Raising a negative number to a fractional power results in a :class:`complex`
number. (In earlier versions it raised a :exc:`ValueError`.)
-This operation can be customized using the special :meth:`~object.__pow__` method.
+This operation can be customized using the special :meth:`~object.__pow__` and
+:meth:`~object.__rpow__` methods.
.. _unary:
The ``@`` (at) operator is intended to be used for matrix multiplication. No
builtin Python types implement this operator.
+This operation can be customized using the special :meth:`~object.__matmul__` and
+:meth:`~object.__rmatmul__` methods.
+
.. versionadded:: 3.5
.. index::
applied to the result. Division by zero raises the :exc:`ZeroDivisionError`
exception.
-This operation can be customized using the special :meth:`~object.__truediv__` and
-:meth:`~object.__floordiv__` methods.
+The division operation can be customized using the special :meth:`~object.__truediv__`
+and :meth:`~object.__rtruediv__` methods.
+The floor division operation can be customized using the special
+:meth:`~object.__floordiv__` and :meth:`~object.__rfloordiv__` methods.
.. index::
single: modulo
known as interpolation). The syntax for string formatting is described in the
Python Library Reference, section :ref:`old-string-formatting`.
-The *modulo* operation can be customized using the special :meth:`~object.__mod__` method.
+The *modulo* operation can be customized using the special :meth:`~object.__mod__`
+and :meth:`~object.__rmod__` methods.
The floor division operator, the modulo operator, and the :func:`divmod`
function are not defined for complex numbers. Instead, convert to a floating
The ``-`` (subtraction) operator yields the difference of its arguments. The
numeric arguments are first converted to a common type.
-This operation can be customized using the special :meth:`~object.__sub__` method.
+This operation can be customized using the special :meth:`~object.__sub__` and
+:meth:`~object.__rsub__` methods.
.. _shifting:
These operators accept integers as arguments. They shift the first argument to
the left or right by the number of bits given by the second argument.
-This operation can be customized using the special :meth:`~object.__lshift__` and
-:meth:`~object.__rshift__` methods.
+The left shift operation can be customized using the special :meth:`~object.__lshift__`
+and :meth:`~object.__rlshift__` methods.
+The right shift operation can be customized using the special :meth:`~object.__rshift__`
+and :meth:`~object.__rrshift__` methods.
.. index:: pair: exception; ValueError