.. opcode:: HAVE_ARGUMENT
This is not really an opcode. It identifies the dividing line between
- opcodes which don't use their argument and those that do
- (``< HAVE_ARGUMENT`` and ``>= HAVE_ARGUMENT``, respectively).
+ opcodes in the range [0,255] which don't use their argument and those
+ that do (``< HAVE_ARGUMENT`` and ``>= HAVE_ARGUMENT``, respectively).
+
+ If your application uses pseudo instructions, use the :data:`hasarg`
+ collection instead.
.. versionchanged:: 3.6
Now every instruction has an argument, but opcodes ``< HAVE_ARGUMENT``
ignore it. Before, only opcodes ``>= HAVE_ARGUMENT`` had an argument.
+ .. versionchanged:: 3.12
+ Pseudo instructions were added to the :mod:`dis` module, and for them
+ it is not true that comparison with ``HAVE_ARGUMENT`` indicates whether
+ they use their arg.
+
+
+**Pseudo-instructions**
+
+These opcodes do not appear in python bytecode, they are used by the compiler
+but are replaced by real opcodes or removed before bytecode is generated.
+
+.. opcode:: SETUP_FINALLY (target)
+
+ Set up an exception handler for the following code block. If an exception
+ occurs, the value stack level is restored to its current state and control
+ is transferred to the exception handler at ``target``.
+
+
+.. opcode:: SETUP_CLEANUP (target)
+
+ Like ``SETUP_FINALLY``, but in case of exception also pushes the last
+ instruction (``lasti``) to the stack so that ``RERAISE`` can restore it.
+ If an exception occurs, the value stack level and the last instruction on
+ the frame are restored to their current state, and control is transferred
+ to the exception handler at ``target``.
+
+
+.. opcode:: SETUP_WITH (target)
+
+ Like ``SETUP_CLEANUP``, but in case of exception one more item is popped
+ from the stack before control is transferred to the exception handler at
+ ``target``.
+
+ This variant is used in :keyword:`with` and :keyword:`async with`
+ constructs, which push the return value of the context manager's
+ :meth:`~object.__enter__` or :meth:`~object.__aenter__` to the stack.
+
+
+.. opcode:: POP_BLOCK
+
+ Marks the end of the code block associated with the last ``SETUP_FINALLY``,
+ ``SETUP_CLEANUP`` or ``SETUP_WITH``.
+
+.. opcode:: JUMP
+.. opcode:: JUMP_NO_INTERRUPT
+.. opcode:: POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE
+.. opcode:: POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE
+.. opcode:: POP_JUMP_IF_NONE
+.. opcode:: POP_JUMP_IF_NOT_NONE
+
+ Undirected relative jump instructions which are replaced by their
+ directed (forward/backward) counterparts by the assembler.
+
+.. opcode:: LOAD_METHOD
+
+ Optimized unbound method lookup. Emitted as a ``LOAD_ATTR`` opcode
+ with a flag set in the arg.
+
.. _opcode_collections:
These collections are provided for automatic introspection of bytecode
instructions:
+ .. versionchanged:: 3.12
+ The collections now contain pseudo instructions as well. These are
+ opcodes with values ``>= MIN_PSEUDO_OPCODE``.
+
.. data:: opname
Sequence of operation names, indexable using the bytecode.
Sequence of all compare operation names.
+.. data:: hasarg
+
+ Sequence of bytecodes that use their argument.
+
+ .. versionadded:: 3.12
+
+
.. data:: hasconst
Sequence of bytecodes that access a constant.
.. data:: hascompare
Sequence of bytecodes of Boolean operations.
+
+.. data:: hasexc
+
+ Sequence of bytecodes that set an exception handler.
+
+ .. versionadded:: 3.12
Improved Modules
================
+dis
+---
+
+* Pseudo instruction opcodes (which are used by the compiler but
+ do not appear in executable bytecode) are now exposed in the
+ :mod:`dis` module.
+ :data:`~dis.HAVE_ARGUMENT` is still relevant to real opcodes,
+ but it is not useful for pseudo instrcutions. Use the new
+ :data:`~dis.hasarg` collection instead.
+ (Contributed by Irit Katriel in :gh:`94216`.)
