be] ...]
- Declare variables and/or give them attributes. If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are
- given then display the values of variables. The -\b-p\bp option will
- display the attributes and values of each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. When -\b-p\bp is
- used, additional options are ignored. The -\b-F\bF option inhibits
- the display of function definitions; only the function name and
+ Declare variables and/or give them attributes. If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are
+ given then display the values of variables. The -\b-p\bp option will
+ display the attributes and values of each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. When -\b-p\bp is
+ used, additional options are ignored. The -\b-F\bF option inhibits
+ the display of function definitions; only the function name and
attributes are printed. If the e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg shell option is enabled
- using s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt, the source file name and line number where the
- function is defined are displayed as well. The -\b-F\bF option
- implies -\b-f\bf. The following options can be used to restrict out-
- put to variables with the specified attribute or to give vari-
+ using s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt, the source file name and line number where the
+ function is defined are displayed as well. The -\b-F\bF option
+ implies -\b-f\bf. The following options can be used to restrict out-
+ put to variables with the specified attribute or to give vari-
ables attributes:
-\b-a\ba Each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs above).
-\b-f\bf Use function names only.
-\b-i\bi The variable is treated as an integer; arithmetic evalua-
- tion (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN )\b) is performed when the
+ tion (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN )\b) is performed when the
variable is assigned a value.
-\b-r\br Make _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes readonly. These names cannot then be assigned
values by subsequent assignment statements or unset.
- -\b-t\bt Give each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be the _\bt_\br_\ba_\bc_\be attribute. Traced functions
- inherit the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN traps from the calling
- shell. The trace attribute has no special meaning for
+ -\b-t\bt Give each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be the _\bt_\br_\ba_\bc_\be attribute. Traced functions
+ inherit the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN traps from the calling
+ shell. The trace attribute has no special meaning for
variables.
- -\b-x\bx Mark _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes for export to subsequent commands via the
+ -\b-x\bx Mark _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes for export to subsequent commands via the
environment.
- Using `+' instead of `-' turns off the attribute instead, with
- the exception that +\b+a\ba may not be used to destroy an array vari-
- able. When used in a function, makes each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be local, as with
- the l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl command. If a variable name is followed by =_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be,
- the value of the variable is set to _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. The return value is
+ Using `+' instead of `-' turns off the attribute instead, with
+ the exception that +\b+a\ba may not be used to destroy an array vari-
+ able. When used in a function, makes each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be local, as with
+ the l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl command. If a variable name is followed by =_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be,
+ the value of the variable is set to _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. The return value is
0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an attempt is made to
- define a function using ``-f foo=bar'', an attempt is made to
- assign a value to a readonly variable, an attempt is made to
- assign a value to an array variable without using the compound
- assignment syntax (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs above), one of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a
- valid shell variable name, an attempt is made to turn off read-
- only status for a readonly variable, an attempt is made to turn
+ define a function using ``-f foo=bar'', an attempt is made to
+ assign a value to a readonly variable, an attempt is made to
+ assign a value to an array variable without using the compound
+ assignment syntax (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs above), one of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a
+ valid shell variable name, an attempt is made to turn off read-
+ only status for a readonly variable, an attempt is made to turn
off array status for an array variable, or an attempt is made to
display a non-existent function with -\b-f\bf.
d\bdi\bir\brs\bs [\b[-\b-c\bcl\blp\bpv\bv]\b] [\b[+\b+_\bn]\b] [\b[-\b-_\bn]\b]
- Without options, displays the list of currently remembered
- directories. The default display is on a single line with
- directory names separated by spaces. Directories are added to
- the list with the p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd command; the p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd command removes
+ Without options, displays the list of currently remembered
+ directories. The default display is on a single line with
+ directory names separated by spaces. Directories are added to
+ the list with the p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd command; the p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd command removes
entries from the list.
+\b+_\bn Displays the _\bnth entry counting from the left of the list
shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs when invoked without options, starting with
zero.
- -\b-_\bn Displays the _\bnth entry counting from the right of the
+ -\b-_\bn Displays the _\bnth entry counting from the right of the
list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs when invoked without options, starting
with zero.
-\b-c\bc Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the
entries.
- -\b-l\bl Produces a longer listing; the default listing format
+ -\b-l\bl Produces a longer listing; the default listing format
uses a tilde to denote the home directory.
-\b-p\bp Print the directory stack with one entry per line.
- -\b-v\bv Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pre-
+ -\b-v\bv Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pre-
fixing each entry with its index in the stack.
- The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is supplied or _\bn
+ The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is supplied or _\bn
indexes beyond the end of the directory stack.
d\bdi\bis\bso\bow\bwn\bn [-\b-a\bar\br] [-\b-h\bh] [_\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc ...]
- Without options, each _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is removed from the table of
- active jobs. If the -\b-h\bh option is given, each _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not
+ Without options, each _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is removed from the table of
+ active jobs. If the -\b-h\bh option is given, each _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not
removed from the table, but is marked so that S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP is not sent
- to the job if the shell receives a S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP. If no _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is
- present, and neither the -\b-a\ba nor the -\b-r\br option is supplied, the
- _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bj_\bo_\bb is used. If no _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is supplied, the -\b-a\ba option
- means to remove or mark all jobs; the -\b-r\br option without a _\bj_\bo_\bb_\b-
- _\bs_\bp_\be_\bc argument restricts operation to running jobs. The return
+ to the job if the shell receives a S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP. If no _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is
+ present, and neither the -\b-a\ba nor the -\b-r\br option is supplied, the
+ _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bj_\bo_\bb is used. If no _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is supplied, the -\b-a\ba option
+ means to remove or mark all jobs; the -\b-r\br option without a _\bj_\bo_\bb_\b-
+ _\bs_\bp_\be_\bc argument restricts operation to running jobs. The return
value is 0 unless a _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc does not specify a valid job.
e\bec\bch\bho\bo [-\b-n\bne\beE\bE] [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
- Output the _\ba_\br_\bgs, separated by spaces, followed by a newline.
+ Output the _\ba_\br_\bgs, separated by spaces, followed by a newline.
The return status is always 0. If -\b-n\bn is specified, the trailing
- newline is suppressed. If the -\b-e\be option is given, interpreta-
- tion of the following backslash-escaped characters is enabled.
- The -\b-E\bE option disables the interpretation of these escape char-
- acters, even on systems where they are interpreted by default.
- The x\bxp\bpg\bg_\b_e\bec\bch\bho\bo shell option may be used to dynamically determine
- whether or not e\bec\bch\bho\bo expands these escape characters by default.
- e\bec\bch\bho\bo does not interpret -\b--\b- to mean the end of options. e\bec\bch\bho\bo
+ newline is suppressed. If the -\b-e\be option is given, interpreta-
+ tion of the following backslash-escaped characters is enabled.
+ The -\b-E\bE option disables the interpretation of these escape char-
+ acters, even on systems where they are interpreted by default.
+ The x\bxp\bpg\bg_\b_e\bec\bch\bho\bo shell option may be used to dynamically determine
+ whether or not e\bec\bch\bho\bo expands these escape characters by default.
+ e\bec\bch\bho\bo does not interpret -\b--\b- to mean the end of options. e\bec\bch\bho\bo
interprets the following escape sequences:
\\b\a\ba alert (bell)
\\b\b\bb backspace
\\b\t\bt horizontal tab
\\b\v\bv vertical tab
\\b\\\b\ backslash
- \\b\0\b0_\bn_\bn_\bn the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value
+ \\b\0\b0_\bn_\bn_\bn the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value
_\bn_\bn_\bn (zero to three octal digits)
- \\b\_\bn_\bn_\bn the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value
+ \\b\_\bn_\bn_\bn the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value
_\bn_\bn_\bn (one to three octal digits)
- \\b\x\bx_\bH_\bH the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal
+ \\b\x\bx_\bH_\bH the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal
value _\bH_\bH (one or two hex digits)
e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be [-\b-a\bad\bdn\bnp\bps\bs] [-\b-f\bf _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin
+ Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin
allows a disk command which has the same name as a shell builtin
- to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though
- the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands.
- If -\b-n\bn is used, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is disabled; otherwise, _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are
+ to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though
+ the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands.
+ If -\b-n\bn is used, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is disabled; otherwise, _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are
enabled. For example, to use the t\bte\bes\bst\bt binary found via the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH
- instead of the shell builtin version, run ``enable -n test''.
- The -\b-f\bf option means to load the new builtin command _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from
+ instead of the shell builtin version, run ``enable -n test''.
+ The -\b-f\bf option means to load the new builtin command _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from
shared object _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, on systems that support dynamic loading.
- The -\b-d\bd option will delete a builtin previously loaded with -\b-f\bf.
+ The -\b-d\bd option will delete a builtin previously loaded with -\b-f\bf.
If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are given, or if the -\b-p\bp option is supplied,
a list of shell builtins is printed. With no other option argu-
- ments, the list consists of all enabled shell builtins. If -\b-n\bn
- is supplied, only disabled builtins are printed. If -\b-a\ba is sup-
- plied, the list printed includes all builtins, with an indica-
- tion of whether or not each is enabled. If -\b-s\bs is supplied, the
- output is restricted to the POSIX _\bs_\bp_\be_\bc_\bi_\ba_\bl builtins. The return
- value is 0 unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a shell builtin or there is an
+ ments, the list consists of all enabled shell builtins. If -\b-n\bn
+ is supplied, only disabled builtins are printed. If -\b-a\ba is sup-
+ plied, the list printed includes all builtins, with an indica-
+ tion of whether or not each is enabled. If -\b-s\bs is supplied, the
+ output is restricted to the POSIX _\bs_\bp_\be_\bc_\bi_\ba_\bl builtins. The return
+ value is 0 unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a shell builtin or there is an
error loading a new builtin from a shared object.
e\bev\bva\bal\bl [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
- The _\ba_\br_\bgs are read and concatenated together into a single com-
- mand. This command is then read and executed by the shell, and
- its exit status is returned as the value of e\bev\bva\bal\bl. If there are
+ The _\ba_\br_\bgs are read and concatenated together into a single com-
+ mand. This command is then read and executed by the shell, and
+ its exit status is returned as the value of e\bev\bva\bal\bl. If there are
no _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs, or only null arguments, e\bev\bva\bal\bl returns 0.
e\bex\bxe\bec\bc [-\b-c\bcl\bl] [-\b-a\ba _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]]
- If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is specified, it replaces the shell. No new process
- is created. The _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs become the arguments to _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd. If
+ If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is specified, it replaces the shell. No new process
+ is created. The _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs become the arguments to _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd. If
the -\b-l\bl option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the begin-
ning of the zeroth arg passed to _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd. This is what _\bl_\bo_\bg_\bi_\bn(1)
does. The -\b-c\bc option causes _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd to be executed with an empty
- environment. If -\b-a\ba is supplied, the shell passes _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be as the
- zeroth argument to the executed command. If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd cannot be
- executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits, unless
- the shell option e\bex\bxe\bec\bcf\bfa\bai\bil\bl is enabled, in which case it returns
- failure. An interactive shell returns failure if the file can-
- not be executed. If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is not specified, any redirections
- take effect in the current shell, and the return status is 0.
+ environment. If -\b-a\ba is supplied, the shell passes _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be as the
+ zeroth argument to the executed command. If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd cannot be
+ executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits, unless
+ the shell option e\bex\bxe\bec\bcf\bfa\bai\bil\bl is enabled, in which case it returns
+ failure. An interactive shell returns failure if the file can-
+ not be executed. If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is not specified, any redirections
+ take effect in the current shell, and the return status is 0.
If there is a redirection error, the return status is 1.
e\bex\bxi\bit\bt [_\bn]
- Cause the shell to exit with a status of _\bn. If _\bn is omitted,
+ Cause the shell to exit with a status of _\bn. If _\bn is omitted,
the exit status is that of the last command executed. A trap on
E\bEX\bXI\bIT\bT is executed before the shell terminates.
e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt [-\b-f\bfn\bn] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd]] ...
e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt -\b-p\bp
- The supplied _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are marked for automatic export to the envi-
- ronment of subsequently executed commands. If the -\b-f\bf option is
- given, the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs refer to functions. If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are given, or
- if the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, a list of all names that are
- exported in this shell is printed. The -\b-n\bn option causes the
- export property to be removed from each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If a variable
- name is followed by =_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, the value of the variable is set to
- _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd. e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt returns an exit status of 0 unless an invalid
- option is encountered, one of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a valid shell
+ The supplied _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are marked for automatic export to the envi-
+ ronment of subsequently executed commands. If the -\b-f\bf option is
+ given, the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs refer to functions. If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are given, or
+ if the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, a list of all names that are
+ exported in this shell is printed. The -\b-n\bn option causes the
+ export property to be removed from each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If a variable
+ name is followed by =_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, the value of the variable is set to
+ _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd. e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt returns an exit status of 0 unless an invalid
+ option is encountered, one of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a valid shell
variable name, or -\b-f\bf is supplied with a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be that is not a func-
tion.
f\bfc\bc [-\b-e\be _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b-n\bnl\blr\br] [_\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt] [_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt]
f\bfc\bc -\b-s\bs [_\bp_\ba_\bt=_\br_\be_\bp] [_\bc_\bm_\bd]
- Fix Command. In the first form, a range of commands from _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt
- to _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt is selected from the history list. _\bF_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt and _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt may
- be specified as a string (to locate the last command beginning
- with that string) or as a number (an index into the history
+ Fix Command. In the first form, a range of commands from _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt
+ to _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt is selected from the history list. _\bF_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt and _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt may
+ be specified as a string (to locate the last command beginning
+ with that string) or as a number (an index into the history
list, where a negative number is used as an offset from the cur-
rent command number). If _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt is not specified it is set to the
- current command for listing (so that ``fc -l -10'' prints the
+ current command for listing (so that ``fc -l -10'' prints the
last 10 commands) and to _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt otherwise. If _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt is not spec-
- ified it is set to the previous command for editing and -16 for
+ ified it is set to the previous command for editing and -16 for
listing.
- The -\b-n\bn option suppresses the command numbers when listing. The
- -\b-r\br option reverses the order of the commands. If the -\b-l\bl option
- is given, the commands are listed on standard output. Other-
- wise, the editor given by _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is invoked on a file containing
- those commands. If _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not given, the value of the F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT
- variable is used, and the value of E\bED\bDI\bIT\bTO\bOR\bR if F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT is not set.
- If neither variable is set, _\bv_\bi is used. When editing is com-
+ The -\b-n\bn option suppresses the command numbers when listing. The
+ -\b-r\br option reverses the order of the commands. If the -\b-l\bl option
+ is given, the commands are listed on standard output. Other-
+ wise, the editor given by _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is invoked on a file containing
+ those commands. If _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not given, the value of the F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT
+ variable is used, and the value of E\bED\bDI\bIT\bTO\bOR\bR if F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT is not set.
+ If neither variable is set, _\bv_\bi is used. When editing is com-
plete, the edited commands are echoed and executed.
- In the second form, _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is re-executed after each instance
- of _\bp_\ba_\bt is replaced by _\br_\be_\bp. A useful alias to use with this is
- ``r="fc -s"'', so that typing ``r cc'' runs the last command
+ In the second form, _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is re-executed after each instance
+ of _\bp_\ba_\bt is replaced by _\br_\be_\bp. A useful alias to use with this is
+ ``r="fc -s"'', so that typing ``r cc'' runs the last command
beginning with ``cc'' and typing ``r'' re-executes the last com-
mand.
- If the first form is used, the return value is 0 unless an
- invalid option is encountered or _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt or _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt specify history
- lines out of range. If the -\b-e\be option is supplied, the return
+ If the first form is used, the return value is 0 unless an
+ invalid option is encountered or _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt or _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt specify history
+ lines out of range. If the -\b-e\be option is supplied, the return
value is the value of the last command executed or failure if an
error occurs with the temporary file of commands. If the second
- form is used, the return status is that of the command re-exe-
- cuted, unless _\bc_\bm_\bd does not specify a valid history line, in
+ form is used, the return status is that of the command re-exe-
+ cuted, unless _\bc_\bm_\bd does not specify a valid history line, in
which case f\bfc\bc returns failure.
f\bfg\bg [_\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc]
- Resume _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc in the foreground, and make it the current job.
+ Resume _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc in the foreground, and make it the current job.
If _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not present, the shell's notion of the _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bj_\bo_\bb
- is used. The return value is that of the command placed into
- the foreground, or failure if run when job control is disabled
+ is used. The return value is that of the command placed into
+ the foreground, or failure if run when job control is disabled
or, when run with job control enabled, if _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc does not spec-
- ify a valid job or _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc specifies a job that was started
+ ify a valid job or _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc specifies a job that was started
without job control.
g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bs]
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is used by shell procedures to parse positional parame-
- ters. _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg contains the option characters to be recog-
- nized; if a character is followed by a colon, the option is
- expected to have an argument, which should be separated from it
- by white space. The colon and question mark characters may not
- be used as option characters. Each time it is invoked, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs
- places the next option in the shell variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, initializing
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is used by shell procedures to parse positional parame-
+ ters. _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg contains the option characters to be recog-
+ nized; if a character is followed by a colon, the option is
+ expected to have an argument, which should be separated from it
+ by white space. The colon and question mark characters may not
+ be used as option characters. Each time it is invoked, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs
+ places the next option in the shell variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, initializing
_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be if it does not exist, and the index of the next argument to
be processed into the variable O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD. O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD is initialized to
- 1 each time the shell or a shell script is invoked. When an
- option requires an argument, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs places that argument into
- the variable O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG. The shell does not reset O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD automati-
- cally; it must be manually reset between multiple calls to
+ 1 each time the shell or a shell script is invoked. When an
+ option requires an argument, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs places that argument into
+ the variable O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG. The shell does not reset O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD automati-
+ cally; it must be manually reset between multiple calls to
g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs within the same shell invocation if a new set of parame-
ters is to be used.
- When the end of options is encountered, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs exits with a
- return value greater than zero. O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD is set to the index of
+ When the end of options is encountered, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs exits with a
+ return value greater than zero. O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD is set to the index of
the first non-option argument, and n\bna\bam\bme\be is set to ?.
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs normally parses the positional parameters, but if more
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs normally parses the positional parameters, but if more
arguments are given in _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs parses those instead.
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs can report errors in two ways. If the first character
- of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is a colon, _\bs_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\bt error reporting is used. In
- normal operation diagnostic messages are printed when invalid
- options or missing option arguments are encountered. If the
- variable O\bOP\bPT\bTE\bER\bRR\bR is set to 0, no error messages will be dis-
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs can report errors in two ways. If the first character
+ of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is a colon, _\bs_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\bt error reporting is used. In
+ normal operation diagnostic messages are printed when invalid
+ options or missing option arguments are encountered. If the
+ variable O\bOP\bPT\bTE\bER\bRR\bR is set to 0, no error messages will be dis-
played, even if the first character of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is not a colon.
If an invalid option is seen, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs places ? into _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be and, if
- not silent, prints an error message and unsets O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG. If
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is silent, the option character found is placed in
+ not silent, prints an error message and unsets O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG. If
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is silent, the option character found is placed in
O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG and no diagnostic message is printed.
- If a required argument is not found, and g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is not silent,
- a question mark (?\b?) is placed in _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG is unset, and a
- diagnostic message is printed. If g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is silent, then a
- colon (:\b:) is placed in _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be and O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG is set to the option
+ If a required argument is not found, and g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is not silent,
+ a question mark (?\b?) is placed in _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG is unset, and a
+ diagnostic message is printed. If g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is silent, then a
+ colon (:\b:) is placed in _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be and O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG is set to the option
character found.
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is
found. It returns false if the end of options is encountered or
an error occurs.
h\bha\bas\bsh\bh [-\b-l\blr\br] [-\b-p\bp _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b-d\bdt\bt] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be]
- For each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, the full file name of the command is determined
+ For each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, the full file name of the command is determined
by searching the directories in $\b$P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH and remembered. If the -\b-p\bp
option is supplied, no path search is performed, and _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is
used as the full file name of the command. The -\b-r\br option causes
- the shell to forget all remembered locations. The -\b-d\bd option
+ the shell to forget all remembered locations. The -\b-d\bd option
causes the shell to forget the remembered location of each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
- If the -\b-t\bt option is supplied, the full pathname to which each
- _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be corresponds is printed. If multiple _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are
- supplied with -\b-t\bt, the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is printed before the hashed full
+ If the -\b-t\bt option is supplied, the full pathname to which each
+ _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be corresponds is printed. If multiple _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are
+ supplied with -\b-t\bt, the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is printed before the hashed full
pathname. The -\b-l\bl option causes output to be displayed in a for-
- mat that may be reused as input. If no arguments are given, or
+ mat that may be reused as input. If no arguments are given, or
if only -\b-l\bl is supplied, information about remembered commands is
- printed. The return status is true unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found
+ printed. The return status is true unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found
or an invalid option is supplied.
h\bhe\bel\blp\bp [-\b-s\bs] [_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn]
- Display helpful information about builtin commands. If _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn
- is specified, h\bhe\bel\blp\bp gives detailed help on all commands matching
- _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn; otherwise help for all the builtins and shell control
- structures is printed. The -\b-s\bs option restricts the information
- displayed to a short usage synopsis. The return status is 0
+ Display helpful information about builtin commands. If _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn
+ is specified, h\bhe\bel\blp\bp gives detailed help on all commands matching
+ _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn; otherwise help for all the builtins and shell control
+ structures is printed. The -\b-s\bs option restricts the information
+ displayed to a short usage synopsis. The return status is 0
unless no command matches _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn.
h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by [\b[_\bn]\b]
h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by -\b-s\bs _\ba_\br_\bg [_\ba_\br_\bg _\b._\b._\b.]
With no options, display the command history list with line num-
bers. Lines listed with a *\b* have been modified. An argument of
- _\bn lists only the last _\bn lines. If the shell variable H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bE-\b-
- F\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT is set and not null, it is used as a format string for
- _\bs_\bt_\br_\bf_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3) to display the time stamp associated with each dis-
- played history entry. No intervening blank is printed between
- the formatted time stamp and the history line. If _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is
- supplied, it is used as the name of the history file; if not,
- the value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is used. Options, if supplied, have the
+ _\bn lists only the last _\bn lines. If the shell variable H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bE-\b-
+ F\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT is set and not null, it is used as a format string for
+ _\bs_\bt_\br_\bf_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3) to display the time stamp associated with each dis-
+ played history entry. No intervening blank is printed between
+ the formatted time stamp and the history line. If _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is
+ supplied, it is used as the name of the history file; if not,
+ the value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is used. Options, if supplied, have the
following meanings:
-\b-c\bc Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.
-\b-d\bd _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt
Delete the history entry at position _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt.
- -\b-a\ba Append the ``new'' history lines (history lines entered
- since the beginning of the current b\bba\bas\bsh\bh session) to the
+ -\b-a\ba Append the ``new'' history lines (history lines entered
+ since the beginning of the current b\bba\bas\bsh\bh session) to the
history file.
- -\b-n\bn Read the history lines not already read from the history
- file into the current history list. These are lines
- appended to the history file since the beginning of the
+ -\b-n\bn Read the history lines not already read from the history
+ file into the current history list. These are lines
+ appended to the history file since the beginning of the
current b\bba\bas\bsh\bh session.
-\b-r\br Read the contents of the history file and use them as the
current history.
- -\b-w\bw Write the current history to the history file, overwrit-
+ -\b-w\bw Write the current history to the history file, overwrit-
ing the history file's contents.
- -\b-p\bp Perform history substitution on the following _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs and
- display the result on the standard output. Does not
- store the results in the history list. Each _\ba_\br_\bg must be
+ -\b-p\bp Perform history substitution on the following _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs and
+ display the result on the standard output. Does not
+ store the results in the history list. Each _\ba_\br_\bg must be
quoted to disable normal history expansion.
- -\b-s\bs Store the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs in the history list as a single entry.
- The last command in the history list is removed before
+ -\b-s\bs Store the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs in the history list as a single entry.
+ The last command in the history list is removed before
the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs are added.
If the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT is set, the time stamp information associ-
- ated with each history entry is written to the history file.
- The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered,
- an error occurs while reading or writing the history file, an
- invalid _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt is supplied as an argument to -\b-d\bd, or the history
+ ated with each history entry is written to the history file.
+ The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered,
+ an error occurs while reading or writing the history file, an
+ invalid _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt is supplied as an argument to -\b-d\bd, or the history
expansion supplied as an argument to -\b-p\bp fails.
j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs [-\b-l\bln\bnp\bpr\brs\bs] [ _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc ... ]
The first form lists the active jobs. The options have the fol-
lowing meanings:
-\b-l\bl List process IDs in addition to the normal information.
- -\b-p\bp List only the process ID of the job's process group
+ -\b-p\bp List only the process ID of the job's process group
leader.
- -\b-n\bn Display information only about jobs that have changed
- status since the user was last notified of their status.
+ -\b-n\bn Display information only about jobs that have changed
+ status since the user was last notified of their status.
-\b-r\br Restrict output to running jobs.
-\b-s\bs Restrict output to stopped jobs.
- If _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is given, output is restricted to information about
- that job. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is
+ If _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is given, output is restricted to information about
+ that job. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is
encountered or an invalid _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is supplied.
If the -\b-x\bx option is supplied, j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs replaces any _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc found in
- _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd or _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs with the corresponding process group ID, and
+ _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd or _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs with the corresponding process group ID, and
executes _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd passing it _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs, returning its exit status.
k\bki\bil\bll\bl [-\b-s\bs _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc | -\b-n\bn _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm | -\b-_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc] [_\bp_\bi_\bd | _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc] ...
k\bki\bil\bll\bl -\b-l\bl [_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc | _\be_\bx_\bi_\bt_\b__\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt_\bu_\bs]
- Send the signal named by _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc or _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm to the processes
- named by _\bp_\bi_\bd or _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc. _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is either a case-insensitive
- signal name such as S\bSI\bIG\bGK\bKI\bIL\bLL\bL (with or without the S\bSI\bIG\bG prefix) or
- a signal number; _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm is a signal number. If _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not
- present, then S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTE\bER\bRM\bM is assumed. An argument of -\b-l\bl lists the
- signal names. If any arguments are supplied when -\b-l\bl is given,
- the names of the signals corresponding to the arguments are
+ Send the signal named by _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc or _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm to the processes
+ named by _\bp_\bi_\bd or _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc. _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is either a case-insensitive
+ signal name such as S\bSI\bIG\bGK\bKI\bIL\bLL\bL (with or without the S\bSI\bIG\bG prefix) or
+ a signal number; _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm is a signal number. If _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not
+ present, then S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTE\bER\bRM\bM is assumed. An argument of -\b-l\bl lists the
+ signal names. If any arguments are supplied when -\b-l\bl is given,
+ the names of the signals corresponding to the arguments are
listed, and the return status is 0. The _\be_\bx_\bi_\bt_\b__\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt_\bu_\bs argument to
- -\b-l\bl is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit
- status of a process terminated by a signal. k\bki\bil\bll\bl returns true
- if at least one signal was successfully sent, or false if an
+ -\b-l\bl is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit
+ status of a process terminated by a signal. k\bki\bil\bll\bl returns true
+ if at least one signal was successfully sent, or false if an
error occurs or an invalid option is encountered.
l\ble\bet\bt _\ba_\br_\bg [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
Each _\ba_\br_\bg is an arithmetic expression to be evaluated (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bH-\b-
- M\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN). If the last _\ba_\br_\bg evaluates to 0, l\ble\bet\bt returns
+ M\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN). If the last _\ba_\br_\bg evaluates to 0, l\ble\bet\bt returns
1; 0 is returned otherwise.
l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl [_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be] ...]
- For each argument, a local variable named _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is created, and
- assigned _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. The _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn can be any of the options accepted
+ For each argument, a local variable named _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is created, and
+ assigned _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. The _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn can be any of the options accepted
by d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be. When l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl is used within a function, it causes the
- variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to have a visible scope restricted to that func-
+ variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to have a visible scope restricted to that func-
tion and its children. With no operands, l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl writes a list of
- local variables to the standard output. It is an error to use
+ local variables to the standard output. It is an error to use
l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl when not within a function. The return status is 0 unless
- l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl is used outside a function, an invalid _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is supplied,
+ l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl is used outside a function, an invalid _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is supplied,
or _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is a readonly variable.
l\blo\bog\bgo\bou\but\bt Exit a login shell.
p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd [-n\bn] [+_\bn] [-_\bn]
- Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments,
- removes the top directory from the stack, and performs a c\bcd\bd to
+ Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments,
+ removes the top directory from the stack, and performs a c\bcd\bd to
the new top directory. Arguments, if supplied, have the follow-
ing meanings:
- +\b+_\bn Removes the _\bnth entry counting from the left of the list
- shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with zero. For example: ``popd
+ +\b+_\bn Removes the _\bnth entry counting from the left of the list
+ shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with zero. For example: ``popd
+0'' removes the first directory, ``popd +1'' the second.
-\b-_\bn Removes the _\bnth entry counting from the right of the list
- shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with zero. For example: ``popd
- -0'' removes the last directory, ``popd -1'' the next to
+ shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with zero. For example: ``popd
+ -0'' removes the last directory, ``popd -1'' the next to
last.
- -\b-n\bn Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing
- directories from the stack, so that only the stack is
+ -\b-n\bn Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing
+ directories from the stack, so that only the stack is
manipulated.
- If the p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd command is successful, a d\bdi\bir\brs\bs is performed as well,
- and the return status is 0. p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd returns false if an invalid
+ If the p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd command is successful, a d\bdi\bir\brs\bs is performed as well,
+ and the return status is 0. p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd returns false if an invalid
option is encountered, the directory stack is empty, a non-exis-
tent directory stack entry is specified, or the directory change
fails.
p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]
- Write the formatted _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs to the standard output under the
- control of the _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt. The _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is a character string which
- contains three types of objects: plain characters, which are
- simply copied to standard output, character escape sequences,
- which are converted and copied to the standard output, and for-
- mat specifications, each of which causes printing of the next
+ Write the formatted _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs to the standard output under the
+ control of the _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt. The _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is a character string which
+ contains three types of objects: plain characters, which are
+ simply copied to standard output, character escape sequences,
+ which are converted and copied to the standard output, and for-
+ mat specifications, each of which causes printing of the next
successive _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt. In addition to the standard _\bp_\br_\bi_\bn_\bt_\bf(1) for-
- mats, %\b%b\bb causes p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf to expand backslash escape sequences in
- the corresponding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt (except that \\b\c\bc terminates output,
+ mats, %\b%b\bb causes p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf to expand backslash escape sequences in
+ the corresponding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt (except that \\b\c\bc terminates output,
backslashes in \\b\'\b', \\b\"\b", and \\b\?\b? are not removed, and octal escapes
- beginning with \\b\0\b0 may contain up to four digits), and %\b%q\bq causes
+ beginning with \\b\0\b0 may contain up to four digits), and %\b%q\bq causes
p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf to output the corresponding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt in a format that can
be reused as shell input.
- The _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is reused as necessary to consume all of the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\b-
+ The _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is reused as necessary to consume all of the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\b-
_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs. If the _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt requires more _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs than are supplied,
- the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or
- null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. The return
+ the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or
+ null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. The return
value is zero on success, non-zero on failure.
p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd [-\b-n\bn] [_\bd_\bi_\br]
p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd [-\b-n\bn] [+_\bn] [-_\bn]
- Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates
- the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working
+ Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates
+ the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working
directory. With no arguments, exchanges the top two directories
- and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty. Arguments,
+ and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty. Arguments,
if supplied, have the following meanings:
- +\b+_\bn Rotates the stack so that the _\bnth directory (counting
- from the left of the list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with
+ +\b+_\bn Rotates the stack so that the _\bnth directory (counting
+ from the left of the list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with
zero) is at the top.
- -\b-_\bn Rotates the stack so that the _\bnth directory (counting
- from the right of the list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with
+ -\b-_\bn Rotates the stack so that the _\bnth directory (counting
+ from the right of the list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with
zero) is at the top.
- -\b-n\bn Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding
- directories to the stack, so that only the stack is
+ -\b-n\bn Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding
+ directories to the stack, so that only the stack is
manipulated.
_\bd_\bi_\br Adds _\bd_\bi_\br to the directory stack at the top, making it the
new current working directory.
If the p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd command is successful, a d\bdi\bir\brs\bs is performed as well.
- If the first form is used, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd returns 0 unless the cd to _\bd_\bi_\br
- fails. With the second form, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd returns 0 unless the direc-
- tory stack is empty, a non-existent directory stack element is
- specified, or the directory change to the specified new current
+ If the first form is used, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd returns 0 unless the cd to _\bd_\bi_\br
+ fails. With the second form, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd returns 0 unless the direc-
+ tory stack is empty, a non-existent directory stack element is
+ specified, or the directory change to the specified new current
directory fails.
p\bpw\bwd\bd [-\b-L\bLP\bP]
- Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory.
+ Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory.
The pathname printed contains no symbolic links if the -\b-P\bP option
is supplied or the -\b-o\bo p\bph\bhy\bys\bsi\bic\bca\bal\bl option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command
- is enabled. If the -\b-L\bL option is used, the pathname printed may
- contain symbolic links. The return status is 0 unless an error
- occurs while reading the name of the current directory or an
+ is enabled. If the -\b-L\bL option is used, the pathname printed may
+ contain symbolic links. The return status is 0 unless an error
+ occurs while reading the name of the current directory or an
invalid option is supplied.
r\bre\bea\bad\bd [-\b-e\ber\brs\bs] [-\b-u\bu _\bf_\bd] [-\b-t\bt _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt] [-\b-a\ba _\ba_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b-p\bp _\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt] [-\b-n\bn _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs] [-\b-d\bd
_\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- One line is read from the standard input, or from the file
- descriptor _\bf_\bd supplied as an argument to the -\b-u\bu option, and the
+ One line is read from the standard input, or from the file
+ descriptor _\bf_\bd supplied as an argument to the -\b-u\bu option, and the
first word is assigned to the first _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, the second word to the
- second _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, and so on, with leftover words and their interven-
- ing separators assigned to the last _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If there are fewer
+ second _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, and so on, with leftover words and their interven-
+ ing separators assigned to the last _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If there are fewer
words read from the input stream than names, the remaining names
- are assigned empty values. The characters in I\bIF\bFS\bS are used to
- split the line into words. The backslash character (\\b\) may be
- used to remove any special meaning for the next character read
- and for line continuation. Options, if supplied, have the fol-
+ are assigned empty values. The characters in I\bIF\bFS\bS are used to
+ split the line into words. The backslash character (\\b\) may be
+ used to remove any special meaning for the next character read
+ and for line continuation. Options, if supplied, have the fol-
lowing meanings:
-\b-a\ba _\ba_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array
new values are assigned. Other _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are
ignored.
-\b-d\bd _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm
- The first character of _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm is used to terminate the
+ The first character of _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm is used to terminate the
input line, rather than newline.
-\b-e\be If the standard input is coming from a terminal, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
(see R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE above) is used to obtain the line.
-\b-n\bn _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs
- r\bre\bea\bad\bd returns after reading _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters rather than
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bd returns after reading _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters rather than
waiting for a complete line of input.
-\b-p\bp _\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt
Display _\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt on standard error, without a trailing new-
line, before attempting to read any input. The prompt is
displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.
-\b-r\br Backslash does not act as an escape character. The back-
- slash is considered to be part of the line. In particu-
- lar, a backslash-newline pair may not be used as a line
+ slash is considered to be part of the line. In particu-
+ lar, a backslash-newline pair may not be used as a line
continuation.
-\b-s\bs Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, charac-
ters are not echoed.
-\b-t\bt _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt
- Cause r\bre\bea\bad\bd to time out and return failure if a complete
- line of input is not read within _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt seconds. This
- option has no effect if r\bre\bea\bad\bd is not reading input from
+ Cause r\bre\bea\bad\bd to time out and return failure if a complete
+ line of input is not read within _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt seconds. This
+ option has no effect if r\bre\bea\bad\bd is not reading input from
the terminal or a pipe.
-\b-u\bu _\bf_\bd Read input from file descriptor _\bf_\bd.
If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are supplied, the line read is assigned to the vari-
- able R\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY. The return code is zero, unless end-of-file is
- encountered, r\bre\bea\bad\bd times out, or an invalid file descriptor is
+ able R\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY. The return code is zero, unless end-of-file is
+ encountered, r\bre\bea\bad\bd times out, or an invalid file descriptor is
supplied as the argument to -\b-u\bu.
r\bre\bea\bad\bdo\bon\bnl\bly\by [-\b-a\bap\bpf\bf] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd] ...]
- The given _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are marked readonly; the values of these _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs
- may not be changed by subsequent assignment. If the -\b-f\bf option
- is supplied, the functions corresponding to the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are so
+ The given _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are marked readonly; the values of these _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs
+ may not be changed by subsequent assignment. If the -\b-f\bf option
+ is supplied, the functions corresponding to the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are so
marked. The -\b-a\ba option restricts the variables to arrays. If no
- _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are given, or if the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, a
- list of all readonly names is printed. The -\b-p\bp option causes
- output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.
- If a variable name is followed by =_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, the value of the vari-
- able is set to _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd. The return status is 0 unless an invalid
- option is encountered, one of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a valid shell
+ _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are given, or if the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, a
+ list of all readonly names is printed. The -\b-p\bp option causes
+ output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.
+ If a variable name is followed by =_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, the value of the vari-
+ able is set to _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd. The return status is 0 unless an invalid
+ option is encountered, one of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a valid shell
variable name, or -\b-f\bf is supplied with a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be that is not a func-
tion.
r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn [_\bn]
- Causes a function to exit with the return value specified by _\bn.
- If _\bn is omitted, the return status is that of the last command
- executed in the function body. If used outside a function, but
- during execution of a script by the .\b. (s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be) command, it
+ Causes a function to exit with the return value specified by _\bn.
+ If _\bn is omitted, the return status is that of the last command
+ executed in the function body. If used outside a function, but
+ during execution of a script by the .\b. (s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be) command, it
causes the shell to stop executing that script and return either
- _\bn or the exit status of the last command executed within the
- script as the exit status of the script. If used outside a
- function and not during execution of a script by .\b., the return
+ _\bn or the exit status of the last command executed within the
+ script as the exit status of the script. If used outside a
+ function and not during execution of a script by .\b., the return
status is false. Any command associated with the R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN trap is
- executed before execution resumes after the function or script.
+ executed before execution resumes after the function or script.
s\bse\bet\bt [-\b--\b-a\bab\bbe\bef\bfh\bhk\bkm\bmn\bnp\bpt\btu\buv\bvx\bxB\bBC\bCH\bHP\bP] [-\b-o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
- Without options, the name and value of each shell variable are
+ Without options, the name and value of each shell variable are
displayed in a format that can be reused as input for setting or
resetting the currently-set variables. Read-only variables can-
- not be reset. In _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be, only shell variables are listed.
- The output is sorted according to the current locale. When
- options are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. Any
- arguments remaining after the options are processed are treated
- as values for the positional parameters and are assigned, in
+ not be reset. In _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be, only shell variables are listed.
+ The output is sorted according to the current locale. When
+ options are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. Any
+ arguments remaining after the options are processed are treated
+ as values for the positional parameters and are assigned, in
order, to $\b$1\b1, $\b$2\b2, .\b..\b..\b. $\b$_\bn. Options, if specified, have the fol-
lowing meanings:
- -\b-a\ba Automatically mark variables and functions which are
- modified or created for export to the environment of
+ -\b-a\ba Automatically mark variables and functions which are
+ modified or created for export to the environment of
subsequent commands.
- -\b-b\bb Report the status of terminated background jobs immedi-
+ -\b-b\bb Report the status of terminated background jobs immedi-
ately, rather than before the next primary prompt. This
is effective only when job control is enabled.
- -\b-e\be Exit immediately if a _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR
+ -\b-e\be Exit immediately if a _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR
above) exits with a non-zero status. The shell does not
- exit if the command that fails is part of the command
- list immediately following a w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl keyword,
- part of the test in an _\bi_\bf statement, part of a &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b|
+ exit if the command that fails is part of the command
+ list immediately following a w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl keyword,
+ part of the test in an _\bi_\bf statement, part of a &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b|
list, or if the command's return value is being inverted
- via !\b!. A trap on E\bER\bRR\bR, if set, is executed before the
+ via !\b!. A trap on E\bER\bRR\bR, if set, is executed before the
shell exits.
-\b-f\bf Disable pathname expansion.
- -\b-h\bh Remember the location of commands as they are looked up
+ -\b-h\bh Remember the location of commands as they are looked up
for execution. This is enabled by default.
- -\b-k\bk All arguments in the form of assignment statements are
- placed in the environment for a command, not just those
+ -\b-k\bk All arguments in the form of assignment statements are
+ placed in the environment for a command, not just those
that precede the command name.
- -\b-m\bm Monitor mode. Job control is enabled. This option is
- on by default for interactive shells on systems that
- support it (see J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL above). Background pro-
- cesses run in a separate process group and a line con-
- taining their exit status is printed upon their comple-
+ -\b-m\bm Monitor mode. Job control is enabled. This option is
+ on by default for interactive shells on systems that
+ support it (see J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL above). Background pro-
+ cesses run in a separate process group and a line con-
+ taining their exit status is printed upon their comple-
tion.
-\b-n\bn Read commands but do not execute them. This may be used
- to check a shell script for syntax errors. This is
+ to check a shell script for syntax errors. This is
ignored by interactive shells.
-\b-o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
The _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be can be one of the following:
Same as -\b-a\ba.
b\bbr\bra\bac\bce\bee\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd
Same as -\b-B\bB.
- e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs Use an emacs-style command line editing inter-
+ e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs Use an emacs-style command line editing inter-
face. This is enabled by default when the shell
is interactive, unless the shell is started with
the -\b--\b-n\bno\boe\bed\bdi\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg option.
H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY. This option is on by default in inter-
active shells.
i\big\bgn\bno\bor\bre\bee\beo\bof\bf
- The effect is as if the shell command
- ``IGNOREEOF=10'' had been executed (see S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl
+ The effect is as if the shell command
+ ``IGNOREEOF=10'' had been executed (see S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl
V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs above).
k\bke\bey\byw\bwo\bor\brd\bd Same as -\b-k\bk.
m\bmo\bon\bni\bit\bto\bor\br Same as -\b-m\bm.
p\bph\bhy\bys\bsi\bic\bca\bal\bl
Same as -\b-P\bP.
p\bpi\bip\bpe\bef\bfa\bai\bil\bl
- If set, the return value of a pipeline is the
- value of the last (rightmost) command to exit
- with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands
- in the pipeline exit successfully. This option
+ If set, the return value of a pipeline is the
+ value of the last (rightmost) command to exit
+ with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands
+ in the pipeline exit successfully. This option
is disabled by default.
- p\bpo\bos\bsi\bix\bx Change the behavior of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh where the default
+ p\bpo\bos\bsi\bix\bx Change the behavior of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh where the default
operation differs from the POSIX 1003.2 standard
to match the standard (_\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be).
p\bpr\bri\biv\bvi\bil\ble\beg\bge\bed\bd
v\bvi\bi Use a vi-style command line editing interface.
x\bxt\btr\bra\bac\bce\be Same as -\b-x\bx.
If -\b-o\bo is supplied with no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, the values of the
- current options are printed. If +\b+o\bo is supplied with no
- _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, a series of s\bse\bet\bt commands to recreate the
- current option settings is displayed on the standard
+ current options are printed. If +\b+o\bo is supplied with no
+ _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, a series of s\bse\bet\bt commands to recreate the
+ current option settings is displayed on the standard
output.
- -\b-p\bp Turn on _\bp_\br_\bi_\bv_\bi_\bl_\be_\bg_\be_\bd mode. In this mode, the $\b$E\bEN\bNV\bV and
- $\b$B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEN\bNV\bV files are not processed, shell functions are
- not inherited from the environment, and the S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS
- variable, if it appears in the environment, is ignored.
- If the shell is started with the effective user (group)
- id not equal to the real user (group) id, and the -\b-p\bp
- option is not supplied, these actions are taken and the
+ -\b-p\bp Turn on _\bp_\br_\bi_\bv_\bi_\bl_\be_\bg_\be_\bd mode. In this mode, the $\b$E\bEN\bNV\bV and
+ $\b$B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEN\bNV\bV files are not processed, shell functions are
+ not inherited from the environment, and the S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS
+ variable, if it appears in the environment, is ignored.
+ If the shell is started with the effective user (group)
+ id not equal to the real user (group) id, and the -\b-p\bp
+ option is not supplied, these actions are taken and the
effective user id is set to the real user id. If the -\b-p\bp
- option is supplied at startup, the effective user id is
+ option is supplied at startup, the effective user id is
not reset. Turning this option off causes the effective
- user and group ids to be set to the real user and group
+ user and group ids to be set to the real user and group
ids.
-\b-t\bt Exit after reading and executing one command.
-\b-u\bu Treat unset variables as an error when performing param-
- eter expansion. If expansion is attempted on an unset
+ eter expansion. If expansion is attempted on an unset
variable, the shell prints an error message, and, if not
interactive, exits with a non-zero status.
-\b-v\bv Print shell input lines as they are read.
- -\b-x\bx After expanding each _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, f\bfo\bor\br command, c\bca\bas\bse\be
+ -\b-x\bx After expanding each _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, f\bfo\bor\br command, c\bca\bas\bse\be
command, s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt command, or arithmetic f\bfo\bor\br command, dis-
- play the expanded value of P\bPS\bS4\b4, followed by the command
+ play the expanded value of P\bPS\bS4\b4, followed by the command
and its expanded arguments or associated word list.
- -\b-B\bB The shell performs brace expansion (see B\bBr\bra\bac\bce\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
+ -\b-B\bB The shell performs brace expansion (see B\bBr\bra\bac\bce\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
above). This is on by default.
- -\b-C\bC If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not overwrite an existing file with
- the >\b>, >\b>&\b&, and <\b<>\b> redirection operators. This may be
+ -\b-C\bC If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not overwrite an existing file with
+ the >\b>, >\b>&\b&, and <\b<>\b> redirection operators. This may be
overridden when creating output files by using the redi-
rection operator >\b>|\b| instead of >\b>.
-\b-E\bE If set, any trap on E\bER\bRR\bR is inherited by shell functions,
- command substitutions, and commands executed in a sub-
- shell environment. The E\bER\bRR\bR trap is normally not inher-
+ command substitutions, and commands executed in a sub-
+ shell environment. The E\bER\bRR\bR trap is normally not inher-
ited in such cases.
-\b-H\bH Enable !\b! style history substitution. This option is on
by default when the shell is interactive.
- -\b-P\bP If set, the shell does not follow symbolic links when
- executing commands such as c\bcd\bd that change the current
+ -\b-P\bP If set, the shell does not follow symbolic links when
+ executing commands such as c\bcd\bd that change the current
working directory. It uses the physical directory
structure instead. By default, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh follows the logical
- chain of directories when performing commands which
+ chain of directories when performing commands which
change the current directory.
- -\b-T\bT If set, any traps on D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN are inherited by
- shell functions, command substitutions, and commands
- executed in a subshell environment. The D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and
+ -\b-T\bT If set, any traps on D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN are inherited by
+ shell functions, command substitutions, and commands
+ executed in a subshell environment. The D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and
R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN traps are normally not inherited in such cases.
- -\b--\b- If no arguments follow this option, then the positional
+ -\b--\b- If no arguments follow this option, then the positional
parameters are unset. Otherwise, the positional parame-
- ters are set to the _\ba_\br_\bgs, even if some of them begin
+ ters are set to the _\ba_\br_\bgs, even if some of them begin
with a -\b-.
- -\b- Signal the end of options, cause all remaining _\ba_\br_\bgs to
+ -\b- Signal the end of options, cause all remaining _\ba_\br_\bgs to
be assigned to the positional parameters. The -\b-x\bx and -\b-v\bv
- options are turned off. If there are no _\ba_\br_\bgs, the
- positional parameters remain unchanged.
+ options are turned off. If there are no _\ba_\br_\bgs, the posi-
+ tional parameters remain unchanged.
- The options are off by default unless otherwise noted. Using +
- rather than - causes these options to be turned off. The
- options can also be specified as arguments to an invocation of
- the shell. The current set of options may be found in $\b$-\b-. The
+ The options are off by default unless otherwise noted. Using +
+ rather than - causes these options to be turned off. The
+ options can also be specified as arguments to an invocation of
+ the shell. The current set of options may be found in $\b$-\b-. The
return status is always true unless an invalid option is encoun-
tered.
s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt [_\bn]
- The positional parameters from _\bn+1 ... are renamed to $\b$1\b1 .\b..\b..\b..\b.
- Parameters represented by the numbers $\b$#\b# down to $\b$#\b#-_\bn+1 are
- unset. _\bn must be a non-negative number less than or equal to
- $\b$#\b#. If _\bn is 0, no parameters are changed. If _\bn is not given,
- it is assumed to be 1. If _\bn is greater than $\b$#\b#, the positional
- parameters are not changed. The return status is greater than
+ The positional parameters from _\bn+1 ... are renamed to $\b$1\b1 .\b..\b..\b..\b.
+ Parameters represented by the numbers $\b$#\b# down to $\b$#\b#-_\bn+1 are
+ unset. _\bn must be a non-negative number less than or equal to
+ $\b$#\b#. If _\bn is 0, no parameters are changed. If _\bn is not given,
+ it is assumed to be 1. If _\bn is greater than $\b$#\b#, the positional
+ parameters are not changed. The return status is greater than
zero if _\bn is greater than $\b$#\b# or less than zero; otherwise 0.
s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt [-\b-p\bpq\bqs\bsu\bu] [-\b-o\bo] [_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
Toggle the values of variables controlling optional shell behav-
ior. With no options, or with the -\b-p\bp option, a list of all set-
table options is displayed, with an indication of whether or not
- each is set. The -\b-p\bp option causes output to be displayed in a
- form that may be reused as input. Other options have the fol-
+ each is set. The -\b-p\bp option causes output to be displayed in a
+ form that may be reused as input. Other options have the fol-
lowing meanings:
-\b-s\bs Enable (set) each _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
-\b-u\bu Disable (unset) each _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
- -\b-q\bq Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status
+ -\b-q\bq Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status
indicates whether the _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set or unset. If multi-
- ple _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are given with -\b-q\bq, the return sta-
- tus is zero if all _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are enabled; non-zero other-
+ ple _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are given with -\b-q\bq, the return sta-
+ tus is zero if all _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are enabled; non-zero other-
wise.
- -\b-o\bo Restricts the values of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to be those defined for
+ -\b-o\bo Restricts the values of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to be those defined for
the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin.
- If either -\b-s\bs or -\b-u\bu is used with no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments, the dis-
+ If either -\b-s\bs or -\b-u\bu is used with no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments, the dis-
play is limited to those options which are set or unset, respec-
- tively. Unless otherwise noted, the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt options are disabled
+ tively. Unless otherwise noted, the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt options are disabled
(unset) by default.
- The return status when listing options is zero if all _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs
- are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting
- options, the return status is zero unless an _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a
+ The return status when listing options is zero if all _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs
+ are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting
+ options, the return status is zero unless an _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a
valid shell option.
The list of s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt options is:
c\bcd\bda\bab\bbl\ble\be_\b_v\bva\bar\brs\bs
- If set, an argument to the c\bcd\bd builtin command that is
- not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable
+ If set, an argument to the c\bcd\bd builtin command that is
+ not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable
whose value is the directory to change to.
c\bcd\bds\bsp\bpe\bel\bll\bl If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory com-
- ponent in a c\bcd\bd command will be corrected. The errors
+ ponent in a c\bcd\bd command will be corrected. The errors
checked for are transposed characters, a missing charac-
- ter, and one character too many. If a correction is
- found, the corrected file name is printed, and the com-
- mand proceeds. This option is only used by interactive
+ ter, and one character too many. If a correction is
+ found, the corrected file name is printed, and the com-
+ mand proceeds. This option is only used by interactive
shells.
c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkh\bha\bas\bsh\bh
If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh checks that a command found in the hash ta-
- ble exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed
- command no longer exists, a normal path search is per-
+ ble exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed
+ command no longer exists, a normal path search is per-
formed.
c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkw\bwi\bin\bns\bsi\biz\bze\be
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh checks the window size after each command
- and, if necessary, updates the values of L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bES\bS and
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh checks the window size after each command
+ and, if necessary, updates the values of L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bES\bS and
C\bCO\bOL\bLU\bUM\bMN\bNS\bS.
- c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to save all lines of a multiple-
- line command in the same history entry. This allows
+ c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to save all lines of a multiple-
+ line command in the same history entry. This allows
easy re-editing of multi-line commands.
- d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh includes filenames beginning with a `.' in
+ d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh includes filenames beginning with a `.' in
the results of pathname expansion.
e\bex\bxe\bec\bcf\bfa\bai\bil\bl
If set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it can-
- not execute the file specified as an argument to the
- e\bex\bxe\bec\bc builtin command. An interactive shell does not
+ not execute the file specified as an argument to the
+ e\bex\bxe\bec\bc builtin command. An interactive shell does not
exit if e\bex\bxe\bec\bc fails.
e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bse\bes\bs
- If set, aliases are expanded as described above under
+ If set, aliases are expanded as described above under
A\bAL\bLI\bIA\bAS\bSE\bES\bS. This option is enabled by default for interac-
tive shells.
e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg
- If set, behavior intended for use by debuggers is
+ If set, behavior intended for use by debuggers is
enabled:
1\b1.\b. The -\b-F\bF option to the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin displays the
source file name and line number corresponding to
each function name supplied as an argument.
- 2\b2.\b. If the command run by the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap returns a
- non-zero value, the next command is skipped and
+ 2\b2.\b. If the command run by the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap returns a
+ non-zero value, the next command is skipped and
not executed.
- 3\b3.\b. If the command run by the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap returns a
- value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub-
- routine (a shell function or a shell script exe-
- cuted by the .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins), a call to
+ 3\b3.\b. If the command run by the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap returns a
+ value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub-
+ routine (a shell function or a shell script exe-
+ cuted by the .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins), a call to
r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is simulated.
+ 4\b4.\b. B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGC\bC and B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV are updated as described
+ in their descriptions above.
+ 5\b5.\b. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu-
+ tion, shell functions, and subshells invoked with
+ (\b( _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd )\b) inherit the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN traps.
+ 6\b6.\b. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution,
+ shell functions, and subshells invoked with (\b(
+ _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd )\b) inherit the E\bER\bRR\bRO\bOR\bR trap.
e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb If set, the extended pattern matching features described
above under P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn are enabled.
e\bex\bxt\btq\bqu\buo\bot\bte\be
If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh matches filenames in a case-insensitive
fashion when performing pathname expansion (see P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be
E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn above).
+ n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\bem\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh matches patterns in a case-insensitive
+ fashion when performing matching while executing c\bca\bas\bse\be or
+ [\b[[\b[ conditional commands.
n\bnu\bul\bll\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh allows patterns which match no files (see
P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn above) to expand to a null string,
able or function is removed from the environment passed to sub-
sequent commands. If any of R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM, S\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS, L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO, H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCM\bMD\bD,
F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE, G\bGR\bRO\bOU\bUP\bPS\bS, or D\bDI\bIR\bRS\bST\bTA\bAC\bCK\bK are unset, they lose their special
- properties, even if they are subsequently reset. The exit sta-
- tus is true unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is readonly.
+ properties, even if they are subsequently reset. The exit
+ status is true unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is readonly.
w\bwa\bai\bit\bt [_\bn _\b._\b._\b.]
Wait for each specified process and return its termination sta-
-GNU Bash-3.1-devel 2005 Feb 11 BASH(1)
+GNU Bash-3.1-devel 2005 Feb 19 BASH(1)
<TITLE>BASH(1) Manual Page</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY><TABLE WIDTH=100%>
-<TH ALIGN=LEFT>BASH(1)<TH ALIGN=CENTER>2005 Feb 11<TH ALIGN=RIGHT>BASH(1)
+<TH ALIGN=LEFT>BASH(1)<TH ALIGN=CENTER>2005 Feb 19<TH ALIGN=RIGHT>BASH(1)
</TABLE>
<BR><A HREF="#index">Index</A>
<HR>
<DD>
Arrange for the debugger profile to be executed before the shell
-starts. Turns on extended debugging mode (see the description of the
+starts.
+Turns on extended debugging mode (see the description of the
<B>extdebug</B>
option to the
<B>shopt</B>
-builtin below) and shell function tracing (see the description of the
+builtin below)
+and shell function tracing (see the description of the
<B>-o functrace</B> option to the
<B>set</B>
When the <B>==</B> and <B>!=</B> operators are used, the string to the
right of the operator is considered a pattern and matched according
to the rules described below under <B>Pattern Matching</B>.
+If the shell option
+<B>nocasematch</B>
+
+is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
+of alphabetic characters.
The return value is 0 if the string matches or does not match
the pattern, respectively, and 1 otherwise.
Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force it to be matched as a
If the regular expression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional
expression's return value is 2.
If the shell option
-<B>nocaseglob</B>
+<B>nocasematch</B>
is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
of alphabetic characters.
as for pathname expansion (see
<B>Pathname Expansion</B>
-below). When a match is found, the
+below).
+If the shell option
+<B>nocasematch</B>
+
+is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
+of alphabetic characters.
+When a match is found, the
corresponding <I>list</I> is executed. After the first match, no
subsequent matches are attempted. The exit status is zero if no
pattern matches. Otherwise, it is the exit status of the
<DD>
An array variable whose values are the number of parameters in each
-frame of the current bash execution call stack. The number of
+frame of the current bash execution call stack.
+The number of
parameters to the current subroutine (shell function or script executed
-with <B>.</B> or <B>source</B>) is at the top of the stack. When a
-subroutine is executed, the number of parameters passed is pushed onto
+with <B>.</B> or <B>source</B>) is at the top of the stack.
+When a subroutine is executed, the number of parameters passed is pushed onto
<B>BASH_ARGC</B>.
+The shell sets <B>BASH_ARGC</B> only when in extended debugging mode
+(see the description of the
+<B>extdebug</B>
+
+option to the
+<B>shopt</B>
+
+builtin below)
<DT><B>BASH_ARGV</B>
<DD>
is at the top of the stack; the first parameter of the initial call is
at the bottom. When a subroutine is executed, the parameters supplied
are pushed onto <B>BASH_ARGV</B>.
+The shell sets <B>BASH_ARGV</B> only when in extended debugging mode
+(see the description of the
+<B>extdebug</B>
+
+option to the
+<B>shopt</B>
+
+builtin below)
<DT><B>BASH_COMMAND</B>
<DD>
shell is executing in a subroutine (a shell function or a shell script
executed by the <B>.</B> or <B>source</B> builtins), a call to
<B>return</B> is simulated.
+<DT><B>4.</B>
+
+<DD>
+<B>BASH_ARGC</B> and <B>BASH_ARGV</B> are updated as described in their
+descriptions above.
+<DT><B>5.</B>
+
+<DD>
+Function tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and
+subshells invoked with <B>(</B> <I>command</I> <B>)</B> inherit the
+<B>DEBUG</B> and <B>RETURN</B> traps.
+<DT><B>6.</B>
+
+<DD>
+Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and
+subshells invoked with <B>(</B> <I>command</I> <B>)</B> inherit the
+<B>ERROR</B> trap.
</DL></DL>
<DT><B>extglob</B>
<B>Pathname Expansion</B>
above).
+<DT><B>nocasematch</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set,
+<B>bash</B>
+
+matches patterns in a case-insensitive fashion when performing matching
+while executing <B>case</B> or <B>[[</B> conditional commands.
<DT><B>nullglob</B>
<DD>
</DL>
<HR>
This document was created by man2html from bash.1.<BR>
-Time: 14 February 2005 11:56:43 EST
+Time: 22 February 2005 13:44:29 EST
</BODY>
</HTML>
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+(An additional binary operator)144 192 R(,)-.4 E F1(=~)2.743 E F0 2.743
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-(riable has a).25 F F3(value)108 537.6 Q F0 .368(and zero or more)2.868
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(is not gi)2.912 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .232(n, the v).15 F .232
-(ariable is assigned the null string.)-.25 F(All)5.233 E F3(values)3.023
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E F0(under)3.003 E .233(go tilde e)-.18 F .233(xpansion, parameter)-.15
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(va)-.25 G 2.889(luated. When).25 F .389(+= is applied to an array v)
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-.55 G -.18(rg)-2.944 G .444(uments when it is in).18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1
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(set)3.333 E F0 -.2(bu)3.333 G .833(iltin command.).2 F .834(Positional\
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(Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.)26.7 F .606
(When the e)5.605 F .606(xpansion occurs within dou-)-.15 F .114
-(ble quotes, each parameter e)144 350.4 R .114(xpands to a separate w)
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(In a \(\) subshell, it e)5.214 F .214
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(Expands to the process ID of the most recently e)32.67 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
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(At shell startup, set to the absolute pathname used to in)31 F -.2(vo)
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--.18 F(pre)144 566.4 Q .57(vious command, after e)-.25 F 3.07
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(ariable whose v)-.25 F 1.039
(alues are the number of parameters in each frame of the current bash)
--.25 F -.15(exe)144 672 S .535(cution call stack.).15 F .535(The number\
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+(esult is the one-ar)-.18 F .426(gument test of the second ar)-.18 F
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+(ession is false.)-.18 F(The)5.43 E F4<ad61>2.93 E F1(and)2.93 E F4
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+(esult is the negation of the thr)-.18 F(ee-ar)-.18 E .668(gument expr)
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+(emaining ar)-.18 F 2.909(guments. Otherwise,)-.18 F .409(the expr)2.909
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+(listed above.)180 288 Q F4(times)108 304.8 Q F1 .334
(Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and for pr)
11.01 F .334(ocesses r)-.18 F .334(un fr)-.08 F .334(om the)-.18 F 2.5
-(shell. The)144 208.8 R -.18(re)2.5 G(turn status is 0.).18 E F2(trap)
-108 225.6 Q F1([)2.5 E F2(\255lp)A F1 2.5(][)C([)-2.5 E/F3 10
-/Palatino-Italic@0 SF(ar)A(g)-.18 E F1(])A F3(sigspec)2.5 E F1(...])2.5
-E .563(The command)144 237.6 R F3(ar)3.523 E(g)-.18 E F1 .563
-(is to be r)3.543 F .563(ead and executed when the shell r)-.18 F .564
-(eceives signal\(s\))-.18 F F3(sigspec)3.064 E F1 5.564(.I).32 G(f)
--5.564 E F3(ar)144.46 249.6 Q(g)-.18 E F1 .153(is absent \(and ther)
-3.133 F 2.653(ei)-.18 G 2.653(sas)-2.653 G(ingle)-2.653 E F3(sigspec)
-2.653 E F1 2.653(\)o)C(r)-2.653 E F
2<ad>2.653 E F1 2.653(,e)C .153
-(ach speci\214ed signal is r)-2.653 F .152(eset to its original)-.18 F
-.069(disposition \(the value it had upon entrance to the shell\).)144
-261.6 R(If)5.069 E F3(ar)3.03 E(g)-.18 E F1 .07
-(is the null string the signal)3.05 F .142(speci\214ed by each)144 273.6
-R F3(sigspec)3.052 E F1 .142(is ignor)2.962 F .142
-(ed by the shell and by the commands it invokes.)-.18 F(If)5.141 E F3
-(ar)3.101 E(g)-.18 E F1(is)3.121 E 1.795(not pr)144 285.6 R 1.795
-(esent and)-.18 F F2<ad70>4.295 E F1 1.796
-(has been supplied, then the trap commands associated with each)4.295 F
-F3(sigspec)144.41 297.6 Q F1(ar)3.218 E 2.898(ed)-.18 G 2.898
-(isplayed. If)-2.898 F .398(no ar)2.898 F .398(guments ar)-.18 F 2.898
-(es)-.18 G .397(upplied or if only)-2.898 F F2<ad70>2.897 E F1 .397
-(is given,)2.897 F F2(trap)2.897 E F1 .397(prints the)2.897 F .035
-(list of commands associated with each signal.)144 309.6 R(The)5.036 E
-F2<ad6c>2.536 E F1 .036(option causes the shell to print a list)2.536 F
-1.095(of signal names and their corr)144 321.6 R 1.095
-(esponding numbers.)-.18 F(Each)6.095 E F3(sigspec)4.005 E F1 1.094
-(is either a signal name)3.914 F .672(de\214ned in <)144 333.6 R F3
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+(eceives signal\(s\))-.18 F F5(sigspec)3.063 E F1 5.563(.I).32 G(f)
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4<ad>2.653 E F1 2.653(,e)C .153
+(ach speci\214ed signal is r)-2.653 F .153(eset to its original)-.18 F
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+(is the null string the signal)3.049 F .141(speci\214ed by each)144
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+(ed by the shell and by the commands it invokes.)-.18 F(If)5.142 E F5
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+(isplayed. If)-2.897 F .397(no ar)2.897 F .397(guments ar)-.18 F 2.897
+(es)-.18 G .398(upplied or if only)-2.897 F F4<ad70>2.898 E F1 .398
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+(list of commands associated with each signal.)144 417.6 R(The)5.036 E
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+(esponding numbers.)-.18 F(Each)6.095 E F5(sigspec)4.005 E F1 1.095
+(is either a signal name)3.915 F .673(de\214ned in <)144 441.6 R F5
(signal.h)A F1 .673(>, or a signal number)B 5.673(.S)-.74 G .673
(ignal names ar)-5.673 F 3.173(ec)-.18 G .673
-(ase insensitive and the SIG)-3.173 F(pr)144 345.6 Q .977
-(e\214x is optional.)-.18 F .976(If a)5.976 F F3(sigspec)3.886 E F1(is)
-3.796 E/F4 9/Palatino-Bold@0 SF(EXIT)3.476 E F1 .976(\(0\) the command)
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-.976(om the)-.18 F 3.404(shell. If)144 357.6 R(a)3.404 E F3(sigspec)
-3.814 E F1(is)3.724 E F4(DEBUG)3.404 E/F5 9/Palatino-Roman@0 SF(,)A F1
-.904(the command)3.154 F F3(ar)3.864 E(g)-.18 E F1 .905
-(is executed befor)3.885 F 3.405(ee)-.18 G(very)-3.405 E F3 .905
-(simple command)3.405 F F1(,)A F3(for)144 369.6 Q F1(command,)3.016 E F3
-(case)3.016 E F1(command,)3.016 E F3(select)3.016 E F1 .515
-(command, every arithmetic)3.016 F F3(for)3.015 E F1 .515
-(command, and befor)3.015 F(e)-.18 E 1.001
-(the \214rst command executes in a shell function \(see)144 381.6 R F4
-1.001(SHELL GRAMMAR)3.501 F F1 3.501(above\). Refer)3.251 F(to)3.501 E
-.679(the description of the)144 393.6 R F2(extdebug)3.178 E F1 .678
-(option to the)3.178 F F2(shopt)3.178 E F1 .678
-(builtin for details of its ef)3.178 F .678(fect on the)-.18 F F2(DEBUG)
-144 405.6 Q F1 3.153(trap. If)3.153 F(a)3.153 E F3(sigspec)3.563 E F1
-(is)3.473 E F4(ERR)3.153 E F5(,)A F1 .653(the command)2.903 F F3(ar)
-3.613 E(g)-.18 E F1 .653(is executed whenever a simple com-)3.633 F .241
-(mand has a non\255zer)144 417.6 R 2.741(oe)-.18 G .24
-(xit status, subject to the following conditions.)-2.741 F(The)5.24 E F4
-(ERR)2.74 E F1 .24(trap is not)2.49 F 1.926(executed if the failed comm\
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-(while)144 441.6 Q F1(or)2.552 E F2(until)2.552 E F1(keywor)2.552 E .052
-(d, part of the test in an)-.18 F F3(if)2.712 E F1 .052
-(statement, part of a)4.402 F F2(&&)2.552 E F1(or)2.552 E/F6 10/Symbol
-SF<efef>2.552 E F1 .051(list, or if the)2.552 F .092(command's r)144
-453.6 R .092(eturn value is being inverted via)-.18 F F2(!)2.592 E F1
+(ase insensitive and the SIG)-3.173 F(pr)144 453.6 Q .976
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+(builtin for details of its ef)3.178 F .679(fect on the)-.18 F F4(DEBUG)
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+(mand has a non\255zer)144 525.6 R 2.74(oe)-.18 G .24
+(xit status, subject to the following conditions.)-2.74 F(The)5.241 E F2
+(ERR)2.741 E F1 .241(trap is not)2.491 F 1.926(executed if the failed c\
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+F4(while)144 549.6 Q F1(or)2.551 E F4(until)2.551 E F1(keywor)2.552 E
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5.092(.T)C .092(hese ar)-5.092 F 2.592(et)-.18 G .092
-(he same conditions obeyed by)-2.592 F(the)144 465.6 Q F2(errexit)2.825
-E F1 2.825(option. If)2.825 F(a)2.825 E F3(sigspec)3.235 E F1(is)3.145 E
-F4(RETURN)2.825 E F5(,)A F1 .325(the command)2.575 F F3(ar)3.284 E(g)
--.18 E F1 .324(is executed each time a shell)3.304 F 1.95
-(function or a script executed with the)144 477.6 R F2(.)4.451 E F1(or)
-4.451 E F2(source)4.451 E F1 1.951(builtins \214nishes executing.)4.451
-F(Signals)6.951 E(ignor)144 489.6 Q .847
-(ed upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or r)-.18 F 3.346(eset. T)
--.18 F .846(rapped signals ar)-.9 F 3.346(er)-.18 G .846(eset to)-3.526
-F .298(their original values in a child pr)144 501.6 R .299
-(ocess when it is cr)-.18 F 2.799(eated. The)-.18 F -.18(re)2.799 G .299
-(turn status is false if any).18 F F3(sigspec)144.41 513.6 Q F1
-(is invalid; otherwise)2.82 E F2(trap)2.5 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(turns tr)
-.18 E(ue.)-.08 E F2(type)108 530.4 Q F1([)2.5 E F2(\255aftpP)A F1(])A F3
-(name)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F3(name)A F1(...])2.5 E -.55(Wi)144 542.4 S 1.476
-(th no options, indicate how each).55 F F3(name)4.236 E F1 1.476
-(would be interpr)4.326 F 1.475(eted if used as a command)-.18 F 2.725
-(name. If)144 554.4 R(the)2.725 E F2<ad74>2.725 E F1 .225
-(option is used,)2.725 F F2(type)2.725 E F1 .225
-(prints a string which is one of)2.725 F F3(alias)2.726 E F1(,).06 E F3
-(keyword)2.726 E F1(,).33 E F3(function)2.726 E F1(,).08 E F3(builtin)
-144 566.4 Q F1 2.556(,o).08 G(r)-2.556 E F3(\214le)4.676 E F1(if)2.906 E
-F3(name)2.816 E F1 .056(is an alias, shell r)2.906 F .056(eserved wor)
--.18 F .055(d, function, builtin, or disk \214le, r)-.18 F(espec-)-.18 E
-(tively)144 578.4 Q 6.634(.I)-1.11 G 4.134(ft)-6.634 G(he)-4.134 E F3
-(name)4.394 E F1 1.635
+(he same conditions obeyed by)-2.592 F(the)144 573.6 Q F4(errexit)2.824
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+(function or a script executed with the)144 585.6 R F4(.)4.451 E F1(or)
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+(ed upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or r)-.18 F 3.347(eset. T)
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+(turn status is false if any).18 F F5(sigspec)144.41 621.6 Q F1
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+.18 E(ue.)-.08 E F4(type)108 638.4 Q F1([)2.5 E F4(\255aftpP)A F1(])A F5
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+(th no options, indicate how each).55 F F5(name)4.236 E F1 1.476
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+(name. If)144 662.4 R(the)2.726 E F4<ad74>2.726 E F1 .226
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(is not found, then nothing is printed, and an exit status of false is)
-4.48
4 F -.18(re)144 590.4 S 2.523(turned. If).18 F(the)2.523 E F2<ad70>
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5 F -.18(re)144 698.4 S 2.522(turned. If).18 F(the)2.523 E F4<ad70>
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--.18 F 1.086(be executed if)144 602.4 R F3(name)3.846 E F1(wer)3.936 E
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-SF(limit)A F2(]])A(Pr)144 96 Q .061(ovides contr)-.18 F .061
-(ol over the r)-.18 F(esour)-.18 E .061
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+(of the places that contain an executable named)144 108 R F3(name)2.664
+E F2 5.164(.T).35 G .164(his includes aliases and functions,)-5.164 F
+.73(if and only if the)144 120 R F4<ad70>3.23 E F2 .73
+(option is not also used.)3.23 F .73
+(The table of hashed commands is not con-)5.73 F .498(sulted when using)
+144 132 R F4<ad61>2.998 E F2 5.498(.T)C(he)-5.498 E F4<ad66>2.998 E F2
+.498(option suppr)2.998 F .498(esses shell function lookup, as with the)
+-.18 F F4(com-)2.997 E(mand)144 144 Q F2(builtin.)4.557 E F4(type)7.057
+E F2 -.18(re)4.557 G 2.057(turns tr).18 F 2.057(ue if any of the ar)-.08
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+-4.558 F(e)-.18 E(found.)144 156 Q F4(ulimit)108 172.8 Q F2([)2.5 E F4
+(\255SHacd\215mnpstuv)A F2([)2.5 E F3(limit)A F2(]])A(Pr)144 184.8 Q
+.062(ovides contr)-.18 F .062(ol over the r)-.18 F(esour)-.18 E .061
+(ces available to the shell and to pr)-.18 F .061
+(ocesses started by it, on)-.18 F 1.496(systems that allow such contr)
+144 196.8 R 3.996(ol. The)-.18 F F4<ad48>3.997 E F2(and)3.997 E F4<ad53>
+3.997 E F2 1.497(options specify that the har)3.997 F 3.997(do)-.18 G
+3.997(rs)-3.997 G(oft)-3.997 E .884(limit is set for the given r)144
+208.8 R(esour)-.18 E 3.384(ce. A)-.18 F(har)3.384 E 3.384(dl)-.18 G .884
(imit cannot be incr)-3.384 F .884(eased once it is set; a soft)-.18 F
-.089(limit may be incr)144 132 R .088(eased up to the value of the har)
--.18 F 2.588(dl)-.18 G 2.588(imit. If)-2.588 F(neither)2.588 E F1<ad48>
-2.588 E F2(nor)2.588 E F1<ad53>2.588 E F2 .088(is speci\214ed,)2.588 F
-.162(both the soft and har)144 144 R 2.662(dl)-.18 G .162(imits ar)
--2.662 F 2.662(es)-.18 G 2.663(et. The)-2.662 F .163(value of)2.663 F F3
-(limit)2.803 E F2 .163(can be a number in the unit speci-)2.933 F .176
-(\214ed for the r)144 156 R(esour)-.18 E .176
-(ce or one of the special values)-.18 F F1(hard)2.676 E F2(,)A F1(soft)
-2.675 E F2 2.675(,o)C(r)-2.675 E F1(unlimited)2.675 E F2 2.675(,w)C .175
-(hich stand for)-2.675 F .242(the curr)144 168 R .242(ent har)-.18 F
-2.742(dl)-.18 G .242(imit, the curr)-2.742 F .243
-(ent soft limit, and no limit, r)-.18 F(espectively)-.18 E 5.243(.I)
--1.11 G(f)-5.243 E F3(limit)2.883 E F2 .243(is omitted,)3.013 F .082
-(the curr)144 180 R .081(ent value of the soft limit of the r)-.18 F
-(esour)-.18 E .081(ce is printed, unless the)-.18 F F1<ad48>2.581 E F2
-.081(option is given.)2.581 F .329(When mor)144 192 R 2.829(et)-.18 G
-.329(han one r)-2.829 F(esour)-.18 E .329
-(ce is speci\214ed, the limit name and unit ar)-.18 F 2.83(ep)-.18 G .33
-(rinted befor)-2.83 F 2.83(et)-.18 G(he)-2.83 E 2.5(value. Other)144 204
-R(options ar)2.5 E 2.5(ei)-.18 G(nterpr)-2.5 E(eted as follows:)-.18 E
-F1<ad61>144 216 Q F2(All curr)24.94 E(ent limits ar)-.18 E 2.5(er)-.18 G
-(eported)-2.68 E F1<ad63>144 228 Q F2(The maximum size of cor)25.5 E 2.5
-<658c>-.18 G(les cr)-2.5 E(eated)-.18 E F1<ad64>144 240 Q F2
-(The maximum size of a pr)23.83 E(ocess's data segment)-.18 E F1<ad66>
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--.18 E F1<ad6c>144 264 Q F2
-(The maximum size that may be locked into memory)26.61 E F1<ad6d>144 276
-Q F2(The maximum r)21.05 E(esident set size)-.18 E F1<ad6e>144 288 Q F2
-.958(The maximum number of open \214le descriptors \(most systems do no\
-t allow this)23.83 F(value to be set\))180 300 Q F1<ad70>144 312 Q F2
-(The pipe size in 512-byte blocks \(this may not be set\))23.83 E F1
-<ad73>144 324 Q F2(The maximum stack size)25.5 E F1<ad74>144 336 Q F2
-(The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds)26.61 E F1<ad75>144 348 Q F2
-(The maximum number of pr)23.83 E(ocesses available to a single user)
--.18 E F1<ad76>144 360 Q F2
+.088(limit may be incr)144 220.8 R .088
+(eased up to the value of the har)-.18 F 2.588(dl)-.18 G 2.588(imit. If)
+-2.588 F(neither)2.589 E F4<ad48>2.589 E F2(nor)2.589 E F4<ad53>2.589 E
+F2 .089(is speci\214ed,)2.589 F .163(both the soft and har)144 232.8 R
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+-2.663 F .163(value of)2.663 F F3(limit)2.803 E F2 .162
+(can be a number in the unit speci-)2.933 F .175(\214ed for the r)144
+244.8 R(esour)-.18 E .175(ce or one of the special values)-.18 F F4
+(hard)2.676 E F2(,)A F4(soft)2.676 E F2 2.676(,o)C(r)-2.676 E F4
+(unlimited)2.676 E F2 2.676(,w)C .176(hich stand for)-2.676 F .243
+(the curr)144 256.8 R .243(ent har)-.18 F 2.743(dl)-.18 G .243
+(imit, the curr)-2.743 F .243(ent soft limit, and no limit, r)-.18 F
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+388.8 Q F4<ad70>144 400.8 Q F2
+(The pipe size in 512-byte blocks \(this may not be set\))23.83 E F4
+<ad73>144 412.8 Q F2(The maximum stack size)25.5 E F4<ad74>144 424.8 Q
+F2(The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds)26.61 E F4<ad75>144 436.8 Q
+F2(The maximum number of pr)23.83 E(ocesses available to a single user)
+-.18 E F4<ad76>144 448.8 Q F2
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<ad66>4.315 E F2 1.815(is assumed.)4.315 F -.92(Va)6.815 G 1.815
(lues ar).92 F 4.315(ei)-.18 G 4.315(n1)-4.315 G 1.815(024-byte incr)
--4.315 F(ements,)-.18 E .97
2(except for)144 400.8 R F1<ad74>3.473 E F2
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1<ad70>3.473 E F2 3.473
-(,w)C .973(hich is in units of 512-byte blocks, and)-3.473 F F
1<ad6e>
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--3.518 F 3.518(eu)-.18 G 1.018(nscaled values.)-3.518 F 1.017(The r)
-6.018 F 1.017(eturn status is 0 unless an invalid option or ar)-.18 F
-(gu-)-.18 E(ment is supplied, or an err)144 424.8 Q
-(or occurs while setting a new limit.)-.18 E F1(umask)108 441.6 Q F2([)
-2.5 E F
1<ad70>A F2 2.5(][)C F1<ad53>-2.5 E F2 2.5(][)C F3(mode)-2.5 E F2
-(])A .535(The user \214le-cr)144 453.6 R .535(eation mask is set to)-.18
-F F3(mode)3.035 E F2 5.535(.I).35 G(f)-5.535 E F3(mode)3.295 E F2 .536
-(begins with a digit, it is interpr)3.385 F .536(eted as)-.18 F 1.827
-(an octal number; otherwise it is interpr)144 465.6 R 1.826
-(eted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that)-.18 F .95(accepted by)144
-477.6 R F3(chmod)3.45 E F2 3.45(\(1\). If).33 F F3(mode)3.71 E F2 .951
-(is omitted, the curr)3.8 F .951(ent value of the mask is printed.)-.18
-F(The)5.951 E F1<ad53>144 489.6 Q F2 .607(option causes the mask to be \
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-144 501.6 Q 6.02(.I)-.74 G 3.52(ft)-6.02 G(he)-3.52 E F1<ad70>3.52 E F2
-1.02(option is supplied, and)3.52 F F3(mode)3.78 E F2 1.02
-(is omitted, the output is in a form that)3.87 F .237(may be r)144 513.6
-R .237(eused as input.)-.18 F .237(The r)5.237 F .236
+-4.315 F(ements,)-.18 E .97
3(except for)144 489.6 R F4<ad74>3.473 E F2
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4<ad70>3.473 E F2 3.473
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4<ad6e>
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4<ad70>A F2 2.5(][)C F4<ad53>-2.5 E F2 2.5(][)C F3(mode)-2.5 E F2
+(])A .536(The user \214le-cr)144 542.4 R .536(eation mask is set to)-.18
+F F3(mode)3.035 E F2 5.535(.I).35 G(f)-5.535 E F3(mode)3.295 E F2 .535
+(begins with a digit, it is interpr)3.385 F .535(eted as)-.18 F 1.826
+(an octal number; otherwise it is interpr)144 554.4 R 1.827
+(eted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that)-.18 F .951(accepted by)
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+(number)144 590.4 Q 6.02(.I)-.74 G 3.52(ft)-6.02 G(he)-3.52 E F4<ad70>
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(eturn status is 0 if the mode was successfully changed or if)-.18 F(no)
-144 525.6 Q F3(mode)2.5 E F2(ar)2.5 E
-(gument was supplied, and false otherwise.)-.18 E F1(unalias)108 542.4 Q
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-(Remove each)144 554.4 R F3(name)3.218 E F2(fr)3.218 E .719
-(om the list of de\214ned aliases.)-.18 F(If)5.719 E F
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+(Remove each)144 643.2 R F3(name)3.219 E F2(fr)3.219 E .719
+(om the list of de\214ned aliases.)-.18 F(If)5.719 E F
4<ad61>3.219 E F2
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-.18 G 2.5(emoved. The)-2.68 F -.18(re)2.5 G(turn value is tr).18 E
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-(is not a de\214ned alias.)2.85 E F1(unset)108 583.2 Q F2<5bad>2.5 E F1
-(fv)A F2 2.5(][)C F3(name)-2.5 E F2(...])2.5 E 1.61(For each)144 595.2 R
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(esponding variable or function.)-.18 F 1.61(If no options ar)6.61 F
-4.11(es)-.18 G(up-)-4.11 E .473(plied, or the)144 607.2 R F1<ad76>2.973
-E F2 .473(option is given, each)2.973 F F3(name)3.233 E F2 -.18(re)3.323
-G .474(fers to a shell variable.).18 F .474(Read-only variables)5.474 F
-.32(may not be unset.)144
619.2 R(If)5.32 E F1<ad66>2.82 E F2 .32
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%%Page: 63 64
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--.35 E/F1 10/Palatino-Roman@0 SF -.18(re)144 84 S .693
-(turn status is zer).18 F 3.193(o. If)-.18 F/F2 10/Palatino-Italic@0 SF
-(n)3.453 E F1 .693(speci\214es a non-existent pr)3.273 F .693
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-(Otherwise, the r)144 96 Q
+-.35 E/F1 10/Palatino-Roman@0 SF 1.474(passed to subsequent commands.)