+
os
--
extern const uint8_t _PyOpcode_Original[256];
#ifdef NEED_OPCODE_TABLES
-static const uint32_t _PyOpcode_RelativeJump[8] = {
+static const uint32_t _PyOpcode_RelativeJump[9] = {
0U,
0U,
536870912U,
122880U,
0U,
0U,
+ 1008U,
};
-static const uint32_t _PyOpcode_Jump[8] = {
+static const uint32_t _PyOpcode_Jump[9] = {
0U,
0U,
536870912U,
122880U,
0U,
0U,
+ 1008U,
};
const uint8_t _PyOpcode_Caches[256] = {
#endif // NEED_OPCODE_TABLES
#ifdef Py_DEBUG
-static const char *const _PyOpcode_OpName[256] = {
+static const char *const _PyOpcode_OpName[267] = {
[CACHE] = "CACHE",
[POP_TOP] = "POP_TOP",
[PUSH_NULL] = "PUSH_NULL",
[253] = "<253>",
[254] = "<254>",
[DO_TRACING] = "DO_TRACING",
+ [SETUP_FINALLY] = "SETUP_FINALLY",
+ [SETUP_CLEANUP] = "SETUP_CLEANUP",
+ [SETUP_WITH] = "SETUP_WITH",
+ [POP_BLOCK] = "POP_BLOCK",
+ [JUMP] = "JUMP",
+ [JUMP_NO_INTERRUPT] = "JUMP_NO_INTERRUPT",
+ [POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE] = "POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE",
+ [POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE] = "POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE",
+ [POP_JUMP_IF_NONE] = "POP_JUMP_IF_NONE",
+ [POP_JUMP_IF_NOT_NONE] = "POP_JUMP_IF_NOT_NONE",
+ [LOAD_METHOD] = "LOAD_METHOD",
};
#endif
#define POP_JUMP_BACKWARD_IF_NONE 174
#define POP_JUMP_BACKWARD_IF_FALSE 175
#define POP_JUMP_BACKWARD_IF_TRUE 176
+#define MIN_PSEUDO_OPCODE 256
+#define SETUP_FINALLY 256
+#define SETUP_CLEANUP 257
+#define SETUP_WITH 258
+#define POP_BLOCK 259
+#define JUMP 260
+#define JUMP_NO_INTERRUPT 261
+#define POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE 262
+#define POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE 263
+#define POP_JUMP_IF_NONE 264
+#define POP_JUMP_IF_NOT_NONE 265
+#define LOAD_METHOD 266
+#define MAX_PSEUDO_OPCODE 266
#define BINARY_OP_ADAPTIVE 3
#define BINARY_OP_ADD_FLOAT 4
#define BINARY_OP_ADD_INT 5
#define UNPACK_SEQUENCE_TWO_TUPLE 182
#define DO_TRACING 255
+#define HAS_ARG(op) ((((op) >= HAVE_ARGUMENT) && (!IS_PSEUDO_OPCODE(op)))\
+ || ((op) == JUMP) \
+ || ((op) == JUMP_NO_INTERRUPT) \
+ || ((op) == POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE) \
+ || ((op) == POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE) \
+ || ((op) == POP_JUMP_IF_NONE) \
+ || ((op) == POP_JUMP_IF_NOT_NONE) \
+ || ((op) == LOAD_METHOD) \
+ )
+
#define HAS_CONST(op) (false\
- || ((op) == 100) \
- || ((op) == 172) \
+ || ((op) == LOAD_CONST) \
+ || ((op) == KW_NAMES) \
)
#define NB_ADD 0
#define NB_INPLACE_TRUE_DIVIDE 24
#define NB_INPLACE_XOR 25
-#define HAS_ARG(op) ((op) >= HAVE_ARGUMENT)
-/* Reserve some bytecodes for internal use in the compiler.
- * The value of 240 is arbitrary. */
-#define IS_ARTIFICIAL(op) ((op) > 240)
+#define IS_PSEUDO_OPCODE(op) (((op) >= MIN_PSEUDO_OPCODE) && ((op) <= MAX_PSEUDO_OPCODE))
#ifdef __cplusplus
}
op = code[i]
deop = _deoptop(op)
caches = _inline_cache_entries[deop]
- if deop >= HAVE_ARGUMENT:
+ if deop in hasarg:
arg = code[i+1] | extended_arg
extended_arg = (arg << 8) if deop == EXTENDED_ARG else 0
# The oparg is stored as a signed integer
operate on bytecodes (e.g. peephole optimizers).