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+(GROUPS)2.804 E F3(,)A F1(or)2.803 E F2(DIRST)3.053 E(ACK)-.828 E F1(ar)
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+(it for each speci\214ed pr).92 F .016(ocess and r)-.18 F .016
+(eturn its termination status.)-.18 F(Each)5.016 E F4(n)2.776 E F1 .016
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+(ID or a job speci\214cation; if a job spec is given, all pr)144 148.8 R
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+(ocesses ar)-.18 F 3.515(ew)-.18 G 1.015(aited for)-3.515 F 3.515(,a)
+-.74 G 1.015(nd the)-3.515 F -.18(re)144 172.8 S .694
+(turn status is zer).18 F 3.193(o. If)-.18 F F4(n)3.453 E F1 .693
+(speci\214es a non-existent pr)3.273 F .693(ocess or job, the r)-.18 F
+.693(eturn status is 127.)-.18 F(Otherwise, the r)144 184.8 Q
(eturn status is the exit status of the last pr)-.18 E
-(ocess or job waited for)-.18 E(.)-.74 E/F3 10.95/Palatino-Bold@0 SF
-(RESTRICTED SHELL)72 112.8 Q F1(If)108 124.8 Q/F4 10/Palatino-Bold@0 SF
-(bash)4.639 E F1 2.139(is started with the name)4.639 F F4(rbash)4.638 E
-F1 4.638(,o)C 4.638(rt)-4.638 G(he)-4.638 E F4<ad72>4.638 E F1 2.138
+(ocess or job waited for)-.18 E(.)-.74 E/F6 10.95/Palatino-Bold@0 SF
+(RESTRICTED SHELL)72 201.6 Q F1(If)108 213.6 Q F5(bash)4.638 E F1 2.138
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(option is supplied at invocation, the shell)4.638 F .618(becomes r)108
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(stricted shell is used to set up an envir).18 F .618(onment mor)-.18 F
3.118(ec)-.18 G(ontr)-3.118 E .618(olled than the)-.18 F(standar)108
-148.8 Q 4.198(ds)-.18 G 4.198(hell. It)-4.198 F 1.697
-(behaves identically to)4.197 F F4(bash)4.197 E F1 1.697
-(with the exception that the following ar)4.197 F 4.197(ed)-.18 G(isal-)
--4.197 E(lowed or not performed:)108 160.8 Q 29.94<8363>108 177.6 S
-(hanging dir)-29.94 E(ectories with)-.18 E F4(cd)2.5 E F1 29.94<8373>108
-194.4 S(etting or unsetting the values of)-29.94 E F4(SHELL)2.5 E F1(,)A
-F4 -.74(PA)2.5 G(TH)-.18 E F1(,)A F4(ENV)2.5 E F1 2.5(,o)C(r)-2.5 E F4
-(BASH_ENV)2.5 E F1 29.94<8373>108 211.2 S
-(pecifying command names containing)-29.94 E F4(/)2.5 E F1 29.94<8373>
-108 228 S(pecifying a \214le name containing a)-29.94 E F4(/)2.5 E F1
-(as an ar)2.5 E(gument to the)-.18 E F4(.)2.5 E F1(builtin command)5 E
-29.94<8353>108 244.8 S 1.564
+237.6 Q 4.197(ds)-.18 G 4.197(hell. It)-4.197 F 1.697
+(behaves identically to)4.197 F F5(bash)4.197 E F1 1.697
+(with the exception that the following ar)4.197 F 4.198(ed)-.18 G(isal-)
+-4.198 E(lowed or not performed:)108 249.6 Q 29.94<8363>108 266.4 S
+(hanging dir)-29.94 E(ectories with)-.18 E F5(cd)2.5 E F1 29.94<8373>108
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+(BASH_ENV)2.5 E F1 29.94<8373>108 300 S
+(pecifying command names containing)-29.94 E F5(/)2.5 E F1 29.94<8373>
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+(as an ar)2.5 E(gument to the)-.18 E F5(.)2.5 E F1(builtin command)5 E
+29.94<8353>108 333.6 S 1.565
(pecifying a \214lename containing a slash as an ar)-29.94 F 1.565
-(gument to the)-.18 F F4<ad70>4.065 E F1 1.565(option to the)4.065 F F4
-(hash)4.065 E F1(builtin command)144 256.8 Q 29.94<8369>108 273.6 S
+(gument to the)-.18 F F5<ad70>4.064 E F1 1.564(option to the)4.064 F F5
+(hash)4.064 E F1(builtin command)144 345.6 Q 29.94<8369>108 362.4 S
(mporting function de\214nitions fr)-29.94 E(om the shell envir)-.18 E
-(onment at startup)-.18 E 29.94<8370>108 290.4 S(arsing the value of)
--29.94 E F4(SHELLOPTS)2.5 E F1(fr)2.5 E(om the shell envir)-.18 E
-(onment at startup)-.18 E 29.94<8372>108 307.2 S(edir)-30.12 E
+(onment at startup)-.18 E 29.94<8370>108 379.2 S(arsing the value of)
+-29.94 E F5(SHELLOPTS)2.5 E F1(fr)2.5 E(om the shell envir)-.18 E
+(onment at startup)-.18 E 29.94<8372>108 396 S(edir)-30.12 E
(ecting output using the >, >|, <>, >&, &>, and >> r)-.18 E(edir)-.18 E
-(ection operators)-.18 E 29.94<8375>108 324 S(sing the)-29.94 E F4(exec)
-2.5 E F1(builtin command to r)2.5 E
-(eplace the shell with another command)-.18 E 29.94<8361>108 340.8 S
-1.208(dding or deleting builtin commands with the)-29.94 F F
4<ad66>3.708
-E F1(and)3.708 E F4<ad64>3.708 E F1 1.208(options to the)3.708 F F4
-(enable)3.707 E F1(builtin)3.707 E(command)144 352.8 Q 29.94<8355>108
-369.6 S(sing the)-29.94 E F4(enable)2.5 E F1
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5<ad66>3.708
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+(enable)3.708 E F1(builtin)3.708 E(command)144 441.6 Q 29.94<8355>108
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(builtin command to enable disabled shell builtins)2.5 E 29.94<8373>108
-386.4 S(pecifying the)-29.94 E F4<ad70>2.5 E F1(option to the)2.5 E F4
-(command)2.5 E F1(builtin command)2.5 E 29.94<8374>108 403.2 S
-(urning of)-29.94 E 2.5(fr)-.18 G(estricted mode with)-2.68 E F4(set +r)
-2.5 E F1(or)2.5 E F4(set +o restricted)2.5 E F1(.)A(These r)108 420 Q
+475.2 S(pecifying the)-29.94 E F5<ad70>2.5 E F1(option to the)2.5 E F5
+(command)2.5 E F1(builtin command)2.5 E 29.94<8374>108 492 S(urning of)
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+(or)2.5 E F5(set +o restricted)2.5 E F1(.)A(These r)108 508.8 Q
(estrictions ar)-.18 E 2.5(ee)-.18 G(nfor)-2.5 E
(ced after any startup \214les ar)-.18 E 2.5(er)-.18 G(ead.)-2.68 E
1.694
(When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed \(see)108
-436.8 R/F5 9/Palatino-Bold@0 SF 1.694(COMMAND EXECUTION)4.194 F F1
-(above\),)108 448.8 Q F4(rbash)2.5 E F1(turns of)2.5 E 2.5(fa)-.18 G
-(ny r)-2.5 E(estrictions in the shell spawned to execute the script.)
--.18 E F3(SEE ALSO)72 465.6 Q F2(Bash Refer)108 477.6 Q(ence Manual)-.18
-E F1 2.5(,B)C(rian Fox and Chet Ramey)-2.5 E F2
-(The Gnu Readline Library)108 489.6 Q F1 2.5(,B)C
-(rian Fox and Chet Ramey)-2.5 E F2(The Gnu History Library)108 501.6 Q
-F1 2.5(,B)C(rian Fox and Chet Ramey)-2.5 E F2(Portable Operating System\
- Interface \(POSIX\) Part 2: Shell and Utilities)108 513.6 Q F1 2.5(,I)C
-(EEE)-2.5 E F2(sh)108 525.6 Q F1(\(1\),)A F2(ksh)2.5 E F1(\(1\),)A F2
-(csh)2.5 E F1(\(1\))A F2(emacs)108 537.6 Q F1(\(1\),)A F2(vi)2.5 E F1
-(\(1\))A F2 -.18(re)108 549.6 S(adline).18 E F1(\(3\))A F3(FILES)72
-566.4 Q F2(/bin/bash)109.666 578.4 Q F1(The)144 590.4 Q F4(bash)2.5 E F1
-(executable)2.5 E F2(/etc/pr)109.666 602.4 Q(o\214le)-.18 E F1
+525.6 R F2 1.694(COMMAND EXECUTION)4.194 F F1(above\),)108 537.6 Q F5
+(rbash)2.5 E F1(turns of)2.5 E 2.5(fa)-.18 G(ny r)-2.5 E
+(estrictions in the shell spawned to execute the script.)-.18 E F6
+(SEE ALSO)72 554.4 Q F4(Bash Refer)108 566.4 Q(ence Manual)-.18 E F1 2.5
+(,B)C(rian Fox and Chet Ramey)-2.5 E F4(The Gnu Readline Library)108
+578.4 Q F1 2.5(,B)C(rian Fox and Chet Ramey)-2.5 E F4
+(The Gnu History Library)108 590.4 Q F1 2.5(,B)C
+(rian Fox and Chet Ramey)-2.5 E F4(Portable Operating System Interface \
+\(POSIX\) Part 2: Shell and Utilities)108 602.4 Q F1 2.5(,I)C(EEE)-2.5 E
+F4(sh)108 614.4 Q F1(\(1\),)A F4(ksh)2.5 E F1(\(1\),)A F4(csh)2.5 E F1
+(\(1\))A F4(emacs)108 626.4 Q F1(\(1\),)A F4(vi)2.5 E F1(\(1\))A F4 -.18
+(re)108 638.4 S(adline).18 E F1(\(3\))A F6(FILES)72 655.2 Q F4
+(/bin/bash)109.666 667.2 Q F1(The)144 679.2 Q F5(bash)2.5 E F1
+(executable)2.5 E F4(/etc/pr)109.666 691.2 Q(o\214le)-.18 E F1
(The systemwide initialization \214le, executed for login shells)144
-614.4 Q F2(~/.bash_pr)109.666 626.4 Q(o\214le)-.18 E F1
-(The personal initialization \214le, executed for login shells)144 638.4
-Q F2(~/.bashr)109.666 650.4 Q(c)-.18 E F1(The individual per)144 662.4 Q
-(-interactive-shell startup \214le)-.18 E F2(~/.bash_logout)109.666
-674.4 Q F1(The individual login shell cleanup \214le, executed when a l\
-ogin shell exits)144 686.4 Q F2(~/.inputr)109.666 698.4 Q(c)-.18 E F1
-(Individual)144 710.4 Q F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F1
-(initialization \214le)2.5 E F0(GNU Bash-3.1-de)72 768 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G
-124.42(l2).15 G(005 Feb 11)-124.42 E(63)199 E 0 Cg EP
+703.2 Q F0(GNU Bash-3.1-de)72 768 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 124.42(l2).15 G
+(005 Feb 19)-124.42 E(63)199 E 0 Cg EP
%%Page: 64 65
%%BeginPageSetup
BP
%%EndPageSetup
/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E/F1 10.95/Palatino-Bold@0 SF(AUTHORS)72 84 Q/F2 10
-/Palatino-Roman@0 SF(Brian Fox, Fr)108 96 Q(ee Softwar)-.18 E 2.5(eF)
--.18 G(oundation)-2.5 E(bfox@gnu.or)108 108 Q(g)-.18 E(Chet Ramey)108
-124.8 Q 2.5(,C)-1.11 G(ase W)-2.5 E(estern Reserve University)-.92 E
-(chet@po.CWRU.Edu)108 136.8 Q F1(BUG REPOR)72 153.6 Q(TS)-.602 E F2 .481
-(If you \214nd a bug in)108 165.6 R/F3 10/Palatino-Bold@0 SF(bash,)2.981
-E F2 .481(you should r)2.981 F .481(eport it.)-.18 F .481
-(But \214rst, you should make sur)5.481 F 2.981(et)-.18 G .481(hat it r)
--2.981 F .481(eally is a)-.18 F .459
-(bug, and that it appears in the latest version of)108 177.6 R F3(bash)
-2.959 E F2 5.459(.T)C .459(he latest version is always available fr)
--5.459 F(om)-.18 E/F4 10/Palatino-Italic@0 SF(ftp://ftp.gnu.or)108 189.6
-Q(g/pub/bash/)-.18 E F2(.)A .558
-(Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the)108 206.4
-R F4(bashbug)3.188 E F2 .558(command to submit a bug)3.538 F -.18(re)108
-218.4 S 3.161(port. If).18 F .662(you have a \214x, you ar)3.161 F 3.162
-(ee)-.18 G .662(ncouraged to mail that as well!)-3.162 F .662
-(Suggestions and `philosophi-)5.662 F 3.731(cal' bug r)108 230.4 R 3.731
-(eports may be mailed to)-.18 F F4(bug-bash@gnu.or)6.231 E(g)-.18 E F2
-3.73(or posted to the Usenet newsgr)6.231 F(oup)-.18 E F3(gnu.bash.bug)
-108 242.4 Q F2(.)A(ALL bug r)108 259.2 Q(eports should include:)-.18 E
-(The version number of)108 276 Q F3(bash)2.5 E F2(The har)108 288 Q
+-.35 E/F1 10/Palatino-Italic@0 SF(~/.bash_pr)109.666 84 Q(o\214le)-.18 E
+/F2 10/Palatino-Roman@0 SF
+(The personal initialization \214le, executed for login shells)144 96 Q
+F1(~/.bashr)109.666 108 Q(c)-.18 E F2(The individual per)144 120 Q
+(-interactive-shell startup \214le)-.18 E F1(~/.bash_logout)109.666 132
+Q F2(The individual login shell cleanup \214le, executed when a login s\
+hell exits)144 144 Q F1(~/.inputr)109.666 156 Q(c)-.18 E F2(Individual)
+144 168 Q F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F2(initialization \214le)2.5 E
+/F3 10.95/Palatino-Bold@0 SF(AUTHORS)72 184.8 Q F2(Brian Fox, Fr)108
+196.8 Q(ee Softwar)-.18 E 2.5(eF)-.18 G(oundation)-2.5 E(bfox@gnu.or)108
+208.8 Q(g)-.18 E(Chet Ramey)108 225.6 Q 2.5(,C)-1.11 G(ase W)-2.5 E
+(estern Reserve University)-.92 E(chet@po.CWRU.Edu)108 237.6 Q F3
+(BUG REPOR)72 254.4 Q(TS)-.602 E F2 .481(If you \214nd a bug in)108
+266.4 R/F4 10/Palatino-Bold@0 SF(bash,)2.981 E F2 .481(you should r)
+2.981 F .481(eport it.)-.18 F .481(But \214rst, you should make sur)
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+.459(bug, and that it appears in the latest version of)108 278.4 R F4
+(bash)2.959 E F2 5.459(.T)C .459
+(he latest version is always available fr)-5.459 F(om)-.18 E F1
+(ftp://ftp.gnu.or)108 290.4 Q(g/pub/bash/)-.18 E F2(.)A .558
+(Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the)108 307.2
+R F1(bashbug)3.188 E F2 .558(command to submit a bug)3.538 F -.18(re)108
+319.2 S 3.162(port. If).18 F .662(you have a \214x, you ar)3.162 F 3.162
+(ee)-.18 G .662(ncouraged to mail that as well!)-3.162 F .661
+(Suggestions and `philosophi-)5.662 F 3.73(cal' bug r)108 331.2 R 3.731
+(eports may be mailed to)-.18 F F1(bug-bash@gnu.or)6.231 E(g)-.18 E F2
+3.731(or posted to the Usenet newsgr)6.231 F(oup)-.18 E F4(gnu.bash.bug)
+108 343.2 Q F2(.)A(ALL bug r)108 360 Q(eports should include:)-.18 E
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(dwar)-.18 E 2.5(ea)-.18 G(nd operating system)-2.5 E
-(The compiler used to compile)108 300 Q 2.5(Ad)108 312 S
-(escription of the bug behaviour)-2.5 E 2.5(As)108 324 S
+(The compiler used to compile)108 400.8 Q 2.5(Ad)108 412.8 S
+(escription of the bug behaviour)-2.5 E 2.5(As)108 424.8 S
(hort script or `r)-2.5 E(ecipe' which exer)-.18 E(cises the bug)-.18 E
-F4(bashbug)108.13 340.8 Q F2 1.316(inserts the \214rst thr)4.296 F 1.316
+F1(bashbug)108.13 441.6 Q F2 1.316(inserts the \214rst thr)4.296 F 1.316
(ee items automatically into the template it pr)-.18 F 1.316
-(ovides for \214ling a bug)-.18 F -.18(re)108 352.8 S(port.).18 E 7.698
-(Comments and bug r)108 369.6 R 7.697
-(eports concerning this manual page should be dir)-.18 F 7.697(ected to)
--.18 F F4(chet@po.CWRU.Edu)108 381.6 Q F2(.).06 E F1(BUGS)72 398.4 Q F2
-(It's too big and too slow)108 410.4 Q(.)-.92 E(Ther)108 427.2 Q 2.832
-(ea)-.18 G .692 -.18(re s)-2.832 H .332(ome subtle dif).18 F(fer)-.18 E
-.332(ences between)-.18 F F3(bash)2.832 E F2 .332
-(and traditional versions of)2.832 F F3(sh)2.832 E F2 2.832(,m)C .333
-(ostly because of)-2.832 F(the)108 439.2 Q/F5 9/Palatino-Bold@0 SF
-(POSIX)2.5 E F2(speci\214cation.)2.25 E(Aliases ar)108 456 Q 2.5(ec)-.18
-G(onfusing in some uses.)-2.5 E(Shell builtin commands and functions ar)
-108 472.8 Q 2.5(en)-.18 G(ot stoppable/r)-2.5 E(estartable.)-.18 E .463
+(ovides for \214ling a bug)-.18 F -.18(re)108 453.6 S(port.).18 E 7.697
+(Comments and bug r)108 470.4 R 7.697
+(eports concerning this manual page should be dir)-.18 F 7.698(ected to)
+-.18 F F1(chet@po.CWRU.Edu)108 482.4 Q F2(.).06 E F3(BUGS)72 499.2 Q F2
+(It's too big and too slow)108 511.2 Q(.)-.92 E(Ther)108 528 Q 2.833(ea)
+-.18 G .693 -.18(re s)-2.833 H .332(ome subtle dif).18 F(fer)-.18 E .332
+(ences between)-.18 F F4(bash)2.832 E F2 .332
+(and traditional versions of)2.832 F F4(sh)2.832 E F2 2.832(,m)C .332
+(ostly because of)-2.832 F(the)108 540 Q/F5 9/Palatino-Bold@0 SF(POSIX)
+2.5 E F2(speci\214cation.)2.25 E(Aliases ar)108 556.8 Q 2.5(ec)-.18 G
+(onfusing in some uses.)-2.5 E(Shell builtin commands and functions ar)
+108 573.6 Q 2.5(en)-.18 G(ot stoppable/r)-2.5 E(estartable.)-.18 E .462
(Compound commands and command sequences of the form `a ; b ; c' ar)108
-489.6 R 2.962(en)-.18 G .462(ot handled gracefully)-2.962 F 1.256
-(when pr)108 501.6 R 1.257(ocess suspension is attempted.)-.18 F 1.257
+590.4 R 2.963(en)-.18 G .463(ot handled gracefully)-2.963 F 1.257
+(when pr)108 602.4 R 1.257(ocess suspension is attempted.)-.18 F 1.257
(When a pr)6.257 F 1.257(ocess is stopped, the shell immediately exe-)
--.18 F .374(cutes the next command in the sequence.)108 513.6 R .373
-(It suf)5.373 F .373(\214ces to place the sequence of commands between)
--.18 F(par)108 525.6 Q(entheses to for)-.18 E
-(ce it into a subshell, which may be stopped as a unit.)-.18 E .95
-(Commands inside of)108 542.4 R F3($\()3.451 E F2(...)A F3(\))A F2 .951
+-.18 F .373(cutes the next command in the sequence.)108 614.4 R .373
+(It suf)5.373 F .374(\214ces to place the sequence of commands between)
+-.18 F(par)108 626.4 Q(entheses to for)-.18 E
+(ce it into a subshell, which may be stopped as a unit.)-.18 E .951
+(Commands inside of)108 643.2 R F4($\()3.451 E F2(...)A F4(\))A F2 .951
(command substitution ar)3.451 F 3.451(en)-.18 G .951
-(ot parsed until substitution is attempted.)-3.451 F 2.132
-(This will delay err)108 554.4 R 2.132(or r)-.18 F 2.131
-(eporting until some time after the command is enter)-.18 F 4.631
-(ed. For)-.18 F(example,)4.631 E .43(unmatched par)108 566.4 R .431
+(ot parsed until substitution is attempted.)-3.451 F 2.131
+(This will delay err)108 655.2 R 2.131(or r)-.18 F 2.131
+(eporting until some time after the command is enter)-.18 F 4.632
+(ed. For)-.18 F(example,)4.632 E .431(unmatched par)108 667.2 R .431
(entheses, even inside shell comments, will r)-.18 F .431(esult in err)
--.18 F .431(or messages while the con-)-.18 F(str)108 578.4 Q
+-.18 F .43(or messages while the con-)-.18 F(str)108 679.2 Q
(uct is being r)-.08 E(ead.)-.18 E
-(Array variables may not \(yet\) be exported.)108 595.2 Q F0
-(GNU Bash-3.1-de)72 768 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 124.42(l2).15 G(005 Feb 11)
+(Array variables may not \(yet\) be exported.)108 696 Q F0
+(GNU Bash-3.1-de)72 768 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 124.42(l2).15 G(005 Feb 19)
-124.42 E(64)199 E 0 Cg EP
%%Trailer
end
@xrdef{Command Grouping-pg}{13}
@xrdef{Command Grouping-snt}{Section@tie 3.2.4.3}
@xrdef{Shell Functions-title}{Shell Functions}
-@xrdef{Shell Functions-pg}{13}
+@xrdef{Shell Functions-pg}{14}
@xrdef{Shell Functions-snt}{Section@tie 3.3}
@xrdef{Shell Parameters-title}{Shell Parameters}
@xrdef{Shell Parameters-pg}{15}
@xrdef{Positional Parameters-pg}{15}
@xrdef{Positional Parameters-snt}{Section@tie 3.4.1}
@xrdef{Special Parameters-title}{Special Parameters}
-@xrdef{Special Parameters-pg}{15}
+@xrdef{Special Parameters-pg}{16}
@xrdef{Special Parameters-snt}{Section@tie 3.4.2}
@xrdef{Shell Expansions-title}{Shell Expansions}
-@xrdef{Shell Expansions-pg}{16}
+@xrdef{Shell Expansions-pg}{17}
@xrdef{Shell Expansions-snt}{Section@tie 3.5}
@xrdef{Brace Expansion-title}{Brace Expansion}
@xrdef{Brace Expansion-pg}{17}
@xrdef{Command Substitution-pg}{21}
@xrdef{Command Substitution-snt}{Section@tie 3.5.4}
@xrdef{Arithmetic Expansion-title}{Arithmetic Expansion}
-@xrdef{Arithmetic Expansion-pg}{21}
+@xrdef{Arithmetic Expansion-pg}{22}
@xrdef{Arithmetic Expansion-snt}{Section@tie 3.5.5}
@xrdef{Process Substitution-title}{Process Substitution}
@xrdef{Process Substitution-pg}{22}
@xrdef{Quote Removal-pg}{24}
@xrdef{Quote Removal-snt}{Section@tie 3.5.9}
@xrdef{Redirections-title}{Redirections}
-@xrdef{Redirections-pg}{24}
+@xrdef{Redirections-pg}{25}
@xrdef{Redirections-snt}{Section@tie 3.6}
@xrdef{Executing Commands-title}{Executing Commands}
@xrdef{Executing Commands-pg}{28}
@xrdef{Bash Variables-pg}{55}
@xrdef{Bash Variables-snt}{Section@tie 5.2}
@xrdef{Bash Features-title}{Bash Features}
-@xrdef{Bash Features-pg}{63}
+@xrdef{Bash Features-pg}{65}
@xrdef{Bash Features-snt}{Chapter@tie 6}
@xrdef{Invoking Bash-title}{Invoking Bash}
-@xrdef{Invoking Bash-pg}{63}
+@xrdef{Invoking Bash-pg}{65}
@xrdef{Invoking Bash-snt}{Section@tie 6.1}
@xrdef{Bash Startup Files-title}{Bash Startup Files}
-@xrdef{Bash Startup Files-pg}{65}
+@xrdef{Bash Startup Files-pg}{67}
@xrdef{Bash Startup Files-snt}{Section@tie 6.2}
@xrdef{Interactive Shells-title}{Interactive Shells}
-@xrdef{Interactive Shells-pg}{67}
+@xrdef{Interactive Shells-pg}{69}
@xrdef{Interactive Shells-snt}{Section@tie 6.3}
@xrdef{What is an Interactive Shell?-title}{What is an Interactive Shell?}
-@xrdef{What is an Interactive Shell?-pg}{67}
+@xrdef{What is an Interactive Shell?-pg}{69}
@xrdef{What is an Interactive Shell?-snt}{Section@tie 6.3.1}
@xrdef{Is this Shell Interactive?-title}{Is this Shell Interactive?}
-@xrdef{Is this Shell Interactive?-pg}{67}
+@xrdef{Is this Shell Interactive?-pg}{69}
@xrdef{Is this Shell Interactive?-snt}{Section@tie 6.3.2}
@xrdef{Interactive Shell Behavior-title}{Interactive Shell Behavior}
-@xrdef{Interactive Shell Behavior-pg}{67}
+@xrdef{Interactive Shell Behavior-pg}{69}
@xrdef{Interactive Shell Behavior-snt}{Section@tie 6.3.3}
@xrdef{Bash Conditional Expressions-title}{Bash Conditional Expressions}
-@xrdef{Bash Conditional Expressions-pg}{69}
+@xrdef{Bash Conditional Expressions-pg}{71}
@xrdef{Bash Conditional Expressions-snt}{Section@tie 6.4}
@xrdef{Shell Arithmetic-title}{Shell Arithmetic}
-@xrdef{Shell Arithmetic-pg}{70}
+@xrdef{Shell Arithmetic-pg}{72}
@xrdef{Shell Arithmetic-snt}{Section@tie 6.5}
@xrdef{Aliases-title}{Aliases}
-@xrdef{Aliases-pg}{71}
+@xrdef{Aliases-pg}{73}
@xrdef{Aliases-snt}{Section@tie 6.6}
@xrdef{Arrays-title}{Arrays}
-@xrdef{Arrays-pg}{72}
+@xrdef{Arrays-pg}{74}
@xrdef{Arrays-snt}{Section@tie 6.7}
@xrdef{The Directory Stack-title}{The Directory Stack}
-@xrdef{The Directory Stack-pg}{73}
+@xrdef{The Directory Stack-pg}{75}
@xrdef{The Directory Stack-snt}{Section@tie 6.8}
@xrdef{Directory Stack Builtins-title}{Directory Stack Builtins}
-@xrdef{Directory Stack Builtins-pg}{73}
+@xrdef{Directory Stack Builtins-pg}{75}
@xrdef{Directory Stack Builtins-snt}{Section@tie 6.8.1}
@xrdef{Printing a Prompt-title}{Controlling the Prompt}
-@xrdef{Printing a Prompt-pg}{75}
+@xrdef{Printing a Prompt-pg}{77}
@xrdef{Printing a Prompt-snt}{Section@tie 6.9}
@xrdef{The Restricted Shell-title}{The Restricted Shell}
-@xrdef{The Restricted Shell-pg}{76}
+@xrdef{The Restricted Shell-pg}{78}
@xrdef{The Restricted Shell-snt}{Section@tie 6.10}
@xrdef{Bash POSIX Mode-title}{Bash POSIX Mode}
-@xrdef{Bash POSIX Mode-pg}{76}
+@xrdef{Bash POSIX Mode-pg}{78}
@xrdef{Bash POSIX Mode-snt}{Section@tie 6.11}
@xrdef{Job Control-title}{Job Control}
-@xrdef{Job Control-pg}{81}
+@xrdef{Job Control-pg}{83}
@xrdef{Job Control-snt}{Chapter@tie 7}
@xrdef{Job Control Basics-title}{Job Control Basics}
-@xrdef{Job Control Basics-pg}{81}
+@xrdef{Job Control Basics-pg}{83}
@xrdef{Job Control Basics-snt}{Section@tie 7.1}
@xrdef{Job Control Builtins-title}{Job Control Builtins}
-@xrdef{Job Control Builtins-pg}{82}
+@xrdef{Job Control Builtins-pg}{84}
@xrdef{Job Control Builtins-snt}{Section@tie 7.2}
@xrdef{Job Control Variables-title}{Job Control Variables}
-@xrdef{Job Control Variables-pg}{84}
+@xrdef{Job Control Variables-pg}{86}
@xrdef{Job Control Variables-snt}{Section@tie 7.3}
@xrdef{Command Line Editing-title}{Command Line Editing}
-@xrdef{Command Line Editing-pg}{85}
+@xrdef{Command Line Editing-pg}{87}
@xrdef{Command Line Editing-snt}{Chapter@tie 8}
@xrdef{Introduction and Notation-title}{Introduction to Line Editing}
-@xrdef{Introduction and Notation-pg}{85}
+@xrdef{Introduction and Notation-pg}{87}
@xrdef{Introduction and Notation-snt}{Section@tie 8.1}
@xrdef{Readline Interaction-title}{Readline Interaction}
-@xrdef{Readline Interaction-pg}{85}
+@xrdef{Readline Interaction-pg}{87}
@xrdef{Readline Interaction-snt}{Section@tie 8.2}
@xrdef{Readline Bare Essentials-title}{Readline Bare Essentials}
-@xrdef{Readline Bare Essentials-pg}{85}
+@xrdef{Readline Bare Essentials-pg}{87}
@xrdef{Readline Bare Essentials-snt}{Section@tie 8.2.1}
@xrdef{Readline Movement Commands-title}{Readline Movement Commands}
-@xrdef{Readline Movement Commands-pg}{86}
+@xrdef{Readline Movement Commands-pg}{88}
@xrdef{Readline Movement Commands-snt}{Section@tie 8.2.2}
@xrdef{Readline Killing Commands-title}{Readline Killing Commands}
-@xrdef{Readline Killing Commands-pg}{87}
+@xrdef{Readline Killing Commands-pg}{89}
@xrdef{Readline Killing Commands-snt}{Section@tie 8.2.3}
@xrdef{Readline Arguments-title}{Readline Arguments}
-@xrdef{Readline Arguments-pg}{87}
+@xrdef{Readline Arguments-pg}{89}
@xrdef{Readline Arguments-snt}{Section@tie 8.2.4}
@xrdef{Searching-title}{Searching for Commands in the History}
-@xrdef{Searching-pg}{88}
+@xrdef{Searching-pg}{90}
@xrdef{Searching-snt}{Section@tie 8.2.5}
@xrdef{Readline Init File-title}{Readline Init File}
-@xrdef{Readline Init File-pg}{88}
+@xrdef{Readline Init File-pg}{90}
@xrdef{Readline Init File-snt}{Section@tie 8.3}
@xrdef{Readline Init File Syntax-title}{Readline Init File Syntax}
-@xrdef{Readline Init File Syntax-pg}{88}
+@xrdef{Readline Init File Syntax-pg}{90}
@xrdef{Readline Init File Syntax-snt}{Section@tie 8.3.1}
@xrdef{Conditional Init Constructs-title}{Conditional Init Constructs}
-@xrdef{Conditional Init Constructs-pg}{93}
+@xrdef{Conditional Init Constructs-pg}{95}
@xrdef{Conditional Init Constructs-snt}{Section@tie 8.3.2}
@xrdef{Sample Init File-title}{Sample Init File}
-@xrdef{Sample Init File-pg}{94}
+@xrdef{Sample Init File-pg}{96}
@xrdef{Sample Init File-snt}{Section@tie 8.3.3}
@xrdef{Bindable Readline Commands-title}{Bindable Readline Commands}
-@xrdef{Bindable Readline Commands-pg}{97}
+@xrdef{Bindable Readline Commands-pg}{99}
@xrdef{Bindable Readline Commands-snt}{Section@tie 8.4}
@xrdef{Commands For Moving-title}{Commands For Moving}
-@xrdef{Commands For Moving-pg}{97}
+@xrdef{Commands For Moving-pg}{99}
@xrdef{Commands For Moving-snt}{Section@tie 8.4.1}
@xrdef{Commands For History-title}{Commands For Manipulating The History}
-@xrdef{Commands For History-pg}{97}
+@xrdef{Commands For History-pg}{99}
@xrdef{Commands For History-snt}{Section@tie 8.4.2}
@xrdef{Commands For Text-title}{Commands For Changing Text}
-@xrdef{Commands For Text-pg}{99}
+@xrdef{Commands For Text-pg}{101}
@xrdef{Commands For Text-snt}{Section@tie 8.4.3}
@xrdef{Commands For Killing-title}{Killing And Yanking}
-@xrdef{Commands For Killing-pg}{100}
+@xrdef{Commands For Killing-pg}{102}
@xrdef{Commands For Killing-snt}{Section@tie 8.4.4}
@xrdef{Numeric Arguments-title}{Specifying Numeric Arguments}
-@xrdef{Numeric Arguments-pg}{101}
+@xrdef{Numeric Arguments-pg}{103}
@xrdef{Numeric Arguments-snt}{Section@tie 8.4.5}
@xrdef{Commands For Completion-title}{Letting Readline Type For You}
-@xrdef{Commands For Completion-pg}{101}
+@xrdef{Commands For Completion-pg}{103}
@xrdef{Commands For Completion-snt}{Section@tie 8.4.6}
@xrdef{Keyboard Macros-title}{Keyboard Macros}
-@xrdef{Keyboard Macros-pg}{102}
+@xrdef{Keyboard Macros-pg}{104}
@xrdef{Keyboard Macros-snt}{Section@tie 8.4.7}
@xrdef{Miscellaneous Commands-title}{Some Miscellaneous Commands}
-@xrdef{Miscellaneous Commands-pg}{103}
+@xrdef{Miscellaneous Commands-pg}{105}
@xrdef{Miscellaneous Commands-snt}{Section@tie 8.4.8}
@xrdef{Readline vi Mode-title}{Readline vi Mode}
-@xrdef{Readline vi Mode-pg}{105}
+@xrdef{Readline vi Mode-pg}{107}
@xrdef{Readline vi Mode-snt}{Section@tie 8.5}
@xrdef{Programmable Completion-title}{Programmable Completion}
-@xrdef{Programmable Completion-pg}{105}
+@xrdef{Programmable Completion-pg}{107}
@xrdef{Programmable Completion-snt}{Section@tie 8.6}
@xrdef{Programmable Completion Builtins-title}{Programmable Completion Builtins}
-@xrdef{Programmable Completion Builtins-pg}{107}
+@xrdef{Programmable Completion Builtins-pg}{109}
@xrdef{Programmable Completion Builtins-snt}{Section@tie 8.7}
@xrdef{Using History Interactively-title}{Using History Interactively}
-@xrdef{Using History Interactively-pg}{111}
+@xrdef{Using History Interactively-pg}{113}
@xrdef{Using History Interactively-snt}{Chapter@tie 9}
@xrdef{Bash History Facilities-title}{Bash History Facilities}
-@xrdef{Bash History Facilities-pg}{111}
+@xrdef{Bash History Facilities-pg}{113}
@xrdef{Bash History Facilities-snt}{Section@tie 9.1}
@xrdef{Bash History Builtins-title}{Bash History Builtins}
-@xrdef{Bash History Builtins-pg}{111}
+@xrdef{Bash History Builtins-pg}{113}
@xrdef{Bash History Builtins-snt}{Section@tie 9.2}
@xrdef{History Interaction-title}{History Expansion}
-@xrdef{History Interaction-pg}{113}
+@xrdef{History Interaction-pg}{115}
@xrdef{History Interaction-snt}{Section@tie 9.3}
@xrdef{Event Designators-title}{Event Designators}
-@xrdef{Event Designators-pg}{113}
+@xrdef{Event Designators-pg}{115}
@xrdef{Event Designators-snt}{Section@tie 9.3.1}
@xrdef{Word Designators-title}{Word Designators}
-@xrdef{Word Designators-pg}{114}
+@xrdef{Word Designators-pg}{116}
@xrdef{Word Designators-snt}{Section@tie 9.3.2}
@xrdef{Modifiers-title}{Modifiers}
-@xrdef{Modifiers-pg}{115}
+@xrdef{Modifiers-pg}{117}
@xrdef{Modifiers-snt}{Section@tie 9.3.3}
@xrdef{Installing Bash-title}{Installing Bash}
-@xrdef{Installing Bash-pg}{117}
+@xrdef{Installing Bash-pg}{119}
@xrdef{Installing Bash-snt}{Chapter@tie 10}
@xrdef{Basic Installation-title}{Basic Installation}
-@xrdef{Basic Installation-pg}{117}
+@xrdef{Basic Installation-pg}{119}
@xrdef{Basic Installation-snt}{Section@tie 10.1}
@xrdef{Compilers and Options-title}{Compilers and Options}
-@xrdef{Compilers and Options-pg}{118}
+@xrdef{Compilers and Options-pg}{120}
@xrdef{Compilers and Options-snt}{Section@tie 10.2}
@xrdef{Compiling For Multiple Architectures-title}{Compiling For Multiple Architectures}
-@xrdef{Compiling For Multiple Architectures-pg}{118}
+@xrdef{Compiling For Multiple Architectures-pg}{120}
@xrdef{Compiling For Multiple Architectures-snt}{Section@tie 10.3}
@xrdef{Installation Names-title}{Installation Names}
-@xrdef{Installation Names-pg}{118}
+@xrdef{Installation Names-pg}{120}
@xrdef{Installation Names-snt}{Section@tie 10.4}
@xrdef{Specifying the System Type-title}{Specifying the System Type}
-@xrdef{Specifying the System Type-pg}{119}
+@xrdef{Specifying the System Type-pg}{121}
@xrdef{Specifying the System Type-snt}{Section@tie 10.5}
@xrdef{Sharing Defaults-title}{Sharing Defaults}
-@xrdef{Sharing Defaults-pg}{119}
+@xrdef{Sharing Defaults-pg}{121}
@xrdef{Sharing Defaults-snt}{Section@tie 10.6}
@xrdef{Operation Controls-title}{Operation Controls}
-@xrdef{Operation Controls-pg}{119}
+@xrdef{Operation Controls-pg}{121}
@xrdef{Operation Controls-snt}{Section@tie 10.7}
@xrdef{Optional Features-title}{Optional Features}
-@xrdef{Optional Features-pg}{119}
+@xrdef{Optional Features-pg}{121}
@xrdef{Optional Features-snt}{Section@tie 10.8}
@xrdef{Reporting Bugs-title}{Reporting Bugs}
-@xrdef{Reporting Bugs-pg}{125}
+@xrdef{Reporting Bugs-pg}{127}
@xrdef{Reporting Bugs-snt}{Appendix@tie @char65{}}
@xrdef{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell-title}{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell}
-@xrdef{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell-pg}{127}
+@xrdef{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell-pg}{129}
@xrdef{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell-snt}{Appendix@tie @char66{}}
@xrdef{Copying This Manual-title}{Copying This Manual}
-@xrdef{Copying This Manual-pg}{133}
+@xrdef{Copying This Manual-pg}{135}
@xrdef{Copying This Manual-snt}{Appendix@tie @char67{}}
@xrdef{GNU Free Documentation License-title}{GNU Free Documentation License}
-@xrdef{GNU Free Documentation License-pg}{133}
+@xrdef{GNU Free Documentation License-pg}{135}
@xrdef{GNU Free Documentation License-snt}{Section@tie @char67.1}
@xrdef{Builtin Index-title}{Index of Shell Builtin Commands}
-@xrdef{Builtin Index-pg}{141}
+@xrdef{Builtin Index-pg}{143}
@xrdef{Builtin Index-snt}{}
@xrdef{Reserved Word Index-title}{Index of Shell Reserved Words}
-@xrdef{Reserved Word Index-pg}{143}
+@xrdef{Reserved Word Index-pg}{145}
@xrdef{Reserved Word Index-snt}{}
@xrdef{Variable Index-title}{Parameter and Variable Index}
-@xrdef{Variable Index-pg}{145}
+@xrdef{Variable Index-pg}{147}
@xrdef{Variable Index-snt}{}
@xrdef{Function Index-title}{Function Index}
-@xrdef{Function Index-pg}{147}
+@xrdef{Function Index-pg}{149}
@xrdef{Function Index-snt}{}
@xrdef{Concept Index-title}{Concept Index}
-@xrdef{Concept Index-pg}{149}
+@xrdef{Concept Index-pg}{151}
@xrdef{Concept Index-snt}{}
\entry{printf}{44}{\code {printf}}
\entry{read}{44}{\code {read}}
\entry{shopt}{45}{\code {shopt}}
-\entry{source}{48}{\code {source}}
-\entry{type}{48}{\code {type}}
+\entry{source}{49}{\code {source}}
+\entry{type}{49}{\code {type}}
\entry{typeset}{49}{\code {typeset}}
\entry{ulimit}{49}{\code {ulimit}}
\entry{unalias}{50}{\code {unalias}}
\entry{set}{50}{\code {set}}
-\entry{dirs}{73}{\code {dirs}}
-\entry{popd}{74}{\code {popd}}
-\entry{pushd}{74}{\code {pushd}}
-\entry{bg}{82}{\code {bg}}
-\entry{fg}{82}{\code {fg}}
-\entry{jobs}{82}{\code {jobs}}
-\entry{kill}{83}{\code {kill}}
-\entry{wait}{83}{\code {wait}}
-\entry{disown}{83}{\code {disown}}
-\entry{suspend}{83}{\code {suspend}}
-\entry{compgen}{107}{\code {compgen}}
-\entry{complete}{107}{\code {complete}}
-\entry{fc}{111}{\code {fc}}
-\entry{history}{112}{\code {history}}