"""
-__all__ = ["cmp_op", "hasconst", "hasname", "hasjrel", "hasjabs",
- "haslocal", "hascompare", "hasfree", "opname", "opmap",
- "HAVE_ARGUMENT", "EXTENDED_ARG", "hasnargs"]
+__all__ = ["cmp_op", "hasarg", "hasconst", "hasname", "hasjrel", "hasjabs",
+ "haslocal", "hascompare", "hasfree", "hasexc", "opname", "opmap",
+ "HAVE_ARGUMENT", "EXTENDED_ARG"]
# It's a chicken-and-egg I'm afraid:
# We're imported before _opcode's made.
cmp_op = ('<', '<=', '==', '!=', '>', '>=')
+hasarg = []
hasconst = []
hasname = []
hasjrel = []
haslocal = []
hascompare = []
hasfree = []
-hasnargs = [] # unused
+hasexc = []
+
+def is_pseudo(op):
+ return op >= MIN_PSEUDO_OPCODE and op <= MAX_PSEUDO_OPCODE
+
+oplists = [hasarg, hasconst, hasname, hasjrel, hasjabs,
+ haslocal, hascompare, hasfree, hasexc]
opmap = {}
-opname = ['<%r>' % (op,) for op in range(256)]
+
+## pseudo opcodes (used in the compiler) mapped to the values
+## they can become in the actual code.
+_pseudo_ops = {}
def def_op(name, op):
- opname[op] = name
opmap[name] = op
def name_op(name, op):
def_op(name, op)
hasjabs.append(op)
+def pseudo_op(name, op, real_ops):
+ def_op(name, op)
+ _pseudo_ops[name] = real_ops
+ # add the pseudo opcode to the lists its targets are in
+ for oplist in oplists:
+ res = [opmap[rop] in oplist for rop in real_ops]
+ if any(res):
+ assert all(res)
+ oplist.append(op)
+
+
# Instruction opcodes for compiled code
# Blank lines correspond to available opcodes
def_op('PREP_RERAISE_STAR', 88)
def_op('POP_EXCEPT', 89)
-HAVE_ARGUMENT = 90 # Opcodes from here have an argument:
+HAVE_ARGUMENT = 90 # real opcodes from here have an argument:
name_op('STORE_NAME', 90) # Index in name list
name_op('DELETE_NAME', 91) # ""
jrel_op('POP_JUMP_BACKWARD_IF_FALSE', 175)
jrel_op('POP_JUMP_BACKWARD_IF_TRUE', 176)
+hasarg.extend([op for op in opmap.values() if op >= HAVE_ARGUMENT])
+
+MIN_PSEUDO_OPCODE = 256
+
+pseudo_op('SETUP_FINALLY', 256, ['NOP'])
+hasexc.append(256)
+pseudo_op('SETUP_CLEANUP', 257, ['NOP'])
+hasexc.append(257)
+pseudo_op('SETUP_WITH', 258, ['NOP'])
+hasexc.append(258)
+pseudo_op('POP_BLOCK', 259, ['NOP'])
+
+pseudo_op('JUMP', 260, ['JUMP_FORWARD', 'JUMP_BACKWARD'])
+pseudo_op('JUMP_NO_INTERRUPT', 261, ['JUMP_FORWARD', 'JUMP_BACKWARD_NO_INTERRUPT'])
+pseudo_op('POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE', 262, ['POP_JUMP_FORWARD_IF_FALSE', 'POP_JUMP_BACKWARD_IF_FALSE'])
+pseudo_op('POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE', 263, ['POP_JUMP_FORWARD_IF_TRUE', 'POP_JUMP_BACKWARD_IF_TRUE'])
+pseudo_op('POP_JUMP_IF_NONE', 264, ['POP_JUMP_FORWARD_IF_NONE', 'POP_JUMP_BACKWARD_IF_NONE'])
+pseudo_op('POP_JUMP_IF_NOT_NONE', 265, ['POP_JUMP_FORWARD_IF_NOT_NONE', 'POP_JUMP_BACKWARD_IF_NOT_NONE'])
+pseudo_op('LOAD_METHOD', 266, ['LOAD_ATTR'])
+
+MAX_PSEUDO_OPCODE = MIN_PSEUDO_OPCODE + len(_pseudo_ops) - 1
+
+del def_op, name_op, jrel_op, jabs_op, pseudo_op
+
+opname = ['<%r>' % (op,) for op in range(MAX_PSEUDO_OPCODE + 1)]
+for op, i in opmap.items():
+ opname[i] = op
-del def_op, name_op, jrel_op, jabs_op
_nb_ops = [
("NB_ADD", "+"),
self.assertRaises(ValueError, stack_effect, dis.opmap['BUILD_SLICE'])
self.assertRaises(ValueError, stack_effect, dis.opmap['POP_TOP'], 0)
# All defined opcodes
+ has_arg = dis.hasarg
for name, code in filter(lambda item: item[0] not in dis.deoptmap, dis.opmap.items()):
with self.subTest(opname=name):
- if code < dis.HAVE_ARGUMENT:
+ if code not in has_arg:
stack_effect(code)
self.assertRaises(ValueError, stack_effect, code, 0)
else:
self.assertEqual(stack_effect(JUMP_FORWARD, 0, jump=True), 0)
self.assertEqual(stack_effect(JUMP_FORWARD, 0, jump=False), 0)
# All defined opcodes
+ has_arg = dis.hasarg
+ has_exc = dis.hasexc
has_jump = dis.hasjabs + dis.hasjrel
for name, code in filter(lambda item: item[0] not in dis.deoptmap, dis.opmap.items()):
with self.subTest(opname=name):
- if code < dis.HAVE_ARGUMENT:
+ if code not in has_arg:
common = stack_effect(code)
jump = stack_effect(code, jump=True)
nojump = stack_effect(code, jump=False)
common = stack_effect(code, 0)
jump = stack_effect(code, 0, jump=True)
nojump = stack_effect(code, 0, jump=False)
- if code in has_jump:
+ if code in has_jump or code in has_exc:
self.assertEqual(common, max(jump, nojump))
else:
self.assertEqual(jump, common)
continue
with self.subTest(opname=opname):
width = dis._OPNAME_WIDTH
- if opcode < dis.HAVE_ARGUMENT:
+ if opcode in dis.hasarg:
width += 1 + dis._OPARG_WIDTH
self.assertLessEqual(len(opname), width)
--- /dev/null
+The :mod:`dis` module now has the opcodes for pseudo instructions (those which are used by the compiler during code generation but then removed or replaced by real opcodes before the final bytecode is emitted).
"stack_effect: jump must be False, True or None");
return -1;
}
- if (IS_ARTIFICIAL(opcode)) {
- effect = PY_INVALID_STACK_EFFECT;
- }
- else {
- effect = PyCompile_OpcodeStackEffectWithJump(opcode, oparg_int, jump_int);
- }
+ effect = PyCompile_OpcodeStackEffectWithJump(opcode, oparg_int, jump_int);
if (effect == PY_INVALID_STACK_EFFECT) {
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
"invalid opcode or oparg");
#define MAX_ALLOWED_STACK_USE (STACK_USE_GUIDELINE * 100)
-/* Pseudo-instructions used in the compiler,
- * but turned into NOPs or other instructions
- * by the assembler. */
-#define SETUP_FINALLY -1
-#define SETUP_CLEANUP -2
-#define SETUP_WITH -3
-#define POP_BLOCK -4
-#define JUMP -5
-#define JUMP_NO_INTERRUPT -6
-#define POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE -7
-#define POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE -8
-#define POP_JUMP_IF_NONE -9
-#define POP_JUMP_IF_NOT_NONE -10
-#define LOAD_METHOD -11
-
-#define MIN_VIRTUAL_OPCODE -11
-#define MAX_ALLOWED_OPCODE 254
+#define MAX_REAL_OPCODE 254
#define IS_WITHIN_OPCODE_RANGE(opcode) \
- ((opcode) >= MIN_VIRTUAL_OPCODE && (opcode) <= MAX_ALLOWED_OPCODE)
-
-#define IS_VIRTUAL_OPCODE(opcode) ((opcode) < 0)
-
-#define IS_VIRTUAL_JUMP_OPCODE(opcode) \
- ((opcode) == JUMP || \
- (opcode) == JUMP_NO_INTERRUPT || \