+\entry{dirs}{75}{\code {dirs}}
+\entry{popd}{76}{\code {popd}}
+\entry{pushd}{76}{\code {pushd}}
+\entry{bg}{84}{\code {bg}}
+\entry{fg}{84}{\code {fg}}
+\entry{jobs}{84}{\code {jobs}}
+\entry{kill}{85}{\code {kill}}
+\entry{wait}{85}{\code {wait}}
+\entry{disown}{85}{\code {disown}}
+\entry{suspend}{85}{\code {suspend}}
+\entry{compgen}{109}{\code {compgen}}
+\entry{complete}{109}{\code {complete}}
+\entry{fc}{113}{\code {fc}}
+\entry{history}{114}{\code {history}}
\initial {A}
\entry {\code {alias}}{39}
\initial {B}
-\entry {\code {bg}}{82}
+\entry {\code {bg}}{84}
\entry {\code {bind}}{39}
\entry {\code {break}}{33}
\entry {\code {builtin}}{40}
\entry {\code {caller}}{40}
\entry {\code {cd}}{33}
\entry {\code {command}}{41}
-\entry {\code {compgen}}{107}
-\entry {\code {complete}}{107}
+\entry {\code {compgen}}{109}
+\entry {\code {complete}}{109}
\entry {\code {continue}}{34}
\initial {D}
\entry {\code {declare}}{41}
-\entry {\code {dirs}}{73}
-\entry {\code {disown}}{83}
+\entry {\code {dirs}}{75}
+\entry {\code {disown}}{85}
\initial {E}
\entry {\code {echo}}{42}
\entry {\code {enable}}{42}
\entry {\code {exit}}{34}
\entry {\code {export}}{34}
\initial {F}
-\entry {\code {fc}}{111}
-\entry {\code {fg}}{82}
+\entry {\code {fc}}{113}
+\entry {\code {fg}}{84}
\initial {G}
\entry {\code {getopts}}{35}
\initial {H}
\entry {\code {hash}}{35}
\entry {\code {help}}{43}
-\entry {\code {history}}{112}
+\entry {\code {history}}{114}
\initial {J}
-\entry {\code {jobs}}{82}
+\entry {\code {jobs}}{84}
\initial {K}
-\entry {\code {kill}}{83}
+\entry {\code {kill}}{85}
\initial {L}
\entry {\code {let}}{43}
\entry {\code {local}}{43}
\entry {\code {logout}}{43}
\initial {P}
-\entry {\code {popd}}{74}
+\entry {\code {popd}}{76}
\entry {\code {printf}}{44}
-\entry {\code {pushd}}{74}
+\entry {\code {pushd}}{76}
\entry {\code {pwd}}{36}
\initial {R}
\entry {\code {read}}{44}
\entry {\code {set}}{50}
\entry {\code {shift}}{36}
\entry {\code {shopt}}{45}
-\entry {\code {source}}{48}
-\entry {\code {suspend}}{83}
+\entry {\code {source}}{49}
+\entry {\code {suspend}}{85}
\initial {T}
\entry {\code {test}}{37}
\entry {\code {times}}{38}
\entry {\code {trap}}{38}
-\entry {\code {type}}{48}
+\entry {\code {type}}{49}
\entry {\code {typeset}}{49}
\initial {U}
\entry {\code {ulimit}}{49}
\entry {\code {unalias}}{50}
\entry {\code {unset}}{39}
\initial {W}
-\entry {\code {wait}}{83}
+\entry {\code {wait}}{85}
\entry{commands, looping}{9}{commands, looping}
\entry{commands, conditional}{10}{commands, conditional}
\entry{commands, grouping}{13}{commands, grouping}
-\entry{shell function}{13}{shell function}
-\entry{functions, shell}{13}{functions, shell}
+\entry{shell function}{14}{shell function}
+\entry{functions, shell}{14}{functions, shell}
\entry{parameters}{15}{parameters}
\entry{variable, shell}{15}{variable, shell}
\entry{shell variable}{15}{shell variable}
\entry{parameters, positional}{15}{parameters, positional}
-\entry{parameters, special}{15}{parameters, special}
-\entry{expansion}{16}{expansion}
+\entry{parameters, special}{16}{parameters, special}
+\entry{expansion}{17}{expansion}
\entry{brace expansion}{17}{brace expansion}
\entry{expansion, brace}{17}{expansion, brace}
\entry{tilde expansion}{18}{tilde expansion}
\entry{parameter expansion}{19}{parameter expansion}
\entry{expansion, parameter}{19}{expansion, parameter}
\entry{command substitution}{21}{command substitution}
-\entry{expansion, arithmetic}{21}{expansion, arithmetic}
-\entry{arithmetic expansion}{21}{arithmetic expansion}
+\entry{expansion, arithmetic}{22}{expansion, arithmetic}
+\entry{arithmetic expansion}{22}{arithmetic expansion}
\entry{process substitution}{22}{process substitution}
\entry{word splitting}{22}{word splitting}
\entry{expansion, filename}{23}{expansion, filename}
\entry{pathname expansion}{23}{pathname expansion}
\entry{pattern matching}{23}{pattern matching}
\entry{matching, pattern}{23}{matching, pattern}
-\entry{redirection}{24}{redirection}
+\entry{redirection}{25}{redirection}
\entry{command expansion}{28}{command expansion}
\entry{command execution}{29}{command execution}
\entry{command search}{29}{command search}
\entry{signal handling}{31}{signal handling}
\entry{shell script}{32}{shell script}
\entry{special builtin}{54}{special builtin}
-\entry{login shell}{65}{login shell}
-\entry{interactive shell}{65}{interactive shell}
-\entry{startup files}{65}{startup files}
+\entry{login shell}{67}{login shell}
\entry{interactive shell}{67}{interactive shell}
-\entry{shell, interactive}{67}{shell, interactive}
-\entry{expressions, conditional}{69}{expressions, conditional}
-\entry{arithmetic, shell}{70}{arithmetic, shell}
-\entry{shell arithmetic}{70}{shell arithmetic}
-\entry{expressions, arithmetic}{70}{expressions, arithmetic}
-\entry{evaluation, arithmetic}{70}{evaluation, arithmetic}
-\entry{arithmetic evaluation}{70}{arithmetic evaluation}
-\entry{alias expansion}{71}{alias expansion}
-\entry{arrays}{72}{arrays}
-\entry{directory stack}{73}{directory stack}
-\entry{prompting}{75}{prompting}
-\entry{restricted shell}{76}{restricted shell}
-\entry{POSIX Mode}{76}{POSIX Mode}
-\entry{job control}{81}{job control}
-\entry{foreground}{81}{foreground}
-\entry{background}{81}{background}
-\entry{suspending jobs}{81}{suspending jobs}
-\entry{Readline, how to use}{84}{Readline, how to use}
-\entry{interaction, readline}{85}{interaction, readline}
-\entry{notation, readline}{85}{notation, readline}
-\entry{command editing}{85}{command editing}
-\entry{editing command lines}{85}{editing command lines}
-\entry{killing text}{87}{killing text}
-\entry{yanking text}{87}{yanking text}
-\entry{kill ring}{87}{kill ring}
-\entry{initialization file, readline}{88}{initialization file, readline}
-\entry{variables, readline}{89}{variables, readline}
-\entry{programmable completion}{105}{programmable completion}
-\entry{completion builtins}{107}{completion builtins}
-\entry{History, how to use}{110}{History, how to use}
-\entry{command history}{111}{command history}
-\entry{history list}{111}{history list}
-\entry{history builtins}{111}{history builtins}
-\entry{history expansion}{113}{history expansion}
-\entry{event designators}{113}{event designators}
-\entry{history events}{113}{history events}
-\entry{installation}{117}{installation}
-\entry{configuration}{117}{configuration}
-\entry{Bash installation}{117}{Bash installation}
-\entry{Bash configuration}{117}{Bash configuration}
-\entry{FDL, GNU Free Documentation License}{133}{FDL, GNU Free Documentation License}
+\entry{startup files}{67}{startup files}
+\entry{interactive shell}{69}{interactive shell}
+\entry{shell, interactive}{69}{shell, interactive}
+\entry{expressions, conditional}{71}{expressions, conditional}
+\entry{arithmetic, shell}{72}{arithmetic, shell}
+\entry{shell arithmetic}{72}{shell arithmetic}
+\entry{expressions, arithmetic}{72}{expressions, arithmetic}
+\entry{evaluation, arithmetic}{72}{evaluation, arithmetic}
+\entry{arithmetic evaluation}{72}{arithmetic evaluation}
+\entry{alias expansion}{73}{alias expansion}
+\entry{arrays}{74}{arrays}
+\entry{directory stack}{75}{directory stack}
+\entry{prompting}{77}{prompting}
+\entry{restricted shell}{78}{restricted shell}
+\entry{POSIX Mode}{78}{POSIX Mode}
+\entry{job control}{83}{job control}
+\entry{foreground}{83}{foreground}
+\entry{background}{83}{background}
+\entry{suspending jobs}{83}{suspending jobs}
+\entry{Readline, how to use}{86}{Readline, how to use}
+\entry{interaction, readline}{87}{interaction, readline}
+\entry{notation, readline}{87}{notation, readline}
+\entry{command editing}{87}{command editing}
+\entry{editing command lines}{87}{editing command lines}
+\entry{killing text}{89}{killing text}
+\entry{yanking text}{89}{yanking text}
+\entry{kill ring}{89}{kill ring}
+\entry{initialization file, readline}{90}{initialization file, readline}
+\entry{variables, readline}{91}{variables, readline}
+\entry{programmable completion}{107}{programmable completion}
+\entry{completion builtins}{109}{completion builtins}
+\entry{History, how to use}{112}{History, how to use}
+\entry{command history}{113}{command history}
+\entry{history list}{113}{history list}
+\entry{history builtins}{113}{history builtins}
+\entry{history expansion}{115}{history expansion}
+\entry{event designators}{115}{event designators}
+\entry{history events}{115}{history events}
+\entry{installation}{119}{installation}
+\entry{configuration}{119}{configuration}
+\entry{Bash installation}{119}{Bash installation}
+\entry{Bash configuration}{119}{Bash configuration}
+\entry{FDL, GNU Free Documentation License}{135}{FDL, GNU Free Documentation License}
\initial {A}
-\entry {alias expansion}{71}
-\entry {arithmetic evaluation}{70}
-\entry {arithmetic expansion}{21}
-\entry {arithmetic, shell}{70}
-\entry {arrays}{72}
+\entry {alias expansion}{73}
+\entry {arithmetic evaluation}{72}
+\entry {arithmetic expansion}{22}
+\entry {arithmetic, shell}{72}
+\entry {arrays}{74}
\initial {B}
-\entry {background}{81}
-\entry {Bash configuration}{117}
-\entry {Bash installation}{117}
+\entry {background}{83}
+\entry {Bash configuration}{119}
+\entry {Bash installation}{119}
\entry {Bourne shell}{5}
\entry {brace expansion}{17}
\entry {builtin}{3}
\initial {C}
-\entry {command editing}{85}
+\entry {command editing}{87}
\entry {command execution}{29}
\entry {command expansion}{28}
-\entry {command history}{111}
+\entry {command history}{113}
\entry {command search}{29}
\entry {command substitution}{21}
\entry {command timing}{8}
\entry {commands, shell}{8}
\entry {commands, simple}{8}
\entry {comments, shell}{7}
-\entry {completion builtins}{107}
-\entry {configuration}{117}
+\entry {completion builtins}{109}
+\entry {configuration}{119}
\entry {control operator}{3}
\initial {D}
-\entry {directory stack}{73}
+\entry {directory stack}{75}
\initial {E}
-\entry {editing command lines}{85}
+\entry {editing command lines}{87}
\entry {environment}{30}
-\entry {evaluation, arithmetic}{70}
-\entry {event designators}{113}
+\entry {evaluation, arithmetic}{72}
+\entry {event designators}{115}
\entry {execution environment}{29}
\entry {exit status}{3, 31}
-\entry {expansion}{16}
-\entry {expansion, arithmetic}{21}
+\entry {expansion}{17}
+\entry {expansion, arithmetic}{22}
\entry {expansion, brace}{17}
\entry {expansion, filename}{23}
\entry {expansion, parameter}{19}
\entry {expansion, pathname}{23}
\entry {expansion, tilde}{18}
-\entry {expressions, arithmetic}{70}
-\entry {expressions, conditional}{69}
+\entry {expressions, arithmetic}{72}
+\entry {expressions, conditional}{71}
\initial {F}
-\entry {FDL, GNU Free Documentation License}{133}
+\entry {FDL, GNU Free Documentation License}{135}
\entry {field}{3}
\entry {filename}{3}
\entry {filename expansion}{23}
-\entry {foreground}{81}
-\entry {functions, shell}{13}
+\entry {foreground}{83}
+\entry {functions, shell}{14}
\initial {H}
-\entry {history builtins}{111}
-\entry {history events}{113}
-\entry {history expansion}{113}
-\entry {history list}{111}
-\entry {History, how to use}{110}
+\entry {history builtins}{113}
+\entry {history events}{115}
+\entry {history expansion}{115}
+\entry {history list}{113}
+\entry {History, how to use}{112}
\initial {I}
\entry {identifier}{3}
-\entry {initialization file, readline}{88}
-\entry {installation}{117}
-\entry {interaction, readline}{85}
-\entry {interactive shell}{65, 67}
+\entry {initialization file, readline}{90}
+\entry {installation}{119}
+\entry {interaction, readline}{87}
+\entry {interactive shell}{67, 69}
\entry {internationalization}{7}
\initial {J}
\entry {job}{3}
-\entry {job control}{3, 81}
+\entry {job control}{3, 83}
\initial {K}
-\entry {kill ring}{87}
-\entry {killing text}{87}
+\entry {kill ring}{89}
+\entry {killing text}{89}
\initial {L}
\entry {localization}{7}
-\entry {login shell}{65}
+\entry {login shell}{67}
\initial {M}
\entry {matching, pattern}{23}
\entry {metacharacter}{3}
\initial {N}
\entry {name}{3}
\entry {native languages}{7}
-\entry {notation, readline}{85}
+\entry {notation, readline}{87}
\initial {O}
\entry {operator, shell}{3}
\initial {P}
\entry {parameter expansion}{19}
\entry {parameters}{15}
\entry {parameters, positional}{15}
-\entry {parameters, special}{15}
+\entry {parameters, special}{16}
\entry {pathname expansion}{23}
\entry {pattern matching}{23}
\entry {pipeline}{8}
\entry {POSIX}{3}
-\entry {POSIX Mode}{76}
+\entry {POSIX Mode}{78}
\entry {process group}{3}
\entry {process group ID}{3}
\entry {process substitution}{22}
-\entry {programmable completion}{105}
-\entry {prompting}{75}
+\entry {programmable completion}{107}
+\entry {prompting}{77}
\initial {Q}
\entry {quoting}{6}
\entry {quoting, ANSI}{6}
\initial {R}
-\entry {Readline, how to use}{84}
-\entry {redirection}{24}
+\entry {Readline, how to use}{86}
+\entry {redirection}{25}
\entry {reserved word}{3}
-\entry {restricted shell}{76}
+\entry {restricted shell}{78}
\entry {return status}{3}
\initial {S}
-\entry {shell arithmetic}{70}
-\entry {shell function}{13}
+\entry {shell arithmetic}{72}
+\entry {shell function}{14}
\entry {shell script}{32}
\entry {shell variable}{15}
-\entry {shell, interactive}{67}
+\entry {shell, interactive}{69}
\entry {signal}{4}
\entry {signal handling}{31}
\entry {special builtin}{4, 54}
-\entry {startup files}{65}
-\entry {suspending jobs}{81}
+\entry {startup files}{67}
+\entry {suspending jobs}{83}
\initial {T}
\entry {tilde expansion}{18}
\entry {token}{4}
\entry {translation, native languages}{7}
\initial {V}
\entry {variable, shell}{15}
-\entry {variables, readline}{89}
+\entry {variables, readline}{91}
\initial {W}
\entry {word}{4}
\entry {word splitting}{22}
\initial {Y}
-\entry {yanking text}{87}
+\entry {yanking text}{89}
-\entry{beginning-of-line (C-a)}{97}{\code {beginning-of-line (C-a)}}
-\entry{end-of-line (C-e)}{97}{\code {end-of-line (C-e)}}
-\entry{forward-char (C-f)}{97}{\code {forward-char (C-f)}}
-\entry{backward-char (C-b)}{97}{\code {backward-char (C-b)}}
-\entry{forward-word (M-f)}{97}{\code {forward-word (M-f)}}
-\entry{backward-word (M-b)}{97}{\code {backward-word (M-b)}}
-\entry{clear-screen (C-l)}{97}{\code {clear-screen (C-l)}}
-\entry{redraw-current-line ()}{97}{\code {redraw-current-line ()}}
-\entry{accept-line (Newline or Return)}{97}{\code {accept-line (Newline or Return)}}
-\entry{previous-history (C-p)}{98}{\code {previous-history (C-p)}}
-\entry{next-history (C-n)}{98}{\code {next-history (C-n)}}
-\entry{beginning-of-history (M-<)}{98}{\code {beginning-of-history (M-<)}}
-\entry{end-of-history (M->)}{98}{\code {end-of-history (M->)}}
-\entry{reverse-search-history (C-r)}{98}{\code {reverse-search-history (C-r)}}
-\entry{forward-search-history (C-s)}{98}{\code {forward-search-history (C-s)}}
-\entry{non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)}{98}{\code {non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)}}
-\entry{non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)}{98}{\code {non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)}}
-\entry{history-search-forward ()}{98}{\code {history-search-forward ()}}
-\entry{history-search-backward ()}{98}{\code {history-search-backward ()}}
-\entry{yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)}{98}{\code {yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)}}
-\entry{yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)}{98}{\code {yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)}}
-\entry{delete-char (C-d)}{99}{\code {delete-char (C-d)}}
-\entry{backward-delete-char (Rubout)}{99}{\code {backward-delete-char (Rubout)}}
-\entry{forward-backward-delete-char ()}{99}{\code {forward-backward-delete-char ()}}
-\entry{quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)}{99}{\code {quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)}}
-\entry{self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...{})}{99}{\code {self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, \dots {})}}
-\entry{transpose-chars (C-t)}{99}{\code {transpose-chars (C-t)}}
-\entry{transpose-words (M-t)}{99}{\code {transpose-words (M-t)}}
-\entry{upcase-word (M-u)}{99}{\code {upcase-word (M-u)}}
-\entry{downcase-word (M-l)}{99}{\code {downcase-word (M-l)}}
-\entry{capitalize-word (M-c)}{99}{\code {capitalize-word (M-c)}}
-\entry{overwrite-mode ()}{99}{\code {overwrite-mode ()}}
-\entry{kill-line (C-k)}{100}{\code {kill-line (C-k)}}
-\entry{backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)}{100}{\code {backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)}}
-\entry{unix-line-discard (C-u)}{100}{\code {unix-line-discard (C-u)}}
-\entry{kill-whole-line ()}{100}{\code {kill-whole-line ()}}
-\entry{kill-word (M-d)}{100}{\code {kill-word (M-d)}}
-\entry{backward-kill-word (M-DEL)}{100}{\code {backward-kill-word (M-\key {DEL})}}
-\entry{unix-word-rubout (C-w)}{100}{\code {unix-word-rubout (C-w)}}
-\entry{unix-filename-rubout ()}{100}{\code {unix-filename-rubout ()}}
-\entry{delete-horizontal-space ()}{100}{\code {delete-horizontal-space ()}}
-\entry{kill-region ()}{100}{\code {kill-region ()}}
-\entry{copy-region-as-kill ()}{100}{\code {copy-region-as-kill ()}}
-\entry{copy-backward-word ()}{100}{\code {copy-backward-word ()}}
-\entry{copy-forward-word ()}{100}{\code {copy-forward-word ()}}
-\entry{yank (C-y)}{101}{\code {yank (C-y)}}
-\entry{yank-pop (M-y)}{101}{\code {yank-pop (M-y)}}
-\entry{digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ...{} M--)}{101}{\code {digit-argument (\kbd {M-0}, \kbd {M-1}, \dots {} \kbd {M--})}}
-\entry{universal-argument ()}{101}{\code {universal-argument ()}}
-\entry{complete (TAB)}{101}{\code {complete (\key {TAB})}}
-\entry{possible-completions (M-?)}{101}{\code {possible-completions (M-?)}}
-\entry{insert-completions (M-*)}{101}{\code {insert-completions (M-*)}}
-\entry{menu-complete ()}{101}{\code {menu-complete ()}}
-\entry{delete-char-or-list ()}{102}{\code {delete-char-or-list ()}}
-\entry{complete-filename (M-/)}{102}{\code {complete-filename (M-/)}}
-\entry{possible-filename-completions (C-x /)}{102}{\code {possible-filename-completions (C-x /)}}
-\entry{complete-username (M-~)}{102}{\code {complete-username (M-~)}}
-\entry{possible-username-completions (C-x ~)}{102}{\code {possible-username-completions (C-x ~)}}
-\entry{complete-variable (M-$)}{102}{\code {complete-variable (M-$)}}
-\entry{possible-variable-completions (C-x $)}{102}{\code {possible-variable-completions (C-x $)}}
-\entry{complete-hostname (M-@)}{102}{\code {complete-hostname (M-@)}}
-\entry{possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)}{102}{\code {possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)}}
-\entry{complete-command (M-!)}{102}{\code {complete-command (M-!)}}
-\entry{possible-command-completions (C-x !)}{102}{\code {possible-command-completions (C-x !)}}
-\entry{dynamic-complete-history (M-TAB)}{102}{\code {dynamic-complete-history (M-\key {TAB})}}
-\entry{complete-into-braces (M-{\tt \char 123})}{102}{\code {complete-into-braces (M-{\tt \char 123})}}
-\entry{start-kbd-macro (C-x ()}{102}{\code {start-kbd-macro (C-x ()}}
-\entry{end-kbd-macro (C-x ))}{103}{\code {end-kbd-macro (C-x ))}}
-\entry{call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)}{103}{\code {call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)}}
-\entry{re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)}{103}{\code {re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)}}
-\entry{abort (C-g)}{103}{\code {abort (C-g)}}
-\entry{do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-x, ...{})}{103}{\code {do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-\var {x}, \dots {})}}
-\entry{prefix-meta (ESC)}{103}{\code {prefix-meta (\key {ESC})}}
-\entry{undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)}{103}{\code {undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)}}
-\entry{revert-line (M-r)}{103}{\code {revert-line (M-r)}}
-\entry{tilde-expand (M-&)}{103}{\code {tilde-expand (M-&)}}
-\entry{set-mark (C-@)}{103}{\code {set-mark (C-@)}}
-\entry{exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)}{103}{\code {exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)}}
-\entry{character-search (C-])}{103}{\code {character-search (C-])}}
-\entry{character-search-backward (M-C-])}{103}{\code {character-search-backward (M-C-])}}
-\entry{insert-comment (M-#)}{104}{\code {insert-comment (M-#)}}
-\entry{dump-functions ()}{104}{\code {dump-functions ()}}
-\entry{dump-variables ()}{104}{\code {dump-variables ()}}
-\entry{dump-macros ()}{104}{\code {dump-macros ()}}
-\entry{glob-complete-word (M-g)}{104}{\code {glob-complete-word (M-g)}}
-\entry{glob-expand-word (C-x *)}{104}{\code {glob-expand-word (C-x *)}}
-\entry{glob-list-expansions (C-x g)}{104}{\code {glob-list-expansions (C-x g)}}
-\entry{display-shell-version (C-x C-v)}{104}{\code {display-shell-version (C-x C-v)}}
-\entry{shell-expand-line (M-C-e)}{104}{\code {shell-expand-line (M-C-e)}}
-\entry{history-expand-line (M-^)}{104}{\code {history-expand-line (M-^)}}
-\entry{magic-space ()}{105}{\code {magic-space ()}}
-\entry{alias-expand-line ()}{105}{\code {alias-expand-line ()}}
-\entry{history-and-alias-expand-line ()}{105}{\code {history-and-alias-expand-line ()}}
-\entry{insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)}{105}{\code {insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)}}
-\entry{operate-and-get-next (C-o)}{105}{\code {operate-and-get-next (C-o)}}
-\entry{edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e)}{105}{\code {edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e)}}
+\entry{beginning-of-line (C-a)}{99}{\code {beginning-of-line (C-a)}}
+\entry{end-of-line (C-e)}{99}{\code {end-of-line (C-e)}}
+\entry{forward-char (C-f)}{99}{\code {forward-char (C-f)}}
+\entry{backward-char (C-b)}{99}{\code {backward-char (C-b)}}
+\entry{forward-word (M-f)}{99}{\code {forward-word (M-f)}}
+\entry{backward-word (M-b)}{99}{\code {backward-word (M-b)}}
+\entry{clear-screen (C-l)}{99}{\code {clear-screen (C-l)}}
+\entry{redraw-current-line ()}{99}{\code {redraw-current-line ()}}
+\entry{accept-line (Newline or Return)}{99}{\code {accept-line (Newline or Return)}}
+\entry{previous-history (C-p)}{100}{\code {previous-history (C-p)}}
+\entry{next-history (C-n)}{100}{\code {next-history (C-n)}}
+\entry{beginning-of-history (M-<)}{100}{\code {beginning-of-history (M-<)}}
+\entry{end-of-history (M->)}{100}{\code {end-of-history (M->)}}
+\entry{reverse-search-history (C-r)}{100}{\code {reverse-search-history (C-r)}}
+\entry{forward-search-history (C-s)}{100}{\code {forward-search-history (C-s)}}
+\entry{non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)}{100}{\code {non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)}}
+\entry{non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)}{100}{\code {non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)}}
+\entry{history-search-forward ()}{100}{\code {history-search-forward ()}}
+\entry{history-search-backward ()}{100}{\code {history-search-backward ()}}
+\entry{yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)}{100}{\code {yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)}}
+\entry{yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)}{100}{\code {yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)}}
+\entry{delete-char (C-d)}{101}{\code {delete-char (C-d)}}
+\entry{backward-delete-char (Rubout)}{101}{\code {backward-delete-char (Rubout)}}
+\entry{forward-backward-delete-char ()}{101}{\code {forward-backward-delete-char ()}}
+\entry{quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)}{101}{\code {quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)}}
+\entry{self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...{})}{101}{\code {self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, \dots {})}}
+\entry{transpose-chars (C-t)}{101}{\code {transpose-chars (C-t)}}
+\entry{transpose-words (M-t)}{101}{\code {transpose-words (M-t)}}
+\entry{upcase-word (M-u)}{101}{\code {upcase-word (M-u)}}
+\entry{downcase-word (M-l)}{101}{\code {downcase-word (M-l)}}
+\entry{capitalize-word (M-c)}{101}{\code {capitalize-word (M-c)}}
+\entry{overwrite-mode ()}{101}{\code {overwrite-mode ()}}
+\entry{kill-line (C-k)}{102}{\code {kill-line (C-k)}}
+\entry{backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)}{102}{\code {backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)}}
+\entry{unix-line-discard (C-u)}{102}{\code {unix-line-discard (C-u)}}
+\entry{kill-whole-line ()}{102}{\code {kill-whole-line ()}}
+\entry{kill-word (M-d)}{102}{\code {kill-word (M-d)}}
+\entry{backward-kill-word (M-DEL)}{102}{\code {backward-kill-word (M-\key {DEL})}}
+\entry{unix-word-rubout (C-w)}{102}{\code {unix-word-rubout (C-w)}}
+\entry{unix-filename-rubout ()}{102}{\code {unix-filename-rubout ()}}
+\entry{delete-horizontal-space ()}{102}{\code {delete-horizontal-space ()}}
+\entry{kill-region ()}{102}{\code {kill-region ()}}
+\entry{copy-region-as-kill ()}{102}{\code {copy-region-as-kill ()}}
+\entry{copy-backward-word ()}{102}{\code {copy-backward-word ()}}
+\entry{copy-forward-word ()}{102}{\code {copy-forward-word ()}}
+\entry{yank (C-y)}{103}{\code {yank (C-y)}}
+\entry{yank-pop (M-y)}{103}{\code {yank-pop (M-y)}}
+\entry{digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ...{} M--)}{103}{\code {digit-argument (\kbd {M-0}, \kbd {M-1}, \dots {} \kbd {M--})}}
+\entry{universal-argument ()}{103}{\code {universal-argument ()}}
+\entry{complete (TAB)}{103}{\code {complete (\key {TAB})}}
+\entry{possible-completions (M-?)}{103}{\code {possible-completions (M-?)}}
+\entry{insert-completions (M-*)}{103}{\code {insert-completions (M-*)}}
+\entry{menu-complete ()}{103}{\code {menu-complete ()}}
+\entry{delete-char-or-list ()}{104}{\code {delete-char-or-list ()}}
+\entry{complete-filename (M-/)}{104}{\code {complete-filename (M-/)}}
+\entry{possible-filename-completions (C-x /)}{104}{\code {possible-filename-completions (C-x /)}}
+\entry{complete-username (M-~)}{104}{\code {complete-username (M-~)}}
+\entry{possible-username-completions (C-x ~)}{104}{\code {possible-username-completions (C-x ~)}}
+\entry{complete-variable (M-$)}{104}{\code {complete-variable (M-$)}}
+\entry{possible-variable-completions (C-x $)}{104}{\code {possible-variable-completions (C-x $)}}
+\entry{complete-hostname (M-@)}{104}{\code {complete-hostname (M-@)}}
+\entry{possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)}{104}{\code {possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)}}
+\entry{complete-command (M-!)}{104}{\code {complete-command (M-!)}}
+\entry{possible-command-completions (C-x !)}{104}{\code {possible-command-completions (C-x !)}}
+\entry{dynamic-complete-history (M-TAB)}{104}{\code {dynamic-complete-history (M-\key {TAB})}}
+\entry{complete-into-braces (M-{\tt \char 123})}{104}{\code {complete-into-braces (M-{\tt \char 123})}}
+\entry{start-kbd-macro (C-x ()}{104}{\code {start-kbd-macro (C-x ()}}
+\entry{end-kbd-macro (C-x ))}{105}{\code {end-kbd-macro (C-x ))}}
+\entry{call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)}{105}{\code {call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)}}
+\entry{re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)}{105}{\code {re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)}}
+\entry{abort (C-g)}{105}{\code {abort (C-g)}}
+\entry{do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-x, ...{})}{105}{\code {do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-\var {x}, \dots {})}}
+\entry{prefix-meta (ESC)}{105}{\code {prefix-meta (\key {ESC})}}
+\entry{undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)}{105}{\code {undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)}}
+\entry{revert-line (M-r)}{105}{\code {revert-line (M-r)}}
+\entry{tilde-expand (M-&)}{105}{\code {tilde-expand (M-&)}}
+\entry{set-mark (C-@)}{105}{\code {set-mark (C-@)}}
+\entry{exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)}{105}{\code {exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)}}
+\entry{character-search (C-])}{105}{\code {character-search (C-])}}
+\entry{character-search-backward (M-C-])}{105}{\code {character-search-backward (M-C-])}}
+\entry{insert-comment (M-#)}{106}{\code {insert-comment (M-#)}}
+\entry{dump-functions ()}{106}{\code {dump-functions ()}}
+\entry{dump-variables ()}{106}{\code {dump-variables ()}}
+\entry{dump-macros ()}{106}{\code {dump-macros ()}}
+\entry{glob-complete-word (M-g)}{106}{\code {glob-complete-word (M-g)}}
+\entry{glob-expand-word (C-x *)}{106}{\code {glob-expand-word (C-x *)}}
+\entry{glob-list-expansions (C-x g)}{106}{\code {glob-list-expansions (C-x g)}}
+\entry{display-shell-version (C-x C-v)}{106}{\code {display-shell-version (C-x C-v)}}
+\entry{shell-expand-line (M-C-e)}{106}{\code {shell-expand-line (M-C-e)}}
+\entry{history-expand-line (M-^)}{106}{\code {history-expand-line (M-^)}}
+\entry{magic-space ()}{107}{\code {magic-space ()}}
+\entry{alias-expand-line ()}{107}{\code {alias-expand-line ()}}
+\entry{history-and-alias-expand-line ()}{107}{\code {history-and-alias-expand-line ()}}
+\entry{insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)}{107}{\code {insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)}}
+\entry{operate-and-get-next (C-o)}{107}{\code {operate-and-get-next (C-o)}}
+\entry{edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e)}{107}{\code {edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e)}}
\initial {A}
-\entry {\code {abort (C-g)}}{103}
-\entry {\code {accept-line (Newline or Return)}}{97}
-\entry {\code {alias-expand-line ()}}{105}
+\entry {\code {abort (C-g)}}{105}
+\entry {\code {accept-line (Newline or Return)}}{99}
+\entry {\code {alias-expand-line ()}}{107}
\initial {B}
-\entry {\code {backward-char (C-b)}}{97}
-\entry {\code {backward-delete-char (Rubout)}}{99}
-\entry {\code {backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)}}{100}
-\entry {\code {backward-kill-word (M-\key {DEL})}}{100}
-\entry {\code {backward-word (M-b)}}{97}
-\entry {\code {beginning-of-history (M-<)}}{98}
-\entry {\code {beginning-of-line (C-a)}}{97}
+\entry {\code {backward-char (C-b)}}{99}
+\entry {\code {backward-delete-char (Rubout)}}{101}
+\entry {\code {backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)}}{102}
+\entry {\code {backward-kill-word (M-\key {DEL})}}{102}
+\entry {\code {backward-word (M-b)}}{99}
+\entry {\code {beginning-of-history (M-<)}}{100}
+\entry {\code {beginning-of-line (C-a)}}{99}
\initial {C}
-\entry {\code {call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)}}{103}
-\entry {\code {capitalize-word (M-c)}}{99}
-\entry {\code {character-search (C-])}}{103}
-\entry {\code {character-search-backward (M-C-])}}{103}
-\entry {\code {clear-screen (C-l)}}{97}
-\entry {\code {complete (\key {TAB})}}{101}
-\entry {\code {complete-command (M-!)}}{102}
-\entry {\code {complete-filename (M-/)}}{102}
-\entry {\code {complete-hostname (M-@)}}{102}
-\entry {\code {complete-into-braces (M-{\tt \char 123})}}{102}
-\entry {\code {complete-username (M-~)}}{102}
-\entry {\code {complete-variable (M-$)}}{102}
-\entry {\code {copy-backward-word ()}}{100}
-\entry {\code {copy-forward-word ()}}{100}
-\entry {\code {copy-region-as-kill ()}}{100}