- (opcode) == POP_JUMP_IF_NONE || \
- (opcode) == POP_JUMP_IF_NOT_NONE || \
- (opcode) == POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE || \
- (opcode) == POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE)
+ (((opcode) >= 0 && (opcode) <= MAX_REAL_OPCODE) || \
+ IS_PSEUDO_OPCODE(opcode))
#define IS_JUMP_OPCODE(opcode) \
- (IS_VIRTUAL_JUMP_OPCODE(opcode) || \
- is_bit_set_in_table(_PyOpcode_Jump, opcode))
+ is_bit_set_in_table(_PyOpcode_Jump, opcode)
#define IS_BLOCK_PUSH_OPCODE(opcode) \
((opcode) == SETUP_FINALLY || \
(opcode) == POP_JUMP_FORWARD_IF_FALSE || \
(opcode) == POP_JUMP_BACKWARD_IF_FALSE)
-
#define IS_BACKWARDS_JUMP_OPCODE(opcode) \
((opcode) == JUMP_BACKWARD || \
(opcode) == JUMP_BACKWARD_NO_INTERRUPT || \
static inline int
is_bit_set_in_table(const uint32_t *table, int bitindex) {
/* Is the relevant bit set in the relevant word? */
- /* 256 bits fit into 8 32-bits words.
+ /* 512 bits fit into 9 32-bits words.
* Word is indexed by (bitindex>>ln(size of int in bits)).
* Bit within word is the low bits of bitindex.
*/
- if (bitindex >= 0 && bitindex < 256) {
+ if (bitindex >= 0 && bitindex < 512) {
uint32_t word = table[bitindex >> LOG_BITS_PER_INT];
return (word >> (bitindex & MASK_LOW_LOG_BITS)) & 1;
}
instr_size(struct instr *instruction)
{
int opcode = instruction->i_opcode;
- assert(!IS_VIRTUAL_OPCODE(opcode));
+ assert(!IS_PSEUDO_OPCODE(opcode));
int oparg = HAS_ARG(opcode) ? instruction->i_oparg : 0;
int extended_args = (0xFFFFFF < oparg) + (0xFFFF < oparg) + (0xFF < oparg);
int caches = _PyOpcode_Caches[opcode];
write_instr(_Py_CODEUNIT *codestr, struct instr *instruction, int ilen)
{
int opcode = instruction->i_opcode;
- assert(!IS_VIRTUAL_OPCODE(opcode));
+ assert(!IS_PSEUDO_OPCODE(opcode));
int oparg = HAS_ARG(opcode) ? instruction->i_oparg : 0;
int caches = _PyOpcode_Caches[opcode];
switch (ilen - caches) {
is_end_of_basic_block(struct instr *instr)
{
int opcode = instr->i_opcode;
- return is_jump(instr) || IS_SCOPE_EXIT_OPCODE(opcode);
+ return IS_JUMP_OPCODE(opcode) || IS_SCOPE_EXIT_OPCODE(opcode);
}
static int
static int
compiler_addop(struct compiler *c, int opcode, bool line)
{
- assert(!HAS_ARG(opcode) || IS_ARTIFICIAL(opcode));
+ assert(!HAS_ARG(opcode));
if (compiler_use_new_implicit_block_if_needed(c) < 0) {
return -1;
}
static bool
jump_thread(struct instr *inst, struct instr *target, int opcode)
{
- assert(!IS_VIRTUAL_OPCODE(opcode) || IS_VIRTUAL_JUMP_OPCODE(opcode));
assert(is_jump(inst));
assert(is_jump(target));
// bpo-45773: If inst->i_target == target->i_target, then nothing actually
targets = ['_unknown_opcode'] * 256
targets[255] = "TARGET_DO_TRACING"
for opname, op in opcode.opmap.items():
- targets[op] = "TARGET_%s" % opname
+ if not opcode.is_pseudo(op):
+ targets[op] = "TARGET_%s" % opname
next_op = 1
for opname in opcode._specialized_instructions:
while targets[next_op] != '_unknown_opcode':
""".lstrip()
footer = """
-#define HAS_ARG(op) ((op) >= HAVE_ARGUMENT)
-/* Reserve some bytecodes for internal use in the compiler.