+\entry {\code {call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)}}{105}
+\entry {\code {capitalize-word (M-c)}}{101}
+\entry {\code {character-search (C-])}}{105}
+\entry {\code {character-search-backward (M-C-])}}{105}
+\entry {\code {clear-screen (C-l)}}{99}
+\entry {\code {complete (\key {TAB})}}{103}
+\entry {\code {complete-command (M-!)}}{104}
+\entry {\code {complete-filename (M-/)}}{104}
+\entry {\code {complete-hostname (M-@)}}{104}
+\entry {\code {complete-into-braces (M-{\tt \char 123})}}{104}
+\entry {\code {complete-username (M-~)}}{104}
+\entry {\code {complete-variable (M-$)}}{104}
+\entry {\code {copy-backward-word ()}}{102}
+\entry {\code {copy-forward-word ()}}{102}
+\entry {\code {copy-region-as-kill ()}}{102}
\initial {D}
-\entry {\code {delete-char (C-d)}}{99}
-\entry {\code {delete-char-or-list ()}}{102}
-\entry {\code {delete-horizontal-space ()}}{100}
-\entry {\code {digit-argument (\kbd {M-0}, \kbd {M-1}, \dots {} \kbd {M--})}}{101}
-\entry {\code {display-shell-version (C-x C-v)}}{104}
-\entry {\code {do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-\var {x}, \dots {})}}{103}
-\entry {\code {downcase-word (M-l)}}{99}
-\entry {\code {dump-functions ()}}{104}
-\entry {\code {dump-macros ()}}{104}
-\entry {\code {dump-variables ()}}{104}
-\entry {\code {dynamic-complete-history (M-\key {TAB})}}{102}
+\entry {\code {delete-char (C-d)}}{101}
+\entry {\code {delete-char-or-list ()}}{104}
+\entry {\code {delete-horizontal-space ()}}{102}
+\entry {\code {digit-argument (\kbd {M-0}, \kbd {M-1}, \dots {} \kbd {M--})}}{103}
+\entry {\code {display-shell-version (C-x C-v)}}{106}
+\entry {\code {do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-\var {x}, \dots {})}}{105}
+\entry {\code {downcase-word (M-l)}}{101}
+\entry {\code {dump-functions ()}}{106}
+\entry {\code {dump-macros ()}}{106}
+\entry {\code {dump-variables ()}}{106}
+\entry {\code {dynamic-complete-history (M-\key {TAB})}}{104}
\initial {E}
-\entry {\code {edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e)}}{105}
-\entry {\code {end-kbd-macro (C-x ))}}{103}
-\entry {\code {end-of-history (M->)}}{98}
-\entry {\code {end-of-line (C-e)}}{97}
-\entry {\code {exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)}}{103}
+\entry {\code {edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e)}}{107}
+\entry {\code {end-kbd-macro (C-x ))}}{105}
+\entry {\code {end-of-history (M->)}}{100}
+\entry {\code {end-of-line (C-e)}}{99}
+\entry {\code {exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)}}{105}
\initial {F}
-\entry {\code {forward-backward-delete-char ()}}{99}
-\entry {\code {forward-char (C-f)}}{97}
-\entry {\code {forward-search-history (C-s)}}{98}
-\entry {\code {forward-word (M-f)}}{97}
+\entry {\code {forward-backward-delete-char ()}}{101}
+\entry {\code {forward-char (C-f)}}{99}
+\entry {\code {forward-search-history (C-s)}}{100}
+\entry {\code {forward-word (M-f)}}{99}
\initial {G}
-\entry {\code {glob-complete-word (M-g)}}{104}
-\entry {\code {glob-expand-word (C-x *)}}{104}
-\entry {\code {glob-list-expansions (C-x g)}}{104}
+\entry {\code {glob-complete-word (M-g)}}{106}
+\entry {\code {glob-expand-word (C-x *)}}{106}
+\entry {\code {glob-list-expansions (C-x g)}}{106}
\initial {H}
-\entry {\code {history-and-alias-expand-line ()}}{105}
-\entry {\code {history-expand-line (M-^)}}{104}
-\entry {\code {history-search-backward ()}}{98}
-\entry {\code {history-search-forward ()}}{98}
+\entry {\code {history-and-alias-expand-line ()}}{107}
+\entry {\code {history-expand-line (M-^)}}{106}
+\entry {\code {history-search-backward ()}}{100}
+\entry {\code {history-search-forward ()}}{100}
\initial {I}
-\entry {\code {insert-comment (M-#)}}{104}
-\entry {\code {insert-completions (M-*)}}{101}
-\entry {\code {insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)}}{105}
+\entry {\code {insert-comment (M-#)}}{106}
+\entry {\code {insert-completions (M-*)}}{103}
+\entry {\code {insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)}}{107}
\initial {K}
-\entry {\code {kill-line (C-k)}}{100}
-\entry {\code {kill-region ()}}{100}
-\entry {\code {kill-whole-line ()}}{100}
-\entry {\code {kill-word (M-d)}}{100}
+\entry {\code {kill-line (C-k)}}{102}
+\entry {\code {kill-region ()}}{102}
+\entry {\code {kill-whole-line ()}}{102}
+\entry {\code {kill-word (M-d)}}{102}
\initial {M}
-\entry {\code {magic-space ()}}{105}
-\entry {\code {menu-complete ()}}{101}
+\entry {\code {magic-space ()}}{107}
+\entry {\code {menu-complete ()}}{103}
\initial {N}
-\entry {\code {next-history (C-n)}}{98}
-\entry {\code {non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)}}{98}
-\entry {\code {non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)}}{98}
+\entry {\code {next-history (C-n)}}{100}
+\entry {\code {non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)}}{100}
+\entry {\code {non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)}}{100}
\initial {O}
-\entry {\code {operate-and-get-next (C-o)}}{105}
-\entry {\code {overwrite-mode ()}}{99}
+\entry {\code {operate-and-get-next (C-o)}}{107}
+\entry {\code {overwrite-mode ()}}{101}
\initial {P}
-\entry {\code {possible-command-completions (C-x !)}}{102}
-\entry {\code {possible-completions (M-?)}}{101}
-\entry {\code {possible-filename-completions (C-x /)}}{102}
-\entry {\code {possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)}}{102}
-\entry {\code {possible-username-completions (C-x ~)}}{102}
-\entry {\code {possible-variable-completions (C-x $)}}{102}
-\entry {\code {prefix-meta (\key {ESC})}}{103}
-\entry {\code {previous-history (C-p)}}{98}
+\entry {\code {possible-command-completions (C-x !)}}{104}
+\entry {\code {possible-completions (M-?)}}{103}
+\entry {\code {possible-filename-completions (C-x /)}}{104}
+\entry {\code {possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)}}{104}
+\entry {\code {possible-username-completions (C-x ~)}}{104}
+\entry {\code {possible-variable-completions (C-x $)}}{104}
+\entry {\code {prefix-meta (\key {ESC})}}{105}
+\entry {\code {previous-history (C-p)}}{100}
\initial {Q}
-\entry {\code {quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)}}{99}
+\entry {\code {quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)}}{101}
\initial {R}
-\entry {\code {re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)}}{103}
-\entry {\code {redraw-current-line ()}}{97}
-\entry {\code {reverse-search-history (C-r)}}{98}
-\entry {\code {revert-line (M-r)}}{103}
+\entry {\code {re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)}}{105}
+\entry {\code {redraw-current-line ()}}{99}
+\entry {\code {reverse-search-history (C-r)}}{100}
+\entry {\code {revert-line (M-r)}}{105}
\initial {S}
-\entry {\code {self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, \dots {})}}{99}
-\entry {\code {set-mark (C-@)}}{103}
-\entry {\code {shell-expand-line (M-C-e)}}{104}
-\entry {\code {start-kbd-macro (C-x ()}}{102}
+\entry {\code {self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, \dots {})}}{101}
+\entry {\code {set-mark (C-@)}}{105}
+\entry {\code {shell-expand-line (M-C-e)}}{106}
+\entry {\code {start-kbd-macro (C-x ()}}{104}
\initial {T}
-\entry {\code {tilde-expand (M-&)}}{103}
-\entry {\code {transpose-chars (C-t)}}{99}
-\entry {\code {transpose-words (M-t)}}{99}
+\entry {\code {tilde-expand (M-&)}}{105}
+\entry {\code {transpose-chars (C-t)}}{101}
+\entry {\code {transpose-words (M-t)}}{101}
\initial {U}
-\entry {\code {undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)}}{103}
-\entry {\code {universal-argument ()}}{101}
-\entry {\code {unix-filename-rubout ()}}{100}
-\entry {\code {unix-line-discard (C-u)}}{100}
-\entry {\code {unix-word-rubout (C-w)}}{100}
-\entry {\code {upcase-word (M-u)}}{99}
+\entry {\code {undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)}}{105}
+\entry {\code {universal-argument ()}}{103}
+\entry {\code {unix-filename-rubout ()}}{102}
+\entry {\code {unix-line-discard (C-u)}}{102}
+\entry {\code {unix-word-rubout (C-w)}}{102}
+\entry {\code {upcase-word (M-u)}}{101}
\initial {Y}
-\entry {\code {yank (C-y)}}{101}
-\entry {\code {yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)}}{98}
-\entry {\code {yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)}}{98}
-\entry {\code {yank-pop (M-y)}}{101}
+\entry {\code {yank (C-y)}}{103}
+\entry {\code {yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)}}{100}
+\entry {\code {yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)}}{100}
+\entry {\code {yank-pop (M-y)}}{103}
<HTML>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
-<!-- Created on February, 14 2005 by texi2html 1.64 -->
+<!-- Created on February, 22 2005 by texi2html 1.64 -->
<!--
Written by: Lionel Cons <Lionel.Cons@cern.ch> (original author)
Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>
<H1>Bash Reference Manual</H1></P><P>
This text is a brief description of the features that are present in
-the Bash shell (version 3.1-devel, 11 February 2005)..
+the Bash shell (version 3.1-devel, 19 February 2005)..
</P><P>
-This is Edition 3.1-devel, last updated 11 February 2005,
+This is Edition 3.1-devel, last updated 19 February 2005,
of <CITE>The GNU Bash Reference Manual</CITE>,
for <CODE>Bash</CODE>, Version 3.1-devel.
</P><P>
<CODE>case</CODE> will selectively execute the <VAR>command-list</VAR> corresponding to
the first <VAR>pattern</VAR> that matches <VAR>word</VAR>.
+If the shell option <CODE>nocasematch</CODE>
+(see the description of <CODE>shopt</CODE> in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>)
+is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
+of alphabetic characters.
The <SAMP>`|'</SAMP> is used to separate multiple patterns, and the <SAMP>`)'</SAMP>
operator terminates a pattern list.
A list of patterns and an associated command-list is known
When the <SAMP>`=='</SAMP> and <SAMP>`!='</SAMP> operators are used, the string to the
right of the operator is considered a pattern and matched according
to the rules described below in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC36">3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching</A>.
+If the shell option <CODE>nocasematch</CODE>
+(see the description of <CODE>shopt</CODE> in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>)
+is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
+of alphabetic characters.
The return value is 0 if the string matches or does not match
the pattern, respectively, and 1 otherwise.
Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force it to be matched as a
the pattern, and 1 otherwise.
If the regular expression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional
expression's return value is 2.
-If the shell option <CODE>nocaseglob</CODE>
+If the shell option <CODE>nocasematch</CODE>
(see the description of <CODE>shopt</CODE> in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>)
is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
of alphabetic characters.
shell is executing in a subroutine (a shell function or a shell script
executed by the <CODE>.</CODE> or <CODE>source</CODE> builtins), a call to
<CODE>return</CODE> is simulated.
+<P>
+
+<LI>
+<CODE>BASH_ARGC</CODE> and <CODE>BASH_ARGV</CODE> are updated as described in their
+descriptions (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">5.2 Bash Variables</A>).
+<P>
+
+<LI>
+Function tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and
+subshells invoked with <CODE>( <VAR>command</VAR> )</CODE> inherit the
+<CODE>DEBUG</CODE> and <CODE>RETURN</CODE> traps.
+<P>
+
+<LI>
+Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and
+subshells invoked with <CODE>( <VAR>command</VAR> )</CODE> inherit the
+<CODE>ERROR</CODE> trap.
</OL>
<P>
performing filename expansion.
<P>
+<DT><CODE>nocasematch</CODE>
+<DD>If set, Bash matches patterns in a case-insensitive fashion when
+performing matching while executing <CODE>case</CODE> or <CODE>[[</CODE>
+conditional commands.
+<P>
+
<DT><CODE>nullglob</CODE>
<DD>If set, Bash allows filename patterns which match no
files to expand to a null string, rather than themselves.
with <CODE>.</CODE> or <CODE>source</CODE>) is at the top of the stack. When a
subroutine is executed, the number of parameters passed is pushed onto
<CODE>BASH_ARGC</CODE>.
+The shell sets <CODE>BASH_ARGC</CODE> only when in extended debugging mode
+(see <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>
+for a description of the <CODE>extdebug</CODE> option to the <CODE>shopt</CODE>
+builtin).
<P>
<A NAME="IDX134"></A>
is at the top of the stack; the first parameter of the initial call is
at the bottom. When a subroutine is executed, the parameters supplied
are pushed onto <CODE>BASH_ARGV</CODE>.
+The shell sets <CODE>BASH_ARGV</CODE> only when in extended debugging mode
+(see <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>
+for a description of the <CODE>extdebug</CODE> option to the <CODE>shopt</CODE>
+builtin).
<P>
<A NAME="IDX136"></A>
falling back to <VAR>physical</VAR> mode.
<P>
+<LI>
+When the <CODE>pwd</CODE> builtin is supplied the <SAMP>`-P'</SAMP> option, it resets
+<CODE>$PWD</CODE> to a pathname containing no symlinks.
+<P>
+
<LI>
When listing the history, the <CODE>fc</CODE> builtin does not include an
indication of whether or not a history entry has been modified.
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H1>About this document</H1>
-This document was generated by <I>Chet Ramey</I> on <I>February, 14 2005</I>
+This document was generated by <I>Chet Ramey</I> on <I>February, 22 2005</I>
using <A HREF="http://www.mathematik.uni-kl.de/~obachman/Texi2html
"><I>texi2html</I></A>
<P></P>
<BR>
<FONT SIZE="-1">
This document was generated
-by <I>Chet Ramey</I> on <I>February, 14 2005</I>
+by <I>Chet Ramey</I> on <I>February, 22 2005</I>
using <A HREF="http://www.mathematik.uni-kl.de/~obachman/Texi2html
"><I>texi2html</I></A>
/Users/chet/src/bash/src/doc/bashref.texi.
This text is a brief description of the features that are present in
-the Bash shell (version 3.1-devel, 11 February 2005).
+the Bash shell (version 3.1-devel, 19 February 2005).
- This is Edition 3.1-devel, last updated 11 February 2005, of `The
+ This is Edition 3.1-devel, last updated 19 February 2005, of `The
GNU Bash Reference Manual', for `Bash', Version 3.1-devel.
Copyright (C) 1988-2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
*************
This text is a brief description of the features that are present in
-the Bash shell (version 3.1-devel, 11 February 2005)..
+the Bash shell (version 3.1-devel, 19 February 2005)..
- This is Edition 3.1-devel, last updated 11 February 2005, of `The
+ This is Edition 3.1-devel, last updated 19 February 2005, of `The
GNU Bash Reference Manual', for `Bash', Version 3.1-devel.
Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some
`case WORD in [ [(] PATTERN [| PATTERN]...) COMMAND-LIST ;;]... esac'
`case' will selectively execute the COMMAND-LIST corresponding to
- the first PATTERN that matches WORD. The `|' is used to separate
+ the first PATTERN that matches WORD. If the shell option
+ `nocasematch' (see the description of `shopt' in *Note Bash
+ Builtins::) is enabled, the match is performed without regard to
+ the case of alphabetic characters. The `|' is used to separate
multiple patterns, and the `)' operator terminates a pattern list.
A list of patterns and an associated command-list is known as a
CLAUSE. Each clause must be terminated with `;;'. The WORD
When the `==' and `!=' operators are used, the string to the right
of the operator is considered a pattern and matched according to
- the rules described below in *Note Pattern Matching::. The return
- value is 0 if the string matches or does not match the pattern,
+ the rules described below in *Note Pattern Matching::. If the
+ shell option `nocasematch' (see the description of `shopt' in
+ *Note Bash Builtins::) is enabled, the match is performed without
+ regard to the case of alphabetic characters. The return value is
+ 0 if the string matches or does not match the pattern,
respectively, and 1 otherwise. Any part of the pattern may be
quoted to force it to be matched as a string.
and matched accordingly (as in regex3)). The return value is 0 if
the string matches the pattern, and 1 otherwise. If the regular
expression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional
- expression's return value is 2. If the shell option `nocaseglob'
+ expression's return value is 2. If the shell option `nocasematch'
(see the description of `shopt' in *Note Bash Builtins::) is
enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of
alphabetic characters. Substrings matched by parenthesized
shell function or a shell script executed by the `.' or
`source' builtins), a call to `return' is simulated.
+ 4. `BASH_ARGC' and `BASH_ARGV' are updated as described in
+ their descriptions (*note Bash Variables::).
+
+ 5. Function tracing is enabled: command substitution,
+ shell functions, and subshells invoked with `( COMMAND
+ )' inherit the `DEBUG' and `RETURN' traps.
+
+ 6. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell
+ functions, and subshells invoked with `( COMMAND )'
+ inherit the `ERROR' trap.
+
`extglob'
If set, the extended pattern matching features described above
(*note Pattern Matching::) are enabled.
If set, Bash matches filenames in a case-insensitive fashion
when performing filename expansion.
+ `nocasematch'
+ If set, Bash matches patterns in a case-insensitive fashion
+ when performing matching while executing `case' or `[['
+ conditional commands.
+
`nullglob'
If set, Bash allows filename patterns which match no files to
expand to a null string, rather than themselves.
parameters to the current subroutine (shell function or script
executed with `.' or `source') is at the top of the stack. When a
subroutine is executed, the number of parameters passed is pushed
- onto `BASH_ARGC'.
+ onto `BASH_ARGC'. The shell sets `BASH_ARGC' only when in
+ extended debugging mode (see *Note Bash Builtins:: for a
+ description of the `extdebug' option to the `shopt' builtin).
`BASH_ARGV'
An array variable containing all of the parameters in the current
bash execution call stack. The final parameter of the last
subroutine call is at the top of the stack; the first parameter of
the initial call is at the bottom. When a subroutine is executed,
- the parameters supplied are pushed onto `BASH_ARGV'.
+ the parameters supplied are pushed onto `BASH_ARGV'. The shell
+ sets `BASH_ARGV' only when in extended debugging mode (see *Note
+ Bash Builtins:: for a description of the `extdebug' option to the
+ `shopt' builtin).
`BASH_COMMAND'
The command currently being executed or about to be executed,
argument does not refer to an existing directory, `cd' will fail
instead of falling back to PHYSICAL mode.
- 35. When listing the history, the `fc' builtin does not include an
+ 35. When the `pwd' builtin is supplied the `-P' option, it resets
+ `$PWD' to a pathname containing no symlinks.
+
+ 36. When listing the history, the `fc' builtin does not include an
indication of whether or not a history entry has been modified.
- 36. The default editor used by `fc' is `ed'.
+ 37. The default editor used by `fc' is `ed'.
- 37. The `type' and `command' builtins will not report a non-executable
+ 38. The `type' and `command' builtins will not report a non-executable
file as having been found, though the shell will attempt to
execute such a file if it is the only so-named file found in
`$PATH'.
- 38. When the `xpg_echo' option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to
+ 39. When the `xpg_echo' option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to
interpret any arguments to `echo' as options. Each argument is
displayed, after escape characters are converted.
* shift: Bourne Shell Builtins.
(line 200)
* shopt: Bash Builtins. (line 385)
-* source: Bash Builtins. (line 600)
+* source: Bash Builtins. (line 616)
* suspend: Job Control Builtins.
(line 94)
* test: Bourne Shell Builtins.
(line 276)
* trap: Bourne Shell Builtins.
(line 281)
-* type: Bash Builtins. (line 604)
-* typeset: Bash Builtins. (line 635)
-* ulimit: Bash Builtins. (line 641)
+* type: Bash Builtins. (line 620)
+* typeset: Bash Builtins. (line 651)
+* ulimit: Bash Builtins. (line 657)
* umask: Bourne Shell Builtins.
(line 322)
-* unalias: Bash Builtins. (line 703)
+* unalias: Bash Builtins. (line 719)
* unset: Bourne Shell Builtins.
(line 339)
* wait: Job Control Builtins.
* !: Pipelines. (line 8)
* [[: Conditional Constructs.
- (line 105)
+ (line 108)
* ]]: Conditional Constructs.
- (line 105)
+ (line 108)
* case: Conditional Constructs.
(line 28)
* do: Looping Constructs. (line 12)
* in: Conditional Constructs.
(line 28)
* select: Conditional Constructs.
- (line 64)
+ (line 67)
* then: Conditional Constructs.
(line 7)
* time: Pipelines. (line 8)
(line 6)
* BASH: Bash Variables. (line 13)
* BASH_ARGC: Bash Variables. (line 16)
-* BASH_ARGV: Bash Variables. (line 24)
-* BASH_COMMAND: Bash Variables. (line 31)
-* BASH_ENV: Bash Variables. (line 36)
-* BASH_EXECUTION_STRING: Bash Variables. (line 42)
-* BASH_LINENO: Bash Variables. (line 45)
-* BASH_REMATCH: Bash Variables. (line 53)
-* BASH_SOURCE: Bash Variables. (line 61)
-* BASH_SUBSHELL: Bash Variables. (line 65)
-* BASH_VERSINFO: Bash Variables. (line 69)
-* BASH_VERSION: Bash Variables. (line 93)
+* BASH_ARGV: Bash Variables. (line 26)
+* BASH_COMMAND: Bash Variables. (line 36)
+* BASH_ENV: Bash Variables. (line 41)
+* BASH_EXECUTION_STRING: Bash Variables. (line 47)
+* BASH_LINENO: Bash Variables. (line 50)
+* BASH_REMATCH: Bash Variables. (line 58)
+* BASH_SOURCE: Bash Variables. (line 66)
+* BASH_SUBSHELL: Bash Variables. (line 70)
+* BASH_VERSINFO: Bash Variables. (line 74)
+* BASH_VERSION: Bash Variables. (line 98)
* bell-style: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 34)
* bind-tty-special-chars: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 41)
* CDPATH: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 9)
-* COLUMNS: Bash Variables. (line 96)
+* COLUMNS: Bash Variables. (line 101)
* comment-begin: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 46)
-* COMP_CWORD: Bash Variables. (line 101)
-* COMP_LINE: Bash Variables. (line 107)
-* COMP_POINT: Bash Variables. (line 112)
-* COMP_WORDBREAKS: Bash Variables. (line 120)
-* COMP_WORDS: Bash Variables. (line 126)
+* COMP_CWORD: Bash Variables. (line 106)
+* COMP_LINE: Bash Variables. (line 112)
+* COMP_POINT: Bash Variables. (line 117)
+* COMP_WORDBREAKS: Bash Variables. (line 125)
+* COMP_WORDS: Bash Variables. (line 131)
* completion-query-items: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 56)
-* COMPREPLY: Bash Variables. (line 132)
+* COMPREPLY: Bash Variables. (line 137)
* convert-meta: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 65)
-* DIRSTACK: Bash Variables. (line 137)
+* DIRSTACK: Bash Variables. (line 142)
* disable-completion: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 71)
* editing-mode: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 76)
-* EMACS: Bash Variables. (line 147)
+* EMACS: Bash Variables. (line 152)
* enable-keypad: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 82)
-* EUID: Bash Variables. (line 152)
+* EUID: Bash Variables. (line 157)
* expand-tilde: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 87)
-* FCEDIT: Bash Variables. (line 156)
-* FIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 160)
-* FUNCNAME: Bash Variables. (line 166)
-* GLOBIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 175)
-* GROUPS: Bash Variables. (line 181)
-* histchars: Bash Variables. (line 187)
-* HISTCMD: Bash Variables. (line 202)
-* HISTCONTROL: Bash Variables. (line 207)
-* HISTFILE: Bash Variables. (line 223)
-* HISTFILESIZE: Bash Variables. (line 227)
-* HISTIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 234)
+* FCEDIT: Bash Variables. (line 161)
+* FIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 165)
+* FUNCNAME: Bash Variables. (line 171)
+* GLOBIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 180)
+* GROUPS: Bash Variables. (line 186)
+* histchars: Bash Variables. (line 192)
+* HISTCMD: Bash Variables. (line 207)
+* HISTCONTROL: Bash Variables. (line 212)
+* HISTFILE: Bash Variables. (line 228)
+* HISTFILESIZE: Bash Variables. (line 232)
+* HISTIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 239)
* history-preserve-point: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 90)
-* HISTSIZE: Bash Variables. (line 253)
-* HISTTIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 257)
+* HISTSIZE: Bash Variables. (line 258)
+* HISTTIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 262)
* HOME: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 13)
* horizontal-scroll-mode: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 95)
-* HOSTFILE: Bash Variables. (line 264)
-* HOSTNAME: Bash Variables. (line 275)
-* HOSTTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 278)
+* HOSTFILE: Bash Variables. (line 269)
+* HOSTNAME: Bash Variables. (line 280)
+* HOSTTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 283)
* IFS: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 18)
-* IGNOREEOF: Bash Variables. (line 281)
+* IGNOREEOF: Bash Variables. (line 286)
* input-meta: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 102)
-* INPUTRC: Bash Variables. (line 291)
+* INPUTRC: Bash Variables. (line 296)
* isearch-terminators: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 109)
* keymap: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 116)
-* LANG: Bash Variables. (line 295)
-* LC_ALL: Bash Variables. (line 299)
-* LC_COLLATE: Bash Variables. (line 303)
-* LC_CTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 310)
+* LANG: Bash Variables. (line 300)
+* LC_ALL: Bash Variables. (line 304)
+* LC_COLLATE: Bash Variables. (line 308)
+* LC_CTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 315)
* LC_MESSAGES <1>: Locale Translation. (line 11)
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-* LC_NUMERIC: Bash Variables. (line 319)
-* LINENO: Bash Variables. (line 323)
-* LINES: Bash Variables. (line 327)
-* MACHTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 332)
+* LC_MESSAGES: Bash Variables. (line 320)
+* LC_NUMERIC: Bash Variables. (line 324)
+* LINENO: Bash Variables. (line 328)
+* LINES: Bash Variables. (line 332)
+* MACHTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 337)
* MAIL: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 22)
-* MAILCHECK: Bash Variables. (line 336)
+* MAILCHECK: Bash Variables. (line 341)
* MAILPATH: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 27)
* mark-modified-lines: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 139)
* meta-flag: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 102)
-* OLDPWD: Bash Variables. (line 344)
+* OLDPWD: Bash Variables. (line 349)
* OPTARG: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 34)
-* OPTERR: Bash Variables. (line 347)
+* OPTERR: Bash Variables. (line 352)
* OPTIND: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 38)
-* OSTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 351)
+* OSTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 356)
* output-meta: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 146)
* page-completions: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 151)
* PATH: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 42)
-* PIPESTATUS: Bash Variables. (line 354)
-* POSIXLY_CORRECT: Bash Variables. (line 359)
-* PPID: Bash Variables. (line 368)
-* PROMPT_COMMAND: Bash Variables. (line 372)
+* PIPESTATUS: Bash Variables. (line 359)
+* POSIXLY_CORRECT: Bash Variables. (line 364)
+* PPID: Bash Variables. (line 373)
+* PROMPT_COMMAND: Bash Variables. (line 377)
* PS1: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 48)
* PS2: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 53)
-* PS3: Bash Variables. (line 376)
-* PS4: Bash Variables. (line 381)
-* PWD: Bash Variables. (line 387)
-* RANDOM: Bash Variables. (line 390)
-* REPLY: Bash Variables. (line 395)
-* SECONDS: Bash Variables. (line 398)
-* SHELL: Bash Variables. (line 404)
-* SHELLOPTS: Bash Variables. (line 409)
-* SHLVL: Bash Variables. (line 418)
+* PS3: Bash Variables. (line 381)
+* PS4: Bash Variables. (line 386)
+* PWD: Bash Variables. (line 392)
+* RANDOM: Bash Variables. (line 395)
+* REPLY: Bash Variables. (line 400)
+* SECONDS: Bash Variables. (line 403)
+* SHELL: Bash Variables. (line 409)
+* SHELLOPTS: Bash Variables. (line 414)
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* show-all-if-ambiguous: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 161)
* show-all-if-unmodified: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 167)
* TEXTDOMAIN: Locale Translation. (line 11)
* TEXTDOMAINDIR: Locale Translation. (line 11)
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-* TMOUT: Bash Variables. (line 461)
-* UID: Bash Variables. (line 473)
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(line 176)
Node: Compound Commands\7f24317
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-Node: Arrays\7f197356
-Node: The Directory Stack\7f200623
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-Node: The Restricted Shell\7f206942
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-Node: Job Control Basics\7f216574
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-Node: Command Line Editing\7f226460
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-Node: Commands For Completion\7f267921
-Node: Keyboard Macros\7f271514
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-Node: Readline vi Mode\7f277396
-Node: Programmable Completion\7f278310
-Node: Programmable Completion Builtins\7f284102
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-Node: History Interaction\7f298930
-Node: Event Designators\7f301486
-Node: Word Designators\7f302501
-Node: Modifiers\7f304140
-Node: Installing Bash\7f305546
-Node: Basic Installation\7f306683
-Node: Compilers and Options\7f309375
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-Node: Installation Names\7f311780
-Node: Specifying the System Type\7f312598
-Node: Sharing Defaults\7f313314
-Node: Operation Controls\7f313987
-Node: Optional Features\7f314945
-Node: Reporting Bugs\7f323754
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-Node: GNU Free Documentation License\7f341132
-Node: Builtin Index\7f363538
-Node: Reserved Word Index\7f370087
-Node: Variable Index\7f372523
-Node: Function Index\7f383383
-Node: Concept Index\7f390103
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**/Users/chet/src/bash/src/doc/bashref.texi
(/Users/chet/src/bash/src/doc/bashref.texi (./texinfo.tex
Loading texinfo [version 2003-02-03.16]: Basics,
[11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25]
[26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] Chapter 4 [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38]
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+Underfull \hbox (badness 5231) in paragraph at lines 3141--3154
@texttt emacs-meta[]@textrm , @texttt emacs-ctlx[]@textrm , @texttt vi[]@textr
m , @texttt vi-move[]@textrm , @texttt vi-command[]@textrm , and
.etc.
[39] [40] [41] [42] [43]
-Overfull \hbox (43.33536pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 3471--3471
+Overfull \hbox (43.33536pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 3479--3479
[]@texttt read [-ers] [-a @textttsl aname@texttt ] [-d @textttsl de-lim@texttt
] [-n @textttsl nchars@texttt ] [-p @textttsl prompt@texttt ] [-t @textttsl ti
me-
.@texttt a
.etc.
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+[44] [45]
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@texttt -x[]@textrm Print a trace of sim-ple com-mands, @texttt \@textrm fB-fo
r@texttt \@textrm fP com-mands,
.@texttt x
.etc.
-[52] [53] Chapter 5 [54] [55] [56] [57] [58] [59] [60] [61] Chapter 6 [62]
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[]@texttt bash [long-opt] [-ir] [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o @textttsl op-tion@t
exttt ] [-O @textttsl shopt_option@texttt ] [@textttsl ar-
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[]@texttt bash [long-opt] [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o @textttsl op-tion@texttt
] [-O @textttsl shopt_option@texttt ] -c @textttsl string @texttt [@textttsl ar
-
.etc.
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[]@texttt bash [long-opt] -s [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o @textttsl op-tion@text
tt ] [-O @textttsl shopt_option@texttt ] [@textttsl ar-
.@texttt s
.etc.
-[63] [64]
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+[65] [66]
+Underfull \hbox (badness 2245) in paragraph at lines 5013--5015
[]@textrm When a lo-gin shell ex-its, Bash reads and ex-e-cutes com-mands from
the file
.@textrm n
.etc.
-[65] [66] [67] [68] [69] [70] [71] [72] [73] [74] [75] [76] [77] [78]
-Chapter 7 [79] [80] [81] [82] [83]
-(/Users/chet/src/bash/src/lib/readline/doc/rluser.texi Chapter 8 [84] [85]
-[86] [87] [88] [89]
+[67] [68] [69] [70] [71] [72] [73] [74] [75] [76] [77] [78] [79] [80]
+Chapter 7 [81] [82] [83] [84] [85]
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+[88] [89] [90] [91]
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[]@texttt Meta-Control-h: backward-kill-word Text after the function name is i
gnored[]
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.etc.
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[]@texttt complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o @textttsl comp-option@texttt ] [-A @tex
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+[109] [110]
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@texttt hostname[]@textrm Hostnames, as taken from the file spec-i-fied by
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-[109]) (/Users/chet/src/bash/src/lib/readline/doc/hsuser.texi Chapter 9
-[110] [111] [112] [113] [114]) Chapter 10 [115] [116] [117] [118] [119]
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+[111]) (/Users/chet/src/bash/src/lib/readline/doc/hsuser.texi Chapter 9
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[]@textrm Enable sup-port for large files (@texttt http://www.sas.com/standard
s/large_
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.etc.
-[120] [121] [122] Appendix A [123] [124] Appendix B [125] [126] [127] [128]
-[129] [130] Appendix C [131] [132] (./fdl.texi [133] [134] [135] [136] [137]
-[138]) (Index of Shell Builtin Commands) [139] [140] (./bashref.bts)
+[122] [123] [124] Appendix A [125] [126] Appendix B [127] [128] [129] [130]
+[131] [132] Appendix C [133] [134] (./fdl.texi [135] [136] [137] [138] [139]
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+b Fb(67)2025 1608 y(susp)r(ending)25 b(jobs)7 b Fc(.)14
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h(.)32 b Fb(15)2025 2601 y(v)l(ariables,)27 b(readline)7
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b Fb(22)2025 3304 y Fr(Y)2025 3421 y Fb(y)n(anking)25
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-g(.)33 b Fb(87)p eop end
+g(.)33 b Fb(89)p eop end
%%Trailer
userdict /end-hook known{end-hook}if
\entry{]]}{12}{\code {]]}}
\entry{{\tt \char 123}}{13}{\code {{\tt \char 123}}}
\entry{{\tt \char 125}}{13}{\code {{\tt \char 125}}}
-\entry{function}{13}{\code {function}}
+\entry{function}{14}{\code {function}}
\initial {F}
\entry {\code {fi}}{10}
\entry {\code {for}}{10}
-\entry {\code {function}}{13}
+\entry {\code {function}}{14}
\initial {I}
\entry {\code {if}}{10}
\entry {\code {in}}{11}
example, @code{SIGTSTP}.
@item
-Reserved words may not be aliased.
+Reserved words appearing in a context where reserved words are recognized
+do not undergo alias expansion.
@item
The @sc{posix} 1003.2 @env{PS1} and @env{PS2} expansions of @samp{!} to
redirection errors, variable assignment errors for assignments preceding
the command name, and so on.
-@item
-If the @code{cd} builtin finds a directory to change to
-using @env{$CDPATH}, the
-value it assigns to the @env{PWD} variable does not contain any
-symbolic links, as if @samp{cd -P} had been executed.
-
@item
If @env{CDPATH} is set, the @code{cd} builtin will not implicitly
append the current directory to it. This means that @code{cd} will
falling back to @var{physical} mode.
@item
-When the @code{pwd} builtin is supplied the @opt{-P} option, it resets
+When the @code{pwd} builtin is supplied the @option{-P} option, it resets
@code{$PWD} to a pathname containing no symlinks.
@item
of @cite{The GNU Bash Reference Manual},
for @code{Bash}, Version @value{VERSION}.
-Copyright @copyright{} 1988-2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+Copyright @copyright{} 1988-2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
for the @sc{gnu} operating system.
The name is an acronym for the @samp{Bourne-Again SHell},
a pun on Stephen Bourne, the author of the direct ancestor of
-the current Unix shell @code{sh},
+the current Unix shell @code{/bin/sh},
which appeared in the Seventh Edition Bell Labs Research version
of Unix.
Like other @sc{gnu} software, Bash is quite portable. It currently runs
on nearly every version of Unix and a few other operating systems @minus{}
independently-supported ports exist for @sc{ms-dos}, @sc{os/2},
-and Windows platforms.
+Windows @sc{95/98}, and Windows @sc{nt}.
@node What is a shell?
@section What is a shell?
At its base, a shell is simply a macro processor that executes
-commands. The term macro processor means functionality where text
-and symbols are expanded to create larger expressions.
-
-A Unix shell is both a command interpreter and a programming
-language. As a command interpreter, the shell provides the user
-interface to the rich set of @sc{gnu} utilities. The programming
-language features allow these utilitites to be combined.
-Files containing commands can be created, and become
+commands. A Unix shell is both a command interpreter, which
+provides the user interface to the rich set of @sc{gnu} utilities,
+and a programming language, allowing these utilitites to be
+combined. Files containing commands can be created, and become
commands themselves. These new commands have the same status as
system commands in directories such as @file{/bin}, allowing users
-or groups to establish custom environments to automate their common
-tasks.
-
-Shells may be used interactively or non-interactively. In
-interactive mode, they accept input typed from the keyboard.
-When executing non-interactively, shells execute commands read
-from a file.
+or groups to establish custom environments.
A shell allows execution of @sc{gnu} commands, both synchronously and
asynchronously.
fine-grained control of the input and output of those commands.
Moreover, the shell allows control over the contents of commands'
environments.
+Shells may be used interactively or non-interactively: they accept
+input typed from the keyboard or from a file.
Shells also provide a small set of built-in
commands (@dfn{builtins}) implementing functionality impossible
Shells offer features geared specifically for
interactive use rather than to augment the programming language.
These interactive features include job control, command line
-editing, command history and aliases. Each of these features is
+editing, history and aliases. Each of these features is
described in this manual.
@node Definitions
The Bourne shell is
the traditional Unix shell originally written by Stephen Bourne.
All of the Bourne shell builtin commands are available in Bash,
-The rules for evaluation and quoting are taken from the @sc{posix}
-specification for the `standard' Unix shell.
+and the rules for evaluation and quoting are taken from the @sc{posix}
+1003.2 specification for the `standard' Unix shell.
This chapter briefly summarizes the shell's `building blocks':
commands, control structures, shell functions, shell @i{parameters},
Each of the shell metacharacters (@pxref{Definitions})
has special meaning to the shell and must be quoted if it is to
represent itself.
-When the command history expansion facilities are being used
-(@pxref{History Interaction}), the
+When the command history expansion facilities are being used, the
@var{history expansion} character, usually @samp{!}, must be quoted
to prevent history expansion. @xref{Bash History Facilities}, for
more details concerning history expansion.
Enclosing characters in double quotes (@samp{"}) preserves the literal value
of all characters within the quotes, with the exception of
-@samp{$}, @samp{`}, @samp{\},
-and, when history expansion is enabled, @samp{!}.
+@samp{$}, @samp{`}, and @samp{\}.
The characters @samp{$} and @samp{`}
retain their special meaning within double quotes (@pxref{Shell Expansions}).
The backslash retains its special meaning only when followed by one of
special meaning are left unmodified.
A double quote may be quoted within double quotes by preceding it with
a backslash.
-If enabled, history expansion will be performed unless an @samp{!}
-appearing in double quotes is escaped using a backslash.
-The backslash preceding the @samp{!} is not removed.
+When command history is being used, the double quote may not be used to
+quote the history expansion character.
The special parameters @samp{*} and @samp{@@} have special meaning
when in double quotes (@pxref{Shell Parameter Expansion}).
* Pipelines:: Connecting the input and output of several
commands.
* Lists:: How to execute commands sequentially.
-* Compound Commands:: Shell commands for control flow.
+* Looping Constructs:: Shell commands for iterative action.
+* Conditional Constructs:: Shell commands for conditional execution.
+* Command Grouping:: Ways to group commands.
@end menu
@node Simple Commands
Each command in a pipeline is executed in its own subshell
(@pxref{Command Execution Environment}). The exit
status of a pipeline is the exit status of the last command in the
-pipeline, unless the @code{pipefail} option is enabled
-(@pxref{The Set Builtin}).
-If @code{pipefail} is enabled, the pipeline's return status is the
-value of the last (rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero status,
-or zero if all commands exit successfully.
-If the reserved word @samp{!} precedes the pipeline, the
-exit status is the logical negation of the exit status as described
-above.
-The shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to terminate before
-returning a value.
+pipeline. If the reserved word @samp{!} precedes the pipeline, the
+exit status is the logical negation of the exit status of the last command.
@node Lists
@subsection Lists of Commands
@sc{and} and @sc{or} lists is the exit status of the last command
executed in the list.
-@node Compound Commands
-@subsection Compound Commands
-@cindex commands, compound
-
-@menu
-* Looping Constructs:: Shell commands for iterative action.
-* Conditional Constructs:: Shell commands for conditional execution.
-* Command Grouping:: Ways to group commands.
-@end menu
-
-Compound commands are the shell programming constructs.
-Each construct begins with a reserved word or control operator and is
-terminated by a corresponding reserved word or operator.
-Any redirections (@pxref{Redirections}) associated with a compound command
-apply to all commands within that compound command unless explicitly overridden.
-
-Bash provides looping constructs, conditional commands, and mechanisms
-to group commands and execute them as a unit.
-
@node Looping Constructs
-@subsubsection Looping Constructs
+@subsection Looping Constructs
@cindex commands, looping
Bash supports the following looping constructs.
may be used to control loop execution.
@node Conditional Constructs
-@subsubsection Conditional Constructs
+@subsection Conditional Constructs
@cindex commands, conditional
@table @code
Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force it to be matched as a
string.
-An additional binary operator, @samp{=~}, is available, with the same
-precedence as @samp{==} and @samp{!=}.
-When it is used, the string to the right of the operator is considered
-an extended regular expression and matched accordingly (as in @i{regex}3)).
-The return value is 0 if the string matches
-the pattern, and 1 otherwise.
-If the regular expression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional
-expression's return value is 2.
-If the shell option @code{nocaseglob}
-(see the description of @code{shopt} in @ref{Bash Builtins})
-is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
-of alphabetic characters.
-Substrings matched by parenthesized subexpressions within the regular
-expression are saved in the array variable @code{BASH_REMATCH}.
-The element of @code{BASH_REMATCH} with index 0 is the portion of the string
-matching the entire regular expression.
-The element of @code{BASH_REMATCH} with index @var{n} is the portion of the
-string matching the @var{n}th parenthesized subexpression.
-
Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed
in decreasing order of precedence:
@end table
@node Command Grouping
-@subsubsection Grouping Commands
+@subsection Grouping Commands
@cindex commands, grouping
Bash provides two ways to group a list of commands to be executed
@end example
Placing a list of commands between parentheses causes a subshell
-environment to be created (@pxref{Command Execution Environment}), and each
-of the commands in @var{list} to be executed in that subshell. Since the
-@var{list} is executed in a subshell, variable assignments do not remain in
-effect after the subshell completes.
+to be created, and each of the commands in @var{list} to be executed
+in that subshell. Since the @var{list} is executed in a subshell,
+variable assignments do not remain in effect after the subshell completes.
@item @{@}
@rwindex @{
Functions are declared using this syntax:
@rwindex function
@example
-[ @code{function} ] @var{name} () @var{compound-command} [ @var{redirections} ]
+[ @code{function} ] @var{name} () @{ @var{command-list}; @}
@end example
This defines a shell function named @var{name}. The reserved
word @code{function} is optional.
If the @code{function} reserved
word is supplied, the parentheses are optional.
-The @var{body} of the function is the compound command
-@var{compound-command} (@pxref{Compound Commands}).
-That command is usually a @var{list} enclosed between @{ and @}, but
-may be any compound command listed above.
-@var{compound-command} is executed whenever @var{name} is specified as the
-name of a command.
-Any redirections (@pxref{Redirections}) associated with the shell function
-are performed when the function is executed.
-
-The exit status of a function definition is zero unless a syntax error
-occurs or a readonly function with the same name already exists.
-When executed, the exit status of a function is the exit status of the
-last command executed in the body.
-
-Note that for historical reasons, in the most common usage the curly braces
-that surround the body of the function must be separated from the body by
+The @var{body} of the function is the @var{command-list} between @{ and @}.
+This list is executed whenever @var{name} is specified as the
+name of a command. The exit status of a function is
+the exit status of the last command executed in the body.
+
+Note that for historical reasons, the curly braces that surround
+the body of the function must be separated from the body by
@code{blank}s or newlines.
This is because the braces are reserved words and are only recognized
as such when they are separated by whitespace.
-Also, when using the braces, the @var{list} must be terminated by a semicolon,
+Also, the @var{command-list} must be terminated by a semicolon,
a @samp{&}, or a newline.
When a function is executed, the arguments to the
during its execution (@pxref{Positional Parameters}).
The special parameter @samp{#} that expands to the number of
positional parameters is updated to reflect the change.
-Special parameter @code{0} is unchanged.
+Positional parameter @code{0} is unchanged.
The first element of the @env{FUNCNAME} variable is set to the
name of the function while the function is executing.
All other aspects of the shell execution
environment are identical between a function and its caller
-with the exception that the @env{DEBUG} and @env{RETURN} traps
-are not inherited unless the function has been given the
+with the exception that the @env{DEBUG} trap
+below) is not inherited unless the function has been given the
@code{trace} attribute using the @code{declare} builtin or
the @code{-o functrace} option has been enabled with
the @code{set} builtin,
-(in which case all functions inherit the @env{DEBUG} and @env{RETURN} traps).
+(in which case all functions inherit the @code{DEBUG} trap).
@xref{Bourne Shell Builtins}, for the description of the
@code{trap} builtin.
of @code{"$@@"} as explained below.
Filename expansion is not performed.
Assignment statements may also appear as arguments to the
-@code{alias},
@code{declare}, @code{typeset}, @code{export}, @code{readonly},
and @code{local} builtin commands.
-In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value
-to a shell variable or array index (@pxref{Arrays}), the @samp{+=}
-operator can be used to
-append to or add to the variable's previous value.
-When @samp{+=} is applied to a variable for which the integer attribute
-has been set, @var{value} is evaluated as an arithmetic expression and
-added to the variable's current value, which is also evaluated.
-When @samp{+=} is applied to an array variable using compound assignment
-(@pxref{Arrays}), the
-variable's value is not unset (as it is when using @samp{=}), and new
-values are appended to the array beginning at one greater than the array's
-maximum index.
-When applied to a string-valued variable, @var{value} is expanded and
-appended to the variable's value.
-
@node Positional Parameters
@subsection Positional Parameters
@cindex parameters, positional
expansion occurs within double quotes, each parameter expands to a
separate word. That is, @code{"$@@"} is equivalent to
@code{"$1" "$2" @dots{}}.
-If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of
-the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the original
-word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last
-part of the original word.
When there are no positional parameters, @code{"$@@"} and
@code{$@@}
expand to nothing (i.e., they are removed).
@item _
(An underscore.)
-At shell startup, set to the absolute pathname used to invoke the
-shell or shell script being executed as passed in the environment
-or argument list.
+At shell startup, set to the absolute filename of the shell or shell
+script being executed as passed in the argument list.
Subsequently, expands to the last argument to the previous command,
after expansion.
-Also set to the full pathname used to invoke each command executed
-and placed in the environment exported to that command.
+Also set to the full pathname of each command executed and placed in
+the environment exported to that command.
When checking mail, this parameter holds the name of the mail file.
@end vtable
left unchanged.
Each variable assignment is checked for unquoted tilde-prefixes immediately
-following a @samp{:} or the first @samp{=}.
+following a @samp{:} or @samp{=}.
In these cases, tilde expansion is also performed.
Consequently, one may use file names with tildes in assignments to
@env{PATH}, @env{MAILPATH}, and @env{CDPATH},
If @var{parameter}
is unset or null, the expansion of @var{word}
is assigned to @var{parameter}.
-The value of @var{parameter} is then substituted.
-Positional parameters and special parameters may not be assigned to
-in this way.
+The value of @var{parameter}
+is then substituted. Positional parameters and special parameters may
+not be assigned to in this way.
@item $@{@var{parameter}:?@var{word}@}
If @var{parameter}
If @var{parameter} is an array name indexed by @samp{@@} or @samp{*},
the result is the @var{length}
members of the array beginning with @code{$@{@var{parameter}[@var{offset}]@}}.
-A negative @var{offset} is taken relative to one greater than the maximum
-index of the specified array.
-Note that a negative offset must be separated from the colon by at least
-one space to avoid being confused with the @samp{:-} expansion.
Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parameters
are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1.
unchanged.
If the @code{nullglob} option is set, and no matches are found, the word
is removed.
-If the @code{failglob} shell option is set, and no matches are found,
-an error message is printed and the command is not executed.
If the shell option @code{nocaseglob} is enabled, the match is performed
without regard to the case of alphabetic characters.
See the description of @code{shopt} in @ref{Bash Builtins},
for a description of the @code{nocaseglob}, @code{nullglob},
-@code{failglob}, and @code{dotglob} options.
+and @code{dotglob} options.
The @env{GLOBIGNORE}
shell variable may be used to restrict the set of filenames matching a
Matches one or more occurrences of the given patterns.
@item @@(@var{pattern-list})
-Matches one of the given patterns.
+Matches exactly one of the given patterns.
@item !(@var{pattern-list})
Matches anything except one of the given patterns.
A failure to open or create a file causes the redirection to fail.
-Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used with
-care, as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses
-internally.
-
@subsection Redirecting Input
Redirection of input causes the file whose name results from
the expansion of @var{word}
A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the
shell's execution environment.
-Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses,
-and asynchronous commands are invoked in a
+Command substitution and asynchronous commands are invoked in a
subshell environment that is a duplicate of the shell environment,
except that traps caught by the shell are reset to the values
that the shell inherited from its parent at invocation. Builtin
If job control is in effect (@pxref{Job Control}), Bash
ignores @code{SIGTTIN}, @code{SIGTTOU}, and @code{SIGTSTP}.
-Non-builtin commands started by Bash have signal handlers set to the
+Commands started by Bash have signal handlers set to the
values inherited by the shell from its parent.
When job control is not in effect, asynchronous commands
-ignore @code{SIGINT} and @code{SIGQUIT} in addition to these inherited
-handlers.
+ignore @code{SIGINT} and @code{SIGQUIT} as well.
Commands run as a result of
command substitution ignore the keyboard-generated job control signals
@code{SIGTTIN}, @code{SIGTTOU}, and @code{SIGTSTP}.
(@pxref{Bash Builtins}), Bash sends a @code{SIGHUP} to all jobs when
an interactive login shell exits.
-If Bash is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal
-for which a trap has been set, the trap will not be executed until
-the command completes.
+When Bash receives a signal for which a trap has been set while waiting
+for a command to complete, the trap will not be executed until the
+command completes.
When Bash is waiting for an asynchronous
command via the @code{wait} builtin, the reception of a signal for
which a trap has been set will cause the @code{wait} builtin to return
Many of the builtins have been extended by @sc{posix} or Bash.
-Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented as accepting
-options preceded by @samp{-} accepts @samp{--}
-to signify the end of the options.
-
@node Bourne Shell Builtins
@section Bourne Shell Builtins
@example
cd [-L|-P] [@var{directory}]
@end example
-Change the current working directory to @var{directory}.
-If @var{directory} is not given, the value of the @env{HOME} shell
-variable is used.
-If the shell variable @env{CDPATH} exists, it is used as a search path.
-If @var{directory} begins with a slash, @env{CDPATH} is not used.
-
-The @option{-P} option means to not follow symbolic links; symbolic
-links are followed by default or with the @option{-L} option.
+Change the current working directory to @var{directory}. If @var{directory}
+is not given, the value of the @env{HOME} shell variable is used. If the
+shell variable @env{CDPATH} exists, it is used as a search path. If
+@var{directory} begins with a slash, @env{CDPATH} is not used.
+The @option{-P} option means
+to not follow symbolic links; symbolic links are followed by default
+or with the @option{-L} option.
If @var{directory} is @samp{-}, it is equivalent to @env{$OLDPWD}.
-
-If a non-empty directory name from @env{CDPATH} is used, or if
-@samp{-} is the first argument, and the directory change is
-successful, the absolute pathname of the new working directory is
-written to the standard output.
-
The return status is zero if the directory is successfully changed,
non-zero otherwise.
trap [-lp] [@var{arg}] [@var{sigspec} @dots{}]
@end example
The commands in @var{arg} are to be read and executed when the
-shell receives signal @var{sigspec}. If @var{arg} is absent (and
-there is a single @var{sigspec}) or
-equal to @samp{-}, each specified signal's disposition is reset
-to the value it had when the shell was started.
+shell receives signal @var{sigspec}. If @var{arg} is absent or
+equal to @samp{-}, all specified signals are reset to the values
+they had when the shell was started.
If @var{arg} is the null string, then the signal specified by
each @var{sigspec} is ignored by the shell and commands it invokes.
If @var{arg} is not present and @option{-p} has been supplied,
shell input.
The @option{-l} option causes the shell to print a list of signal names
and their corresponding numbers.
-Each @var{sigspec} is either a signal name or a signal number.
-Signal names are case insensitive and the @code{SIG} prefix is optional.
+
+Each @var{sigspec} is either a signal name such as @code{SIGINT} (with
+or without the @code{SIG} prefix) or a signal number.
If a @var{sigspec}
is @code{0} or @code{EXIT}, @var{arg} is executed when the shell exits.
If a @var{sigspec} is @code{DEBUG}, the command @var{arg} is executed
@code{shopt} builtin (@pxref{Bash Builtins}) for details of its
effect on the @code{DEBUG} trap.
If a @var{sigspec} is @code{ERR}, the command @var{arg}
-is executed whenever a simple command has a non-zero exit status,
-subject to the following conditions.
+is executed whenever a simple command has a non-zero exit status.
The @code{ERR} trap is not executed if the failed command is part of the
command list immediately following an @code{until} or @code{while} keyword,
part of the test in an @code{if} statement,
part of a @code{&&} or @code{||} list, or if the command's return
status is being inverted using @code{!}.
-These are the same conditions obeyed by the @code{errexit} option.
If a @var{sigspec} is @code{RETURN}, the command @var{arg} is executed
each time a shell function or a script executed with the @code{.} or
@code{source} builtins finishes executing.
caller [@var{expr}]
@end example
Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell function or
-a script executed with the @code{.} or @code{source} builtins).
+a script executed with the @code{.} or @code{source} builtins.
Without @var{expr}, @code{caller} displays the line number and source
filename of the current subroutine call.
@item -t
Give each @var{name} the @code{trace} attribute.
-Traced functions inherit the @code{DEBUG} and @code{RETURN} traps from
-the calling shell.
+Traced functions inherit the @code{DEBUG} trap from the calling shell.
The trace attribute has no special meaning for variables.
@item -x
@var{argument}.
In addition to the standard @code{printf(1)} formats, @samp{%b} causes
@code{printf} to expand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding
-@var{argument},
-(except that @samp{\c} terminates output, backslashes in
-@samp{\'}, @samp{\"}, and @samp{\?} are not removed, and octal escapes
-beginning with @samp{\0} may contain up to four digits),
-and @samp{%q} causes @code{printf} to output the
+@var{argument}, and @samp{%q} causes @code{printf} to output the
corresponding @var{argument} in a format that can be reused as shell input.
The @var{format} is reused as necessary to consume all of the @var{arguments}.
shell is executing in a subroutine (a shell function or a shell script
executed by the @code{.} or @code{source} builtins), a call to
@code{return} is simulated.
-
-@item
-@code{BASH_ARGC} and @code{BASH_ARGV} are updated as described in their
-descriptions (@pxref{Bash Variables}).
-
-@item
-Function tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and
-subshells invoked with @code{( @var{command} )} inherit the
-@code{DEBUG} and @code{RETURN} traps.
-
-@item
-Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and
-subshells invoked with @code{( @var{command} )} inherit the
-@code{ERROR} trap.
@end enumerate
@item extglob
performed within @code{$@{@var{parameter}@}} expansions
enclosed in double quotes. This option is enabled by default.
-@item failglob
-If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during pathname expansion
-result in an expansion error.
-
-@item force_fignore
-If set, the suffixes specified by the @env{FIGNORE} shell variable
-cause words to be ignored when performing word completion even if
-the ignored words are the only possible completions.
-@xref{Bash Variables}, for a description of @env{FIGNORE}.
-This option is enabled by default.
-
-@item gnu_errfmt
-If set, shell error messages are written in the standard @sc{gnu} error
-message format.
-
@item histappend
If set, the history list is appended to the file named by the value
of the @env{HISTFILE}
This option is enabled by default.
@item promptvars
-If set, prompt strings undergo
-parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
-expansion, and quote removal after being expanded
-as described below (@pxref{Printing a Prompt}).
+If set, prompt strings undergo variable and parameter expansion after
+being expanded (@pxref{Printing a Prompt}).
This option is enabled by default.
@item restricted_shell
If no options or arguments are supplied, @code{set} displays the names
and values of all shell variables and functions, sorted according to the
-current locale, in a format that may be reused as input
-for setting or resetting the currently-set variables.
-Read-only variables cannot be reset.
-In @sc{posix} mode, only shell variables are listed.
+current locale, in a format that may be reused as input.
When options are supplied, they set or unset shell attributes.
Options, if specified, have the following meanings:
@item physical
Same as @code{-P}.
-@item pipefail
-If set, the return value of a pipeline is the value of the last
-(rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero status, or zero if all
-commands in the pipeline exit successfully.
-This option is disabled by default.
-
@item posix
Change the behavior of Bash where the default operation differs
from the @sc{posix} 1003.2 standard to match the standard
@end example
@item -T
-If set, any trap on @code{DEBUG} and @code{RETURN} are inherited by
-shell functions, command substitutions, and commands executed
-in a subshell environment.
-The @code{DEBUG} and @code{RETURN} traps are normally not inherited
-in such cases.
+If set, any trap on @code{DEBUG} is inherited by shell functions, command
+substitutions, and commands executed in a subshell environment.
+The @code{DEBUG} trap is normally not inherited in such cases.
@item --
If no arguments follow this option, then the positional parameters are
with @code{.} or @code{source}) is at the top of the stack. When a
subroutine is executed, the number of parameters passed is pushed onto
@code{BASH_ARGC}.
-The shell sets @code{BASH_ARGC} only when in extended debugging mode
-(see @ref{Bash Builtins}
-for a description of the @code{extdebug} option to the @code{shopt}
-builtin).
@item BASH_ARGV
An array variable containing all of the parameters in the current bash
is at the top of the stack; the first parameter of the initial call is
at the bottom. When a subroutine is executed, the parameters supplied
are pushed onto @code{BASH_ARGV}.
-The shell sets @code{BASH_ARGV} only when in extended debugging mode
-(see @ref{Bash Builtins}
-for a description of the @code{extdebug} option to the @code{shopt}
-builtin).
@item BASH_COMMAND
The command currently being executed or about to be executed, unless the
An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source files
corresponding to each member of @var{FUNCNAME}.
@code{$@{BASH_LINENO[$i]@}} is the line number in the source file where
-@code{$@{FUNCNAME[$i]@}} was called.
-The corresponding source file name is @code{$@{BASH_SOURCE[$i]@}}.
+@code{$@{FUNCNAME[$i + 1]@}} was called.
+The corresponding source file name is @code{$@{BASH_SOURCE[$i + 1]@}}.
Use @code{LINENO} to obtain the current line number.
-@item BASH_REMATCH
-An array variable whose members are assigned by the @samp{=~} binary
-operator to the @code{[[} conditional command
-(@pxref{Conditional Constructs}).
-The element with index 0 is the portion of the string
-matching the entire regular expression.
-The element with index @var{n} is the portion of the
-string matching the @var{n}th parenthesized subexpression.
-This variable is read-only.
-
@item BASH_SOURCE
An array variable whose members are the source filenames corresponding
to the elements in the @code{FUNCNAME} array variable.
The maximum number of commands to remember on the history list.
The default value is 500.
-@item HISTTIMEFORMAT
-If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a format string
-for @var{strftime} to print the time stamp associated with each history
-entry displayed by the @code{history} builtin.
-If this variable is set, time stamps are written to the history file so
-they may be preserved across shell sessions.
-
@item HOSTFILE
Contains the name of a file in the same format as @file{/etc/hosts} that
should be read when the shell needs to complete a hostname.
becomes the value assigned plus the number of seconds
since the assignment.
-@item SHELL
-The full pathname to the shell is kept in this environment variable.
-If it is not set when the shell starts,
-Bash assigns to it the full pathname of the current user's login shell.
-
@item SHELLOPTS
A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in
the list is a valid argument for the @option{-o} option to the
@item --dump-po-strings
A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by @samp{$}
-is printed on the standard output
+is printed on the standard ouput
in the @sc{gnu} @code{gettext} PO (portable object) file format.
Equivalent to @option{-D} except for the output format.
@item -D
A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by @samp{$}
-is printed on the standard output.
+is printed on the standard ouput.
These are the strings that
are subject to language translation when the current locale
is not @code{C} or @code{POSIX} (@pxref{Locale Translation}).
An interactive shell
is one started without non-option arguments, unless @option{-s} is
specified, without specifiying the @option{-c} option, and
-whose input and error output are both
+whose input and output are both
connected to terminals (as determined by @code{isatty(3)}),
or one started with the @option{-i} option.
@file{/dev/stdin}, @file{/dev/stdout}, or @file{/dev/stderr}, file
descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively, is checked.
-Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow symbolic
-links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the link itself.
-
@table @code
@item -a @var{file}
True if @var{file} exists.
The digits greater than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters,
the uppercase letters, @samp{@@}, and @samp{_}, in that order.
If @var{base} is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and uppercase
-letters may be used interchangeably to represent numbers between 10
+letters may be used interchangably to represent numbers between 10
and 35.
Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in
The first word of each simple command, if unquoted, is checked to see
if it has an alias.
If so, that word is replaced by the text of the alias.
-The characters @samp{/}, @samp{$}, @samp{`}, @samp{=} and any of the
-shell metacharacters or quoting characters listed above may not appear
-in an alias name.
-The replacement text may contain any valid
-shell input, including shell metacharacters.
+The alias name and the replacement text may contain any valid
+shell input, including shell metacharacters, with the exception
+that the alias name may not contain @samp{=}.
The first word of the replacement text is tested for
aliases, but a word that is identical to an alias being expanded
-is not expanded a second time.
-This means that one may alias @code{ls} to @code{"ls -F"},
+is not expanded a second time. This means that one may alias
+@code{ls} to @code{"ls -F"},
for instance, and Bash does not try to recursively expand the
replacement text. If the last character of the alias value is a
space or tab character, then the next command word following the
conflicts with the shell's filename expansion operators. If the
@var{subscript} is @samp{@@} or @samp{*}, the word expands to all members
of the array @var{name}. These subscripts differ only when the word
-appears within double quotes.
-If the word is double-quoted,
+appears within double quotes. If the word is double-quoted,
@code{$@{name[*]@}} expands to a single word with
the value of each array member separated by the first character of the
@env{IFS} variable, and @code{$@{name[@@]@}} expands each element of
@var{name} to a separate word. When there are no array members,
-@code{$@{name[@@]@}} expands to nothing.
-If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of
-the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the original
-word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last
-part of the original word.
-This is analogous to the
+@code{$@{name[@@]@}} expands to nothing. This is analogous to the
expansion of the special parameters @samp{@@} and @samp{*}.
@code{$@{#name[}@var{subscript}@code{]@}} expands to the length of
@code{$@{name[}@var{subscript}@code{]@}}.
@item \V
The release of Bash, version + patchlevel (e.g., 2.00.0)
@item \w
-The current working directory, with @env{$HOME} abbreviated with a tilde.
+The current working directory.
@item \W
-The basename of @env{$PWD}, with @env{$HOME} abbreviated with a tilde.
+The basename of @env{$PWD}.
@item \!
The history number of this command.
@item \#
and parameter expansion is performed on the values of @env{PS1} and
@env{PS2} regardless of the setting of the @code{promptvars} option.
+@item
+Interactive comments are enabled by default. (Bash has them on by
+default anyway.)
+
@item
The @sc{posix} 1003.2 startup files are executed (@env{$ENV}) rather than
the normal Bash files.
@item
The output of @samp{kill -l} prints all the signal names on a single line,
-separated by spaces, without the @samp{SIG} prefix.
-
-@item
-The @code{kill} builtin does not accept signal names with a @samp{SIG}
-prefix.
+separated by spaces.
@item
Non-interactive shells exit if @var{filename} in @code{.} @var{filename}
The @code{trap} builtin displays signal names without the leading
@code{SIG}.
-@item
-The @code{trap} builtin doesn't check the first argument for a possible
-signal specification and revert the signal handling to the original
-disposition if it is, unless that argument consists solely of digits and
-is a valid signal number. If users want to reset the handler for a given
-signal to the original disposition, they should use @samp{-} as the
-first argument.
-
@item
The @code{.} and @code{source} builtins do not search the current directory
for the filename argument if it is not found by searching @env{PATH}.
@item
Alias expansion is always enabled, even in non-interactive shells.
-@item
-When the @code{alias} builtin displays alias definitions, it does not
-display them with a leading @samp{alias } unless the @option{-p} option
-is supplied.
-
@item
When the @code{set} builtin is invoked without options, it does not display
shell function names and definitions.
constructed from @code{$PWD} and the directory name supplied as an argument
does not refer to an existing directory, @code{cd} will fail instead of
falling back to @var{physical} mode.
-
-@item
-When the @code{pwd} builtin is supplied the @opt{-P} option, it resets
-@code{$PWD} to a pathname containing no symlinks.
-
-@item
-When listing the history, the @code{fc} builtin does not include an
-indication of whether or not a history entry has been modified.
-
-@item
-The default editor used by @code{fc} is @code{ed}.
-
-@item
-The @code{type} and @code{command} builtins will not report a non-executable
-file as having been found, though the shell will attempt to execute such a
-file if it is the only so-named file found in @code{$PATH}.
-
-@item
-When the @code{xpg_echo} option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to interpret
-any arguments to @code{echo} as options. Each argument is displayed, after
-escape characters are converted.
-
@end enumerate
There is other @sc{posix} 1003.2 behavior that Bash does not implement.
character @samp{%} introduces a job name.
Job number @code{n} may be referred to as @samp{%n}.
-The symbols @samp{%%} and @samp{%+} refer to the shell's notion of the
-current job, which is the last job stopped while it was in the foreground
-or started in the background.
-A single @samp{%} (with no accompanying job specification) also refers
-to the current job.
-The previous job may be referenced using @samp{%-}. In output
+The symbols @samp{%%} and
+@samp{%+} refer to the shell's notion of the current job, which
+is the last job stopped while it was in the foreground or started
+in the background. The
+previous job may be referenced using @samp{%-}. In output
pertaining to jobs (e.g., the output of the @code{jobs} command),
the current job is always flagged with a @samp{+}, and the
previous job with a @samp{-}.
Any trap on @code{SIGCHLD} is executed for each child process
that exits.
-If an attempt to exit Bash is made while jobs are stopped, the
+If an attempt to exit Bash is while jobs are stopped, the
shell prints a message warning that there are stopped jobs.
The @code{jobs} command may then be used to inspect their status.
If a second attempt to exit is made without an intervening command,
@item bg
@btindex bg
@example
-bg [@var{jobspec} @dots{}]
+bg [@var{jobspec}]
@end example
-Resume each suspended job @var{jobspec} in the background, as if it
+Resume the suspended job @var{jobspec} in the background, as if it
had been started with @samp{&}.
If @var{jobspec} is not supplied, the current job is used.
The return status is zero unless it is run when job control is not
-enabled, or, when run with job control enabled, if the last
-@var{jobspec} was not found or the last @var{jobspec} specifies a job
-that was started without job control.
+enabled, or, when run with job control enabled, if @var{jobspec} was
+not found or @var{jobspec} specifies a job that was started without
+job control.
@item fg
@btindex fg
@end example
Send a signal specified by @var{sigspec} or @var{signum} to the process
named by job specification @var{jobspec} or process @sc{id} @var{pid}.