- * The value of 240 is arbitrary. */
-#define IS_ARTIFICIAL(op) ((op) > 240)
+#define IS_PSEUDO_OPCODE(op) (((op) >= MIN_PSEUDO_OPCODE) && ((op) <= MAX_PSEUDO_OPCODE))
#ifdef __cplusplus
}
bits = 0
for op in ops:
bits |= 1<<op
- out.write(f"static const uint32_t {name}[8] = {{\n")
- for i in range(8):
+ out.write(f"static const uint32_t {name}[9] = {{\n")
+ for i in range(9):
out.write(f" {bits & UINT32_MASK}U,\n")
bits >>= 32
assert bits == 0
exec(code, opcode)
opmap = opcode['opmap']
opname = opcode['opname']
+ hasarg = opcode['hasarg']
hasconst = opcode['hasconst']
hasjrel = opcode['hasjrel']
hasjabs = opcode['hasjabs']
- used = [ False ] * 256
+ is_pseudo = opcode['is_pseudo']
+ _pseudo_ops = opcode['_pseudo_ops']
+
+ HAVE_ARGUMENT = opcode["HAVE_ARGUMENT"]
+ MIN_PSEUDO_OPCODE = opcode["MIN_PSEUDO_OPCODE"]
+ MAX_PSEUDO_OPCODE = opcode["MAX_PSEUDO_OPCODE"]
+
+ NUM_OPCODES = len(opname)
+ used = [ False ] * len(opname)
next_op = 1
for name, op in opmap.items():
for name in opname:
if name in opmap:
- fobj.write(DEFINE.format(name, opmap[name]))
- if name == 'POP_EXCEPT': # Special entry for HAVE_ARGUMENT
- fobj.write(DEFINE.format("HAVE_ARGUMENT", opcode["HAVE_ARGUMENT"]))
+ op = opmap[name]
+ if op == HAVE_ARGUMENT:
+ fobj.write(DEFINE.format("HAVE_ARGUMENT", HAVE_ARGUMENT))
+ if op == MIN_PSEUDO_OPCODE:
+ fobj.write(DEFINE.format("MIN_PSEUDO_OPCODE", MIN_PSEUDO_OPCODE))
+
+ fobj.write(DEFINE.format(name, op))
+
+ if op == MAX_PSEUDO_OPCODE:
+ fobj.write(DEFINE.format("MAX_PSEUDO_OPCODE", MAX_PSEUDO_OPCODE))
+
for name, op in specialized_opmap.items():
fobj.write(DEFINE.format(name, op))
iobj.write("};\n")
deoptcodes = {}
- for basic in opmap:
- deoptcodes[basic] = basic
+ for basic, op in opmap.items():
+ if not is_pseudo(op):
+ deoptcodes[basic] = basic
for basic, family in opcode["_specializations"].items():
for specialized in family:
deoptcodes[specialized] = basic
iobj.write("};\n")
iobj.write("#endif // NEED_OPCODE_TABLES\n")
+ fobj.write("\n")
+ fobj.write("#define HAS_ARG(op) ((((op) >= HAVE_ARGUMENT) && (!IS_PSEUDO_OPCODE(op)))\\")
+ for op in _pseudo_ops:
+ if opmap[op] in hasarg:
+ fobj.write(f"\n || ((op) == {op}) \\")
+ fobj.write("\n )\n")
+
fobj.write("\n")
fobj.write("#define HAS_CONST(op) (false\\")
for op in hasconst:
- fobj.write(f"\n || ((op) == {op}) \\")
+ fobj.write(f"\n || ((op) == {opname[op]}) \\")
fobj.write("\n )\n")
fobj.write("\n")
iobj.write("\n")
iobj.write("#ifdef Py_DEBUG\n")
- iobj.write("static const char *const _PyOpcode_OpName[256] = {\n")
+ iobj.write(f"static const char *const _PyOpcode_OpName[{NUM_OPCODES}] = {{\n")
for op, name in enumerate(opname_including_specialized):
if name[0] != "<":
op = name