-@var{sigspec} is either a case-insensitive signal name such as
-@code{SIGINT} (with or without the @code{SIG} prefix)
-or a signal number; @var{signum} is a signal number.
+@var{sigspec} is either a signal name such as @code{SIGINT} (with or without
+the @code{SIG} prefix) or a signal number; @var{signum} is a signal number.
If @var{sigspec} and @var{signum} are not present, @code{SIGTERM} is used.
The @option{-l} option lists the signal names.
If any arguments are supplied when @option{-l} is given, the names of the
@item wait
@btindex wait
@example
-wait [@var{jobspec} or @var{pid} ...]
+wait [@var{jobspec} or @var{pid}]
@end example
-Wait until the child process specified by each process @sc{id} @var{pid}
-or job specification @var{jobspec} exits and return the exit status of the
-last command waited for.
+Wait until the child process specified by process @sc{id} @var{pid} or job
+specification @var{jobspec} exits and return the exit status of the last
+command waited for.
If a job spec is given, all processes in the job are waited for.
If no arguments are given, all currently active child processes are
waited for, and the return status is zero.
@sc{gnu} operating systems, nearly every version of Unix, and several
non-Unix systems such as BeOS and Interix.
Other independent ports exist for
-@sc{ms-dos}, @sc{os/2}, and Windows platforms.
+@sc{ms-dos}, @sc{os/2}, Windows @sc{95/98}, and Windows @sc{nt}.
@menu
* Basic Installation:: Installation instructions.
@item --with-installed-readline[=@var{PREFIX}]
Define this to make Bash link with a locally-installed version of Readline
rather than the version in @file{lib/readline}. This works only with
-Readline 5.0 and later versions. If @var{PREFIX} is @code{yes} or not
+Readline 4.3 and later versions. If @var{PREFIX} is @code{yes} or not
supplied, @code{configure} uses the values of the make variables
@code{includedir} and @code{libdir}, which are subdirectories of @code{prefix}
by default, to find the installed version of Readline if it is not in
This allows pipelines as well as shell builtins and functions to be timed.
@item --enable-cond-command
-Include support for the @code{[[} conditional command.
-(@pxref{Conditional Constructs}).
-
-@item --enable-cond-regexp
-Include support for matching POSIX regular expressions using the
-@samp{=~} binary operator in the @code{[[} conditional command.
+Include support for the @code{[[} conditional command
(@pxref{Conditional Constructs}).
-@item --enable-debugger
-Include support for the bash debugger (distributed separately).
-
@item --enable-directory-stack
Include support for a @code{csh}-like directory stack and the
@code{pushd}, @code{popd}, and @code{dirs} builtins
This enables process substitution (@pxref{Process Substitution}) if
the operating system provides the necessary support.
-@item --enable-progcomp
-Enable the programmable completion facilities
-(@pxref{Programmable Completion}).
-If Readline is not enabled, this option has no effect.
-
@item --enable-prompt-string-decoding
Turn on the interpretation of a number of backslash-escaped characters
in the @env{$PS1}, @env{$PS2}, @env{$PS3}, and @env{$PS4} prompt
strings. See @ref{Printing a Prompt}, for a complete list of prompt
string escape sequences.
+@item --enable-progcomp
+Enable the programmable completion facilities
+(@pxref{Programmable Completion}).
+If Readline is not enabled, this option has no effect.
+
@item --enable-readline
Include support for command-line editing and history with the Bash
version of the Readline library (@pxref{Command Line Editing}).
Include the @code{select} builtin, which allows the generation of simple
menus (@pxref{Conditional Constructs}).
-@item --enable-separate-helpfiles
-Use external files for the documentation displayed by the @code{help} builtin
-instead of storing the text internally.
-
-@item --enable-single-help-strings
-Store the text displayed by the @code{help} builtin as a single string for
-each help topic. This aids in translating the text to different languages.
-You may need to disable this if your compiler cannot handle very long string
-literals.
-
@item --enable-usg-echo-default
A synonym for @code{--enable-xpg-echo-default}.
without requiring the @option{-e} option.
This sets the default value of the @code{xpg_echo} shell option to @code{on},
which makes the Bash @code{echo} behave more like the version specified in
-the Single Unix Specification, version 3.
+the Single Unix Specification, version 2.
@xref{Bash Builtins}, for a description of the escape sequences that
@code{echo} recognizes.
@item
Bash has command history (@pxref{Bash History Facilities}) and the
@code{history} and @code{fc} builtins to manipulate it.
-The Bash history list maintains timestamp information and uses the
-value of the @code{HISTTIMEFORMAT} variable to display it.
@item
Bash implements @code{csh}-like history expansion
Bash has much more optional behavior controllable with the @code{set}
builtin (@pxref{The Set Builtin}).
-@item
-The @samp{-x} (@code{xtrace}) option displays commands other than
-simple commands when performing an execution trace
-(@pxref{The Set Builtin}).
-
@item
The @code{test} builtin (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins})
is slightly different, as it implements the @sc{posix} algorithm,
which specifies the behavior based on the number of arguments.
-@item
-Bash includes the @code{caller} builtin, which displays the context of
-any active subroutine call (a shell function or a script executed with
-the @code{.} or @code{source} builtins). This supports the bash
-debugger.
-
@item
The @code{trap} builtin (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}) allows a
@code{DEBUG} pseudo-signal specification, similar to @code{EXIT}.
Commands specified with an @code{RETURN} trap are executed before
execution resumes after a shell function or a shell script executed with
@code{.} or @code{source} returns.
-The @code{RETURN} trap is not inherited by shell functions unless the
-function has been given the @code{trace} attribute or the
-@code{functrace} option has been enabled using the @code{shopt} builtin.
+The @code{RETURN} trap is not inherited by shell functions.
@item
The Bash @code{type} builtin is more extensive and gives more information
\subsubsecentry{Conditional Constructs}{3}{2}{4}{2}{10}
\subsubsecentry{Grouping Commands}{3}{2}{4}{3}{13}
\secentry{Shell Functions}{3}{3}{13}
-\secentry{Shell Parameters}{3}{4}{14}
+\secentry{Shell Parameters}{3}{4}{15}
\subsecentry{Positional Parameters}{3}{4}{1}{15}
-\subsecentry{Special Parameters}{3}{4}{2}{15}
-\secentry{Shell Expansions}{3}{5}{16}
+\subsecentry{Special Parameters}{3}{4}{2}{16}
+\secentry{Shell Expansions}{3}{5}{17}
\subsecentry{Brace Expansion}{3}{5}{1}{17}
\subsecentry{Tilde Expansion}{3}{5}{2}{18}
-\subsecentry{Shell Parameter Expansion}{3}{5}{3}{18}
+\subsecentry{Shell Parameter Expansion}{3}{5}{3}{19}
\subsecentry{Command Substitution}{3}{5}{4}{21}
-\subsecentry{Arithmetic Expansion}{3}{5}{5}{21}
+\subsecentry{Arithmetic Expansion}{3}{5}{5}{22}
\subsecentry{Process Substitution}{3}{5}{6}{22}
\subsecentry{Word Splitting}{3}{5}{7}{22}
-\subsecentry{Filename Expansion}{3}{5}{8}{22}
+\subsecentry{Filename Expansion}{3}{5}{8}{23}
\subsubsecentry{Pattern Matching}{3}{5}{8}{1}{23}
\subsecentry{Quote Removal}{3}{5}{9}{24}
\secentry{Redirections}{3}{6}{24}
\subsecentry{Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing}{3}{6}{9}{28}
\secentry{Executing Commands}{3}{7}{28}
\subsecentry{Simple Command Expansion}{3}{7}{1}{28}
-\subsecentry{Command Search and Execution}{3}{7}{2}{28}
+\subsecentry{Command Search and Execution}{3}{7}{2}{29}
\subsecentry{Command Execution Environment}{3}{7}{3}{29}
\subsecentry{Environment}{3}{7}{4}{30}
\subsecentry{Exit Status}{3}{7}{5}{31}
\secentry{Bourne Shell Builtins}{4}{1}{33}
\secentry{Bash Builtin Commands}{4}{2}{39}
\secentry{The Set Builtin}{4}{3}{50}
-\secentry{Special Builtins}{4}{4}{53}
+\secentry{Special Builtins}{4}{4}{54}
\chapentry{Shell Variables}{5}{55}
\secentry{Bourne Shell Variables}{5}{1}{55}
\secentry{Bash Variables}{5}{2}{55}
-\chapentry{Bash Features}{6}{63}
-\secentry{Invoking Bash}{6}{1}{63}
-\secentry{Bash Startup Files}{6}{2}{65}
-\secentry{Interactive Shells}{6}{3}{67}
-\subsecentry{What is an Interactive Shell?}{6}{3}{1}{67}
-\subsecentry{Is this Shell Interactive?}{6}{3}{2}{67}
-\subsecentry{Interactive Shell Behavior}{6}{3}{3}{67}
-\secentry{Bash Conditional Expressions}{6}{4}{68}
-\secentry{Shell Arithmetic}{6}{5}{70}
-\secentry{Aliases}{6}{6}{71}
-\secentry{Arrays}{6}{7}{72}
-\secentry{The Directory Stack}{6}{8}{73}
-\subsecentry{Directory Stack Builtins}{6}{8}{1}{73}
-\secentry{Controlling the Prompt}{6}{9}{74}
-\secentry{The Restricted Shell}{6}{10}{76}
-\secentry{Bash POSIX Mode}{6}{11}{76}
-\chapentry{Job Control}{7}{81}
-\secentry{Job Control Basics}{7}{1}{81}
-\secentry{Job Control Builtins}{7}{2}{82}
-\secentry{Job Control Variables}{7}{3}{83}
-\chapentry{Command Line Editing}{8}{85}
-\secentry{Introduction to Line Editing}{8}{1}{85}
-\secentry{Readline Interaction}{8}{2}{85}
-\subsecentry{Readline Bare Essentials}{8}{2}{1}{85}
-\subsecentry{Readline Movement Commands}{8}{2}{2}{86}
-\subsecentry{Readline Killing Commands}{8}{2}{3}{86}
-\subsecentry{Readline Arguments}{8}{2}{4}{87}
-\subsecentry{Searching for Commands in the History}{8}{2}{5}{87}
-\secentry{Readline Init File}{8}{3}{88}
-\subsecentry{Readline Init File Syntax}{8}{3}{1}{88}
-\subsecentry{Conditional Init Constructs}{8}{3}{2}{93}
-\subsecentry{Sample Init File}{8}{3}{3}{94}
-\secentry{Bindable Readline Commands}{8}{4}{97}
-\subsecentry{Commands For Moving}{8}{4}{1}{97}
-\subsecentry{Commands For Manipulating The History}{8}{4}{2}{97}
-\subsecentry{Commands For Changing Text}{8}{4}{3}{99}
-\subsecentry{Killing And Yanking}{8}{4}{4}{100}
-\subsecentry{Specifying Numeric Arguments}{8}{4}{5}{101}
-\subsecentry{Letting Readline Type For You}{8}{4}{6}{101}
-\subsecentry{Keyboard Macros}{8}{4}{7}{102}
-\subsecentry{Some Miscellaneous Commands}{8}{4}{8}{103}
-\secentry{Readline vi Mode}{8}{5}{105}
-\secentry{Programmable Completion}{8}{6}{105}
-\secentry{Programmable Completion Builtins}{8}{7}{107}
-\chapentry{Using History Interactively}{9}{111}
-\secentry{Bash History Facilities}{9}{1}{111}
-\secentry{Bash History Builtins}{9}{2}{111}
-\secentry{History Expansion}{9}{3}{113}
-\subsecentry{Event Designators}{9}{3}{1}{113}
-\subsecentry{Word Designators}{9}{3}{2}{114}
-\subsecentry{Modifiers}{9}{3}{3}{115}
-\chapentry{Installing Bash}{10}{117}
-\secentry{Basic Installation}{10}{1}{117}
-\secentry{Compilers and Options}{10}{2}{117}
-\secentry{Compiling For Multiple Architectures}{10}{3}{118}
-\secentry{Installation Names}{10}{4}{118}
-\secentry{Specifying the System Type}{10}{5}{118}
-\secentry{Sharing Defaults}{10}{6}{119}
-\secentry{Operation Controls}{10}{7}{119}
-\secentry{Optional Features}{10}{8}{119}
-\appendixentry{Reporting Bugs}{A}{125}
-\appendixentry{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell}{B}{127}
-\secentry{Implementation Differences From The SVR4.2 Shell}{B}{1}{131}
-\appendixentry{Copying This Manual}{C}{133}
-\secentry{GNU Free Documentation License}{C}{1}{133}
-\subsecentry{ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents}{C}{1}{1}{139}
-\unnumbchapentry{Index of Shell Builtin Commands}{10}{141}
-\unnumbchapentry{Index of Shell Reserved Words}{10}{143}
-\unnumbchapentry{Parameter and Variable Index}{10}{145}
-\unnumbchapentry{Function Index}{10}{147}
-\unnumbchapentry{Concept Index}{10}{149}
+\chapentry{Bash Features}{6}{65}
+\secentry{Invoking Bash}{6}{1}{65}
+\secentry{Bash Startup Files}{6}{2}{67}
+\secentry{Interactive Shells}{6}{3}{69}
+\subsecentry{What is an Interactive Shell?}{6}{3}{1}{69}
+\subsecentry{Is this Shell Interactive?}{6}{3}{2}{69}
+\subsecentry{Interactive Shell Behavior}{6}{3}{3}{69}
+\secentry{Bash Conditional Expressions}{6}{4}{70}
+\secentry{Shell Arithmetic}{6}{5}{72}
+\secentry{Aliases}{6}{6}{73}
+\secentry{Arrays}{6}{7}{74}
+\secentry{The Directory Stack}{6}{8}{75}
+\subsecentry{Directory Stack Builtins}{6}{8}{1}{75}
+\secentry{Controlling the Prompt}{6}{9}{76}
+\secentry{The Restricted Shell}{6}{10}{78}
+\secentry{Bash POSIX Mode}{6}{11}{78}
+\chapentry{Job Control}{7}{83}
+\secentry{Job Control Basics}{7}{1}{83}
+\secentry{Job Control Builtins}{7}{2}{84}
+\secentry{Job Control Variables}{7}{3}{85}
+\chapentry{Command Line Editing}{8}{87}
+\secentry{Introduction to Line Editing}{8}{1}{87}
+\secentry{Readline Interaction}{8}{2}{87}
+\subsecentry{Readline Bare Essentials}{8}{2}{1}{87}
+\subsecentry{Readline Movement Commands}{8}{2}{2}{88}
+\subsecentry{Readline Killing Commands}{8}{2}{3}{88}
+\subsecentry{Readline Arguments}{8}{2}{4}{89}
+\subsecentry{Searching for Commands in the History}{8}{2}{5}{89}
+\secentry{Readline Init File}{8}{3}{90}
+\subsecentry{Readline Init File Syntax}{8}{3}{1}{90}
+\subsecentry{Conditional Init Constructs}{8}{3}{2}{95}
+\subsecentry{Sample Init File}{8}{3}{3}{96}
+\secentry{Bindable Readline Commands}{8}{4}{99}
+\subsecentry{Commands For Moving}{8}{4}{1}{99}
+\subsecentry{Commands For Manipulating The History}{8}{4}{2}{99}
+\subsecentry{Commands For Changing Text}{8}{4}{3}{101}
+\subsecentry{Killing And Yanking}{8}{4}{4}{102}
+\subsecentry{Specifying Numeric Arguments}{8}{4}{5}{103}
+\subsecentry{Letting Readline Type For You}{8}{4}{6}{103}
+\subsecentry{Keyboard Macros}{8}{4}{7}{104}
+\subsecentry{Some Miscellaneous Commands}{8}{4}{8}{105}
+\secentry{Readline vi Mode}{8}{5}{107}
+\secentry{Programmable Completion}{8}{6}{107}
+\secentry{Programmable Completion Builtins}{8}{7}{109}
+\chapentry{Using History Interactively}{9}{113}
+\secentry{Bash History Facilities}{9}{1}{113}
+\secentry{Bash History Builtins}{9}{2}{113}
+\secentry{History Expansion}{9}{3}{115}
+\subsecentry{Event Designators}{9}{3}{1}{115}
+\subsecentry{Word Designators}{9}{3}{2}{116}
+\subsecentry{Modifiers}{9}{3}{3}{117}
+\chapentry{Installing Bash}{10}{119}
+\secentry{Basic Installation}{10}{1}{119}
+\secentry{Compilers and Options}{10}{2}{119}
+\secentry{Compiling For Multiple Architectures}{10}{3}{120}
+\secentry{Installation Names}{10}{4}{120}
+\secentry{Specifying the System Type}{10}{5}{120}
+\secentry{Sharing Defaults}{10}{6}{121}
+\secentry{Operation Controls}{10}{7}{121}
+\secentry{Optional Features}{10}{8}{121}
+\appendixentry{Reporting Bugs}{A}{127}
+\appendixentry{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell}{B}{129}
+\secentry{Implementation Differences From The SVR4.2 Shell}{B}{1}{133}
+\appendixentry{Copying This Manual}{C}{135}
+\secentry{GNU Free Documentation License}{C}{1}{135}
+\subsecentry{ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents}{C}{1}{1}{141}
+\unnumbchapentry{Index of Shell Builtin Commands}{10}{143}
+\unnumbchapentry{Index of Shell Reserved Words}{10}{145}
+\unnumbchapentry{Parameter and Variable Index}{10}{147}
+\unnumbchapentry{Function Index}{10}{149}
+\unnumbchapentry{Concept Index}{10}{151}
\entry{HISTIGNORE}{59}{\code {HISTIGNORE}}
\entry{HISTSIZE}{59}{\code {HISTSIZE}}
\entry{HISTTIMEFORMAT}{59}{\code {HISTTIMEFORMAT}}
-\entry{HOSTFILE}{59}{\code {HOSTFILE}}
+\entry{HOSTFILE}{60}{\code {HOSTFILE}}
\entry{HOSTNAME}{60}{\code {HOSTNAME}}
\entry{HOSTTYPE}{60}{\code {HOSTTYPE}}
\entry{IGNOREEOF}{60}{\code {IGNOREEOF}}
\entry{LC_MESSAGES}{60}{\code {LC_MESSAGES}}
\entry{LC_NUMERIC}{60}{\code {LC_NUMERIC}}
\entry{LINENO}{60}{\code {LINENO}}
-\entry{LINES}{60}{\code {LINES}}
-\entry{MACHTYPE}{60}{\code {MACHTYPE}}
+\entry{LINES}{61}{\code {LINES}}
+\entry{MACHTYPE}{61}{\code {MACHTYPE}}
\entry{MAILCHECK}{61}{\code {MAILCHECK}}
\entry{OLDPWD}{61}{\code {OLDPWD}}
\entry{OPTERR}{61}{\code {OPTERR}}
\entry{PWD}{61}{\code {PWD}}
\entry{RANDOM}{61}{\code {RANDOM}}
\entry{REPLY}{61}{\code {REPLY}}
-\entry{SECONDS}{61}{\code {SECONDS}}
+\entry{SECONDS}{62}{\code {SECONDS}}
\entry{SHELL}{62}{\code {SHELL}}
\entry{SHELLOPTS}{62}{\code {SHELLOPTS}}
\entry{SHLVL}{62}{\code {SHLVL}}
\entry{TIMEFORMAT}{62}{\code {TIMEFORMAT}}
\entry{TMOUT}{62}{\code {TMOUT}}
-\entry{UID}{62}{\code {UID}}
-\entry{auto_resume}{84}{\code {auto_resume}}
-\entry{bell-style}{89}{\code {bell-style}}
-\entry{bind-tty-special-chars}{89}{\code {bind-tty-special-chars}}
-\entry{comment-begin}{89}{\code {comment-begin}}
-\entry{completion-query-items}{89}{\code {completion-query-items}}
-\entry{convert-meta}{89}{\code {convert-meta}}
-\entry{disable-completion}{90}{\code {disable-completion}}
-\entry{editing-mode}{90}{\code {editing-mode}}
-\entry{enable-keypad}{90}{\code {enable-keypad}}
-\entry{expand-tilde}{90}{\code {expand-tilde}}
-\entry{history-preserve-point}{90}{\code {history-preserve-point}}
-\entry{horizontal-scroll-mode}{90}{\code {horizontal-scroll-mode}}
-\entry{input-meta}{90}{\code {input-meta}}
-\entry{meta-flag}{90}{\code {meta-flag}}
-\entry{isearch-terminators}{90}{\code {isearch-terminators}}
-\entry{keymap}{90}{\code {keymap}}
-\entry{mark-modified-lines}{91}{\code {mark-modified-lines}}
-\entry{mark-symlinked-directories}{91}{\code {mark-symlinked-directories}}
-\entry{match-hidden-files}{91}{\code {match-hidden-files}}
-\entry{output-meta}{91}{\code {output-meta}}
-\entry{page-completions}{91}{\code {page-completions}}
-\entry{show-all-if-ambiguous}{91}{\code {show-all-if-ambiguous}}
-\entry{show-all-if-unmodified}{91}{\code {show-all-if-unmodified}}
-\entry{visible-stats}{91}{\code {visible-stats}}
+\entry{UID}{63}{\code {UID}}
+\entry{auto_resume}{86}{\code {auto_resume}}
+\entry{bell-style}{91}{\code {bell-style}}
+\entry{bind-tty-special-chars}{91}{\code {bind-tty-special-chars}}
+\entry{comment-begin}{91}{\code {comment-begin}}
+\entry{completion-query-items}{91}{\code {completion-query-items}}
+\entry{convert-meta}{91}{\code {convert-meta}}
+\entry{disable-completion}{92}{\code {disable-completion}}
+\entry{editing-mode}{92}{\code {editing-mode}}
+\entry{enable-keypad}{92}{\code {enable-keypad}}
+\entry{expand-tilde}{92}{\code {expand-tilde}}
+\entry{history-preserve-point}{92}{\code {history-preserve-point}}
+\entry{horizontal-scroll-mode}{92}{\code {horizontal-scroll-mode}}
+\entry{input-meta}{92}{\code {input-meta}}
+\entry{meta-flag}{92}{\code {meta-flag}}
+\entry{isearch-terminators}{92}{\code {isearch-terminators}}
+\entry{keymap}{92}{\code {keymap}}
+\entry{mark-modified-lines}{93}{\code {mark-modified-lines}}
+\entry{mark-symlinked-directories}{93}{\code {mark-symlinked-directories}}
+\entry{match-hidden-files}{93}{\code {match-hidden-files}}
+\entry{output-meta}{93}{\code {output-meta}}
+\entry{page-completions}{93}{\code {page-completions}}
+\entry{show-all-if-ambiguous}{93}{\code {show-all-if-ambiguous}}
+\entry{show-all-if-unmodified}{93}{\code {show-all-if-unmodified}}
+\entry{visible-stats}{93}{\code {visible-stats}}
\initial {0}
\entry {\code {0}}{16}
\initial {A}
-\entry {\code {auto_resume}}{84}
+\entry {\code {auto_resume}}{86}
\initial {B}
\entry {\code {BASH}}{55}
\entry {\code {BASH_ARGC}}{56}
\entry {\code {BASH_SUBSHELL}}{56}
\entry {\code {BASH_VERSINFO}}{56}
\entry {\code {BASH_VERSION}}{57}
-\entry {\code {bell-style}}{89}
-\entry {\code {bind-tty-special-chars}}{89}
+\entry {\code {bell-style}}{91}
+\entry {\code {bind-tty-special-chars}}{91}
\initial {C}
\entry {\code {CDPATH}}{55}
\entry {\code {COLUMNS}}{57}
-\entry {\code {comment-begin}}{89}
+\entry {\code {comment-begin}}{91}
\entry {\code {COMP_CWORD}}{57}
\entry {\code {COMP_LINE}}{57}
\entry {\code {COMP_POINT}}{57}
\entry {\code {COMP_WORDBREAKS}}{57}
\entry {\code {COMP_WORDS}}{57}
-\entry {\code {completion-query-items}}{89}
+\entry {\code {completion-query-items}}{91}
\entry {\code {COMPREPLY}}{58}
-\entry {\code {convert-meta}}{89}
+\entry {\code {convert-meta}}{91}
\initial {D}
\entry {\code {DIRSTACK}}{58}
-\entry {\code {disable-completion}}{90}
+\entry {\code {disable-completion}}{92}
\initial {E}
-\entry {\code {editing-mode}}{90}
+\entry {\code {editing-mode}}{92}
\entry {\code {EMACS}}{58}
-\entry {\code {enable-keypad}}{90}
+\entry {\code {enable-keypad}}{92}
\entry {\code {EUID}}{58}
-\entry {\code {expand-tilde}}{90}
+\entry {\code {expand-tilde}}{92}
\initial {F}
\entry {\code {FCEDIT}}{58}
\entry {\code {FIGNORE}}{58}
\entry {\code {HISTFILE}}{59}
\entry {\code {HISTFILESIZE}}{59}
\entry {\code {HISTIGNORE}}{59}
-\entry {\code {history-preserve-point}}{90}
+\entry {\code {history-preserve-point}}{92}
\entry {\code {HISTSIZE}}{59}
\entry {\code {HISTTIMEFORMAT}}{59}
\entry {\code {HOME}}{55}
-\entry {\code {horizontal-scroll-mode}}{90}
-\entry {\code {HOSTFILE}}{59}
+\entry {\code {horizontal-scroll-mode}}{92}
+\entry {\code {HOSTFILE}}{60}
\entry {\code {HOSTNAME}}{60}
\entry {\code {HOSTTYPE}}{60}
\initial {I}
\entry {\code {IFS}}{55}
\entry {\code {IGNOREEOF}}{60}
-\entry {\code {input-meta}}{90}
+\entry {\code {input-meta}}{92}
\entry {\code {INPUTRC}}{60}
-\entry {\code {isearch-terminators}}{90}
+\entry {\code {isearch-terminators}}{92}
\initial {K}
-\entry {\code {keymap}}{90}
+\entry {\code {keymap}}{92}
\initial {L}
\entry {\code {LANG}}{60}
\entry {\code {LC_ALL}}{60}
\entry {\code {LC_MESSAGES}}{7, 60}
\entry {\code {LC_NUMERIC}}{60}
\entry {\code {LINENO}}{60}
-\entry {\code {LINES}}{60}
+\entry {\code {LINES}}{61}
\initial {M}
-\entry {\code {MACHTYPE}}{60}
+\entry {\code {MACHTYPE}}{61}
\entry {\code {MAIL}}{55}
\entry {\code {MAILCHECK}}{61}
\entry {\code {MAILPATH}}{55}
-\entry {\code {mark-modified-lines}}{91}
-\entry {\code {mark-symlinked-directories}}{91}
-\entry {\code {match-hidden-files}}{91}
-\entry {\code {meta-flag}}{90}
+\entry {\code {mark-modified-lines}}{93}
+\entry {\code {mark-symlinked-directories}}{93}
+\entry {\code {match-hidden-files}}{93}
+\entry {\code {meta-flag}}{92}
\initial {O}
\entry {\code {OLDPWD}}{61}
\entry {\code {OPTARG}}{55}
\entry {\code {OPTERR}}{61}
\entry {\code {OPTIND}}{55}
\entry {\code {OSTYPE}}{61}
-\entry {\code {output-meta}}{91}
+\entry {\code {output-meta}}{93}
\initial {P}
-\entry {\code {page-completions}}{91}
+\entry {\code {page-completions}}{93}
\entry {\code {PATH}}{55}
\entry {\code {PIPESTATUS}}{61}
\entry {\code {POSIXLY_CORRECT}}{61}
\entry {\code {RANDOM}}{61}
\entry {\code {REPLY}}{61}
\initial {S}
-\entry {\code {SECONDS}}{61}
+\entry {\code {SECONDS}}{62}
\entry {\code {SHELL}}{62}
\entry {\code {SHELLOPTS}}{62}
\entry {\code {SHLVL}}{62}
-\entry {\code {show-all-if-ambiguous}}{91}
-\entry {\code {show-all-if-unmodified}}{91}
+\entry {\code {show-all-if-ambiguous}}{93}
+\entry {\code {show-all-if-unmodified}}{93}
\initial {T}
\entry {\code {TEXTDOMAIN}}{7}
\entry {\code {TEXTDOMAINDIR}}{7}
\entry {\code {TIMEFORMAT}}{62}
\entry {\code {TMOUT}}{62}
\initial {U}
-\entry {\code {UID}}{62}
+\entry {\code {UID}}{63}
\initial {V}
-\entry {\code {visible-stats}}{91}
+\entry {\code {visible-stats}}{93}
routine (a shell function or a shell script exe-
cuted by the .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins), a call to
r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is simulated.
+ 4\b4.\b. B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGC\bC and B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV are updated as described
+ in their descriptions above.
+ 5\b5.\b. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu-
+ tion, shell functions, and subshells invoked with
+ (\b( _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd )\b) inherit the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN traps.
+ 6\b6.\b. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution,
+ shell functions, and subshells invoked with (\b(
+ _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd )\b) inherit the E\bER\bRR\bRO\bOR\bR trap.
e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb If set, the extended pattern matching features described
above under P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn are enabled.
e\bex\bxt\btq\bqu\buo\bot\bte\be
- If set, $\b$'_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg' and $\b$"_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg" quoting is performed
- within $\b${\b{_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br}\b} expansions enclosed in double
+ If set, $\b$'_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg' and $\b$"_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg" quoting is performed
+ within $\b${\b{_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br}\b} expansions enclosed in double
quotes. This option is enabled by default.
f\bfa\bai\bil\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
- If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during
+ If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during
pathname expansion result in an expansion error.
f\bfo\bor\brc\bce\be_\b_f\bfi\big\bgn\bno\bor\bre\be
- If set, the suffixes specified by the F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE shell
- variable cause words to be ignored when performing word
+ If set, the suffixes specified by the F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE shell
+ variable cause words to be ignored when performing word
completion even if the ignored words are the only possi-
ble completions. See S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL V\bVA\bAR\bRI\bIA\bAB\bBL\bLE\bES\bS above for a
- description of F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE. This option is enabled by
+ description of F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE. This option is enabled by
default.
g\bgn\bnu\bu_\b_e\ber\brr\brf\bfm\bmt\bt
If set, shell error messages are written in the standard
GNU error message format.
h\bhi\bis\bst\bta\bap\bpp\bpe\ben\bnd\bd
- If set, the history list is appended to the file named
- by the value of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE variable when the shell
+ If set, the history list is appended to the file named
+ by the value of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE variable when the shell
exits, rather than overwriting the file.
h\bhi\bis\bst\btr\bre\bee\bed\bdi\bit\bt
- If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, a user is given the
+ If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, a user is given the
opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitution.
h\bhi\bis\bst\btv\bve\ber\bri\bif\bfy\by
- If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, the results of his-
- tory substitution are not immediately passed to the
- shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded
+ If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, the results of his-
+ tory substitution are not immediately passed to the
+ shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded
into the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be editing buffer, allowing further modi-
fication.
h\bho\bos\bst\btc\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be
If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh will attempt to
- perform hostname completion when a word containing a @\b@
- is being completed (see C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bin\bng\bg under R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
+ perform hostname completion when a word containing a @\b@
+ is being completed (see C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bin\bng\bg under R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
above). This is enabled by default.
h\bhu\bup\bpo\bon\bne\bex\bxi\bit\bt
If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh will send S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP to all jobs when an inter-
active login shell exits.
i\bin\bnt\bte\ber\bra\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be_\b_c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bts\bs
If set, allow a word beginning with #\b# to cause that word
- and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored
- in an interactive shell (see C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bME\bEN\bNT\bTS\bS above). This
+ and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored
+ in an interactive shell (see C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bME\bEN\bNT\bTS\bS above). This
option is enabled by default.
- l\bli\bit\bth\bhi\bis\bst\bt If set, and the c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt option is enabled, multi-line
+ l\bli\bit\bth\bhi\bis\bst\bt If set, and the c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt option is enabled, multi-line
commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines
rather than using semicolon separators where possible.
l\blo\bog\bgi\bin\bn_\b_s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl
- The shell sets this option if it is started as a login
- shell (see I\bIN\bNV\bVO\bOC\bCA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above). The value may not be
+ The shell sets this option if it is started as a login
+ shell (see I\bIN\bNV\bVO\bOC\bCA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above). The value may not be
changed.
m\bma\bai\bil\blw\bwa\bar\brn\bn
- If set, and a file that b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is checking for mail has
- been accessed since the last time it was checked, the
- message ``The mail in _\bm_\ba_\bi_\bl_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be has been read'' is dis-
+ If set, and a file that b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is checking for mail has
+ been accessed since the last time it was checked, the
+ message ``The mail in _\bm_\ba_\bi_\bl_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be has been read'' is dis-
played.
n\bno\bo_\b_e\bem\bmp\bpt\bty\by_\b_c\bcm\bmd\bd_\b_c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn
- If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh will not
+ If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh will not
attempt to search the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH for possible completions when
completion is attempted on an empty line.
n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\beg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh matches filenames in a case-insensitive
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh matches filenames in a case-insensitive
fashion when performing pathname expansion (see P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be
E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn above).
+ n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\bem\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh matches patterns in a case-insensitive
+ fashion when performing matching while executing c\bca\bas\bse\be or
+ [\b[[\b[ conditional commands.
n\bnu\bul\bll\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh allows patterns which match no files (see
- P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn above) to expand to a null string,
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh allows patterns which match no files (see
+ P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn above) to expand to a null string,
rather than themselves.
p\bpr\bro\bog\bgc\bco\bom\bmp\bp
If set, the programmable completion facilities (see P\bPr\bro\bo-\b-
enabled by default.
p\bpr\bro\bom\bmp\bpt\btv\bva\bar\brs\bs
If set, prompt strings undergo parameter expansion, com-
- mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote
- removal after being expanded as described in P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG
+ mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote
+ removal after being expanded as described in P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG
above. This option is enabled by default.
r\bre\bes\bst\btr\bri\bic\bct\bte\bed\bd_\b_s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl
- The shell sets this option if it is started in
+ The shell sets this option if it is started in
restricted mode (see R\bRE\bES\bST\bTR\bRI\bIC\bCT\bTE\bED\bD S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL below). The value
- may not be changed. This is not reset when the startup
- files are executed, allowing the startup files to dis-
+ may not be changed. This is not reset when the startup
+ files are executed, allowing the startup files to dis-
cover whether or not a shell is restricted.
s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt_\b_v\bve\ber\brb\bbo\bos\bse\be
- If set, the s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt builtin prints an error message when
+ If set, the s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt builtin prints an error message when
the shift count exceeds the number of positional parame-
ters.
s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\bep\bpa\bat\bth\bh
If set, the s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be (.\b.) builtin uses the value of P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH to
- find the directory containing the file supplied as an
+ find the directory containing the file supplied as an
argument. This option is enabled by default.
x\bxp\bpg\bg_\b_e\bec\bch\bho\bo
- If set, the e\bec\bch\bho\bo builtin expands backslash-escape
+ If set, the e\bec\bch\bho\bo builtin expands backslash-escape
sequences by default.
s\bsu\bus\bsp\bpe\ben\bnd\bd [-\b-f\bf]
- Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a S\bSI\bIG\bGC\bCO\bON\bNT\bT
- signal. The -\b-f\bf option says not to complain if this is a login
- shell; just suspend anyway. The return status is 0 unless the
+ Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a S\bSI\bIG\bGC\bCO\bON\bNT\bT
+ signal. The -\b-f\bf option says not to complain if this is a login
+ shell; just suspend anyway. The return status is 0 unless the
shell is a login shell and -\b-f\bf is not supplied, or if job control
is not enabled.
t\bte\bes\bst\bt _\be_\bx_\bp_\br
[\b[ _\be_\bx_\bp_\br ]\b]
- Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of the
- conditional expression _\be_\bx_\bp_\br. Each operator and operand must be
- a separate argument. Expressions are composed of the primaries
+ Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of the
+ conditional expression _\be_\bx_\bp_\br. Each operator and operand must be
+ a separate argument. Expressions are composed of the primaries
described above under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS.
- Expressions may be combined using the following operators,
+ Expressions may be combined using the following operators,
listed in decreasing order of precedence.
!\b! _\be_\bx_\bp_\br True if _\be_\bx_\bp_\br is false.
(\b( _\be_\bx_\bp_\br )\b)
- Returns the value of _\be_\bx_\bp_\br. This may be used to override
+ Returns the value of _\be_\bx_\bp_\br. This may be used to override
the normal precedence of operators.
_\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b1 -a\ba _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2
True if both _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b1 and _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2 are true.
null.
2 arguments
If the first argument is !\b!, the expression is true if and
- only if the second argument is null. If the first argu-
- ment is one of the unary conditional operators listed
- above under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS, the expression is
+ only if the second argument is null. If the first argu-
+ ment is one of the unary conditional operators listed
+ above under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS, the expression is
true if the unary test is true. If the first argument is
not a valid unary conditional operator, the expression is
false.
3 arguments
- If the second argument is one of the binary conditional
+ If the second argument is one of the binary conditional
operators listed above under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS, the
result of the expression is the result of the binary test
- using the first and third arguments as operands. If the
- first argument is !\b!, the value is the negation of the
- two-argument test using the second and third arguments.
+ using the first and third arguments as operands. If the
+ first argument is !\b!, the value is the negation of the
+ two-argument test using the second and third arguments.
If the first argument is exactly (\b( and the third argument
- is exactly )\b), the result is the one-argument test of the
- second argument. Otherwise, the expression is false.
- The -\b-a\ba and -\b-o\bo operators are considered binary operators
+ is exactly )\b), the result is the one-argument test of the
+ second argument. Otherwise, the expression is false.
+ The -\b-a\ba and -\b-o\bo operators are considered binary operators
in this case.
4 arguments
If the first argument is !\b!, the result is the negation of
- the three-argument expression composed of the remaining
+ the three-argument expression composed of the remaining
arguments. Otherwise, the expression is parsed and eval-
- uated according to precedence using the rules listed
+ uated according to precedence using the rules listed
above.
5 or more arguments
- The expression is parsed and evaluated according to
+ The expression is parsed and evaluated according to
precedence using the rules listed above.
- t\bti\bim\bme\bes\bs Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and
+ t\bti\bim\bme\bes\bs Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and
for processes run from the shell. The return status is 0.
t\btr\bra\bap\bp [-\b-l\blp\bp] [[_\ba_\br_\bg] _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc ...]
- The command _\ba_\br_\bg is to be read and executed when the shell
- receives signal(s) _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc. If _\ba_\br_\bg is absent (and there is a
- single _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc) or -\b-, each specified signal is reset to its
- original disposition (the value it had upon entrance to the
- shell). If _\ba_\br_\bg is the null string the signal specified by each
- _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes.
- If _\ba_\br_\bg is not present and -\b-p\bp has been supplied, then the trap
- commands associated with each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc are displayed. If no
- arguments are supplied or if only -\b-p\bp is given, t\btr\bra\bap\bp prints the
- list of commands associated with each signal. The -\b-l\bl option
- causes the shell to print a list of signal names and their cor-
- responding numbers. Each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is either a signal name
- defined in <_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\ba_\bl_\b._\bh>, or a signal number. Signal names are
- case insensitive and the SIG prefix is optional. If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc
- is E\bEX\bXI\bIT\bT (0) the command _\ba_\br_\bg is executed on exit from the shell.
- If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG, the command _\ba_\br_\bg is executed before every
+ The command _\ba_\br_\bg is to be read and executed when the shell
+ receives signal(s) _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc. If _\ba_\br_\bg is absent (and there is a
+ single _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc) or -\b-, each specified signal is reset to its
+ original disposition (the value it had upon entrance to the
+ shell). If _\ba_\br_\bg is the null string the signal specified by each
+ _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes.
+ If _\ba_\br_\bg is not present and -\b-p\bp has been supplied, then the trap
+ commands associated with each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc are displayed. If no
+ arguments are supplied or if only -\b-p\bp is given, t\btr\bra\bap\bp prints the
+ list of commands associated with each signal. The -\b-l\bl option
+ causes the shell to print a list of signal names and their cor-
+ responding numbers. Each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is either a signal name
+ defined in <_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\ba_\bl_\b._\bh>, or a signal number. Signal names are
+ case insensitive and the SIG prefix is optional. If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc
+ is E\bEX\bXI\bIT\bT (0) the command _\ba_\br_\bg is executed on exit from the shell.
+ If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG, the command _\ba_\br_\bg is executed before every
_\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, _\bf_\bo_\br command, _\bc_\ba_\bs_\be command, _\bs_\be_\bl_\be_\bc_\bt command, every
arithmetic _\bf_\bo_\br command, and before the first command executes in
- a shell function (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR above). Refer to the
- description of the e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg option to the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin for
- details of its effect on the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap. If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is E\bER\bRR\bR,
- the command _\ba_\br_\bg is executed whenever a simple command has a
- non-zero exit status, subject to the following conditions. The
- E\bER\bRR\bR trap is not executed if the failed command is part of the
- command list immediately following a w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl keyword,
+ a shell function (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR above). Refer to the
+ description of the e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg option to the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin for
+ details of its effect on the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap. If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is E\bER\bRR\bR,
+ the command _\ba_\br_\bg is executed whenever a simple command has a
+ non-zero exit status, subject to the following conditions. The
+ E\bER\bRR\bR trap is not executed if the failed command is part of the
+ command list immediately following a w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl keyword,
part of the test in an _\bi_\bf statement, part of a &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b| list, or
- if the command's return value is being inverted via !\b!. These
- are the same conditions obeyed by the e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt option. If a
+ if the command's return value is being inverted via !\b!. These
+ are the same conditions obeyed by the e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt option. If a
_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN, the command _\ba_\br_\bg is executed each time a shell
function or a script executed with the .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins fin-
ishes executing. Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot
- be trapped or reset. Trapped signals are reset to their origi-
- nal values in a child process when it is created. The return
- status is false if any _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is invalid; otherwise t\btr\bra\bap\bp
+ be trapped or reset. Trapped signals are reset to their origi-
+ nal values in a child process when it is created. The return
+ status is false if any _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is invalid; otherwise t\btr\bra\bap\bp
returns true.
t\bty\byp\bpe\be [-\b-a\baf\bft\btp\bpP\bP] _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- With no options, indicate how each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be would be interpreted if
+ With no options, indicate how each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be would be interpreted if
used as a command name. If the -\b-t\bt option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints a
- string which is one of _\ba_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs, _\bk_\be_\by_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn, or
- _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be if _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an alias, shell reserved word, function,
- builtin, or disk file, respectively. If the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found,
- then nothing is printed, and an exit status of false is
- returned. If the -\b-p\bp option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be either returns the
+ string which is one of _\ba_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs, _\bk_\be_\by_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn, or
+ _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be if _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an alias, shell reserved word, function,
+ builtin, or disk file, respectively. If the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found,
+ then nothing is printed, and an exit status of false is
+ returned. If the -\b-p\bp option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be either returns the
name of the disk file that would be executed if _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be were speci-
fied as a command name, or nothing if ``type -t name'' would not
- return _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be. The -\b-P\bP option forces a P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH search for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be,
+ return _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be. The -\b-P\bP option forces a P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH search for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be,
even if ``type -t name'' would not return _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be. If a command is
- hashed, -\b-p\bp and -\b-P\bP print the hashed value, not necessarily the
+ hashed, -\b-p\bp and -\b-P\bP print the hashed value, not necessarily the
file that appears first in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH. If the -\b-a\ba option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be
- prints all of the places that contain an executable named _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
- This includes aliases and functions, if and only if the -\b-p\bp
- option is not also used. The table of hashed commands is not
- consulted when using -\b-a\ba. The -\b-f\bf option suppresses shell func-
- tion lookup, as with the c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd builtin. t\bty\byp\bpe\be returns true if
+ prints all of the places that contain an executable named _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
+ This includes aliases and functions, if and only if the -\b-p\bp
+ option is not also used. The table of hashed commands is not
+ consulted when using -\b-a\ba. The -\b-f\bf option suppresses shell func-
+ tion lookup, as with the c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd builtin. t\bty\byp\bpe\be returns true if
any of the arguments are found, false if none are found.
u\bul\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt [-\b-S\bSH\bHa\bac\bcd\bdf\bfl\blm\bmn\bnp\bps\bst\btu\buv\bv [_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt]]
- Provides control over the resources available to the shell and
- to processes started by it, on systems that allow such control.
+ Provides control over the resources available to the shell and
+ to processes started by it, on systems that allow such control.
The -\b-H\bH and -\b-S\bS options specify that the hard or soft limit is set
- for the given resource. A hard limit cannot be increased once
- it is set; a soft limit may be increased up to the value of the
- hard limit. If neither -\b-H\bH nor -\b-S\bS is specified, both the soft
- and hard limits are set. The value of _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt can be a number in
+ for the given resource. A hard limit cannot be increased once
+ it is set; a soft limit may be increased up to the value of the
+ hard limit. If neither -\b-H\bH nor -\b-S\bS is specified, both the soft
+ and hard limits are set. The value of _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt can be a number in
the unit specified for the resource or one of the special values
- h\bha\bar\brd\bd, s\bso\bof\bft\bt, or u\bun\bnl\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bte\bed\bd, which stand for the current hard
- limit, the current soft limit, and no limit, respectively. If
- _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is omitted, the current value of the soft limit of the
- resource is printed, unless the -\b-H\bH option is given. When more
- than one resource is specified, the limit name and unit are
+ h\bha\bar\brd\bd, s\bso\bof\bft\bt, or u\bun\bnl\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bte\bed\bd, which stand for the current hard
+ limit, the current soft limit, and no limit, respectively. If
+ _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is omitted, the current value of the soft limit of the
+ resource is printed, unless the -\b-H\bH option is given. When more
+ than one resource is specified, the limit name and unit are
printed before the value. Other options are interpreted as fol-
lows:
-\b-a\ba All current limits are reported
-\b-p\bp The pipe size in 512-byte blocks (this may not be set)
-\b-s\bs The maximum stack size
-\b-t\bt The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds
- -\b-u\bu The maximum number of processes available to a single
+ -\b-u\bu The maximum number of processes available to a single
user
- -\b-v\bv The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the
+ -\b-v\bv The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the
shell
If _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is given, it is the new value of the specified resource
(the -\b-a\ba option is display only). If no option is given, then -\b-f\bf
- is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for -\b-t\bt,
- which is in seconds, -\b-p\bp, which is in units of 512-byte blocks,
- and -\b-n\bn and -\b-u\bu, which are unscaled values. The return status is
- 0 unless an invalid option or argument is supplied, or an error
+ is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for -\b-t\bt,
+ which is in seconds, -\b-p\bp, which is in units of 512-byte blocks,
+ and -\b-n\bn and -\b-u\bu, which are unscaled values. The return status is
+ 0 unless an invalid option or argument is supplied, or an error
occurs while setting a new limit.
u\bum\bma\bas\bsk\bk [-\b-p\bp] [-\b-S\bS] [_\bm_\bo_\bd_\be]
The user file-creation mask is set to _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be. If _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be begins with
- a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is
- interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by
- _\bc_\bh_\bm_\bo_\bd(1). If _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be is omitted, the current value of the mask is
- printed. The -\b-S\bS option causes the mask to be printed in sym-
- bolic form; the default output is an octal number. If the -\b-p\bp
+ a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is
+ interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by
+ _\bc_\bh_\bm_\bo_\bd(1). If _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be is omitted, the current value of the mask is
+ printed. The -\b-S\bS option causes the mask to be printed in sym-
+ bolic form; the default output is an octal number. If the -\b-p\bp
option is supplied, and _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be is omitted, the output is in a form
that may be reused as input. The return status is 0 if the mode
- was successfully changed or if no _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be argument was supplied,
+ was successfully changed or if no _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be argument was supplied,
and false otherwise.
u\bun\bna\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs [-a\ba] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- Remove each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from the list of defined aliases. If -\b-a\ba is
- supplied, all alias definitions are removed. The return value
+ Remove each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from the list of defined aliases. If -\b-a\ba is
+ supplied, all alias definitions are removed. The return value
is true unless a supplied _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a defined alias.
u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt [-f\bfv\bv] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- For each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, remove the corresponding variable or function.
+ For each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, remove the corresponding variable or function.
If no options are supplied, or the -\b-v\bv option is given, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
- refers to a shell variable. Read-only variables may not be
- unset. If -\b-f\bf is specified, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be refers to a shell func-
- tion, and the function definition is removed. Each unset vari-
- able or function is removed from the environment passed to sub-
- sequent commands. If any of R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM, S\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS, L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO, H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCM\bMD\bD,
+ refers to a shell variable. Read-only variables may not be
+ unset. If -\b-f\bf is specified, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be refers to a shell func-
+ tion, and the function definition is removed. Each unset vari-
+ able or function is removed from the environment passed to sub-
+ sequent commands. If any of R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM, S\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS, L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO, H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCM\bMD\bD,
F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE, G\bGR\bRO\bOU\bUP\bPS\bS, or D\bDI\bIR\bRS\bST\bTA\bAC\bCK\bK are unset, they lose their special
- properties, even if they are subsequently reset. The exit sta-
+ properties, even if they are subsequently reset. The exit sta-
tus is true unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is readonly.
w\bwa\bai\bit\bt [_\bn _\b._\b._\b.]
- Wait for each specified process and return its termination sta-
- tus. Each _\bn may be a process ID or a job specification; if a
- job spec is given, all processes in that job's pipeline are
- waited for. If _\bn is not given, all currently active child pro-
- cesses are waited for, and the return status is zero. If _\bn
- specifies a non-existent process or job, the return status is
- 127. Otherwise, the return status is the exit status of the
+ Wait for each specified process and return its termination sta-
+ tus. Each _\bn may be a process ID or a job specification; if a
+ job spec is given, all processes in that job's pipeline are
+ waited for. If _\bn is not given, all currently active child pro-
+ cesses are waited for, and the return status is zero. If _\bn
+ specifies a non-existent process or job, the return status is
+ 127. Otherwise, the return status is the exit status of the
last process or job waited for.
S\bSE\bEE\bE A\bAL\bLS\bSO\bO
%!PS-Adobe-3.0
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+%%CreationDate: Tue Feb 22 13:37:34 2005
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(Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and for pr)
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4 F -.18(re)144 220.8 S 2.523(turned. If).18 F(the)2.523 E F2<ad70>
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5 F -.18(re)144 388.8 S 2.522(turned. If).18 F(the)2.523 E F2<ad70>
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-E F1 2.515(,e)C .015(ven if)-2.515 F F6 .015(type -t)2.515 F(name)144
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-(print the hashed value,)3.145 F .411
-(not necessarily the \214le that appears \214rst in)144 268.8 R F4 -.666
+(print the hashed value,)3.145 F .41
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(PA)2.911 G(TH)-.162 E F5(.)A F1 .411(If the)4.911 F F2<ad61>2.911 E F1
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-.164(of the places that contain an executable named)144 280.8 R F3(name)
+.411(option is used,)2.911 F F2(type)2.911 E F1 .411(prints all)2.911 F
+.164(of the places that contain an executable named)144 448.8 R F3(name)
2.664 E F1 5.164(.T).35 G .164(his includes aliases and functions,)
--5.164 F .73(if and only if the)144
292.8 R F2<ad70>3.23 E F1 .73
+-5.164 F .73(if and only if the)144
460.8 R F2<ad70>3.23 E F1 .73
(option is not also used.)3.23 F .73
-(The table of hashed commands is not con-)5.73 F .497(sulted when using)
-144
304.8 R F2<ad61>2.998 E F1 5.498(.T)C(he)-5.498 E F2<ad66>2.998 E F1
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472.8 R F2<ad61>2.998 E F1 5.498(.T)C(he)-5.498 E F2<ad66>2.998 E F1
.498(option suppr)2.998 F .498(esses shell function lookup, as with the)
--.18 F F2(com-)2.998 E(mand)144 316.8 Q F1(builtin.)4.558 E F2(type)
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-(ue if any of the ar)-.08 F 2.057(guments ar)-.18 F 4.557(ef)-.18 G
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-(ulimit)108 345.6 Q F1([)2.5 E F2(\255SHacd\215mnpstuv)A F1([)2.5 E F3
-(limit)A F1(]])A(Pr)144 357.6 Q .061(ovides contr)-.18 F .061
+-.18 F F2(com-)2.997 E(mand)144 484.8 Q F1(builtin.)4.557 E F2(type)
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+(ue if any of the ar)-.08 F 2.057(guments ar)-.18 F 4.558(ef)-.18 G
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+(ulimit)108 513.6 Q F1([)2.5 E F2(\255SHacd\215mnpstuv)A F1([)2.5 E F3
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(ol over the r)-.18 F(esour)-.18 E .061
-(ces available to the shell and to pr)-.18 F .062
-(ocesses started by it, on)-.18 F 1.497(systems that allow such contr)
-144
369.6 R 3.997(ol. The)-.18 F F2<ad48>3.997 E F1(and)3.997 E F2<ad53>
-3.997 E F1 1.496(options specify that the har)3.997 F 3.996(do)-.18 G
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-381.6 R(esour)-.18 E 3.384(ce. A)-.18 F(har)3.384 E 3.384(dl)-.18 G .884
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537.6 R 3.996(ol. The)-.18 F F2<ad48>3.997 E F1(and)3.997 E F2<ad53>
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(imit cannot be incr)-3.384 F .884(eased once it is set; a soft)-.18 F
-.089(limit may be incr)144 393.6 R .088
+.088(limit may be incr)144 561.6 R .088
(eased up to the value of the har)-.18 F 2.588(dl)-.18 G 2.588(imit. If)
--2.588 F(neither)2.588 E F2<ad48>2.588 E F1(nor)2.588 E F2<ad53>2.588 E
-F1 .088(is speci\214ed,)2.588 F .162(both the soft and har)144 405.6 R
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--2.662 F .163(value of)2.663 F F3(limit)2.803 E F1 .163
-(can be a number in the unit speci-)2.933 F .176(\214ed for the r)144
-417.6 R(esour)-.18 E .176(ce or one of the special values)-.18 F F2
-(hard)2.676 E F1(,)A F2(soft)2.675 E F1 2.675(,o)C(r)-2.675 E F2
-(unlimited)2.675 E F1 2.675(,w)C .175(hich stand for)-2.675 F .242
-(the curr)144 429.6 R .242(ent har)-.18 F 2.742(dl)-.18 G .242
-(imit, the curr)-2.742 F .243(ent soft limit, and no limit, r)-.18 F
-(espectively)-.18 E 5.243(.I)-1.11 G(f)-5.243 E F3(limit)2.883 E F1 .243
-(is omitted,)3.013 F .082(the curr)144 441.6 R .081
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-(ce is printed, unless the)-.18 F F2<ad48>2.581 E F1 .081
-(option is given.)2.581 F .329(When mor)144 453.6 R 2.829(et)-.18 G .329
-(han one r)-2.829 F(esour)-.18 E .329
-(ce is speci\214ed, the limit name and unit ar)-.18 F 2.83(ep)-.18 G .33
-(rinted befor)-2.83 F 2.83(et)-.18 G(he)-2.83 E 2.5(value. Other)144
-465.6 R(options ar)2.5 E 2.5(ei)-.18 G(nterpr)-2.5 E(eted as follows:)
--.18 E F2<ad61>144 477.6 Q F1(All curr)24.94 E(ent limits ar)-.18 E 2.5
-(er)-.18 G(eported)-2.68 E F2<ad63>144 489.6 Q F1
-(The maximum size of cor)25.5 E 2.5<658c>-.18 G(les cr)-2.5 E(eated)-.18
-E F2<ad64>144 501.6 Q F1(The maximum size of a pr)23.83 E
-(ocess's data segment)-.18 E F2<ad66>144 513.6 Q F1
+(ce is printed, unless the)-.18 F F2<ad48>2.581 E F1 .082
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+(han one r)-2.83 F(esour)-.18 E .329
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+(ent limits ar)-.18 E 2.5(er)-.18 G(eported)-2.68 E F2<ad63>144 657.6 Q
+F1(The maximum size of cor)25.5 E 2.5<658c>-.18 G(les cr)-2.5 E(eated)
+-.18 E F2<ad64>144 669.6 Q F1(The maximum size of a pr)23.83 E
+(ocess's data segment)-.18 E F2<ad66>144 681.6 Q F1
(The maximum size of \214les cr)26.05 E(eated by the shell)-.18 E F2
-<ad6c>144 525.6 Q F1(The maximum size that may be locked into memory)
-26.61 E F2<ad6d>144 537.6 Q F1(The maximum r)21.05 E(esident set size)
--.18 E F2<ad6e>144 549.6 Q F1 .958(The maximum number of open \214le de\
+<ad6c>144 693.6 Q F1(The maximum size that may be locked into memory)
+26.61 E F2<ad6d>144 705.6 Q F1(The maximum r)21.05 E(esident set size)
+-.18 E F2<ad6e>144 717.6 Q F1 .958(The maximum number of open \214le de\
scriptors \(most systems do not allow this)23.83 F(value to be set\))180
-561.6 Q F2<ad70>144 573.6 Q F1
-(The pipe size in 512-byte blocks \(this may not be set\))23.83 E F2
-<ad73>144 585.6 Q F1(The maximum stack size)25.5 E F2<ad74>144 597.6 Q
-F1(The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds)26.61 E F2<ad75>144 609.6 Q
-F1(The maximum number of pr)23.83 E(ocesses available to a single user)
--.18 E F2<ad76>144 621.6 Q F1
-(The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the shell)24.38 E(If)
-144 638.4 Q F3(limit)4.15 E F1 1.51
-(is given, it is the new value of the speci\214ed r)4.28 F(esour)-.18 E
-1.511(ce \(the)-.18 F F2<ad61>4.011 E F1 1.511(option is display)4.011 F
-4.315(only\). If)144 650.4 R 1.815(no option is given, then)4.315 F F2
-<ad66>4.315 E F1 1.815(is assumed.)4.315 F -.92(Va)6.815 G 1.815
-(lues ar).92 F 4.315(ei)-.18 G 4.315(n1)-4.315 G 1.815(024-byte incr)
--4.315 F(ements,)-.18 E .972(except for)144 662.4 R F2<ad74>3.473 E F1
-3.473(,w)C .973(hich is in seconds,)-3.473 F F2<ad70>3.473 E F1 3.473
-(,w)C .973(hich is in units of 512-byte blocks, and)-3.473 F F2<ad6e>
-3.473 E F1(and)3.473 E F2<ad75>144 674.4 Q F1 3.518(,w)C 1.018(hich ar)
--3.518 F 3.518(eu)-.18 G 1.018(nscaled values.)-3.518 F 1.017(The r)
-6.018 F 1.017(eturn status is 0 unless an invalid option or ar)-.18 F
-(gu-)-.18 E(ment is supplied, or an err)144 686.4 Q
-(or occurs while setting a new limit.)-.18 E F2(umask)108 703.2 Q F1([)
-2.5 E F2<ad70>A F1 2.5(][)C F2<ad53>-2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F3(mode)-2.5 E F1
-(])A .535(The user \214le-cr)144 715.2 R .535(eation mask is set to)-.18
-F F3(mode)3.035 E F1 5.535(.I).35 G(f)-5.535 E F3(mode)3.295 E F1 .536
-(begins with a digit, it is interpr)3.385 F .536(eted as)-.18 F 1.827
-(an octal number; otherwise it is interpr)144 727.2 R 1.826
-(eted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that)-.18 F F0(GNU Bash-3.0)72
-768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(18)198.725 E 0 Cg EP
+729.6 Q F0(GNU Bash-3.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(18)198.725 E 0 Cg
+EP
%%Page: 19 19
%%BeginPageSetup
BP
%%EndPageSetup
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-/Palatino-Roman@0 SF .95(accepted by)144 84 R/F2 10/Palatino-Italic@0 SF
-(chmod)3.45 E F1 3.45(\(1\). If).33 F F2(mode)3.71 E F1 .951
-(is omitted, the curr)3.8 F .951(ent value of the mask is printed.)-.18
-F(The)5.951 E/F3 10/Palatino-Bold@0 SF<ad53>144 96 Q F1 .607(option cau\
-ses the mask to be printed in symbolic form; the default output is an o\
-ctal)3.107 F(number)144 108 Q 6.02(.I)-.74 G 3.52(ft)-6.02 G(he)-3.52 E
-F3<ad70>3.52 E F1 1.02(option is supplied, and)3.52 F F2(mode)3.78 E F1
-1.02(is omitted, the output is in a form that)3.87 F .237(may be r)144
-120 R .237(eused as input.)-.18 F .237(The r)5.237 F .236
+/Palatino-Bold@0 SF<ad70>144 84 Q/F2 10/Palatino-Roman@0 SF
+(The pipe size in 512-byte blocks \(this may not be set\))23.83 E F1
+<ad73>144 96 Q F2(The maximum stack size)25.5 E F1<ad74>144 108 Q F2
+(The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds)26.61 E F1<ad75>144 120 Q F2
+(The maximum number of pr)23.83 E(ocesses available to a single user)
+-.18 E F1<ad76>144 132 Q F2
+(The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the shell)24.38 E(If)
+144 148.8 Q/F3 10/Palatino-Italic@0 SF(limit)4.151 E F2 1.511
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+1.51(ce \(the)-.18 F F1<ad61>4.01 E F2 1.51(option is display)4.01 F
+4.315(only\). If)144 160.8 R 1.815(no option is given, then)4.315 F F1
+<ad66>4.315 E F2 1.815(is assumed.)4.315 F -.92(Va)6.815 G 1.815
+(lues ar).92 F 4.315(ei)-.18 G 4.315(n1)-4.315 G 1.815(024-byte incr)
+-4.315 F(ements,)-.18 E .973(except for)144 172.8 R F1<ad74>3.473 E F2
+3.473(,w)C .973(hich is in seconds,)-3.473 F F1<ad70>3.473 E F2 3.473
+(,w)C .973(hich is in units of 512-byte blocks, and)-3.473 F F1<ad6e>
+3.473 E F2(and)3.472 E F1<ad75>144 184.8 Q F2 3.517(,w)C 1.017(hich ar)
+-3.517 F 3.517(eu)-.18 G 1.017(nscaled values.)-3.517 F 1.017(The r)
+6.017 F 1.018(eturn status is 0 unless an invalid option or ar)-.18 F
+(gu-)-.18 E(ment is supplied, or an err)144 196.8 Q
+(or occurs while setting a new limit.)-.18 E F1(umask)108 213.6 Q F2([)
+2.5 E F1<ad70>A F2 2.5(][)C F1<ad53>-2.5 E F2 2.5(][)C F3(mode)-2.5 E F2
+(])A .536(The user \214le-cr)144 225.6 R .536(eation mask is set to)-.18
+F F3(mode)3.035 E F2 5.535(.I).35 G(f)-5.535 E F3(mode)3.295 E F2 .535
+(begins with a digit, it is interpr)3.385 F .535(eted as)-.18 F 1.826
+(an octal number; otherwise it is interpr)144 237.6 R 1.827
+(eted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that)-.18 F .951(accepted by)
+144 249.6 R F3(chmod)3.451 E F2 3.451(\(1\). If).33 F F3(mode)3.711 E F2
+.951(is omitted, the curr)3.801 F .95(ent value of the mask is printed.)
+-.18 F(The)5.95 E F1<ad53>144 261.6 Q F2 .607(option causes the mask to\
+ be printed in symbolic form; the default output is an octal)3.106 F
+(number)144 273.6 Q 6.02(.I)-.74 G 3.52(ft)-6.02 G(he)-3.52 E F1<ad70>
+3.52 E F2 1.02(option is supplied, and)3.52 F F3(mode)3.78 E F2 1.02
+(is omitted, the output is in a form that)3.87 F .236(may be r)144 285.6
+R .236(eused as input.)-.18 F .236(The r)5.236 F .237
(eturn status is 0 if the mode was successfully changed or if)-.18 F(no)
-144 132 Q F2(mode)2.5 E F1(ar)2.5 E
-(gument was supplied, and false otherwise.)-.18 E F3(unalias)108 148.8 Q
-F1<5bad>2.5 E F3(a)A F1 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F1(...])2.5 E .718
-(Remove each)144 160.8 R F2(name)3.218 E F1(fr)3.218 E .719
-(om the list of de\214ned aliases.)-.18 F(If)5.719 E F3<ad61>3.219 E F1
-.719(is supplied, all alias de\214nitions)3.219 F(ar)144 172.8 Q 2.5(er)
+144 297.6 Q F3(mode)2.5 E F2(ar)2.5 E
+(gument was supplied, and false otherwise.)-.18 E F1(unalias)108 314.4 Q
+F2<5bad>2.5 E F1(a)A F2 2.5(][)C F3(name)-2.5 E F2(...])2.5 E .719
+(Remove each)144 326.4 R F3(name)3.219 E F2(fr)3.219 E .719
+(om the list of de\214ned aliases.)-.18 F(If)5.719 E F1<ad61>3.219 E F2
+.718(is supplied, all alias de\214nitions)3.218 F(ar)144 338.4 Q 2.5(er)
-.18 G 2.5(emoved. The)-2.68 F -.18(re)2.5 G(turn value is tr).18 E
-(ue unless a supplied)-.08 E F2(name)2.76 E F1
-(is not a de\214ned alias.)2.85 E F3(unset)108 189.6 Q F1<5bad>2.5 E F3
-(fv)A F1 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F1(...])2.5 E 1.61(For each)144 201.6 R
-F2(name)4.11 E F1 4.11(,r).35 G 1.61(emove the corr)-4.29 F 1.61
+(ue unless a supplied)-.08 E F3(name)2.76 E F2
+(is not a de\214ned alias.)2.85 E F1(unset)108 355.2 Q F2<5bad>2.5 E F1
+(fv)A F2 2.5(][)C F3(name)-2.5 E F2(...])2.5 E 1.61(For each)144 367.2 R
+F3(name)4.11 E F2 4.11(,r).35 G 1.61(emove the corr)-4.29 F 1.61
(esponding variable or function.)-.18 F 1.61(If no options ar)6.61 F
-4.11(es)-.18 G(up-)-4.11 E .473(plied, or the)144 213.6 R F3<ad76>2.973
-E F1 .473(option is given, each)2.973 F F2(name)3.233 E F1 -.18(re)3.323
-G .474(fers to a shell variable.).18 F .474(Read-only variables)5.474 F
-.32(may not be unset.)144 225.6 R(If)5.32 E F3<ad66>2.82 E F1 .32
-(is speci\214ed, each)2.82 F F2(name)3.08 E F1 -.18(re)3.17 G .32
+4.11(es)-.18 G(up-)-4.11 E .474(plied, or the)144 379.2 R F1<ad76>2.974
+E F2 .473(option is given, each)2.974 F F3(name)3.233 E F2 -.18(re)3.323
+G .473(fers to a shell variable.).18 F .473(Read-only variables)5.473 F
+.32(may not be unset.)144 391.2 R(If)5.32 E F1<ad66>2.82 E F2 .32
+(is speci\214ed, each)2.82 F F3(name)3.08 E F2 -.18(re)3.17 G .32
(fers to a shell function, and the function).18 F .405
-(de\214nition is r)144 237.6 R 2.905(emoved. Each)-.18 F .405
+(de\214nition is r)144 403.2 R 2.905(emoved. Each)-.18 F .405
(unset variable or function is r)2.905 F .405(emoved fr)-.18 F .405
-(om the envir)-.18 F(onment)-.18 E 1.475(passed to subsequent commands.)
-144 249.6 R 1.475(If any of)6.475 F/F4 9/Palatino-Bold@0 SF(RANDOM)3.975
-E/F5 9/Palatino-Roman@0 SF(,)A F4(SECONDS)3.725 E F5(,)A F4(LINENO)3.724
-E F5(,)A F4(HISTCMD)3.724 E F5(,)A F4(FUNCNAME)144 261.6 Q F5(,)A F4
-(GROUPS)2.803 E F5(,)A F1(or)2.803 E F4(DIRST)3.053 E(ACK)-.828 E F1(ar)
+(om the envir)-.18 F(onment)-.18 E 1.474(passed to subsequent commands.)
+144 415.2 R 1.475(If any of)6.475 F/F4 9/Palatino-Bold@0 SF(RANDOM)3.975
+E/F5 9/Palatino-Roman@0 SF(,)A F4(SECONDS)3.725 E F5(,)A F4(LINENO)3.725
+E F5(,)A F4(HISTCMD)3.725 E F5(,)A F4(FUNCNAME)144 427.2 Q F5(,)A F4
+(GROUPS)2.804 E F5(,)A F2(or)2.803 E F4(DIRST)3.053 E(ACK)-.828 E F2(ar)
2.803 E 3.053(eu)-.18 G .553(nset, they lose their special pr)-3.053 F
-.553(operties, even if)-.18 F(they ar)144 273.6 Q 2.5(es)-.18 G
+.553(operties, even if)-.18 F(they ar)144 439.2 Q 2.5(es)-.18 G
(ubsequently r)-2.5 E 2.5(eset. The)-.18 F(exit status is tr)2.5 E
-(ue unless a)-.08 E F2(name)2.76 E F1(is r)2.85 E(eadonly)-.18 E(.)-1.11
-E F3(wait)108 290.4 Q F1([)2.5 E F2 2.5(n.)C(..)-2.5 E F1(])A -.92(Wa)
-144 302.4 S .016(it for each speci\214ed pr).92 F .016(ocess and r)-.18
-F .016(eturn its termination status.)-.18 F(Each)5.016 E F2(n)2.776 E F1
-.016(may be a pr)2.596 F(ocess)-.18 E 1.733
-(ID or a job speci\214cation; if a job spec is given, all pr)144 314.4 R
-1.733(ocesses in that job's pipeline ar)-.18 F(e)-.18 E 1.015
-(waited for)144 326.4 R 6.015(.I)-.74 G(f)-6.015 E F2(n)3.775 E F1 1.015
-(is not given, all curr)3.595 F 1.014(ently active child pr)-.18 F 1.014
-(ocesses ar)-.18 F 3.514(ew)-.18 G 1.014(aited for)-3.514 F 3.514(,a)
--.74 G 1.014(nd the)-3.514 F -.18(re)144 338.4 S .693
-(turn status is zer).18 F 3.193(o. If)-.18 F F2(n)3.453 E F1 .693
+(ue unless a)-.08 E F3(name)2.76 E F2(is r)2.85 E(eadonly)-.18 E(.)-1.11
+E F1(wait)108 456 Q F2([)2.5 E F3 2.5(n.)C(..)-2.5 E F2(])A -.92(Wa)144
+468 S .016(it for each speci\214ed pr).92 F .016(ocess and r)-.18 F .016
+(eturn its termination status.)-.18 F(Each)5.016 E F3(n)2.776 E F2 .016
+(may be a pr)2.596 F(ocess)-.18 E 1.733
+(ID or a job speci\214cation; if a job spec is given, all pr)144 480 R
+1.733(ocesses in that job's pipeline ar)-.18 F(e)-.18 E 1.014
+(waited for)144 492 R 6.014(.I)-.74 G(f)-6.014 E F3(n)3.774 E F2 1.014
+(is not given, all curr)3.594 F 1.014(ently active child pr)-.18 F 1.015
+(ocesses ar)-.18 F 3.515(ew)-.18 G 1.015(aited for)-3.515 F 3.515(,a)
+-.74 G 1.015(nd the)-3.515 F -.18(re)144 504 S .694(turn status is zer)
+.18 F 3.193(o. If)-.18 F F3(n)3.453 E F2 .693
(speci\214es a non-existent pr)3.273 F .693(ocess or job, the r)-.18 F
-.694(eturn status is 127.)-.18 F(Otherwise, the r)144 350.4 Q
+.693(eturn status is 127.)-.18 F(Otherwise, the r)144 516 Q
(eturn status is the exit status of the last pr)-.18 E
(ocess or job waited for)-.18 E(.)-.74 E/F6 10.95/Palatino-Bold@0 SF
-(SEE ALSO)72 367.2 Q F1(bash\(1\), sh\(1\))108 379.2 Q F0(GNU Bash-3.0)
+(SEE ALSO)72 532.8 Q F2(bash\(1\), sh\(1\))108 544.8 Q F0(GNU Bash-3.0)
72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(19)198.725 E 0 Cg EP
%%Trailer
end
%!PS-Adobe-3.0
%%Creator: groff version 1.18.1
-%%CreationDate: Mon Feb 14 11:56:35 2005
+%%CreationDate: Tue Feb 22 13:37:34 2005
%%DocumentNeededResources: font Times-Roman
%%+ font Times-Bold
%%DocumentSuppliedResources: procset grops 1.18 1
Copyright (C) 1988-2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@end ignore
-@set LASTCHANGE Sat Feb 19 17:38:46 EST 2005
+@set LASTCHANGE Wed Feb 23 16:45:53 EST 2005
@set EDITION 3.1-devel
@set VERSION 3.1-devel
-@set UPDATED 19 February 2005
+@set UPDATED 23 February 2005
@set UPDATED-MONTH February 2005
_path_isdir (path)
char *path;
{
- int l, x;
+ int l;
struct stat sb;
/* This should leave errno set to the correct value. */
+ errno = 0;
l = stat (path, &sb) == 0 && S_ISDIR (sb.st_mode);
#if defined (__CYGWIN__)
if (l == 0)
field delimiter, not a separate delimiter that would result in an
empty field. Look at POSIX.2, 3.6.5, (3)(b). */
if (string[sindex] && whitesep && issep (string[sindex]) && !spctabnl (string[sindex]))
- sindex++;
+ {
+ sindex++;
+ /* An IFS character that is not IFS white space, along with any
+ adjacent IFS white space, shall delimit a field. (SUSv3) */
+ while (s[sindex] && spctabnl (s[sindex]) && isifs (s[sindex]))
+ sindex++;
+ }
}
return (REVERSE_LIST (result, WORD_LIST *));
}
delimiter, not a separate delimiter that would result in an empty field.
Look at POSIX.2, 3.6.5, (3)(b). */
if (s[sindex] && whitesep && isifs (s[sindex]) && !spctabnl (s[sindex]))
- sindex++;
+ {
+ sindex++;
+ /* An IFS character that is not IFS white space, along with any adjacent
+ IFS white space, shall delimit a field. */
+ while (s[sindex] && spctabnl (s[sindex]) && isifs (s[sindex]))
+ sindex++;
+ }
/* Update STRING to point to the next field. */
*stringp = s + sindex;
-/* subst.c -- The part of the shell that does parameter, command, and
- globbing substitutions. */
+/* subst.c -- The part of the shell that does parameter, command, arithmetic,
+ and globbing substitutions. */
/* ``Have a little faith, there's magic in the night. You ain't a
beauty, but, hey, you're alright.'' */
-/* Copyright (C) 1987-2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+/* Copyright (C) 1987-2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell.
field delimiter, not a separate delimiter that would result in an
empty field. Look at POSIX.2, 3.6.5, (3)(b). */
if (string[sindex] && whitesep && issep (string[sindex]) && !spctabnl (string[sindex]))
+{
sindex++;
+ /* An IFS character that is not IFS whitespace, along with any adjacent
+ IFS white space, shall delimit a field. */
+while (s[sindex] && spctabnl (s[sindex]) && isifs (s[sindex]))
+ sindex++;
+}
}
return (REVERSE_LIST (result, WORD_LIST *));
}
delimiter, not a separate delimiter that would result in an empty field.
Look at POSIX.2, 3.6.5, (3)(b). */
if (s[sindex] && whitesep && isifs (s[sindex]) && !spctabnl (s[sindex]))
+{
sindex++;
+ /* An IFS character that is not IFS whitespace, along with any adjacent
+ IFS white space, shall delimit a field. */
+while (s[sindex] && spctabnl (s[sindex]) && isifs (s[sindex]))
+ sindex++;
+}
/* Update STRING to point to the next field. */
*stringp = s + sindex;
enable set
enable shift
enable source
+enable times
enable trap
enable unset
enable .
enable set
enable shift
enable source
+enable times
enable trap
enable unset
enable -n test worked
a.
-a-b-
--a-b-
+-a-b -
-a b-
-a b-
-a-b\-
done 3<$0
argv[1] = <>
argv[1] = <>
-argv[1] = <:>
-argv[1] = <:>
+argv[1] = <>
FOO
argv[1] = <>
argv[1] = <3>
projects / thirdparty / bash.git / commitdiff
